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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Grau_San_Mart%C3%ADn	Ramón Grau	["1 Background","2 Revolution of 1933","3 Cabinet members","4 One Hundred Days government","5 Constitution of 1940","6 Election of 1944","7 See also","8 References","9 Bibliography","10 Further reading"]	Two-time president of Cuba (1881 - 1969) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Grau and the second or maternal family name is San Martín. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ramón Grau" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ramón Grau7th and 14th President of CubaIn office10 October 1944 – 10 October 1948Prime MinisterFelix Lancis SanchezCarlos Prio SocarrasRaul Lopez del CastilloVice PresidentRaul de Cardenas EchartePreceded byFulgencio BatistaSucceeded byCarlos Prío SocarrásIn office10 September 1933 – 15 January 1934Vice PresidentAntonio Martinez EsquedaPreceded byCarlos Manuel de Céspedes y QuesadaSucceeded byCarlos Hevia(Interim) Personal detailsBornRamón Grau San Martín(1881-09-13)13 September 1881La Palma, Pinar del Río Province, Spanish CubaDied28 July 1969(1969-07-28) (aged 87)Havana, CubaPolitical partyPartido AuténticoAlma materUniversity of HavanaOccupationMedical Doctor Ramón Grau San Martín (13 September 1881 – 28 July 1969) was a Cuban physician who served as President of Cuba from 1933 to 1934 and from 1944 to 1948. He was the last president other than an interim president, Carlos Manuel Piedra, born during Spanish rule. He is sometimes called Raymond Grau San Martin in English. Background His parents were, Francisco Grau Vinals and Pilar San Martin y del Collado. Grau's father, a rich tobacco grower, wanted Ramón to continue in his footsteps, but Ramón himself wanted to be a doctor. He studied at the University of Havana and graduated in 1908 with a Doctor of Medicine degree, then expatriated to Europe in order to expand his medical knowledge. He returned to Cuba in 1921 and became a professor of physiology at the University of Havana. In the 1920s, he was involved with the student protests against then-President Gerardo Machado, and was jailed in 1931. Upon his release he was exiled from Cuba, temporarily migrating to the United States. Revolution of 1933 After the 1933 Cuban Revolution, Grau initially became one of the five members of the Pentarchy of 1933 government ( 5–10 September 1933). Thereafter, on 9 September 1933, members of the Directorio Estudiantil Universitario met in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palacio de los Capitanes Generales and after intensive debate between various proposed candidates, it was agreed that Ramón Grau would be the next president. Grau's presidency became known as the One Hundred Days Government and ended on 15 January 1934. Cabinet members Carlos E. Finlay for Secretary of Health, Antonio Guiteras Holmes for Secretary of Government, Ramiro Copablanca for Secretary of the Presidency, Germán Álvarez Fuentes for Secretary of Agriculture, Joaquin del Rio Balamaseda for Secretary of Justice, Julio Aguado for Secretary of War & Navy, Gustavo Moreno for Secretary of Public Works and Manuel Marquez Sterling for Secretary of State. One Hundred Days government Main article: One Hundred Days Government The One Hundred Days government was in part a mixture of reformist-moderate minded individuals such as Grau and radicals including Antonio Guiteras Holmes. The One Hundred Days government is mainly remembered for left-leaning or progressive reforms such as the establishment of the 8-hour work day as per Grau's presidential decree no. 1693, a raise of minimum wage, nationalization of Cuban Electric Company, granting autonomy to the University of Havana, a requirement that employers must engage at least 50 per cent of native-born Cuba workers, a minimum wage for cutting sugar cane, the creation of a Department of Labor, the compulsory arbitration of labor dispute, the suspension of the Chase loan (taken out during Machado's mandate), the granting of an unlimited sugar quota (Zafra Libre) to small mills up to 60,000 bags, reduction of electricity rates and the initiation of a program for agrarian reform and authorization for the coinage of $20 Million in silver Despite the government's progressive agenda, the government faced significant political power struggles. On the one hand it was not recognized by the U.S. government, secondly there were still other groups especially members of the traditional parties such as the Liberal, Conservative and Union Nacionalista parties as well as the ABC who either did not support Grau's government or wanted a more inclusive administration. Finally, while the Army Chief of Staff Fulgencio Batista, nominally surrendered the power of the army to the new government, in reality Batista was having talks, making behind-doors deals with Sumner Welles, U.S. Ambassador Jefferson Caffery, and other political groups. Eventually Batista would force Grau's resignation on 15 January 1934. Grau, however, still maintained significant power throughout the beginning of his presidency and on one occasion various ranking members of Grau's cabinet as well as students from the Directorio Estudiantil Universitario wanted Batista removed or assassinated. This was partly because Batista was holding talks with Sumner Welles other members of the Cuban opposition regarding a potential change in government without the knowledge or public sanctioning of Grau's administration. In addition to the political struggles, the dire state of the economy due to the Depression of the 1930s and the massive debt left over by Machado's administration, there was also the issue of the army officials regrouping and setting up camp in the Hotel Nacional de Cuba. After failed negotiations between army officials and Grau's government, this deadlock would ultimately end with the Battle of the Hotel Nacional of Cuba on 2 October 1933. In 1934 Grau went on to found the Partido Auténtico. His niece, Pola Grau Alsina (1915– 2000), served as First Lady of Cuba during his first presidency. Constitution of 1940 Grau was instrumental in passing the 1940 Constitution of Cuba. For much of the Constitutional Convention, he served as the presiding officer (even after his coalition was pushed into the minority after the defection of one of the parties that formed it). He would eventually come to be replaced by Carlos Márquez Sterling. In 1940 Grau ran in the presidential election and lost to Fulgencio Batista. Most independent observers at the time qualified the 1940 election as free and fair elections. Election of 1944 In 1944 Grau won the popular vote in the presidential election, defeating Carlos Saladrigas Zayas, Batista's handpicked successor, and served until 1948. Despite his initial popularity in 1933, accusations of corruption tainted his administration's image, and a sizable number of Cubans began to distrust him. As Grau assumed the presidency, he was forced to address many financial problems left by his predecessor, Batista. In a 17 July 1944 dispatch to the U.S. Secretary of State, U.S. Ambassador Spruille Braden stated: It is becoming increasingly apparent that President Batista intends to discomfit the incoming Administration in every way possible, particularly financially. A systematic raid on the Treasury is in full swing with the result that Dr. Grau will probably find empty coffers when he takes office on October 10. It is blatant that President Batista desires that Dr. Grau San Martin should assume obligations which in fairness and equity should be a matter of settlement by the present Administration. In 1947, Cuba was the only Western country to vote against the creation of Israel. After turning over the presidency to his protégé, Carlos Prío, in 1948, Grau virtually withdrew from public life. He emerged again in 1952 to oppose Batista's coup d'état. Grau ran for president in the 1954 and 1958 Batista-sponsored elections but withdrew just prior to each election day, claiming government fraud. After the Cuban Revolution and the rise of Fidel Castro in 1959, Grau retired to his home in Havana and maintained a low profile. He died there on 28 July 1969. See also Cuba portal Polita Grau References ^ "Grau San Martin Leaves Cuba In Plane". The Pittsburgh Press. The United Press. 28 September 1934. Retrieved 5 January 2015. ^ https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/00/02/90/10/02066/8_octubre_1944_41.pdf ^ Problems of the New Cuba. Foreign Policy Association. 12 July 2021. ^ Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1933. The American Republics: Volume V, p. 468 http://images.library.wisc.edu/FRUS/EFacs/1933v05/reference/frus.frus1933v05.i0010.pdf ^ "El Directorio Estudiantil Universitario de 1930 \| Salvador Vilaseca Forné". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2015. ^ "Foreign relations of the United States - Collection - UWDC - UW-Madison Libraries". ^ Assembly Votes Palestine Partition; Margin is 33 to 13; Arabs walk out Bibliography Otero, Juan Joaquin (1954). Libro De Cuba, Una Enciclopedia Ilustrada Que Abarca Las Artes, Las Letras, Las Ciencias, La Economia, La Politica, La Historia, La Docencia, y El Progreso General De La Nación Cubana - Edicion Conmemorative del Cincuentenario de la Republica de Cuba, 1902–1952. (Spanish) Argote-Freyre, Frank. Fulgencio Batista: Volume 1, From Revolutionary to Strongman. Rutgers University Press, Rutgers, New Jersey. ISBN 0-8135-3701-0. 2006. The Cuban Democratic Experience: The Autentico Years 1944–1952, University Press of Florida, 2000. Dr.Charles D.Ameringer. ISBN 978-0813026671 "En Defensa Del Autenticismo"- Aracelio Azcuy y Cruz, Julio 1950, La Habana, 135 pages, P. Fernandez y Cia. Rodriguez Garcia, Rolando. "La revolución que no se fue a bolina, Editorial Ciencias Sociales, 2013." Further reading Dolgoff, Sam The Cuban Revolution, a Critical Perspective http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_Archives/bright/dolgoff/cubanrevolution/toc.html vte Presidents of Cuba (list)Presidents Estrada US occupation, 1906–09 J. Gómez García Zayas Machado Herrera‡ Céspedes Pentarchy of 1933 Grau Hevia* Márquez Sterling* Mendieta* Barnet* M. Gómez Laredo Batista Grau Prío Batista^ Alliegro* Piedra* Urrutia Dorticós Presidents of theCouncil of State F. Castro R. Castro Díaz-Canel Presidents Díaz-Canel * Interim ‡ Provisional ^ Domingo acted as president during part of this term. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany United States People Deutsche Biographie Other NARA SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"President of Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Carlos Manuel Piedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Manuel_Piedra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Grau and the second or maternal family name is San Martín.Ramón Grau San Martín (13 September 1881 – 28 July 1969) was a Cuban physician who served as President of Cuba from 1933 to 1934 and from 1944 to 1948. He was the last president other than an interim president, Carlos Manuel Piedra, born during Spanish rule. He is sometimes called Raymond Grau San Martin in English.[1]","title":"Ramón Grau"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"University of Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Havana"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"physiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology"},{"link_name":"University of Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Havana"},{"link_name":"Gerardo Machado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardo_Machado"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"His parents were, Francisco Grau Vinals and Pilar San Martin y del Collado.[2] Grau's father, a rich tobacco grower, wanted Ramón to continue in his footsteps, but Ramón himself wanted to be a doctor. He studied at the University of Havana and graduated in 1908 with a Doctor of Medicine degree, then expatriated to Europe in order to expand his medical knowledge. He returned to Cuba in 1921 and became a professor of physiology at the University of Havana.In the 1920s, he was involved with the student protests against then-President Gerardo Machado, and was jailed in 1931. Upon his release he was exiled from Cuba, temporarily migrating to the United States.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1933 Cuban Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_Cuban_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Pentarchy of 1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentarchy_of_1933"},{"link_name":"Directorio Estudiantil Universitario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorio_Estudiantil_Universitario"},{"link_name":"Palacio de los Capitanes Generales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacio_de_los_Capitanes_Generales"},{"link_name":"One Hundred Days Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Hundred_Days_Government"}],"text":"After the 1933 Cuban Revolution, Grau initially became one of the five members of the Pentarchy of 1933 government ( 5–10 September 1933). Thereafter, on 9 September 1933, members of the Directorio Estudiantil Universitario met in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palacio de los Capitanes Generales and after intensive debate between various proposed candidates, it was agreed that Ramón Grau would be the next president. Grau's presidency became known as the One Hundred Days Government and ended on 15 January 1934.","title":"Revolution of 1933"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antonio Guiteras Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Guiteras_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Manuel Marquez Sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Marquez_Sterling"}],"text":"Carlos E. Finlay for Secretary of Health, Antonio Guiteras Holmes for Secretary of Government, Ramiro Copablanca for Secretary of the Presidency, Germán Álvarez Fuentes for Secretary of Agriculture, Joaquin del Rio Balamaseda for Secretary of Justice, Julio Aguado for Secretary of War & Navy, Gustavo Moreno for Secretary of Public Works and Manuel Marquez Sterling for Secretary of State.","title":"Cabinet members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antonio Guiteras Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Guiteras_Holmes"},{"link_name":"University of Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Havana"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Fulgencio Batista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista"},{"link_name":"Sumner Welles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumner_Welles"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Caffery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Caffery"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Directorio Estudiantil Universitario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorio_Estudiantil_Universitario"},{"link_name":"Sumner Welles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumner_Welles"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Hotel Nacional de Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Nacional_de_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Hotel Nacional of Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hotel_Nacional_of_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Partido Auténtico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Aut%C3%A9ntico"},{"link_name":"Pola Grau Alsina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polita_Grau"}],"text":"The One Hundred Days government was in part a mixture of reformist-moderate minded individuals such as Grau and radicals including Antonio Guiteras Holmes. The One Hundred Days government is mainly remembered for left-leaning or progressive reforms such as the establishment of the 8-hour work day as per Grau's presidential decree no. 1693, a raise of minimum wage, nationalization of Cuban Electric Company, granting autonomy to the University of Havana, a requirement that employers must engage at least 50 per cent of native-born Cuba workers, a minimum wage for cutting sugar cane, the creation of a Department of Labor, the compulsory arbitration of labor dispute, the suspension of the Chase loan (taken out during Machado's mandate), the granting of an unlimited sugar quota (Zafra Libre) to small mills up to 60,000 bags, reduction of electricity rates and the initiation of a program for agrarian reform and authorization for the coinage of $20 Million in silver[3]Despite the government's progressive agenda, the government faced significant political power struggles. On the one hand it was not recognized by the U.S. government, secondly there were still other groups especially members of the traditional parties such as the Liberal, Conservative and Union Nacionalista parties as well as the ABC who either did not support Grau's government or wanted a more inclusive administration. Finally, while the Army Chief of Staff Fulgencio Batista, nominally surrendered the power of the army to the new government, in reality Batista was having talks, making behind-doors deals with Sumner Welles, U.S. Ambassador Jefferson Caffery, and other political groups.[4]Eventually Batista would force Grau's resignation on 15 January 1934. Grau, however, still maintained significant power throughout the beginning of his presidency and on one occasion various ranking members of Grau's cabinet as well as students from the Directorio Estudiantil Universitario wanted Batista removed or assassinated. This was partly because Batista was holding talks with Sumner Welles other members of the Cuban opposition regarding a potential change in government without the knowledge or public sanctioning of Grau's administration. \n[5]\nIn addition to the political struggles, the dire state of the economy due to the Depression of the 1930s and the massive debt left over by Machado's administration, there was also the issue of the army officials regrouping and setting up camp in the Hotel Nacional de Cuba. After failed negotiations between army officials and Grau's government, this deadlock would ultimately end with the Battle of the Hotel Nacional of Cuba on 2 October 1933.In 1934 Grau went on to found the Partido Auténtico. His niece, Pola Grau Alsina (1915– 2000), served as First Lady of Cuba during his first presidency.","title":"One Hundred Days government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1940 Constitution of Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Constitution_of_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Carlos Márquez Sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_M%C3%A1rquez_Sterling"},{"link_name":"Fulgencio Batista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista"}],"text":"Grau was instrumental in passing the 1940 Constitution of Cuba. For much of the Constitutional Convention, he served as the presiding officer (even after his coalition was pushed into the minority after the defection of one of the parties that formed it). He would eventually come to be replaced by Carlos Márquez Sterling.In 1940 Grau ran in the presidential election and lost to Fulgencio Batista. Most independent observers at the time qualified the 1940 election as free and fair elections.","title":"Constitution of 1940"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carlos Saladrigas Zayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Saladrigas_Zayas"},{"link_name":"U.S. Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Spruille Braden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spruille_Braden"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Carlos Prío","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Pr%C3%ADo"},{"link_name":"coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Cuban Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Fidel Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In 1944 Grau won the popular vote in the presidential election, defeating Carlos Saladrigas Zayas, Batista's handpicked successor, and served until 1948. Despite his initial popularity in 1933, accusations of corruption tainted his administration's image, and a sizable number of Cubans began to distrust him.As Grau assumed the presidency, he was forced to address many financial problems left by his predecessor, Batista. In a 17 July 1944 dispatch to the U.S. Secretary of State, U.S. Ambassador Spruille Braden stated:It is becoming increasingly apparent that President Batista intends to discomfit the incoming Administration in every way possible, particularly financially. A systematic raid on the Treasury is in full swing with the result that Dr. Grau will probably find empty coffers when he takes office on October 10. It is blatant that President Batista desires that Dr. Grau San Martin should assume obligations which in fairness and equity should be a matter of settlement by the present Administration.[6]In 1947, Cuba was the only Western country to vote against the creation of Israel.[7]After turning over the presidency to his protégé, Carlos Prío, in 1948, Grau virtually withdrew from public life. He emerged again in 1952 to oppose Batista's coup d'état. Grau ran for president in the 1954 and 1958 Batista-sponsored elections but withdrew just prior to each election day, claiming government fraud. After the Cuban Revolution and the rise of Fidel Castro in 1959, Grau retired to his home in Havana and maintained a low profile.[citation needed] He died there on 28 July 1969.","title":"Election of 1944"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8135-3701-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-3701-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0813026671","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813026671"}],"text":"Otero, Juan Joaquin (1954). Libro De Cuba, Una Enciclopedia Ilustrada Que Abarca Las Artes, Las Letras, Las Ciencias, La Economia, La Politica, La Historia, La Docencia, y El Progreso General De La Nación Cubana - Edicion Conmemorative del Cincuentenario de la Republica de Cuba, 1902–1952. (Spanish)\nArgote-Freyre, Frank. Fulgencio Batista: Volume 1, From Revolutionary to Strongman. Rutgers University Press, Rutgers, New Jersey. ISBN 0-8135-3701-0. 2006.\nThe Cuban Democratic Experience: The Autentico Years 1944–1952, University Press of Florida, 2000. Dr.Charles D.Ameringer. ISBN 978-0813026671\n\"En Defensa Del Autenticismo\"- Aracelio Azcuy y Cruz, Julio 1950, La Habana, 135 pages, P. Fernandez y Cia.\nRodriguez Garcia, Rolando. \"La revolución que no se fue a bolina, Editorial Ciencias Sociales, 2013.\"","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_Archives/bright/dolgoff/cubanrevolution/toc.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_Archives/bright/dolgoff/cubanrevolution/toc.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Cuba"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Cuba"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Cuba"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Presidents of Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Cuba"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Estrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Estrada_Palma"},{"link_name":"US occupation, 1906–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Cuba"},{"link_name":"J. Gómez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_G%C3%B3mez"},{"link_name":"García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Garc%C3%ADa_Menocal"},{"link_name":"Zayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Zayas_y_Alfonso"},{"link_name":"Machado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardo_Machado"},{"link_name":"Herrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Herrera_y_Franchi"},{"link_name":"Céspedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Manuel_de_C%C3%A9spedes_y_Quesada"},{"link_name":"Pentarchy of 1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentarchy_of_1933"},{"link_name":"Grau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Hevia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Hevia"},{"link_name":"Márquez Sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_M%C3%A1rquez_Sterling"},{"link_name":"Mendieta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Mendieta"},{"link_name":"Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Agripino_Barnet"},{"link_name":"M. 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Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro"},{"link_name":"Díaz-Canel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel"},{"link_name":"Díaz-Canel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel"},{"link_name":"Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Domingo_y_Morales_del_Castillo"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q455365#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/149597/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000055478176"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/48188729"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpTY86WwP8V6ctmJ68cT3"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX957852"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12404627s"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12404627s"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/132363313"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n85053900"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd132363313.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"NARA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.archives.gov/id/82568658"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6wm4wbv"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/077279336"}],"text":"Dolgoff, Sam The Cuban Revolution, a Critical Perspective http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_Archives/bright/dolgoff/cubanrevolution/toc.htmlvte Presidents of Cuba (list)Presidents\nEstrada\nUS occupation, 1906–09\nJ. Gómez\nGarcía\nZayas\nMachado\nHerrera‡\nCéspedes\nPentarchy of 1933\nGrau\nHevia\nMárquez Sterling\nMendieta\nBarnet\nM. Gómez\nLaredo\nBatista\nGrau\nPrío\nBatista^\nAlliegro\nPiedra\nUrrutia\nDorticós\nPresidents of theCouncil of State\nF. Castro\nR. Castro\nDíaz-Canel\nPresidents\nDíaz-Canel\n\n* Interim\n‡ Provisional\n^ Domingo acted as president during part of this term.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nUnited States\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nOther\nNARA\nSNAC\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Cuba portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cuba"},{"title":"Polita Grau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polita_Grau"}]	[{"reference":"\"Grau San Martin Leaves Cuba In Plane\". The Pittsburgh Press. The United Press. 28 September 1934. Retrieved 5 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19340928&id=oCUbAAAAIBAJ&pg=4942,5042065","url_text":"\"Grau San Martin Leaves Cuba In Plane\""}]},{"reference":"Problems of the New Cuba. Foreign Policy Association. 12 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=txu.059173017250630&view=1up&seq=34","url_text":"Problems of the New Cuba"}]},{"reference":"\"El Directorio Estudiantil Universitario de 1930 \| Salvador Vilaseca Forné\". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924090441/http://www.revistacaliban.cu/articulo.php?evento_id=5&numero=4&libro_id=19&article_id=47","url_text":"\"El Directorio Estudiantil Universitario de 1930 \| Salvador Vilaseca Forné\""},{"url":"http://www.revistacaliban.cu/articulo.php?evento_id=5&numero=4&libro_id=19&article_id=47","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Foreign relations of the United States - Collection - UWDC - UW-Madison Libraries\".","urls":[{"url":"http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=turn&entity=FRUS.FRUS1944v07.p0924&id=FRUS.FRUS1944v07&isize=L&q1=grau%20san%20martin","url_text":"\"Foreign relations of the United States - Collection - UWDC - UW-Madison Libraries\""}]},{"reference":"Otero, Juan Joaquin (1954). Libro De Cuba, Una Enciclopedia Ilustrada Que Abarca Las Artes, Las Letras, Las Ciencias, La Economia, La Politica, La Historia, La Docencia, y El Progreso General De La Nación Cubana - Edicion Conmemorative del Cincuentenario de la Republica de Cuba, 1902–1952.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ram%C3%B3n+Grau%22","external_links_name":"\"Ramón Grau\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ram%C3%B3n+Grau%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ram%C3%B3n+Grau%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ram%C3%B3n+Grau%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ram%C3%B3n+Grau%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ram%C3%B3n+Grau%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19340928&id=oCUbAAAAIBAJ&pg=4942,5042065","external_links_name":"\"Grau San Martin Leaves Cuba In Plane\""},{"Link":"https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/00/02/90/10/02066/8_octubre_1944_41.pdf","external_links_name":"https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/00/02/90/10/02066/8_octubre_1944_41.pdf"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=txu.059173017250630&view=1up&seq=34","external_links_name":"Problems of the New Cuba"},{"Link":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/FRUS/EFacs/1933v05/reference/frus.frus1933v05.i0010.pdf","external_links_name":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/FRUS/EFacs/1933v05/reference/frus.frus1933v05.i0010.pdf"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924090441/http://www.revistacaliban.cu/articulo.php?evento_id=5&numero=4&libro_id=19&article_id=47","external_links_name":"\"El Directorio Estudiantil Universitario de 1930 \| Salvador Vilaseca Forné\""},{"Link":"http://www.revistacaliban.cu/articulo.php?evento_id=5&numero=4&libro_id=19&article_id=47","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=turn&entity=FRUS.FRUS1944v07.p0924&id=FRUS.FRUS1944v07&isize=L&q1=grau%20san%20martin","external_links_name":"\"Foreign relations of the United States - Collection - UWDC - UW-Madison Libraries\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1129.html","external_links_name":"Assembly Votes Palestine Partition; Margin is 33 to 13; Arabs walk out"},{"Link":"http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_Archives/bright/dolgoff/cubanrevolution/toc.html","external_links_name":"http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_Archives/bright/dolgoff/cubanrevolution/toc.html"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/149597/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000055478176","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/48188729","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpTY86WwP8V6ctmJ68cT3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX957852","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12404627s","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12404627s","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/132363313","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85053900","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd132363313.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/82568658","external_links_name":"NARA"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6wm4wbv","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/077279336","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diva_Gray	Diva Gray	["1 Discography","2 References","3 External links"]	Diva GrayGenresR&Bhousepost-discoOccupation(s)SingerInstrument(s)VocalsMusical artist Diva Gray is an American singer. She is best known as a background vocalist behind the band Chic, as well as in other disco groups, including Change, and Lemon with Lani Groves, Gordon Grody, Luther Vandross, David Lasley and Kenny Lehman, and in Bette Midler's female backing group, The Harlettes with Ula Hedwig and Jocelyn Brown. As a solo performer, she recorded the album "Hotel Paradise", produced by Luigi Ojival and released on Columbia Records. Diva Gray & Oyster's "Saint Tropez" was a hit single on the French charts. Discography Hotel Paradise (Columbia Records - JC 36265) References ^ "CHIC AT STRAWBERRIES" (PDF). Cashbox: 32. January 6, 1979 – via worldradiohistory.com. ^ Maslin, Janet (1980-09-25). "Movie Review: Divine Madness". The New York Times. ^ "Diva Gray \| Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2021-12-20. ^ Chin, Brian (March 28, 1981). "Disco File" (PDF). Record World: 21 – via worldradiohistory.com. ^ "Top Album Picks" (PDF). Billboard: 84. December 15, 1979 – via worldradiohistory.com. ^ Chin, Brian (December 15, 1979). "Disco File" (PDF). Record World: 22 – via worldradiohistory.com. ^ Sanello, Frank (September 22, 1979). "Hayden's Label Scores With First Release, A&R Tactics" (PDF). Cashbox: 14 – via worldradiohistory.com. External links Diva Gray at Discogs Diva Gray at Bandcamp Diva Gray at SITE123 Diva Gray at Facebook Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chic_(band)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_(band)"},{"link_name":"Luther Vandross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Vandross"},{"link_name":"David Lasley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lasley"},{"link_name":"Bette Midler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Midler"},{"link_name":"The Harlettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harlettes"},{"link_name":"Jocelyn Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocelyn_Brown"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-review-2"},{"link_name":"Columbia Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Musical artistDiva Gray is an American singer. She is best known as a background vocalist behind the band Chic,[1] as well as in other disco groups, including Change, and Lemon with Lani Groves, Gordon Grody, Luther Vandross, David Lasley and Kenny Lehman, and in Bette Midler's female backing group, The Harlettes with Ula Hedwig and Jocelyn Brown.[2] As a solo performer, she recorded the album \"Hotel Paradise\", produced by Luigi Ojival and released on Columbia Records.[3][4][5] Diva Gray & Oyster's \"Saint Tropez\" was a hit single on the French charts.[6][7]","title":"Diva Gray"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hotel Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Paradise_(Diva_Gray_album)"},{"link_name":"Columbia Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"}],"text":"Hotel Paradise (Columbia Records - JC 36265)","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"CHIC AT STRAWBERRIES\" (PDF). Cashbox: 32. 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Record World: 21 – via worldradiohistory.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Archive-Record-World-IDX/IDX/80s/81/RW-1981-03-28-OCR-Page-0021.pdf#search=%22diva%20gray%22","url_text":"\"Disco File\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_World","url_text":"Record World"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Album Picks\" (PDF). Billboard: 84. December 15, 1979 – via worldradiohistory.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1979/1979-12-15-Billboard-Page-0084.pdf#search=%22diva%20gray%22","url_text":"\"Top Album Picks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Chin, Brian (December 15, 1979). \"Disco File\" (PDF). Record World: 22 – via worldradiohistory.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Archive-Record-World-IDX/IDX/70s/79/RW-1979-12-15-OCR-Page-0016.pdf#search=%22diva%20gray%22","url_text":"\"Disco File\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_World","url_text":"Record World"}]},{"reference":"Sanello, Frank (September 22, 1979). \"Hayden's Label Scores With First Release, A&R Tactics\" (PDF). Cashbox: 14 – via worldradiohistory.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Archive-Cash-Box-IDX/70s/1979/CB-1979-09-22-OCR-Page-0014.pdf#search=%22diva%20gray%22","url_text":"\"Hayden's Label Scores With First Release, A&R Tactics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)","url_text":"Cashbox"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Archive-Cash-Box-IDX/70s/1979/CB-1979-01-06-OCR-Page-0032.pdf#search=%22diva%20gray%22","external_links_name":"\"CHIC AT STRAWBERRIES\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9404E6D61638F936A1575AC0A966948260","external_links_name":"\"Movie Review: Divine Madness\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/diva-gray-mn0000795742/credits","external_links_name":"\"Diva Gray \| Credits\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Archive-Record-World-IDX/IDX/80s/81/RW-1981-03-28-OCR-Page-0021.pdf#search=%22diva%20gray%22","external_links_name":"\"Disco File\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1979/1979-12-15-Billboard-Page-0084.pdf#search=%22diva%20gray%22","external_links_name":"\"Top Album Picks\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Archive-Record-World-IDX/IDX/70s/79/RW-1979-12-15-OCR-Page-0016.pdf#search=%22diva%20gray%22","external_links_name":"\"Disco File\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Archive-Cash-Box-IDX/70s/1979/CB-1979-09-22-OCR-Page-0014.pdf#search=%22diva%20gray%22","external_links_name":"\"Hayden's Label Scores With First Release, A&R Tactics\""},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/artist/292807-Diva-Gray","external_links_name":"Diva Gray at Discogs"},{"Link":"https://divagray.bandcamp.com/","external_links_name":"Diva Gray at Bandcamp"},{"Link":"https://divagray.site123.me/","external_links_name":"Diva Gray at SITE123"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/Diva-Gray-108173260555791","external_links_name":"Diva Gray at Facebook"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/5cc59e41-9114-4891-b861-77ec4cc9e8ae","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurepang_language	Pemon language	["1 Typology","2 Writing","3 Phonology","3.1 Vowels","3.2 Consonants","4 Grammar","5 References","6 External links","7 Literature"]	Cariban language spoken in Venezuela Not to be confused with Pémono language. PemonArecunaIngarikó, KaponNative toVenezuela, Brazil, GuyanaEthnicityPemonNative speakers(6,000 cited 1990–2006)Language familyCariban Venezuelan CaribPemóng–PanarePemóngPemonDialects Camaracoto Writing systemLatinLanguage codesISO 639-3aocGlottologpemo1248ELPPemón Lino Figueroa, a Pemon, author of Makunaima, demonstrating the Pemon Language. The Pemon language (or Pemón in Spanish), is an indigenous language of the Cariban family spoken by some 30,000 Pemon people, in Venezuela's Southeast, particularly in the Canaima National Park, in the Roraima State of Brazil and in Guyana. It covers several dialects, including Arecuna (or Arekuna), Camaracota, Camaracoto, Ingariko (or Ingarikó), Taulipang, and Taurepan (Camaracoto may be a distinct language). The Pemon language may also be known and designated informally by one of the two dialects Arecuna (or Arekuna) or Ingariko (or Ingarikó), or incorrectly under the name Kapon which normally designates another closely related small group of languages. Pemon is one of several other closely related Venezuelan Cariban languages which also include the Macushi and Kapon (or Kapong, also sometimes used by natives to name the Pemon language itself, even if Kapon strictly covers only the two Akawaio and Patamona languages). These four languages (including Macushi) form the group of Pemongan (or Pemóng) languages. The broad Kapon (or Kapong) and selective Ingariko (or Ingarikó) terms are also used locally as a common ethnonym grouping Pemón, Akawaio, and Patamono peoples (and sometimes as well the Macushi people), and may be used as well to refer to the group of the four Pemongan (or Pemóng) languages that they speak. Typology The Pemon language's syntax type is SOV with alternation to OVS. Writing Pemon was an oral language until the 20th century. Then efforts were made to produce dictionaries and grammars, primarily by Catholic missionaries, specially Armellada and Gutiérrez Salazar. The Latin alphabet has been used, adding diacritic signs to represent some phonemes not existing in Spanish. Phonology Vowels Arekuna Pemon has the following vowels: Front Central Back Close i ɨ u Open-mid e ɤ o Open a There are still texts only using Spanish characters, without distinguishing between pairs such as /o/ and /ɤ/. Diphthong sounds are . Consonants Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Stop p t k Fricative s Nasal m n Tap/Flap ɾ Approximant j w Allophones of /s n k j/ are . Grammar Pronouns in Pemon are: Pemon English yuré I, me amäre you (singular) muere, mesere he, she urekon we ina we (exclusive) amärenokon you (plural) ichamonan they, them References ^ Pemon at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) ^ La Transitividad en Japrería Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-01-17. Retrieved 2009-01-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Guide for Pemon (Spanish) ^ Edwards 1978 p. 224 uses the symbol ɵ for a mid back unrounded vowel. ^ Edwards 1978 External links Pemon language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Introducción al pemón (Spanish) Pemon for travellers General information about the Pemon language Literature Edwards, Walter F. (1978). "A Preliminary Sketch of Arekuna (Carib) Phonology". International Journal of American Linguistics. 44 (3): 223–227. JSTOR 1264946. Gutiérrez Salazar, Mariano (2001). Gramática didáctica de la lengua pemón (in Spanish). Caracas: Universidad Católica Andrés Bello. ISBN 980-244-282-8. de Armellada, Cesáreo; Olza, Jesús (1999). Gramática de la lengua pemón (morfosintaxis) (in Spanish). Caracas: Universidad Católica Andrés Bello. vteLanguages of GuyanaOfficial language English Indigenous languages Akawaio Arawak Atorada Carib Macushi Mapidian Patamona Pemon Waiwai Wapishana Warao Other languages Caribbean Hindustani Guyanese Creole Sign languages Guyanese Sign Language South Rupununi Sign Language vteLanguages of VenezuelaOfficial language Spanish Llanero Maracucho IndigenouslanguagesArawakan Arawak Baniwa Caquetio Mandawaca Paraujano Piapoco Warekena Wayuu Arutani-Sape Arutani Sapé Cariban Carib Japreria Kapóng Macushi Mapoyo-Yabarana Panare Pemon Sikiana Tamanaku Ye'kuana Yukpa Chibchan Barí Uwa Guahiban Cuiba Guahibo Jirajaran Ayoman Gayon Jirajara Timotean Mucuchí Timote Other Betoi Hodï Jukude (Maku-Auari) Nheengatu Ninam Sanumá Warao Yaruro Non-Nativelanguages German Colonia Tovar Italian Romani Sign languages Venezuelan Sign Language vteCariban languagesParukotoan Hixkaryana Katxúyana Salumá Waiwai Pekodian Apingi Arara Bakairí Ikpéng Juma Pimenteira Yarumá Venezuelan Carib Tiverikoto Yaio Pemóng–Panare Kapóng Makushi Panare Pemón Purukotó Mapoyo–Tamanaku Kumaná Mapoyo-Yawarana Tamanaku Guianan Carib Kari'nja Palmela Ye'kuana Wayana Wayumara Taranoan Akuriyo Karihona Tiriyo Unclassified Apalaí Boanarí Japréria Kuikuro Opón Paravilyana Pawishiana Sapará Waimirí Atroarí Yukpa Italics indicate extinct languages	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pémono language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9mono_language"},{"link_name":"indigenous language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Pemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemon"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Canaima National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaima_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Roraima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roraima"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"Ingarikó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingarik%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Macushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macushi_language"},{"link_name":"Kapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapon"},{"link_name":"Akawaio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akawaio_language"},{"link_name":"Patamona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patamona"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Pémono language.Lino Figueroa, a Pemon, author of Makunaima, demonstrating the Pemon Language.The Pemon language (or Pemón in Spanish), is an indigenous language of the Cariban family spoken by some 30,000 Pemon people, in Venezuela's Southeast, particularly in the Canaima National Park, in the Roraima State of Brazil and in Guyana.It covers several dialects, including Arecuna (or Arekuna), Camaracota, Camaracoto, Ingariko (or Ingarikó), Taulipang, and Taurepan (Camaracoto may be a distinct language). The Pemon language may also be known and designated informally by one of the two dialects Arecuna (or Arekuna) or Ingariko (or Ingarikó), or incorrectly under the name Kapon which normally designates another closely related small group of languages.Pemon is one of several other closely related Venezuelan Cariban languages which also include the Macushi and Kapon (or Kapong, also sometimes used by natives to name the Pemon language itself, even if Kapon strictly covers only the two Akawaio and Patamona languages). These four languages (including Macushi) form the group of Pemongan (or Pemóng) languages. The broad Kapon (or Kapong) and selective Ingariko (or Ingarikó) terms are also used locally as a common ethnonym grouping Pemón, Akawaio, and Patamono peoples (and sometimes as well the Macushi people), and may be used as well to refer to the group of the four Pemongan (or Pemóng) languages that they speak.","title":"Pemon language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SOV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb"},{"link_name":"OVS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93subject"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Pemon language's syntax type is SOV with alternation to OVS.[2]","title":"Typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Pemon was an oral language until the 20th century. Then efforts were made to produce dictionaries and grammars, primarily by Catholic missionaries, specially Armellada and Gutiérrez Salazar. The Latin alphabet has been used, adding diacritic signs to represent some phonemes not existing in Spanish.[3]","title":"Writing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Vowels","text":"Arekuna Pemon has the following vowels:There are still texts only using Spanish characters, without distinguishing between pairs such as /o/ and /ɤ/. Diphthong sounds are [aɪ, au, ɔɪ, eɪ].","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Consonants","text":"Allophones of /s n k j/ are [tʃ ŋ ʔ ʎ].[5]","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Pronouns in Pemon are:","title":"Grammar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1264946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1264946"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"980-244-282-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/980-244-282-8"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Guyana"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Guyana"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Guyana"},{"link_name":"Languages of Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Guyana"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Akawaio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kap%C3%B3ng_language"},{"link_name":"Arawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak_language"},{"link_name":"Atorada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atorada_language"},{"link_name":"Carib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carib_language"},{"link_name":"Macushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macushi_language"},{"link_name":"Mapidian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapidian_language"},{"link_name":"Patamona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kap%C3%B3ng_language"},{"link_name":"Pemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Waiwai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiwai_language"},{"link_name":"Wapishana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapishana_language"},{"link_name":"Warao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warao_language"},{"link_name":"Caribbean Hindustani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani"},{"link_name":"Guyanese Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyanese_Creole"},{"link_name":"Guyanese Sign Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyanese_Sign_Language"},{"link_name":"South Rupununi Sign Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Rupununi_Sign_Language"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Languages of Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_Spanish"},{"link_name":"Llanero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanero_Spanish"},{"link_name":"Maracucho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracucho_Spanish"},{"link_name":"Arawakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawakan_languages"},{"link_name":"Arawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak_language"},{"link_name":"Baniwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baniwa_of_I%C3%A7ana"},{"link_name":"Caquetio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caquetio_language"},{"link_name":"Mandawaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandawaca_language"},{"link_name":"Paraujano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraujano_language"},{"link_name":"Piapoco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piapoco_language"},{"link_name":"Warekena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warekena_language"},{"link_name":"Wayuu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayuu_language"},{"link_name":"Arutani-Sape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arutani-Sape_languages"},{"link_name":"Arutani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arutani_language"},{"link_name":"Sapé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sap%C3%A9_language"},{"link_name":"Cariban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cariban_languages"},{"link_name":"Carib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carib_language"},{"link_name":"Japreria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japreria_language"},{"link_name":"Kapóng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kap%C3%B3ng_language"},{"link_name":"Macushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macushi_language"},{"link_name":"Mapoyo-Yabarana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapoyo-Yabarana_language"},{"link_name":"Panare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panare_language"},{"link_name":"Pemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Sikiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikiana_language"},{"link_name":"Tamanaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamanaku_language"},{"link_name":"Ye'kuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%27kuana_language"},{"link_name":"Yukpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukpa_language"},{"link_name":"Chibchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibchan_languages"},{"link_name":"Barí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C3%AD_language"},{"link_name":"Uwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwa_language"},{"link_name":"Guahiban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guahiban_languages"},{"link_name":"Cuiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuiba_language"},{"link_name":"Guahibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guahibo_language"},{"link_name":"Jirajaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirajaran_languages"},{"link_name":"Ayoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayoman_language"},{"link_name":"Gayon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayon_language"},{"link_name":"Jirajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirajara_language"},{"link_name":"Timotean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timotean_languages"},{"link_name":"Mucuchí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucuch%C3%AD_language"},{"link_name":"Timote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timote_language"},{"link_name":"Betoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betoi_language"},{"link_name":"Hodï","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language"},{"link_name":"Jukude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukude_language"},{"link_name":"Nheengatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nheengatu_language"},{"link_name":"Ninam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninam_language"},{"link_name":"Sanumá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanum%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Warao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warao_language"},{"link_name":"Yaruro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaruro_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Colonia Tovar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language_in_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_language"},{"link_name":"Venezuelan Sign Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_Sign_Language"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cariban_languages"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cariban_languages"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cariban_languages"},{"link_name":"Cariban languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cariban_languages"},{"link_name":"Parukotoan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parukotoan_languages"},{"link_name":"Hixkaryana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hixkaryana_language"},{"link_name":"Katxúyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikiana_language"},{"link_name":"Salumá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salum%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Waiwai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiwai_language"},{"link_name":"Pekodian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekodian_languages"},{"link_name":"Apingi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apingi_language"},{"link_name":"Arara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%A1_Ar%C3%A1ra_language"},{"link_name":"Bakairí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakairi_language"},{"link_name":"Ikpéng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikpeng_language"},{"link_name":"Juma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juma_language_(Carib)"},{"link_name":"Pimenteira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimenteira_language"},{"link_name":"Yarumá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarum%C3%A1_language_(Carib)"},{"link_name":"Tiverikoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiverikoto_language"},{"link_name":"Yaio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaio_language"},{"link_name":"Kapóng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kap%C3%B3ng_language"},{"link_name":"Makushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macushi_language"},{"link_name":"Panare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panare_language"},{"link_name":"Pemón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Purukotó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purukot%C3%B3_language"},{"link_name":"Kumaná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumanagota_language"},{"link_name":"Mapoyo-Yawarana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapoyo-Yabarana_language"},{"link_name":"Tamanaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamanaku_language"},{"link_name":"Kari'nja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carib_language"},{"link_name":"Palmela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmela_language"},{"link_name":"Ye'kuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%27kuana_language"},{"link_name":"Wayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayana_language"},{"link_name":"Wayumara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajumar%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Taranoan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranoan_languages"},{"link_name":"Akuriyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuriy%C3%B3_language"},{"link_name":"Karihona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carijona_language"},{"link_name":"Tiriyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiriy%C3%B3_language"},{"link_name":"Apalaí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apala%C3%AD_language"},{"link_name":"Boanarí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boanar%C3%AD_language"},{"link_name":"Japréria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japrer%C3%ADa_language"},{"link_name":"Kuikuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuikuro_language"},{"link_name":"Opón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%B3n_language"},{"link_name":"Paravilyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paravilyana_language"},{"link_name":"Pawishiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawishiana_language"},{"link_name":"Sapará","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapar%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Waimirí Atroarí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atruah%C3%AD_language"},{"link_name":"Yukpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukpa_language"},{"link_name":"extinct languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_death"}],"text":"Edwards, Walter F. (1978). \"A Preliminary Sketch of Arekuna (Carib) Phonology\". International Journal of American Linguistics. 44 (3): 223–227. JSTOR 1264946.\nGutiérrez Salazar, Mariano (2001). Gramática didáctica de la lengua pemón (in Spanish). Caracas: Universidad Católica Andrés Bello. ISBN 980-244-282-8.\nde Armellada, Cesáreo; Olza, Jesús (1999). Gramática de la lengua pemón (morfosintaxis) (in Spanish). Caracas: Universidad Católica Andrés Bello.vteLanguages of GuyanaOfficial language\nEnglish\nIndigenous languages\nAkawaio\nArawak\nAtorada\nCarib\nMacushi\nMapidian\nPatamona\nPemon\nWaiwai\nWapishana\nWarao\nOther languages\nCaribbean Hindustani\nGuyanese Creole\nSign languages\nGuyanese Sign Language\nSouth Rupununi Sign LanguagevteLanguages of VenezuelaOfficial language\nSpanish\nLlanero\nMaracucho\nIndigenouslanguagesArawakan\nArawak\nBaniwa\nCaquetio\nMandawaca\nParaujano\nPiapoco\nWarekena\nWayuu\nArutani-Sape\nArutani\nSapé\nCariban\nCarib\nJapreria\nKapóng\nMacushi\nMapoyo-Yabarana\nPanare\nPemon\nSikiana\nTamanaku\nYe'kuana\nYukpa\nChibchan\nBarí\nUwa\nGuahiban\nCuiba\nGuahibo\nJirajaran\nAyoman\nGayon\nJirajara\nTimotean\nMucuchí\nTimote\nOther\nBetoi\nHodï\nJukude (Maku-Auari)\nNheengatu\nNinam\nSanumá\nWarao\nYaruro\nNon-Nativelanguages\nGerman\nColonia Tovar\nItalian\nRomani\nSign languages\nVenezuelan Sign LanguagevteCariban languagesParukotoan\nHixkaryana\nKatxúyana\nSalumá\nWaiwai\nPekodian\nApingi\nArara\nBakairí\nIkpéng\nJuma\nPimenteira\nYarumá\nVenezuelan Carib\nTiverikoto\nYaio\n Pemóng–Panare\nKapóng\nMakushi\nPanare\nPemón\nPurukotó\nMapoyo–Tamanaku\nKumaná\nMapoyo-Yawarana\nTamanaku\n\nGuianan Carib\nKari'nja\nPalmela\nYe'kuana\nWayana\nWayumara\n Taranoan\nAkuriyo\nKarihona\nTiriyo\n\nUnclassified\nApalaí\nBoanarí\nJapréria\nKuikuro\nOpón\nParavilyana\nPawishiana\nSapará\nWaimirí Atroarí\nYukpa\nItalics indicate extinct languages","title":"Literature"}]	[{"image_text":"Lino Figueroa, a Pemon, author of Makunaima, demonstrating the Pemon Language."}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-01-17. Retrieved 2009-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090117130753/http://ricardo.delgado.com/GUIA%20DE%20PEMON.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://ricardo.delgado.com/GUIA%20DE%20PEMON.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Walter F. (1978). \"A Preliminary Sketch of Arekuna (Carib) Phonology\". International Journal of American Linguistics. 44 (3): 223–227. JSTOR 1264946.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1264946","url_text":"1264946"}]},{"reference":"Gutiérrez Salazar, Mariano (2001). Gramática didáctica de la lengua pemón (in Spanish). Caracas: Universidad Católica Andrés Bello. ISBN 980-244-282-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/980-244-282-8","url_text":"980-244-282-8"}]},{"reference":"de Armellada, Cesáreo; Olza, Jesús (1999). Gramática de la lengua pemón (morfosintaxis) (in Spanish). Caracas: Universidad Católica Andrés Bello.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/pemo1248","external_links_name":"pemo1248"},{"Link":"http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1710","external_links_name":"Pemón"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/aoc/","external_links_name":"Pemon"},{"Link":"http://ressources-cla.univ-fcomte.fr/gerflint/Venezuela1/luis.pdf","external_links_name":"La Transitividad en Japrería"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721023145/http://ressources-cla.univ-fcomte.fr/gerflint/Venezuela1/luis.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090117130753/http://ricardo.delgado.com/GUIA%20DE%20PEMON.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://ricardo.delgado.com/GUIA%20DE%20PEMON.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/site/idiomapemon","external_links_name":"Introducción al pemón (Spanish)"},{"Link":"http://www.venezuelanindian.blogspot.com/2010/12/speak-like-native-pemon-and-warao.html","external_links_name":"Pemon for travellers"},{"Link":"http://www.native-languages.org/pemon.htm","external_links_name":"General information about the Pemon language"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1264946","external_links_name":"1264946"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagat_Rawat	Jagat Rawat	["1 Bibliography","2 Filmography","2.1 Films","2.2 Television","3 References","4 External links"]	Indian Film and Television Actor Jagat RawatBornJagat RawatNationalityIndianAlma materBhartendu Academy of Dramatic Arts & National School of DramaOccupationActorYears active2004-PresentKnown forKuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi Jagat Rawat is an Indian film and television actor from a strong theatre background, including his six years in Bhartendu Academy of Dramatic Arts and National School of Drama repertory company, where he acted in many classic and contemporary plays. He is currently portraying Ashutosh Nanavati in Pushpa Impossible. Bibliography Jagat Rawat boasts over thirty-five years of experience in the acting profession, honing his skills through active involvement in various theater groups. He performed in numerous dramas and plays across professional shows in Mumbai and Delhi before catching the attention of filmmakers interested in casting him in their movies. Despite not yet landing a lead role, Jagat has embraced supporting characters, adhering to the age-old professional motto that “no part is too small for an actor.” His dedication to his craft has earned him opportunities, even for minor roles. In the movie ‘Commando’ (2013), Jagat portrays a Maharashtra M.P., infusing life into a character deeply engrossed in his profession and the power it entails, challenging stereotypes associated with a typical government employee. Jagat brings a unique touch to the role by improvising dialogues and adding mannerisms that are distinctly his own. The film narrates the story of an Indian soldier trapped in China, struggling to return home. While Jagat predominantly takes on supporting roles, he is selective about the projects he undertakes. Films like ‘Commando,’ ‘No One Killed Jessica,’ and ‘Chor Chor Super Chor’ deviate from conventional Bollywood norms, incorporating fresh ideas. ‘No One Killed Jessica’ is a biographical crime investigation story, and ‘Chor Chor Super Chor’ is a comedic tale centered around a petty robbery. His performance in ‘No One Killed Jessica’ garnered significant recognition, contributing to the film’s success and earning several awards, including the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress (awarded to Rani Mukerji). Filmography Films Year Title Role Ref (s) 2008 Hijack Sajid 2011 No One Killed Jessica Dharam Saxena 2011 Yeh Faasley Caretaker 2012 Raaz 3D Asst. Main Exorcist 2013 Aurangzeb Bilal 2013 Commando - A One Man Army MP Friend 2013 Chor Chor Super Chor Amol 2014 Mastram Rajaram's uncle 2015 Ab Tak Chhappan 2 Keshav 2015 Manjhi - The Mountain Man Shuklji 2016 1920 London Kaka 2016 Happy Bhag Jayegi Fakru 2022 Laal Singh Chaddha Father of School 2022 Double XL Mausaji Television Year Title Role Ref (s) 2010 Powder Gangster Raja 2010 Seven Adhyaksh 2010 Ganga Kii Dheej 2011 Anhoniyon Ka Andhera Unknown (cameo) 2012 Hum Ne Li Hai...Shapath Crazy criminal 2013 CID Unknown (cameo) 2013 Gutur Gu 2 Jay Ahuja 2014 Dharmakshetra Shakuni 2014-15 Nisha Aur Uske Cousins Mohan Nemichand Gangwal 2016-17 Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi Bijoy Bose 2018–2019 Roop - Mard Ka Naya Swaroop Rupesh Patel/Mr. Patel 2021 Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise - Nayi Kahani Bijoy Bose 2021 Project 9191 Raghuveer Jhalan 2022-2023 Pushpa Impossible Ashutosh Nanavati 2024-present Kush Reet Jagat Ki Aisi Hai References ^ a b "Jagat Rawat : Biography, Age, Movies, Family, Photos, Latest News". Filmy Focus. Retrieved 28 May 2024. ^ a b Hungama, Bollywood. "Hijack 2008 Movie News, Wallpapers, Songs & Videos - Bollywood Hungama". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2016. ^ a b Team, Tellychakkar. "Jagat Rawat roped in for Sony TV's Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi". Retrieved 7 July 2016. ^ Hungama, Bollywood. "Jagat Rawat Films - Films - Bollywood Hungama". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2016. ^ Hungama, Bollywood. "Raaz 3 2012 Movie News, Wallpapers, Songs & Videos - Bollywood Hungama". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2016. ^ Hungama, Bollywood. "Commando - A One Man Army 2013 Movie News, Wallpapers, Songs & Videos - Bollywood Hungama". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2016. ^ Hungama, Bollywood. "Chor Chor Super Chor 2013 Movie News, Wallpapers, Songs & Videos - Bollywood Hungama". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2016. ^ Hungama, Bollywood. "Mastram 2014 Movie News, Wallpapers, Songs & Videos - Bollywood Hungama". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2016. ^ Hungama, Bollywood. "Ab Tak Chhappan 2 2015 Movie News, Wallpapers, Songs & Videos - Bollywood Hungama". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2016. ^ Hungama, Bollywood. "Manjhi The Mountain Man 2015 Movie News, Wallpapers, Songs & Videos - Bollywood Hungama". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 23 August 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2016. ^ Hungama, Bollywood. "1920 London 2016 Movie News, Wallpapers, Songs & Videos - Bollywood Hungama". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 20 May 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2016. ^ "Happy Bhaag Jayegi". 1 January 2016. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2016 – via Bollywood Hungama. ^ a b c d Team, Tellychakkar. "Jayant Rawal and Jagat Rawat join the cast of Star Plus' Nisha Aur Uske Cousins". Retrieved 11 July 2016. ^ Team, Tellychakkar. "Anhoniyo Ka Andhera to haunt at 11!". Retrieved 11 July 2016. ^ Team, Tellychakkar. "Syed Zafar Ali, Jagat Rawat and Shradha Kaul in an episodic of Hum Ne Li Hai...Shapath". Retrieved 11 July 2016. ^ Team, Tellychakkar. "Jagat Singh Rawat to feature in an upcoming series of Sony TV's CID". Retrieved 11 July 2016. ^ Team, Tellychakkar. "Silent comedy is an art - Jagat Rawat". Retrieved 11 July 2016. ^ Team, Tellychakkar. "Unveiling: The entire cast of Dharmakshetra on Epic TV". Retrieved 11 July 2016. External links Jagat Rawat at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_film"},{"link_name":"television actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_actor"},{"link_name":"Bhartendu Academy of Dramatic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhartendu_Academy_of_Dramatic_Arts"},{"link_name":"National School of Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_School_of_Drama"},{"link_name":"Pushpa Impossible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushpa_Impossible"}],"text":"Jagat Rawat is an Indian film and television actor from a strong theatre background, including his six years in Bhartendu Academy of Dramatic Arts and National School of Drama repertory company, where he acted in many classic and contemporary plays. He is currently portraying Ashutosh Nanavati in Pushpa Impossible.","title":"Jagat Rawat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Jagat Rawat boasts over thirty-five years of experience in the acting profession, honing his skills through active involvement in various theater groups. He performed in numerous dramas and plays across professional shows in Mumbai and Delhi before catching the attention of filmmakers interested in casting him in their movies. Despite not yet landing a lead role, Jagat has embraced supporting characters, adhering to the age-old professional motto that “no part is too small for an actor.”[1]His dedication to his craft has earned him opportunities, even for minor roles. In the movie ‘Commando’ (2013), Jagat portrays a Maharashtra M.P., infusing life into a character deeply engrossed in his profession and the power it entails, challenging stereotypes associated with a typical government employee. Jagat brings a unique touch to the role by improvising dialogues and adding mannerisms that are distinctly his own. The film narrates the story of an Indian soldier trapped in China, struggling to return home.[2]While Jagat predominantly takes on supporting roles, he is selective about the projects he undertakes. Films like ‘Commando,’ ‘No One Killed Jessica,’ and ‘Chor Chor Super Chor’ deviate from conventional Bollywood norms, incorporating fresh ideas. ‘No One Killed Jessica’ is a biographical crime investigation story, and ‘Chor Chor Super Chor’ is a comedic tale centered around a petty robbery. His performance in ‘No One Killed Jessica’ garnered significant recognition, contributing to the film’s success and earning several awards, including the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress (awarded to Rani Mukerji).[1]","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Films","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Jagat Rawat : Biography, Age, Movies, Family, Photos, Latest News\". Filmy Focus. Retrieved 28 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://filmyfocus.com/celebs/jagat-rawat","url_text":"\"Jagat Rawat : Biography, Age, Movies, Family, Photos, Latest News\""}]},{"reference":"Hungama, Bollywood. \"Hijack 2008 Movie News, Wallpapers, Songs & Videos - Bollywood Hungama\". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sereno_Peck_Fenn	Sereno Peck Fenn	["1 External links"]	Sereno Peck FennBorn(1844-04-25)April 25, 1844Tallmadge, Ohio, U.S.DiedJanuary 3, 1927(1927-01-03) (aged 82)Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.Resting placeLake View Cemetery, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.41°30′36″N 81°35′26″W / 41.5099°N 81.5906°W / 41.5099; -81.5906OccupationPartner of Sherwin-WilliamsSpouseHelen Barry Wright Sereno Peck Fenn (April 25, 1844 – January 3, 1927) was an early partner in Sherwin-Williams. He was hired as a bookkeeper in 1870 for the Sherwin-Williams Company, and was made a partner ten years later. Fenn held the title of Vice-President of the company from 1921 to 1927. Fenn College was named after him in 1930. A bequest of $100,000 was left to Fenn College, which is now named Cleveland State University. Fenn is buried in the Lake View Cemetery. Fenn was also president of the Cleveland YMCA for 25 years. External links Biography portal Where, oh where, did the Fenn money go? Encyclopedia of Cleveland History:FENN, SERENO PECK Sereno Peck Fenn at Find a Grave Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States This article about an Ohioan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sherwin-Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwin-Williams"},{"link_name":"Fenn College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenn_College"},{"link_name":"Cleveland State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_State_University"},{"link_name":"Lake View Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_View_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"YMCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YMCA"}],"text":"Sereno Peck Fenn (April 25, 1844 – January 3, 1927) was an early partner in Sherwin-Williams. He was hired as a bookkeeper in 1870 for the Sherwin-Williams Company, and was made a partner ten years later. Fenn held the title of Vice-President of the company from 1921 to 1927. Fenn College was named after him in 1930. A bequest of $100,000 was left to Fenn College, which is now named Cleveland State University. Fenn is buried in the Lake View Cemetery. Fenn was also president of the Cleveland YMCA for 25 years.","title":"Sereno Peck Fenn"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sereno_Peck_Fenn&params=41.5099_N_81.5906_W_","external_links_name":"41°30′36″N 81°35′26″W / 41.5099°N 81.5906°W / 41.5099; -81.5906"},{"Link":"http://www.clevelandstate.edu/class/com/clevelandstater/Archives/Vol%201/Issue%2017/highlights/highlights1.html","external_links_name":"Where, oh where, did the Fenn money go?"},{"Link":"http://ech.case.edu/ech-cgi/article.pl?id=FSP1","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Cleveland History:FENN, SERENO PECK"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/5368","external_links_name":"Sereno Peck Fenn"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/318841/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000039815179","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/4139919","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdGGV8XCdyjDbykmqvbVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93026389","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sereno_Peck_Fenn&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_(2011_film)	The House (2011 film)	["1 Cast","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	2011 Slovak filmThe HouseSlovakDom Directed byZuzana LiováStarring Miroslav Krobot Taťjana Medvecká Judit Bárdos CinematographyJuraj ChlpíkMusic byWalter KraftRelease date 29 September 2011 (2011-09-29) Running time100 minutesCountrySlovakiaLanguagesSlovak The House (Slovak: Dom) is a 2011 drama film written and directed by Zuzana Liová and starring Miroslav Krobot, Taťjana Medvecká and Judit Bárdos. The film won the main prize at the 2012 Finále Plzeň Film Festival. At the 2012 ceremony for the Sun in a Net Awards, the film won in the categories of Best Film and Best Actress, for the performance of Judit Bárdos. Taťjana Medvecká's performance in the film won her the accolade of Best Supporting Actress at the Czech Lion Awards as well as the Sun in a Net Awards. Cast Miroslav Krobot as Imrich Taťjana Medvecká as Viera Judit Bárdos as Eva Ester Geislerová as Hana Marek Geišberg as Milan Lucia Jašková as Jana Marián Mitaš as Jakub Attila Mokos Ivan Romančík See also List of Czech films of the 2010s References ^ "Na festivalu českých filmů v Plzni zvítězil Dům s Láskou v hrobě". idnes.cz (in Czech). 29 April 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2018. ^ "Snímka Dom získala národnú filmovú cenu Slnko v sieti 2012" (in Slovak). Teraz.sk. 18 April 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2018. ^ "Judit Bárdos má Slnko v sieti. A po Dome už aj ponuku z Česka". pravda.sk (in Slovak). 19 April 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2018. ^ Rynda, Vojtěch (25 February 2006). "Český lev 2011: vskutku vrtošivá podivnost střední cesty". tyden.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 10 February 2018. ^ Gáfrik, Zdeno (18 April 2012). "Taťjana Medvecká: Režisér musí vedieť, čo chce. Na pohlaví nezáleží". pravda.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 16 February 2018. External links The House at IMDb vteSun in a Net Award for Best Film The City of the Sun (2006) Music (2008) Soul at Peace (2010) The House (2012) My Dog Killer (2014) Eva Nová (2016) The Teacher (2017) The Line (2018) The Interpreter (2019) 107 Mothers (2020-21) Victim (2022) This article related to a Czech film of the 2010s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to a Slovak film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This 2010s drama film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Zuzana Liová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuzana_Liov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Miroslav Krobot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroslav_Krobot"},{"link_name":"Taťjana Medvecká","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%A5jana_Medveck%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Judit Bárdos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judit_B%C3%A1rdos"},{"link_name":"Finále Plzeň Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fin%C3%A1le_Plze%C5%88_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sun in a Net Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_in_a_Net_Awards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Taťjana Medvecká","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%A5jana_Medveck%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Czech Lion Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Lion_Awards"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The House (Slovak: Dom) is a 2011 drama film written and directed by Zuzana Liová and starring Miroslav Krobot, Taťjana Medvecká and Judit Bárdos. The film won the main prize at the 2012 Finále Plzeň Film Festival.[1] At the 2012 ceremony for the Sun in a Net Awards, the film won in the categories of Best Film and Best Actress, for the performance of Judit Bárdos.[2][3] Taťjana Medvecká's performance in the film won her the accolade of Best Supporting Actress at the Czech Lion Awards as well as the Sun in a Net Awards.[4][5]","title":"The House (2011 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miroslav Krobot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroslav_Krobot"},{"link_name":"Taťjana Medvecká","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%A5jana_Medveck%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Judit Bárdos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judit_B%C3%A1rdos"},{"link_name":"Ester Geislerová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester_Geislerov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Marek Geišberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marek_Gei%C5%A1berg"},{"link_name":"Marián Mitaš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari%C3%A1n_Mita%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Attila Mokos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attila_Mokos"},{"link_name":"Ivan Romančík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Roman%C4%8D%C3%ADk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Roman%C4%8D%C3%ADk"}],"text":"Miroslav Krobot as Imrich\nTaťjana Medvecká as Viera\nJudit Bárdos as Eva\nEster Geislerová as Hana\nMarek Geišberg as Milan\nLucia Jašková as Jana\nMarián Mitaš as Jakub\nAttila Mokos\nIvan Romančík [cs]","title":"Cast"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Czech films of the 2010s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Czech_films_of_the_2010s"}]	[{"reference":"\"Na festivalu českých filmů v Plzni zvítězil Dům s Láskou v hrobě\". idnes.cz (in Czech). 29 April 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://kultura.zpravy.idnes.cz/finale-plzen-dum-laska-v-hrobe-d2b-/filmvideo.aspx?c=A120429_004614_filmvideo_ptk","url_text":"\"Na festivalu českých filmů v Plzni zvítězil Dům s Láskou v hrobě\""}]},{"reference":"\"Snímka Dom získala národnú filmovú cenu Slnko v sieti 2012\" (in Slovak). Teraz.sk. 18 April 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www3.teraz.sk/kultura/snimka-dom-ziskala-narodnu-filmovu/5278-clanok.html","url_text":"\"Snímka Dom získala národnú filmovú cenu Slnko v sieti 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"Judit Bárdos má Slnko v sieti. A po Dome už aj ponuku z Česka\". pravda.sk (in Slovak). 19 April 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://koktail.pravda.sk/hviezdne-kauzy/clanok/59139-judit-bardos-ma-slnko-v-sieti-a-po-dome-uz-aj-ponuku-z-ceska/","url_text":"\"Judit Bárdos má Slnko v sieti. A po Dome už aj ponuku z Česka\""}]},{"reference":"Rynda, Vojtěch (25 February 2006). \"Český lev 2011: vskutku vrtošivá podivnost střední cesty\". tyden.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 10 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tyden.cz/rubriky/kultura/film/cesky-lev-2011-vskutku-vrtosiva-podivnost-stredni-cesty_227082.html","url_text":"\"Český lev 2011: vskutku vrtošivá podivnost střední cesty\""}]},{"reference":"Gáfrik, Zdeno (18 April 2012). \"Taťjana Medvecká: Režisér musí vedieť, čo chce. Na pohlaví nezáleží\". pravda.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 16 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://kultura.pravda.sk/film-a-televizia/clanok/58722-tatjana-medvecka-reziser-musi-vediet-co-chce-na-pohlavi-nezalezi/","url_text":"\"Taťjana Medvecká: Režisér musí vedieť, čo chce. Na pohlaví nezáleží\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://kultura.zpravy.idnes.cz/finale-plzen-dum-laska-v-hrobe-d2b-/filmvideo.aspx?c=A120429_004614_filmvideo_ptk","external_links_name":"\"Na festivalu českých filmů v Plzni zvítězil Dům s Láskou v hrobě\""},{"Link":"http://www3.teraz.sk/kultura/snimka-dom-ziskala-narodnu-filmovu/5278-clanok.html","external_links_name":"\"Snímka Dom získala národnú filmovú cenu Slnko v sieti 2012\""},{"Link":"https://koktail.pravda.sk/hviezdne-kauzy/clanok/59139-judit-bardos-ma-slnko-v-sieti-a-po-dome-uz-aj-ponuku-z-ceska/","external_links_name":"\"Judit Bárdos má Slnko v sieti. A po Dome už aj ponuku z Česka\""},{"Link":"https://www.tyden.cz/rubriky/kultura/film/cesky-lev-2011-vskutku-vrtosiva-podivnost-stredni-cesty_227082.html","external_links_name":"\"Český lev 2011: vskutku vrtošivá podivnost střední cesty\""},{"Link":"https://kultura.pravda.sk/film-a-televizia/clanok/58722-tatjana-medvecka-reziser-musi-vediet-co-chce-na-pohlavi-nezalezi/","external_links_name":"\"Taťjana Medvecká: Režisér musí vedieť, čo chce. Na pohlaví nezáleží\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1821406/","external_links_name":"The House"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_House_(2011_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_House_(2011_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_House_(2011_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Headless_Eyes	The Headless Eyes	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","4.1 Home media","5 Reception","6 References","7 Sources","8 External links"]	This article is missing information about the film's production, controversy, and theatrical release. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (July 2018) 1971 American filmThe Headless EyesPromotional posterDirected byKent BatemanWritten byKent BatemanProduced byRon Sullivan (as Henri Pachard)Starring Bo Brundin Ramon Gordon Kelly Swartz Ann Wells ProductioncompanyLaviniaque FilmsDistributed byJ.E.R. PicturesCinema Shares International DistributionRelease date October 27, 1971 (1971-10-27) Running time78 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish The Headless Eyes is a 1971 American exploitation horror film written and directed by Kent Bateman. Plot This article needs an improved plot summary. Please help improve the plot summary. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The film depicts an artist named Arthur Malcolm (Bo Brundin) who sneaks into a woman's bedroom and tries to steal the money off her nightstand to pay his rent. Mistaking the thief for a rapist, the woman pushes his eye out with a spoon from her evening tea and knocks him out the second-story window. After being gawked at with his eye dangling from his head and the ultimate loss of his eye, Arthur becomes a serial killer and uses his victims' eyes in his artwork. Cast Bo Brundin as Arthur Malcolm Gordon Ramon Kelley Swartz Mary Jane Early Production The film was produced by Ron Sullivan (credited as Henri Pachard), a cinematographer with a background in pornographic films. The film's director, Kent Bateman, is the father of actors Justine and Jason Bateman. Release The film was distributed by J.E.R. Pictures, an independent company based in Times Square, New York City, who paired it as a double feature with The Ghastly Ones (1968). It opened in Canandaigua, New York on October 27, 1971 as part of this double feature. Though it received an X rating due to violence, the film was a box-office success. Home media The film was released on DVD by Wizard Video on July 16, 2013. Code Red released a Blu-ray edition of the film featuring two alternate cuts on December 6, 2016. Reception This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2018) Joseph A. Ziemba from Bleeding Skull! gave the film a positive review, writing, "Unkempt and gloomy, yet somehow radiant, the mind-bending Headless Eyes is a touchpoint for every element that makes nonconformist 70s trash-horror cinema so enduring today. As soon as “The End” rolls around, you’ll want to watch it again." On his website Fantastic Movie Musings and Ramblings, Dave Sindelar gave the film a negative review, calling it "pointless, pretentious, annoying, and no fun at all". Film scholars Bill Landis and Michelle Clifford write in Sleazoid Express (2002): "With murder scenes choreographed like slow-moving sex assaults, The Headless Eyes is true to the psychosexual underpinnings of blood horror... Ultimately, earns its place in the exploitation pantheon because it's as isolated, weird, and discordant as its main character." References ^ a b c d e Landis & Clifford 2002, p. 123. ^ "The Ghastly Ones/The Headless Eyes advert". The Daily Messenger. Canandaigua, New York. October 26, 1971. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "The Headless Eyes (1971) - Kent Bateman". AllMovie. Retrieved 27 July 2018. ^ "The Headless Eyes Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com. Archived from the original on February 9, 2019. ^ Ziemba, Joseph. "Headless Eyes (1971)". Bleeding Skull.com. Joseph A. Ziemba. Retrieved 15 August 2018. ^ Sindelar, Dave (31 May 2016). "The Headless Eyes (1971)". Fantastic Movie Musings.com. Dave Sindelar. Retrieved 15 August 2018. ^ Landis & Clifford 2002, p. 124. Sources Landis, Bill; Clifford, Michelle (2002). Sleazoid Express: A Mind-Twisting Tour Through the Grindhouse Cinema of Times Square. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-743-21583-1. External links The Headless Eyes at AllMovie The Headless Eyes at IMDb The Headless Eyes at Rotten Tomatoes This article about a 1970s horror film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to an American film of the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"exploitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation_film"},{"link_name":"horror film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film"},{"link_name":"Kent Bateman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Bateman"}],"text":"1971 American filmThe Headless Eyes is a 1971 American exploitation horror film written and directed by Kent Bateman.","title":"The Headless Eyes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bo Brundin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Brundin"},{"link_name":"thief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thief"},{"link_name":"rapist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapist"}],"text":"The film depicts an artist named Arthur Malcolm (Bo Brundin) who sneaks into a woman's bedroom and tries to steal the money off her nightstand to pay his rent. Mistaking the thief for a rapist, the woman pushes his eye out with a spoon from her evening tea and knocks him out the second-story window. After being gawked at with his eye dangling from his head and the ultimate loss of his eye, Arthur becomes a serial killer and uses his victims' eyes in his artwork.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bo Brundin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Brundin"}],"text":"Bo Brundin as Arthur Malcolm\nGordon Ramon\nKelley Swartz\nMary Jane Early","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pornographic films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornographic_film"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandisClifford2002123-1"},{"link_name":"Justine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justine_Bateman"},{"link_name":"Jason Bateman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Bateman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandisClifford2002123-1"}],"text":"The film was produced by Ron Sullivan (credited as Henri Pachard), a cinematographer with a background in pornographic films.[1] The film's director, Kent Bateman, is the father of actors Justine and Jason Bateman.[1]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Times Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square"},{"link_name":"The Ghastly Ones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Rites_(film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandisClifford2002123-1"},{"link_name":"Canandaigua, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canandaigua,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"X rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_rating"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandisClifford2002123-1"}],"text":"The film was distributed by J.E.R. Pictures, an independent company based in Times Square, New York City, who paired it as a double feature with The Ghastly Ones (1968).[1] It opened in Canandaigua, New York on October 27, 1971 as part of this double feature.[2] Though it received an X rating due to violence, the film was a box-office success.[1]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Wizard Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard_Video"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmoviedvd-3"},{"link_name":"Code Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Red_DVD"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Home media","text":"The film was released on DVD by Wizard Video on July 16, 2013.[3] Code Red released a Blu-ray edition of the film featuring two alternate cuts on December 6, 2016.[4]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ziemba07-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sindelar05-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandisClifford2002124-7"}],"text":"Joseph A. Ziemba from Bleeding Skull! gave the film a positive review, writing, \"Unkempt and gloomy, yet somehow radiant, the mind-bending Headless Eyes is a touchpoint for every element that makes nonconformist 70s trash-horror cinema so enduring today. As soon as “The End” rolls around, you’ll want to watch it again.\"[5] On his website Fantastic Movie Musings and Ramblings, Dave Sindelar gave the film a negative review, calling it \"pointless, pretentious, annoying, and no fun at all\".[6]Film scholars Bill Landis and Michelle Clifford write in Sleazoid Express (2002): \"With murder scenes choreographed like slow-moving sex assaults, The Headless Eyes is true to the psychosexual underpinnings of blood horror... Ultimately, [it] earns its place in the exploitation pantheon because it's as isolated, weird, and discordant as its main character.\"[7]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-743-21583-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-743-21583-1"}],"text":"Landis, Bill; Clifford, Michelle (2002). Sleazoid Express: A Mind-Twisting Tour Through the Grindhouse Cinema of Times Square. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-743-21583-1.","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Ghastly Ones/The Headless Eyes advert\". The Daily Messenger. Canandaigua, New York. October 26, 1971. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28196537/the_daily_messenger/","url_text":"\"The Ghastly Ones/The Headless Eyes advert\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Headless Eyes (1971) - Kent Bateman\". AllMovie. Retrieved 27 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-headless-eyes-v21810/releases","url_text":"\"The Headless Eyes (1971) - Kent Bateman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMovie","url_text":"AllMovie"}]},{"reference":"\"The Headless Eyes Blu-ray\". Blu-ray.com. Archived from the original on February 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20190209035135/https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/The-Headless-Eyes-Blu-ray/169122/","url_text":"\"The Headless Eyes Blu-ray\""},{"url":"https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/The-Headless-Eyes-Blu-ray/169122/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ziemba, Joseph. \"Headless Eyes (1971)\". Bleeding Skull.com. Joseph A. Ziemba. Retrieved 15 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://bleedingskull.com/headless-eyes-1971/","url_text":"\"Headless Eyes (1971)\""}]},{"reference":"Sindelar, Dave (31 May 2016). \"The Headless Eyes (1971)\". Fantastic Movie Musings.com. Dave Sindelar. Retrieved 15 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://fantasticmoviemusings.com/2016/05/30/the-headless-eyes-1971/","url_text":"\"The Headless Eyes (1971)\""}]},{"reference":"Landis, Bill; Clifford, Michelle (2002). Sleazoid Express: A Mind-Twisting Tour Through the Grindhouse Cinema of Times Square. New York: Simon & Schuster. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begunah	Begunah	["1 Releasing Issue","2 Cast","3 Soundtrack","4 References","5 External links"]	1957 film BegunahDirected byNarendra SuriWritten byI.S. JoharProduced byAnupchand Shah, Mahipatray ShahStarringKishore KumarShakilaHelenJaikishan Dayabhai PanchalDavid AbrahamMusic byShankar JaikishanShankarsingh RaghuwanshiRelease date 1957 (1957) CountryIndiaLanguageHindi Begunah(transl. "innocent") is a 1957 Indian family entertainment romance film produced by Anupchand Shah and Mahipatray Shah. The film directed by Narendra Suri in hindi language under the Rup Kamal Chitra company. The film was released on 8 March 1957. Releasing Issue The film was banned 10 days after its release because it was a plagiarized version of American film Knock on Wood (1954, starring Danny Kaye, Mai Zetterling). The producers of Knock on the Wood filed a copyright lawsuit in India. They won the case and the judge ordered all prints of Begunah to be destroyed. Therefore, no known prints of this film exist anymore. However, the songs especially Mukesh number "Aye Pyase dil Bezuban" picturized on music director Jaikishan became quite popular and is still heard today. Two other songs worth a mention are the Kishore Kumar “Aaj Na Jane Pagal Manwa Kahe Ghabraye” and the Manna Dey and Lata Mangeshkar duet “Dil Albela Pyar Ka Mausam” Cast Kishore Kumar Shakila Helen Jaikishan Dayabhai Panchal Raja Nene David Abraham Soundtrack Track # Song title Singers 01 "Aaj Na Jane Pagal" Kishore Kumar 02 "Dil Albele Pyar Ka" Lata Mangeshkar, Manna Dey 03 "Nazar Kahe Aaja" Lata Mangeshkar 04 "Ae Pyase Dil Bezuban" Mukesh 05 "Aaja Raat Beeti Jaye" Kishore Kumar, Usha Mangeshkar 06 "Gori gori mein to pariyon ki Chhori" Lata Mangeshkar References ^ a b c "Begunah (1957)". cineplot2.com. ^ "Begunah (Film)". filmweb. External links Begunah at IMDb This article about a Hindi film of the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Anupchand Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anupchand_Shah"},{"link_name":"Narendra Suri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Suri"},{"link_name":"hindi language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cineplot2.com-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cineplot2.com-1"}],"text":"Begunah(transl. \"innocent\") is a 1957 Indian family entertainment romance film produced by Anupchand Shah and Mahipatray Shah. The film directed by Narendra Suri in hindi language under the Rup Kamal Chitra company.[1] The film was released on 8 March 1957.[1]","title":"Begunah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knock on Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knock_on_Wood_(film)"},{"link_name":"Jaikishan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankar%E2%80%93Jaikishan"},{"link_name":"Kishore Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishore_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Manna Dey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manna_Dey"},{"link_name":"Lata Mangeshkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cineplot2.com-1"}],"text":"The film was banned 10 days after its release because it was a plagiarized version of American film Knock on Wood (1954, starring Danny Kaye, Mai Zetterling). The producers of Knock on the Wood filed a copyright lawsuit in India. They won the case and the judge ordered all prints of Begunah to be destroyed. Therefore, no known prints of this film exist anymore. However, the songs especially Mukesh number \"Aye Pyase dil Bezuban\" picturized on music director Jaikishan became quite popular and is still heard today.\nTwo other songs worth a mention are the Kishore Kumar “Aaj Na Jane Pagal Manwa Kahe Ghabraye” and the Manna Dey and Lata Mangeshkar duet “Dil Albela Pyar Ka Mausam”[1]","title":"Releasing Issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kishore Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishore_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Shakila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakila_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Helen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Jaikishan Dayabhai Panchal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaikishan_Dayabhai_Panchal"},{"link_name":"Raja Nene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raja_Nene&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"David Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Abraham_Cheulkar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Kishore Kumar\nShakila\nHelen\nJaikishan Dayabhai Panchal\nRaja Nene\nDavid Abraham[2]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Soundtrack"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Begunah (1957)\". cineplot2.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://cineplot2.com/begunah-1957/","url_text":"\"Begunah (1957)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Begunah (Film)\". filmweb.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmweb.pl/film/Begunah-1957-134146","url_text":"\"Begunah (Film)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://cineplot2.com/begunah-1957/","external_links_name":"\"Begunah (1957)\""},{"Link":"http://www.filmweb.pl/film/Begunah-1957-134146","external_links_name":"\"Begunah (Film)\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0381038/","external_links_name":"Begunah"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begunah&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Jerrold	Walter Jerrold	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Family","4 Books (selected)","5 Anthology","6 References","7 External links"]	English writer, biographer and newspaper editor Walter Copeland Jerrold (3 May 1865 – 27 October 1929) was an English writer, biographer and newspaper editor. Early life Jerrold was born in Liverpool, the son of Thomas Serle Jerrold and Jane Matilda Copeland (who were first cousins), and one of 11 children. His family had strong theatrical connections: Both his grandfather Douglas William Jerrold and uncle William Blanchard Jerrold were notable dramatists, and his great grandfather Samuel Jerrold was an actor and theater manager. Career Jerrold spent most of his life in London, starting work as a clerk in a newspaper counting-house, and going on to become deputy editor of The Observer. He edited many classic texts for the newly founded Everyman's Library, wrote biographies, travel books (for the "Beautiful England" series - published by Blackie and Son Limited), edited children's books, and produced stories for children under the name of Walter Copeland. Family On 23 July 1895 he married Clare Armstrong Bridgman (2 December 1861 – 1937) at Kensington Register Office. Clara was also a published author writing under the name Clare Jerrold, which included a three-volume set on the life of Queen Victoria. Together they had one son and five daughters all named after Greek mythological characters. Oliver (27 September 1896 – 3 June 1897), their first born, died in infancy. Ianthe (1898–1977), the oldest daughter, became a renowned fiction writer of twenty-one novels. Twins, Daphne (1899–1972) and Phyllis (1899–1975), attended the Slade School of Art and became painters and book illustrators. Hebe (1900–1987) was a poet and book illustrator. The youngest daughter, Althea (1902–1973) was also a talented writer and poet whose talent was overshadowed by her equally talented older siblings. Books (selected) Mrs. Caudle's curtain lectures, Douglas William Jerrold, a comic series originally published in Punch magazine; introduction by Walter Jerrold Biographical Thomas Hood: His Life and Times (London: Alston Rivers, 1907) Michael Faraday: Man of Science (London: S.W. Partridge & Co, 1891) Charles Lamb (London: George Bell & sons, 1905) Douglas Jerrold, Dramatist And Wit (Hodder and Stoughton, 1914) Earl Kitchener of Khartoum ( W.A. Hammond, 1916) Children The Big Book of Fables (Lamboll, London 1987) ISBN 1851701060 Travel Surrey (J. M. Dent and E. P. Dutton, 1901) Highways and Byways in Kent (Macmillan & Co., 1907) Shakespeare Land (Dana Estes & Co. Boston) Norwich and the Broads (Blackie & Son, 1910) The Thames (Blackie & Son, 1910) Hampton Court (Blackie & Son, 1912) Folkestone and Dover (Blackie & Son, 1920) The Heart of London (Blackie and Son, Ltd, 1924) Through London's highways (Blackie and Son, Ltd, 1924) In London's by-ways (Blackie and Son, Ltd, 1925) Rambles in Greater London (Blackie and Son, Ltd, 1925) Anthology A Century of Parody and Imitation, ed. with Robert Maynard Leonard (H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1913; reprinted by Ulan Press, 2012) References ^ "Walter Jerrold". Randomhouse.com. Retrieved 6 November 2019. ^ a b "Family Tree of Walter Copeland Jerrold". Retrieved 8 June 2013. ^ Samuel Jerrold. ^ "Beautiful England". thehunthouse.net. Retrieved 20 January 2015. ^ a b c d e f "Walter Copeland Jerrold (1865-1929) & Clara Bridgeman". www.yvonnejerrold.com. Retrieved 25 December 2017. ^ Jerrold, Clare Armstrong Bridgman (1912). The early court of Queen Victoria. University of California Libraries. New York, G.P. Putnam's Sons. ^ Jerrold, Clare (1913). The married life of Queen Victoria. University of California Libraries. London : E. Nash. ^ Jerrold, Clare Armstrong Bridgman (1916). The widowhood of Queen Victoria. Robarts - University of Toronto. London : E. Nash. ^ Jerrold, Ianthe (4 May 2015). The Studio Crime: A Golden Age Mystery. Dean Street Press. ISBN 9781910570296. ^ "gadetection / Jerrold, Ianthe". pbworks.com. Retrieved 20 January 2015. ^ a b Jerrold, Ianthe (4 May 2015). The Studio Crime: A Golden Age Mystery. Dean Street Press. ISBN 9781910570296. ^ "Bonhams : Phyllis Jerrold A collection of drawings for book illustrations: various sizes". www.bonhams.com. Retrieved 25 December 2017. ^ "Mallams - Oxford - 14 December (lot 526)". www.catalogue-host.co.uk. Retrieved 25 December 2017. ^ Tyrer, Nicola (24 October 2011). They Fought in The Fields: The Women's Land Army. The History Press. ISBN 9780752473420. ^ New Catholic World. Paulist Fathers. 1933. External links Walter Jerrold (Randomhouse.com listing). Works by Walter Jerrold at Project Gutenberg Works by Walter Jerrold at Faded Page (Canada) Works by or about Walter Jerrold at Internet Archive Authority control databases International FAST ISNI 2 VIAF 2 WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Australia Greece Netherlands Vatican Academics CiNii People Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walter_Copeland_Jerrold.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Walter Copeland Jerrold (3 May 1865 – 27 October 1929) was an English writer, biographer and newspaper editor.[1]","title":"Walter Jerrold"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tree-2"},{"link_name":"Douglas William Jerrold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_William_Jerrold"},{"link_name":"William Blanchard Jerrold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blanchard_Jerrold"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Jerrold was born in Liverpool, the son of Thomas Serle Jerrold and Jane Matilda Copeland (who were first cousins), and one of 11 children.[2] His family had strong theatrical connections: Both his grandfather Douglas William Jerrold and uncle William Blanchard Jerrold were notable dramatists, and his great grandfather Samuel Jerrold was an actor and theater manager.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"Everyman's Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyman%27s_Library"},{"link_name":"Blackie and Son Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackie_and_Son_Limited"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Jerrold spent most of his life in London, starting work as a clerk in a newspaper counting-house, and going on to become deputy editor of The Observer. He edited many classic texts for the newly founded Everyman's Library, wrote biographies, travel books (for the \"Beautiful England\" series - published by Blackie and Son Limited),[4] edited children's books, and produced stories for children under the name of Walter Copeland.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tree-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"On 23 July 1895 he married Clare Armstrong Bridgman (2 December 1861 – 1937) at Kensington Register Office.[2][5] Clara was also a published author writing under the name Clare Jerrold, which included a three-volume set on the life of Queen Victoria.[6][7][8] Together they had one son and five daughters all named after Greek mythological characters.[9] Oliver (27 September 1896 – 3 June 1897), their first born, died in infancy.[5] Ianthe (1898–1977), the oldest daughter, became a renowned fiction writer of twenty-one novels.[10][11][5] Twins, Daphne (1899–1972) and Phyllis (1899–1975), attended the Slade School of Art and became painters and book illustrators.[12][5] Hebe (1900–1987) was a poet and book illustrator.[13][14][5] The youngest daughter, Althea (1902–1973) was also a talented writer and poet whose talent was overshadowed by her equally talented older siblings.[11][5][15]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mrs_Caudle%27s_curtain_lectures.djvu"},{"link_name":"Mrs. Caudle's curtain lectures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mrs._Caudle%27s_curtain_lectures"},{"link_name":"Douglas William Jerrold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_William_Jerrold"},{"link_name":"Punch magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hood"},{"link_name":"Alston Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alston_Rivers"},{"link_name":"Michael Faraday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday"},{"link_name":"S.W. Partridge & Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S.W._Partridge_%26_Co&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gutenberg.org/files/17977/17977-h/17977-h.htm"},{"link_name":"Douglas Jerrold, Dramatist And Wit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=7M8mdrz_HcUC&q=%22Walter+jerrold%22"},{"link_name":"Earl Kitchener of Khartoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/earlkitchenerofk00jerrrich#page/n7/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1851701060","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1851701060"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/surreywithspeci00jerrgoog"},{"link_name":"Highways and Byways in Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/highwaysandbywa02jerrgoog"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/shakespeareland00jerriala"},{"link_name":"Norwich and the Broads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/norwichbroads00jerriala"},{"link_name":"The Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/thamesew00mittiala"},{"link_name":"Hampton Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hamptoncourt00jerriala"},{"link_name":"Folkestone and Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/folkestonedover00jerrrich"},{"link_name":"The Heart of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.maps.thehunthouse.net/Beautiful_England/The_Heart_of_London.htm"},{"link_name":"Through London's highways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.maps.thehunthouse.net/Beautiful_England/Through_Londons_Highways.htm"},{"link_name":"In London's by-ways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.maps.thehunthouse.net/Beautiful_England/In_Londons_Byways.htm"},{"link_name":"Rambles in Greater London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.maps.thehunthouse.net/Beautiful_England/Rambles_in_Greater_London.htm"}],"text":"Mrs. Caudle's curtain lectures, Douglas William Jerrold, a comic series originally published in Punch magazine; introduction by Walter JerroldBiographicalThomas Hood: His Life and Times (London: Alston Rivers, 1907)\nMichael Faraday: Man of Science (London: S.W. Partridge & Co, 1891)\nCharles Lamb (London: George Bell & sons, 1905)\nDouglas Jerrold, Dramatist And Wit (Hodder and Stoughton, 1914)\nEarl Kitchener of Khartoum ( W.A. Hammond, 1916)ChildrenThe Big Book of Fables (Lamboll, London 1987) ISBN 1851701060TravelSurrey (J. M. Dent and E. P. Dutton, 1901)\nHighways and Byways in Kent (Macmillan & Co., 1907)\nShakespeare Land (Dana Estes & Co. Boston)\nNorwich and the Broads (Blackie & Son, 1910)\nThe Thames (Blackie & Son, 1910)\nHampton Court (Blackie & Son, 1912)\nFolkestone and Dover (Blackie & Son, 1920)\nThe Heart of London (Blackie and Son, Ltd, 1924)\nThrough London's highways (Blackie and Son, Ltd, 1924)\nIn London's by-ways (Blackie and Son, Ltd, 1925)\nRambles in Greater London (Blackie and Son, Ltd, 1925)","title":"Books (selected)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Maynard Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Maynard_Leonard"}],"text":"A Century of Parody and Imitation, ed. with Robert Maynard Leonard (H. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madalyn_Murray_O%27Hair	Madalyn Murray O'Hair	["1 Early and personal life","2 Activism and politics","2.1 Feminism","2.2 Holocaust Controversy","3 American Atheists","4 Court cases","5 Kidnapping and murder","5.1 Investigation and arrests","6 Legacy","7 Popular culture","8 Books by or about Murray O'Hair","9 See also","10 References","11 Further reading","12 External links"]	American atheist activist (1919–1995) Madalyn Murray O'HairO'Hair in 1983President of American AtheistsIn office1963–1986Preceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byJon Garth Murray Personal detailsBornMadalyn Mays(1919-04-13)April 13, 1919Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.DiedSeptember 29, 1995(1995-09-29) (aged 76)San Antonio, Texas, U.S.Cause of deathMurderSpouses John Roths (m. 1941; div. 1946) Richard O'Hair (m. 1965; died 1978) Domestic partner(s)William MurrayMichael FiorilloChildrenWilliam (with Murray)Jon (with Fiorillo)EducationAshland University (BA)South Texas College of Law (LLB) Madalyn Murray O'Hair (née Mays; April 13, 1919 – September 29, 1995) was an American activist supporting atheism, Holocaust denial, and separation of church and state. In 1963, she founded American Atheists and served as its president until 1986, after which her son Jon Garth Murray succeeded her. She created the first issues of American Atheist Magazine and identified as a "militant feminist". O'Hair is best known for the Murray v. Curlett lawsuit, which challenged the policy of mandatory prayers and Bible reading in Baltimore public schools, in which she named her first son William J. Murray as plaintiff. Consolidated with Abington School District v. Schempp (1963), it was heard by the United States Supreme Court, which ruled that officially sanctioned mandatory Bible-reading in American public schools was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court had prohibited officially sponsored prayer in schools in Engel v. Vitale (1962) on similar grounds. After she founded the American Atheists and won Murray v. Curlett, she achieved attention to the extent that in 1964, Life magazine referred to her as "the most hated woman in America". Through American Atheists, O'Hair filed numerous other suits on issues of separation of church and state. In 1995, O'Hair, her son Garth, and her granddaughter Robin disappeared from Austin, Texas. Initial speculation suggested the trio had absconded with hundreds of thousands of dollars from American Atheists coffers; in fact, the trio had been murdered by their former associates, and the bodies were not found until 2001. Early and personal life Madalyn Mays was born in the Beechview neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on April 13, 1919, the daughter of Lena Christina (née Scholle) and John Irwin Mays. She had an older brother, John Irwin Jr. (known as "Irv"). Their father was of Scots-Irish ethnicity and their mother was of German ancestry. At the age of four, Madalyn was baptized into her father's Presbyterian church; her mother was a Lutheran. The family moved to Ohio, and in 1936, Mays graduated from Rossford High School in Rossford. In 1941, Mays married John Henry Roths, a steelworker. They separated when they both enlisted for World War II service, he in the United States Marine Corps, and she in the Women's Army Corps. In April 1945, while posted to a cryptography position in Italy, she began a relationship with officer William J. Murray Jr., a married Roman Catholic. He refused to divorce his wife. Mays divorced Roths and adopted the name Madalyn Murray. She gave birth to her son with officer Murray after returning to Ohio, and named the boy William J. Murray III (nicknamed "Bill"). In 1949, Murray completed a bachelor's degree from Ashland University. She earned a law degree from the South Texas College of Law, but did not pass the bar exam. She moved with her son William to Baltimore, Maryland. On November 16, 1954, she gave birth to her second son, Jon Garth Murray, fathered by her boyfriend Michael Fiorillo. According to her son William, a Baptist minister, Madalyn was a communist who unabashedly supported the Soviet Union. William claimed that when he was still a child, Madalyn began hosting Socialist Labor Party meetings and asked him to attend so he could, as quoted from Madalyn, "learn the 'truth' about capitalism." William also claimed that Madalyn, who denied being a communist, actually held secret meetings in their basement with her Communist Party comrades. She twice sought to defect to the Soviet Union, applying first in 1959 through the Soviet Embassy in Washington, D.C., and again at the Soviet Embassy in Paris, travelling there for the express purpose in 1960; on both occasions, the Soviets denied her entry. On their return from Paris, Murray and sons went to live with her mother, father, and brother, Irv, at their house in the Loch Raven, Baltimore neighborhood. Soon after, Madalyn accompanied William to their neighbourhood school, Woodbourne Junior High, to re-enroll William for freshman classes. Madalyn was unhappy to see students, after the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance, engaging in prayer. She instructed William to keep a log of all religious exercises and references to religion for the next two weeks, saying, "Well, if they'll keep us from going to Russia where there is some freedom, we'll just have to change America." After the two weeks, and after her request that William be allowed to leave class during prayer times was denied by school authorities, she pulled him out of school and proceeded to file a lawsuit against the Baltimore Public School System, naming William as plaintiff. She said that its practices of mandatory prayer and required reading of the Bible were unconstitutional. The US Supreme Court upheld her position by a ruling in 1963. Because of hostility in Baltimore against her family related to this case, Murray left Maryland with her sons in 1963 and moved to Honolulu, Hawaii. She had allegedly assaulted five Baltimore City Police Department officers who tried to retrieve her son William's girlfriend Susan from her house; she was a minor and had run away from home. Susan gave birth to William's daughter, whom she named Robin. Murray later adopted Robin. In 1965, Murray married U.S. Marine Richard O'Hair, and changed her surname. He had belonged to a Communist group in Detroit during the 1940s. During investigations of the 1950s, he gave more than 100 names of other members to the FBI. Later, he was investigated for falsely claiming to be an FBI agent. Their relationship has been described as "textbook codependents". Although the couple separated, they were legally married until his death in 1978. In 1980, she publicly rejected her estranged son William when he announced that he had converted to Christianity. He later became a Baptist minister. Activism and politics See also: Abington School District v. Schempp In 1960, Murray filed a lawsuit against the Baltimore City Public School System (Murray v. Curlett), naming her son William as plaintiff. She challenged the city school system's practice of requiring students to participate in Bible readings at the city's public schools. She said her son's refusal to participate had resulted in bullying by classmates and that administrators condoned this behavior. After consolidation with Abington School District v. Schempp, the lawsuit was heard by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1963. The Court voted 8–1 in Schempp's favor, saying that mandatory public Bible readings by students were unconstitutional. Prayer in schools other than Bible-readings had been ruled as unconstitutional the year before by the Court in Engel v. Vitale (1962). O'Hair filed a number of other lawsuits: one was against the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) because of the Apollo 8 Genesis reading. The case was rejected by the U.S. Supreme Court for lack of jurisdiction. The challenge had limited effect. O'Hair endorsed Jimmy Carter in the 1976 presidential election because of Carter's opposition to mandatory school prayer, his support for sex education in public schools, and his stance on ecological matters. In a 1989 interview, O'Hair said "I told my kids I just want three words on my tombstone, if I have one. I'll probably be cremated. One is "woman." I'm very comfortable in that role. I've loved being a woman, I've loved being a mother, I've loved being a grandmother. I want three words: Woman, Atheist, Anarchist. That's me." Feminism During an interview with Playboy in 1965, O'Hair described herself as a "militant feminist" and expressed her dissatisfaction with women's inequality in America, stating during the interview: The American male continues to use her sexually for one thing: a means to the end of his own ejaculation. It doesn't seem to occur to him that she might be a worthwhile end in herself, or to see to it that she has a proper sexual release. And, to him, sex appeal is directly proportional to the immensity of a woman's tits. I'm not saying that all American men are this way, but nine out of ten are breast-fixated, wham-bam-thank-you-ma'am cretins who just don't give a damn about anyone's gratification but their own. If you're talking about intellectual and social equality for women, we're not much better off. We're just beginning to break the ice. America is still very much a male-dominated society. Most American men feel threatened sexually unless they're taller than the female, more intellectual, better educated, better paid and higher placed statuswise in the business world. They've got to be the authority, the final word. They say they're looking for a girl just like the girl who married dear old dad, but what they really want, and usually get, is an empty-headed little chick who's very young and very physical — and very submissive. Well, I just can't see either a man or a woman in a dependency position, because from this sort of relationship flows a feeling of superiority on one side and inferiority on the other, and that's a form of slow poison. As I see it, men wouldn't want somebody inferior to them unless they felt inadequate themselves. They're intimidated by a mature woman. She also expressed her discontent with the women's liberation movement. Holocaust Controversy This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Madalyn Murray O'Hair" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In the article "The Shoah: hope springs eternal" in the August 1989 issue of the American Atheist magazine, O'Hair downplayed the Holocaust: Although it is not generally reported, Auschwitz was simply, first, and foremost, a slave labor camp — and the labor provided was much needed by Farben, Krupp, et al. for the war effort. In the same article, she claimed that "investigative and scholarly studies undertaken during the last fifty years", such as a book by Paul Rassinier, established that the total number of Jewish victims was between 1 and 1.5 million, adding, "his is a far cry from an alleged 6,000,000", then elaborating on this point: Over and over again in the analysis of the situation, one compelling fact becomes clear. The Germans had nowhere near the train capacity to haul 6,000,000 people to concentration camp points. Had the Germans attempted to house, clothe, and feed 6,000,000 Jews plus millions of others, the activity would have paralyzed their military operations. She concluded: The good news for the Jews of the world is that they did not lose as many of "the clan" as they had thought they lost. Central Europe was, substantially, cleared of Jews, but that was primarily through emigration. The high death rate, from starvation, in the camps during the last months of the war was due largely to the "Allied extermination policies." Perhaps that is why the United States continues to send Israel $6 billion a year as a gift; guilt has its obligation. American Atheists Main article: American Atheists After settling in Austin, Texas, O'Hair founded American Atheists in 1963. It identifies as "a nationwide movement which defends the civil rights of non-believers, works for the separation of church and state and addresses issues of First Amendment public policy". She served as the group's first chief executive officer and president until 1986. She was the public voice and face of atheism in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s. Although her son Garth Murray succeeded her officially as president, she retained most of the power and decision making. In a 1965 interview with Playboy Magazine, she described religion as "a crutch" and an "irrational reliance on superstitions and supernatural nonsense". In the same Playboy interview, O'Hair described numerous alleged incidents of harassment, intimidation, and death threats against her and her family. She read several letters she claimed to have received, including one that read (referring to the conversion of Paul the Apostle on the road to Damascus), "May Jesus, who you so vigorously deny, change you into a Paul." O'Hair told the interviewer, "Isn't that lovely? Christine Jorgensen had to go to Sweden for an operation, but me they'll fix with faith — painlessly and for nothing." She said that she left Baltimore because of persecution from residents. She had received mail containing photos smeared with feces, her son Garth's pet kitten was killed, and her home was stoned. She said she thought such events were a catalyst for her father's fatal heart attack. She filed several lawsuits challenging governmental practices, based on upholding and defining the constitutional separation of church and state. Among these was one against the city of Baltimore's policy of classifying the Catholic Church as a tax-exempt organization in terms of property. O'Hair founded an atheist radio program, in which she criticized religion and theism. She hosted a television show, American Atheist Forum, which was carried on more than 140 cable television systems. Arrested for disorderly conduct in Austin in 1977, O'Hair continued to be a polarizing figure into the 1980s. She served as "chief speechwriter" for Larry Flynt's 1984 presidential campaign. She was regularly invited to appear on TV talk shows as a guest. Her second son Garth Murray officially succeeded her as president of the American Atheists, but she was said to retain most of the power. Some chapters seceded from the main group at the time. But as of 2007, American Atheists continued as an active organization with a growing membership. Her son William J. Murray became a Christian in 1980 and later a Baptist minister, publishing a memoir of his spiritual journey in 1982. Murray O'Hair commented, "One could call this a postnatal abortion on the part of a mother, I guess; I repudiate him entirely and completely for now and all times ... he is beyond human forgiveness." In 1988, O'Hair produced several issues of Truth Seeker under her masthead as part of an attempt to take over the publication, but the courts ruled against her ownership. In the 1990s, American Atheists staff consisted of O'Hair, her son Jon Garth Murray, Robin Murray O'Hair, and a handful of support personnel. William J. Murray was estranged from his mother, brother, and daughter. They had not met nor spoken for many years. The trio lived in O'Hair's large home, worked in the same office, and took shared vacations. Court cases O'Hair filed numerous lawsuits in which she argued the separation of church and state had been breached. Murray v. Curlett (1963) Challenged Bible reading and prayer recitation in Maryland public schools. Murray v. United States (1964) To force the Federal Communications Commission to extend the Fairness Doctrine so that atheists could have equal time with religion on radio and television. Murray v. Nixon (1970) Challenged weekly religious services in the White House. O'Hair v. Paine (1971) Challenged open readings from the Bible by U.S. astronauts (who are Federal employees) during their spaceflights, spurred by a reading from the book of Genesis by the crew of Apollo 8. O'Hair v. Cooke (1977) Challenged the opening prayer at city council meetings in Austin, Texas. O'Hair v. Blumenthal (1978) Challenged the inclusion of the phrase "In God We Trust" on U.S. currency. O'Hair v. Hill (1978) To have removed from the Texas constitution a provision requiring a belief in God of persons holding offices of public trust. O'Hair v. Andrus (1979) Challenged the use of National Park facilities for the Pope to hold a Roman Catholic mass on the Mall in Washington, D.C. O'Hair v. Clements (1980) To have removed the nativity scene displayed in the rotunda of the capitol building in Austin, Texas. Carter, et al. v Broadlawns Medical Center, et al. (1984–1987) Challenged the full-time employment of an unordained chaplain at a tax-funded county hospital, Broadlawns Medical Centre in Des Moines, Iowa. Kidnapping and murder On August 27, 1995, O'Hair, her son Jon Garth Murray, and her granddaughter Robin Murray O'Hair disappeared from their home and office. A typewritten note was attached to the locked office door, saying "The Murray O'Hair family has been called out of town on an emergency basis. We do not know how long we will be gone at the time of the writing of this memo." When police entered O'Hair's home, it looked as if they had left suddenly. The trio said in phone calls that they were on "business" in San Antonio, Texas. Garth Murray ordered US$600,000 worth of gold coins from a San Antonio jeweler, but took delivery of only $500,000 worth of coins. Until September 27, American Atheists employees received several mobile calls from Robin and Jon, but neither explained why they had left or when they would return; employees reported that their voices sounded strained and disturbed. After September 28, no further communication came from any of the three. American Atheists was facing serious financial problems because of the withdrawal of funds, and membership dwindled in the face of an apparent scandal. There was speculation that the trio had disappeared in order to conceal its assets or avoid being contacted by creditors. Investigation and arrests During the case, The Austin Chronicle reporter Robert Bryce criticized the relative lack of action by the Austin Police Department, even when they were contacted by O'Hair's estranged son William J. Murray. He noted that the investigation was being led by agents of the Internal Revenue Service (with whom American Atheists had a long-running dispute over taxes owed), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (due to the possibility of the O'Hairs having absconded with organizational funds), and the Dallas County Sheriff's Office (where Fry's headless, limbless corpse was found in October 1995, but had been unidentifiable until February 1999). Bryce, William Murray, ABC Nightline reporter Valeri Williams and San Antonio Express-News reporter John MacCormack, amongst others, felt that little official effort went into the investigation because the authorities preferred to believe that the theft and disappearance was simply an internal American Atheists matter. In 1999, nearly four years after the August 1995 disappearances, continued prodding and investigative leads from the various reporters finally led the official investigation to focus on David Roland Waters, a felon with a violent history who had started working for American Atheists in 1993. In May 1995, Waters had pleaded guilty to stealing $54,000 from the organization in 1994. When Waters received a lenient sentence, O'Hair published an article in the American Atheists newsletter in which she exposed the theft of the money – along with his previous crimes. O'Hair claimed that, at the age of 17, Waters had killed another teenager and had been sentenced to eight years in prison. When the authorities finally pursued the Waters connection in 1999, Waters' former girlfriend, Patty Steffens, confirmed that Waters had vowed violent revenge after reading O'Hair's article. Federal agents for the FBI and the IRS, along with the police, concluded that Waters and his accomplices (Gary Paul Karr and Danny Fry)) had kidnapped all three Murray/O'Hair family members, forced them to withdraw the missing funds, gone on several shopping sprees with their money and credit cards, and killed and dismembered all three. A few days after O'Hair and her son and granddaughter were killed, Waters and Karr killed Fry. His body was found on a riverbed in rural Dallas County in October 1995, but his head and hands were missing; as a result, his remains were not identified for three and a half years, when reporter MacCormack's own investigation led him to suggest that the body might be Fry's. A search warrant was executed on the apartment of Waters and his girlfriend. The search revealed ammunition of various calibers; Waters, a convicted felon, was not allowed this material and he was arrested, while the contents of his apartment were seized. At the same time, Gary Karr was contacted in Walled Lake, Michigan, and interviewed. Having served the last 30 years in prison for kidnapping a judge's daughter, Karr would not talk. He had his rights read to him and he asked for permission to listen to the information which was being discussed. Karr then decided to talk and implicated Waters in the deaths of Murray and the other two O'Hairs. Karr signed an affidavit and drew a map so that the police could find the bodies. Karr was arrested and taken to jail for possession of two firearms. He was held in Detroit, awaiting trial. The weapon charge was dismissed, and Karr was transferred to the custody of the United States Marshals in Austin because he needed to be tried for the deaths of the O'Hairs. In June 2000, nearly a full five years after the murders, a three-week trial found Karr guilty of conspiracy to commit extortion, traveling interstate in order to commit violent acts, money laundering, and interstate transportation of stolen property: all charges related to the O'Hair case. He was acquitted of conspiring to kidnap the O'Hairs, because the authorities had failed to locate any bodies. In August 2000, Karr was sentenced to two life terms in prison by U.S. District Judge Sam Sparks. Waters was arrested and prosecuted; in a January 2001 plea agreement solely on the charge of conspiracy, he agreed to lead authorities to the site where the dismembered bodies of the O'Hairs had been burned and buried. He was sentenced to serve 20 years in federal prison, which he had requested, because he did not want to serve time for his earlier theft conviction in Texas state prison. He did not go on trial for the kidnapping and murder of the three members of the O'Hair family. He was also ordered to pay back a total of $543,665 to American Atheists and the estates of Madalyn Murray O'Hair, Jon Garth Murray, and Robin Murray O'Hair. It is unlikely that any part of these debts were ever paid, because Waters was not able to earn any money while he was in prison. Waters died of lung cancer on January 27, 2003, at the Federal Medical Center in Butner, North Carolina. When Waters, under the plea agreement, led federal agents to the O'Hair's burial site on a Texas ranch, they discovered that the legs of all three of the victims had been cut off with a saw. The remains had suffered such extensive mutilation and decomposition that officials had to identify them through dental records, DNA testing and, in Madalyn O'Hair's case, by matching the serial number on a prosthetic hip to records from Brackenridge Hospital in Austin. The head and hands of Danny Fry were also found at the site. Eventually, Bill Murray (as the closest surviving relative) was granted custody of the remains and buried them at an undisclosed location and (in accordance with his Baptist beliefs) did not pray for the dead; however, some of those who were with him did pray for remaining family members and law enforcement officials who had worked on the case. In 1995, Waters and his girlfriend had put the gold coins, which he and his accomplices had extorted from the O'Hairs, in an unsecured storage locker which had been rented by the girlfriend. It only had a cheap padlock. Waters had taken some of the coins and for a few days, he partied with Gary Karr and his former wife. When he returned to the locker, he discovered that the remaining gold coins (American Gold Eagles, Maple Leaf coins, and Krugerrands) had all been stolen. A group of thieves from San Antonio who were operating in that area had gained keys to the type of lock which had been used by Waters' girlfriend. In the course of their activities, the thieves had come across the locker, used a key to open it, and found the suitcase full of gold coins. They returned to San Antonio, and with the help of friends, they exchanged the gold coins for cash. The thieves and friends went to Las Vegas for a weekend. All but one coin, which had been given as a pendant gift to an aunt, were spent by these thieves. That last coin was recovered by the FBI after a Memorial Day 1999 public appeal. Legacy Murray's 1960 lawsuit against the Baltimore City School System was later consolidated with a similar one from Pennsylvania, when these reached the US Supreme Court on appeal. The Court ruled in 1963 (in Abington School District v. Schempp) that school-sponsored Bible reading in public schools in the United States was unconstitutional. This decision gradually resulted in the end of religious activities sponsored by public schools. Non-religious students had been expected to participate in such activities, and state-level policies varied. O'Hair‘s antisemitism and embrace of conspiracy theories led later atheists to distance themselves from her. Prominent atheist author Christopher Hitchens called O'Hair a “madwoman.” In 2012, a memorial brick for Murray, her son Jon, and her granddaughter Robin was placed at Lou Neff Point in Zilker Park in Austin, Texas. The side of the American Atheists granite bench and plinth at the Bradford County Courthouse, Florida, showing a quote by O'Hair In 2013, the first atheist monument to be erected on American government property was unveiled at the Bradford County Courthouse in Florida, where other residents had installed a monument to religious ideals (in this case, a replica of the Ten Commandments). It is a 1,500-pound granite bench and plinth inscribed with quotes by O'Hair, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin. The American Atheists said at the time that they planned to build 50 more monuments. O'Hair was incorporated into a popular urban legend stemming from an erroneous characterization of RM-2493, a proposal made to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 1974. The purpose of the proposal was to prevent organizations from making religious broadcasts on stations licensed for educational use. False rumors spread that O'Hair was a proponent of RM-2493, and that its intent was to ban the broadcast of religious services, and the reading of the Bible over the airwaves. The FCC's denial of RM-2493 in 1975, and O'Hair's later disappearance and murder, did little to stem the spread of the legend, which still claimed years later that O'Hair was pushing an active FCC proposal. Subsequent iterations of the rumor included allegations that O'Hair was campaigning to remove Christmas programs and songs from public schools and "office buildings". Other variations mentioned specific religious leaders who were supposedly being targeted for removal from the airwaves, or stated that the television series Touched by an Angel was threatened with cancellation because of the proposal. Evangelical Christian leader James Dobson became falsely associated with the legend as well, purportedly leading opposition to the FCC petition. As of 2015, the FCC was still receiving dozens of correspondences relating to O'Hair every month. Popular culture The December 2002 episode "Without a Prayer", of the series Forensic Files, deals with the disappearance and deaths of O'Hair, her son and her granddaughter. The October 2004 episode "Eosphoros", of the series Law & Order: Criminal Intent, is loosely based on O'Hair's murder. A 2017 Netflix movie, The Most Hated Woman in America, is a loose dramatization of O'Hair's life. It focuses on the abductions and killings of O'Hair and two family members in 1995. Books by or about Murray O'Hair O'Hair, Madalyn Murray (1988). All about Atheists (American Atheist Radio Series). American Atheist Press. ISBN 978-0910309448. O'Hair, Madalyn Murray (1978). Atheist Primer: Did You Know All the Gods Came from the Same Place?. American Atheist Press. ISBN 978-0911826104. Dracos, Ted (2010). UnGodly: The Passions, Torments, and Murder of Atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1439119969. Murray, William J. (1982). My Life without God. T. Nelson. ISBN 0840752563. Murray, Jon Garth (1986). All the Questions You Ever Wanted to Ask American Atheists With All the Answers. American Atheist Press. ISBN 978-0910309035. O'Hair, Madalyn Murray (1972). What on Earth Is an Atheist!. American Atheist Press. ISBN 978-1578849185. O'Hair, Madalyn Murray (1991). Why I Am an Atheist: Including a History of Materialism. American Atheist Press. ISBN 978-0910309981. See also Charles E. Stevens American Atheist Library and Archives List of kidnappings List of solved missing person cases References ^ "United States Social Security Death Index: Madalyn M Ohair". FamilySearch.org. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2013. ^ Goeringer, Conrad F. (2006). "About American Atheists". atheists.org. American Atheists. Retrieved December 1, 2007. ^ a b c d e f g h Van Biema, David (February 10, 1997). "Where's Madalyn?". Time. Archived from the original on March 14, 2008. Retrieved December 1, 2007. ^ Reitwiesner, William Addams. "Ancestry of Madalyn Murray O'Hair". Archived from the original on August 11, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2007. ^ a b "Woman, Atheist, Anarchist". Freedom Writer. March 1989. Archived from the original (reprint) on October 12, 2007. Retrieved December 1, 2007. ^ a b c Le Beau, Bryan F. (2003). The Atheist: Madalyn Murray O'Hair. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-5171-8. ^ "Rossford HS Yearbook "Maroon and Gray" 1936". Ohio Memory. p. 20. Retrieved May 17, 2015. ^ a b c d e f Murray, Madalyn; Tregaskis, Richard (October 1965). "Madalyn Murray". Playboy. Archived from the original (reprint) on April 14, 2008. Retrieved December 1, 2007. ^ a b Bryce, Robert (November 20, 1998). "Madalyn Murray O'Hair timeline". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved December 1, 2007. ^ Zindler, Frank (2008). "Madalyn Murray O'Hair". In Joshi, S. T. (ed.). Icons of Unbelief: Atheists, Agnostics, and Secularists. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 323. ISBN 978-0313347597. ^ Murray. My Life without God. pp. 21–22. ^ Murray, William J. My Life without God. T. Nelson ^ Vitteriti, Joseph (2009). Religion from the Public School to the Public Square. Princeton University Press. p. 102. ^ a b Lee Epstein, Thomas G. Walker (2017), Constitutional Law for a Changing America: A Short Course. CQ Press, ISBN 1-5443-0895-7 ^ Murray, William J. (1982). My Life without God. Thomas Nelson. pp. 32, 41. ^ Wright, Lawrence (May 16, 1995). Saints and Sinners: Walker Railey, Jimmy Swaggart, Madalyn Murray O'Hair, Anton LaVey, Will Campbell, Matthew Fox. London: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-679-76163-1. ^ Murray, William J. My Life without God. pp. 47–49. ^ Murray. My Life without God. p. 51. ^ Ted Thackery. Justice Be Damned. Associated Professional Services, 1965. ^ a b c d e f g h i Manning, Lona (September 29, 2003). "The Murder of Madalyn Murray O'Hair: America's Most Hated Woman". Crime Magazine. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved December 1, 2007. ^ Bates, Stephen (October 7, 2003). "The murdered atheist versus the FBI". Slate Magazine. Retrieved May 21, 2021. ^ a b c Dracos, Ted (2003). "The Family Dysfunctional". Ungodly: The Passions, Torments, and Murder of Atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair. New York: Free Press. p. 138. ISBN 9781439119969. ^ Chaikin, Andrew (1994). A Man On The Moon: The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts. Viking. pp. 623. ISBN 978-0-670-81446-6. ^ "O'Hair v. Paine, 397 U.S. 531". Findlaw. 1970. Retrieved February 13, 2008. ^ "Atheist leader endorses Carter for President", Minden Press-Herald, Minden, Louisiana, October 26, 1976, p. 3 ^ "Madalyn Murray O'Hair Playboy Interview - Antitheist Atheist". Archived from the original on November 10, 2016. Retrieved November 18, 2016. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Madalyn Murray O'Hair 1970 Short Film Part 6". YouTube. April 29, 2007. Retrieved November 18, 2016. ^ "American Atheist Magazine Aug 1989 \| Establishment Clause \| Religion And Belief". Scribd. ^ Bryce, Robert (May 3, 1996). "The Case of the Missing Atheists". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved December 1, 2007. ^ Alan Wolfe (April 12, 2004). "Among the Non-Believers". The New Republic. ^ "US District Court SD California: Jackson vs. Truth Seeker Inc". google.com. Retrieved September 8, 2015. ^ "Carter v. Broadlawns Medical Centre, 672 F. Supp. 1149 – CourtListener.com". CourtListener. Retrieved November 23, 2017. ^ "Carter v. Broadlawns Medical Center, 667 F. Supp. 1269 (S.D. Iowa 1987)". Justia Law. Retrieved November 23, 2017. ^ a b MacCormack, John (July 29, 1999). "Lucky Break". Dallas Observer. Archived from the original on December 27, 2014. Retrieved December 1, 2007. ^ a b Bryce, Robert (February 5, 1999). "Naked City: Written on the Body?". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved July 31, 2023. ^ a b c d e "Without a Prayer". Forensic Files. Season 7. Episode 10. Medstar Television. December 14, 2002. Court TV. There was no investigation by the Austin Police Department. It was a total joke. ^ a b Bryce, Robert (June 4, 1999). "Preying on Atheists". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved June 25, 2014. ^ a b c d e Milloy, Ross E. (March 16, 2001). "Bodies Identified as Those of Missing Atheist and Kin". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 13, 2010. Retrieved October 14, 2012. ^ "Times Daily - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. ^ The San Antonio Express-News, Jan. 30, 2001 and March 31, 2001. ^ MacCormack, John (February 1, 2001). "Dead Giveaway". Dallas Observer. Archived from the original on January 13, 2008. Retrieved December 1, 2007. ^ http://holtz.org/Library/Social%20Science/History/Atomic%20Age/The%20Murder%20of%20Madalyn%20Murray%20O'Hair%20America's%20Most%20Hated%20Woman%20by%20Lona%20Manning.htm ^ "People & Ideas: Madalyn Murray O'Hair". God In America. PBS. Retrieved January 22, 2016. ^ Cohen, Jean L.; Laborde, Cecile (eds.). Religion, Secularism, and Constitutional Democracy. Columbia University Press. p. 230. ^ Hitchens, Christopher (July 2007). "Transcending God". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 16, 2024. ^ Atheist, Friendly. "A Memorial Brick for the O'Hairs". ^ "First atheist monument on government property unveiled". The Independent Florida Alligator. Retrieved February 27, 2015. ^ "Atheists unveil monument in Florida and promise to build 50 more". Archived from the original on July 6, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2015. ^ Mikkelson, Barbara (June 2, 2009). "Petition to Ban Religious Broadcasting". snopes.com. Retrieved November 17, 2009. ^ "I've received an e-mail about prayers and signatures needed to stop Petition 2493. Is it true?". Focus on the Family. October 31, 2011. Archived from the original on August 19, 2017. Retrieved July 21, 2015. ^ "Eosphoros". Law & Order: Criminal Intent. Season 4. Episode 5. Wolf Films, NBC Universal Television Studio. October 24, 2004. NBC. ^ Fallon, Kevin (March 21, 2017). "'The Most Hated Woman in America': Melissa Leo on the Murder of Atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair". The Daily Beast. Retrieved March 25, 2017. Further reading Cimino, Richard; Christopher Smith (2007). "Secular humanism and atheism beyond progressive secularism". Sociology of Religion. 68 (4): 407–424. doi:10.1093/socrel/68.4.407. JSTOR 20453183. FBI. Madalyn Murray O'Hair, Part 1 of 2. United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2013. ISBN 978-1288559565. Le Beau, Bryan F. (2003). The Atheist: Madalyn Murray O'Hair. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0814752852. LeDrew, Stephen. The evolution of atheism: The politics of a modern movement (Oxford University Press, 2015). Meagher, Richard J. Atheists in American politics: Social movement organizing from the nineteenth to the twenty-first centuries (Lexington Books, 2018). Murray, William Joseph (1992) . My Life Without God (re-issue). WND Books. ISBN 978-1936488346. (memoir by her first son after he became a Christian) Rappoport, Jon (1998). Madalyn Murray O'Hair: Most Hated Woman in America. Truth Seeker. ISBN 978-0939040049. Sasse, Benjamin Eric. "The anti-Madalyn majority: Secular left, religious right, and the rise of Reagan's America" (PhD dissertation, Yale University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2004. 3125302) How political and religious enemies focused their attack on Madalyn Murray O'Hair. Sasse became a Republican Senator. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Madalyn Murray O'Hair. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Madalyn Murray O'Hair. 1968 debate between Baptist minister Walter Martin and O'Hair – MP3 file FBI Records: The Vault - Madalyn Murray O'Hair at fbi.gov Biography of O'Hair at Rotten.com Madalyn Murray O'Hair at IMDb Madalyn Murray O'Hair vs. Religious Broadcasting at urbanlegends.about.com Archived April 12, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Meeting Satan Herself: An evening with Madalyn Murray O'Hair: 14 September 1977 The Murder of Madalyn Murray O'Hair: America's Most Hated Woman Crime Magazine Appearances on C-SPAN Interview with Madalyn Murray O'Hair at Texas Archive of the Moving Image Preceded byNone President of American Atheists 1963–1986 (de jure)1986–1995 (de facto)(passed title to Jon Garth Murray in 1986, but remained de facto President until both their murders) Succeeded byJon Garth Murray Portals: Philosophy Biography Feminism Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Netherlands Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"atheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism"},{"link_name":"Holocaust denial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_denial"},{"link_name":"separation of church and state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state"},{"link_name":"American Atheists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Atheists"},{"link_name":"Jon Garth Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Garth_Murray"},{"link_name":"American Atheist Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Atheist_Magazine"},{"link_name":"militant feminist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militant_feminist"},{"link_name":"Murray v. Curlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_v._Curlett"},{"link_name":"William J. Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Murray"},{"link_name":"Abington School District v. Schempp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abington_School_District_v._Schempp"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Engel v. Vitale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engel_v._Vitale"},{"link_name":"Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-3"},{"link_name":"Austin, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"}],"text":"Madalyn Murray O'Hair (née Mays; April 13, 1919 – September 29, 1995)[1] was an American activist supporting atheism, Holocaust denial, and separation of church and state. In 1963, she founded American Atheists and served as its president until 1986, after which her son Jon Garth Murray succeeded her. She created the first issues of American Atheist Magazine and identified as a \"militant feminist\".O'Hair is best known for the Murray v. Curlett lawsuit, which challenged the policy of mandatory prayers and Bible reading in Baltimore public schools, in which she named her first son William J. Murray as plaintiff. Consolidated with Abington School District v. Schempp (1963), it was heard by the United States Supreme Court, which ruled that officially sanctioned mandatory Bible-reading in American public schools was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court had prohibited officially sponsored prayer in schools in Engel v. Vitale (1962) on similar grounds. After she founded the American Atheists and won Murray v. Curlett, she achieved attention to the extent that in 1964, Life magazine referred to her as \"the most hated woman in America\".[2][3] Through American Atheists, O'Hair filed numerous other suits on issues of separation of church and state.In 1995, O'Hair, her son Garth, and her granddaughter Robin disappeared from Austin, Texas. Initial speculation suggested the trio had absconded with hundreds of thousands of dollars from American Atheists coffers; in fact, the trio had been murdered by their former associates, and the bodies were not found until 2001.","title":"Madalyn Murray O'Hair"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beechview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechview_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freedomwriter-5"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"},{"link_name":"baptized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism"},{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lebeau-6"},{"link_name":"Rossford High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossford_High_School"},{"link_name":"Rossford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossford,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Women's Army Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Army_Corps"},{"link_name":"cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"William J. Murray III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Murray"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lebeau-6"},{"link_name":"bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"Ashland University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashland_University"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-playboy-8"},{"link_name":"South Texas College of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Texas_College_of_Law"},{"link_name":"bar exam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_exam"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-9"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Murray"},{"link_name":"Baltimore, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Jon Garth Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Garth_Murray"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zindler-10"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Murray"},{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Socialist Labor Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Soviet Embassy in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_ambassador%27s_residence_in_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Epstein-Walker-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Loch Raven, Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Raven,_Baltimore"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Baltimore City Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manning-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"codependents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codependency"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dracos-22"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lebeau-6"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Murray"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dracos-22"}],"text":"Madalyn Mays was born in the Beechview neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on April 13, 1919, the daughter of Lena Christina (née Scholle) and John Irwin Mays.[4] She had an older brother, John Irwin Jr. (known as \"Irv\").[5] Their father was of Scots-Irish ethnicity and their mother was of German ancestry. At the age of four, Madalyn was baptized into her father's Presbyterian church; her mother was a Lutheran.[6] The family moved to Ohio, and in 1936, Mays graduated from Rossford High School in Rossford.[7]In 1941, Mays married John Henry Roths, a steelworker. They separated when they both enlisted for World War II service, he in the United States Marine Corps, and she in the Women's Army Corps. In April 1945, while posted to a cryptography position in Italy, she began a relationship with officer William J. Murray Jr., a married Roman Catholic. He refused to divorce his wife. Mays divorced Roths and adopted the name Madalyn Murray. She gave birth to her son with officer Murray after returning to Ohio, and named the boy William J. Murray III (nicknamed \"Bill\").[6]In 1949, Murray completed a bachelor's degree from Ashland University.[8] She earned a law degree from the South Texas College of Law, but did not pass the bar exam.[9]She moved with her son William to Baltimore, Maryland. On November 16, 1954, she gave birth to her second son, Jon Garth Murray, fathered by her boyfriend Michael Fiorillo.[10]According to her son William, a Baptist minister, Madalyn was a communist who unabashedly supported the Soviet Union. William claimed that when he was still a child, Madalyn began hosting Socialist Labor Party meetings and asked him to attend so he could, as quoted from Madalyn, \"learn the 'truth' about capitalism.\"[11] William also claimed that Madalyn, who denied being a communist, actually held secret meetings in their basement with her Communist Party comrades.[12] She twice sought to defect to the Soviet Union, applying first in 1959 through the Soviet Embassy in Washington, D.C., and again at the Soviet Embassy in Paris, travelling there for the express purpose in 1960; on both occasions, the Soviets denied her entry.[13][14][15] On their return from Paris, Murray and sons went to live with her mother, father, and brother, Irv, at their house in the Loch Raven, Baltimore neighborhood.[16] Soon after, Madalyn accompanied William to their neighbourhood school, Woodbourne Junior High, to re-enroll William for freshman classes. Madalyn was unhappy to see students, after the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance, engaging in prayer. She instructed William to keep a log of all religious exercises and references to religion for the next two weeks, saying, \"Well, if they'll keep us from going to Russia where there is some freedom, we'll just have to change America.\"[17] After the two weeks, and after her request that William be allowed to leave class during prayer times was denied by school authorities, she pulled him out of school[18] and proceeded to file a lawsuit against the Baltimore Public School System, naming William as plaintiff. She said that its practices of mandatory prayer and required reading of the Bible were unconstitutional. The US Supreme Court upheld her position by a ruling in 1963.Because of hostility in Baltimore against her family related to this case, Murray left Maryland with her sons in 1963 and moved to Honolulu, Hawaii.[19] She had allegedly assaulted five Baltimore City Police Department officers who tried to retrieve her son William's girlfriend Susan from her house; she was a minor and had run away from home. Susan gave birth to William's daughter, whom she named Robin. Murray later adopted Robin.[20]In 1965, Murray married U.S. Marine Richard O'Hair, and changed her surname. He had belonged to a Communist group in Detroit during the 1940s. During investigations of the 1950s, he gave more than 100 names of other members to the FBI. Later, he was investigated for falsely claiming to be an FBI agent.[21] Their relationship has been described as \"textbook codependents\".[22] Although the couple separated, they were legally married until his death in 1978.[6]In 1980, she publicly rejected her estranged son William when he announced that he had converted to Christianity. He later became a Baptist minister.[22]","title":"Early and personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abington School District v. Schempp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abington_School_District_v._Schempp"},{"link_name":"Baltimore City Public School System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_City_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"bullying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_bullying"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-playboy-8"},{"link_name":"Abington School District v. Schempp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abington_School_District_v._Schempp"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Engel v. Vitale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engel_v._Vitale"},{"link_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration"},{"link_name":"Apollo 8 Genesis reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prayer-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"1976 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"school prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_prayer#United_States"},{"link_name":"sex education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_education"},{"link_name":"ecological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freedomwriter-5"}],"text":"See also: Abington School District v. SchemppIn 1960, Murray filed a lawsuit against the Baltimore City Public School System (Murray v. Curlett), naming her son William as plaintiff. She challenged the city school system's practice of requiring students to participate in Bible readings at the city's public schools. She said her son's refusal to participate had resulted in bullying by classmates and that administrators condoned this behavior.[8] After consolidation with Abington School District v. Schempp, the lawsuit was heard by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1963. The Court voted 8–1 in Schempp's favor, saying that mandatory public Bible readings by students were unconstitutional. Prayer in schools other than Bible-readings had been ruled as unconstitutional the year before by the Court in Engel v. Vitale (1962).O'Hair filed a number of other lawsuits: one was against the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) because of the Apollo 8 Genesis reading.[23] The case was rejected by the U.S. Supreme Court for lack of jurisdiction.[24] The challenge had limited effect.O'Hair endorsed Jimmy Carter in the 1976 presidential election because of Carter's opposition to mandatory school prayer, his support for sex education in public schools, and his stance on ecological matters.[25]In a 1989 interview, O'Hair said \"I told my kids I just want three words on my tombstone, if I have one. I'll probably be cremated. One is \"woman.\" I'm very comfortable in that role. I've loved being a woman, I've loved being a mother, I've loved being a grandmother. I want three words: Woman, Atheist, Anarchist. That's me.\"[5]","title":"Activism and politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Playboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy"},{"link_name":"militant feminist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_feminism"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"women's liberation movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Feminism","text":"During an interview with Playboy in 1965, O'Hair described herself as a \"militant feminist\" and expressed her dissatisfaction with women's inequality in America, stating during the interview:The American male continues to use her sexually for one thing: a means to the end of his own ejaculation. It doesn't seem to occur to him that she might be a worthwhile end in herself, or to see to it that she has a proper sexual release. And, to him, sex appeal is directly proportional to the immensity of a woman's tits. I'm not saying that all American men are this way, but nine out of ten are breast-fixated, wham-bam-thank-you-ma'am cretins who just don't give a damn about anyone's gratification but their own. If you're talking about intellectual and social equality for women, we're not much better off. We're just beginning to break the ice. America is still very much a male-dominated society. Most American men feel threatened sexually unless they're taller than the female, more intellectual, better educated, better paid and higher placed statuswise in the business world. They've got to be the authority, the final word. They say they're looking for a girl just like the girl who married dear old dad, but what they really want, and usually get, is an empty-headed little chick who's very young and very physical — and very submissive. Well, I just can't see either a man or a woman in a dependency position, because from this sort of relationship flows a feeling of superiority on one side and inferiority on the other, and that's a form of slow poison. As I see it, men wouldn't want somebody inferior to them unless they felt inadequate themselves. They're intimidated by a mature woman.[26]She also expressed her discontent with the women's liberation movement.[27]","title":"Activism and politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"downplayed the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_denial"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Auschwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"slave labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_labor"},{"link_name":"Farben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IG_Farben"},{"link_name":"Krupp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krupp"},{"link_name":"et al.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/et_al."},{"link_name":"Paul Rassinier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rassinier"},{"link_name":"Jewish victims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_victims"},{"link_name":"concentration camp points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Central Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe"}],"sub_title":"Holocaust Controversy","text":"In the article \"The Shoah: hope springs eternal\" in the August 1989 issue of the American Atheist magazine, O'Hair downplayed the Holocaust:[28]Although it is not generally reported, Auschwitz was simply, first, and foremost, a slave labor camp — and the labor provided was much needed by Farben, Krupp, et al. for the war effort.In the same article, she claimed that \"investigative and scholarly studies undertaken during the last fifty years\", such as a book by Paul Rassinier, established that the total number of Jewish victims was between 1 and 1.5 million, adding, \"[t]his is a far cry from an alleged 6,000,000\", then elaborating on this point:Over and over again in the analysis of the situation, one compelling fact becomes clear. The Germans had nowhere near the train capacity to haul 6,000,000 people to concentration camp points. Had the Germans attempted to house, clothe, and feed 6,000,000 Jews plus millions of others, the activity would have paralyzed their military operations.She concluded:The good news for the Jews of the world is that they did not lose as many of \"the clan\" as they had thought they lost. Central Europe was, substantially, cleared of Jews, but that was primarily through emigration. The high death rate, from starvation, in the camps during the last months of the war was due largely to the \"Allied extermination policies.\" Perhaps that is why the United States continues to send Israel $6 billion a year as a gift; guilt has its obligation.","title":"Activism and politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austin, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"American Atheists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Atheists"},{"link_name":"civil rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights"},{"link_name":"separation of church and state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state"},{"link_name":"First Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"chief executive officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"Playboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-playboy-8"},{"link_name":"conversion of Paul the Apostle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Christine Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Jorgensen"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-playboy-8"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-playboy-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-playboy-8"},{"link_name":"radio program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_program"},{"link_name":"religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion"},{"link_name":"theism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theism"},{"link_name":"cable television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-3"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"disorderly conduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disorderly_conduct"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-9"},{"link_name":"Larry Flynt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Flynt"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-3"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madalyn_Murray_O%27Hair&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-3"},{"link_name":"William J. Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Murray"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolfe-30"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dracos-22"},{"link_name":"Truth Seeker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_Seeker"},{"link_name":"masthead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masthead_(American_publishing)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-3"}],"text":"After settling in Austin, Texas, O'Hair founded American Atheists in 1963. It identifies as \"a nationwide movement which defends the civil rights of non-believers, works for the separation of church and state and addresses issues of First Amendment public policy\". She served as the group's first chief executive officer and president until 1986. She was the public voice and face of atheism in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s. Although her son Garth Murray succeeded her officially as president, she retained most of the power and decision making.In a 1965 interview with Playboy Magazine, she described religion as \"a crutch\" and an \"irrational reliance on superstitions and supernatural nonsense\".[8] In the same Playboy interview, O'Hair described numerous alleged incidents of harassment, intimidation, and death threats against her and her family. She read several letters she claimed to have received, including one that read (referring to the conversion of Paul the Apostle on the road to Damascus), \"May Jesus, who you so vigorously deny, change you into a Paul.\" O'Hair told the interviewer, \"Isn't that lovely? Christine Jorgensen had to go to Sweden for an operation, but me they'll fix with faith — painlessly and for nothing.\"[8] She said that she left Baltimore because of persecution from residents. She had received mail containing photos smeared with feces, her son Garth's pet kitten was killed, and her home was stoned. She said she thought such events were a catalyst for her father's fatal heart attack.[8]She filed several lawsuits challenging governmental practices, based on upholding and defining the constitutional separation of church and state. Among these was one against the city of Baltimore's policy of classifying the Catholic Church as a tax-exempt organization in terms of property.[8]O'Hair founded an atheist radio program, in which she criticized religion and theism. She hosted a television show, American Atheist Forum, which was carried on more than 140 cable television systems.[3][29]Arrested for disorderly conduct in Austin in 1977,[9] O'Hair continued to be a polarizing figure into the 1980s. She served as \"chief speechwriter\" for Larry Flynt's 1984 presidential campaign. She was regularly invited to appear on TV talk shows as a guest.[3] Her second son Garth Murray officially succeeded her as president of the American Atheists, but she was said to retain most of the power. Some chapters seceded from the main group at the time. But as of 2007[update], American Atheists continued as an active organization with a growing membership.[3]Her son William J. Murray became a Christian in 1980 and later a Baptist minister, publishing a memoir of his spiritual journey in 1982. Murray O'Hair commented, \"One could call this a postnatal abortion on the part of a mother, I guess; I repudiate him entirely and completely for now and all times ... he is beyond human forgiveness.\"[30][22]In 1988, O'Hair produced several issues of Truth Seeker under her masthead as part of an attempt to take over the publication, but the courts ruled against her ownership.[31]In the 1990s, American Atheists staff consisted of O'Hair, her son Jon Garth Murray, Robin Murray O'Hair, and a handful of support personnel. William J. Murray was estranged from his mother, brother, and daughter. They had not met nor spoken for many years. The trio lived in O'Hair's large home, worked in the same office, and took shared vacations.[3]","title":"American Atheists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Murray v. Curlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abington_School_District_v._Schempp"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"Fairness Doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairness_Doctrine"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"astronauts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut"},{"link_name":"book of Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"In God We Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust"},{"link_name":"National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"nativity scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_scene"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Des Moines, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa"}],"text":"O'Hair filed numerous lawsuits in which she argued the separation of church and state had been breached.Murray v. Curlett (1963) Challenged Bible reading and prayer recitation in Maryland public schools.\nMurray v. United States (1964) To force the Federal Communications Commission to extend the Fairness Doctrine so that atheists could have equal time with religion on radio and television.\nMurray v. Nixon (1970) Challenged weekly religious services in the White House.\nO'Hair v. Paine (1971) Challenged open readings from the Bible by U.S. astronauts (who are Federal employees) during their spaceflights, spurred by a reading from the book of Genesis by the crew of Apollo 8.\nO'Hair v. Cooke (1977) Challenged the opening prayer at city council meetings in Austin, Texas.\nO'Hair v. Blumenthal (1978) Challenged the inclusion of the phrase \"In God We Trust\" on U.S. currency.\nO'Hair v. Hill (1978) To have removed from the Texas constitution a provision requiring a belief in God of persons holding offices of public trust.\nO'Hair v. Andrus (1979) Challenged the use of National Park facilities for the Pope to hold a Roman Catholic mass on the Mall in Washington, D.C.\nO'Hair v. Clements (1980) To have removed the nativity scene displayed in the rotunda of the capitol building in Austin, Texas.\nCarter, et al. v Broadlawns Medical Center, et al. (1984–1987)[32][33] Challenged the full-time employment of an unordained chaplain at a tax-funded county hospital, Broadlawns Medical Centre in Des Moines, Iowa.","title":"Court cases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-3"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manning-20"},{"link_name":"San Antonio, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-3"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mac-34"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Epstein-Walker-14"}],"text":"On August 27, 1995, O'Hair, her son Jon Garth Murray, and her granddaughter Robin Murray O'Hair disappeared from their home and office.[3] A typewritten note was attached to the locked office door, saying \"The Murray O'Hair family has been called out of town on an emergency basis. We do not know how long we will be gone at the time of the writing of this memo.\" When police entered O'Hair's home, it looked as if they had left suddenly.[20] The trio said in phone calls that they were on \"business\" in San Antonio, Texas.[3] Garth Murray ordered US$600,000 worth of gold coins from a San Antonio jeweler, but took delivery of only $500,000 worth of coins.[34]Until September 27, American Atheists employees received several mobile calls from Robin and Jon, but neither explained why they had left or when they would return; employees reported that their voices sounded strained and disturbed.[3] After September 28, no further communication came from any of the three. American Atheists was facing serious financial problems because of the withdrawal of funds, and membership dwindled in the face of an apparent scandal. There was speculation that the trio had disappeared in order to conceal its assets or avoid being contacted by creditors.[14]","title":"Kidnapping and murder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Austin Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Austin_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Robert Bryce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bryce_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Austin Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"William J. Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Murray"},{"link_name":"Internal Revenue Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-naked_city-35"},{"link_name":"ABC Nightline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightline"},{"link_name":"San Antonio Express-News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Express-News"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manning-20"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ForFile-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ForFile-36"},{"link_name":"felon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felony"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-preying-37"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manning-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manning-20"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-preying-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ForFile-36"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"IRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milloy_03_16_2001-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milloy_03_16_2001-38"},{"link_name":"riverbed in rural Dallas County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_River_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-naked_city-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ForFile-36"},{"link_name":"Walled Lake, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walled_Lake,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_(criminal)"},{"link_name":"extortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extortion"},{"link_name":"money laundering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_laundering"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milloy_03_16_2001-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milloy_03_16_2001-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vertuno_01_25_2001-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"lung cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer"},{"link_name":"Federal Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Correctional_Complex,_Butner"},{"link_name":"Butner, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butner,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manning-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manning-20"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mac-34"},{"link_name":"mutilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutilation"},{"link_name":"decomposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decomposition"},{"link_name":"dental records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_dentistry"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"Brackenridge Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackenridge_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-giveaway-41"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milloy_03_16_2001-38"},{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manning-20"},{"link_name":"American Gold Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Gold_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Maple Leaf coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Gold_Maple_Leaf"},{"link_name":"Krugerrands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krugerrand"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manning-20"}],"sub_title":"Investigation and arrests","text":"During the case, The Austin Chronicle reporter Robert Bryce criticized the relative lack of action by the Austin Police Department, even when they were contacted by O'Hair's estranged son William J. Murray. He noted that the investigation was being led by agents of the Internal Revenue Service (with whom American Atheists had a long-running dispute over taxes owed), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (due to the possibility of the O'Hairs having absconded with organizational funds), and the Dallas County Sheriff's Office (where Fry's headless, limbless corpse was found in October 1995, but had been unidentifiable until February 1999).[35] Bryce, William Murray, ABC Nightline reporter Valeri Williams and San Antonio Express-News reporter John MacCormack, amongst others, felt that little official effort went into the investigation because the authorities preferred to believe that the theft and disappearance was simply an internal American Atheists matter.[20][36]In 1999, nearly four years after the August 1995 disappearances, continued prodding and investigative leads from the various reporters[36] finally led the official investigation to focus on David Roland Waters, a felon with a violent history who had started working for American Atheists in 1993. In May 1995, Waters had pleaded guilty to stealing $54,000 from the organization in 1994.[37] When Waters received a lenient sentence, O'Hair published an article in the American Atheists newsletter in which she exposed the theft of the money – along with his previous crimes.[20] O'Hair claimed that, at the age of 17, Waters had killed another teenager and had been sentenced to eight years in prison.[20][37] When the authorities finally pursued the Waters connection in 1999, Waters' former girlfriend, Patty Steffens, confirmed that Waters had vowed violent revenge after reading O'Hair's article.[36]Federal agents for the FBI and the IRS, along with the police, concluded that Waters and his accomplices (Gary Paul Karr and Danny Fry)[38]) had kidnapped all three Murray/O'Hair family members, forced them to withdraw the missing funds, gone on several shopping sprees with their money and credit cards, and killed and dismembered all three.[38] A few days after O'Hair and her son and granddaughter were killed, Waters and Karr killed Fry. His body was found on a riverbed in rural Dallas County in October 1995, but his head and hands were missing; as a result, his remains were not identified for three and a half years,[35] when reporter MacCormack's own investigation led him to suggest that the body might be Fry's.[36]A search warrant was executed on the apartment of Waters and his girlfriend. The search revealed ammunition of various calibers; Waters, a convicted felon, was not allowed this material and he was arrested, while the contents of his apartment were seized. At the same time, Gary Karr was contacted in Walled Lake, Michigan, and interviewed. Having served the last 30 years in prison for kidnapping a judge's daughter, Karr would not talk. He had his rights read to him and he asked for permission to listen to the information which was being discussed. Karr then decided to talk and implicated Waters in the deaths of Murray and the other two O'Hairs. Karr signed an affidavit and drew a map so that the police could find the bodies. Karr was arrested and taken to jail for possession of two firearms. He was held in Detroit, awaiting trial. The weapon charge was dismissed, and Karr was transferred to the custody of the United States Marshals in Austin because he needed to be tried for the deaths of the O'Hairs.In June 2000, nearly a full five years after the murders, a three-week trial found Karr guilty of conspiracy to commit extortion, traveling interstate in order to commit violent acts, money laundering, and interstate transportation of stolen property: all charges related to the O'Hair case.[38] He was acquitted of conspiring to kidnap the O'Hairs, because the authorities had failed to locate any bodies.[38] In August 2000, Karr was sentenced to two life terms in prison by U.S. District Judge Sam Sparks.[39]Waters was arrested and prosecuted; in a January 2001 plea agreement solely on the charge of conspiracy, he agreed to lead authorities to the site where the dismembered bodies of the O'Hairs had been burned and buried. He was sentenced to serve 20 years in federal prison, which he had requested, because he did not want to serve time for his earlier theft conviction in Texas state prison. He did not go on trial for the kidnapping and murder of the three members of the O'Hair family.[40] He was also ordered to pay back a total of $543,665 to American Atheists and the estates of Madalyn Murray O'Hair, Jon Garth Murray, and Robin Murray O'Hair. It is unlikely that any part of these debts were ever paid, because Waters was not able to earn any money while he was in prison. Waters died of lung cancer on January 27, 2003, at the Federal Medical Center in Butner, North Carolina.[20]When Waters, under the plea agreement, led federal agents to the O'Hair's burial site on a Texas ranch,[20][34] they discovered that the legs of all three of the victims had been cut off with a saw. The remains had suffered such extensive mutilation and decomposition that officials had to identify them through dental records, DNA testing and, in Madalyn O'Hair's case, by matching the serial number on a prosthetic hip to records from Brackenridge Hospital in Austin.[41] The head and hands of Danny Fry were also found at the site.[38] Eventually, Bill Murray (as the closest surviving relative) was granted custody of the remains and buried them at an undisclosed location and (in accordance with his Baptist beliefs) did not pray for the dead; however, some of those who were with him did pray for remaining family members and law enforcement officials who had worked on the case.[42]In 1995, Waters and his girlfriend had put the gold coins, which he and his accomplices had extorted from the O'Hairs, in an unsecured storage locker which had been rented by the girlfriend. It only had a cheap padlock.[20] Waters had taken some of the coins and for a few days, he partied with Gary Karr and his former wife. When he returned to the locker, he discovered that the remaining gold coins (American Gold Eagles, Maple Leaf coins, and Krugerrands) had all been stolen. A group of thieves from San Antonio who were operating in that area had gained keys to the type of lock which had been used by Waters' girlfriend. In the course of their activities, the thieves had come across the locker, used a key to open it, and found the suitcase full of gold coins. They returned to San Antonio, and with the help of friends, they exchanged the gold coins for cash. The thieves and friends went to Las Vegas for a weekend. All but one coin, which had been given as a pendant gift to an aunt, were spent by these thieves. That last coin was recovered by the FBI after a Memorial Day 1999 public appeal.[20]","title":"Kidnapping and murder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baltimore City School System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_City_School_System"},{"link_name":"Abington School District v. Schempp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abington_School_District_v._Schempp"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"antisemitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"link_name":"conspiracy theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Christopher Hitchens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Jon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Garth_Murray"},{"link_name":"Lou Neff Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Neff_Point"},{"link_name":"Zilker Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilker_Park"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_Atheists_bench_back.JPG"},{"link_name":"American Atheists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Atheists"},{"link_name":"plinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plinth"},{"link_name":"Bradford County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Bradford County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Ten Commandments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Commandments"},{"link_name":"plinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plinth"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin"},{"link_name":"American Atheists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Atheists"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"urban legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_legend"},{"link_name":"RM-2493","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RM-2493"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"Touched by an Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touched_by_an_Angel"},{"link_name":"James Dobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dobson"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BM-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FF-50"}],"text":"Murray's 1960 lawsuit against the Baltimore City School System was later consolidated with a similar one from Pennsylvania, when these reached the US Supreme Court on appeal. The Court ruled in 1963 (in Abington School District v. Schempp) that school-sponsored Bible reading in public schools in the United States was unconstitutional. This decision gradually resulted in the end of religious activities sponsored by public schools.[43] Non-religious students had been expected to participate in such activities, and state-level policies varied.[44]O'Hair‘s antisemitism and embrace of conspiracy theories led later atheists to distance themselves from her. Prominent atheist author Christopher Hitchens called O'Hair a “madwoman.”[45]In 2012, a memorial brick for Murray, her son Jon, and her granddaughter Robin was placed at Lou Neff Point in Zilker Park in Austin, Texas.[46]The side of the American Atheists granite bench and plinth at the Bradford County Courthouse, Florida, showing a quote by O'HairIn 2013, the first atheist monument to be erected on American government property was unveiled at the Bradford County Courthouse in Florida, where other residents had installed a monument to religious ideals (in this case, a replica of the Ten Commandments). It is a 1,500-pound granite bench and plinth inscribed with quotes by O'Hair, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin. The American Atheists said at the time that they planned to build 50 more monuments.[47][48]O'Hair was incorporated into a popular urban legend stemming from an erroneous characterization of RM-2493, a proposal made to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 1974. The purpose of the proposal was to prevent organizations from making religious broadcasts on stations licensed for educational use. False rumors spread that O'Hair was a proponent of RM-2493, and that its intent was to ban the broadcast of religious services, and the reading of the Bible over the airwaves. The FCC's denial of RM-2493 in 1975, and O'Hair's later disappearance and murder, did little to stem the spread of the legend, which still claimed years later that O'Hair was pushing an active FCC proposal. Subsequent iterations of the rumor included allegations that O'Hair was campaigning to remove Christmas programs and songs from public schools and \"office buildings\". Other variations mentioned specific religious leaders who were supposedly being targeted for removal from the airwaves, or stated that the television series Touched by an Angel was threatened with cancellation because of the proposal. Evangelical Christian leader James Dobson became falsely associated with the legend as well, purportedly leading opposition to the FCC petition. As of 2015, the FCC was still receiving dozens of correspondences relating to O'Hair every month.[49][50]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Without a Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_Files_(season_7)#ep111"},{"link_name":"Forensic Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_Files"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ForFile-36"},{"link_name":"Eosphoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order:_Criminal_Intent_(season_4)#Episodes"},{"link_name":"Law & Order: Criminal Intent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order:_Criminal_Intent"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LawOrd-51"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"The Most Hated Woman in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Most_Hated_Woman_in_America"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"The December 2002 episode \"Without a Prayer\", of the series Forensic Files, deals with the disappearance and deaths of O'Hair, her son and her granddaughter.[36]The October 2004 episode \"Eosphoros\", of the series Law & Order: Criminal Intent, is loosely based on O'Hair's murder.[51]A 2017 Netflix movie, The Most Hated Woman in America, is a loose dramatization of O'Hair's life. It focuses on the abductions and killings of O'Hair and two family members in 1995.[52]","title":"Popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0910309448","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0910309448"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0911826104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0911826104"},{"link_name":"UnGodly: The Passions, Torments, and Murder of Atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/UnGodly-Passions-Torments-Murder-Atheist-ebook/dp/B003LSSY9W/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1439119969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439119969"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0840752563","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0840752563"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0910309035","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0910309035"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1578849185","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1578849185"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0910309981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0910309981"}],"text":"O'Hair, Madalyn Murray (1988). All about Atheists (American Atheist Radio Series). American Atheist Press. ISBN 978-0910309448.\nO'Hair, Madalyn Murray (1978). Atheist Primer: Did You Know All the Gods Came from the Same Place?. American Atheist Press. ISBN 978-0911826104.\nDracos, Ted (2010). UnGodly: The Passions, Torments, and Murder of Atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1439119969.\nMurray, William J. (1982). My Life without God. T. Nelson. ISBN 0840752563.\nMurray, Jon Garth (1986). All the Questions You Ever Wanted to Ask American Atheists With All the Answers. American Atheist Press. ISBN 978-0910309035.\nO'Hair, Madalyn Murray (1972). What on Earth Is an Atheist!. American Atheist Press. ISBN 978-1578849185.\nO'Hair, Madalyn Murray (1991). Why I Am an Atheist: Including a History of Materialism. American Atheist Press. ISBN 978-0910309981.","title":"Books by or about Murray O'Hair"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/socrel/68.4.407","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fsocrel%2F68.4.407"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20453183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/20453183"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1288559565","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1288559565"},{"link_name":"The Atheist: Madalyn Murray O'Hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Atheist-Madalyn-Murray-OHair-ebook/dp/B004DUMR54/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0814752852","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814752852"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1936488346","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1936488346"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0939040049","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0939040049"},{"link_name":"Sasse, Benjamin Eric.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Sasse"}],"text":"Cimino, Richard; Christopher Smith (2007). \"Secular humanism and atheism beyond progressive secularism\". Sociology of Religion. 68 (4): 407–424. doi:10.1093/socrel/68.4.407. JSTOR 20453183.\nFBI. Madalyn Murray O'Hair, Part 1 of 2. United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2013. ISBN 978-1288559565.\nLe Beau, Bryan F. (2003). The Atheist: Madalyn Murray O'Hair. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0814752852.\nLeDrew, Stephen. The evolution of atheism: The politics of a modern movement (Oxford University Press, 2015).\nMeagher, Richard J. Atheists in American politics: Social movement organizing from the nineteenth to the twenty-first centuries (Lexington Books, 2018).\nMurray, William Joseph (1992) [1982]. My Life Without God (re-issue). WND Books. ISBN 978-1936488346. (memoir by her first son after he became a Christian)\nRappoport, Jon (1998). Madalyn Murray O'Hair: Most Hated Woman in America. Truth Seeker. ISBN 978-0939040049.\nSasse, Benjamin Eric. \"The anti-Madalyn majority: Secular left, religious right, and the rise of Reagan's America\" (PhD dissertation, Yale University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2004. 3125302) How political and religious enemies focused their attack on Madalyn Murray O'Hair. Sasse became a Republican Senator.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"The side of the American Atheists granite bench and plinth at the Bradford County Courthouse, Florida, showing a quote by O'Hair","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/American_Atheists_bench_back.JPG/220px-American_Atheists_bench_back.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Charles E. Stevens American Atheist Library and Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_E._Stevens_American_Atheist_Library_and_Archives"},{"title":"List of kidnappings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kidnappings"},{"title":"List of solved missing person cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solved_missing_person_cases:_pre-2000"}]	[{"reference":"O'Hair, Madalyn Murray (1988). All about Atheists (American Atheist Radio Series). American Atheist Press. ISBN 978-0910309448.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0910309448","url_text":"978-0910309448"}]},{"reference":"O'Hair, Madalyn Murray (1978). Atheist Primer: Did You Know All the Gods Came from the Same Place?. American Atheist Press. ISBN 978-0911826104.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0911826104","url_text":"978-0911826104"}]},{"reference":"Dracos, Ted (2010). UnGodly: The Passions, Torments, and Murder of Atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1439119969.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/UnGodly-Passions-Torments-Murder-Atheist-ebook/dp/B003LSSY9W/","url_text":"UnGodly: The Passions, Torments, and Murder of Atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439119969","url_text":"978-1439119969"}]},{"reference":"Murray, William J. (1982). My Life without God. T. Nelson. ISBN 0840752563.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0840752563","url_text":"0840752563"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Jon Garth (1986). All the Questions You Ever Wanted to Ask American Atheists With All the Answers. American Atheist Press. ISBN 978-0910309035.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0910309035","url_text":"978-0910309035"}]},{"reference":"O'Hair, Madalyn Murray (1972). What on Earth Is an Atheist!. American Atheist Press. ISBN 978-1578849185.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1578849185","url_text":"978-1578849185"}]},{"reference":"O'Hair, Madalyn Murray (1991). Why I Am an Atheist: Including a History of Materialism. American Atheist Press. ISBN 978-0910309981.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0910309981","url_text":"978-0910309981"}]},{"reference":"\"United States Social Security Death Index: Madalyn M Ohair\". FamilySearch.org. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194201/https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/J1HD-2J3","url_text":"\"United States Social Security Death Index: Madalyn M Ohair\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FamilySearch","url_text":"FamilySearch"},{"url":"https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/J1HD-2J3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Goeringer, Conrad F. (2006). \"About American Atheists\". atheists.org. American Atheists. Retrieved December 1, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atheists.org/about","url_text":"\"About American Atheists\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Atheists","url_text":"American Atheists"}]},{"reference":"Van Biema, David (February 10, 1997). \"Where's Madalyn?\". Time. Archived from the original on March 14, 2008. Retrieved December 1, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080314192351/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985893-1,00.html","url_text":"\"Where's Madalyn?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985893-1,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Reitwiesner, William Addams. \"Ancestry of Madalyn Murray O'Hair\". Archived from the original on August 11, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Addams_Reitwiesner","url_text":"Reitwiesner, William Addams"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160811063056/http://www.wargs.com/other/ohair.html","url_text":"\"Ancestry of Madalyn Murray O'Hair\""},{"url":"http://www.wargs.com/other/ohair.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Woman, Atheist, Anarchist\". Freedom Writer. March 1989. Archived from the original (reprint) on October 12, 2007. Retrieved December 1, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071012072025/http://www.positiveatheism.org/writ/madalyn.htm#OHAIR","url_text":"\"Woman, Atheist, Anarchist\""},{"url":"http://www.positiveatheism.org/writ/madalyn.htm#OHAIR","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Le Beau, Bryan F. (2003). The Atheist: Madalyn Murray O'Hair. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-5171-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780814751718","url_text":"The Atheist: Madalyn Murray O'Hair"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_Press","url_text":"New York University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5171-8","url_text":"978-0-8147-5171-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Rossford HS Yearbook \"Maroon and Gray\" 1936\". Ohio Memory. p. 20. Retrieved May 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15005coll25/id/1171/rec/12","url_text":"\"Rossford HS Yearbook \"Maroon and Gray\" 1936\""}]},{"reference":"Murray, Madalyn; Tregaskis, Richard (October 1965). \"Madalyn Murray\". Playboy. Archived from the original (reprint) on April 14, 2008. Retrieved December 1, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Tregaskis","url_text":"Tregaskis, Richard"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080414174202/http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/quotes/quote-m4.htm","url_text":"\"Madalyn Murray\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy","url_text":"Playboy"},{"url":"http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/quotes/quote-m4.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bryce, Robert (November 20, 1998). \"Madalyn Murray O'Hair timeline\". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved December 1, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bryce_(writer)","url_text":"Bryce, Robert"},{"url":"http://www.austinchronicle.com/news/1998-11-20/520649/","url_text":"\"Madalyn Murray O'Hair timeline\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Austin_Chronicle","url_text":"The Austin Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Zindler, Frank (2008). \"Madalyn Murray O'Hair\". In Joshi, S. T. (ed.). Icons of Unbelief: Atheists, Agnostics, and Secularists. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 323. ISBN 978-0313347597.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zindler","url_text":"Zindler, Frank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._T._Joshi","url_text":"Joshi, S. T."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/iconsunbeliefath00josh","url_text":"Icons of Unbelief: Atheists, Agnostics, and Secularists"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/iconsunbeliefath00josh/page/n333","url_text":"323"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313347597","url_text":"978-0313347597"}]},{"reference":"Murray. My Life without God. pp. 21–22.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Vitteriti, Joseph (2009). Religion from the Public School to the Public Square. Princeton University Press. p. 102.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Murray, William J. (1982). My Life without God. Thomas Nelson. pp. 32, 41.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wright, Lawrence (May 16, 1995). Saints and Sinners: Walker Railey, Jimmy Swaggart, Madalyn Murray O'Hair, Anton LaVey, Will Campbell, Matthew Fox. London: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-679-76163-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Wright","url_text":"Wright, Lawrence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_Books","url_text":"Vintage Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-76163-1","url_text":"978-0-679-76163-1"}]},{"reference":"Murray, William J. My Life without God. pp. 47–49.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Murray. My Life without God. p. 51.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Manning, Lona (September 29, 2003). \"The Murder of Madalyn Murray O'Hair: America's Most Hated Woman\". Crime Magazine. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. 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Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2013. ISBN 978-1288559565.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1288559565","url_text":"978-1288559565"}]},{"reference":"Le Beau, Bryan F. (2003). The Atheist: Madalyn Murray O'Hair. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0814752852.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Atheist-Madalyn-Murray-OHair-ebook/dp/B004DUMR54/","url_text":"The Atheist: Madalyn Murray O'Hair"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814752852","url_text":"978-0814752852"}]},{"reference":"Murray, William Joseph (1992) [1982]. My Life Without God (re-issue). WND Books. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Touringcar_Championship	Danish Touringcar Championship	["1 Champions","2 References","3 External links"]	Danish Touringcar ChampionshipCategoryTouring carsCountry DenmarkInaugural season1999Folded2010Last Drivers' champion Casper ElgaardLast Makes' championBMWLast Teams' championTeam TelesikringOfficial websitedtc-net The Danish Touringcar Championship (abbreviated as the DTC) was a touring car racing series in Denmark. The inaugural year for the DTC was 1999, after the huge success in Scandinavia of the British Touring Car Championship. For the first two years it was known as the Danish Touring Car Challenge. The final DTC season was in 2010, as the series merged with the Swedish Touring Car Championship to form the Scandinavian Touring Car Championship. Champions Season Driver Team Car 1999 Jesper Sylvest Sylvest Motorsport Peugeot 306 GTi 2000 Michael Carlsen Team Carlsen BP Peugeot 306 GTi 2001 Michael Carlsen Team Carlsen BP Peugeot 306 GTi 2002 Jason Watt Peugeot Statoil Motorsport Peugeot 307 XSi 2003 Jan Magnussen Peugeot Statoil Motorsport Peugeot 307 GTi 2004 Casper Elgaard Team Essex Invest BMW 320i 2005 Casper Elgaard Team Essex Invest BMW 320i 2006 Casper Elgaard Team Essex Invest BMW 320si 2007 Michel Nykjær SEAT Racing Team SEAT León 2008 Jan Magnussen Den Blå Avis Fleggaard Racing BMW 320si 2009 Michel Nykjær Chevrolet Motorsport Danmark Chevrolet Lacetti 2010 Casper Elgaard Team Telesikring BMW 320si References ^ Johan Meissner (2010-08-12). "DTC: New regulations confirmed for Scandinavian TC in 2012". TouringCarTimes. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved 2010-10-14. External links Official website (Some news in (in English)). Touring Car Times This article related to touring car racing is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"touring car racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touring_car_racing"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Scandinavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"British Touring Car Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Touring_Car_Championship"},{"link_name":"Swedish Touring Car Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Touring_Car_Championship"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian Touring Car Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_Touring_Car_Championship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Danish Touringcar Championship (abbreviated as the DTC) was a touring car racing series in Denmark. The inaugural year for the DTC was 1999, after the huge success in Scandinavia of the British Touring Car Championship. For the first two years it was known as the Danish Touring Car Challenge. The final DTC season was in 2010, as the series merged with the Swedish Touring Car Championship to form the Scandinavian Touring Car Championship.[1]","title":"Danish Touringcar Championship"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Champions"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Johan Meissner (2010-08-12). \"DTC: New regulations confirmed for Scandinavian TC in 2012\". TouringCarTimes. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved 2010-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120323232532/http://www.touringcartimes.com/news.php?id=5119","url_text":"\"DTC: New regulations confirmed for Scandinavian TC in 2012\""},{"url":"http://www.touringcartimes.com/news.php?id=5119","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.dtc-net.dk/default.asp","external_links_name":"dtc-net"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120323232532/http://www.touringcartimes.com/news.php?id=5119","external_links_name":"\"DTC: New regulations confirmed for Scandinavian TC in 2012\""},{"Link":"http://www.touringcartimes.com/news.php?id=5119","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dtc-net.dk/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081217165547/http://www.touringcartimes.com/page.php?series=6","external_links_name":"Touring Car Times"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danish_Touringcar_Championship&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_Cochrane	Mal Cochrane	["1 Playing career","1.1 Junior career","1.2 Senior career","2 Post-playing career","3 Accolades","4 References","5 Footnotes","6 External links"]	Australian RL coach and former professional rugby league footballer Mal CochranePersonal informationFull nameMalcolm Edward CochraneBorn (1961-04-03) 3 April 1961 (age 63)Taree, New South Wales, AustraliaPlaying informationPositionHooker Club Years Team Pld T G FG P 1982–90 Manly Sea Eagles 118 19 167 0 410 Representative Years Team Pld T G FG P 1987 Country Origin 1 0 3 0 6 Coaching information Representative Years Team Gms W D L W% 1996 Australian Aboriginals 0 0 0 0 Source: RLPAs of 20 March 2021 Mal Cochrane (born 3 April 1961 in Taree, New South Wales) is an Indigenous Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He played for the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles in the New South Wales Rugby League premiership. Cochrane primarily played at hooker. Playing career Junior career Cochrane played hockey and cricket as well as rugby league while at school and represented his state in all three sports at schoolboy level. Cochrane captained the Australian Schoolboys tour of England and France in 1979, scoring twelve tries and seven goals. He was also rated the best forward of the tour after playing at hooker, lock and prop. Cochrane also had enough speed in his schoolboys days that he occasionally played on the wing. Senior career Although he originally discussed a career with the Bulldogs following the 1979 tour, he instead signed with the Manly Sea Eagles, the club of his childhood hero Bob Fulton who, in 1983 would also become the Sea Eagles coach. After biding his time in reserve grade behind Max Krilich and Ray Brown, Mal Cochrane made his first grade debut for Manly in Round 16 of the 1983 NSWRFL season on 12 June. He played from the bench in the Sea Eagles 34–6 win over the Illawarra Steelers in front of 8,083 fans at Manly's home ground Brookvale Oval. He would play 5 first grade games (all from the bench) in 1983. Cochrane played in one grand final with Manly, the 1987 Grand Final against the Canberra Raiders in the last Grand Final to be played at the Sydney Cricket Ground. In front of 50,201 fans, Manly won the match 18–8, but after receiving an accidental knee to the head in the first half, Cochrane remembered nothing of the game. Following the grand final victory he traveled with Manly to England for the 1987 World Club Challenge against English champions, Wigan. In a try-less game, the home side shocked the Winfield Cup premiers 8–2 in front of 36,895 fans at Central Park. Injuries in the last years of Cochrane's first-grade career reduced his appearances to only 28 games over the final three seasons before retiring from first-grade at the end of the 1990 season. His final first grade game for Manly came in their 29–12 loss to Canberra at the WACA Ground in Perth, Western Australia in Round 9 on 18 May 1990. Mal Cochrane played 118 games for the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles from 1983 to 1990. He scored 19 tries and kicked 167 goals for a total of 410 points. Following his retirement from top grade football, Cochrane then spent a year playing for the Young Cherrypickers in the NSW Group 9 competition. Post-playing career In 1996, Cochrane coached the Australian Aboriginal rugby league team on their tour of Great Britain. A policeman for ten years, Cochrane now works for the Public Service Association of New South Wales, assisting Indigenous Australians in the workplace and is a member of the National Rugby League Judiciary. Accolades Cochrane was the first hooker to win the Rothmans Medal (awarded from 1968 to 1996), in 1986, and was considered unlucky to miss a spot on the 1986 Kangaroo Tour (Balmain's Benny Elias, a NSW State of Origin hooker in 1985, toured as the #2 behind Penrith's incumbent test rake Royce Simmons). Subsequent medal winning hookers include Danny Buderus and Cameron Smith. He was also awarded the Dally M Hooker of the Year in 1986 and 1987. In 1987, Cochrane played hooker for Country Origin, kicking 3 goals in their 30–22 loss to City Origin in the annual City vs Country Origin game played at the Parramatta Stadium in Sydney. This would be his only game of senior representative football. In August, 2008, Cochrane was named at hooker in the Indigenous Team of the Century. References Alan Whiticker; Glen Hudson (2007). The Encyclopedia of Rugby League Players. Wetherill Park, New South Wales: Gary Allen. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-877082-93-1. Footnotes ^ a b c d e Tony Adams (6 August 2008). "Legend Q&A". Rugby League Week. pp. 30–31. ^ 1983 NSWRFL Rd.16 – Manly vs Illawarra ^ 1987 NSWRL Grand Final – Manly vs Canberra ^ 1987 World Club Challenge – Wigan vs Manly ^ 1990 NSWRL Rd.9 – Canberra vs Manly ^ Jim Marr (1 July 2003). "Making the Hard Yards". Workers Online. Retrieved 10 August 2008. ^ 1987 City vs Country Origin ^ "Modern stars join greats in Indigenous Team of Century". ABC News. 9 August 2008. Retrieved 10 August 2008. External links Mal Cochrane at NRL Stats vteManly-Warringah Sea Eagles squad – 1987 NSWRL Premiers (5th title) 1 Dale Shearer 2 David Ronson 3 Darrell Williams 4 Michael O'Connor 5 Stuart Davis 6 Cliff Lyons 7 Des Hasler 8 Paul Vautin (c) 9 Ron Gibbs 10 Noel Cleal 11 Kevin Ward 12 Mal Cochrane 13 Phil Daley 14 Paul Shaw 15 Mark Pocock Coach: Bob Fulton vteThe Indigenous Australian rugby league team of the century 1908–2007 1. Eric Simms 2. Lionel Morgan 3. Steve Renouf 4. Greg Inglis 5. Dale Shearer 6. Laurie Daley 7. Johnathan Thurston 8. Sam Backo 9. Mal Cochrane 10. Arthur Beetson 11. Gorden Tallis 12. Sam Thaiday 13. Cliff Lyons 14. George Green 15. Wally McArthur 16. Frank Fisher 17. John Ferguson	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taree, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taree,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Indigenous Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australian"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manly-Warringah_Sea_Eagles"},{"link_name":"New South Wales Rugby League premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Rugby_League_premiership"},{"link_name":"hooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooker_(rugby_league)"}],"text":"Mal Cochrane (born 3 April 1961 in Taree, New South Wales) is an Indigenous Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He played for the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles in the New South Wales Rugby League premiership. Cochrane primarily played at hooker.","title":"Mal Cochrane"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RLW-1"},{"link_name":"Australian Schoolboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Schoolboys"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"tries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Try_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Forwards"},{"link_name":"lock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Loose_forward_/_Lock_forward"},{"link_name":"prop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#prop_forward"},{"link_name":"wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#wing"}],"sub_title":"Junior career","text":"Cochrane played hockey and cricket as well as rugby league while at school and represented his state in all three sports at schoolboy level.[1]Cochrane captained the Australian Schoolboys tour of England and France in 1979, scoring twelve tries and seven goals. He was also rated the best forward of the tour after playing at hooker, lock and prop. Cochrane also had enough speed in his schoolboys days that he occasionally played on the wing.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"Manly Sea Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manly_Warringah_Sea_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Bob Fulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Fulton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RLW-1"},{"link_name":"Max Krilich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Krilich"},{"link_name":"Ray Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Brown_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"1983 NSWRFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_NSWRFL_season"},{"link_name":"Illawarra Steelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illawarra_Steelers"},{"link_name":"Brookvale Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookvale_Oval"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1987 Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_NSWRL_season#Grand_final"},{"link_name":"Canberra Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra_Raiders"},{"link_name":"Sydney Cricket Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"1987 World Club Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_World_Club_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Wigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Winfield Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Cup"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park_(Wigan)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1990 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_NSWRL_season"},{"link_name":"WACA Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WACA_Ground"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Group 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_9_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RLW-1"}],"sub_title":"Senior career","text":"Although he originally discussed a career with the Bulldogs following the 1979 tour, he instead signed with the Manly Sea Eagles, the club of his childhood hero Bob Fulton who, in 1983 would also become the Sea Eagles coach.[1]After biding his time in reserve grade behind Max Krilich and Ray Brown, Mal Cochrane made his first grade debut for Manly in Round 16 of the 1983 NSWRFL season on 12 June. He played from the bench in the Sea Eagles 34–6 win over the Illawarra Steelers in front of 8,083 fans at Manly's home ground Brookvale Oval.[2] He would play 5 first grade games (all from the bench) in 1983.Cochrane played in one grand final with Manly, the 1987 Grand Final against the Canberra Raiders in the last Grand Final to be played at the Sydney Cricket Ground. In front of 50,201 fans, Manly won the match 18–8, but after receiving an accidental knee to the head in the first half, Cochrane remembered nothing of the game.[3] Following the grand final victory he traveled with Manly to England for the 1987 World Club Challenge against English champions, Wigan. In a try-less game, the home side shocked the Winfield Cup premiers 8–2 in front of 36,895 fans at Central Park.[4]Injuries in the last years of Cochrane's first-grade career reduced his appearances to only 28 games over the final three seasons before retiring from first-grade at the end of the 1990 season. His final first grade game for Manly came in their 29–12 loss to Canberra at the WACA Ground in Perth, Western Australia in Round 9 on 18 May 1990.[5]Mal Cochrane played 118 games for the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles from 1983 to 1990. He scored 19 tries and kicked 167 goals for a total of 410 points.Following his retirement from top grade football, Cochrane then spent a year playing for the Young Cherrypickers in the NSW Group 9 competition.[1]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RLW-1"},{"link_name":"National Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RLW-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 1996, Cochrane coached the Australian Aboriginal rugby league team on their tour of Great Britain.[1]A policeman for ten years, Cochrane now works for the Public Service Association of New South Wales, assisting Indigenous Australians in the workplace and is a member of the National Rugby League Judiciary.[1][6]","title":"Post-playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rothmans Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothmans_Medal"},{"link_name":"1986 Kangaroo Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Kangaroo_Tour"},{"link_name":"Balmain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmain_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Benny Elias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Elias"},{"link_name":"NSW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"State of Origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Origin_series"},{"link_name":"1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_State_of_Origin_series"},{"link_name":"Penrith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrith_Panthers"},{"link_name":"Royce Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royce_Simmons"},{"link_name":"Danny Buderus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Buderus"},{"link_name":"Cameron Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Smith_(rugby_league,_born_1983)"},{"link_name":"Dally M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dally_M_Awards"},{"link_name":"Country Origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_New_South_Wales_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"City Origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_New_South_Wales_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"City vs Country Origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_vs_Country_Origin"},{"link_name":"Parramatta Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parramatta_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Cochrane was the first hooker to win the Rothmans Medal (awarded from 1968 to 1996), in 1986, and was considered unlucky to miss a spot on the 1986 Kangaroo Tour (Balmain's Benny Elias, a NSW State of Origin hooker in 1985, toured as the #2 behind Penrith's incumbent test rake Royce Simmons). Subsequent medal winning hookers include Danny Buderus and Cameron Smith. He was also awarded the Dally M Hooker of the Year in 1986 and 1987.In 1987, Cochrane played hooker for Country Origin, kicking 3 goals in their 30–22 loss to City Origin in the annual City vs Country Origin game played at the Parramatta Stadium in Sydney.[7] This would be his only game of senior representative football.In August, 2008, Cochrane was named at hooker in the Indigenous Team of the Century.[8]","title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RLW_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RLW_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RLW_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RLW_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RLW_1-4"},{"link_name":"Rugby League Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_Week"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"1983 NSWRFL Rd.16 – Manly vs Illawarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rugbyleagueproject.org/seasons/nswrfl-1983/round-16/manly-warringah-vs-illawarra/summary.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"1987 NSWRL Grand Final – Manly vs Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rugbyleagueproject.org/seasons/nswrl-1987/grand-final/manly-warringah-vs-canberra/summary.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"1987 World Club Challenge – Wigan vs Manly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rugbyleagueproject.org/matches/world-club-challenge-1987/wigan-vs-manly-warringah.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"1990 NSWRL Rd.9 – Canberra vs Manly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rugbyleagueproject.org/seasons/nswrl-1990/round-9/canberra-vs-manly-warringah/summary.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Making the Hard Yards\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//workers.labor.net.au/features/200307/b_tradeunion_mal.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"1987 City vs Country Origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rugbyleagueproject.org/matches/city-vs-country-1987/nsw-city-vs-nsw-country.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Modern stars join greats in Indigenous Team of Century\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/08/09/2329969.htm"}],"text":"^ a b c d e Tony Adams (6 August 2008). \"Legend Q&A\". Rugby League Week. pp. 30–31.\n\n^ 1983 NSWRFL Rd.16 – Manly vs Illawarra\n\n^ 1987 NSWRL Grand Final – Manly vs Canberra\n\n^ 1987 World Club Challenge – Wigan vs Manly\n\n^ 1990 NSWRL Rd.9 – Canberra vs Manly\n\n^ Jim Marr (1 July 2003). \"Making the Hard Yards\". Workers Online. Retrieved 10 August 2008.\n\n^ 1987 City vs Country Origin\n\n^ \"Modern stars join greats in Indigenous Team of Century\". ABC News. 9 August 2008. Retrieved 10 August 2008.","title":"Footnotes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Alan Whiticker; Glen Hudson (2007). The Encyclopedia of Rugby League Players. Wetherill Park, New South Wales: Gary Allen. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-877082-93-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetherill_Park,_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Wetherill Park, New South Wales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877082-93-1","url_text":"978-1-877082-93-1"}]},{"reference":"Tony Adams (6 August 2008). \"Legend Q&A\". Rugby League Week. pp. 30–31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_Week","url_text":"Rugby League Week"}]},{"reference":"Jim Marr (1 July 2003). \"Making the Hard Yards\". Workers Online. Retrieved 10 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://workers.labor.net.au/features/200307/b_tradeunion_mal.html","url_text":"\"Making the Hard Yards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Modern stars join greats in Indigenous Team of Century\". ABC News. 9 August 2008. Retrieved 10 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/08/09/2329969.htm","url_text":"\"Modern stars join greats in Indigenous Team of Century\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/mal-cochrane/summary.html","external_links_name":"RLP"},{"Link":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/seasons/nswrfl-1983/round-16/manly-warringah-vs-illawarra/summary.html","external_links_name":"1983 NSWRFL Rd.16 – Manly vs Illawarra"},{"Link":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/seasons/nswrl-1987/grand-final/manly-warringah-vs-canberra/summary.html","external_links_name":"1987 NSWRL Grand Final – Manly vs Canberra"},{"Link":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/matches/world-club-challenge-1987/wigan-vs-manly-warringah.html","external_links_name":"1987 World Club Challenge – Wigan vs Manly"},{"Link":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/seasons/nswrl-1990/round-9/canberra-vs-manly-warringah/summary.html","external_links_name":"1990 NSWRL Rd.9 – Canberra vs Manly"},{"Link":"http://workers.labor.net.au/features/200307/b_tradeunion_mal.html","external_links_name":"\"Making the Hard Yards\""},{"Link":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/matches/city-vs-country-1987/nsw-city-vs-nsw-country.html","external_links_name":"1987 City vs Country Origin"},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/08/09/2329969.htm","external_links_name":"\"Modern stars join greats in Indigenous Team of Century\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080802183244/http://www.nrlstats.com/archive/players.cfm?PlayerID=66","external_links_name":"Mal Cochrane at NRL Stats"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_Prefecture	Zheng Prefecture	["1 Counties","2 References"]	Historical administrative division in Henan, China Zheng PrefectureSimplified Chinese鄭州Hanyu PinyinZhèng Zhōu Population • 740s or 750s367,881 • 1100s41,848 History • Preceded byXingyang Commandery • Created583 (Sui dynasty)621 (Tang dynasty)1085 (Song dynasty) • Abolished1913 (Republic of China) • Succeeded byZheng County Contained within • CircuitHenan CircuitJingxi Circuit (960–1072)Jingxi North Circuit (after 1072) Zhengzhou or Zheng Prefecture was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China centering on modern Zhengzhou, Henan, China. It existed (intermittently) from 583 until 1913 after the foundation of the Republic. The modern prefecture-level city of Zhengzhou, created only in 1948, retains its name. Counties Zheng Prefecture administered the following counties (縣) for the most part of history: # Sui dynasty Tang dynasty and after Modern location 1 Guancheng (管城) Zhengzhou 2 Xingze (滎澤) 3 Xinzheng (新鄭) Xinzheng 4 Xingyang (滎陽) Xingyang, mostlyWutai (武泰), 691–696, 697–705 Xingyang 5 Yuanling (原陵) Yuanwu (原武) Yuanyang County, Henan Two other counties, Yangwu (陽武) and Zhongmu (中牟) were part of Zheng Prefecture during the Tang dynasty, but after Later Liang (except briefly during Later Tang) they were administered by Kaifeng Prefecture. References ^ Xin Tang Shu, ch. 38. ^ Song Shi, ch. 85. ^ Shi, p. 1643. ^ Shi, pp. 2800, 1773–4. ^ Shi, p. 2735. ^ Shi, p. 1773. ^ Shi, p. 2103. ^ Shi, p. 1142. ^ Shi, p. 390. Shi Weile, ed. (2005). Zhongguo Lishi Diming Da Cidian (中国历史地名大词典) (in Chinese). China Social Sciences Press. ISBN 7-5004-4929-1. (in Chinese) Ouyang Xiu; et al., eds. (1060). Xin Tang Shu . (in Chinese) Toqto'a; et al., eds. (1345). Song Shi . vtePrefectures of Jingxi Circuit during the Song dynastyJingxi North Circuit Henan (capital) Cai Chen Hua Meng Ru Ying (Anhui) Yingchang Zheng Military prefectures Xinyang Jingxi South Circuit Xiang (capital) Dèng Fang Jin Jun Sui Tang Ying (Hubei) Military prefectures Guanghua This Chinese location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to the history of China is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_(country_subdivision)"},{"link_name":"imperial China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China"},{"link_name":"Zhengzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengzhou"},{"link_name":"Henan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Zhengzhou or Zheng Prefecture was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China centering on modern Zhengzhou, Henan, China. It existed (intermittently) from 583 until 1913 after the foundation of the Republic.[3]The modern prefecture-level city of Zhengzhou, created only in 1948, retains its name.","title":"Zheng Prefecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Later Liang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_Liang_(Five_Dynasties)"},{"link_name":"Later Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_Tang"},{"link_name":"Kaifeng Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaifeng_Prefecture"}],"text":"Zheng Prefecture administered the following counties (縣) for the most part of history:Two other counties, Yangwu (陽武)[8] and Zhongmu (中牟)[9] were part of Zheng Prefecture during the Tang dynasty, but after Later Liang (except briefly during Later Tang) they were administered by Kaifeng Prefecture.","title":"Counties"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Shi Weile, ed. (2005). Zhongguo Lishi Diming Da Cidian (中国历史地名大词典) [Large Dictionary of Chinese Historical Place Names] (in Chinese). China Social Sciences Press. ISBN 7-5004-4929-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5004-4929-1","url_text":"7-5004-4929-1"}]},{"reference":"Ouyang Xiu; et al., eds. (1060). Xin Tang Shu [New Book of Tang].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouyang_Xiu","url_text":"Ouyang Xiu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang","url_text":"Xin Tang Shu"}]},{"reference":"Toqto'a; et al., eds. (1345). Song Shi [History of Song].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toqto%27a_(Yuan_Dynasty)","url_text":"Toqto'a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Song_(Yuan_dynasty)","url_text":"Song Shi"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7038","external_links_name":"ch. 38."},{"Link":"https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7085","external_links_name":"ch. 85."},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zheng_Prefecture&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zheng_Prefecture&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Herreros	Enrique Herreros	["1 Filmography","1.1 As actor","1.2 As director","1.3 As producer","2 References","3 External links"]	Enrique HerrerosBust in PotesBornEnrique García-Herreros Codesido(1903-12-29)29 December 1903Madrid, SpainDied18 September 1977(1977-09-18) (aged 73)Áliva, CantabriaBurial placeCemetery of PotesOccupation(s)Humorist, drafter, poster artist, filmmaker and mountaineerSpouseErnestina Maenza Enrique García-Herreros Codesido (29 December 1903 - 18 September 1977) was a Spanish humorist, drafter, poster artist, filmmaker and mountaineer. Luis García Berlanga defined him as the one who invented the promotion and advertising. He found out Nati Mistral and he was the personal manager of Sara Montiel until 12 December 1963. He died from an accident while climbing Cornión, Picos de Europa, on 18 September 1977. He was married to the Olympic sportswoman Ernestina Maenza Fernández-Calvo, with whom he had a child. Filmography As actor La vida es magnífica (1965) Cabaret (1953) as Señor en baño De Madrid al cielo (1952) El gran Galeoto (1951) as Nicasio Heredia de la Escosura La revoltosa (1950) as Mozo de cuerda Aventuras de Juan Lucas (1949) Don Quijote de la Mancha (1947) as Doctor Pedro Recio Senda ignorada (1946) as Espectador Cinco lobitos (1945) Espronceda (1945) as Padrino 2 La vida en un hilo (1945) as Taxista El fantasma y Dª Juanita (1945) as El faquir El destino se disculpa (1945) as Empresario El clavo (1944) as Señor bajito Eloísa está debajo de un almendro (1943) as Acomodador del cine Yo quiero que me lleven a Hollywood (1931) As director La muralla feliz (1948) María Fernanda, la Jerezana (1947) Al pie del Almanzor (1942) As producer Noches de Casablanca (1963) References ^ Morales, Clara (28 March 2014). "Enrique Herreros regresa a la montaña". El País (in Spanish). PRISA. Retrieved 6 December 2016. ^ Viñas-Valle, Carlos. "Enrique Herreros". Madrid a Fondo (in Spanish). BlogSpot. Archived from the original on 11 December 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2016. ^ Astorga, Antonio (1 December 2005). "Tributo a Herreros". ABC (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 December 2016. Enrique Herreros hijo homenajea en «La Codorniz de Herreros» a su progenitor y salda cuentas con Sara Montiel, que dio «carpetazo» como manager a Herreros padre. ^ "Ha muerto Enrique Herreros". El País (in Spanish). PRISA. 20 September 1977. Retrieved 6 December 2016. ^ Arrechea, Fernando (8 January 2014). "España debutó en unos Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno en Garmisch-Partenkirchen en febrero de 1936". Sphera Sports (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2017. ^ Royo-Villanova, Guillermina. "En casa del Herreros se tocan muchos palos" (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 December 2016. External links Enrique Herreros at IMDb Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain Germany Italy United States Netherlands Artists ULAN Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humorist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humorist"},{"link_name":"drafter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drafter"},{"link_name":"poster artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poster_artist"},{"link_name":"filmmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmmaker"},{"link_name":"mountaineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Luis García Berlanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Garc%C3%ADa_Berlanga"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nati Mistral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nati_Mistral"},{"link_name":"Sara Montiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Montiel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Picos de Europa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picos_de_Europa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ernestina Maenza Fernández-Calvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernestina_Maenza_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Calvo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Enrique García-Herreros Codesido (29 December 1903 - 18 September 1977) was a Spanish humorist, drafter, poster artist, filmmaker and mountaineer.[1]Luis García Berlanga defined him as the one who invented the promotion and advertising.[2] He found out Nati Mistral and he was the personal manager of Sara Montiel until 12 December 1963.[3]He died from an accident while climbing Cornión, Picos de Europa, on 18 September 1977.[4]He was married to the Olympic sportswoman Ernestina Maenza Fernández-Calvo, with whom he had a child.[5][6]","title":"Enrique Herreros"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La vida es magnífica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_vida_es_magn%C3%ADfica"},{"link_name":"Cabaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaret_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"De Madrid al cielo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Madrid_al_cielo"},{"link_name":"El gran Galeoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_gran_Galeoto"},{"link_name":"Aventuras de Juan Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventuras_de_Juan_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Don Quijote de la Mancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Quixote_de_la_Mancha_(1947_film)"},{"link_name":"Senda ignorada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senda_ignorada"},{"link_name":"La vida en un hilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_vida_en_un_hilo"},{"link_name":"El destino se disculpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_destino_se_disculpa"},{"link_name":"El clavo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_clavo"},{"link_name":"Eloísa está debajo de un almendro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elo%C3%ADsa_est%C3%A1_debajo_de_un_almendro"},{"link_name":"Yo quiero que me lleven a Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo_quiero_que_me_lleven_a_Hollywood"}],"sub_title":"As actor","text":"La vida es magnífica (1965)\nCabaret (1953) as Señor en baño\nDe Madrid al cielo (1952)\nEl gran Galeoto (1951) as Nicasio Heredia de la Escosura\nLa revoltosa (1950) as Mozo de cuerda\nAventuras de Juan Lucas (1949)\nDon Quijote de la Mancha (1947) as Doctor Pedro Recio\nSenda ignorada (1946) as Espectador\nCinco lobitos (1945)\nEspronceda (1945) as Padrino 2\nLa vida en un hilo (1945) as Taxista\nEl fantasma y Dª Juanita (1945) as El faquir\nEl destino se disculpa (1945) as Empresario\nEl clavo (1944) as Señor bajito\nEloísa está debajo de un almendro (1943) as Acomodador del cine\nYo quiero que me lleven a Hollywood (1931)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As director","text":"La muralla feliz (1948)\nMaría Fernanda, la Jerezana (1947)\nAl pie del Almanzor (1942)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Noches de Casablanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noches_de_Casablanca"}],"sub_title":"As producer","text":"Noches de Casablanca (1963)","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Morales, Clara (28 March 2014). \"Enrique Herreros regresa a la montaña\". El País (in Spanish). PRISA. Retrieved 6 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://cultura.elpais.com/cultura/2014/03/28/actualidad/1396037253_574366.html","url_text":"\"Enrique Herreros regresa a la montaña\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs","url_text":"El País"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRISA","url_text":"PRISA"}]},{"reference":"Viñas-Valle, Carlos. \"Enrique Herreros\". Madrid a Fondo (in Spanish). BlogSpot. Archived from the original on 11 December 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://madridafondo.blogspot.com.es/2012/10/enrique-herreros-1903-1977.html","url_text":"\"Enrique Herreros\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlogSpot","url_text":"BlogSpot"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20161211141654/https://madridafondo.blogspot.de/2012/10/enrique-herreros-1903-1977.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Astorga, Antonio (1 December 2005). \"Tributo a Herreros\". ABC (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 December 2016. Enrique Herreros hijo homenajea en «La Codorniz de Herreros» a su progenitor y salda cuentas con Sara Montiel, que dio «carpetazo» como manager a Herreros padre.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.es/hemeroteca/historico-01-12-2005/abc/Cultura/tributo-a-herreros-alma-de-la-codorniz-en-aquella-espa%C3%B1a-de-la-perra-gorda_712678040892.html","url_text":"\"Tributo a Herreros\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(Spain)","url_text":"ABC"}]},{"reference":"\"Ha muerto Enrique Herreros\". El País (in Spanish). PRISA. 20 September 1977. Retrieved 6 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://elpais.com/diario/1977/09/20/sociedad/243554406_850215.html","url_text":"\"Ha muerto Enrique Herreros\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs","url_text":"El País"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRISA","url_text":"PRISA"}]},{"reference":"Arrechea, Fernando (8 January 2014). \"España debutó en unos Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno en Garmisch-Partenkirchen en febrero de 1936\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Law_Comes_to_Gunsight	The Law Comes to Gunsight	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]	1947 film directed by Lambert Hillyer The Law Comes to GunsightDirected byLambert HillyerWritten byJ. Benton CheneyProduced byBarney A. SareckyStarringJohnny Mack BrownRaymond HattonReno BrowneCinematographyHarry NeumannEdited byFred MaguireMusic byEdward J. KayProductioncompanyMonogram PicturesDistributed byMonogram PicturesRelease date May 24, 1947 (1947-05-24) Running time56 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish The Law Comes to Gunsight is a 1947 American Western film directed by Lambert Hillyer and starring Johnny Mack Brown, Raymond Hatton and Reno Browne. Plot This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cast Johnny Mack Brown as Johnny Macklin Raymond Hatton as Reno Reno Browne as Judy Hartley Lanny Rees as Bud Hartley William Ruhl as Brad Foster Zon Murray as Drago - Henchman Frank LaRue as Mayor Jim Blaine Ernie Adams as Bert Simpson Kermit Maynard as Jim - Blacksmith Ted Adams as Ben Prescott Gary Garrett as Blackie - Henchman Lee Roberts as Pecos Willard W. Willingham as Henchman References ^ Martin p.168 Bibliography Martin, Len D. The Allied Artists Checklist: The Feature Films and Short Subjects of Allied Artists Pictures Corporation, 1947-1978. McFarland & Company, 1993. External links The Law Comes to Gunsight at IMDb vteFilms directed by Lambert Hillyer An Even Break (1917) The Narrow Trail (1917) The Mother Instinct (1917) Riddle Gawne (1918) Breed of Men (1919) The Poppy Girl's Husband (1919) The Money Corral (1919) Square Deal Sanderson (1919) Wagon Tracks (1919) John Petticoats (1919) The Toll Gate (1920) Sand! (1920) The Cradle of Courage (1920) The Testing Block (1920) O'Malley of the Mounted (1921) The Whistle (1921) White Oak (1921) White Hands (1922) Travelin' On (1922) The Super-Sex (1922) Caught Bluffing (1922) The Altar Stairs (1922) Scars of Jealousy (1923) Temporary Marriage (1923) The Shock (1923) The Spoilers (1923) Mile-a-Minute Romeo (1923) Eyes of the Forest (1923) Those Who Dance (1924) Barbara Frietchie (1924) I Want My Man (1925) The Knockout (1925) The Unguarded Hour (1925) The Making of O'Malley (1925) Her Second Chance (1926) Miss Nobody (1926) 30 Below Zero (1926) The War Horse (1927) Chain Lightning (1927) The Branded Sombrero (1928) Beau Bandit (1930) The Deadline (1931) One Man Law (1931) Forbidden Trail (1932) South of the Rio Grande (1932) Hello Trouble (1932) Dangerous Crossroads (1933) The Fighting Code (1933) Before Midnight (1933) Police Car 17 (1933) Unknown Valley (1933) Master of Men (1933) Once to Every Woman (1934) The Man Trailer (1934) Men of the Night (1934) The Most Precious Thing in Life (1934) The Defense Rests (1934) Against the Law (1934) One Is Guilty (1934) Behind the Evidence (1935) In Spite of Danger (1935) Men of the Hour (1935) The Awakening of Jim Burke (1935) The Invisible Ray (1936) Dangerous Waters (1936) Dracula's Daughter (1936) Girls Can Play (1937) All American Sweetheart (1937) Gang Bullets (1938) My Old Kentucky Home (1938) Convict's Code (1939) Should a Girl Marry? (1939) The Durango Kid (1940) Beyond the Sacramento (1940) North from the Lone Star (1941) The Return of Daniel Boone (1941) Hands Across the Rockies (1941) The Pinto Kid (1941) The Medico of Painted Springs (1941) The Son of Davy Crockett (1941) Thunder Over the Prairie (1941) King of Dodge City (1941) Prairie Stranger (1941) Roaring Frontiers (1941) The Royal Mounted Patrol (1941) North of the Rockies (1942) The Devil's Trail (1942) Prairie Gunsmoke (1942) Vengeance of the West (1942) Fighting Frontier (1943) The Stranger from Pecos (1943) Batman (1943) Six Gun Gospel (1943) The Texas Kid (1943) Smart Guy (1943) Law Men (1944) Ghost Guns (1944) Land of the Outlaws (1944) Partners of the Trail (1944) Range Law (1944) Beyond the Pecos (1945) Stranger from Santa Fe (1945) South of the Rio Grande (1945) The Lost Trail (1945) Frontier Feud (1945) Flame of the West (1945) Border Bandits (1946) Trigger Fingers (1946) Under Arizona Skies (1946) The Gentleman from Texas (1946) Shadows on the Range (1946) Silver Range (1946) Raiders of the South (1947) Valley of Fear (1947) Trailing Danger (1947) Land of the Lawless (1947) The Law Comes to Gunsight (1947) Flashing Guns (1947) Prairie Express (1947) The Hat Box Mystery (1947) Gun Talk (1947) Song of the Drifter (1948) Overland Trails (1948) Oklahoma Blues (1948) Crossed Trails (1948) Partners of the Sunset (1948) Frontier Agent (1948) Range Renegades (1948) The Fighting Ranger (1948) The Sheriff of Medicine Bow (1948) Outlaw Brand (1948) Gun Runner (1949) Gun Law Justice (1949) Trails End (1949) Haunted Trails (1949) Riders of the Dusk (1949) Range Land (1949) This 1940s Western film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Lambert Hillyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_Hillyer"},{"link_name":"Johnny Mack Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Mack_Brown"},{"link_name":"Raymond Hatton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Hatton"},{"link_name":"Reno Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno_Browne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Law Comes to Gunsight is a 1947 American Western film directed by Lambert Hillyer and starring Johnny Mack Brown, Raymond Hatton and Reno Browne.[1]","title":"The Law Comes to Gunsight"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnny Mack Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Mack_Brown"},{"link_name":"Raymond Hatton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Hatton"},{"link_name":"Reno Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno_Browne"},{"link_name":"William Ruhl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ruhl"},{"link_name":"Zon Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zon_Murray"},{"link_name":"Ernie Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Adams_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Kermit Maynard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit_Maynard"},{"link_name":"Ted Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Adams_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Lee Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Roberts"}],"text":"Johnny Mack Brown as Johnny Macklin\nRaymond Hatton as Reno\nReno Browne as Judy Hartley\nLanny Rees as Bud Hartley\nWilliam Ruhl as Brad Foster\nZon Murray as Drago - Henchman\nFrank LaRue as Mayor Jim Blaine\nErnie Adams as Bert Simpson\nKermit Maynard as Jim - Blacksmith\nTed Adams as Ben Prescott\nGary Garrett as Blackie - Henchman\nLee Roberts as Pecos\nWillard W. Willingham as Henchman","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Martin, Len D. The Allied Artists Checklist: The Feature Films and Short Subjects of Allied Artists Pictures Corporation, 1947-1978. McFarland & Company, 1993.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Law_Comes_to_Gunsight&action=edit","external_links_name":"add one"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0039557/","external_links_name":"The Law Comes to Gunsight"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Law_Comes_to_Gunsight&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Brown_(artist)	Glenn Brown (artist)	["1 Education","2 Technique and style","3 Paintings","4 Sculptures","5 Etchings","6 Drawings","7 Controversy","8 Public collections","9 The Brown Collection","10 References","11 External links"]	British artist Glenn BrownBrown in 2022BornGlenn Emerson Keith Brown (1966-02-13) February 13, 1966 (age 58)Hexham, NorthumberlandEducationNorwich School of Art, Bath College of Higher Education, Goldsmiths CollegeKnown forPainting Drawing SculptureStyleAppropriation (art)MovementYoung British ArtistsAwardsCBEWebsitewww.glenn-brown.co.uk Glenn Brown CBE (born 1966 in Hexham, Northumberland) is a British contemporary artist known for the use of appropriation in his paintings. Starting with reproductions from other artists' works, Glenn Brown transforms the appropriated image by changing its colour, position, orientation, height and width relationship, mood and/or size. Despite these changes, he has occasionally been accused of plagiarism. He has had a number of solo exhibitions: at the Serpentine Gallery in London in 2004, at the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna in 2008, at Tate Liverpool in 2009 (later shown at the Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo in Turin), at the Ludwig Múzeum in Budapest in 2010, at the Fondation Vincent Van Gogh in Arles, in Provence, in 2016 and at the Landesmuseum and Sprengel Museum in Hanover in 2023. Brown currently resides and works in London and Suffolk, England. He was nominated for the Turner Prize in 2000. However, his exhibition at Tate Britain for the Turner Prize sparked some controversy, as one of his paintings was found to be closely based on the science-fiction illustration "Double Star" created by the artist Tony Roberts in 1973. He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2019 Birthday Honours for services to art. Brown opened his own museum in October 2022 named The Brown Collection in Marylebone, London. Education Brown completed his Foundation Course at Norwich School of Art & Design (1985) and later received a B.A. degree in Fine Art at Bath School of Art and Design (1985–1988) and an M.A. degree at Goldsmiths College (1990–1992). Technique and style 'The Real Thing' (2000) Oil on panel, 82 x 66.5 cm Brown appropriates images by living, working artists, such as Frank Auerbach and Georg Baselitz, as well as paintings by historical artists, such as Guido Reni, Diego Velázquez, Anthony van Dyck, Rembrandt, Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Eugène Delacroix, John Martin, Gustave Courbet, Adolph Menzel, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Vincent van Gogh, Chaïm Soutine and Salvador Dalí. He claims that the references to these artists are not direct quotations, but alterations and combinations of several works by different artists, although the artists whose work is appropriated do not always agree. Art critic Michael Bracewell said Brown is "less concerned with the art-historical status of those works he appropriates than with their ability to serve his purpose – namely his epic exploration of paint and painting." In most cases, the artist uses reproductions printed in exhibition catalogues, found on the internet, or ordered through print-on-demand companies.'Sex' (2003) Oil on panel, 126 x 85 cm Brown's paintings, which are uniformly smooth in surface, typically offer a trompe-l'œil illusion of turbulent, painterly application. Many viewers of his work have expressed the sensation of wanting to "lick" and "touch" the paintings. Brown uses thin brushes with which he produces elongated curls and twists. The resulting flatness of the painting alludes to its origin as the chosen photograph or digital image. Per the artist Michael Stubbs: "Brown‘s computer-based preparation method prior to painting is the sole reason for his relation with the digital. The computer increases and develops his choices of found imagery, but it is only a means, not the end. . On the contrary, his works are markers for the future of painting because they are both surface effect and material methodology, not despite the screen, but because of it." A lot of his titles refer to titles of albums, film titles, science fiction literature, or a specific dedication to a person. The titles are not obviously connected to the paintings themselves and are not meant to be descriptive of the artwork. Brown: "That‘s it – the titles are often trying to be embarrassingly direct, and vulgar in their directness. I don‘t think that the painting is less direct, but I don‘t want the paintings to be illustrative." Paintings 'On the Way to the Leisure Centre' (2017) Oil on panel, 122 x 244 cm The subject matters of Glenn Brown's paintings range from science-fiction landscapes to abstract compositions and figurative images based on art historical references. Most paintings share a morbid, almost creepy atmosphere, which is especially underlined by the incorporation of certain unsightly physical features of his figures such as yellowish decaying teeth, translucently white blind-looking eyeballs, unnatural skin colours and suggestions of foulness and smell emanating from figures' bodies. Brown: "I like my paintings to have one foot in the grave, as it were, and to be not quite of this world. I would like them to exist in a dream world, which I think of as being the place that they occupy, a world that is made up of the accumulation of images that we have stored in our subconscious, and that coagulate and mutate when we sleep." Many of Brown's portraits depict amorphous beings that have been described as "tumurous lumps that look like outsized, inflamed organs". Often they are ironically attributed with recurring features such as flowers growing out of their compost-like bodies, hallows placed over heads or red noses. In few of these amorphous and abstract forms, female figures are embedded within the mottling masses of unidentifiable matter. Sculptures Brown also places sculpture as a central point of his practice. They are created by accumulating thick layers of oil paint over structures or "often a found bronze sculpture, such as an equestrian figure or the human figure. Brown uses one large brush throughout the making of the sculpture. He paints shadows on the works to give them a light and dark side."'American Sublime' (2017) Oil and acrylic paint on bronze, 98.5 x 62 x 60 cmHis sculptures, deliberately emphasising the three-dimensional quality of oil brushstrokes, stand in stark contrast to his flat paintings. Brown: "Originally I presented the sculptures on the gallery floor to look as abject as possible, as if they had materialised from a painting and fallen to the ground. Also, I wanted to avoid the artificial context involved in putting them on a pedestal. To view them, you had to bend or crouch down, lowering yourself to their somewhat debased position. But they were just getting destroyed, so they had to be separated from the public by putting them in vitrines. As a result, I was able to make them more delicate, and at the same time I started to use more complex supporting structures inside them. It is these supports that allow the sculptures to tilt and lean as much as they do." Etchings 'Half-Life (after Rembrandt) 1' (2016) Etching on paper, 76 x 56 cm In 2008 Brown created a series of prints entitled "Layered Etchings (Portraits)" which were inspired by the artists Urs Graf, Rembrandt and Lucian Freud. Brown scanned a vast number of reproductions from books and digitally manipulated them by stretching them to standard sizes. He then layered selected scans over each other, resulting in single images. The many contour and incarnation lines of the original works (the artist used up to fifteen different image sources for one layered portrait), as well as the textured spots of lithographic printing, obscure the sitters' individual identities. The resulting half-length portraits are "de-individualised" by the deliberate accumulation of too many portraits over each other. The etchings were collated in Glenn Brown: Etchings (Portraits), published by Ridinghouse in 2009 which featured a specially commissioned text by John-Paul Stonard that discusses elements of the old and the new in the portraits as they embody concepts of destruction and the violence of appropriation. Drawings In the last few years, Brown has extensively embraced drawing. Still conceptually rooted to art historical references, he stretches, combines, distorts and layers images to create subtle yet complex line-based works. Brown: “I fell completely in love with drawing again about four years ago. I love the delicate intimate movement of the hand as it draws a line. With Goltzius, for instance, you get this thrill of delicacy. Drawing has a freshness and passion painting often doesn’t.”'The Music of the Mountains' (2016) Indian ink and acrylic on panel, 135 x 95 x 3 cm"In drawings produced since 2013, artists of the Renaissance (such as Andrea del Sarto), Mannerism (Bartholomäus Spranger), the Baroque (Peter Paul Rubens), the Rococo (Giovanni Battista Tiepolo), Neoclassicism (Pompeo Girolamo Batoni) and French Romanticism (Eugène Delacroix) have served as starting points for Brown’s eminently variable linear transformations." Controversy In 2000 Brown was accused of plagiarism by The Times. Glenn Brown referenced a work by Tony Roberts for a science fiction novel cover. The photographer Wolfgang Tillmans won the Turner prize that year, and a legal case brought by Roberts against Brown was settled out of court. Public collections Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago Arts Council Collection, London British Museum, London Delfina Foundation, London Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo, Turin FRAC - Limousin, Limoges Francois Pinault Foundation, Venice Musée National d'Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris Rennie Collection, Vancouver Tate, London The Laing Art Gallery, Newcastle The Museum of Modern Art, New York The New Art Gallery, Walsall Walker Art Center, Minneapolis V-A-C Collection, Moscow Zabludowicz Collection, London The Brown Collection Opened to the public in October 2022, The Brown Collection displays Brown's personal collection, combining his work and work by other artists. The renovated 1905 mews warehouse has four floors of exhibition space, an archive and offices. The museum is open Wednesday to Saturday, between 10.30 am and 6 pm with no admission fee.The Brown Collection, Marylebone, LondonThe museum answers Brown’s long-held desire for a permanent place in London to show his collection. Viewing The Brown Collection like a work of art, he says, ‘I’m concerned about it being something that I can play with, use as a mode of expression for myself. It’s a place to experiment'. The collection includes both Brown’s own work and his extensive collection of works by other artists, predominantly of Old Masters, but also of 20th and 21st century artists. Among them are Gillian Wearing, Abraham Bloemaert, Henri Fantin-Latour, Grace Pailthorpe, Hans Hartung, Austin Osman Spare and Gaetano Gandolfi. References ^ Jones, Jonathan (16 September 2004). "Dawn of the dead". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2004. ^ "Glenn Brown". www.khm.at. Archived from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024. ^ "Glenn Brown Survey at Tate Liverpool". Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2012. ^ "Glenn Brown at Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo". Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. ^ "Glenn Brown at Ludwig Múzeum". ^ "Glenn Brown at Fondation Vincent Van Gogh". Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2019. ^ "The Real Thing part 2 (retrospective), Landesmuseum, Hanover, Germany, 2023". Glenn Brown. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2024. ^ "The Real Thing part 1 (retrospective), Sprengel Museum, Hanover, Germany, 2023". Glenn Brown. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2024. ^ "Copycat row hits Turner Prize". BBC. 28 November 2000. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017. ^ "No. 62666". The London Gazette (Supplement). 8 June 2019. p. B8. ^ Januszczak, Waldemar (25 January 2024). "Rembrandt as you've never seen before". ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024. ^ "Biography". Glenn Brown. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024. ^ Glenn Brown: "People may think that a single painting stimulates me to make a 'copy', but I never make a direct quotation. I start with a vague idea of the kind of painting I want to make, and I do small sketches of it. These will more or less determine the size of the painting, the colour, the type of background, etc, but at that point I still don’t know what the subject matter will be, or which artist will inspire the work. Then I spend some time looking through books and catalogues to find a painting that fits my idea as closely as possible. I look at hundreds of images to find a reproduction I can transform by stretching, pulling or turning it upside down so it fits into my practice.” Quoted in Steiner, Rochelle (2004). Glenn Brown. London: Serpentine Gallery. p. 95. ^ Richard Alleyne, How inspiration can be mistaken for imitation Archived 27 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Telegraph, 29 Nov 2000 (accessed 7 January 2014). ^ Bracewell, Michael (2009). Three Exhibitions. London: Rizzoli/Gagosian Gallery. p. 58. ^ Stubbs, Michael (2009). Glenn Brown. Tate Publishing. p. 105. ^ Brown, Jonathan (16 February 2009). "A real scene stealer: Glenn Brown's 'second-hand' art is the subject of a Tate retrospective". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2017. ^ Stubbs, Michael (2009). Glenn Brown, exhibition catalogue Tate Liverpool. London: Tate Publishing. p. 108. ^ See Pablo Lafuente’s summary of album titles resembled in Glenn Brown’s paintings: "Architecture and Morality (after a 1981 album by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark), Death Disco (a 1979 record by Public Image Ltd.), Alas Dies Laughing (a Cocteau Twins song from 1982), The Osmond Family (after the 1970s American band), and The Three Wise Virgins (after Gladys Brooks’ 1957 novel, or maybe after Carlos Schwabe’s 1970s painting, or possibly a 16th-century fresco in Parma). Lafuente, Pablo (May–June 2004). "Glenn Brown". Flash Art: 111. ^ Such as "The Rebel", "Saturday Night Fever" or "The Sound of Music". Gingeras, Alison (2004). Glenn Brown. Serpentine Gallery. p. 19. ^ For example the paintings "after Chris Foss", the illustrator of science fiction novels. ^ Such as the series of paintings dedicated "for Ian Curtis", the lead singer of the band Joy Division, or his painting "Joseph Beuys" from 2001. ^ MacRitchie, Lynn (3 April 2009). "Interview: Glenn Brown". Art in America. Archived from the original on 10 January 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2013. ^ Evident for example in “The Great Masturbator” from 2006. ^ Evident in “Sex” from 2003 or “Wild Horses” from 2007. ^ Evident in “Dark Star” from 2003, “Joseph Beuys” from 2001, “Led Zeppelin” from 2005 and many more. ^ See for instance “Spearmint Rhino” from 2009, “Greetings from the Future” from 2005, “Kill Yourself” from 2002. ^ Glenn Brown quoted in Bracewell, Michael (2009). Glenn Brown - Three Exhibitions. London: Rizzoli/Gagosian Gallery. p. 70. ^ Uszynska, Katarzyna; Wilfried Seipel (2008). Glenn Brown. Vienna: Kunsthistorishes Museum. p. 14. ^ See "The Hinterland" from 2006, "Polichinelle" from 2007, "The Revolutionary Corps of Teenage Jesus" from 2005. ^ See especially Brown’s portraits that reference the works by Frank Auerbach, for example Brown’s "The Riches of the Poor" from 2003 or "Shallow Deaths" from 2000. ^ See "Sex" from 2003, "Declining Nude" from 2006 or "The Holy Virgin" from 2003. ^ Such as the female figure in "God Speed to a Great Astronaut" from 2007 or "Asylums of Mars" from 2006. ^ Holzwarth, Hans W. (2009). 100 Contemporary Artists A-Z (Taschen's 25th anniversary special ed.). Köln: Taschen. pp. 80–87. ISBN 978-3-8365-1490-3. ^ Schalhorn, Andreas (2015). Glenn Brown: Dessins. Paris: Galerie Max Hetzler. p. 63. ^ "Biography". Glenn Brown. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024. ^ Steiner, Rochelle (2004). Glenn Brown. London: Serpentine Gallery. p. 99. ^ Stonard, Jean-Paul (2009). Glenn Brown Etchings (Portraits). London: Ridinghouse/Karsten Schubert Gallery. p. 8. ^ "Glenn Brown: Etchings". Ridinghouse. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2012. ^ "Biography". Glenn Brown. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024. ^ Jeffries, Stuart (24 January 2018). "Inside Dr Frankenstein's studio: Glenn Brown on his macabre mashups". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 8 March 2024. ^ Schalhorn, Andreas (2015). Glenn Brown: Dessins. Paris: Galerie Max Hetzler. p. 61. ^ "Editorial Photographers UK - Visual plagiarism: When does inspiration become imitation ?". Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2014. ^ Lawson-Tancred, Jo (14 September 2023). "Artist Glenn Brown Has Opened a Museum in London, Blending His Own Work With Old and New Art From His Personal Collection". Artnet News. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2024. ^ "British Artist Glenn Brown Launches New Art Space". Artlyst. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024. ^ Khan, Tabish (10 January 2024). "Why These British Artists Are Setting Up Private Museums". Artsy. Archived from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024. External links Galerie Max Hetzler, Glenn Brown Archived 16 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine https://vimeo.com/137309687 Archived 22 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine Glenn Brown lecturing at the College de France about his practice https://archive.today/20130703015419/http://www.culturecritic.co.uk/blog/culturecritic-interviews-glenn-brown/ CultureCritic interview with Glenn Brown on the occasion of his participation at SNAP Art Festival, Suffolk Michael Stubbs, Glenn Brown and Keith Tyson in conversation Archived 24 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Glenn Brown at the Frans Hals Museum. Archived 21 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine vteYoung British ArtistsArtists Fiona Banner Henry Bond Christine Borland Glenn Brown Angela Bulloch Jake and Dinos Chapman Adam Chodzko Mat Collishaw Ian Davenport Tacita Dean Tracey Emin Angus Fairhurst Nick Fudge Anya Gallaccio Liam Gillick Douglas Gordon Marcus Harvey Damien Hirst Gary Hume Michael Landy Abigail Lane Chris Ofili Sarah Lucas Stephen Park Richard Patterson Simon Patterson Steven Pippin Marc Quinn Fiona Rae Alessandro Raho Jenny Saville Georgina Starr Sam Taylor-Johnson Gavin Turk Gillian Wearing Rachel Whiteread Jane and Louise Wilson Teachers Basil Beattie Helen Chadwick Michael Craig-Martin Ian Jeffrey Jon Thompson Mark Wallinger Richard Wentworth Influences Art & Language Art in Ruins Conceptual art Gilbert & George Jeff Koons John Stezaker Andy Warhol Lawrence Weiner Artworks 24 Hour Psycho Break Down Bullet Hole Documents Series Everyone I Have Ever Slept With 1963–1995 For the Love of God House My Bed Myra No Woman No Cry 26 October 1993 The Upper Room Tense The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living Shows Brilliant! 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Starting with reproductions from other artists' works, Glenn Brown transforms the appropriated image by changing its colour, position, orientation, height and width relationship, mood and/or size. Despite these changes, he has occasionally been accused of plagiarism.He has had a number of solo exhibitions: at the Serpentine Gallery in London in 2004,[1] at the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna in 2008,[2] at Tate Liverpool in 2009[3] (later shown at the Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo in Turin),[4] at the Ludwig Múzeum in Budapest in 2010,[5] at the Fondation Vincent Van Gogh in Arles, in Provence, in 2016 [6] and at the Landesmuseum and Sprengel Museum in Hanover in 2023. [7][8]Brown currently resides and works in London and Suffolk, England. He was nominated for the Turner Prize in 2000. However, his exhibition at Tate Britain for the Turner Prize sparked some controversy, as one of his paintings was found to be closely based on the science-fiction illustration \"Double Star\" created by the artist Tony Roberts in 1973.[9]He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2019 Birthday Honours for services to art.[10]Brown opened his own museum in October 2022 named The Brown Collection in Marylebone, London.[11]","title":"Glenn Brown (artist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwich School of Art & Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_School_of_Art_%26_Design"},{"link_name":"Bath School of Art and Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_School_of_Art_and_Design"},{"link_name":"Goldsmiths College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmiths_College"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Brown completed his Foundation Course at Norwich School of Art & Design (1985) and later received a B.A. degree in Fine Art at Bath School of Art and Design (1985–1988) and an M.A. degree at Goldsmiths College (1990–1992).[12]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27The_Real_Thing%27_(2000)_Glenn_Brown.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frank Auerbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Auerbach"},{"link_name":"Georg Baselitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Baselitz"},{"link_name":"Guido Reni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Reni"},{"link_name":"Diego Velázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez"},{"link_name":"Anthony van Dyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck"},{"link_name":"Rembrandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt"},{"link_name":"Jean-Honoré Fragonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Honor%C3%A9_Fragonard"},{"link_name":"Eugène Delacroix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix"},{"link_name":"John Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Gustave Courbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Courbet"},{"link_name":"Adolph Menzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Menzel"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Auguste Renoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir"},{"link_name":"Vincent van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"Chaïm Soutine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Soutine"},{"link_name":"Salvador Dalí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-14"},{"link_name":"Michael Bracewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bracewell_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27Sex%27_(2003)_Glenn_Brown.jpg"},{"link_name":"trompe-l'œil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"'The Real Thing' (2000) Oil on panel, 82 x 66.5 cmBrown appropriates images by living, working artists, such as Frank Auerbach and Georg Baselitz, as well as paintings by historical artists, such as Guido Reni, Diego Velázquez, Anthony van Dyck, Rembrandt, Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Eugène Delacroix, John Martin, Gustave Courbet, Adolph Menzel, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Vincent van Gogh, Chaïm Soutine and Salvador Dalí. He claims that the references to these artists are not direct quotations, but alterations and combinations of several works by different artists,[13] although the artists whose work is appropriated do not always agree.[14] Art critic Michael Bracewell said Brown is \"less concerned with the art-historical status of those works he appropriates than with their ability to serve his purpose – namely his epic exploration of paint and painting.\"[15] In most cases, the artist uses reproductions printed in exhibition catalogues, found on the internet, or ordered through print-on-demand companies.[16]'Sex' (2003) Oil on panel, 126 x 85 cmBrown's paintings, which are uniformly smooth in surface, typically offer a trompe-l'œil illusion of turbulent, painterly application. Many viewers of his work have expressed the sensation of wanting to \"lick\" and \"touch\" the paintings.[17] Brown uses thin brushes with which he produces elongated curls and twists. The resulting flatness of the painting alludes to its origin as the chosen photograph or digital image. Per the artist Michael Stubbs: \"Brown‘s computer-based preparation method prior to painting is [not] the sole reason for his relation with the digital. The computer increases and develops his choices of found imagery, but it is only a means, not the end. […]. On the contrary, his works are markers for the future of painting because they are both surface effect and material methodology, not despite the screen, but because of it.[18]\"A lot of his titles refer to titles of albums,[19] film titles,[20] science fiction literature,[21] or a specific dedication to a person.[22] The titles are not obviously connected to the paintings themselves and are not meant to be descriptive of the artwork. Brown: \"That‘s it – the titles are often trying to be embarrassingly direct, and vulgar in their directness. I don‘t think that the painting is less direct, but I don‘t want the paintings to be illustrative.\"[23]","title":"Technique and style"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27On_the_Way_to_the_Leisure_Centre%27_(2017)_Glenn_Brown.jpg"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"'On the Way to the Leisure Centre' (2017) Oil on panel, 122 x 244 cmThe subject matters of Glenn Brown's paintings range from science-fiction landscapes to abstract compositions and figurative images based on art historical references. Most paintings share a morbid, almost creepy atmosphere, which is especially underlined by the incorporation of certain unsightly physical features of his figures such as yellowish decaying teeth,[24] translucently white blind-looking eyeballs,[25] unnatural skin colours[26] and suggestions of foulness and smell emanating from figures' bodies.[27] Brown: \"I like my paintings to have one foot in the grave, as it were, and to be not quite of this world. I would like them to exist in a dream world, which I think of as being the place that they occupy, a world that is made up of the accumulation of images that we have stored in our subconscious, and that coagulate and mutate when we sleep.\"[28]Many of Brown's portraits depict amorphous beings that have been described as \"tumurous lumps that look like outsized, inflamed organs\".[29] Often they are ironically attributed with recurring features such as flowers growing out of their compost-like bodies,[30] hallows placed over heads[31] or red noses.[32] In few of these amorphous and abstract forms, female figures are embedded[33] within the mottling masses of unidentifiable matter.[34]","title":"Paintings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bronze sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_sculpture"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27American_Sublime%27_(2017)_Glenn_Brown.jpg"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"abject","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjection"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Brown also places sculpture as a central point of his practice. They are created by accumulating thick layers of oil paint over structures or \"often a found bronze sculpture, such as an equestrian figure or the human figure. Brown uses one large brush throughout the making of the sculpture. He paints shadows on the works to give them a light and dark side.\"[35]'American Sublime' (2017) Oil and acrylic paint on bronze, 98.5 x 62 x 60 cmHis sculptures, deliberately emphasising the three-dimensional quality of oil brushstrokes, stand in stark contrast to his flat paintings.[36] Brown: \"Originally I presented the sculptures on the gallery floor to look as abject as possible, as if they had materialised from a painting and fallen to the ground. Also, I wanted to avoid the artificial context involved in putting them on a pedestal. To view them, you had to bend or crouch down, lowering yourself to their somewhat debased position. But they were just getting destroyed, so they had to be separated from the public by putting them in vitrines. As a result, I was able to make them more delicate, and at the same time I started to use more complex supporting structures inside them. It is these supports that allow the sculptures to tilt and lean as much as they do.\"[37]","title":"Sculptures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27Half-Life_(after_Rembrandt)_1%27_(2016)_Glenn_Brown.jpg"},{"link_name":"Urs Graf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urs_Graf"},{"link_name":"Lucian Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucian_Freud"},{"link_name":"lithographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithograph"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Ridinghouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridinghouse"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"'Half-Life (after Rembrandt) 1' (2016) Etching on paper, 76 x 56 cmIn 2008 Brown created a series of prints entitled \"Layered Etchings (Portraits)\" which were inspired by the artists Urs Graf, Rembrandt and Lucian Freud. Brown scanned a vast number of reproductions from books and digitally manipulated them by stretching them to standard sizes. He then layered selected scans over each other, resulting in single images. The many contour and incarnation lines of the original works (the artist used up to fifteen different image sources for one layered portrait), as well as the textured spots of lithographic printing, obscure the sitters' individual identities. The resulting half-length portraits are \"de-individualised\"[38] by the deliberate accumulation of too many portraits over each other.The etchings were collated in Glenn Brown: Etchings (Portraits), published by Ridinghouse in 2009 which featured a specially commissioned text by John-Paul Stonard that discusses elements of the old and the new in the portraits as they embody concepts of destruction and the violence of appropriation.[39]","title":"Etchings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Goltzius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrick_Goltzius"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27The_Music_of_the_Mountains%27_(2016)_Glenn_Brown.jpg"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_art"},{"link_name":"Andrea del Sarto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_del_Sarto"},{"link_name":"Mannerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannerism"},{"link_name":"Bartholomäus Spranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomeus_Spranger"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"Peter Paul Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens"},{"link_name":"Rococo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rococo"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Battista Tiepolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo"},{"link_name":"Neoclassicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicism"},{"link_name":"Pompeo Girolamo Batoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeo_Batoni"},{"link_name":"French Romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism_in_France"},{"link_name":"Eugène Delacroix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"In the last few years, Brown has extensively embraced drawing. Still conceptually rooted to art historical references, he stretches, combines, distorts and layers images to create subtle yet complex line-based works.[40] Brown: “I fell completely in love with drawing again about four years ago. I love the delicate intimate movement of the hand as it draws a line. With Goltzius, for instance, you get this thrill of delicacy. Drawing has a freshness and passion painting often doesn’t.”[41]'The Music of the Mountains' (2016) Indian ink and acrylic on panel, 135 x 95 x 3 cm\"In drawings produced since 2013, artists of the Renaissance (such as Andrea del Sarto), Mannerism (Bartholomäus Spranger), the Baroque (Peter Paul Rubens), the Rococo (Giovanni Battista Tiepolo), Neoclassicism (Pompeo Girolamo Batoni) and French Romanticism (Eugène Delacroix) have served as starting points for Brown’s eminently variable linear transformations.\"[42]","title":"Drawings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Tillmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Tillmans"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"In 2000 Brown was accused of plagiarism by The Times. Glenn Brown referenced a work by Tony Roberts for a science fiction novel cover. The photographer Wolfgang Tillmans won the Turner prize that year, and a legal case brought by Roberts against Brown was settled out of court.[43]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Art Institute of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Arts Council Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_Council_Collection"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"Delfina Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delfina_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondazione_Sandretto_Re_Rebaudengo"},{"link_name":"Musée National d'Art Moderne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne"},{"link_name":"Tate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate"},{"link_name":"Laing Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laing_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"The Museum of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Museum_of_Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"The New Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Walker Art Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_Art_Center"},{"link_name":"Zabludowicz Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabludowicz_Collection"}],"text":"Art Institute of Chicago, ChicagoArts Council Collection, LondonBritish Museum, LondonDelfina Foundation, LondonFondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo, TurinFRAC - Limousin, LimogesFrancois Pinault Foundation, VeniceMusée National d'Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, ParisRennie Collection, VancouverTate, LondonThe Laing Art Gallery, NewcastleThe Museum of Modern Art, New YorkThe New Art Gallery, WalsallWalker Art Center, MinneapolisV-A-C Collection, MoscowZabludowicz Collection, London","title":"Public collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Brown Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brown_Collection"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Brown_Collection_Front_of_Building.jpg"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Old Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Master"},{"link_name":"Gillian Wearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian_Wearing"},{"link_name":"Abraham Bloemaert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Bloemaert"},{"link_name":"Henri Fantin-Latour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Fantin-Latour"},{"link_name":"Grace Pailthorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Pailthorpe"},{"link_name":"Hans Hartung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Hartung"},{"link_name":"Austin Osman Spare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Osman_Spare"},{"link_name":"Gaetano Gandolfi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano_Gandolfi"}],"text":"Opened to the public in October 2022, The Brown Collection displays Brown's personal collection, combining his work and work by other artists. The renovated 1905 mews warehouse has four floors of exhibition space, an archive and offices. The museum is open Wednesday to Saturday, between 10.30 am and 6 pm with no admission fee.[44]The Brown Collection, Marylebone, LondonThe museum answers Brown’s long-held desire for a permanent place in London to show his collection.[45] Viewing The Brown Collection like a work of art, he says, ‘I’m concerned about it being something that I can play with, use as a mode of expression for myself. It’s a place to experiment'.[46] The collection includes both Brown’s own work and his extensive collection of works by other artists, predominantly of Old Masters, but also of 20th and 21st century artists. Among them are Gillian Wearing, Abraham Bloemaert, Henri Fantin-Latour, Grace Pailthorpe, Hans Hartung, Austin Osman Spare and Gaetano Gandolfi.","title":"The Brown Collection"}]	[{"image_text":"'The Real Thing' (2000) Oil on panel, 82 x 66.5 cm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%27The_Real_Thing%27_%282000%29_Glenn_Brown.jpg/224px-%27The_Real_Thing%27_%282000%29_Glenn_Brown.jpg"},{"image_text":"'Sex' (2003) Oil on panel, 126 x 85 cm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/%27Sex%27_%282003%29_Glenn_Brown.jpg/232px-%27Sex%27_%282003%29_Glenn_Brown.jpg"},{"image_text":"'On the Way to the Leisure Centre' (2017) Oil on panel, 122 x 244 cm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%27On_the_Way_to_the_Leisure_Centre%27_%282017%29_Glenn_Brown.jpg/470px-%27On_the_Way_to_the_Leisure_Centre%27_%282017%29_Glenn_Brown.jpg"},{"image_text":"'American Sublime' (2017) Oil and acrylic paint on bronze, 98.5 x 62 x 60 cm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%27American_Sublime%27_%282017%29_Glenn_Brown.jpg/233px-%27American_Sublime%27_%282017%29_Glenn_Brown.jpg"},{"image_text":"'Half-Life (after Rembrandt) 1' (2016) Etching on paper, 76 x 56 cm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%27Half-Life_%28after_Rembrandt%29_1%27_%282016%29_Glenn_Brown.jpg/224px-%27Half-Life_%28after_Rembrandt%29_1%27_%282016%29_Glenn_Brown.jpg"},{"image_text":"'The Music of the Mountains' (2016) Indian ink and acrylic on panel, 135 x 95 x 3 cm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/%27The_Music_of_the_Mountains%27_%282016%29_Glenn_Brown.jpg/256px-%27The_Music_of_the_Mountains%27_%282016%29_Glenn_Brown.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Brown Collection, Marylebone, London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_Brown_Collection_Front_of_Building.jpg/260px-The_Brown_Collection_Front_of_Building.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Jones, Jonathan (16 September 2004). \"Dawn of the dead\". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2004/sep/16/1","url_text":"\"Dawn of the dead\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180625075545/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2004/sep/16/1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Glenn Brown\". www.khm.at. Archived from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.khm.at/en/visit/exhibitions/2008/glenn-brown/","url_text":"\"Glenn Brown\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240308133816/https://www.khm.at/en/visit/exhibitions/2008/glenn-brown/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Glenn Brown Survey at Tate Liverpool\". Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tate.org.uk/liverpool/exhibitions/glennbrown/","url_text":"\"Glenn Brown Survey at Tate Liverpool\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110802225726/http://www.tate.org.uk/liverpool/exhibitions/glennbrown/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Glenn Brown at Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo\". Archived from the original on 4 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120904042043/http://www.fsrr.org/eng/mostre/archivio-mostre/110","url_text":"\"Glenn Brown at Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo\""},{"url":"http://www.fsrr.org/eng/mostre/archivio-mostre/110","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Glenn Brown at Ludwig Múzeum\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ludwigmuseum.hu/site.phpinc=kiallitas&kiallitasId=724&menuId=45","url_text":"\"Glenn Brown at Ludwig Múzeum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Glenn Brown at Fondation Vincent Van Gogh\". Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://glenn-brown.co.uk/exhibitions/32/","url_text":"\"Glenn Brown at Fondation Vincent Van Gogh\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200927082344/https://glenn-brown.co.uk/exhibitions/32/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Real Thing part 2 (retrospective), Landesmuseum, Hanover, Germany, 2023\". Glenn Brown. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://glenn-brown.co.uk/exhibitions/165/","url_text":"\"The Real Thing part 2 (retrospective), Landesmuseum, Hanover, Germany, 2023\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240113120018/https://glenn-brown.co.uk/exhibitions/165/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Real Thing part 1 (retrospective), Sprengel Museum, Hanover, Germany, 2023\". Glenn Brown. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://glenn-brown.co.uk/exhibitions/166/","url_text":"\"The Real Thing part 1 (retrospective), Sprengel Museum, Hanover, Germany, 2023\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240113120017/https://glenn-brown.co.uk/exhibitions/166/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Copycat row hits Turner Prize\". BBC. 28 November 2000. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1044375.stm","url_text":"\"Copycat row hits Turner Prize\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170731032034/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1044375.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 62666\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 8 June 2019. p. B8.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/62666/supplement/B8","url_text":"\"No. 62666\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Januszczak, Waldemar (25 January 2024). \"Rembrandt as you've never seen before\". ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/rembrandt-as-youve-never-seen-before-nnkwjxp36","url_text":"\"Rembrandt as you've never seen before\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","url_text":"0140-0460"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240125124700/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/rembrandt-as-youve-never-seen-before-nnkwjxp36","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Biography\". Glenn Brown. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://glenn-brown.co.uk/biography/","url_text":"\"Biography\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240119135845/https://glenn-brown.co.uk/biography/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Steiner, Rochelle (2004). Glenn Brown. London: Serpentine Gallery. p. 95.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bracewell, Michael (2009). Three Exhibitions. London: Rizzoli/Gagosian Gallery. p. 58.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stubbs, Michael (2009). Glenn Brown. Tate Publishing. p. 105.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brown, Jonathan (16 February 2009). \"A real scene stealer: Glenn Brown's 'second-hand' art is the subject of a Tate retrospective\". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/a-real-scene-stealer-glenn-browns-secondhand-art-is-the-subject-of-a-tate-retrospective-1622648.html","url_text":"\"A real scene stealer: Glenn Brown's 'second-hand' art is the subject of a Tate retrospective\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042704/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/a-real-scene-stealer-glenn-browns-secondhand-art-is-the-subject-of-a-tate-retrospective-1622648.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stubbs, Michael (2009). Glenn Brown, exhibition catalogue Tate Liverpool. London: Tate Publishing. p. 108.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lafuente, Pablo (May–June 2004). \"Glenn Brown\". Flash Art: 111.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gingeras, Alison (2004). Glenn Brown. Serpentine Gallery. p. 19.","urls":[]},{"reference":"MacRitchie, Lynn (3 April 2009). \"Interview: Glenn Brown\". Art in America. Archived from the original on 10 January 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/features/interview-glenn-brown/","url_text":"\"Interview: Glenn Brown\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100110013912/http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/features/interview-glenn-brown","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bracewell, Michael (2009). Glenn Brown - Three Exhibitions. London: Rizzoli/Gagosian Gallery. p. 70.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Uszynska, Katarzyna; Wilfried Seipel (2008). Glenn Brown. Vienna: Kunsthistorishes Museum. p. 14.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Holzwarth, Hans W. (2009). 100 Contemporary Artists A-Z (Taschen's 25th anniversary special ed.). Köln: Taschen. pp. 80–87. ISBN 978-3-8365-1490-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-1490-3","url_text":"978-3-8365-1490-3"}]},{"reference":"Schalhorn, Andreas (2015). Glenn Brown: Dessins. Paris: Galerie Max Hetzler. p. 63.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Biography\". Glenn Brown. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://glenn-brown.co.uk/biography/","url_text":"\"Biography\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240119135845/https://glenn-brown.co.uk/biography/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Steiner, Rochelle (2004). Glenn Brown. London: Serpentine Gallery. p. 99.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stonard, Jean-Paul (2009). Glenn Brown Etchings (Portraits). London: Ridinghouse/Karsten Schubert Gallery. p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Glenn Brown: Etchings\". Ridinghouse. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://ridinghouse.co.uk/publications/32/","url_text":"\"Glenn Brown: Etchings\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120302195612/http://www.ridinghouse.co.uk/publications/32/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Biography\". Glenn Brown. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://glenn-brown.co.uk/biography/","url_text":"\"Biography\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240119135845/https://glenn-brown.co.uk/biography/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jeffries, Stuart (24 January 2018). \"Inside Dr Frankenstein's studio: Glenn Brown on his macabre mashups\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 8 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/jan/24/inside-dr-frankensteins-studio-glenn-brown-macabre-mashups-come-to-dust-gagosian-london","url_text":"\"Inside Dr Frankenstein's studio: Glenn Brown on his macabre mashups\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Schalhorn, Andreas (2015). Glenn Brown: Dessins. Paris: Galerie Max Hetzler. p. 61.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Editorial Photographers UK - Visual plagiarism: When does inspiration become imitation ?\". Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.epuk.org/The-Curve/456/visual-plagiarism?pg=2","url_text":"\"Editorial Photographers UK - Visual plagiarism: When does inspiration become imitation ?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140109144508/http://www.epuk.org/The-Curve/456/visual-plagiarism?pg=2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lawson-Tancred, Jo (14 September 2023). \"Artist Glenn Brown Has Opened a Museum in London, Blending His Own Work With Old and New Art From His Personal Collection\". Artnet News. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hru%C5%A1ovany_nad_Jevi%C5%A1ovkou	Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou	["1 Geography","2 History","3 Demographics","4 Economy","5 Transport","6 Sights","7 References","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 48°49′47″N 16°24′10″E / 48.82972°N 16.40278°E / 48.82972; 16.40278Town in South Moravian, Czech RepublicHrušovany nad JevišovkouTownTown square with the town hall FlagCoat of armsHrušovany nad JevišovkouLocation in the Czech RepublicCoordinates: 48°49′47″N 16°24′10″E / 48.82972°N 16.40278°E / 48.82972; 16.40278Country Czech RepublicRegionSouth MoravianDistrictZnojmoFirst mentioned1141Government • MayorEliška VolnáArea • Total25.30 km2 (9.77 sq mi)Elevation181 m (594 ft)Population (2024-01-01) • Total3,396 • Density130/km2 (350/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code671 67Websitewww.hrusovany.cz Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou (German: Grusbach) is a town in Znojmo District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 3,400 inhabitants. Geography Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou is located about 25 kilometres (16 mi) east of Znojmo and 41 km (25 mi) south of Brno. It lies in the Dyje–Svratka Valley. It is situated on the left bank of the Jevišovka River. A small southern part of the municipal border is formed by the river Thaya, which is also the state border with Austria. History The first written mention of Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou is in a deed of bishop Jindřich Zdík from 1141. The settlement was promoted to a town in 1495 by King Vladislaus II. During the rule of Counts of Khuen-Belassi in the 19th century, economic development occurred. The railway from Brno to Vienna, a school and a hospital were built and a sugar factory was founded. Demographics Historical populationYearPop.±%18692,024— 18802,274+12.4%18902,162−4.9%19002,362+9.3%19102,569+8.8%YearPop.±%19212,643+2.9%19302,945+11.4%19502,076−29.5%19612,470+19.0%19702,487+0.7%YearPop.±%19803,090+24.2%19913,276+6.0%20013,274−0.1%20113,162−3.4%20213,186+0.8%Source: Censuses Economy Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou is known for the sugar factory, which is still in operation. It was founded in 1848. Today it is owned by Agrana conglomerate. Transport The train station called Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou-Šanov, which serves the town, is located on the railway line Znojmo–Břeclav and is situated in neighbouring Šanov. Sights Church of Saint Stephen and rectory The main landmark of the town is the Church of Saint Stephen. It was built in the late Baroque style in 1757 by plans of the architect Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach. It replaced an old church first mentioned in 1339. The Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou Castle was built in the early Baroque style in 1669. Its present appearance is the result of the Neoclassical reconstruction in 1804. Today it is privately owned and inaccessible. References ^ "Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2024". Czech Statistical Office. 2024-05-17. ^ "Strategický plán rozvoje města Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou 2014–2020" (in Czech). Město Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou. p. 22. Retrieved 2021-11-19. ^ "Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Znojmo" (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. 2015-12-21. pp. 3–4. ^ "Population Census 2021: Population by sex". Public Database. Czech Statistical Office. 2021-03-27. ^ "Historie" (in Czech). Moravskoslezské cukrovary s.r.o. Retrieved 2021-11-19. ^ "Detail stanice Hrušovany n.J.-Šanov" (in Czech). České dráhy. Retrieved 2024-06-10. ^ "Hrušovanské pamětihodnosti" (in Czech). Město Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou. Retrieved 2024-06-10. ^ "Kostel sv. Štěpána" (in Czech). National Heritage Institute. Retrieved 2024-06-10. ^ "Areál zámku s parkem" (in Czech). National Heritage Institute. Retrieved 2024-06-10. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou. Official website vteTowns, market towns and villages of Znojmo District Bantice Běhařovice Bezkov Bítov Blanné Blížkovice Bohutice Bojanovice Borotice Boskovštejn Božice Břežany Čejkovice Čermákovice Černín Chvalatice Chvalovice Citonice Ctidružice Damnice Dobelice Dobřínsko Dobšice Dolenice Dolní Dubňany Dyjákovice Dyjákovičky Dyje Džbánice Grešlové Mýto Havraníky Hevlín Hluboké Mašůvky Hnanice Hodonice Horní Břečkov Horní Dubňany Horní Dunajovice Horní Kounice Hostěradice Hostim Hrabětice Hrádek Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou Jamolice Jaroslavice Jevišovice Jezeřany-Maršovice Jiřice u Miroslavi Jiřice u Moravských Budějovic Kadov Korolupy Kravsko Křepice Krhovice Křídlůvky Kubšice Kuchařovice Kyjovice Lančov Lechovice Lesná Lesonice Litobratřice Lubnice Lukov Mackovice Mašovice Medlice Mikulovice Milíčovice Miroslav Miroslavské Knínice Morašice Moravský Krumlov Našiměřice Němčičky Nový Šaldorf-Sedlešovice Olbramkostel Olbramovice Oleksovice Onšov Oslnovice Pavlice Petrovice Plaveč Plenkovice Podhradí nad Dyjí Podmolí Podmyče Práče Pravice Přeskače Prokopov Prosiměřice Rešice Rozkoš Rudlice Rybníky Šafov Šanov Šatov Skalice Slatina Slup Stálky Starý Petřín Štítary Stošíkovice na Louce Strachotice Střelice Suchohrdly Suchohrdly u Miroslavi Šumná Tasovice Tavíkovice Těšetice Trnové Pole Trstěnice Tulešice Tvořihráz Uherčice Újezd Únanov Valtrovice Vedrovice Velký Karlov Vémyslice Vevčice Višňové Vítonice Vracovice Vranov nad Dyjí Vranovská Ves Vratěnín Vrbovec Výrovice Vysočany Zálesí Zblovice Želetice Žerotice Žerůtky Znojmo Authority control databases: National Germany Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Znojmo District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znojmo_District"},{"link_name":"South Moravian Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Moravian_Region"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"}],"text":"Town in South Moravian, Czech RepublicHrušovany nad Jevišovkou (German: Grusbach) is a town in Znojmo District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 3,400 inhabitants.","title":"Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Znojmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znojmo"},{"link_name":"Brno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno"},{"link_name":"Dyje–Svratka Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyje%E2%80%93Svratka_Valley"},{"link_name":"Jevišovka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevi%C5%A1ovka_(river)"},{"link_name":"Thaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaya"}],"text":"Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou is located about 25 kilometres (16 mi) east of Znojmo and 41 km (25 mi) south of Brno. It lies in the Dyje–Svratka Valley. It is situated on the left bank of the Jevišovka River. A small southern part of the municipal border is formed by the river Thaya, which is also the state border with Austria.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jindřich Zdík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jind%C5%99ich_Zd%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"Vladislaus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislaus_II_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Brno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The first written mention of Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou is in a deed of bishop Jindřich Zdík from 1141. The settlement was promoted to a town in 1495 by King Vladislaus II. During the rule of Counts of Khuen-Belassi in the 19th century, economic development occurred. The railway from Brno to Vienna, a school and a hospital were built and a sugar factory was founded.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agrana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrana"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou is known for the sugar factory, which is still in operation. It was founded in 1848. Today it is owned by Agrana conglomerate.[5]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Znojmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znojmo"},{"link_name":"Břeclav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%99eclav"},{"link_name":"Šanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0anov_(Znojmo_District)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The train station called Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou-Šanov, which serves the town, is located on the railway line Znojmo–Břeclav and is situated in neighbouring Šanov.[6]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hru%C5%A1ovany_nad_Jevi%C5%A1ovkou,_fara.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Emanuel_Fischer_von_Erlach"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Church of Saint Stephen and rectoryThe main landmark of the town is the Church of Saint Stephen. It was built in the late Baroque style in 1757 by plans of the architect Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach. It replaced an old church first mentioned in 1339.[7][8]The Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou Castle was built in the early Baroque style in 1669. Its present appearance is the result of the Neoclassical reconstruction in 1804. Today it is privately owned and inaccessible.[9]","title":"Sights"}]	[{"image_text":"Church of Saint Stephen and rectory","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hru%C5%A1ovany_nad_Jevi%C5%A1ovkou%2C_fara.jpg/220px-Hru%C5%A1ovany_nad_Jevi%C5%A1ovkou%2C_fara.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2024\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpina_Productos_Alimenticios	Alpina Productos Alimenticios	["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Alpina Productos Alimenticios S.A. BICCompany typeBenefit corporationIndustryFood processing, DairyFoundedSopó, Colombia (1945)FounderWalter Goggel & Max BazingerHeadquartersSopó, Cundinamarca, ColombiaArea servedColombiaEcuadorUnited StatesVenezuelaKey peopleErnesto Fajardo (CEO)ProductsBaby food , Dairy Products, Beverages, Milk, Desserts, CheeseNumber of employees6,500 (2009)WebsiteAlpina Alpina Productos Alimenticios S.A. BIC is a Colombian dairy, food, and beverage company that operates in Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and the United States. Its products include beverages, milk, baby food, desserts, cheeses, cream and butter, and finesse products. The company was founded in 1945 and is based in Bogotá, Colombia. The company is the third largest dairy producing company in Colombia with sales over US$700 million and with operations in Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela. History In 1945, Max Bazinger and Walter Goggel, two Swiss men arrived in Colombia with the idea of creating a company. They began searching for areas with rich milk collection and when they encountered Sopó valley, they were fascinated by its similarity to the Swiss landscape. At the time, they bought 500 bottles of milk and with them, they manually produced their dairy products. After obtaining a bank loan, they acquired 11 acres of land to build their first factory. Angelica Cortes worked there before she moved to the United States. In December 2021, Alpina acquired 70% of Clover Sonoma. Cabaña Alpina is Located next to Alpina's main Plant See also Hugo Goeggel References ^ a b "Asociados : Alpina". Cecodes. Archived from the original on 2014-04-19. Retrieved 2014-04-18. ^ "Alpina Colombia \| Recetas, Nutrición y Derivados Lácteos". Alpina.com.co. 2013-07-18. Retrieved 2014-04-18. ^ "Alpina Productos Alimenticios S.A.: Private Company Information - Businessweek". Investing.businessweek.com. Archived from the original on September 26, 2012. Retrieved 2014-04-18. ^ External links Alpina Productos Alimenticios Superfinanciera Colombia: Alpina Productos Alimenticios S.A. Authority control databases MusicBrainz label	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"million","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Alpina Productos Alimenticios S.A. BIC is a Colombian dairy, food, and beverage company that operates in Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and the United States. Its products include beverages, milk, baby food, desserts, cheeses, cream and butter, and finesse products. The company was founded in 1945 and is based in Bogotá, Colombia.[3] The company is the third largest dairy producing company in Colombia with sales over US$700 million and with operations in Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela.[4]","title":"Alpina Productos Alimenticios"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Max Bazinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Bazinger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Walter Goggel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Goggel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_people"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Sopó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sop%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Angelica Cortes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angelica_Cortes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clover Sonoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clover_Sonoma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_caba%C3%B1a_de_Alpina.jpg"}],"text":"In 1945, Max Bazinger and Walter Goggel, two Swiss men arrived in Colombia with the idea of creating a company.They began searching for areas with rich milk collection and when they encountered Sopó valley, they were fascinated by its similarity to the Swiss landscape. At the time, they bought 500 bottles of milk and with them, they manually produced their dairy products.After obtaining a bank loan, they acquired 11 acres of land to build their first factory.Angelica Cortes worked there before she moved to the United States.In December 2021, Alpina acquired 70% of Clover Sonoma.Cabaña Alpina is Located next to Alpina's main Plant","title":"History"}]	[]	[{"title":"Hugo Goeggel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Goeggel"}]	[{"reference":"\"Asociados : Alpina\". Cecodes. Archived from the original on 2014-04-19. Retrieved 2014-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140419020807/http://www.cecodes.org.co/beneficios/43-alpina.html?462d7c505a2b638500048895a22713d9=9b88926273b57c9986e751aa8970c691","url_text":"\"Asociados : Alpina\""},{"url":"http://www.cecodes.org.co/beneficios/43-alpina.html?462d7c505a2b638500048895a22713d9=9b88926273b57c9986e751aa8970c691","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alpina Colombia \| Recetas, Nutrición y Derivados Lácteos\". Alpina.com.co. 2013-07-18. Retrieved 2014-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alpina.com.co/","url_text":"\"Alpina Colombia \| Recetas, Nutrición y Derivados Lácteos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alpina Productos Alimenticios S.A.: Private Company Information - Businessweek\". Investing.businessweek.com. Archived from the original on September 26, 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Gray	Molly Gray	["1 Early life and education","2 Early career","3 Political career","3.1 2020 Vermont elections","3.2 Lieutenant governor","4 U.S. House campaign","5 Electoral history","6 Continued career","7 Personal life","8 References","9 External links"]	American politician (born 1984) Molly GrayGray in 202083rd Lieutenant Governor of VermontIn officeJanuary 7, 2021 – January 5, 2023GovernorPhil ScottPreceded byDavid ZuckermanSucceeded byDavid Zuckerman Personal detailsBornMolly Rose Gray (1984-03-18) March 18, 1984 (age 40)Newbury, Vermont, U.S.Political partyDemocraticSpouse Michael Palm (m. 2021)Children1RelativesBob Gray (father)William B. Gray (uncle)EducationUniversity of Vermont (BA)Vermont Law School (JD)Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (LLM) Molly Rose Gray (born March 18, 1984) is an American attorney and politician who served as the 83rd lieutenant governor of Vermont from 2021 to 2023. A member of the Democratic Party, she was an assistant attorney general for Vermont from 2018 to 2021. A native of Newbury, Vermont, Gray graduated from the University of Vermont (BA, 2006), Vermont Law School (JD, 2014), and the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (LLM, 2016). While in college, she interned in U.S. Senator Patrick Leahy's Burlington office. She was active in Peter Welch's successful 2006 U.S. House campaign, then joined his staff after he took office in 2007. Gray subsequently worked on human rights issues for the International Committee of the Red Cross. After law school, she worked for the International Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers, an organization created to monitor the human rights compliance of private security contractors. In August 2018, Gray was appointed an assistant attorney general in the Vermont Attorney General's Criminal Division. She also taught at Vermont Law School, where her courses centered primarily on international human rights law. In early 2020, Gray announced her candidacy for lieutenant governor. In the August primary, she defeated better-known state senators Tim Ashe and Debbie Ingram for the Democratic nomination. In the November general election, she defeated Republican nominee Scott Milne 51.3% to 44.2%, becoming the first Democrat to hold the office since Doug Racine left office in 2003. In 2022, Gray ran for the U.S. House of Representatives, seeking to represent Vermont's at-large congressional district. She lost the Democratic primary election to Becca Balint. Early life and education Gray was born in Newbury, Vermont, on March 18, 1984. Her father, Bob Gray, competed in the 1968 Winter Olympics and 1972 Winter Olympics as a cross-country skier. Her mother, Kim Mumford, was an alpine skier who was prevented by injury from qualifying for the Olympics. Her uncle, William B. Gray, was the United States Attorney for Vermont. Bob and Kim Gray raised Molly and her two siblings on a 225-acre (91 ha) vegetable and dairy farm in Newbury. The farm is still owned and operated by the Gray family. Gray attended the schools of Newbury and Bradford's Oxbow High School, and graduated from Stratton Mountain School in 2002. She studied at the University of Vermont (UVM) on an athletic scholarship and competed for the Vermont Catamounts in cross-country skiing. Gray earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in area and international studies from UVM in 2006 and a Juris Doctor from Vermont Law School (VLS) in 2014. While at VLS, Gray served as symposium editor for the Vermont Journal of Environmental Law. She also co-chaired the VLS International Law Society. She earned a Master of Laws in international law from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in 2016. Early career While in college, Gray served as an intern in Patrick Leahy's Vermont office. She then worked on Peter Welch's 2006 campaign for the U.S. House of Representatives, and became a member of his Congressional staff after he was elected. She later worked for the International Committee of the Red Cross, where she engaged the U.S. government on humanitarian issues and led field missions to Haiti, Uganda, Georgia, the Western Balkans, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Gray graduated from Vermont Law School in 2014 and worked as a law clerk for Judge Peter W. Hall of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. In August 2018, state Attorney General T. J. Donovan hired her as an assistant attorney general in the Criminal Division. Gray has taught courses at Vermont Law School, with her instruction focused on international human rights law. Political career 2020 Vermont elections Main article: 2020 Vermont elections § Lieutenant Governor Gray announced her campaign for lieutenant governor in early 2020. She defeated Tim Ashe and Debbie Ingram in the Democratic primary on August 11, 2020. Gray faced Republican businessman Scott Milne in the November 3 general election. One major campaign issue was whether Gray met the four-year residency requirement the state constitution mandates for the lieutenant governor; most legal and political observers agreed that she did. A related issue was that Gray had not voted between 2008 and 2018. Milne also admitted to not having voted in some elections, but characterized himself as a consistent voter and Gray as an inconsistent one. Gray won the election with 51.3% of the vote. Lieutenant governor Gray took office in January 2021, becoming the fourth woman to serve as Vermont's lieutenant governor and the first Democrat to hold the office in 18 years. Within months of taking office, she hired a nearly full-time political staffer. While Gray had a chief of staff in the lieutenant governor's office to aid with official duties, she said she had also hired a full-time political assistant to aid her in keeping "a clear distinction between official work and political things that may come up from time to time". Some Vermont political observers suggested Gray was a likely candidate for the U.S. Senate or U.S. House. Gray discounted such speculation, saying she was focused on her work as lieutenant governor. As lieutenant governor, Gray virtually hosted classrooms at the Vermont State House so schoolchildren could experience being "lieutenant governor for a day". Through her "Seat at the Table" meeting series, she met with local leaders to discuss issues facing Vermont, from equity in access to health care and broadband to women's economic well-being and how to tackle climate change. She toured the state throughout 2021, visiting all 14 counties for her "Recover Stronger" initiative. U.S. House campaign In December 2021, Gray announced her candidacy for Vermont's at-large congressional district in the United States House of Representatives in 2022. The seat was held by Peter Welch, who in November announced his candidacy for the United States Senate seat of Patrick Leahy, who was not seeking reelection in 2022. Gray was endorsed by former Vermont Governors Madeleine Kunin and Howard Dean, as well as Marcelle Leahy, Senator Leahy's wife. Leahy declined to formally endorse Gray, but indicated that he had voted for her. Gray was both praised and criticized for announcing her run for Congress less than a year after taking her first public office. She lost the Democratic primary to Becca Balint, the president pro tempore of the Vermont Senate, 59.6% to 36.4%. Electoral history 2020 Democratic primary, Vermont Lieutenant Governor Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Molly Gray 47,636 46.0 Democratic Tim Ashe 35,954 34.7 Democratic Brenda Siegel 9,945 9.6 Democratic Debbie Ingram 9,466 9.1 Write-in Write-ins 568 0.5 Total votes 103,645 100.0 2020 general election, Vermont Lieutenant Governor Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Molly Gray 182,820 51.3 Republican Scott Milne 157,065 44.1 Progressive Cris Ericson 7,862 2.2 Independent Wayne Billado III 5,101 1.4 Stop the F35s Ralph Corbo 2,289 0.6 Write-in Write-ins 1,097 0.3 Total votes 356,234 100.0 2022 Democratic primary, United States House of Representatives Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Becca Balint 61,025 60.6% Democratic Molly Gray 37,266 37.0% Democratic Louis Meyers 1,593 1.6% Democratic Sianay Chase Clifford (withdrawn) 885 0.9% Total votes 100,769 100.0% Continued career In March 2023, Gray joined the board of trustees of the Institute of International Education's Scholar Rescue Fund. In May 2023, the Vermont Afghan Alliance, a Burlington-based nonprofit that supports Afghans who are resettling in the state, announced that Gray would serve as its interim executive director. In this short-term role, Gray expected to be responsible for implementing a budget, fundraising, staffing, and decisions about which programs would be offered. In the long term, the organization's founders anticipate it will be led by Afghans who have settled in Vermont. Personal life On August 29, 2021, Gray announced that she had married airline pilot Michael David Palm. According to Gray, they met in Burlington after being introduced by mutual friends. The wedding took place at the Gray family farm in Newbury. On July 18, 2023, Gray announced that their son, Jack Francis Palm, had been born on July 15. References ^ a b Morin, Meredith, ed. (Winter 2013). "Alumni News: 2002; Molly Gray". Starting Gate. Stratton, VT: Stratton Mountain School. p. 22 – via Issuu.com. ^ a b c Smith, Nicola (July 6, 2018). "Newbury's 4 Corners Farm Undertakes the Tricky Transfer Between Generations". Valley News. West Lebanon, NH. ^ Gray, Charlie (March 18, 2020). "A call to service on Molly's Birthday". News About Molly Gray's Campaign. Burlington, VT: Molly Gray for Vermont. Today is my sister Molly's birthday. ... I invite you to join me in recognizing Molly's 36th birthday with an act of service today. ^ a b c Therrien, Jim (March 9, 2020). "Molly Gray brings campaign for lieutenant governor to county \| The Bennington Banner \| Bennington Breaking News, Sports, Weather, Traffic". The Bennington Banner. Retrieved November 18, 2020. ^ a b c Flanders, Colin. "Newcomer Molly Gray's LG Bid Has Gained a Lot of Traction. How?". Seven Days. Burlington, VT. Retrieved August 15, 2020. ^ "Spotlight: Molly Gray". Stratton Magazine. Manchester Center, VT: Old Mill Road Media LLC. February 1, 2021. ^ a b Flanders, Colin (February 27, 2020). "Molly Gray Kicks Off Campaign for Lieutenant Governor \| Off Message". Sevendaysvt.com. Retrieved August 15, 2020. ^ a b "Molly Gray JD'14 \| Vermont Law School". www.vermontlaw.edu. Retrieved November 4, 2020. ^ Remmel, Emily, ed. (Spring 2014). "Front Matter". Vermont Journal of Environmental Law. 15 (4): 4 – via JSTOR. ^ Sala, Richard K.; Gray, Molly. "Reaching Critical Mass: An Introduction From the Hosts of the 2013 Solutions Conference" (PDF). Vermont Law Review. 38 (1). South Royalton, VT: Vermont Law School: 1. ^ a b c "Molly Gray touts global experience, Vermont roots, in run for lieutenant governor". VTDigger. July 21, 2020. ^ Kahrs, Lee J. (May 7, 2020). "Assistant AG runs for lieutenant governor". Addison County Independent. Middlebury, VT. ^ Keays, Alan J. (March 11, 2021). "Peter Hall, lone Vermont judge on federal appeals court, dies at 72". VT Digger. Montpelier, VT. ^ "Molly Gray and Scott Milne to face off for lieutenant governor". VTDigger. August 11, 2020. Retrieved December 20, 2020. ^ Norton, Kit (November 3, 2020). "Newcomer Molly Gray defeats Scott Milne in lieutenant governor's race". VT Digger. Montpelier, VT. ^ Meyn, Colin (July 10, 2020). "Molly Gray confident her 15 months in Switzerland OK despite 'residency' requirement". VT Digger. Montpelier, VT. ^ a b Flanders, Colin (September 25, 2020). "In LG Race, Gray and Milne Clash Over Their Voting Records". Seven Days. ^ a b Meyn, Colin (September 29, 2020). "Fact-check: Molly Gray's claim she voted for Hillary Clinton in 2016 is false". VTDigger. ^ "VT lieutenant governor results: Molly Gray beats Scott Milne". The Burlington Free Press. November 4, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2020. ^ "Meet Molly Gray". Molly Gray for Vermont. Retrieved April 13, 2021. ^ a b c d Gram, Dave (March 17, 2021). "Team Molly: Lt. Gov. Gray Hires a Political Staffer to Stay 'Connected'". Seven Days. ^ "Lt. Governor Molly Gray launches 'Lt. Governor for a Day' program". VT Digger. Montpelier, VT. February 10, 2021. ^ "Lt. Governor Molly Gray to host 'Seat at the Table' on equity in public health". VT Digger. Montpelier, VT. February 17, 2021. ^ Gray, Molly (June 10, 2021). "Commentary: Lt. Gov. Molly Gray; To recover stronger, we have to listen to Vermonters". VT Digger. Montpelier, VT. ^ Sukiennik, Greg (December 6, 2021). "Lt. Gov. Molly Gray announces bid for the U.S. House". Bennington Banner. Bennington, VT. Last month, she released the results of her "Recover Stronger" listening tour, in which she crisscrossed the state talking to residents about what Vermont needs to rebound from the COVID-19 pandemic. That report identified workforce development, housing, child care, paid family and medical leave, mental health and internet and cellular service as priorities, based upon meetings in 29 communities in all 14 counties. ^ Mearhoff, Sarah (December 6, 2021). "Vermont Lt. Gov. Molly Gray launches campaign for U.S. House". VT Digger. Montpelier, VT. ^ Ring, Wilson; Rathke, Lisa (November 22, 2021). "Vermont Democratic U.S. Rep. Peter Welch to seek Senate seat after Leahy retirement". USA Today. McLean, VA. Associated Press. ^ Epp, Henry (November 15, 2021). "Vermont's Patrick Leahy says he will retire from the U.S. Senate". NPR.org. Washington, DC: National Public Radio. ^ "Endorsements - Molly Gray for Vermont". August 12, 2022. Archived from the original on August 12, 2022. Retrieved August 12, 2022. ^ Goldstein, Sasha. "Leahy Says He Voted for Molly Gray in U.S. House Primary". Seven Days. Retrieved August 12, 2022. ^ Conant, Christopher (December 29, 2021). "Letters to the Editor (12/29/21): Gray's Day". Seven Days. Gray has earned the right to represent Vermonters in Washington, even with only a year of political experience under her belt. ^ Bear, Euan (December 29, 2021). "Letters to the Editor (12/29/21): Questions for Molly Gray". Seven Days. n not even a year in office, you have yet to show me any accomplishments or achievements. ^ "Election Results". sos.vermont.gov. Retrieved January 8, 2023. ^ "Biography, Molly Gray". IIE Scholar Rescue Fund. New York, NY: Institute of International Education. March 24, 2023. Retrieved April 21, 2023. ^ a b c Crowley, Patrick (May 16, 2023). "Molly Gray will lead Vermont Afghan Alliance". VT Digger. Montpelier, VT. ^ a b c "Vermont's lieutenant governor ties the knot". WCAX-TV. Burlington, VT. Associated Press. August 29, 2021. ^ Gray, Molly (July 18, 2023). "Mike and I are thrilled to share the news of the arrival of our son, Jack Francis Palm, who joined us Saturday, July 15". Twitter.com. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Molly Gray. Molly Gray for Congress campaign website Profile at Vote Smart Political offices Preceded byDavid Zuckerman Lieutenant Governor of Vermont 2021–2023 Succeeded byDavid Zuckerman vteLieutenant governors of VermontVermont Republic (1777–1791) Marsh Carpenter Payne Spooner Marsh Olcott State of Vermont(since 1791) Hunt Brigham Chamberlain Brigham Cahoon Leland Olin Richards Egerton Jennison Camp Ranney Eaton Sargeant Pierpoint Converse Kittredge Kidder Fletcher Slade Martin Underwood Dillingham Gardner Thomas Hendee Dale Taft Hinckley R. Proctor Colton Barstow Pingree Ormsbee Fuller Woodbury Fletcher Stranahan Mansur Fisk Bates Allen Stanton Stearns Prouty Mead Slack Howe Darling Hulburd Stone A. Foote Billings Farnsworth Jackson Wilson Williams C. Smith Aiken Wills M. Proctor Emerson Arthur Johnson Bailey Stafford Babcock R. Foote Daley Hayes Burgess Burns Buckley Kunin P. Smith Dean Snelling Racine Dubie Scott Zuckerman Gray Zuckerman Italics indicate acting governor	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lieutenant governor of Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Newbury, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbury_(town),_Vermont"},{"link_name":"University of Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vermont"},{"link_name":"BA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Vermont Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Law_School"},{"link_name":"JD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_Institute_of_International_and_Development_Studies"},{"link_name":"LLM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"Patrick Leahy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Leahy"},{"link_name":"Burlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Peter Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Welch"},{"link_name":"International Committee of the Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"International Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Code_of_Conduct_for_Private_Security_Service_Providers"},{"link_name":"Vermont Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"Vermont Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Tim Ashe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Ashe"},{"link_name":"Debbie Ingram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Ingram"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Scott Milne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Milne"},{"link_name":"Doug Racine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Racine"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Vermont"},{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Vermont's at-large congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont%27s_at-large_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Becca Balint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becca_Balint"}],"text":"Molly Rose Gray (born March 18, 1984) is an American attorney and politician who served as the 83rd lieutenant governor of Vermont from 2021 to 2023. A member of the Democratic Party, she was an assistant attorney general for Vermont from 2018 to 2021.A native of Newbury, Vermont, Gray graduated from the University of Vermont (BA, 2006), Vermont Law School (JD, 2014), and the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (LLM, 2016). While in college, she interned in U.S. Senator Patrick Leahy's Burlington office. She was active in Peter Welch's successful 2006 U.S. House campaign, then joined his staff after he took office in 2007. Gray subsequently worked on human rights issues for the International Committee of the Red Cross. After law school, she worked for the International Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers, an organization created to monitor the human rights compliance of private security contractors.In August 2018, Gray was appointed an assistant attorney general in the Vermont Attorney General's Criminal Division. She also taught at Vermont Law School, where her courses centered primarily on international human rights law. In early 2020, Gray announced her candidacy for lieutenant governor. In the August primary, she defeated better-known state senators Tim Ashe and Debbie Ingram for the Democratic nomination. In the November general election, she defeated Republican nominee Scott Milne 51.3% to 44.2%, becoming the first Democrat to hold the office since Doug Racine left office in 2003.In 2022, Gray ran for the U.S. House of Representatives, seeking to represent Vermont's at-large congressional district. She lost the Democratic primary election to Becca Balint.","title":"Molly Gray"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newbury, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbury_(town),_Vermont"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gate-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fourcorners3-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bob Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Gray_(cross-country_skier)"},{"link_name":"1968 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1972 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"cross-country skier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bennington3-4"},{"link_name":"alpine skier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skier"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bennington3-4"},{"link_name":"William B. Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Gray"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Vermont#U.S._Attorneys"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newcomer2-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fourcorners3-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fourcorners3-2"},{"link_name":"Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Stratton Mountain School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratton_Mountain_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gate-1"},{"link_name":"University of Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Vermont Catamounts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Catamounts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bennington3-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kicksoff2-7"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_studies"},{"link_name":"international studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_studies"},{"link_name":"Juris Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Vermont Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Law_School"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VLS-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Master of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"international law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law"},{"link_name":"Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_Institute_of_International_and_Development_Studies"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-global3-11"}],"text":"Gray was born in Newbury, Vermont, on March 18, 1984.[1][2][3] Her father, Bob Gray, competed in the 1968 Winter Olympics and 1972 Winter Olympics as a cross-country skier.[4] Her mother, Kim Mumford, was an alpine skier who was prevented by injury from qualifying for the Olympics.[4] Her uncle, William B. Gray, was the United States Attorney for Vermont.[5] Bob and Kim Gray raised Molly and her two siblings on a 225-acre (91 ha) vegetable and dairy farm in Newbury.[2] The farm is still owned and operated by the Gray family.[2]Gray attended the schools of Newbury and Bradford's Oxbow High School,[6] and graduated from Stratton Mountain School in 2002.[1] She studied at the University of Vermont (UVM) on an athletic scholarship and competed for the Vermont Catamounts in cross-country skiing.[4][7] Gray earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in area and international studies from UVM in 2006 and a Juris Doctor from Vermont Law School (VLS) in 2014.[8] While at VLS, Gray served as symposium editor for the Vermont Journal of Environmental Law.[9] She also co-chaired the VLS International Law Society.[10] She earned a Master of Laws in international law from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in 2016.[11]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"intern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intern"},{"link_name":"Patrick Leahy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Leahy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newcomer2-5"},{"link_name":"Peter Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Welch"},{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newcomer2-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kicksoff2-7"},{"link_name":"International Committee of the Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Western Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans#Western_Balkans"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Vermont Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Law_School"},{"link_name":"law clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_clerk"},{"link_name":"Peter W. Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_W._Hall"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"T. J. Donovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._J._Donovan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-global3-11"},{"link_name":"Vermont Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Law_School"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VLS-8"}],"text":"While in college, Gray served as an intern in Patrick Leahy's Vermont office.[5] She then worked on Peter Welch's 2006 campaign for the U.S. House of Representatives, and became a member of his Congressional staff after he was elected.[5][7] She later worked for the International Committee of the Red Cross, where she engaged the U.S. government on humanitarian issues and led field missions to Haiti, Uganda, Georgia, the Western Balkans, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[12]Gray graduated from Vermont Law School in 2014 and worked as a law clerk for Judge Peter W. Hall of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.[13] In August 2018, state Attorney General T. J. Donovan hired her as an assistant attorney general in the Criminal Division.[11] Gray has taught courses at Vermont Law School, with her instruction focused on international human rights law.[8]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-global3-11"},{"link_name":"Tim Ashe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Ashe"},{"link_name":"Debbie Ingram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Ingram"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Scott Milne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Milne"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NortonNov3-15"},{"link_name":"state constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Vermont"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flanders-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyn-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flanders-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyn-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"2020 Vermont elections","text":"Gray announced her campaign for lieutenant governor in early 2020.[11] She defeated Tim Ashe and Debbie Ingram in the Democratic primary on August 11, 2020.[14] Gray faced Republican businessman Scott Milne in the November 3 general election.[15] One major campaign issue was whether Gray met the four-year residency requirement the state constitution mandates for the lieutenant governor; most legal and political observers agreed that she did.[16] A related issue was that Gray had not voted between 2008 and 2018.[17][18] Milne also admitted to not having voted in some elections, but characterized himself as a consistent voter and Gray as an inconsistent one.[17][18] Gray won the election with 51.3% of the vote.[19]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Gray#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gram-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gram-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gram-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gram-21"},{"link_name":"Vermont State House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_State_House"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Day-22"},{"link_name":"health care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care"},{"link_name":"broadband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Lieutenant governor","text":"Gray took office in January 2021, becoming the fourth woman to serve as Vermont's lieutenant governor[20] and the first Democrat to hold the office in 18 years.[1] Within months of taking office, she hired a nearly full-time political staffer.[21] While Gray had a chief of staff in the lieutenant governor's office to aid with official duties, she said she had also hired a full-time political assistant to aid her in keeping \"a clear distinction between official work and political things that may come up from time to time\".[21] Some Vermont political observers suggested Gray was a likely candidate for the U.S. Senate or U.S. House.[21] Gray discounted such speculation, saying she was focused on her work as lieutenant governor.[21]As lieutenant governor, Gray virtually hosted classrooms at the Vermont State House so schoolchildren could experience being \"lieutenant governor for a day\".[22] Through her \"Seat at the Table\" meeting series, she met with local leaders to discuss issues facing Vermont, from equity in access to health care and broadband to women's economic well-being and how to tackle climate change.[23] She toured the state throughout 2021, visiting all 14 counties for her \"Recover Stronger\" initiative.[24][25]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"candidacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Vermont's at-large congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont%27s_at-large_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Peter Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Welch"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Patrick Leahy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Leahy"},{"link_name":"in 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Madeleine Kunin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Kunin"},{"link_name":"Howard Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Becca Balint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becca_Balint"},{"link_name":"president pro tempore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_pro_tempore"},{"link_name":"Vermont Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Senate"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"In December 2021, Gray announced her candidacy for Vermont's at-large congressional district in the United States House of Representatives in 2022.[26] The seat was held by Peter Welch, who in November announced his candidacy for the United States Senate seat of Patrick Leahy, who was not seeking reelection in 2022.[27][28] Gray was endorsed by former Vermont Governors Madeleine Kunin and Howard Dean, as well as Marcelle Leahy, Senator Leahy's wife.[29] Leahy declined to formally endorse Gray, but indicated that he had voted for her.[30]Gray was both praised and criticized for announcing her run for Congress less than a year after taking her first public office.[31][32] She lost the Democratic primary to Becca Balint, the president pro tempore of the Vermont Senate, 59.6% to 36.4%.[33]","title":"U.S. House campaign"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electoral history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Institute of International Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_International_Education"},{"link_name":"Scholar Rescue Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholar_Rescue_Fund"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crowley-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crowley-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crowley-35"}],"text":"In March 2023, Gray joined the board of trustees of the Institute of International Education's Scholar Rescue Fund.[34]In May 2023, the Vermont Afghan Alliance, a Burlington-based nonprofit that supports Afghans who are resettling in the state, announced that Gray would serve as its interim executive director.[35] In this short-term role, Gray expected to be responsible for implementing a budget, fundraising, staffing, and decisions about which programs would be offered.[35] In the long term, the organization's founders anticipate it will be led by Afghans who have settled in Vermont.[35]","title":"Continued career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knot-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knot-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knot-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"On August 29, 2021, Gray announced that she had married airline pilot Michael David Palm.[36] According to Gray, they met in Burlington after being introduced by mutual friends.[36] The wedding took place at the Gray family farm in Newbury.[36] On July 18, 2023, Gray announced that their son, Jack Francis Palm, had been born on July 15.[37]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Morin, Meredith, ed. (Winter 2013). \"Alumni News: 2002; Molly Gray\". Starting Gate. Stratton, VT: Stratton Mountain School. p. 22 – via Issuu.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/strattonmountainschool/docs/startinggate_2013/22","url_text":"\"Alumni News: 2002; Molly Gray\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Nicola (July 6, 2018). \"Newbury's 4 Corners Farm Undertakes the Tricky Transfer Between Generations\". Valley News. West Lebanon, NH.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vnews.com/4-Corners-Farm-Celebrates-40-years-18571683","url_text":"\"Newbury's 4 Corners Farm Undertakes the Tricky Transfer Between Generations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_News","url_text":"Valley News"}]},{"reference":"Gray, Charlie (March 18, 2020). \"A call to service on Molly's Birthday\". News About Molly Gray's Campaign. Burlington, VT: Molly Gray for Vermont. Today is my sister Molly's birthday. ... I invite you to join me in recognizing Molly's 36th birthday with an act of service today.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mollyforvermont.com/news","url_text":"\"A call to service on Molly's Birthday\""}]},{"reference":"Therrien, Jim (March 9, 2020). \"Molly Gray brings campaign for lieutenant governor to county \| The Bennington Banner \| Bennington Breaking News, Sports, Weather, Traffic\". The Bennington Banner. Retrieved November 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.benningtonbanner.com/uncategorized/molly-gray-brings-campaign-for-lieutenant-governor-to-county/article_9587e16a-ded7-56e2-b913-75161a67386d.html","url_text":"\"Molly Gray brings campaign for lieutenant governor to county \| The Bennington Banner \| Bennington Breaking News, Sports, Weather, Traffic\""}]},{"reference":"Flanders, Colin. \"Newcomer Molly Gray's LG Bid Has Gained a Lot of Traction. How?\". Seven Days. Burlington, VT. Retrieved August 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/newcomer-molly-grays-lg-bid-has-gained-a-lot-of-traction-how/Content?oid=30889122","url_text":"\"Newcomer Molly Gray's LG Bid Has Gained a Lot of Traction. How?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Days_(newspaper)","url_text":"Seven Days"}]},{"reference":"\"Spotlight: Molly Gray\". Stratton Magazine. Manchester Center, VT: Old Mill Road Media LLC. February 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://strattonmagazine.com/features-and-stories/spotlight-molly-gray/","url_text":"\"Spotlight: Molly Gray\""}]},{"reference":"Flanders, Colin (February 27, 2020). \"Molly Gray Kicks Off Campaign for Lieutenant Governor \| Off Message\". Sevendaysvt.com. Retrieved August 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sevendaysvt.com/OffMessage/archives/2020/02/27/molly-gray-kicks-off-campaign-for-lieutenant-governor","url_text":"\"Molly Gray Kicks Off Campaign for Lieutenant Governor \| Off Message\""}]},{"reference":"\"Molly Gray JD'14 \| Vermont Law School\". www.vermontlaw.edu. Retrieved November 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vermontlaw.edu/directory/person/gray-molly","url_text":"\"Molly Gray JD'14 \| Vermont Law School\""}]},{"reference":"Remmel, Emily, ed. (Spring 2014). \"Front Matter\". Vermont Journal of Environmental Law. 15 (4): 4 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/vermjenvilaw.15.4.fm","url_text":"\"Front Matter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR","url_text":"JSTOR"}]},{"reference":"Sala, Richard K.; Gray, Molly. \"Reaching Critical Mass: An Introduction From the Hosts of the 2013 Solutions Conference\" (PDF). Vermont Law Review. 38 (1). South Royalton, VT: Vermont Law School: 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://lawreview.vermontlaw.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/02-Introduction2.pdf","url_text":"\"Reaching Critical Mass: An Introduction From the Hosts of the 2013 Solutions Conference\""}]},{"reference":"\"Molly Gray touts global experience, Vermont roots, in run for lieutenant governor\". VTDigger. July 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://vtdigger.org/2020/07/21/molly-gray-lieutenant-governor-vermont/","url_text":"\"Molly Gray touts global experience, Vermont roots, in run for lieutenant governor\""}]},{"reference":"Kahrs, Lee J. (May 7, 2020). \"Assistant AG runs for lieutenant governor\". Addison County Independent. Middlebury, VT.","urls":[{"url":"https://addisonindependent.com/news/assistant-ag-runs-lieutenant-governor","url_text":"\"Assistant AG runs for lieutenant governor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison_County_Independent","url_text":"Addison County Independent"}]},{"reference":"Keays, Alan J. (March 11, 2021). \"Peter Hall, lone Vermont judge on federal appeals court, dies at 72\". VT Digger. Montpelier, VT.","urls":[{"url":"https://vtdigger.org/2021/03/11/peter-hall-lone-vermont-judge-on-federal-appeals-court-dies-at-72/","url_text":"\"Peter Hall, lone Vermont judge on federal appeals court, dies at 72\""}]},{"reference":"\"Molly Gray and Scott Milne to face off for lieutenant governor\". VTDigger. August 11, 2020. Retrieved December 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://vtdigger.org/2020/08/11/molly-gray-and-scott-milne-to-face-off-for-lieutenant-governor/","url_text":"\"Molly Gray and Scott Milne to face off for lieutenant governor\""}]},{"reference":"Norton, Kit (November 3, 2020). \"Newcomer Molly Gray defeats Scott Milne in lieutenant governor's race\". VT Digger. Montpelier, VT.","urls":[{"url":"https://vtdigger.org/2020/11/03/newcomer-molly-gray-defeats-scott-milne-in-lieutenant-governors-race/","url_text":"\"Newcomer Molly Gray defeats Scott Milne in lieutenant governor's race\""}]},{"reference":"Meyn, Colin (July 10, 2020). \"Molly Gray confident her 15 months in Switzerland OK despite 'residency' requirement\". VT Digger. Montpelier, VT.","urls":[{"url":"https://vtdigger.org/2020/07/10/molly-gray-confident-her-15-months-in-switzerland-ok-despite-residency-requirement/","url_text":"\"Molly Gray confident her 15 months in Switzerland OK despite 'residency' requirement\""}]},{"reference":"Flanders, Colin (September 25, 2020). \"In LG Race, Gray and Milne Clash Over Their Voting Records\". Seven Days.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sevendaysvt.com/OffMessage/archives/2020/09/25/in-lg-race-gray-and-milne-clash-over-their-voting-records","url_text":"\"In LG Race, Gray and Milne Clash Over Their Voting Records\""}]},{"reference":"Meyn, Colin (September 29, 2020). \"Fact-check: Molly Gray's claim she voted for Hillary Clinton in 2016 is false\". VTDigger.","urls":[{"url":"https://vtdigger.org/2020/09/29/fact-check-molly-grays-claim-she-voted-for-hillary-clinton-in-2016-is-false/","url_text":"\"Fact-check: Molly Gray's claim she voted for Hillary Clinton in 2016 is false\""}]},{"reference":"\"VT lieutenant governor results: Molly Gray beats Scott Milne\". The Burlington Free Press. November 4, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/news/2020/11/04/vermont-lieutenant-governor-race-democratic-candidate-molly-gray-wins-2020-scott-milne/6158492002/","url_text":"\"VT lieutenant governor results: Molly Gray beats Scott Milne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet Molly Gray\". Molly Gray for Vermont. Retrieved April 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mollyforvermont.com/meet-molly","url_text":"\"Meet Molly Gray\""}]},{"reference":"Gram, Dave (March 17, 2021). \"Team Molly: Lt. Gov. Gray Hires a Political Staffer to Stay 'Connected'\". Seven Days.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/team-molly-lt-gov-gray-hires-a-political-staffer-to-stay-connected/Content?oid=32560951","url_text":"\"Team Molly: Lt. Gov. Gray Hires a Political Staffer to Stay 'Connected'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lt. Governor Molly Gray launches 'Lt. Governor for a Day' program\". VT Digger. Montpelier, VT. February 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://vtdigger.org/press_release/lt-governor-molly-gray-launches-lt-governor-for-a-day-program/","url_text":"\"Lt. Governor Molly Gray launches 'Lt. Governor for a Day' program\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lt. Governor Molly Gray to host 'Seat at the Table' on equity in public health\". VT Digger. Montpelier, VT. February 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://vtdigger.org/press_release/lt-governor-molly-gray-to-host-seat-at-the-table-on-equity-in-public-health/","url_text":"\"Lt. Governor Molly Gray to host 'Seat at the Table' on equity in public health\""}]},{"reference":"Gray, Molly (June 10, 2021). \"Commentary: Lt. Gov. Molly Gray; To recover stronger, we have to listen to Vermonters\". VT Digger. Montpelier, VT.","urls":[{"url":"https://vtdigger.org/2021/06/10/lt-gov-molly-gray-to-recover-stronger-we-have-to-listen-to-vermonters/","url_text":"\"Commentary: Lt. Gov. Molly Gray; To recover stronger, we have to listen to Vermonters\""}]},{"reference":"Sukiennik, Greg (December 6, 2021). \"Lt. Gov. Molly Gray announces bid for the U.S. House\". Bennington Banner. Bennington, VT. Last month, she released the results of her \"Recover Stronger\" listening tour, in which she crisscrossed the state talking to residents about what Vermont needs to rebound from the COVID-19 pandemic. That report identified workforce development, housing, child care, paid family and medical leave, mental health and internet and cellular service as priorities, based upon meetings in 29 communities in all 14 counties.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.benningtonbanner.com/local-news/lt-gov-molly-gray-announces-bid-for-the-u-s-house/article_d1025f08-5685-11ec-be51-577abfcb7207.html","url_text":"\"Lt. Gov. Molly Gray announces bid for the U.S. House\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennington_Banner","url_text":"Bennington Banner"}]},{"reference":"Mearhoff, Sarah (December 6, 2021). \"Vermont Lt. Gov. Molly Gray launches campaign for U.S. House\". VT Digger. Montpelier, VT.","urls":[{"url":"https://vtdigger.org/2021/12/06/vermont-lt-gov-molly-gray-launches-campaign-for-u-s-house/","url_text":"\"Vermont Lt. Gov. Molly Gray launches campaign for U.S. House\""}]},{"reference":"Ring, Wilson; Rathke, Lisa (November 22, 2021). \"Vermont Democratic U.S. Rep. Peter Welch to seek Senate seat after Leahy retirement\". USA Today. McLean, VA. Associated Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/11/22/peter-welch-election-2022-senate-seat-patrick-leahy/8718963002/","url_text":"\"Vermont Democratic U.S. Rep. Peter Welch to seek Senate seat after Leahy retirement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"Epp, Henry (November 15, 2021). \"Vermont's Patrick Leahy says he will retire from the U.S. Senate\". NPR.org. Washington, DC: National Public Radio.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2021/11/15/1055936681/vermonts-patrick-leahy-says-he-will-retire-from-the-u-s-senate","url_text":"\"Vermont's Patrick Leahy says he will retire from the U.S. Senate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Endorsements - Molly Gray for Vermont\". August 12, 2022. Archived from the original on August 12, 2022. Retrieved August 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220812141118/https://mollyforvermont.com/endorsements/","url_text":"\"Endorsements - Molly Gray for Vermont\""},{"url":"https://mollyforvermont.com/endorsements/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Goldstein, Sasha. \"Leahy Says He Voted for Molly Gray in U.S. House Primary\". Seven Days. Retrieved August 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/leahy-says-he-voted-for-molly-gray-in-us-house-primary/Content?oid=36128120","url_text":"\"Leahy Says He Voted for Molly Gray in U.S. House Primary\""}]},{"reference":"Conant, Christopher (December 29, 2021). \"Letters to the Editor (12/29/21): Gray's Day\". Seven Days. Gray has earned the right to represent Vermonters in Washington, even with only a year of political experience under her belt.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/letters-to-the-editor-12-29-21/Content?oid=34546774","url_text":"\"Letters to the Editor (12/29/21): Gray's Day\""}]},{"reference":"Bear, Euan (December 29, 2021). \"Letters to the Editor (12/29/21): Questions for Molly Gray\". Seven Days. [I]n not even a year in office, you have yet to show me any accomplishments or achievements.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/letters-to-the-editor-12-29-21/Content?oid=34546774","url_text":"\"Letters to the Editor (12/29/21): Questions for Molly Gray\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election Results\". sos.vermont.gov. Retrieved January 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sos.vermont.gov/elections/election-info-resources/elections-results-data/","url_text":"\"Election Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biography, Molly Gray\". IIE Scholar Rescue Fund. New York, NY: Institute of International Education. March 24, 2023. Retrieved April 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scholarrescuefund.org/srf_committee/molly-gray/","url_text":"\"Biography, Molly Gray\""}]},{"reference":"Crowley, Patrick (May 16, 2023). \"Molly Gray will lead Vermont Afghan Alliance\". VT Digger. Montpelier, VT.","urls":[{"url":"https://vtdigger.org/2023/05/16/molly-gray-will-lead-vermont-afghan-alliance/","url_text":"\"Molly Gray will lead Vermont Afghan Alliance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vermont's lieutenant governor ties the knot\". WCAX-TV. Burlington, VT. Associated Press. August 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wcax.com/2021/08/29/vermonts-lieutenant-governor-ties-knot/","url_text":"\"Vermont's lieutenant governor ties the knot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"Gray, Molly (July 18, 2023). \"Mike and I are thrilled to share the news of the arrival of our son, Jack Francis Palm, who joined us Saturday, July 15\". Twitter.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/mollyforvermont/status/1681334817185492994","url_text":"\"Mike and I are thrilled to share the news of the arrival of our son, Jack Francis Palm, who joined us Saturday, July 15\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Gray#endnote_a","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://issuu.com/strattonmountainschool/docs/startinggate_2013/22","external_links_name":"\"Alumni News: 2002; Molly Gray\""},{"Link":"https://www.vnews.com/4-Corners-Farm-Celebrates-40-years-18571683","external_links_name":"\"Newbury's 4 Corners Farm Undertakes the Tricky Transfer Between Generations\""},{"Link":"https://www.mollyforvermont.com/news","external_links_name":"\"A call to service on Molly's Birthday\""},{"Link":"https://www.benningtonbanner.com/uncategorized/molly-gray-brings-campaign-for-lieutenant-governor-to-county/article_9587e16a-ded7-56e2-b913-75161a67386d.html","external_links_name":"\"Molly Gray brings campaign for lieutenant governor to county \| The Bennington Banner \| Bennington Breaking News, Sports, Weather, Traffic\""},{"Link":"https://www.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/newcomer-molly-grays-lg-bid-has-gained-a-lot-of-traction-how/Content?oid=30889122","external_links_name":"\"Newcomer Molly Gray's LG Bid Has Gained a Lot of Traction. How?\""},{"Link":"https://strattonmagazine.com/features-and-stories/spotlight-molly-gray/","external_links_name":"\"Spotlight: Molly Gray\""},{"Link":"https://www.sevendaysvt.com/OffMessage/archives/2020/02/27/molly-gray-kicks-off-campaign-for-lieutenant-governor","external_links_name":"\"Molly Gray Kicks Off Campaign for Lieutenant Governor \| Off Message\""},{"Link":"https://www.vermontlaw.edu/directory/person/gray-molly","external_links_name":"\"Molly Gray JD'14 \| Vermont Law School\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/vermjenvilaw.15.4.fm","external_links_name":"\"Front Matter\""},{"Link":"https://lawreview.vermontlaw.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/02-Introduction2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Reaching Critical Mass: An Introduction From the Hosts of the 2013 Solutions Conference\""},{"Link":"https://vtdigger.org/2020/07/21/molly-gray-lieutenant-governor-vermont/","external_links_name":"\"Molly Gray touts global experience, Vermont roots, in run for lieutenant governor\""},{"Link":"https://addisonindependent.com/news/assistant-ag-runs-lieutenant-governor","external_links_name":"\"Assistant AG runs for lieutenant governor\""},{"Link":"https://vtdigger.org/2021/03/11/peter-hall-lone-vermont-judge-on-federal-appeals-court-dies-at-72/","external_links_name":"\"Peter Hall, lone Vermont judge on federal appeals court, dies at 72\""},{"Link":"https://vtdigger.org/2020/08/11/molly-gray-and-scott-milne-to-face-off-for-lieutenant-governor/","external_links_name":"\"Molly Gray and Scott Milne to face off for lieutenant governor\""},{"Link":"https://vtdigger.org/2020/11/03/newcomer-molly-gray-defeats-scott-milne-in-lieutenant-governors-race/","external_links_name":"\"Newcomer Molly Gray defeats Scott Milne in lieutenant governor's race\""},{"Link":"https://vtdigger.org/2020/07/10/molly-gray-confident-her-15-months-in-switzerland-ok-despite-residency-requirement/","external_links_name":"\"Molly Gray confident her 15 months in Switzerland OK despite 'residency' requirement\""},{"Link":"https://www.sevendaysvt.com/OffMessage/archives/2020/09/25/in-lg-race-gray-and-milne-clash-over-their-voting-records","external_links_name":"\"In LG Race, Gray and Milne Clash Over Their Voting Records\""},{"Link":"https://vtdigger.org/2020/09/29/fact-check-molly-grays-claim-she-voted-for-hillary-clinton-in-2016-is-false/","external_links_name":"\"Fact-check: Molly Gray's claim she voted for Hillary Clinton in 2016 is false\""},{"Link":"https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/news/2020/11/04/vermont-lieutenant-governor-race-democratic-candidate-molly-gray-wins-2020-scott-milne/6158492002/","external_links_name":"\"VT lieutenant governor results: Molly Gray beats Scott Milne\""},{"Link":"https://www.mollyforvermont.com/meet-molly","external_links_name":"\"Meet Molly Gray\""},{"Link":"https://www.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/team-molly-lt-gov-gray-hires-a-political-staffer-to-stay-connected/Content?oid=32560951","external_links_name":"\"Team Molly: Lt. Gov. Gray Hires a Political Staffer to Stay 'Connected'\""},{"Link":"https://vtdigger.org/press_release/lt-governor-molly-gray-launches-lt-governor-for-a-day-program/","external_links_name":"\"Lt. Governor Molly Gray launches 'Lt. Governor for a Day' program\""},{"Link":"https://vtdigger.org/press_release/lt-governor-molly-gray-to-host-seat-at-the-table-on-equity-in-public-health/","external_links_name":"\"Lt. Governor Molly Gray to host 'Seat at the Table' on equity in public health\""},{"Link":"https://vtdigger.org/2021/06/10/lt-gov-molly-gray-to-recover-stronger-we-have-to-listen-to-vermonters/","external_links_name":"\"Commentary: Lt. Gov. Molly Gray; To recover stronger, we have to listen to Vermonters\""},{"Link":"https://www.benningtonbanner.com/local-news/lt-gov-molly-gray-announces-bid-for-the-u-s-house/article_d1025f08-5685-11ec-be51-577abfcb7207.html","external_links_name":"\"Lt. Gov. Molly Gray announces bid for the U.S. House\""},{"Link":"https://vtdigger.org/2021/12/06/vermont-lt-gov-molly-gray-launches-campaign-for-u-s-house/","external_links_name":"\"Vermont Lt. Gov. Molly Gray launches campaign for U.S. House\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/11/22/peter-welch-election-2022-senate-seat-patrick-leahy/8718963002/","external_links_name":"\"Vermont Democratic U.S. Rep. Peter Welch to seek Senate seat after Leahy retirement\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2021/11/15/1055936681/vermonts-patrick-leahy-says-he-will-retire-from-the-u-s-senate","external_links_name":"\"Vermont's Patrick Leahy says he will retire from the U.S. Senate\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220812141118/https://mollyforvermont.com/endorsements/","external_links_name":"\"Endorsements - Molly Gray for Vermont\""},{"Link":"https://mollyforvermont.com/endorsements/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/leahy-says-he-voted-for-molly-gray-in-us-house-primary/Content?oid=36128120","external_links_name":"\"Leahy Says He Voted for Molly Gray in U.S. House Primary\""},{"Link":"https://www.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/letters-to-the-editor-12-29-21/Content?oid=34546774","external_links_name":"\"Letters to the Editor (12/29/21): Gray's Day\""},{"Link":"https://www.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/letters-to-the-editor-12-29-21/Content?oid=34546774","external_links_name":"\"Letters to the Editor (12/29/21): Questions for Molly Gray\""},{"Link":"https://sos.vermont.gov/elections/election-info-resources/elections-results-data/","external_links_name":"\"Election Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.scholarrescuefund.org/srf_committee/molly-gray/","external_links_name":"\"Biography, Molly Gray\""},{"Link":"https://vtdigger.org/2023/05/16/molly-gray-will-lead-vermont-afghan-alliance/","external_links_name":"\"Molly Gray will lead Vermont Afghan Alliance\""},{"Link":"https://www.wcax.com/2021/08/29/vermonts-lieutenant-governor-ties-knot/","external_links_name":"\"Vermont's lieutenant governor ties the knot\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/mollyforvermont/status/1681334817185492994","external_links_name":"\"Mike and I are thrilled to share the news of the arrival of our son, Jack Francis Palm, who joined us Saturday, July 15\""},{"Link":"https://mollyforvermont.com/","external_links_name":"Molly Gray for Congress"},{"Link":"https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/192493","external_links_name":"Profile"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A8-Aldesago	Brè-Aldesago	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 46°00′31.68″N 8°58′45.48″E / 46.0088000°N 8.9793000°E / 46.0088000; 8.9793000Quarter in Ticino, SwitzerlandBrè-AldesagoQuarterCountrySwitzerlandCantonTicinoDistrictLuganoCityLuganoArea • Total4.2 km2 (1.6 sq mi)Population (2012-12-31) • Total1,076 • Density260/km2 (660/sq mi) The village of Brè from the east, with Monte Brè behind. Aldesago (and Lugano) are on the other side of Monte Brè. Restaurant near summit of Monte Brè, with view of Lake Lugano Brè-Aldesago is a quarter of the city of Lugano, in the Swiss canton of Ticino. Aerial view by Walter Mittelholzer (1919) It occupies the slopes and summit of Monte Brè, and contains the mountain villages of Brè, to the east of the summit, and Aldesago, to the west. It has an area of 420 hectares (1,000 acres) and, in 2011, it had a population of 1,055. Historically, Brè-Aldesago was an independent municipality, known simply as Brè until 1953. The municipality had 178 inhabitants in 1591, which increased to 244 in 1801, 378 in 1850, 393 in 1900, 400 in 1950 and 411 in 1970. It was incorporated into Lugano in 1972. Brè was first recorded in 1280 as de Bre, and for most of its history has lived by agriculture and livestock. Until 1912, the only access to the village was on foot or by mule, but in that year Brè was reached by a road from Lugano via Aldesago, and the Monte Brè funicular was opened between Lugano and the summit of Monte Brè. Subsequently, Brè-Aldesago has become a resort and residential suburb. The Brè-Aldesago quarter is accessed by a steep and winding road from Lugano. This first climbs to Aldesago village, before crossing the southern slopes of Monte Brè to reach Brè village. A further road ascends from near Brè village to near the summit of Monte Brè. Trasporti Pubblici Luganesi (TPL) bus route 12 operates from Lugano city centre to Brè village via Aldesago village, with one or two buses per hour. The Monte Brè funicular connects the Lugano suburb of Cassarate, itself served by frequent city buses, to the summit of Monte Brè, running every half-hour. The summit of Monte Brè is a significant tourist attraction, with expansive views over Lake Lugano and the Alps, and several restaurants. Brè village is the home of the Wilhelm Schmid Museum, which contains a collection of works by Wilhelm Schmid (1892–1971), together with an artistic trail that includes the works of 20 nationally and internationally acclaimed artists. References ^ a b "Brè-Aldesago" (in Italian). City of Lugano. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19. Retrieved 2012-07-30. ^ "Il quartiere in numeri". Lugano.ch. Archived from the original on 27 April 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013. ^ "I numeri del quartiere di Brè-Aldesago" (in Italian). City of Lugano. Archived from the original on 2012-09-24. Retrieved 2012-07-27. ^ a b "Bre-Aldesago". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in Italian). Retrieved 2012-07-30. ^ "Storia del quartiere di Brè-Aldesago" (in Italian). City of Lugano. Archived from the original on 2012-09-25. Retrieved 2012-07-30. ^ "Orario" (PDF) (in Italian). Trasporti Pubblici Luganesi. 2012-07-22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-09-01. Retrieved 2012-07-30. ^ "Luoghi di interesse Brè-Aldesago" (in Italian). City of Lugano. Archived from the original on 2012-09-24. Retrieved 2012-07-30. ^ "Lugano Monte Brè". Archived from the original on 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2012-07-30. External links Media related to Brè-Aldesago at Wikimedia Commons Site of Lugano Monte Brè Brè-Aldesago pages on City of Lugano web site (in Italian) Brè-Aldesago in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. vteQuarters−Districts of Lugano Barbengo Besso Brè-Aldesago Breganzona Cadro Carabbia Carona Castagnola-Cassarate Cureggia Davesco-Soragno Gandria Loreto Lugano Centro Molino Nuovo Pambio Noranco Pazzallo Pregassona Sonvico Val Colla Viganello Villa Luganese 46°00′31.68″N 8°58′45.48″E / 46.0088000°N 8.9793000°E / 46.0088000; 8.9793000 Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Picswiss_TI-16-12.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Picswiss_TI-16-08.jpg"},{"link_name":"quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter_(country_subdivision)"},{"link_name":"Lugano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugano"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"canton of Ticino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticino"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ETH-BIB-Monte_Br%C3%A9,_Aldesago-Inlandfl%C3%BCge-LBS_MH01-001075.tif"},{"link_name":"Walter Mittelholzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mittelholzer"},{"link_name":"Monte Brè","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Br%C3%A8"},{"link_name":"Brè","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A8"},{"link_name":"Aldesago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldesago"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bre-ald-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-numeri2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-4"},{"link_name":"Brè","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A8"},{"link_name":"Aldesago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldesago"},{"link_name":"Monte Brè funicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Br%C3%A8_funicular"},{"link_name":"Monte Brè","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Br%C3%A8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-storia-5"},{"link_name":"Aldesago village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldesago"},{"link_name":"Monte Brè","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Br%C3%A8"},{"link_name":"Brè village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A8"},{"link_name":"Trasporti Pubblici Luganesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasporti_Pubblici_Luganesi"},{"link_name":"Monte Brè funicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Br%C3%A8_funicular"},{"link_name":"Cassarate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassarate"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tpltt-6"},{"link_name":"Monte Brè","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Br%C3%A8"},{"link_name":"Lake Lugano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Lugano"},{"link_name":"Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"Brè village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A8"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Schmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Schmid_(painter)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-luoghi-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lugmb-8"}],"text":"Quarter in Ticino, SwitzerlandThe village of Brè from the east, with Monte Brè behind. Aldesago (and Lugano) are on the other side of Monte Brè.Restaurant near summit of Monte Brè, with view of Lake LuganoBrè-Aldesago is a quarter of the city of Lugano, in the Swiss canton of Ticino.Aerial view by Walter Mittelholzer (1919)It occupies the slopes and summit of Monte Brè, and contains the mountain villages of Brè, to the east of the summit, and Aldesago, to the west. It has an area of 420 hectares (1,000 acres) and, in 2011, it had a population of 1,055.[1][3]Historically, Brè-Aldesago was an independent municipality, known simply as Brè until 1953. The municipality had 178 inhabitants in 1591, which increased to 244 in 1801, 378 in 1850, 393 in 1900, 400 in 1950 and 411 in 1970. It was incorporated into Lugano in 1972.[4]Brè was first recorded in 1280 as de Bre, and for most of its history has lived by agriculture and livestock. Until 1912, the only access to the village was on foot or by mule, but in that year Brè was reached by a road from Lugano via Aldesago, and the Monte Brè funicular was opened between Lugano and the summit of Monte Brè. Subsequently, Brè-Aldesago has become a resort and residential suburb.[4][5]The Brè-Aldesago quarter is accessed by a steep and winding road from Lugano. This first climbs to Aldesago village, before crossing the southern slopes of Monte Brè to reach Brè village. A further road ascends from near Brè village to near the summit of Monte Brè. Trasporti Pubblici Luganesi (TPL) bus route 12 operates from Lugano city centre to Brè village via Aldesago village, with one or two buses per hour. The Monte Brè funicular connects the Lugano suburb of Cassarate, itself served by frequent city buses, to the summit of Monte Brè, running every half-hour.[6]The summit of Monte Brè is a significant tourist attraction, with expansive views over Lake Lugano and the Alps, and several restaurants. Brè village is the home of the Wilhelm Schmid Museum, which contains a collection of works by Wilhelm Schmid (1892–1971), together with an artistic trail that includes the works of 20 nationally and internationally acclaimed artists.[7][8]","title":"Brè-Aldesago"}]	[{"image_text":"The village of Brè from the east, with Monte Brè behind. 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Retrieved 2012-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120719190315/http://www.lugano.ch/lugano-politica/quartieri/bre-aldesago.html","url_text":"\"Brè-Aldesago\""},{"url":"http://www.lugano.ch/lugano-politica/quartieri/bre-aldesago.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Il quartiere in numeri\". Lugano.ch. Archived from the original on 27 April 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130427101625/http://www.lugano.ch/lugano-politica/quartieri/bre-aldesago/conoscere-il-quartiere/numeri.html","url_text":"\"Il quartiere in numeri\""},{"url":"http://www.lugano.ch/lugano-politica/quartieri/bre-aldesago/conoscere-il-quartiere/numeri.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"I numeri del quartiere di Brè-Aldesago\" [Numbers in Brè-Aldesago] (in Italian). City of Lugano. Archived from the original on 2012-09-24. Retrieved 2012-07-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120924133037/http://www.lugano.ch/lugano-politica/quartieri/bre-aldesago/conoscere-il-quartiere/numeri.html","url_text":"\"I numeri del quartiere di Brè-Aldesago\""},{"url":"http://www.lugano.ch/lugano-politica/quartieri/bre-aldesago/conoscere-il-quartiere/numeri.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bre-Aldesago\". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in Italian). Retrieved 2012-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I3313.php","url_text":"\"Bre-Aldesago\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland"}]},{"reference":"\"Storia del quartiere di Brè-Aldesago\" [History of Brè-Aldesago] (in Italian). City of Lugano. Archived from the original on 2012-09-25. Retrieved 2012-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120925070615/http://www.lugano.ch/lugano-politica/quartieri/bre-aldesago/conoscere-il-quartiere/storia.html","url_text":"\"Storia del quartiere di Brè-Aldesago\""},{"url":"http://www.lugano.ch/lugano-politica/quartieri/bre-aldesago/conoscere-il-quartiere/storia.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Orario\" [Timetable] (PDF) (in Italian). Trasporti Pubblici Luganesi. 2012-07-22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-09-01. Retrieved 2012-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tplsa.ch/repository/pdf/TPL_ORARIO_CORSE_2012.pdf","url_text":"\"Orario\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120901034757/http://www.tplsa.ch/repository/pdf/TPL_ORARIO_CORSE_2012.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Luoghi di interesse Brè-Aldesago\" [Places of interest in Brè-Aldesago] (in Italian). City of Lugano. Archived from the original on 2012-09-24. Retrieved 2012-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120924133026/http://www.lugano.ch/lugano-politica/quartieri/bre-aldesago/vivere-il-quartiere/luoghi-interesse.html","url_text":"\"Luoghi di interesse Brè-Aldesago\""},{"url":"http://www.lugano.ch/lugano-politica/quartieri/bre-aldesago/vivere-il-quartiere/luoghi-interesse.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lugano Monte Brè\". Archived from the original on 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2012-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120402164137/http://www.lugano-montebre.ch/en/home.html","url_text":"\"Lugano Monte Brè\""},{"url":"http://lugano-montebre.ch/en/home.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Br%C3%A8-Aldesago&params=46_00_31.68_N_8_58_45.48_E_type:city_region:CH-TI_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"46°00′31.68″N 8°58′45.48″E / 46.0088000°N 8.9793000°E / 46.0088000; 8.9793000"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120719190315/http://www.lugano.ch/lugano-politica/quartieri/bre-aldesago.html","external_links_name":"\"Brè-Aldesago\""},{"Link":"http://www.lugano.ch/lugano-politica/quartieri/bre-aldesago.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130427101625/http://www.lugano.ch/lugano-politica/quartieri/bre-aldesago/conoscere-il-quartiere/numeri.html","external_links_name":"\"Il quartiere in numeri\""},{"Link":"http://www.lugano.ch/lugano-politica/quartieri/bre-aldesago/conoscere-il-quartiere/numeri.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120924133037/http://www.lugano.ch/lugano-politica/quartieri/bre-aldesago/conoscere-il-quartiere/numeri.html","external_links_name":"\"I numeri del quartiere di Brè-Aldesago\""},{"Link":"http://www.lugano.ch/lugano-politica/quartieri/bre-aldesago/conoscere-il-quartiere/numeri.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I3313.php","external_links_name":"\"Bre-Aldesago\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120925070615/http://www.lugano.ch/lugano-politica/quartieri/bre-aldesago/conoscere-il-quartiere/storia.html","external_links_name":"\"Storia del quartiere di Brè-Aldesago\""},{"Link":"http://www.lugano.ch/lugano-politica/quartieri/bre-aldesago/conoscere-il-quartiere/storia.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tplsa.ch/repository/pdf/TPL_ORARIO_CORSE_2012.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Orario\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120901034757/http://www.tplsa.ch/repository/pdf/TPL_ORARIO_CORSE_2012.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120924133026/http://www.lugano.ch/lugano-politica/quartieri/bre-aldesago/vivere-il-quartiere/luoghi-interesse.html","external_links_name":"\"Luoghi di interesse Brè-Aldesago\""},{"Link":"http://www.lugano.ch/lugano-politica/quartieri/bre-aldesago/vivere-il-quartiere/luoghi-interesse.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120402164137/http://www.lugano-montebre.ch/en/home.html","external_links_name":"\"Lugano Monte Brè\""},{"Link":"http://lugano-montebre.ch/en/home.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.luganomontebre.ch/index/en","external_links_name":"Site of Lugano Monte Brè"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120719190315/http://www.lugano.ch/lugano-politica/quartieri/bre-aldesago.html","external_links_name":"Brè-Aldesago pages on City of Lugano web site"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D3313.php","external_links_name":"German"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F3313.php","external_links_name":"French"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I3313.php","external_links_name":"Italian"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Br%C3%A8-Aldesago&params=46_00_31.68_N_8_58_45.48_E_type:city_region:CH-TI_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"46°00′31.68″N 8°58′45.48″E / 46.0088000°N 8.9793000°E / 46.0088000; 8.9793000"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/154969923","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7655801-0","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003313","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cian_Ward	Cian Ward	["1 Honours","2 References"]	Irish Gaelic footballer Cian Ward Personal informationIrish name Cian Mac an BhairdPosition Full-ForwardBorn County Meath, IrelandHeight 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)Club(s)Years Club2000's - Wolfe TonesClub titlesMeath titles 1Leinster titles 1All-Ireland Titles 0Inter-county(ies)Years County2006-2013 MeathInter-county titlesLeinster titles 1All-Irelands 0 Cian Ward is an Irish Gaelic footballer who currently plays for Meath Senior Football Championship team Wolfe Tones and, formerly, for the Meath county team. He is known for his free kick taking ability. In the 2009 All-Ireland, he was the third highest top scorer after Donegal's Michael Murphy and Kerry's Colm Cooper. Ward won his only Leinster title with Meath, and scored four points, in the controversial 2010 decider. In 2011, Ward scored 4 goals and 3 points against Louth in front of a crowd 18,243 at Kingspan Breffni Park, to knock Louth out of the Championship. In 2013, Meath manager Mick O'Dowd dropped a number of players, including Ward, from the Meath panel. Wolfe Tones went from the Meath Junior Football Championship to Meath Senior Football Championship winners in the space of four seasons in the early 21st-century, featuring Ward, whose emergence as one of Meath's "most exciting talents" coincided with this run, while 1996 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship-winning captain Tommy Dowd also joined the club around this time. Honours Meath Senior Football Championship: 2 2006,2021 Leinster Senior Football Championship: 1 2010 References ^ - 'Gooch' Tops Scoring Charts - Hoganstand.com ^ Players dropped from Meath panel, Meath Chronicle ^ Boyle, Donnchadh; McKeon, Conor (9 November 2021). "'You have to grasp the nettle when you are good enough' — Ward". Irish Independent.	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He is known for his free kick taking ability. In the 2009 All-Ireland, he was the third highest top scorer after Donegal's Michael Murphy and Kerry's Colm Cooper. Ward won his only Leinster title with Meath, and scored four points, in the controversial 2010 decider. [1] In 2011, Ward scored 4 goals and 3 points against Louth in front of a crowd 18,243 at Kingspan Breffni Park, to knock Louth out of the Championship. In 2013, Meath manager Mick O'Dowd dropped a number of players, including Ward, from the Meath panel.[2]Wolfe Tones went from the Meath Junior Football Championship to Meath Senior Football Championship winners in the space of four seasons in the early 21st-century, featuring Ward, whose emergence as one of Meath's \"most exciting talents\" coincided with this run, while 1996 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship-winning captain Tommy Dowd also joined the club around this time.[3]","title":"Cian Ward"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meath Senior Football Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meath_Senior_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"Leinster Senior Football Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinster_Senior_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Leinster_Senior_Football_Championship"}],"text":"Meath Senior Football Championship: 2\n2006,2021\nLeinster Senior Football Championship: 1\n2010","title":"Honours"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Boyle, Donnchadh; McKeon, Conor (9 November 2021). \"'You have to grasp the nettle when you are good enough' — Ward\". Irish Independent.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/sport/gaelic-games/gaelic-football/you-have-to-grasp-the-nettle-when-you-are-good-enough-ward-41032721.html","url_text":"\"'You have to grasp the nettle when you are good enough' — Ward\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.hoganstand.com/ArticleForm.aspx?ID=118125","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.meathchronicle.ie/sport/roundup/articles/2013/04/30/4015566-players-dropped-from-meath-panel","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.ie/sport/gaelic-games/gaelic-football/you-have-to-grasp-the-nettle-when-you-are-good-enough-ward-41032721.html","external_links_name":"\"'You have to grasp the nettle when you are good enough' — Ward\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB-CHMINACA	AB-CHMINACA	["1 Side effects","2 Legal status","3 See also","4 References"]	Chemical compound AB-CHMINACALegal statusLegal status BR: Class F2 (Prohibited psychotropics) CA: Schedule II DE: Anlage II (Authorized trade only, not prescriptible) UK: Class B US: Schedule I UN: Psychotropic Schedule II Illegal in China and Switzerland Identifiers IUPAC name N--1-(cyclohexylmethyl)indazole-3-carboxamide CAS Number1185887-21-1 YPubChem CID44206133ChemSpider30646774UNIIQG3J28E7L8KEGGC22702CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID101009983 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC20H28N4O2Molar mass356.470 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES CC(C)(NC(=O)c1nn(CC2CCCCC2)c3ccccc13)C(N)=O InChI InChI=1S/C20H28N4O2/c1-13(2)17(19(21)25)22-20(26)18-15-10-6-7-11-16(15)24(23-18)12-14-8-4-3-5-9-14/h6-7,10-11,13-14,17H,3-5,8-9,12H2,1-2H3,(H2,21,25)(H,22,26)/t17-/m0/s1Key:KJNZIEGLNLCWTQ-KRWDZBQOSA-N AB-CHMINACA is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid. It is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor (Ki = 0.78 nM) and CB2 receptor (Ki = 0.45 nM) and fully substitutes for Δ9-THC in rat discrimination studies, while being 16x more potent. Continuing the trend seen in other cannabinoids of this generation, such as AB-FUBINACA and AB-PINACA, it contains a valine amino acid amide residue as part of its structure, where older cannabinoids contained a naphthyl or adamantane residue. Side effects There have been a number of reported cases of seizures, deaths, and psychotic episodes in relation to this synthetic cannabinoid. Legal status In 2015, AB-CHMINACA became a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States. AB-CHMINACA is an Anlage II controlled substance in Germany as of May 2015. As of October 2015 AB-CHMINACA is a controlled substance in China. AB-CHMINACA is illegal in Switzerland as of December 2015. AB-CHMINACA is an illegal substance in Russian Federation. See also 5F-AB-PINACA 5F-ADB 5F-AMB A-CHMINACA AB-FUBINACA AB-CHFUPYCA AB-PINACA ADB-CHMINACA ADB-FUBINACA ADB-PINACA ADBICA APICA APINACA MDMB-CHMICA MDMB-CHMINACA MDMB-FUBINACA PX-3 References ^ Anvisa (2023-07-24). "RDC Nº 804 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-07-25). Archived from the original on 2023-08-27. Retrieved 2023-08-27. ^ "Substance Details AB-CHMINACA". Retrieved 2024-01-22. ^ Wiley JL, Marusich JA, Lefever TW, Antonazzo KR, Wallgren MT, Cortes RA, et al. (September 2015). "AB-CHMINACA, AB-PINACA, and FUBIMINA: Affinity and Potency of Novel Synthetic Cannabinoids in Producing Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-Like Effects in Mice". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 354 (3): 328–39. doi:10.1124/jpet.115.225326. PMC 4538877. PMID 26105953. ^ AB-CHMINACA, Cayman Chemicals ^ "N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (AB-CHMINACA), N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (AB-PINACA) and (naphthalen-1-yl)methanone (THJ-2201). Background Information and Evaluation of 'Three Factor Analysis' (Factors 4, 5, and 6) for Temporary Scheduling" (PDF). Drug Enforcement Administration. December 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2015. ^ Merrill J (5 June 2015). "Vertex: Police warn of 'ticking time bomb' of potentially lethal cannabis substitute". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2015-06-05. Retrieved 2 July 2015. ^ Trecki J, Gerona RR, Schwartz MD (July 2015). "Synthetic Cannabinoid-Related Illnesses and Deaths". The New England Journal of Medicine. 373 (2): 103–7. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1505328. PMID 26154784. ^ Wurita A, Hasegawa K, Minakata K, Gonmori K, Nozawa H, Yamagishi I, et al. (March 2016). "Identification and quantification of metabolites of AB-CHMINACA in a urine specimen of an abuser". Legal Medicine. 19: 113–8. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2015.07.011. PMID 26257317. ^ Schock B (30 September 2015). "No criminal charges in March death of Terrance Moxley". Richland Source. Retrieved 2 October 2015. ^ Tyndall JA, Gerona R, De Portu G, Trecki J, Elie MC, Lucas J, et al. (November 2015). "An outbreak of acute delirium from exposure to the synthetic cannabinoid AB-CHMINACA". Clinical Toxicology. 53 (10): 950–6. doi:10.3109/15563650.2015.1100306. PMC 9128755. PMID 26555732. S2CID 24724258. ^ Klavž J, Gorenjak M, Marinšek M (August 2016). "Suicide attempt with a mix of synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones: Case report of non-fatal intoxication with AB-CHMINACA, AB-FUBINACA, alpha-PHP, alpha-PVP and 4-CMC". Forensic Science International. 265: 121–4. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.01.018. PMID 26890319. ^ Drug Enforcement Administration, Department of Justice (January 2015). "Schedules of controlled substances: temporary placement of three synthetic cannabinoids into schedule I. Final order" (PDF). Federal Register. 80 (20): 5042–7. PMID 25730924. ^ "Gesetz über den Verkehr mit Betäubungsmitteln (Betäubungsmittelgesetz - BtMG) Anlage II (zu § 1 Abs. 1) (verkehrsfähige, aber nicht verschreibungsfähige Betäubungsmittel)". Retrieved 22 June 2015. ^ "关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知" (in Chinese). China Food and Drug Administration. 27 September 2015. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015. ^ "Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien". Der Bundesrat. ^ Cannaert A, Sparkes E, Pike E, Luo JL, Fang A, Kevin RC, et al. (November 2020). "in Vitro Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Activity of Recently Detected Synthetic Cannabinoids 4F-MDMB-BICA, 5F-MPP-PICA, MMB-4en-PICA, CUMYL-CBMICA, ADB-BINACA, APP-BINACA, 4F-MDMB-BINACA, MDMB-4en-PINACA, A-CHMINACA, 5F-AB-P7AICA, 5F-MDMB-P7AICA, and 5F-AP7AICA". ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 11 (24): 4434–4446. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00644. PMID 33253529. S2CID 227246346. vteCannabinoidsPhytocannabinoids(comparison)Cannabibutols CBB Cannabichromenes CBC CBCA CBCA-A CBCB CBCBA CBCP CBCPA CBCV CBCVA CBCQ Cannabicyclols CBL CBLA CBLB CBLP CBLPA CBLV CBLVA Cannabidiols CBD CBDA CBD-C1 CBD-C5 CBDB CBDBA CBDD CBDH CBDP CBDPA CBDM CBDMA CBDV CBDVA CBDQ Cannabielsoins CBE CBEA CBEA-A CBEA-B CBEB CBEP CBEPA CBEV Cannabigerols CBG CBGA CBGB CBGBA CBGM CBGAM CBGP CBGPA CBNR CBNRA CBNRA-A CBGV CBGVA CBGVA-A CBGQ Cannabiphorols CBP Cannabinols CBN CBNA CBN-C1 CBN-C2 CBN-C4 CBNM CBND CBNDA CBNP CBNPA CBVD CBVDA Cannabitriols CBT CBTA CBTB CBTV CBTVA CBTP CBTPA Cannabivarins CBV CBVA Delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinols Delta-8-THC Delta-8-THCA Delta-8-THCA-A Delta-8-THCB Delta-8-THCP Delta-8-THCV Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinols Delta-9-THC (THC) THCA THCMA THCA-A THCA-B THCBA THCA-C4 THCC THCA-C1 THCA-A-C1 THCA-B-C1 THCB THCH THCP THCPA THCV THCVA THCQ Delta-10-Tetrahydrocannabinols Delta-10-THC Miscellaneous cannabinoids Δ8-iso-THC Δ4(8)-iso-THC 7,8-Dihydrocannabinol 8,9-Dihydrocannabidiol CBCF Cannabicitran CBF Cannabiglendol CBM CBR CBRPA Caryophyllene DCBF Alkylamides Epigallocatechin gallate Gallocatechol Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) Perrottetinene Serinolamide A Yangonin Active metabolites 3'-OH-THC 7-OH-CBD 8,11-DiOH-THC 11-COOH-THC 11-OH-CBN 11-OH-HHC 11-OH-Δ8-THC 11-OH-Δ9-THC Endocannabinoids Arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA; anandamide) 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) 2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether (2-AGE; noladin ether) 2-Oleoylglycerol (2-OG) N-Arachidonoyl dopamine (NADA) N-Arachidonylglycine (NAGly) 2-Arachidonoyl lysophosphatidylinositol (2-ALPI) N-Arachidonoyl serotonin (AA-5-HT) Docosatetraenoylethanolamide (DEA) Lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) Oleamide Oleoylethanolamide (OEA) Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) RVD-Hpα Stearoylethanolamide (SEA) O-Arachidonoyl ethanolamine (O-AEA; virodhamine) Syntheticcannabinoidreceptoragonists /neocannabinoidsClassical cannabinoids(dibenzopyrans) 9-OH-HHC 9-Nor-9β-HHC A-40174 A-41988 A-42574 Ajulemic acid AM-087 AM-411 AM-855 AM-905 AM-906 AM-919 AM-926 AM-938 AM-2389 AM-4030 AM-7438 AM-11245 AMG-1 AMG-3 AMG-36 AMG-41 CP 42,096 Delta-3-THC Delta-4-THC Delta-7-THC Delta-10-THC Dexanabinol (HU-211) DMHP Dronabinol HU-210 HU-243 JWH-051 JWH-056 JWH-057 JWH-065 JWH-091 JWH-102 JWH-103 JWH-124 JWH-130 JWH-133 JWH-138 JWH-139 JWH-142 JWH-143 JWH-161 JWH-186 JWH-187 JWH-188 JWH-189 JWH-190 JWH-191 JWH-215 JWH-216 JWH-217 JWH-224 JWH-225 JWH-226 JWH-227 JWH-229 JWH-230 JWH-233 JWH-247 JWH-254 JWH-256 JWH-277 JWH-278 JWH-298 JWH-299 JWH-300 JWH-301 JWH-310 JWH-336 JWH-338 JWH-339 JWH-340 JWH-341 JWH-349 JWH-350 JWH-352 JWH-353 JWH-354 JWH-355 JWH-356 JWH-357 JWH-358 JWH-359 JWH-360 JWH-361 JWH-362 KM-233 L-759,633 L-759,656 Levonantradol (CP 50,5561) Menabitan Nabazenil Nabidrox (Canbisol) Nabilone Nabitan Naboctate O-224 O-581 O-774 O-806 O-823 O-1057 O-1125 O-1191 O-1238 O-2048 O-2113 O-2365 O-2372 O-2373 O-2383 O-2426 O-2484 O-2545 O-2694 O-2715 O-2716 O-3223 O-3226 Parahexyl Pirnabine SP-111 THC hemisuccinate THC-O-acetate THC-O-phosphate Non-classicalcannabinoids Cannabicyclohexanol Cannabinor CBD-DMH CP 47,497 (C6)-CP 47,497 (C9)-CP 47,497 CP 55,244 CP 55,940 Delta-6-Cannabidiol Etrinabdione HU-320 HU-331 HU-336 HU-345 HU-446 HU-465 HU-910 HUF-101 Nonabine O-1376 O-1422 O-1601 O-1656 O-1657 O-1660 O-1663 O-1871 Onternabez (HU-308) SPA-229 Tinabinol Adamantoylindoles 5F-AKB-48 APICA STS-135 Benzimidazoles AZ-11713908 AZD-1940 BIM-018 FUBIMINA MCHB-1 PF-03550096 RQ-00202730 Benzoylindoles 1-Butyl-3-(2-methoxybenzoyl)indole 1-Butyl-3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)indole 1-Pentyl-3-(2-methoxybenzoyl)indole AM-630 AM-679 AM-694 AM-1241 AM-2233 GW-405,833 (L-768,242) Pravadoline RCS-4 WIN 54,461 Cyclohexylphenols CP-47,947 CP-55,940 Eicosanoids AM-883 AM-1346 ACEA ACPA Methanandamide (AM-356) O-585 O-689 O-1812 O-1860 O-1861 Hydrocarbons JWH-171 JWH-176 JWH-220 Indazole carboxamides AB-PINACA AB-FUBINACA Indazole-3-carboxamides 4F-MDMB-BINACA 4'Cl-CUMYL-PINACA 4'F-CUMYL-5F-PINACA 5Cl-APINACA 5F-ADB 5F-ADB-PINACA 5F-AMB 5F-APINACA 5F-CUMYL-PINACA 5F-EDMB-PINACA 5F-EMB-PINACA AB-CHMINACA AB-FUBINACA AB-FUBINACA 2-fluorobenzyl isomer AB-PINACA ADB-BINACA ADB-CHMINACA ADB-HEXINACA ADB-FUBINACA ADB-PINACA ADB-4en-PINACA ADB-5'Br-PINACA Adamantyl-THPINACA ADSB-FUB-187 AMB-CHMINACA AMB-FUBINACA APINACA (AKB48) APP-FUBINACA CUMYL-4CN-BINACA CUMYL-CBMINACA CUMYL-CHSINACA CUMYL-FUBINACA CUMYL-NBMINACA CUMYL-PINACA CUMYL-THPINACA CUMYL-TSINACA EMB-FUBINACA FUB-APINACA MDMB-4en-PINACA MDMB-5Br-INACA MDMB-FUBINACA MDMB-CHMINACA MN-18 PX-2 PX-3 THQ-PINACA Indole-3-carboxamides 4'F-CUMYL-5F-PICA 5F-ADBICA 5F-EDMB-PICA 5F-MDMB-PICA 5F-NNE1 5F-PCN 5F-SDB-006 AB-FUBICA AB-PICA ADBICA ADB-FUBICA APICA BMS-F CUMYL-BICA CUMYL-CBMICA CUMYL-CHMICA CUMYL-NBMICA CUMYL-PICA CUMYL-5F-PICA FDU-NNE1 MDMB-CHMICA MMB-CHMICA MMB-2201 MN-25 (UR-12) NNE1 PX-1 Org 28312 Org 28611 SDB-006 STS-135 Indole-3-carboxylates 5F-PB-22 FDU-PB-22 FUB-PB-22 QUCHIC (BB-22) QUPIC (PB-22) NM-2201 Naphthoylindazoles THJ-018 THJ-2201 Naphthoylindoles 5F-JWH-398 AM-1220 AM-1221 AM-1235 AM-2201 AM-2232 CHM-081 EAM-2201 FUB-JWH-018 JWH-004 JWH-007 JWH-009 JWH-011 JWH-015 JWH-016 JWH-018 JWH-019 JWH-020 JWH-042 JWH-043 JWH-046 JWH-047 JWH-048 JWH-049 JWH-050 JWH-070 JWH-072 JWH-073 JWH-076 JWH-077 JWH-079 JWH-080 JWH-081 JWH-082 JWH-083 JWH-093 JWH-094 JWH-095 JWH-096 JWH-097 JWH-098 JWH-099 JWH-100 JWH-116 JWH-120 JWH-122 JWH-148 JWH-149 JWH-151 JWH-153 JWH-159 JWH-160 JWH-163 JWH-164 JWH-165 JWH-166 JWH-180 JWH-181 JWH-182 JWH-189 JWH-193 JWH-198 JWH-200 JWH-210 JWH-211 JWH-212 JWH-213 JWH-234 JWH-235 JWH-236 JWH-239 JWH-240 JWH-241 JWH-242 JWH-258 JWH-259 JWH-260 JWH-261 JWH-262 JWH-265 JWH-266 JWH-267 JWH-268 JWH-387 JWH-398 JWH-416 JWH-417 JWH-422 JWH-423 JWH-424 JWH-425 MAM-1220 MAM-2201 NE-CHMIMO Naphthoylpyrroles JWH-030 JWH-031 JWH-032 JWH-033 JWH-036 JWH-044 JWH-045 JWH-145 JWH-146 JWH-147 JWH-150 JWH-156 JWH-243 JWH-244 JWH-245 JWH-246 JWH-292 JWH-293 JWH-307 JWH-308 JWH-309 JWH-346 JWH-347 JWH-348 JWH-363 JWH-364 JWH-365 JWH-366 JWH-367 JWH-368 JWH-369 JWH-370 JWH-371 JWH-372 JWH-373 Naphthylmethylindenes JWH-171 JWH-176 JWH-220 Naphthylmethylindoles JWH-175 JWH-184 JWH-185 JWH-192 JWH-194 JWH-195 JWH-196 JWH-197 JWH-199 Phenylacetylindoles Cannabipiperidiethanone JWH-167 JWH-201 JWH-202 JWH-203 JWH-204 JWH-205 JWH-206 JWH-207 JWH-208 JWH-209 JWH-237 JWH-248 JWH-249 JWH-250 JWH-251 JWH-252 JWH-253 JWH-302 JWH-303 JWH-304 JWH-305 JWH-306 JWH-311 JWH-312 JWH-313 JWH-314 JWH-315 JWH-316 RCS-8 Pyrazolecarboxamides 5F-AB-FUPPYCA 5F-AMPPPCA AB-CHFUPYCA Pyrrolobenzoxazines WIN 55,212-2 Quinolinyl esters PB-22 5F-PB-22 Tetramethylcyclo-propanoylindazoles FAB-144 Tetramethylcyclo-propanoylindoles 5Br-UR-144 5Cl-UR-144 A-796,260 A-834,735 FUB-144 UR-144 XLR-11 XLR-12 Tetramethylcyclo-propylindoles UR-144 XLR-11 Others 2F-QMPSB 4-HTMPIPO 4CN-CUMYL-BUT7AICA 5F-PY-PICA 5F-PY-PINACA 5F-3-pyridinoylindole 5F-ADB-P7AICA 5F-CUMYL-P7AICA 5F-CUMYL-PEGACLONE A-836,339 A-955,840 A-PONASA Abnormal cannabidiol AB-001 ADB-FUBHQUCA ADB-FUBIATA ADB-P7AICA AM-1248 AM-1714 BAY 38-7271 BAY 59-3074 BzODZ-EPyr CB-13 CB-86 CBS-0550 CUMYL-4CN-B7AICA CUMYL-CB-MEGACLONE CUMYL-CH-MEGACLONE CUMYL-PEGACLONE EG-018 GSK-554,418A GW-842,166X JTE 7-31 LASSBio-881 LBP-1 Leelamine MDA-7 MDA-19 MEPIRAPIM NESS-040C5 NMP-7 O-889 O-1269 O-1270 O-1399 O-1602 O-2220 Olorinab PF-03550096 PSB-SB-1202 PTI-1 PTI-2 PTI-3 QMPSB S-444,823 S-777,469 SER-601 Tedalinab URB-447 VSN-16 WIN 56,098 Allosteric CBRTooltip Cannabinoid receptor ligands AEF0117 GAT100 Org 27569 Org 27759 Org 29647 PSNCBAM-1 Pregnenolone RTI-371 ZCZ-011 Endocannabinoidenhancers(inactivation inhibitors) 4-Nonylphenylboronic acid AM-404 Arachidonoyl serotonin Arvanil BIA 10-2474 Biochanin A CAY-10401 CAY-10429 Genistein Guineesine IDFP JNJ 1661010 JNJ-42165279 JZL184 JZL195 Kaempferol LY-2183240 MK-4409 O-1624 O-2093 Oleoylethanolamide (OEA) Olvanil Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) PF-04457845 PF-622 PF-750 PF-3845 PHOP URB-447 URB-597 URB-602 URB-754 VDM-11 Anticannabinoids(antagonists/inverseagonists/antibodies) AM-251 AM-281 AM-630 AM-1387 AM-4113 AM-6527 AM-6545 BML-190 Brizantin (Бризантин) CAY-10508 CB-25 CB-52 CB-86 Dietressa (Диетресса) Drinabant (AVE1625) Hemopressin Ibipinabant (SLV319) JTE-907 LH-21 LY-320,135 MDA-77 MJ-15 MK-9470 NESS-0327 NIDA-41020 O-606 O-1184 O-1248 O-1918 O-2050 O-2654 Otenabant (CP-945,598) PF-514273 PipISB PSB-SB-487 Rimonabant (SR141716) Rosonabant (E-6776) SR-144,528 Surinabant (SR147778) Taranabant (MK-0364) TM-38837 VCHSR See also: Cannabinoid receptor modulators (cannabinoids by pharmacology) List of: AM cannabinoids JWH cannabinoids Designer drugs § Synthetic cannabimimetics vteCannabinoid receptor modulatorsReceptor(ligands)CB1Tooltip Cannabinoid receptor type 1Agonists(abridged,full list) 2-AG 2-AGE (noladin ether) 11-Hydroxy-THC α-Amyrin · β-Amyrin AB-CHMINACA AM-1172 AM-1220 AM-1221 AM-1235 AM-2201 AM-2232 Anandamide Arvanil AZ-11713908 Cannabinol CB-13 CP 47,497 CP 55,940 Dimethylheptylpyran DEA ECG EGCG Epicatechin Gallocatechol (gallocatechin) Honokiol HU-210 JWH-007 JWH-015 JWH-018 JWH-073 Kavain L-759,633 Levonantradol Menabitan Nabilone Nabitan NADA O-1812 Oleamide Pravadoline Serinolamide A THC (dronabinol) UR-144 WIN 55,212-2 Yangonin Inverse agonists AM-251 INV-202 Rimonabant Surinabant Taranabant TM-38837 Zevaquenabant Antagonists AM-6545 Cannabidiol Cannabigerol Drinabant Falcarinol (carotatoxin) Hemopressin Ibipinabant LY-320,135 MK-9470 NESS-0327 O-2050 Otenabant PF-514273 PipISB Rosonabant THCV VCHSR Virodhamine CB2Tooltip Cannabinoid receptor type 2Agonists 2-AG 2-AGE (noladin ether) 3,3'-Diindolylmethane 4-O-Methylhonokiol α-Amyrin · β-Amyrin A-796,260 A-834,735 A-836,339 AM-1172 AM-1221 AM-1235 AM-1241 AM-2232 Anandamide AZ-11713908 Cannabinol Caryophyllene CB-13 CBS-0550 CP 55,940 GW-405,833 (L-768,242) GW-842,166X HU-308 JTE 7-31 JWH-007 JWH-015 JWH-018 JWH-73 JWH-133 L-759,633 L-759,656 Lenabasum (anabasum) Magnolol MDA-19 Nabitan NADA Olorinab (APD-371) PF-03550096 S-444,823 SER-601 Serinolamide A UR-144 Tedalinab THC (dronabinol) THCV Tetrahydromagnolol Virodhamine Antagonists 4-O-Methylhonokiol AM-630 BML-190 Cannabidiol Honokiol JTE-907 SR-144,528 WIN 54,461 WIN 56,098 NAGly(GPR18)Agonists Abnormal cannabidiol ACPA AM251 Anandamide Cannabidiol NADGly THC (dronabinol) O-1602 Antagonists PSB-CB5 O-1918 GPR55Agonists 2-AGE (noladin ether) 2-ALPI Abnormal cannabidiol AM-251 CID1011163 CID1252842 CID1792579 CP 55,940 GSK-494581A Lysophosphatidylinositol ML-184 ML-185 ML-186 O-1602 Oleoylethanolamide Palmitoylethanolamide THC (dronabinol) Antagonists Cannabidiol CID-16020046 ML-191 ML-192 ML-193 O-1918 PSB-SB-487 PSB-SB-1202 PSB-SB-1203 Tetrahydromagnolol GPR119Agonists 2-Oleoylglycerol Anandamide APD668 AR-231,453 AS-1269574 MBX-2982 N-Oleoyldopamine Oleoylethanolamide Olvanil PSN-375,963 PSN-632,408 Transporter(modulators)eCBTsTooltip Endocannabinoid transporter Inhibitors: 5'-DMH-CBD AM-404 AM-1172 Arachidonoyl serotonin Arvanil Cannabidiol Guineensine LY-2183240 O-2093 OMDM-2 Paracetamol (acetaminophen) SB-FI-26 UCM-707 URB-597 VDM-11 WOBE490 WOBE491 WOBE492 Enzyme(modulators)FAAHTooltip Fatty acid amide hydrolase Inhibitors: 4-Nonylphenylboronic acid AACOCF3 AM-404 Arachidonoyl serotonin BIA 10-2474 Biochanin A Genistein IDFP JNJ-1661010 JNJ-42165279 JZL-195 Kaempferol LY-2183240 MAFP Palmitoylisopropylamide Paracetamol (acetaminophen) PF-3845 PF-04457845 PF-750 SA-47 SA-57 TAK 21d TC-F 2 UCM710 URB-597 Activators: PDP-EA MAGL Inhibitors: ABX-1431 IDFP JJKK 048 JW 642 JZL-184 JZL-195 JZP-361 KML 29 MAFP MJN110 NAM Pristimerin URB-602 ABHD6 Inhibitors: JZP-169 JZP-430 KT182 KT185 KT195 KT203 LEI-106 ML294 ML295 ML296 UCM710 WWL-70 ABHD12 Inhibitors: Betulinic acid Maslinic acid MAFP Oleanolic acid Orlistat (tetrahydrolipstatin) Ursolic acid Others Precursors: Phosphatidylethanolamine NAPE Diacylglycerol Others: 2-PG (directly potentiates activity of 2-AG at CB1 receptor) ARN-272 (FAAH-like anandamide transporter inhibitor) See also Receptor/signaling modulators Cannabinoids (cannabinoids by structure)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indazole"},{"link_name":"synthetic cannabinoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_cannabinoid"},{"link_name":"agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonist"},{"link_name":"CB1 receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CB1_receptor"},{"link_name":"CB2 receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CB2_receptor"},{"link_name":"Δ9-THC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"AB-FUBINACA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB-FUBINACA"},{"link_name":"AB-PINACA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB-PINACA"},{"link_name":"valine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valine"},{"link_name":"naphthyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthyl"},{"link_name":"adamantane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamantane"}],"text":"AB-CHMINACA is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid. It is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor (Ki = 0.78 nM) and CB2 receptor (Ki = 0.45 nM) and fully substitutes for Δ9-THC in rat discrimination studies, while being 16x more potent.[3][4] Continuing the trend seen in other cannabinoids of this generation, such as AB-FUBINACA and AB-PINACA, it contains a valine amino acid amide residue as part of its structure, where older cannabinoids contained a naphthyl or adamantane residue.","title":"AB-CHMINACA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"There have been a number of reported cases of seizures, deaths, and psychotic episodes in relation to this synthetic cannabinoid.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11]","title":"Side effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Schedule I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_I_controlled_substances"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Anlage II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugs_controlled_by_the_German_Bet%C3%A4ubungsmittelgesetz"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In 2015, AB-CHMINACA became a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States.[12]AB-CHMINACA is an Anlage II controlled substance in Germany as of May 2015.[13]As of October 2015 AB-CHMINACA is a controlled substance in China.[14]AB-CHMINACA is illegal in Switzerland as of December 2015.[15]AB-CHMINACA is an illegal substance in Russian Federation.","title":"Legal status"}]	[]	[{"title":"5F-AB-PINACA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5F-AB-PINACA"},{"title":"5F-ADB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5F-ADB"},{"title":"5F-AMB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5F-AMB"},{"title":"A-CHMINACA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A-CHMINACA&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"title":"AB-FUBINACA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB-FUBINACA"},{"title":"AB-CHFUPYCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB-CHFUPYCA"},{"title":"AB-PINACA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB-PINACA"},{"title":"ADB-CHMINACA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADB-CHMINACA"},{"title":"ADB-FUBINACA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADB-FUBINACA"},{"title":"ADB-PINACA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADB-PINACA"},{"title":"ADBICA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADBICA"},{"title":"APICA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APICA_(synthetic_cannabinoid_drug)"},{"title":"APINACA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APINACA"},{"title":"MDMB-CHMICA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMB-CHMICA"},{"title":"MDMB-CHMINACA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMB-CHMINACA"},{"title":"MDMB-FUBINACA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMB-FUBINACA"},{"title":"PX-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PX-3"}]	[{"reference":"Anvisa (2023-07-24). \"RDC Nº 804 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial\" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 804 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-07-25). Archived from the original on 2023-08-27. Retrieved 2023-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Health_Regulatory_Agency","url_text":"Anvisa"},{"url":"https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-804-de-24-de-julho-de-2023-498447451","url_text":"\"RDC Nº 804 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A1rio_Oficial_da_Uni%C3%A3o","url_text":"Diário Oficial da União"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230827163149/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-804-de-24-de-julho-de-2023-498447451","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Substance Details AB-CHMINACA\". Retrieved 2024-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unodc.org/LSS/Substance/Details/45f2f4f5-3c8b-40f3-99d3-207d2666adc2","url_text":"\"Substance Details AB-CHMINACA\""}]},{"reference":"Wiley JL, Marusich JA, Lefever TW, Antonazzo KR, Wallgren MT, Cortes RA, et al. (September 2015). \"AB-CHMINACA, AB-PINACA, and FUBIMINA: Affinity and Potency of Novel Synthetic Cannabinoids in Producing Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-Like Effects in Mice\". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 354 (3): 328–39. doi:10.1124/jpet.115.225326. PMC 4538877. PMID 26105953.","urls":[{"url":"http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/early/2015/06/23/jpet.115.225326.short","url_text":"\"AB-CHMINACA, AB-PINACA, and FUBIMINA: Affinity and Potency of Novel Synthetic Cannabinoids in Producing Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-Like Effects in Mice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fjpet.115.225326","url_text":"10.1124/jpet.115.225326"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4538877","url_text":"4538877"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26105953","url_text":"26105953"}]},{"reference":"\"N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (AB-CHMINACA), N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (AB-PINACA) and [1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl](naphthalen-1-yl)methanone (THJ-2201). Background Information and Evaluation of 'Three Factor Analysis' (Factors 4, 5, and 6) for Temporary Scheduling\" (PDF). Drug Enforcement Administration. December 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grassley.senate.gov/sites/default/files/news/upload/3-factor%20analysis%20AB-CHMINACA%20AB-PINACA%20THJ2201%2012172014.pdf","url_text":"\"N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (AB-CHMINACA), N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (AB-PINACA) and [1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl](naphthalen-1-yl)methanone (THJ-2201). Background Information and Evaluation of 'Three Factor Analysis' (Factors 4, 5, and 6) for Temporary Scheduling\""}]},{"reference":"Merrill J (5 June 2015). \"Vertex: Police warn of 'ticking time bomb' of potentially lethal cannabis substitute\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2015-06-05. Retrieved 2 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/vertex-police-warn-of-ticking-time-bomb-of-potentially-lethal-cannabis-substitute-10301030.html","url_text":"\"Vertex: Police warn of 'ticking time bomb' of potentially lethal cannabis substitute\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150605215437/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/vertex-police-warn-of-ticking-time-bomb-of-potentially-lethal-cannabis-substitute-10301030.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Trecki J, Gerona RR, Schwartz MD (July 2015). \"Synthetic Cannabinoid-Related Illnesses and Deaths\". The New England Journal of Medicine. 373 (2): 103–7. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1505328. PMID 26154784.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMp1505328","url_text":"10.1056/NEJMp1505328"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26154784","url_text":"26154784"}]},{"reference":"Wurita A, Hasegawa K, Minakata K, Gonmori K, Nozawa H, Yamagishi I, et al. (March 2016). \"Identification and quantification of metabolites of AB-CHMINACA in a urine specimen of an abuser\". Legal Medicine. 19: 113–8. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2015.07.011. PMID 26257317.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legalmedicinejournal.com/article/S1344-6223%2815%2930011-0/abstract","url_text":"\"Identification and quantification of metabolites of AB-CHMINACA in a urine specimen of an abuser\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.legalmed.2015.07.011","url_text":"10.1016/j.legalmed.2015.07.011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26257317","url_text":"26257317"}]},{"reference":"Schock B (30 September 2015). \"No criminal charges in March death of Terrance Moxley\". Richland Source. Retrieved 2 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.richlandsource.com/news/no-criminal-charges-in-march-death-of-terrance-moxley/article_4a8029ea-67b9-11e5-a0f0-631f701f77ae.html","url_text":"\"No criminal charges in March death of Terrance Moxley\""}]},{"reference":"Tyndall JA, Gerona R, De Portu G, Trecki J, Elie MC, Lucas J, et al. (November 2015). \"An outbreak of acute delirium from exposure to the synthetic cannabinoid AB-CHMINACA\". Clinical Toxicology. 53 (10): 950–6. doi:10.3109/15563650.2015.1100306. PMC 9128755. PMID 26555732. S2CID 24724258.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9128755","url_text":"\"An outbreak of acute delirium from exposure to the synthetic cannabinoid AB-CHMINACA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3109%2F15563650.2015.1100306","url_text":"10.3109/15563650.2015.1100306"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9128755","url_text":"9128755"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26555732","url_text":"26555732"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24724258","url_text":"24724258"}]},{"reference":"Klavž J, Gorenjak M, Marinšek M (August 2016). \"Suicide attempt with a mix of synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones: Case report of non-fatal intoxication with AB-CHMINACA, AB-FUBINACA, alpha-PHP, alpha-PVP and 4-CMC\". Forensic Science International. 265: 121–4. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.01.018. PMID 26890319.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.forsciint.2016.01.018","url_text":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.01.018"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26890319","url_text":"26890319"}]},{"reference":"Drug Enforcement Administration, Department of Justice (January 2015). \"Schedules of controlled substances: temporary placement of three synthetic cannabinoids into schedule I. Final order\" (PDF). Federal Register. 80 (20): 5042–7. PMID 25730924.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2015-01-30/pdf/2015-01776.pdf","url_text":"\"Schedules of controlled substances: temporary placement of three synthetic cannabinoids into schedule I. Final order\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25730924","url_text":"25730924"}]},{"reference":"\"Gesetz über den Verkehr mit Betäubungsmitteln (Betäubungsmittelgesetz - BtMG) Anlage II (zu § 1 Abs. 1) (verkehrsfähige, aber nicht verschreibungsfähige Betäubungsmittel)\". Retrieved 22 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_ii.html","url_text":"\"Gesetz über den Verkehr mit Betäubungsmitteln (Betäubungsmittelgesetz - BtMG) Anlage II (zu § 1 Abs. 1) (verkehrsfähige, aber nicht verschreibungsfähige Betäubungsmittel)\""}]},{"reference":"\"关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知\" (in Chinese). China Food and Drug Administration. 27 September 2015. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151001222554/http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html","url_text":"\"关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知\""},{"url":"http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien\". Der Bundesrat.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html","url_text":"\"Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien\""}]},{"reference":"Cannaert A, Sparkes E, Pike E, Luo JL, Fang A, Kevin RC, et al. (November 2020). \"in Vitro Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Activity of Recently Detected Synthetic Cannabinoids 4F-MDMB-BICA, 5F-MPP-PICA, MMB-4en-PICA, CUMYL-CBMICA, ADB-BINACA, APP-BINACA, 4F-MDMB-BINACA, MDMB-4en-PINACA, A-CHMINACA, 5F-AB-P7AICA, 5F-MDMB-P7AICA, and 5F-AP7AICA\". ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 11 (24): 4434–4446. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00644. PMID 33253529. S2CID 227246346.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facschemneuro.0c00644","url_text":"10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00644"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33253529","url_text":"33253529"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:227246346","url_text":"227246346"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1185887-21-1","external_links_name":"1185887-21-1"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/44206133","external_links_name":"44206133"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.30646774.html","external_links_name":"30646774"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/QG3J28E7L8","external_links_name":"QG3J28E7L8"},{"Link":"https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C22702","external_links_name":"C22702"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID101009983","external_links_name":"DTXSID101009983"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CC%28C%29%5BC%40H%5D%28NC%28%3DO%29c1nn%28CC2CCCCC2%29c3ccccc13%29C%28N%29%3DO","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-804-de-24-de-julho-de-2023-498447451","external_links_name":"\"RDC Nº 804 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230827163149/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-804-de-24-de-julho-de-2023-498447451","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.unodc.org/LSS/Substance/Details/45f2f4f5-3c8b-40f3-99d3-207d2666adc2","external_links_name":"\"Substance Details AB-CHMINACA\""},{"Link":"http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/early/2015/06/23/jpet.115.225326.short","external_links_name":"\"AB-CHMINACA, AB-PINACA, and FUBIMINA: Affinity and Potency of Novel Synthetic Cannabinoids in Producing Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-Like Effects in Mice\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fjpet.115.225326","external_links_name":"10.1124/jpet.115.225326"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4538877","external_links_name":"4538877"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26105953","external_links_name":"26105953"},{"Link":"https://www.caymanchem.com/app/template/Product.vm/catalog/15434","external_links_name":"AB-CHMINACA"},{"Link":"https://www.grassley.senate.gov/sites/default/files/news/upload/3-factor%20analysis%20AB-CHMINACA%20AB-PINACA%20THJ2201%2012172014.pdf","external_links_name":"\"N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (AB-CHMINACA), N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (AB-PINACA) and [1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl](naphthalen-1-yl)methanone (THJ-2201). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Bolivia	Elections in Bolivia	["1 Schedule","1.1 Election","1.2 Inauguration","2 Electoral system","3 History of elections in Bolivia","3.1 Indirect elections, 1825-50","3.2 Direct elections with restricted suffrage, 1839 and 1850-1938","3.3 Expanding electorate, 1938-1951","3.4 Universal suffrage and interruptions in democracy, 1952-79","3.5 Democratic transition and final dictatorship, 1979-82","3.6 Multiparty democracy, 1982-present","4 Latest elections","4.1 2020 Bolivian general election","4.2 2017 Bolivian judicial election","4.3 2021 Bolivian regional elections","5 Other elections and referendum","5.1 2015 Autonomy referendum","5.2 2011 Special municipal election","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]	Politics of Bolivia Constitution History Human rights Executive President (list) Luis Arce Vice President David Choquehuanca Cabinet of Bolivia Legislative Plurinational Legislative Assembly Chamber of Senators President of the Senate Chamber of Deputies President of the Chamber of Deputies Judiciary Supreme Tribunal of Justice Constitutional Tribunal Supreme Court (1825–2012) Elections Plurinational Electoral Organ Political parties Recent elections 2021 (regional) 2020 (general) 2019 (general) 2015 (regional) Recent referendums 2016 (constitution) 2009 (constitution) 2008 (autonomy) 2008 (confidence vote) Administrative divisions Departments Provinces Municipalities Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Chancellor of Bolivia: Rogelio Mayta Diplomatic missions of / in Bolivia Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Bolivia portal Other countries vte Bolivia elects on national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. The president and the vice-president are elected for a five-year term by the people. The National Congress (Congreso Nacional) has two chambers. The Chamber of Deputies (Cámara de Diputados) has 130 members, elected for a five-year term using the Additional Member System, and in the case of seven indigenous seats by usos y costumbres. The Chamber of Senators (Cámara de Senadores) has 36 members: each of the country's nine departments returns four senators allocated proportionally. Bolivia has a multi-party system, with numerous parties. During the first 23 years of renewed democracy beginning 1982, no one party succeeded in gaining power alone, and parties had to work with each other to form coalition governments. Since 2005, a single party has achieved a parliamentary majority. Ahead of any national election a period of prohibition takes effect. This is with the intention of preventing inebriated nationals voting in error. Nationals are also forbidden from travelling around during the same period. This is to prevent voters from voting in more than one district. On polling day it is difficult to obtain a taxi or bus, due to the limitations placed upon travel and transport. Schedule This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2015) Election Position 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Type Presidential and National Congress (December 6) Regional (April) Judicial (October 16) only special elections Presidential and National Congress (October 12) Regional (April) President andvice president President and vice president None President and vice president None National Congress All seats None All seats None Departments, provinces, and municipalities None All positions None All positions Inauguration Position 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Type Presidential (November)National Congress (November)Gubernatorial (November) None Presidential (November)National Congress (November)Gubernatorial (November) President andvice president 6 November None 6 November National Congress 6 November None 6 November Provinces, cities and municipalities 6 November None 6 November Electoral system The president is directly elected by the people, by majority. A candidate has to receive at least 50% of the vote, or 40% of the vote, and 10% more than the second candidate to be elected, otherwise a second round is held with the top two finishers to determine the winner. The 130 members in the Chamber of Deputies (Cámara de Diputados) (excluding the seven special seats) are elected using the additional member system. 63 seats are elected in single-member districts using first-past-the-post voting. 60 additional seats are elected using closed list party-list proportional representation in districts of varying sizes corresponding to Bolivia's nine departments. For parties receiving at least 3% of the national vote, the seats are distributed using the D'Hondt method, subtracting the number of seats the respective party gained from the single-member districts in the respective department. If one party has more seats from the single-member districts alone than the proportion of list vote it received, the extra seats are taken from the last allocated list seats. The remaining seven seats are reserved indigenous seats elected by the usos y costumbres, using first-past-the-post voting. A voter can only vote in one of either the normal constituencies or special constituencies. The Chamber of Senators (Cámara de Senadores) has 36 members, four from each the country's nine departments, which are also elected using closed party-lists, using the D'Hondt method. Both the senate, and the proportional part of the Chamber of Deputies is elected based on the vote for the presidential candidates, while the deputies from the single-member districts are elected using separate votes. Party lists are required to alternate between men and women, while candidates in single-member districts are required to have an alternate, of the opposite sex. At least 50% of the single-member deputies are required to be women History of elections in Bolivia Indirect elections, 1825-50 Elections were conducted in the early Republican period using multiple levels of electors, each of which would elect members of the next higher level, culminating in the president. Direct elections with restricted suffrage, 1839 and 1850-1938 In the elections of 1839, however, the president was elected by a majority of all voters. This system became the norm beginning in 1850. Voting requirements included a minimum property or income or service in one of the professions, and forbid all those "in domestic service" from voting. Indigenous peoples were effectively excluded from the franchise. Expanding electorate, 1938-1951 Under the Constitution of 1938, property restrictions on voting were removed however the vote was still restricted to those who were male, literate, and of age. Elections were held in 1940 and 1951, and saw a dramatic expansion of the electorate. Universal suffrage and interruptions in democracy, 1952-79 Shortly after coming to power through the Bolivian Revolution of 1952 , the National Revolutionary Movement instituted universal suffrage, ending literacy requirements and racial restrictions which had massively reduced the Bolivian electorate up to that time. General elections were held in 1956, 1960, and 1964; and purely legislative elections were held in 1958 and 1962. Democracy was interrupted in 1964 by René Barrientos Ortuño, who proceeded to hold and win an election in 1966 and to convoke the Constituent Assembly of 1966-67 to rewrite the Constitution of Bolivia. Following Barrientos' death in 1969, democracy was further interrupted by military rule until 1979, including the eight-year dictatorship of Hugo Bánzer Suarez. Democratic transition and final dictatorship, 1979-82 In a chaotic period of transition marked by numerous coups d'état, three elections were held in 1978, 1979, 1980. Parliamentary majorities were not obtained in 1978 and 1979 and alliance building was interrupted by coups. Lydia Gueiler, an elected member of the National Congress assumed power constitutionally from November 1979 to mid-1980. The results of the 1980 elections were the basis for the post-1982 parliament and the 1982–85 government of Hernán Siles Zuazo. Multiparty democracy, 1982-present Elections have been held regularly in the democratic period that began in 1982. General elections were held in 1985, 1989, 1993, 1997, 2002, 2005, and 2009. A Constituent Assembly was elected in 2006. The 1985 Organic Law of Municipalities restored local elections for mayor and created a legislative body, the municipal council, in each municipality. The first local elections were held in 1987, followed by further elections in 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1999, 2004, and 2010. Similarly, departmental elections for Prefect began in 2006 and elections for Departmental Legislative Assemblies began in 2010. Following the passage of the 2009 Constitution, the National Electoral Court was replaced in late 2010 by a fourth branch of government, the Plurinational Electoral Organ, whose highest body is the Supreme Electoral Court. Latest elections 2020 Bolivian general election Main article: 2020 Bolivian general election On 18 October 2020, Bolivian voters elected Luis Arce, leader of Evo Morales' MAS-IPSP, as Bolivia's president with 55% of the vote in the first round. Arce's main opponents, Carlos Mesa and Luis Fernando Camacho, received 29% and 14% of the vote, respectively. Arce took the office of president on 8 November 2020. 2017 Bolivian judicial election Main article: 2017 Bolivian judicial election 2021 Bolivian regional elections Main article: 2021 Bolivian regional elections Other elections and referendum 2015 Autonomy referendum On September 20, 2015, five western and central departments—Cochabamba, Chuquisaca, La Paz, Oruro, and Potosí—voted on whether to approve "organic charters" (constitutions of autonomous governance), as did three municipalities and two indigenous territories. Voters in all five departments rejected their charters of autonomy, which were drafted by MAS-IPSP–led legislatures. Department Yes votes % No votes % Blank Null Total ballots cast Eligible voters Turnout as % of electorate Cochabamba 335,464 38.42% 537,706 61.58% 17,910 57,930 949,010 1,137,872 83.4% Chuquisaca 99,819 42.57% 134,652 57.43% 5,917 18,057 267,445 324,587 La Paz 425,605 31.94% 906,759 68.06% 30,159 88,885 1,026,228 Oruro 59,119 25.98% 168,443 74.02% 5,800 14,064 297,217 Potosí 93,705 31.92% 199,823 68.08% 8,278 21,546 323,352 408,131 79.2% Sources: "Referendo autonómico: A cómputo final ganó el No en cinco departamentos". Agencia de Noticias Fides. 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2016-03-13. 2011 Special municipal election Main article: 2011 Bolivian special municipal election A special election is due be held for the mayor of five cities where mayors have stepped down or been indicted. In July 2011, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal formally convoked the elections for mayor in three cities: Sucre, Quillacollo, and Pazña for December 18, 2011. City Outgoing Mayor (Party) Notes Sucre, Chuquisaca Jaime Barrón (PAÍS) Resigned in July 2010 under indictment for May 24, 2008 violence Quillacollo, Cochabamba Héctor Cartagena (UNE) Punata, Cochabamba Víctor Balderrama (Insurgente Martín Uchu) Suspended under indictment for aggravated rape of a minor on August 10, 2010 (convicted September 2011); pledged to resign to allow new elections Pazña, Oruro Víctor Centeno (MAS-IPSP) Resigned on 15 June 2010 under "psychological pressure and regional divisions" Catacora, La Paz See also Electoral calendar Electoral system Notes References ^ a b c "Bolivia: Ley del Régimen Electoral, 30 de junio de 2010". Lexivox. Retrieved 10 February 2015. ^ Barragán R., Rossana (2005). "Ciudadanía y elecciones, convenciones y debates". Regiones y poder constituyente en Bolivia: Una historia de pactos y disputas. Cuaderno de futuro. PNUD. pp. 287–294. ^ a b Cordero Carraffa, Carlos Hugo (February 2007). Historia Electoral de Bolivia: 1952-2007 (PDF). Cuadernos de trabajo. Corte Nacional Electoral. p. 27. ^ Córdova, Eduardo (2009). "Cochabamba es el centro es la ausencia: Impulsos estatales y sociales de la descentralización en Cochabamba (1994–2008)". Decursos: Revista de Ciencias Sociales. XI (20): 61–95 . ^ "Referendo para Aprobación de Estatutos Autonómicos y Cartas Orgánicas 2015". Tribunal Supremo Electoral. Archived from the original on 2016-03-14. ^ "Convocan a comicios electorales en 3 municipios". Página Siete. 2011-07-22. Archived from the original on 2012-03-17. Retrieved 2011-07-22. ^ "Condenan con 25 años de prisión al Alcalde suspendido de Punata". La Razón. 2011-08-08. Retrieved 2011-08-08. ^ "En Quillacollo y Pazña habrán nuevas elecciones para alcalde Archived 2011-09-11 at the Wayback Machine," Bolivianpress.com, 16 June 2011. External links Adam Carr's Election Archive vte Elections and referendums in BoliviaPresidential elections 1840 1844 1850 1855 1862 1868 1870 1872 1873 1884 1888 1892 1896 1904 1908 1909 1913 1917 1925 (May) 1925 (Dec) 1931 1934 1940 1947 1951 1956 1960 1964 1966 1978 1979 1980 1985 1989 1993 1997 2002 2005 2009 2014 2019 2020 2025 Legislative elections 1840 1844 1855 1862 1873 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 (May) 1920 (Dec) 1923 1925 1927 1928 1931 1933 1934 1938 1940 1942 1944 1947 1949 1951 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1978 1979 1980 1985 1989 1993 1997 2002 2005 2006 2009 2014 2019 2020 2025 Local elections 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1999 2004 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2015 2021 2026 Judicial elections 2011 2017 2024 Ombudsman elections 1998 2003 (Oct) 2003 (Dec) 2010 2016 2022 Referendums 1931 1986 2004 2006 2008 2009 2016 vteElections in South AmericaSovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies andother territories Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands vteBolivia articlesHistoryPre-colonial Inca Empire 16th century Colonial era Spanish colonization 17th century Viceroyalty of Peru 18th century Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata Upper Peru Rebellion of Túpac Katari Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II 19th century Early Republic Bolivian War of Independence Chuquisaca Revolution La Paz revolution Declaration of Independence Peru–Bolivian Confederation Salaverry-Santa Cruz War War of the Confederation Bolivia-Argentina War War of the Pacific Treaty of Defensive Alliance Battle of Río Grande Litoral Department Puna de Atacama dispute Liberal Era Chiriguano War Federal War 20th century Acre War Treaty of Petrópolis Manuripi campaign Revolutionary era Chaco War Military Socialism Bolivian National Revolution Dictatorship era Operation Condor Ñancahuazú Guerrilla Teoponte Guerrilla 21st century Contemporary era Cochabamba Water War Gas conflict Plurinational State Constitution Constituent Assembly 2009 referendum 2019 crisis COVID-19 pandemic Coups d'état Geography Cities Climate Departments Environmental issues Extreme points Lakes Mountains Provinces Rivers Volcanoes PoliticsExecutive Cabinet President of Bolivia List Legislative Chamber of Deputies current members Chamber President Chamber of Senators current members Senate President Vice President of Bolivia Judiciary Plurinational Constitutional Court Supreme Tribunal of Justice Law Constitution history Law enforcement Human rights Military Armed Forces Army Air Force Navy Politics Elections Plurinational Electoral Organ Foreign relations Atacama border dispute Parties Movement for Socialism Civic Community Creemos Economy Agriculture Boliviano (currency) Central Bank Cement Industry Companies Energy Natural Gas Mining Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Crime Education Health Irrigation Languages People Demographics Women LGBT Water supply and sanitation Water resources management Culture Architecture Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine (Wine) Flag Literature Media Music National anthem Public holidays Religion Sport Olympics Outline Category Portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"head of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Bolivia"},{"link_name":"legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature"},{"link_name":"National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Congress_of_Bolivia"},{"link_name":"chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralism"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Additional Member System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additional_Member_System"},{"link_name":"usos y costumbres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usos_y_costumbres"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Bolivia"},{"link_name":"nine departments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_Bolivia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RegimenElectoral-1"},{"link_name":"multi-party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party"},{"link_name":"parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_parties"},{"link_name":"parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_parties"},{"link_name":"coalition governments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_government"}],"text":"Bolivia elects on national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. The president and the vice-president are elected for a five-year term by the people. The National Congress (Congreso Nacional) has two chambers. The Chamber of Deputies (Cámara de Diputados) has 130 members, elected for a five-year term using the Additional Member System, and in the case of seven indigenous seats by usos y costumbres. The Chamber of Senators (Cámara de Senadores) has 36 members: each of the country's nine departments returns four senators allocated proportionally.[1]Bolivia has a multi-party system, with numerous parties. During the first 23 years of renewed democracy beginning 1982, no one party succeeded in gaining power alone, and parties had to work with each other to form coalition governments. Since 2005, a single party has achieved a parliamentary majority.Ahead of any national election a period of prohibition takes effect. This is with the intention of preventing inebriated nationals voting in error. Nationals are also forbidden from travelling around during the same period. This is to prevent voters from voting in more than one district. On polling day it is difficult to obtain a taxi or bus, due to the limitations placed upon travel and transport.","title":"Elections in Bolivia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Election","title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Inauguration","title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"second round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-round_system"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Bolivia"},{"link_name":"additional member system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additional_Member_System"},{"link_name":"first-past-the-post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-past-the-post"},{"link_name":"closed list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_list"},{"link_name":"party-list proportional representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation"},{"link_name":"D'Hondt method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Hondt_method"},{"link_name":"more seats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhang_seat"},{"link_name":"usos y costumbres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usos_y_costumbres"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Bolivia"},{"link_name":"D'Hondt method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Hondt_method"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RegimenElectoral-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RegimenElectoral-1"}],"text":"The president is directly elected by the people, by majority. A candidate has to receive at least 50% of the vote, or 40% of the vote, and 10% more than the second candidate to be elected, otherwise a second round is held with the top two finishers to determine the winner.The 130 members in the Chamber of Deputies (Cámara de Diputados) (excluding the seven special seats) are elected using the additional member system. 63 seats are elected in single-member districts using first-past-the-post voting. 60 additional seats are elected using closed list party-list proportional representation in districts of varying sizes corresponding to Bolivia's nine departments. For parties receiving at least 3% of the national vote, the seats are distributed using the D'Hondt method, subtracting the number of seats the respective party gained from the single-member districts in the respective department. If one party has more seats from the single-member districts alone than the proportion of list vote it received, the extra seats are taken from the last allocated list seats.The remaining seven seats are reserved indigenous seats elected by the usos y costumbres, using first-past-the-post voting. A voter can only vote in one of either the normal constituencies or special constituencies.The Chamber of Senators (Cámara de Senadores) has 36 members, four from each the country's nine departments, which are also elected using closed party-lists, using the D'Hondt method.[1]Both the senate, and the proportional part of the Chamber of Deputies is elected based on the vote for the presidential candidates, while the deputies from the single-member districts are elected using separate votes. Party lists are required to alternate between men and women, while candidates in single-member districts are required to have an alternate, of the opposite sex. At least 50% of the single-member deputies are required to be women [1]","title":"Electoral system"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History of elections in Bolivia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Indirect elections, 1825-50","text":"Elections were conducted in the early Republican period using multiple levels of electors, each of which would elect members of the next higher level, culminating in the president.[2]","title":"History of elections in Bolivia"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Direct elections with restricted suffrage, 1839 and 1850-1938","text":"In the elections of 1839, however, the president was elected by a majority of all voters. This system became the norm beginning in 1850. Voting requirements included a minimum property or income or service in one of the professions, and forbid all those \"in domestic service\" from voting. Indigenous peoples were effectively excluded from the franchise.","title":"History of elections in Bolivia"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Expanding electorate, 1938-1951","text":"Under the Constitution of 1938, property restrictions on voting were removed however the vote was still restricted to those who were male, literate, and of age. Elections were held in 1940 and 1951, and saw a dramatic expansion of the electorate.","title":"History of elections in Bolivia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bolivian Revolution of 1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivian_Revolution_of_1952"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_boliviana_de_1952"},{"link_name":"National Revolutionary Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Movement"},{"link_name":"universal suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage"},{"link_name":"René Barrientos Ortuño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Barrientos_Ortu%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"Constituent Assembly of 1966-67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivian_Constituent_Assembly_of_1966-67"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Bolivia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cordero27-3"},{"link_name":"Hugo Bánzer Suarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_B%C3%A1nzer_Suarez"}],"sub_title":"Universal suffrage and interruptions in democracy, 1952-79","text":"Shortly after coming to power through the Bolivian Revolution of 1952 [es], the National Revolutionary Movement instituted universal suffrage, ending literacy requirements and racial restrictions which had massively reduced the Bolivian electorate up to that time. General elections were held in 1956, 1960, and 1964; and purely legislative elections were held in 1958 and 1962. Democracy was interrupted in 1964 by René Barrientos Ortuño, who proceeded to hold and win an election in 1966 and to convoke the Constituent Assembly of 1966-67 to rewrite the Constitution of Bolivia.[3] Following Barrientos' death in 1969, democracy was further interrupted by military rule until 1979, including the eight-year dictatorship of Hugo Bánzer Suarez.","title":"History of elections in Bolivia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coups d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Lydia Gueiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Gueiler_Tejada"},{"link_name":"Hernán Siles Zuazo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Siles_Zuazo"}],"sub_title":"Democratic transition and final dictatorship, 1979-82","text":"In a chaotic period of transition marked by numerous coups d'état, three elections were held in 1978, 1979, 1980. Parliamentary majorities were not obtained in 1978 and 1979 and alliance building was interrupted by coups. Lydia Gueiler, an elected member of the National Congress assumed power constitutionally from November 1979 to mid-1980. The results of the 1980 elections were the basis for the post-1982 parliament and the 1982–85 government of Hernán Siles Zuazo.","title":"History of elections in Bolivia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cordero27-3"},{"link_name":"Constituent Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivian_Constituent_Assembly_of_2006-2007"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Plurinational Electoral Organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurinational_Electoral_Organ"},{"link_name":"Supreme Electoral Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurinational_Electoral_Organ#Supreme_Electoral_Court"}],"sub_title":"Multiparty democracy, 1982-present","text":"Elections have been held regularly in the democratic period that began in 1982. General elections were held in 1985, 1989, 1993, 1997, 2002, 2005, and 2009.[3] A Constituent Assembly was elected in 2006. The 1985 Organic Law of Municipalities restored local elections for mayor and created a legislative body, the municipal council, in each municipality.[4] The first local elections were held in 1987, followed by further elections in 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1999, 2004, and 2010. Similarly, departmental elections for Prefect began in 2006 and elections for Departmental Legislative Assemblies began in 2010. Following the passage of the 2009 Constitution, the National Electoral Court was replaced in late 2010 by a fourth branch of government, the Plurinational Electoral Organ, whose highest body is the Supreme Electoral Court.","title":"History of elections in Bolivia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Latest elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luis Arce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Arce"},{"link_name":"Carlos Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Mesa"},{"link_name":"Luis Fernando Camacho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Fernando_Camacho"}],"sub_title":"2020 Bolivian general election","text":"On 18 October 2020, Bolivian voters elected Luis Arce, leader of Evo Morales' MAS-IPSP, as Bolivia's president with 55% of the vote in the first round. Arce's main opponents, Carlos Mesa and Luis Fernando Camacho, received 29% and 14% of the vote, respectively. Arce took the office of president on 8 November 2020.","title":"Latest elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2017 Bolivian judicial election","title":"Latest elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2021 Bolivian regional elections","title":"Latest elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other elections and referendum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"2015 Autonomy referendum","text":"On September 20, 2015, five western and central departments—Cochabamba, Chuquisaca, La Paz, Oruro, and Potosí—voted on whether to approve \"organic charters\" (constitutions of autonomous governance), as did three municipalities and two indigenous territories.[5] Voters in all five departments rejected their charters of autonomy, which were drafted by MAS-IPSP–led legislatures.","title":"Other elections and referendum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"2011 Special municipal election","text":"A special election is due be held for the mayor of five cities where mayors have stepped down or been indicted. In July 2011, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal formally convoked the elections for mayor in three cities: Sucre, Quillacollo, and Pazña for December 18, 2011.[6]","title":"Other elections and referendum"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Electoral calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_calendar"},{"title":"Electoral system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_system"}]	[{"reference":"\"Bolivia: Ley del Régimen Electoral, 30 de junio de 2010\". Lexivox. Retrieved 10 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lexivox.org/norms/BO-L-N26.xhtml","url_text":"\"Bolivia: Ley del Régimen Electoral, 30 de junio de 2010\""}]},{"reference":"Barragán R., Rossana (2005). \"Ciudadanía y elecciones, convenciones y debates\". Regiones y poder constituyente en Bolivia: Una historia de pactos y disputas. Cuaderno de futuro. PNUD. pp. 287–294.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cordero Carraffa, Carlos Hugo (February 2007). Historia Electoral de Bolivia: 1952-2007 (PDF). Cuadernos de trabajo. Corte Nacional Electoral. p. 27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cne.org.bo/centro_doc/cuadernos_tra/cuaderno_tra4_historia_electoral.pdf","url_text":"Historia Electoral de Bolivia: 1952-2007"}]},{"reference":"Córdova, Eduardo (2009). \"Cochabamba es el centro es la ausencia: Impulsos estatales y sociales de la descentralización en Cochabamba (1994–2008)\". Decursos: Revista de Ciencias Sociales. XI (20): 61–95 [68].","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Referendo para Aprobación de Estatutos Autonómicos y Cartas Orgánicas 2015\". Tribunal Supremo Electoral. Archived from the original on 2016-03-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160314014045/http://tse.oep.org.bo/index.php/referendo2015","url_text":"\"Referendo para Aprobación de Estatutos Autonómicos y Cartas Orgánicas 2015\""},{"url":"http://tse.oep.org.bo/index.php/referendo2015","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Convocan a comicios electorales en 3 municipios\". Página Siete. 2011-07-22. Archived from the original on 2012-03-17. Retrieved 2011-07-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120317125140/http://www.paginasiete.bo/2011-07-22/Nacional/Destacados/200000422.aspx","url_text":"\"Convocan a comicios electorales en 3 municipios\""},{"url":"http://www.paginasiete.bo/2011-07-22/Nacional/Destacados/200000422.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Condenan con 25 años de prisión al Alcalde suspendido de Punata\". La Razón. 2011-08-08. Retrieved 2011-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.la-razon.com/version.php?ArticleId=135257&EditionId=2615","url_text":"\"Condenan con 25 años de prisión al Alcalde suspendido de Punata\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.noticiasfides.com/sociedad/referendo-autonomico-a-computo-final-gano-el-no-en-cinco-departamentos-357356/","external_links_name":"\"Referendo autonómico: A cómputo final ganó el No en cinco departamentos\""},{"Link":"http://www.lexivox.org/norms/BO-L-N26.xhtml","external_links_name":"\"Bolivia: Ley del Régimen Electoral, 30 de junio de 2010\""},{"Link":"http://www.cne.org.bo/centro_doc/cuadernos_tra/cuaderno_tra4_historia_electoral.pdf","external_links_name":"Historia Electoral de Bolivia: 1952-2007"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160314014045/http://tse.oep.org.bo/index.php/referendo2015","external_links_name":"\"Referendo para Aprobación de Estatutos Autonómicos y Cartas Orgánicas 2015\""},{"Link":"http://tse.oep.org.bo/index.php/referendo2015","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120317125140/http://www.paginasiete.bo/2011-07-22/Nacional/Destacados/200000422.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Convocan a comicios electorales en 3 municipios\""},{"Link":"http://www.paginasiete.bo/2011-07-22/Nacional/Destacados/200000422.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.la-razon.com/version.php?ArticleId=135257&EditionId=2615","external_links_name":"\"Condenan con 25 años de prisión al Alcalde suspendido de Punata\""},{"Link":"http://www.bolivianpress.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=401:en-quillacollo-y-pazna-habran-nuevas-elecciones-para-alcalde&catid=46:cochabamba-&Itemid=84","external_links_name":"En Quillacollo y Pazña habrán nuevas elecciones para alcalde"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110911002651/http://www.bolivianpress.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=401:en-quillacollo-y-pazna-habran-nuevas-elecciones-para-alcalde&catid=46:cochabamba-&Itemid=84","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/b/bolivia/","external_links_name":"Adam Carr's Election Archive"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reborn_Armenia	Reborn Armenia	["1 History","2 Ideology","3 Electoral record","3.1 Parliamentary elections","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Political party in Armenia Reborn Armenia Վերածնվող ՀայաստանLeaderVahe HakobyanFounded2021 (2021)HeadquartersYerevanIdeologySocial capitalismArmenian nationalismSyunik regionalismNational affiliationArmenia AllianceSlogan"Security, Justice and Labor"National Assembly0 / 107Websitevhk.amPolitics of ArmeniaPolitical partiesElections Reborn Armenia (Armenian: Վերածնվող Հայաստան, romanized: Veratsnvogh Hayastan), also translated as Resurgent Armenia and Reviving Armenia, is an Armenian political party. It was founded on 20 March 2021 and is currently led by Vahe A. Hakobyan. History The party was established in 2021. Its chairman is Vahe Alberti Hakobyan. Hakobyan previously served as governor of the Syunik Province of Armenia (not to be confused with Vahe M. Hakobyan, another former governor of Syunik). Several party members, including Vahe Hakobyan, formerly belonged to the Republican Party of Armenia. The party has also stated that they would cooperate with other political parties in the country, but that they would refuse to work with the Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party. During the 2020–2021 Armenian protests, the party called for Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan to resign. On 7 May 2021, the party confirmed it would participate in the 2021 Armenian parliamentary elections as part of a political alliance with the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. The alliance was named Armenia Alliance and is led by the second President of Armenia, Robert Kocharyan. Following the election, the alliance won 21% of the popular vote and gained 29 seats in the National Assembly, becoming the official opposition. On 29 November 2022, Reborn Armenia members of parliament decided to terminate their positions in the National Assembly. Ideology The party supports full political and civil equality for all citizens, regardless of religious, racial or sexual differences, and supports freedom of choice of religion, conscience, language, education, and culture. The party supports increased opportunities for youth, maintaining a strong social security system for the elderly, increasing military funding, and encourages repatriation from the Armenian Diaspora. In terms of economics, the party supports the development of a mixed economy by blending elements of a capitalist market economy with elements of a planned economy. The party also calls on further investment in health care and education, fighting corruption, and strengthening Armenia's role in the Caucasus region. Electoral record Parliamentary elections Election Leader Votes % Seats +/– Position Government 2021 Vahe Hakobyan 269,481 21.11 6 / 107 6 2nd Opposition ^ Run within Armenia Alliance See also Politics portal Programs of political parties in Armenia References ^ "Այս պահին ով ում հետ է բանակցում. ով ում հետ կմասնակցի ընտրություններին". hayeli.am. ^ ""Հունիսի 21-ին Նիկոլը լինելու է նախկին". Սյունիքի նախկին մարզպետ". kizaket.am. ^ a b "Former governor of Syunik Vahe Hakobyan has formed a party". 11 March 2021. ^ "Our country today needs a revival in all spheres. Vahe Hakobyan, Chairman of the "Reviving Armenia" Party". ^ "Armenia's June 2021 Parliamentary Election: The Essential Primer". www.evnreport.com. Retrieved 2021-06-07. ^ "Քաղաքական բում, թե ձայների փոշիացում. ՀՀ–ում շուրջ 2 տասնյակ նոր կուսակցություն կստեղծվի". Pars Today. April 11, 2021. ^ "WE WILL NOT COOPERATE WITH "SASNA TSRER", THEIR PLACE IS IN THE FORTRESS". 20 March 2021. ^ a b ռ/կ, Ազատություն (6 May 2021). ""Վերածնվող Հայաստան"-ը հայտարարում է ընտրություններին ՀՅԴ-ի հետ դաշինքով մասնակցելու մասին՝ Քոչարյանի գլխավորությամբ". «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան. ^ ""Հունիսի 21-ին Նիկոլը լինելու է նախկին". Սյունիքի նախկին մարզպետ (տեսանյութ)". ^ "Ես ու թիմակիցներս ստեղծել ենք "Վերածնվող Հայաստան" կուսակցությունը. մեր թիվ 1 օրակարգը Նիկոլ Փաշինյանի հրաժարականն է. Վահե Հակոբյան". www.tert.am. ^ "Սերժ Սարգսյանը կզոհաբերի՞ իր հավատարիմ զինվորներին". hayeli.am. ^ "Opposition party terminates parliamentary activity as MPs resign". PanARMENIAN.Net. ^ "Press conference of "Reviving Armenia" party leader Vahe Hakobyan". YouTube. ^ "We have created the "Reviving Armenia" party. Our number one agenda is Pashinyan's resignation. Vahe Hakobyan". 7 June 2023. ^ "Today Armenia needs a revival in all spheres. Vahe Hakobyan". External links Reborn Armenia Party on Facebook vtePolitical parties in Armenia National Assembly Armenia Alliance (Armenian Revolutionary Federation) Civil Contract (* United Labour Party) I Have Honor Alliance (Republican Party of Armenia) Unrepresented Adequate Party All Armenian Labour Party All-Armenian National Statehood Party Alliance of Ideological Liberals Alliance Party Alternative Party Apricot Country Party Armenia is Our Home Armenian Castle Armenian Communist Party Armenian Constructive Party Armenian Democratic Liberal Party Armenian Dream Armenian Eagles Unified Armenia Party Armenian Liberal Party Armenian National Congress Armenian National Movement Party Balasanyan Alliance Social Party Bright Armenia Christian-Democratic Rebirth Party Christian Democratic Union of Armenia Citizen's Decision Conservative Party Constitutional Rights Union Country of Living Democratic Alternative Party Democratic Consolidation Party Democratic Homeland Party Democratic Party of Armenia Democratic Way Party Dignified Future Dignified Way Party European Party of Armenia Fair Armenia Party For The Republic Party For Social Justice Free Democrats Freedom Party Free Homeland Alliance Generation of Independence Green Party of Armenia Hanrapetutyun Party Hayazn Hayk Party Heritage Homeland of Armenians Party Homeland Party Intellectual Armenia Party Liberal Democratic Union of Armenia Liberal Party Mighty Fatherland Moral Values Party Mother Armenia Alliance My Powerful Community National Agenda Party National Christian Party National Democratic Pole National Democratic Union National Democrats Union National Progress Party of Armenia National Security Party National Unity New Political Culture Party New Power New Times One Armenia Party Orinats Yerkir Pan-Armenian National Agreement Patriot Party People's Party People's Party of Armenia Progressive United Communist Party of Armenia Prosperous Armenia Public Voice Party Reborn Armenia Reformist Party Rise Party Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party Shant Alliance Nationalist Party Shirinyan-Babajanyan Alliance of Democrats Social Democrat Hunchakian Party Social Justice Party Solidarity Party Sovereign Armenia Party Stability Party Strength of the Fatherland Third Republic Party Towards Russia Party Unified Armenians Party Union for National Self-Determination United Armenia United Communist Party of Armenia United Homeland Party United Liberal National Party United National Initiative Unity Party Victory Party Voice Libertarian Conservative Party Voice of the Nation 5165 National Conservative Movement Party Defunct Armenakan-Democratic Liberal Party Armenian Workers Communist Party Armenian Workers Union Armenian Populist Party Bright Alliance Communist Party of Armenia Democratic Liberal Party Democratic Liberal Party of Armenia Dignified Yerevan Dignity, Democracy, Motherland Hello Yerevan Homeland Salvation Movement Impeachment Union Justice Law and Unity Marxist Party of Armenia Mission Party My Step Alliance National United Party New Country ORO Alliance Pan-Armenian National Movement Renewed Communist Party of Armenia Tsarukyan Alliance Union of Communists of Armenia Union of Producers and Women Union Party Way Out Alliance We Alliance Politics portal political parties by country Politics of Armenia	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"political party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party"},{"link_name":"Vahe A. Hakobyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahe_Hakobyan_(politician,_born_1971)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Reborn Armenia (Armenian: Վերածնվող Հայաստան, romanized: Veratsnvogh Hayastan), also translated as Resurgent Armenia[5] and Reviving Armenia, is an Armenian political party. It was founded on 20 March 2021 and is currently led by Vahe A. Hakobyan.[6]","title":"Reborn Armenia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syunik Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syunik_Province"},{"link_name":"Vahe M. Hakobyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahe_Hakobyan_(politician,_born_1977)"},{"link_name":"Republican Party of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasna_Tsrer_Pan-Armenian_Party"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2020–2021 Armenian protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Armenian_protests"},{"link_name":"Nikol Pashinyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikol_Pashinyan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2021 Armenian parliamentary elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Armenian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Armenian Revolutionary Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation"},{"link_name":"Armenia Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Robert Kocharyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kocharyan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-8"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The party was established in 2021. Its chairman is Vahe Alberti Hakobyan. Hakobyan previously served as governor of the Syunik Province of Armenia (not to be confused with Vahe M. Hakobyan, another former governor of Syunik). Several party members, including Vahe Hakobyan, formerly belonged to the Republican Party of Armenia. The party has also stated that they would cooperate with other political parties in the country, but that they would refuse to work with the Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party.[7][8][9]During the 2020–2021 Armenian protests, the party called for Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan to resign.[10] On 7 May 2021, the party confirmed it would participate in the 2021 Armenian parliamentary elections as part of a political alliance with the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. The alliance was named Armenia Alliance and is led by the second President of Armenia, Robert Kocharyan.[11][8] Following the election, the alliance won 21% of the popular vote and gained 29 seats in the National Assembly, becoming the official opposition.On 29 November 2022, Reborn Armenia members of parliament decided to terminate their positions in the National Assembly.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian Diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Diaspora"},{"link_name":"mixed economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_economy"},{"link_name":"corruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24news.am-3"}],"text":"The party supports full political and civil equality for all citizens, regardless of religious, racial or sexual differences, and supports freedom of choice of religion, conscience, language, education, and culture. The party supports increased opportunities for youth, maintaining a strong social security system for the elderly, increasing military funding, and encourages repatriation from the Armenian Diaspora. In terms of economics, the party supports the development of a mixed economy by blending elements of a capitalist market economy with elements of a planned economy. The party also calls on further investment in health care and education, fighting corruption, and strengthening Armenia's role in the Caucasus region.[13][14][15][3]","title":"Ideology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electoral record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Armenia Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia_Alliance"}],"sub_title":"Parliamentary elections","text":"^ Run within Armenia Alliance","title":"Electoral record"}]	[]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"title":"Politics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"title":"Programs of political parties in Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programs_of_political_parties_in_Armenia"}]	[{"reference":"\"Այս պահին ով ում հետ է բանակցում. ով ում հետ կմասնակցի ընտրություններին\". hayeli.am.","urls":[{"url":"http://hayeli.am/?p=631587&l=am/","url_text":"\"Այս պահին ով ում հետ է բանակցում. ով ում հետ կմասնակցի ընտրություններին\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Հունիսի 21-ին Նիկոլը լինելու է նախկին\". Սյունիքի նախկին մարզպետ\". kizaket.am.","urls":[{"url":"https://kizaket.am/group/168.am/280033","url_text":"\"\"Հունիսի 21-ին Նիկոլը լինելու է նախկին\". Սյունիքի նախկին մարզպետ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former governor of Syunik Vahe Hakobyan has formed a party\". 11 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.24news.am/news/158291","url_text":"\"Former governor of Syunik Vahe Hakobyan has formed a party\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our country today needs a revival in all spheres. Vahe Hakobyan, Chairman of the \"Reviving Armenia\" Party\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aysor.am/am/news/2021/03/20/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A5-%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6/1814165","url_text":"\"Our country today needs a revival in all spheres. Vahe Hakobyan, Chairman of the \"Reviving Armenia\" Party\""}]},{"reference":"\"Armenia's June 2021 Parliamentary Election: The Essential Primer\". www.evnreport.com. Retrieved 2021-06-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.evnreport.com/elections/armenia-s-june-2021-parliamentary-election-the-essential-primer","url_text":"\"Armenia's June 2021 Parliamentary Election: The Essential Primer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Քաղաքական բում, թե ձայների փոշիացում. ՀՀ–ում շուրջ 2 տասնյակ նոր կուսակցություն կստեղծվի\". Pars Today. April 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://parstoday.com/hy/news/armenia-i137998","url_text":"\"Քաղաքական բում, թե ձայների փոշիացում. ՀՀ–ում շուրջ 2 տասնյակ նոր կուսակցություն կստեղծվի\""}]},{"reference":"\"WE WILL NOT COOPERATE WITH \"SASNA TSRER\", THEIR PLACE IS IN THE FORTRESS\". 20 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hraparak.am/post/db5385a99bbf70bb3ac8477691820ae5","url_text":"\"WE WILL NOT COOPERATE WITH \"SASNA TSRER\", THEIR PLACE IS IN THE FORTRESS\""}]},{"reference":"ռ/կ, Ազատություն (6 May 2021). \"\"Վերածնվող Հայաստան\"-ը հայտարարում է ընտրություններին ՀՅԴ-ի հետ դաշինքով մասնակցելու մասին՝ Քոչարյանի գլխավորությամբ\". «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.azatutyun.am/a/31241050.html","url_text":"\"\"Վերածնվող Հայաստան\"-ը հայտարարում է ընտրություններին ՀՅԴ-ի հետ դաշինքով մասնակցելու մասին՝ Քոչարյանի գլխավորությամբ\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Հունիսի 21-ին Նիկոլը լինելու է նախկին\". Սյունիքի նախկին մարզպետ (տեսանյութ)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://168.am/2021/03/20/1482076.html","url_text":"\"\"Հունիսի 21-ին Նիկոլը լինելու է նախկին\". Սյունիքի նախկին մարզպետ (տեսանյութ)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ես ու թիմակիցներս ստեղծել ենք \"Վերածնվող Հայաստան\" կուսակցությունը. մեր թիվ 1 օրակարգը Նիկոլ Փաշինյանի հրաժարականն է. Վահե Հակոբյան\". www.tert.am.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tert.am/am/news/2021/03/11/Vahe-hakobyan/3549417","url_text":"\"Ես ու թիմակիցներս ստեղծել ենք \"Վերածնվող Հայաստան\" կուսակցությունը. մեր թիվ 1 օրակարգը Նիկոլ Փաշինյանի հրաժարականն է. Վահե Հակոբյան\""}]},{"reference":"\"Սերժ Սարգսյանը կզոհաբերի՞ իր հավատարիմ զինվորներին\". hayeli.am.","urls":[{"url":"http://hayeli.am/?p=633951&l=am/","url_text":"\"Սերժ Սարգսյանը կզոհաբերի՞ իր հավատարիմ զինվորներին\""}]},{"reference":"\"Opposition party terminates parliamentary activity as MPs resign\". PanARMENIAN.Net.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/304015/","url_text":"\"Opposition party terminates parliamentary activity as MPs resign\""}]},{"reference":"\"Press conference of \"Reviving Armenia\" party leader Vahe Hakobyan\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2XzTxjnalk","url_text":"\"Press conference of \"Reviving Armenia\" party leader Vahe Hakobyan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"We have created the \"Reviving Armenia\" party. Our number one agenda is Pashinyan's resignation. Vahe Hakobyan\". 7 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.am/arm/news/633165.html","url_text":"\"We have created the \"Reviving Armenia\" party. Our number one agenda is Pashinyan's resignation. Vahe Hakobyan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Today Armenia needs a revival in all spheres. Vahe Hakobyan\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.panorama.am/am/news/2021/03/20/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A5-%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6-%D5%8D%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%84/2472542","url_text":"\"Today Armenia needs a revival in all spheres. Vahe Hakobyan\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://vhk.am/","external_links_name":"vhk.am"},{"Link":"http://hayeli.am/?p=631587&l=am/","external_links_name":"\"Այս պահին ով ում հետ է բանակցում. ով ում հետ կմասնակցի ընտրություններին\""},{"Link":"https://kizaket.am/group/168.am/280033","external_links_name":"\"\"Հունիսի 21-ին Նիկոլը լինելու է նախկին\". Սյունիքի նախկին մարզպետ\""},{"Link":"https://www.24news.am/news/158291","external_links_name":"\"Former governor of Syunik Vahe Hakobyan has formed a party\""},{"Link":"https://www.aysor.am/am/news/2021/03/20/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A5-%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6/1814165","external_links_name":"\"Our country today needs a revival in all spheres. Vahe Hakobyan, Chairman of the \"Reviving Armenia\" Party\""},{"Link":"https://www.evnreport.com/elections/armenia-s-june-2021-parliamentary-election-the-essential-primer","external_links_name":"\"Armenia's June 2021 Parliamentary Election: The Essential Primer\""},{"Link":"https://parstoday.com/hy/news/armenia-i137998","external_links_name":"\"Քաղաքական բում, թե ձայների փոշիացում. ՀՀ–ում շուրջ 2 տասնյակ նոր կուսակցություն կստեղծվի\""},{"Link":"https://hraparak.am/post/db5385a99bbf70bb3ac8477691820ae5","external_links_name":"\"WE WILL NOT COOPERATE WITH \"SASNA TSRER\", THEIR PLACE IS IN THE FORTRESS\""},{"Link":"https://www.azatutyun.am/a/31241050.html","external_links_name":"\"\"Վերածնվող Հայաստան\"-ը հայտարարում է ընտրություններին ՀՅԴ-ի հետ դաշինքով մասնակցելու մասին՝ Քոչարյանի գլխավորությամբ\""},{"Link":"https://168.am/2021/03/20/1482076.html","external_links_name":"\"\"Հունիսի 21-ին Նիկոլը լինելու է նախկին\". Սյունիքի նախկին մարզպետ (տեսանյութ)\""},{"Link":"https://www.tert.am/am/news/2021/03/11/Vahe-hakobyan/3549417","external_links_name":"\"Ես ու թիմակիցներս ստեղծել ենք \"Վերածնվող Հայաստան\" կուսակցությունը. մեր թիվ 1 օրակարգը Նիկոլ Փաշինյանի հրաժարականն է. Վահե Հակոբյան\""},{"Link":"http://hayeli.am/?p=633951&l=am/","external_links_name":"\"Սերժ Սարգսյանը կզոհաբերի՞ իր հավատարիմ զինվորներին\""},{"Link":"https://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/304015/","external_links_name":"\"Opposition party terminates parliamentary activity as MPs resign\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2XzTxjnalk","external_links_name":"\"Press conference of \"Reviving Armenia\" party leader Vahe Hakobyan\""},{"Link":"https://news.am/arm/news/633165.html","external_links_name":"\"We have created the \"Reviving Armenia\" party. Our number one agenda is Pashinyan's resignation. Vahe Hakobyan\""},{"Link":"https://www.panorama.am/am/news/2021/03/20/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A5-%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6-%D5%8D%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%84/2472542","external_links_name":"\"Today Armenia needs a revival in all spheres. Vahe Hakobyan\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/ArmenianRenaissance/","external_links_name":"Reborn Armenia Party"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Foster_(judge)	Robert Foster (judge)	["1 Early career","2 Conduct during the Civil War and Protectorate","3 Chief Justice","4 Private life","5 References"]	Sir Robert Foster (1589–1663) was an English judge and Chief Justice of the King's Bench. Early career Foster was the youngest son of Sir Thomas Foster, a judge of the common pleas in the time of James I. He was born in 1589, admitted a member of the Inner Temple in 1604, and called to the bar in January 1610. He was reader in the autumn of 1631, and with ten others received the degree of serjeant-at-law on 30 May 1636. On 27 January 1640 he succeeded Sir George Vernon as a justice of the Common Pleas and was knighted. Conduct during the Civil War and Protectorate He was an ardent royalist, is supposed to have defended ship money and billeting of troops, and joined king Charles I of England at Oxford on his retreat thither, but he was one of those judges for whose continuance in office the British House of Commons petitioned in 1643. At Oxford he attempted without success to hold a Court of Common Pleas. On 31 January 1643 he received the degree of D.C.L. He was one of the judges who tried and condemned Captain Turpin in 1644, and although the House of Commons ordered Serjeant Glanville, his colleague in that case, to be impeached for high treason, Foster was only removed, and with the four other judges of the Common Pleas disabled from his office "as if dead", for adherence to the king. He compounded for his estates by paying a large fine. After the death of Charles I, Foster lived in retirement, and, being a deep black letter lawyer, practised in the Temple as a chamber counsel and conveyancer. He had received on 14 October 1656 a license from Oliver Cromwell and council to come to London on private business and stay there, notwithstanding the late proclamation. Chief Justice At the Restoration he was at once restored to the bench, 31 May 1660, and, having shown zeal on the trials of the regicides, was presently (21 October 1660) appointed to the chief-justiceship of the King's Bench, which had remained vacant for want of a suitable person to fill it. He dealt sternly with political prisoners. Many Fifth-monarchy men and the Quakers, John Crook, Grey, Bolton, and Tonge, accused of a plot against the king's life, were tried by him, and in the case of Sir Harry Vane he not only browbeat the prisoner on the trial, but induced the king to sanction the execution against his inclination and word and the petition of both houses of parliament. On 1 July 1663 he tried Sir Charles Sedley for indecent behaviour, and 'rebuked him severely.' He died on circuit, 4 October 1663, and was buried under a tomb bearing a bust of him in robes, at Egham, Surrey. Private life Foster married Elizabeth, the daughter of Sir Edward Burton of Bourne, Sussex. He left a son Thomas, afterwards a knight, to whom his house, Great Foster House, Egham, descended. References ^ "Quaker Persecutions - 2, Trials". Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Foster, Robert". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. Quote: FOSTER, Sir ROBERT (1589-1663), lord chief-justice, 1660–3; barrister, Inner Temple, 1610; serjeant-at-law, 1636; justice of common pleas, 1640-3; D.C.L. Oxford, 1643; removed after trial of Captain Turpin, 1644; during Commonwealth practised as chamber counsel; restored, 1660, and made chief-justice for zeal in trial of regicides; procured execution, of Sir Harry Vane. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Legal offices Preceded bySir Richard Newdigate Lord Chief Justice 1660–1663 Succeeded bySir Robert Hyde	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Robert Foster (judge)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Inner Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Temple"},{"link_name":"serjeant-at-law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serjeant-at-law"},{"link_name":"Common Pleas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Common_Pleas_(England)"}],"text":"Foster was the youngest son of Sir Thomas Foster, a judge of the common pleas in the time of James I. He was born in 1589, admitted a member of the Inner Temple in 1604, and called to the bar in January 1610. He was reader in the autumn of 1631, and with ten others received the degree of serjeant-at-law on 30 May 1636. On 27 January 1640 he succeeded Sir George Vernon as a justice of the Common Pleas and was knighted.","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ship money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_money"},{"link_name":"Charles I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"British House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"Court of Common Pleas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Common_Pleas_(England)"},{"link_name":"Common Pleas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Common_Pleas_(England)"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"black letter lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_letter_law"},{"link_name":"Oliver Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell"}],"text":"He was an ardent royalist, is supposed to have defended ship money and billeting of troops, and joined king Charles I of England at Oxford on his retreat thither, but he was one of those judges for whose continuance in office the British House of Commons petitioned in 1643. At Oxford he attempted without success to hold a Court of Common Pleas. On 31 January 1643 he received the degree of D.C.L. He was one of the judges who tried and condemned Captain Turpin in 1644, and although the House of Commons ordered Serjeant Glanville, his colleague in that case, to be impeached for high treason, Foster was only removed, and with the four other judges of the Common Pleas disabled from his office \"as if dead\", for adherence to the king. He compounded for his estates by paying a large fine. After the death of Charles I, Foster lived in retirement, and, being a deep black letter lawyer, practised in the Temple as a chamber counsel and conveyancer. He had received on 14 October 1656 a license from Oliver Cromwell and council to come to London on private business and stay there, notwithstanding the late proclamation.","title":"Conduct during the Civil War and Protectorate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Restoration"},{"link_name":"regicides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regicides_of_Charles_I"},{"link_name":"chief-justiceship of the King's Bench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Fifth-monarchy men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_monarchies"},{"link_name":"Quakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers"},{"link_name":"John Crook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Crook_(Quaker)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sir Harry Vane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Charles Sedley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sedley"},{"link_name":"Egham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egham"}],"text":"At the Restoration he was at once restored to the bench, 31 May 1660, and, having shown zeal on the trials of the regicides, was presently (21 October 1660) appointed to the chief-justiceship of the King's Bench, which had remained vacant for want of a suitable person to fill it. He dealt sternly with political prisoners. Many Fifth-monarchy men and the Quakers, John Crook,[1] Grey, Bolton, and Tonge, accused of a plot against the king's life, were tried by him, and in the case of Sir Harry Vane he not only browbeat the prisoner on the trial, but induced the king to sanction the execution against his inclination and word and the petition of both houses of parliament. On 1 July 1663 he tried Sir Charles Sedley for indecent behaviour, and 'rebuked him severely.' He died on circuit, 4 October 1663, and was buried under a tomb bearing a bust of him in robes, at Egham, Surrey.","title":"Chief Justice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Egham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egham"}],"text":"Foster married Elizabeth, the daughter of Sir Edward Burton of Bourne, Sussex. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freman_College	Freman College	["1 History","2 Structure","3 Campus","4 Awards and recognition","4.1 Teaching awards","4.2 Partnerships","5 Notable former pupils","6 Headteachers","7 Notes","8 References"]	Coordinates: 51°57′05″N 0°01′40″W / 51.95141°N 0.02784°W / 51.95141; -0.02784 Academy school in Buntingford, Hertfordshire, EnglandFreman CollegeAddressBowling Green LaneBuntingford, Hertfordshire, SG9 9BTEnglandCoordinates51°57′05″N 0°01′40″W / 51.95141°N 0.02784°W / 51.95141; -0.02784InformationFormer nameWard Freman SchoolTypeAcademyEstablished1970 or 1971Local authorityHertfordshire County CouncilDepartment for Education URN137002 TablesOfstedReportsChairJackie MartinHeadteacherHelen LoughranStaffc. 90GenderCoeducationalAge13 to 18Enrolment961 as of February 2022Capacity903Houses Hepworth Butler Moore MillsColour(s)Dark green PublicationThe WordAffiliationsRalph Sadleir SchoolEdwinstree C of E Middle SchoolWebsitehttps://www.freman.org.uk Freman College is an upper school and sixth form with academy status in Buntingford, Hertfordshire, England. It was established as Ward Freman School in either 1970 or 1971 and became Freman College in 1999. It is named after the late Elizabeth Freman and the Freman family, who currently own the grounds of the school. Of the 788 students at the school in 2006, 198 were enrolled in the Sixth form. History Ward Freman School was established in either 1970 or 1971, replacing Buntingford Secondary Modern School. It was named after Bishop Seth Ward and Elizabeth Freman of the Freman family as both were benefactors of Buntingford's old grammar school that closed in 1900. It had comprehensive status and originally served students aged 11 to 16, however a lack of students in the lower years led to the decision to become an upper school and sixth form serving students aged 13 to 18. No students were admitted for the two years during the transition. The first headmaster was C. Patrick Nobes. In 1975, Roger Harcourt was appointed headmaster, a position he would stay in until his retirement in 2004. Harcourt introduced a yearly tradition where a Shakespeare play would be held each December. This tradition lasted until 2003. In 1995 the school received its first Ofsted inspection and on 1 September 1999 it was renamed to Freman College. By February 2001 the school had attained community status. At the same time the school was graded as satisfactory by Ofsted, however its sixth form was graded good. In September 2004 Roger Harcourt retired and was succeeded as head by Helen Loughran. A year later, the school was jointly designated as a specialist Humanities College with its two partner middle schools, Edwinstree C of E Middle School and Ralph Sadleir School. The school's current chair, Jackie Martin, was appointed in 2005. In 2006, Freman College became a member of the North East Herts School Sport Coordinator Partnership, becoming the coordinator of a School Sports Partnership. The school and sixth form were both graded good by Ofsted, with the school making "significant improvements in the last two years" because of new management. A curricular inspection was made in October 2007, focusing on the provision of citizenship education. In 2009 the school retained its good Ofsted grade and converted from community to foundation status. This was followed by academy status in 2011, with the school being one of the first academy converters. Shortly after academy conversion, in January 2012, Freman yet again retained a good Ofsted grade, as did the sixth form. In March 2012 the school announced a decision to ban skirts because of concerns about skirt length. The ban was enforced from September 2013, potentially making the school the first to implement such a ban in Hertfordshire. As sixth formers do not need to wear school uniform, their dress code was unaffected. In 2015 and 2019 the school's good grade was reaffirmed by Ofsted. Structure Freman College follows the traditional year group system found in most English schools and students are managed between these years based on their educational stage. Unlike most schools, these years are lettered A, I and E (years 9, 10 and 11). A Year stands for Admission Year, I Year for Intermediate Year and E Year for Examination Year. The sixth form is split between lower sixth and upper sixth (years 12 and 13). All students belong to one of four houses for the duration of their studies, each represented by a colour and named after a famous British sculptor. They are Butler (yellow), Hepworth (red), Mills (blue) and Moore (green). Each house is directed by a head of house and there are regular inter-house competitions in a multitude of subjects, with the overall winners each year being awarded the Sainsbury Cup (formerly the Sainsbury Trophy). Campus Freman College is located on Bowling Green Lane in the rural town of Buntingford. The school has a car-park and there is a bus stop outside. The school itself is moderately smaller than average and has a catchment area serving the settlements of Puckeridge, Buntingford, Braughing, Anstey, Hormead and Ardeley. The school often admits students from towns beyond the catchment area, including Ware, Royston and Stevenage. The land of which the school is situated on is owned by the Freman family. The school site contains a four-court sports hall, outdoor courts and pitches, a gym and a main hall. There is also a field outside the school. Most of these facilities can be hired outside the school day. The sports hall is named after long-time teacher Janette Wood, and cost £1.2 million to build. Outside the sports hall is a playground named in honour of the late David Lewis, who also taught at the school. A nearby tree has also been planted in his honour. Food is served at three locations in the school: the playground catering trailer outside the sports hall and two canteens, one school-wide and one sixth form. The Ward Freman Pool is located on the school site and is co-managed by East Hertfordshire District Council and Everyone Active. Swimming lessons are offered to people of all ages. Many of these facilities are part of the school's various buildings and areas, some of which are named after relating locations or notable individuals in the school's history. They are the principal block, science block, Porthmeor art studio, West End performing arts centre, "Fort William" geography suite, Seth Ward centre, Roger Harcourt centre, Howard Carter centre and pavilion (sixth form only). Since 2005, most of these areas have been disability friendly. Awards and recognition On 22 March 2010, the school's sixth form Amnesty International group broke the Guinness World Record for Most Demonstrations in 24 Hours. The group held 23 protests throughout Central London, beating the previous record of 21 set in 2006 by comedian and journalist Mark Thomas. Subjects included in the protests included capital punishment, maternal death and multiple violations of human rights in countries such as Iran. The group's final protest was outside 10 Downing Street, the official residence of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. In 2015 the school was acknowledged as being one of the top 3% comprehensive state schools in England. This was due to the school's GCSE results remaining high each year. Teaching awards In 2014 English and PE teacher Janette Wood was awarded an MBE for educational service. Wood has been teaching at Freman College since 1976 and also leads the North East Herts School Sport Coordinator Partnership, of which the school is a member. Long-time headteacher Roger Harcourt was one of two co-recipients of the British Shakespeare Association's 2018 honorary fellowship. He was granted the fellowship alongside actress and activist Dame Vanessa Redgrave. Partnerships Beginning in 1971, J Sainsbury's donated £500 per annum to Ward Freman School. The donation was made because of the large amount of parents working for the company. Originally the donation was to fund environmental studies, however Headmaster Harcourt expanded its use to school trips, courses and buying a tent. The donation funded the annual Sainsbury Trophy, a trophy gifted to the best performing house every year. The trophy has since been renamed to the Sainsbury Cup, but is still awarded to the best house at the end of each academic year. Freman College is closely affiliated with two nearby middle schools, Edwinstree C of E Middle School and Ralph Sadleir School. Students from these schools are prioritised when applying for a place at Freman. The three schools were jointly designated with specialist Humanities College status, forming strong links between each other and other local schools. Although the joint specialism appears to have been abandoned, links between the three schools have remained strong. As a result, the three schools have set up an educational "pyramid" where the two middle schools admit students from their feeder lower schools and direct them to Freman once their middle school education is complete. This pyramid is known as the Rib Valley pyramid and has combined the three schools' senior leadership teams. Inset days are held jointly between schools in the pyramid, during which teaching staff are shared. Notable former pupils Sam Gyimah, Liberal Democrat politician. Anna Williamson, television presenter. Nathan Tella, professional footballer. Headteachers Walter Baldwin (1960s) C. Patrick Nobes (1970–1975) Roger Harcourt (1975–2004) Helen Loughran (2004–present) Notes ^ Walter Baldwin was headmaster of Buntingford Secondary Modern School, the predecessor to Ward Freman School. References ^ a b c d "Freman College". get-information-schools.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 8 February 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Working at Freman College". Freman College. 8 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022. ^ a b c d e f "History". Freman College. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022. ^ "Staff". Freman College. Retrieved 8 February 2022. ^ "Governors". Freman College. Retrieved 8 February 2022. ^ "Freman College". BBC News. Retrieved 9 February 2022. ^ "House system". Freman College. Retrieved 8 February 2022. ^ "The Freman House System". Freman College. Archived from the original on 15 December 2004. Retrieved 8 February 2022. ^ ""The Word" student magazine". Freman College. Retrieved 11 February 2022. ^ "DFES Website: School and College (Post-16) Achievement and Attainment Tables 2006". Retrieved 14 February 2007. ^ "'Every human being has a value and a talent, and it is my job to help them find and exploit it'". TES. Retrieved 7 March 2022. ^ a b c "Portfolio Lewis". www.buntingford.com. Retrieved 9 March 2022. ^ a b c d "Buntingford Journal" (PDF). buntingfordcivic.org.uk. April 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2022. ^ "Roger Harcourt BSA Belfast Acceptance Speech 2018" (PDF). British Shakespeare Association. ^ Harvey, Jeremy (15 June 2006). Valuing and Educating Young People: Stern Love the Lyward Way. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-84642-523-3. ^ a b "Ofsted Inspection Report February 2001 Freman College". Ofsted. Retrieved 12 February 2022. ^ a b c d "Ofsted Inspection Report June 2006 Freman College". Ofsted. Retrieved 13 February 2007. ^ "Governor Pen Portraits September 2018" (PDF). Freman College. Retrieved 12 February 2022. ^ a b "Freman College - School Sports Partnership". Freman College. Archived from the original on 5 August 2006. Retrieved 12 February 2022. ^ "Freman College". Ofsted. 15 December 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2022. ^ "Ofsted survey inspection programme – Citizenship". Ofsted. Retrieved 12 February 2022. ^ "Ofsted Inspection Report May 2009 Freman College". Ofsted. Retrieved 12 February 2022. ^ "Ofsted Inspection Report January 2012 Freman College". Ofsted. Retrieved 12 February 2022. ^ "Freman College in Buntingford to ban skirts from uniform". BBC News. 22 March 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2012. ^ a b "Ofsted Inspection Report November 2015 Freman College". Ofsted. Retrieved 12 February 2022. ^ "Ofsted Short Inspection Report March 2019 Freman College". Ofsted. Retrieved 12 February 2022. ^ "Prospectus 2021" (PDF). Freman College. Retrieved 7 March 2022. ^ "Sixth form prospectus 2022" (PDF). Freman College. Retrieved 7 March 2022. ^ "The Freman House System". Freman College. Archived from the original on 15 December 2004. Retrieved 8 February 2022. ^ a b "House system". Freman College. Retrieved 8 February 2022. ^ "Freman College Website: House Structure". Archived from the original on 2 January 2007. Retrieved 17 April 2007. ^ "Freman College". Hertfordshire County Council. Retrieved 12 February 2022. ^ a b "Overview - Freman College - NHS". National Health Service. Retrieved 12 February 2022. ^ "Buntingford, outside Freman College – bustimes.org". bustimes.org. Retrieved 12 February 2022. ^ "331: Hertford to Buntingford via Ware, Wadesmill, Standon and Puckeridge". 17 January 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2022. ^ "Buntingford Position Statement, 20 August 2014" (PDF). East Hertfordshire District Council. Retrieved 12 February 2022. ^ "Hire of facilities". Freman College. 12 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022. ^ a b Pritchard, Oliver (9 May 2014). "£1.2 million Buntingford sports hall opened by long-standing teacher". Royston Crow. Retrieved 12 February 2022. ^ Gill, Nick (15 October 2014). "Former Buntingford PE teacher remembered at special golf day". Royston Crow. Retrieved 6 March 2022. ^ "Catering". Freman College. 12 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022. ^ "Ward Freman Pool \| Swimming Pool". Everyone Active. Retrieved 12 February 2022. ^ "Students - Premises". Freman College. Archived from the original on 2 January 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2022. ^ "Most demonstrations in 24 hours". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 9 January 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2022. ^ "News". Freman College. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2022. ^ "Herts school smashes world record for protests in a day". Amnesty International UK. Retrieved 18 February 2022. ^ "Hertfordshire students break protest world record". BBC News. 26 March 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2022. ^ "Buntingford Journal March 2015 Volume 40, No. 2" (PDF). Buntingford Civic Society. Retrieved 9 March 2022. ^ Ratcliffe, Rebecca (26 January 2014). "'It wasn't an interest in my subjects that drove me: I just wanted to teach'". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 February 2022. ^ "2018 Honorary Fellowship Awarded". British Shakespeare Association. 14 May 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2022. ^ "JS Journal August 1976" (PDF). Sainsbury's. p. 21. Retrieved 12 February 2022. ^ "Schools". Braughing Parish Council. Retrieved 12 February 2022. ^ a b "Parent Handbook 2014–15" (PDF). Ralph Sadleir School. Retrieved 12 February 2022. ^ "Ralph Sadleir School » Rib Valley Schools". Ralph Sadleir School. Retrieved 18 February 2022. ^ "Partnerships". Freman College. Archived from the original on 7 September 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2022. ^ "Former Conservative MP Sam Gyimah joins Lib Dems". BBC News. 15 September 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2022. ^ "Welcome to Freman College!". Freman College. Archived from the original on 20 November 2005. Retrieved 12 February 2022. ^ "JS Journal July 1973" (PDF). Sainsbury's. p. 3. Retrieved 9 March 2022. ^ "Culture Vulture". TES. Retrieved 11 February 2022. vteSchools in HertfordshirePrimary Icknield Walk First School King James Academy Royston Little Munden Primary School Samuel Ryder Academy Simon Balle All-through School Templewood Primary School Districts: Dacorum Hertsmere Three Rivers Watford Secondary Adeyfield Academy Ashlyns School The Astley Cooper School Barclay Academy Barnwell School Beaumont School Birchwood High School Bishop's Hatfield Girls' School The Bishop's Stortford High School The Broxbourne School Bushey Meads School Chancellor's School Chauncy School Croxley Danes School Dame Alice Owen's School Elstree Screen Arts Academy Fearnhill School Freman College Future Academies Watford Goffs Academy Goffs-Churchgate Academy The Grange Academy Haileybury Turnford The Hemel Hempstead School The Hertfordshire and Essex High School Hertswood Academy The Highfield School Hitchin Boys' School Hitchin Girls' School Hockerill Anglo-European College John F Kennedy Catholic School The John Henry Newman School The John Warner School King James Academy Royston Kings Langley School The Knights Templar School Laureate Academy The Leventhorpe School Longdean School Loreto College The Marlborough Science Academy Marriotts School Monk's Walk School Mount Grace School Nicholas Breakspear School The Nobel School Onslow St Audrey's School Parmiter's School Presdales School The Priory School Queens' School Richard Hale School Rickmansworth School Ridgeway Academy Robert Barclay Academy Roundwood Park School St Albans Girls' School St Clement Danes School St George's School St Joan of Arc Catholic School St Mary's Catholic School St Mary's CE High School St Michael's Catholic High School Samuel Ryder Academy Sandringham School The Sele School Simon Balle All-through School Sir John Lawes School Stanborough School, Welwyn Garden City The Thomas Alleyne Academy Townsend Church of England School Tring School Verulam School Watford Grammar School for Boys Watford Grammar School for Girls Westfield Academy Yavneh College Independent (preparatory) Aldenham School Aldwickbury School Edge Grove School Heath Mount School Lochinver House School Lockers Park School Merchant Taylors' Prep School Westbrook Hay School Independent (senior) Abbot's Hill School Aldenham School Beechwood Park School Berkhamsted School Bishop's Stortford College Haberdashers' Boys' School Haberdashers' Girls' School Haileybury and Imperial Service College Immanuel College The King's School Merchant Taylors' School Purcell School Queenswood School The Royal Masonic School for Girls St Albans High School for Girls St Albans School St Christopher School St Columba's College St Edmund's College St Francis' College St Margaret's School Sherrardswood School Stanborough School, Watford Tring Park School for the Performing Arts Special The Collett School Falconer School Independent: Egerton Rothesay School Defunct Brondesbury-at-Stocks Cavendish School Chrysalis School Greneway Middle School The Heathcote School Langleybury Meridian School Norton School Princess Helena College Royal Caledonian School Royal Masonic School for Boys Rudolf Steiner School The Watford UTC Wynyard School Authority control databases ISNI	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"upper school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_school"},{"link_name":"sixth form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_form"},{"link_name":"academy status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_(English_school)"},{"link_name":"Buntingford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buntingford"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Sixth form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_form"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dfes20066th-10"}],"text":"Academy school in Buntingford, Hertfordshire, EnglandFreman College is an upper school and sixth form with academy status in Buntingford, Hertfordshire, England.[1] It was established as Ward Freman School in either 1970 or 1971 and became Freman College in 1999. It is named after the late Elizabeth Freman and the Freman family, who currently own the grounds of the school.[2][3] Of the 788 students at the school in 2006, 198 were enrolled in the Sixth form.[10]","title":"Freman College"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-12"},{"link_name":"Seth Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Ward_(bishop_of_Salisbury)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"comprehensive status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_school_(England_and_Wales)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-13"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_plays"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ofsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofsted"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-16"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"community status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_school_(England_and_Wales)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-13"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-17"},{"link_name":"jointly designated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialist_schools_programme#Designation:_1993%E2%80%932010"},{"link_name":"specialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialist_school_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Humanities College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities_College"},{"link_name":"middle schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_school"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-17"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"North East Herts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_Hertfordshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-17"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"citizenship education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship_education_(subject)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"foundation status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_status"},{"link_name":"academy status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_status_(England)"},{"link_name":"academy converters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_(English_school)#Types"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"skirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skirts"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Ward Freman School was established in either 1970 or 1971,[2][3] replacing Buntingford Secondary Modern School.[11][12] It was named after Bishop Seth Ward and Elizabeth Freman of the Freman family as both were benefactors of Buntingford's old grammar school that closed in 1900.[3] It had comprehensive status and originally served students aged 11 to 16, however a lack of students in the lower years led to the decision to become an upper school and sixth form serving students aged 13 to 18. No students were admitted for the two years during the transition. The first headmaster was C. Patrick Nobes.[12] In 1975, Roger Harcourt was appointed headmaster, a position he would stay in until his retirement in 2004.[13] Harcourt introduced a yearly tradition where a Shakespeare play would be held each December.[14] This tradition lasted until 2003.[15] In 1995 the school received its first Ofsted inspection[16] and on 1 September 1999 it was renamed to Freman College.[3] By February 2001 the school had attained community status. At the same time the school was graded as satisfactory by Ofsted, however its sixth form was graded good.[16]In September 2004 Roger Harcourt retired and was succeeded as head by Helen Loughran.[13][17] A year later, the school was jointly designated as a specialist Humanities College with its two partner middle schools, Edwinstree C of E Middle School and Ralph Sadleir School.[17][2] The school's current chair, Jackie Martin, was appointed in 2005.[18] In 2006, Freman College became a member of the North East Herts School Sport Coordinator Partnership,[19] becoming the coordinator of a School Sports Partnership. The school and sixth form were both graded good by Ofsted, with the school making \"significant improvements in the last two years\" because of new management.[17] A curricular inspection was made in October 2007,[20] focusing on the provision of citizenship education.[21] In 2009 the school retained its good Ofsted grade[22] and converted from community to foundation status. This was followed by academy status in 2011, with the school being one of the first academy converters.[2]Shortly after academy conversion, in January 2012, Freman yet again retained a good Ofsted grade, as did the sixth form.[23] In March 2012 the school announced a decision to ban skirts because of concerns about skirt length. The ban was enforced from September 2013, potentially making the school the first to implement such a ban in Hertfordshire. As sixth formers do not need to wear school uniform, their dress code was unaffected.[24] In 2015 and 2019 the school's good grade was reaffirmed by Ofsted.[25][26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"year group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_group"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_system"},{"link_name":"Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg_Butler"},{"link_name":"Hepworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Hepworth"},{"link_name":"Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W_Mills"},{"link_name":"Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Moore"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FreHouse-31"}],"text":"Freman College follows the traditional year group system found in most English schools and students are managed between these years based on their educational stage. Unlike most schools, these years are lettered A, I and E (years 9, 10 and 11). A Year stands for Admission Year, I Year for Intermediate Year and E Year for Examination Year.[27] The sixth form is split between lower sixth and upper sixth (years 12 and 13).[28] All students belong to one of four houses for the duration of their studies, each represented by a colour and named after a famous British sculptor. They are Butler (yellow), Hepworth (red), Mills (blue) and Moore (green).[29] Each house is directed by a head of house and there are regular inter-house competitions in a multitude of subjects, with the overall winners each year being awarded the Sainsbury Cup (formerly the Sainsbury Trophy).[30][31]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_area"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"car-park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car-park"},{"link_name":"bus stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_stop"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-25"},{"link_name":"catchment area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catchment_area"},{"link_name":"Puckeridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puckeridge"},{"link_name":"Braughing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braughing"},{"link_name":"Anstey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anstey,_Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"Hormead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormead"},{"link_name":"Ardeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardeley"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ware,_Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"Royston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royston,_Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"Stevenage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenage"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-33"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"East Hertfordshire District Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Hertfordshire_District_Council"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Porthmeor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porthmeor"},{"link_name":"West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_theatre"},{"link_name":"Fort William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_William,_Highland"},{"link_name":"pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavilion"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Freman College is located on Bowling Green Lane in the rural town of Buntingford.[32][2] The school has a car-park and there is a bus stop outside.[33][34][35] The school itself is moderately smaller than average[25] and has a catchment area serving the settlements of Puckeridge, Buntingford, Braughing, Anstey, Hormead and Ardeley.[36] The school often admits students from towns beyond the catchment area, including Ware, Royston and Stevenage. The land of which the school is situated on is owned by the Freman family.[3]The school site contains a four-court sports hall, outdoor courts and pitches,[33] a gym and a main hall. There is also a field outside the school. Most of these facilities can be hired outside the school day.[37] The sports hall is named after long-time teacher Janette Wood, and cost £1.2 million to build. Outside the sports hall is a playground named in honour of the late David Lewis, who also taught at the school.[38] A nearby tree has also been planted in his honour.[39] Food is served at three locations in the school: the playground catering trailer outside the sports hall and two canteens, one school-wide and one sixth form.[40] The Ward Freman Pool is located on the school site and is co-managed by East Hertfordshire District Council and Everyone Active. Swimming lessons are offered to people of all ages.[41]Many of these facilities are part of the school's various buildings and areas, some of which are named after relating locations or notable individuals in the school's history. They are the principal block, science block, Porthmeor art studio, West End performing arts centre, \"Fort William\" geography suite, Seth Ward centre, Roger Harcourt centre, Howard Carter centre and pavilion (sixth form only). Since 2005, most of these areas have been disability friendly.[42]","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Record"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Central London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_London"},{"link_name":"Mark Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Thomas"},{"link_name":"capital punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment"},{"link_name":"maternal death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death"},{"link_name":"violations of human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violations_of_human_rights"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"10 Downing Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Downing_Street"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"On 22 March 2010, the school's sixth form Amnesty International group broke the Guinness World Record for Most Demonstrations in 24 Hours.[43][44] The group held 23 protests throughout Central London, beating the previous record of 21 set in 2006 by comedian and journalist Mark Thomas. Subjects included in the protests included capital punishment, maternal death and multiple violations of human rights in countries such as Iran.[45] The group's final protest was outside 10 Downing Street, the official residence of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.[46]In 2015 the school was acknowledged as being one of the top 3% comprehensive state schools in England. This was due to the school's GCSE results remaining high each year.[47]","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"MBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"North East Herts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_Hertfordshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-19"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-38"},{"link_name":"British Shakespeare Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Shakespeare_Association"},{"link_name":"honorary fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_fellowship"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Vanessa Redgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Redgrave"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-13"}],"sub_title":"Teaching awards","text":"In 2014 English and PE teacher Janette Wood was awarded an MBE for educational service. Wood has been teaching at Freman College since 1976 and also leads the North East Herts School Sport Coordinator Partnership, of which the school is a member.[48][19][38] Long-time headteacher Roger Harcourt was one of two co-recipients of the British Shakespeare Association's 2018 honorary fellowship.[49] He was granted the fellowship alongside actress and activist Dame Vanessa Redgrave.[13]","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J Sainsbury's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_Sainsbury%27s"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"academic year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_year"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-30"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-52"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"lower schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_schools"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Inset days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inset_day"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Partnerships","text":"Beginning in 1971, J Sainsbury's donated £500 per annum to Ward Freman School. The donation was made because of the large amount of parents working for the company. Originally the donation was to fund environmental studies, however Headmaster Harcourt expanded its use to school trips, courses and buying a tent. The donation funded the annual Sainsbury Trophy,[50] a trophy gifted to the best performing house every year. The trophy has since been renamed to the Sainsbury Cup, but is still awarded to the best house at the end of each academic year.[30]Freman College is closely affiliated with two nearby middle schools, Edwinstree C of E Middle School and Ralph Sadleir School. Students from these schools are prioritised when applying for a place at Freman.[51] The three schools were jointly designated with specialist Humanities College status, forming strong links between each other and other local schools.[52] Although the joint specialism appears to have been abandoned,[2] links between the three schools have remained strong. As a result, the three schools have set up an educational \"pyramid\" where the two middle schools admit students from their feeder lower schools and direct them to Freman once their middle school education is complete.[52] This pyramid is known as the Rib Valley pyramid[53] and has combined the three schools' senior leadership teams. Inset days are held jointly between schools in the pyramid, during which teaching staff are shared.[54]","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sam Gyimah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Gyimah"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Anna Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Williamson"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Nathan Tella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Tella"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Sam Gyimah, Liberal Democrat politician.[55]\nAnna Williamson, television presenter.[56]\nNathan Tella, professional footballer.[citation needed]","title":"Notable former pupils"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-12"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-13"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-17"}],"text":"Walter Baldwin (1960s)[a]\nC. Patrick Nobes (1970–1975)[12][57]\nRoger Harcourt (1975–2004)[13]\nHelen Loughran (2004–present)[58][17]","title":"Headteachers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"}],"text":"^ Walter Baldwin was headmaster of Buntingford Secondary Modern School, the predecessor to Ward Freman School.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Freman College\". get-information-schools.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 8 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Establishments/Establishment/Details/137002","url_text":"\"Freman College\""}]},{"reference":"\"Working at Freman College\". Freman College. 8 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freman.org.uk/the-college/people/job-vacancies/information-for-applicants","url_text":"\"Working at Freman College\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Freman College. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freman.org.uk/the-college/people/history","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Staff\". Freman College. Retrieved 8 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freman.org.uk/the-college/people/staff","url_text":"\"Staff\""}]},{"reference":"\"Governors\". Freman College. Retrieved 8 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freman.org.uk/the-college/people/governors","url_text":"\"Governors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Freman College\". BBC News. Retrieved 9 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/education/04/school_tables/secondary_schools/html/919_4141.stm","url_text":"\"Freman College\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"House system\". Freman College. Retrieved 8 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freman.org.uk/student-life/pastoral/house-system","url_text":"\"House system\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Freman House System\". Freman College. Archived from the original on 15 December 2004. Retrieved 8 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041215052233/http://www.fremancollege.herts.sch.uk/houses.htm","url_text":"\"The Freman House System\""},{"url":"http://www.fremancollege.herts.sch.uk/houses.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"The Word\" student magazine\". Freman College. Retrieved 11 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freman.org.uk/student-life/curriculum/extra-curricular/the-word-student-magazine","url_text":"\"\"The Word\" student magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"DFES Website: School and College (Post-16) Achievement and Attainment Tables 2006\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_67_machine_gun	Type 67 machine gun	["1 History","2 Design history","2.1 Variants","3 Users","3.1 Former","3.2 Non-state actors","4 References"]	General-purpose machine gun Type 67 The Type 67 on a tripod field mountTypeGeneral-purpose machine gunPlace of originPeople's Republic of ChinaService historyIn service1967–presentUsed bySee UsersWarsVietnam WarLebanese Civil WarWar in AfghanistanSyrian Civil WarYemeni Civil WarProduction historyDesignerDr. Duo Ying JianDesigned1959ManufacturerChina North Industries CorporationProduced1967–VariantsType 67-1, Type 67-2SpecificationsMass11 kg (24.25 lb)Length1,650 mm (65.0 in)Barrel length605 mm (23.8 in)Cartridge7.62×54mmRActionGas-operated, tilting breechblockRate of fire650–700 rounds/minEffective firing range800–1000 mFeed system100/250-round beltSightsRear leaf sight, forward post The Type 67 is a general-purpose machine gun, chambered in 7.62×54mmR formerly used by the People's Liberation Army. History The Type 67 machine gun was developed as a lightweight replacement for the Type 53 (SG43) and Type 57 (SGM) medium 7.62 mm machine guns in 1959. The first tests for the Type 67 started in 1963. Research on the weapon was led by Dr. Duo Ying Jian from the Beijing Industrial Technology Academy. After Soviet-Chinese relations began to break down, there were concerns that further technological assistance would not be rendered, including supplying them with Soviet-made PKMs. The first combat use of the Type 67 was with Mujahideen forces fighting in Afghanistan fighting against pro-Soviet forces in 1980. These found their way through smuggling in Pakistani soil. In the Syrian Civil War, the Type 67 is found in use with Syrian opposition forces fighting against government forces from 2015. It is suggested these were likely captured from Syrian troops. It has also been used in the Yemeni Civil War against the Houthis. Design history According to a United States Army Materiel Command analysis, the Type 67 uses the DP trigger mechanism, the quick-change barrel of the SG-43, a gas regulator similar to the RPD, the ZB vz. 30 bolt mechanism, and a modified Maxim-type feed mechanism. The furniture was made in wood with the integral non-detachable bipod attached to a gas tube. For using the Type 67 at long range, a tripod can be used when needed. The Type 67 was initially supposed to be used as a medium machine gun (exclusively with a tripod), but Chinese engineers studied a captured M60 GPMG from American-led military forces in the Vietnam War. Further design revisions were made where the bipod was made standard to be used. Since 1967, the Type 67 has gone through two model modifications and improvements, with the newer models designated Type 67-1 and Type 67-2. Variants Type 67-1: This has a non-fluted barrel with the bipod clamped to the barrel below the front. This can be removed. Furniture is made from plastic. Type 67-2: Uses the same barrel, but lighter. Tripod is used instead of a bipod, made from stamped steel instead of steel tubing. The gunner can attach a telescopic or night sight. On late production models, the AA sight base is removed. Users This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Bangladesh Cambodia Central African Republic Equatorial Guinea North Korea Palestine: Palestine Liberation Organization Syria: Used by the SAA and by Free Syrian Army Tanzania Yemen Former People's Republic of China Vietnam: Vietcong and the North Vietnamese Army. Non-state actors Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant References ^ a b c d e f g h Ferguson, Jonathan; Jenzen-Jones, N.R. (17 March 2016). "Chinese Type 67 GPMGs in Syria & Yemen". armamentresearch.com. ^ "Chinese Type 67 GPMGS in Syria and Yemen – Small Arms Defense Journal". ^ a b c d "Chinese Type 67 GPMGS in Syria & Yemen - Armament Research Services (ARES)". 17 March 2016. ^ a b c d "Type 67 GPMG". 10 November 2010. ^ a b c d "中国67式7.62毫米通用机枪_Type 67 7.62mm General Purpose Machinegun_GlobalMil-环球防务网". ^ Small Arms Identification and Operation Guide—Eurasian Communist Countries Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, Defense Intelligence Agency/United States Army Materiel Command ST-HB-07-03-74, p. 264 ^ a b c d e f g h "Indigenous Machine Guns of China – Small Arms Defense Journal". ^ ទាហានខ្មែរ ដោះនិងរៀបដាក់កាំភ្លេីង PKMS K57 K67 \| Army Institute Cambodia on YouTube ^ a b Touchard, Laurent (17 December 2013). "Centrafrique : le Soudan a-t-il armé les ex-Séléka ?". Jeune Afrique (in French). ^ "Google Sites". ^ James H. Willbanks (2004). Machine Guns: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. ABC-CLIO. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-85109-480-6. ^ "WEAPONS OF THE ISLAMIC STATE \| Conflict Armament Research". www.conflictarm.com. p. 17. Retrieved 2020-12-22. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Type 67 machine gun. vteGeneral-purpose machine gun (GPMG) AA-52 AEK-999 Barnitzke C6A1 FLEX Denel DMG-5 FN MAG Garanin Heckler & Koch HK21 Heckler & Koch MG5 Hispano Suiza HSS 808 IWI Negev NG-7 KGK M60 M240 Madsen-Saetter Mekanika Uirapuru MG 3 machine gun MG 34 MG 39 Rh MG 42 MG 45 MG 51 MK 48 PK/PKM PKP Pecheneg QJY-201 Rheinmetall MG 60 SIG MG 50 SIG MG 710-3 S&T Motiv K16 Sumitomo Type 62 T24 TKB-015 TKB-464 TKB-521 Type 67 Type 80 Uk vz. 59 UKM-2000 Vektor SS-77 Zastava M53 Zastava M84	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"general-purpose machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General-purpose_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"7.62×54mmR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.62%C3%9754mmR"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AR67-3"}],"text":"The Type 67 is a general-purpose machine gun, chambered in 7.62×54mmR formerly used by the People's Liberation Army.[3]","title":"Type 67 machine gun"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SG43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG-43_Goryunov"},{"link_name":"SGM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG-43_Goryunov"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MF-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MF-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMT67-5"},{"link_name":"began to break down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMT67-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MF-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MF-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AR67-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AR67-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AR67-3"}],"text":"The Type 67 machine gun was developed as a lightweight replacement for the Type 53 (SG43) and Type 57 (SGM) medium 7.62 mm machine guns in 1959.[4] The first tests for the Type 67 started in 1963.[4] Research on the weapon was led by Dr. Duo Ying Jian from the Beijing Industrial Technology Academy.[5] After Soviet-Chinese relations began to break down, there were concerns that further technological assistance would not be rendered, including supplying them with Soviet-made PKMs.[5]The first combat use of the Type 67 was with Mujahideen forces fighting in Afghanistan fighting against pro-Soviet forces in 1980.[4] These found their way through smuggling in Pakistani soil.[4] In the Syrian Civil War, the Type 67 is found in use with Syrian opposition forces fighting against government forces from 2015.[3] It is suggested these were likely captured from Syrian troops.[3] It has also been used in the Yemeni Civil War against the Houthis.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Army Materiel Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Materiel_Command"},{"link_name":"DP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degtyaryov_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"SG-43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG-43_Goryunov"},{"link_name":"RPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPD_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"ZB vz. 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZB_vz._30"},{"link_name":"Maxim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_gun"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SADJ-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SADJ-7"},{"link_name":"medium machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMT67-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMT67-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syria_Yemen-1"}],"text":"According to a United States Army Materiel Command analysis, the Type 67 uses the DP trigger mechanism, the quick-change barrel of the SG-43, a gas regulator similar to the RPD, the ZB vz. 30 bolt mechanism, and a modified Maxim-type feed mechanism.[6]The furniture was made in wood with the integral non-detachable bipod attached to a gas tube.[7] For using the Type 67 at long range, a tripod can be used when needed.[7] The Type 67 was initially supposed to be used as a medium machine gun (exclusively with a tripod), but Chinese engineers studied a captured M60 GPMG from American-led military forces in the Vietnam War.[5] Further design revisions were made where the bipod was made standard to be used.[5]Since 1967, the Type 67 has gone through two model modifications and improvements, with the newer models designated Type 67-1 and Type 67-2.[1]","title":"Design history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SADJ-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SADJ-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SADJ-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SADJ-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SADJ-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SADJ-7"}],"sub_title":"Variants","text":"Type 67-1: This has a non-fluted barrel with the bipod clamped to the barrel below the front. This can be removed.[7] Furniture is made from plastic.[7]\nType 67-2: Uses the same barrel, but lighter.[7] Tripod is used instead of a bipod, made from stamped steel instead of steel tubing.[7] The gunner can attach a telescopic or night sight.[7] On late production models, the AA sight base is removed.[7]","title":"Design history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syria_Yemen-1"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAR-9"},{"link_name":"Equatorial Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAR-9"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syria_Yemen-1"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Palestine Liberation Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"SAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Army"},{"link_name":"Free Syrian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syria_Yemen-1"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syria_Yemen-1"}],"text":"Bangladesh[1]\n Cambodia[8]\n Central African Republic[9]\n Equatorial Guinea[9]\n North Korea[1]\n Palestine: Palestine Liberation Organization[citation needed]\n Syria: Used by the SAA and by Free Syrian Army[1]\n Tanzania[10]\n Yemen[1]","title":"Users"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syria_Yemen-1"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Vietcong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietcong"},{"link_name":"North Vietnamese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnamese_Army"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willbanks2004-11"}],"sub_title":"Former","text":"People's Republic of China[1]\n Vietnam: Vietcong and the North Vietnamese Army.[11]","title":"Users"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Non-state actors","text":"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant[12]","title":"Users"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Ferguson, Jonathan; Jenzen-Jones, N.R. (17 March 2016). \"Chinese Type 67 GPMGs in Syria & Yemen\". armamentresearch.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://armamentresearch.com/chinese-type-67-gpmgs-in-syria-yemen/","url_text":"\"Chinese Type 67 GPMGs in Syria & Yemen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armamentresearch.com","url_text":"armamentresearch.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Chinese Type 67 GPMGS in Syria and Yemen – Small Arms Defense Journal\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=4074","url_text":"\"Chinese Type 67 GPMGS in Syria and Yemen – Small Arms Defense Journal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chinese Type 67 GPMGS in Syria & Yemen - Armament Research Services (ARES)\". 17 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://armamentresearch.com/chinese-type-67-gpmgs-in-syria-yemen/","url_text":"\"Chinese Type 67 GPMGS in Syria & Yemen - Armament Research Services (ARES)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Type 67 GPMG\". 10 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://modernfirearms.net/en/machineguns/china-machineguns/tip-67-7-62mm-eng/","url_text":"\"Type 67 GPMG\""}]},{"reference":"\"中国67式7.62毫米通用机枪_Type 67 7.62mm General Purpose Machinegun_GlobalMil-环球防务网\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globalmil.com/military/army/china/infantry/2017/0219/404.html","url_text":"\"中国67式7.62毫米通用机枪_Type 67 7.62mm General Purpose Machinegun_GlobalMil-环球防务网\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indigenous Machine Guns of China – Small Arms Defense Journal\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sadefensejournal.com/wp/indigenous-machine-guns-of-china/","url_text":"\"Indigenous Machine Guns of China – Small Arms Defense Journal\""}]},{"reference":"Touchard, Laurent (17 December 2013). \"Centrafrique : le Soudan a-t-il armé les ex-Séléka ?\". Jeune Afrique (in French).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jeuneafrique.com/166718/politique/centrafrique-le-soudan-a-t-il-arm-les-ex-s-l-ka/","url_text":"\"Centrafrique : le Soudan a-t-il armé les ex-Séléka ?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeune_Afrique","url_text":"Jeune Afrique"}]},{"reference":"\"Google Sites\".","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/worldinventory/https-sites-google-com-site-worldinventory-wiw_af_tanzania","url_text":"\"Google Sites\""}]},{"reference":"James H. Willbanks (2004). Machine Guns: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. ABC-CLIO. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-85109-480-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-480-6","url_text":"978-1-85109-480-6"}]},{"reference":"\"WEAPONS OF THE ISLAMIC STATE \| Conflict Armament Research\". www.conflictarm.com. p. 17. Retrieved 2020-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.conflictarm.com/reports/weapons-of-the-islamic-state/","url_text":"\"WEAPONS OF THE ISLAMIC STATE \| Conflict Armament Research\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://armamentresearch.com/chinese-type-67-gpmgs-in-syria-yemen/","external_links_name":"\"Chinese Type 67 GPMGs in Syria & Yemen\""},{"Link":"http://www.sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=4074","external_links_name":"\"Chinese Type 67 GPMGS in Syria and Yemen – Small Arms Defense Journal\""},{"Link":"https://armamentresearch.com/chinese-type-67-gpmgs-in-syria-yemen/","external_links_name":"\"Chinese Type 67 GPMGS in Syria & Yemen - Armament Research Services (ARES)\""},{"Link":"http://modernfirearms.net/en/machineguns/china-machineguns/tip-67-7-62mm-eng/","external_links_name":"\"Type 67 GPMG\""},{"Link":"http://www.globalmil.com/military/army/china/infantry/2017/0219/404.html","external_links_name":"\"中国67式7.62毫米通用机枪_Type 67 7.62mm General Purpose Machinegun_GlobalMil-环球防务网\""},{"Link":"http://www.virginia1774.org/DIA-ST-HB-07-03-74.pdf","external_links_name":"Small Arms Identification and Operation Guide—Eurasian Communist Countries"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090738/http://www.virginia1774.org/DIA-ST-HB-07-03-74.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sadefensejournal.com/wp/indigenous-machine-guns-of-china/","external_links_name":"\"Indigenous Machine Guns of China – Small Arms Defense Journal\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6xcwY_482ho","external_links_name":"ទាហានខ្មែរ ដោះនិងរៀបដាក់កាំភ្លេីង PKMS K57 K67 \| Army Institute Cambodia"},{"Link":"https://www.jeuneafrique.com/166718/politique/centrafrique-le-soudan-a-t-il-arm-les-ex-s-l-ka/","external_links_name":"\"Centrafrique : le Soudan a-t-il armé les ex-Séléka ?\""},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/site/worldinventory/https-sites-google-com-site-worldinventory-wiw_af_tanzania","external_links_name":"\"Google Sites\""},{"Link":"https://www.conflictarm.com/reports/weapons-of-the-islamic-state/","external_links_name":"\"WEAPONS OF THE ISLAMIC STATE \| Conflict Armament Research\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Theological_Review	Chinese Theological Review	["1 References","2 External links"]	Academic journalChinese Theological ReviewDisciplineReligious StudiesLanguageEnglishEdited byJanice WickeriPublication detailsHistory1985–presentPublisherFoundation for Theological Education in South East Asia (China)Standard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4Chin. Theol. Rev.IndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusISSN0896-7660Links Journal homepage Chinese Theological Review is an English-language journal of Protestantism in China. It is mainly made up of essays, sermons, and official statements of the Three-Self Patriotic Movement and the China Christian Council, translated from Chinese. Since 1985, the journal has been edited by Janice Wickeri and published by the Foundation for Theological Education in South East Asia. References ^ "View our latest publications". The Amity Foundation. Retrieved 28 December 2020. ^ "The Chinese Theological Review". Foundation for Theological Education in South East Asia. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2020. External links Official website Indexed by the Centre for the Study of Christianity in Asia of Trinity Theological College, Singapore, by author and by year vteChina Christian Council and Three-Self Patriotic MovementFoundations The Christian Manifesto Lianghui Amity Foundation Churches and seminaries Chongyi Church Haidian Christian Church Holy Trinity Church, Shanghai Moore Memorial Church St. Paul's Church, Nanjing Tianhe Church Nanjing Union Theological Seminary Other seminaries People T. C. Chao Marcus Cheng K. H. Ting Joseph Gu Jia Yuming Y. T. Wu Wang Weifan Zhao Fusan Publications Chinese Theological Review Nanjing Theological Review Tian Feng This article about an academic journal on Christianity studies is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about academic journals. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Three-Self Patriotic Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-Self_Patriotic_Movement"},{"link_name":"China Christian Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Christian_Council"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Chinese Theological Review is an English-language journal of Protestantism in China. It is mainly made up of essays, sermons, and official statements of the Three-Self Patriotic Movement and the China Christian Council, translated from Chinese. Since 1985, the journal has been edited by Janice Wickeri and published by the Foundation for Theological Education in South East Asia.[1][2]","title":"Chinese Theological Review"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"View our latest publications\". The Amity Foundation. Retrieved 28 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amityfoundation.org/eng/publications","url_text":"\"View our latest publications\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Chinese Theological Review\". Foundation for Theological Education in South East Asia. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200219204205/http://www.ftesea.org/review.htm","url_text":"\"The Chinese Theological Review\""},{"url":"http://www.ftesea.org/review.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://marcinwrochna.github.io/abbrevIso/?search=Chinese_Theological_Review","external_links_name":"ISO 4"},{"Link":"http://www.issn.org/services/online-services/access-to-the-ltwa/","external_links_name":"alt"},{"Link":"https://lib.law.washington.edu/cilp/abbrev.html","external_links_name":"alt1"},{"Link":"http://personal.psu.edu/dhk3/research/Bluebook/T-13.htm","external_links_name":"alt2"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=0896-7660%5BISSN%5D","external_links_name":"NLM"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=Chinese+Theological+Review%5BJournal%5D","external_links_name":"alt"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/msnhtml/serials.pdf","external_links_name":"MathSciNet"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/search/journals.html?journalName=0896-7660&Submit=Search","external_links_name":"alt"},{"Link":"https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=issns&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=0896-7660","external_links_name":"CODEN"},{"Link":"https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=issns&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=","external_links_name":"alt"},{"Link":"https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=titles&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=Chinese+Theological+Review","external_links_name":"alt2"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/journals/08967660","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/showJournals?browseType=title","external_links_name":"alt"},{"Link":"https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg1=0896-7660&argType1=all&searchCode1=KNUM&searchType=2","external_links_name":"LCCN"},{"Link":"https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg1=Chinese+Theological+Review&argType1=all&searchCode1=KTIL&searchType=2","external_links_name":"alt"},{"Link":"http://miar.ub.edu/issn/0896-7660","external_links_name":"MIAR"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=0896-7660%5BISSN%5D","external_links_name":"NLM"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=Chinese+Theological+Review%5BJournal%5D","external_links_name":"alt"},{"Link":"https://www.scopus.com/sources?sortField=citescore&sortDirection=desc&isHiddenField=false&field=issn&issn=0896-7660","external_links_name":"Scopus"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0896-7660","external_links_name":"0896-7660"},{"Link":"https://www.amityfoundation.org/eng/chinese-theological-review","external_links_name":"Journal homepage"},{"Link":"https://www.amityfoundation.org/eng/publications","external_links_name":"\"View our latest publications\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200219204205/http://www.ftesea.org/review.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Chinese Theological Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.ftesea.org/review.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.amityfoundation.org/eng/chinese-theological-review","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141028164027/http://www.ttc.edu.sg/csca/rart_doc/china/ctr/ctr-a.htm","external_links_name":"author"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141028164026/http://www.ttc.edu.sg/csca/rart_doc/china/ctr/ctr-y.htm","external_links_name":"year"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Theological_Review&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutler_Botanic_Garden	Cutler Botanic Garden	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 42°06′08″N 75°54′42″W / 42.10222°N 75.91167°W / 42.10222; -75.91167 Cutler Botanic Garden (3.5 acres) is a botanical garden located at 840 Front Street, Binghamton, New York. It is open daily, without charge. The garden was established by Miss Frances Cutler, who donated land to the Cornell University Cooperative Extension. In 1978 the idea began for a botanical garden, and the garden opened to the public in 1979. Today, the Garden is an outdoor classroom for teaching horticulture and environmentalism, as well as a display garden for All-American Selections. See also List of botanical gardens in the United States References ^ "Cutler Botanic Garden". Cornell Cooperative Extension. 10 April 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2019. External links Official Website 42°06′08″N 75°54′42″W / 42.10222°N 75.91167°W / 42.10222; -75.91167 This article related to a garden in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cutler_Botanic_Garden.jpg"},{"link_name":"botanical garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden"},{"link_name":"Binghamton, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghamton,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"horticulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture"},{"link_name":"environmentalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism"},{"link_name":"All-American Selections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All-American_Selections&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Cutler Botanic Garden (3.5 acres) is a botanical garden located at 840 Front Street, Binghamton, New York. It is open daily, without charge.[1]The garden was established by Miss Frances Cutler, who donated land to the Cornell University Cooperative Extension. In 1978 the idea began for a botanical garden, and the garden opened to the public in 1979.Today, the Garden is an outdoor classroom for teaching horticulture and environmentalism, as well as a display garden for All-American Selections.","title":"Cutler Botanic Garden"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Cutler_Botanic_Garden.jpg/220px-Cutler_Botanic_Garden.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of botanical gardens in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_the_United_States"}]	[{"reference":"\"Cutler Botanic Garden\". Cornell Cooperative Extension. 10 April 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://ccebroomecounty.com/gardening/cutler-botanic-gardens","url_text":"\"Cutler Botanic Garden\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cutler_Botanic_Garden&params=42_06_08_N_75_54_42_W_source:kolossus-eswiki","external_links_name":"42°06′08″N 75°54′42″W / 42.10222°N 75.91167°W / 42.10222; -75.91167"},{"Link":"http://ccebroomecounty.com/gardening/cutler-botanic-gardens","external_links_name":"\"Cutler Botanic Garden\""},{"Link":"http://ccebroomecounty.com/gardening/cutler-botanic-gardens","external_links_name":"Official Website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cutler_Botanic_Garden&params=42_06_08_N_75_54_42_W_source:kolossus-eswiki","external_links_name":"42°06′08″N 75°54′42″W / 42.10222°N 75.91167°W / 42.10222; -75.91167"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cutler_Botanic_Garden&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_King	Sandy King	["1 Outlaw life","2 Portrayal on television","3 References","4 External links"]	American outlaw (~1852–1881) Sandy King (1852? – November 9, 1881) was an outlaw of the Old West, and a member of the loosely knit gang the Cowboys in Cochise County, Arizona Territory, during the period when the outlaws clashed with deputy U.S. Marshal Virgil Earp in Tombstone and the resulting Gunfight at the O.K. Corral on October 26, 1881. Outlaw life King is believed to have been born in either Texas or Arkansas. He became associated with the Clantons in the Arizona Territory as well as other outlaws of the day involved in armed robbery and cattle rustling. About 1879, King became close friends with "Russian Bill" Tattenbaum another member of the Cowboy gang. In early 1881, about the time when tensions between the Earps and the Clantons reached the boiling point, King left Tombstone. Tattenbaum followed him, and the two stole cattle near Shakespeare, New Mexico Territory, now a ghost town. A vigilance committee in Shakespeare was organized to combat rustlers and other outlaws. In early November 1881, King was arrested after shooting and wounding a storekeeper following a dispute. He was arrested by well-known lawman "Dangerous Dan" Tucker for stealing cattle. On November 9, 1881, Tucker captured Tattenbaum and charged him with cattle rustling. The vigilance committee held a mock trial at the Grant Hotel and found both men guilty of rustling and for being a "general nuisance". They were sentenced to be hanged that same day. "Russian Bill" begged for his life to be spared, and King argued that there were many who had committed the same crimes but who had not been hanged. However, the vigilance committee was unyielding, the two were lynched together. Their bodies were left hanging for days as a warning to other outlaws. Prior to the hanging, King asked for a glass of water, stating "My throat is sore after talking so much to save my life". Portrayal on television The actor Luke Halpin offers a sympathetic portrayal of Sandy King as the youngest member of the Curly Bill Brocius gang in the 1968 episode "A Mule ... Like the Army's Mule" of the syndicated television series Death Valley Days, hosted by Robert Taylor. Robert Yuro plays Curly Bill, and Sam Melville was cast as Army Lt. Jason Beal, who befriended King. References ^ Tombstone: An Iliad of the Southwest, by Walter Noble Burns (1872–1932), University of New Mexico Press (1927/1999) OCLC 44959858 Texas portalArizona portal External links Sandy King, Outlaw Sandy King, Arrested by "Dangerous Dan" Shakespeare, Ghost Town History "Dangerous Dan" Tucker	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"outlaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlaw"},{"link_name":"Old West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_West"},{"link_name":"Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cowboys_(Cochise_County)"},{"link_name":"Cochise County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochise_County_in_the_Old_West"},{"link_name":"Arizona Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Territory"},{"link_name":"Virgil Earp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil_Earp"},{"link_name":"Tombstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombstone,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunfight_at_the_O.K._Corral"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burns-1"}],"text":"Sandy King (1852? – November 9, 1881) was an outlaw of the Old West, and a member of the loosely knit gang the Cowboys in Cochise County, Arizona Territory, during the period when the outlaws clashed with deputy U.S. Marshal Virgil Earp in Tombstone and the resulting Gunfight at the O.K. Corral on October 26, 1881.[1]","title":"Sandy King"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Clantons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ike_Clanton"},{"link_name":"armed robbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_robbery"},{"link_name":"cattle rustling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_raiding"},{"link_name":"\"Russian Bill\" Tattenbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tattenbaum"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"New Mexico Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory"},{"link_name":"ghost town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_town"},{"link_name":"vigilance committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigilance_committee"},{"link_name":"\"Dangerous Dan\" Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Tucker_(lawman)"},{"link_name":"hanged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging"},{"link_name":"lynched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching"}],"text":"King is believed to have been born in either Texas or Arkansas. He became associated with the Clantons in the Arizona Territory as well as other outlaws of the day involved in armed robbery and cattle rustling. About 1879, King became close friends with \"Russian Bill\" Tattenbaum another member of the Cowboy gang.In early 1881, about the time when tensions between the Earps and the Clantons reached the boiling point, King left Tombstone. Tattenbaum followed him, and the two stole cattle near Shakespeare, New Mexico Territory, now a ghost town. A vigilance committee in Shakespeare was organized to combat rustlers and other outlaws. In early November 1881, King was arrested after shooting and wounding a storekeeper following a dispute. He was arrested by well-known lawman \"Dangerous Dan\" Tucker for stealing cattle.On November 9, 1881, Tucker captured Tattenbaum and charged him with cattle rustling. The vigilance committee held a mock trial at the Grant Hotel and found both men guilty of rustling and for being a \"general nuisance\". They were sentenced to be hanged that same day. \"Russian Bill\" begged for his life to be spared, and King argued that there were many who had committed the same crimes but who had not been hanged. However, the vigilance committee was unyielding, the two were lynched together. Their bodies were left hanging for days as a warning to other outlaws. Prior to the hanging, King asked for a glass of water, stating \"My throat is sore after talking so much to save my life\".","title":"Outlaw life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luke Halpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Halpin"},{"link_name":"Curly Bill Brocius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Brocius"},{"link_name":"syndicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_syndication"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_series"},{"link_name":"Death Valley Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Valley_Days"},{"link_name":"Robert Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(American_actor)"},{"link_name":"Sam Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Melville_(actor)"}],"text":"The actor Luke Halpin offers a sympathetic portrayal of Sandy King as the youngest member of the Curly Bill Brocius gang in the 1968 episode \"A Mule ... Like the Army's Mule\" of the syndicated television series Death Valley Days, hosted by Robert Taylor. Robert Yuro plays Curly Bill, and Sam Melville was cast as Army Lt. Jason Beal, who befriended King.","title":"Portrayal on television"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4PnFRfNtyhYC&pg=PA155","external_links_name":"Tombstone: An Iliad of the Southwest"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44959858","external_links_name":"44959858"},{"Link":"http://www.legendsofamerica.com/WE-OutlawList-K.html","external_links_name":"Sandy King, Outlaw"},{"Link":"http://www.thewrightcollection.com/?page=shop/browse&category_id=33","external_links_name":"Sandy King, Arrested by \"Dangerous Dan\""},{"Link":"http://www.oldwestcountry.com/tmpl1.php?CID=XRJS4","external_links_name":"Shakespeare, Ghost Town History"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081006000255/http://www.clearlightbooks.com/detail.asp?PRODUCT_ID=0944383521","external_links_name":"\"Dangerous Dan\" Tucker"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koo_Bon-moo	Koo Bon-moo	["1 Early life","2 Business career","3 References"]	South Korean business executive Koo Bon-moo구본무Koo in 2013Born(1945-02-10)10 February 1945Jinju, Keishōnan-dō, Korea, Empire of JapanDied20 May 2018(2018-05-20) (aged 73)Seoul, South KoreaNationalitySouth KoreanAlma materYonsei UniversityAshland UniversityCleveland State UniversityYears active1974–2016TitleChairman of LG Group (1995–2018)PredecessorKoo Cha-kyung (father)(1925–2019)SuccessorKoo Kwang-mo (son) Koo Bon-moo (Korean: 구본무; 10 February 1945 – 20 May 2018) was a South Korean business executive, who gained worldwide fame as the renamer and business executive of the LG Group. Early life Born on 10 February 1945 in Jinju, Keishōnan-dō, Korea, Empire of Japan (now South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea), Koo enrolled at Yonsei University. He moved to Ohio and completed his bachelor's and master's degrees at Ashland University and Cleveland State University, respectively. Business career Upon graduation from Cleveland State University, Koo returned to South Korea in 1975 and began working for Lucky Chemical, which later became LG Chem. He was transferred to GoldStar in 1980, and from 1983 to 1985, headed the company's Tokyo office. In 1995, Koo succeeded his father Koo Cha-kyung, the oldest son of LG's founder Koo In-hwoi as chairman of LG Group because of the Koo family's “male-only succession rule". Koo Bon-moo adopted his nephew Koo Kwang-mo in 2004, after losing his only son in 1994. Starting in 2017, Koo Bon-moo sought continual treatment for a brain tumor. He eventually ended medical treatment, and died in Seoul on 20 May 2018, aged 73. References ^ "Koo Bon-moo". The Investor. Retrieved 20 May 2018. ^ a b "LG Group leader puts talent first". Korea JoongAng Daily. 22 January 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2018. ^ a b "Koo Bon-moo brought LG into 21st century". Korea JoongAng Daily. 21 May 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2018. ^ a b c Song, Su-hyun (20 May 2018). "Koo Bon-moo, chairman of LG Group, dies at 73". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 20 May 2018. ^ Ji-yoon, Lee (10 July 2018). "LG's Koo Bon-joon prepares to depart". The Investor. Retrieved 8 May 2019. ^ Kim, Hooyeon; Park, Kyunghee (20 May 2018). "LG Chair Koo Bon-Moo Dies, Leaves Company to Adopted Son". Bloomberg. Retrieved 20 May 2018. ^ "LG Chairman Koo Bon-moo dies". The Korea Times. 20 May 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2018. ^ Chung, Jane; Park, Ju-min (20 May 2018). "South Korea's LG Group chairman dies from illness at 73". Reuters. Retrieved 20 May 2018. vteLGSubsidiariesCurrent LG Chem LG Energy Solution LG CNS LG Display LG Electronics Zenith LG Household & Health Care The Face Shop LG Innotek LG Uplus G2R HS Ad Former/defunct GoldStar LG Card LG Investment & Securities LG Semiconductor Joint venturesCurrent Ericsson-LG Hitachi-LG Data Storage Former/defunct LG.Philips Displays LG Philips LCD Sports LG Twins Changwon LG Sakers LG Cup (Go) Other Yonam College Yonam Institute of Technology GS Group LIG Group LS Group Visakhapatnam gas leak People Koo In-hwoi Koo Cha-kyung Koo Bon-moo Category Commons Authority control databases International VIAF National Netherlands	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"LG Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Corporation"}],"text":"Koo Bon-moo (Korean: 구본무; 10 February 1945 – 20 May 2018) was a South Korean business executive, who gained worldwide fame as the renamer and business executive of the LG Group.","title":"Koo Bon-moo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jinju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinju"},{"link_name":"Keishōnan-dō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keish%C5%8Dnan-d%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Korea, Empire of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule"},{"link_name":"South Gyeongsang Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Gyeongsang_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thinvestor-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jad2011-2"},{"link_name":"Yonsei University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonsei_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jadobit-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kherald-4"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ashland University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashland_University"},{"link_name":"Cleveland State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_State_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jad2011-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kherald-4"}],"text":"Born on 10 February 1945 in Jinju, Keishōnan-dō, Korea, Empire of Japan (now South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea),[1][2] Koo enrolled at Yonsei University.[3][4] He moved to Ohio and completed his bachelor's and master's degrees at Ashland University and Cleveland State University, respectively.[2][4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cleveland State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_State_University"},{"link_name":"LG Chem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Chem"},{"link_name":"GoldStar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoldStar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jadobit-3"},{"link_name":"Koo Cha-kyung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koo_Cha-kyung"},{"link_name":"Koo In-hwoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koo_In-hwoi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kherald-4"},{"link_name":"LG Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Group"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloomberg-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kt-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Upon graduation from Cleveland State University, Koo returned to South Korea in 1975 and began working for Lucky Chemical, which later became LG Chem. He was transferred to GoldStar in 1980, and from 1983 to 1985, headed the company's Tokyo office.[3] In 1995, Koo succeeded his father Koo Cha-kyung, the oldest son of LG's founder Koo In-hwoi[4] as chairman of LG Group because of the Koo family's “male-only succession rule\".[5] Koo Bon-moo adopted his nephew Koo Kwang-mo in 2004, after losing his only son in 1994.[6] Starting in 2017, Koo Bon-moo sought continual treatment for a brain tumor. He eventually ended medical treatment, and died in Seoul on 20 May 2018, aged 73.[7][8]","title":"Business career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Koo Bon-moo\". The Investor. Retrieved 20 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theinvestor.co.kr/people_detail.php?mode=rich&field=uname&search=&soption=&pg=1&num=17&q=Koo+Bon-moo","url_text":"\"Koo Bon-moo\""}]},{"reference":"\"LG Group leader puts talent first\". Korea JoongAng Daily. 22 January 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://mengnews.joins.com/view.aspx?aId=2931321","url_text":"\"LG Group leader puts talent first\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_JoongAng_Daily","url_text":"Korea JoongAng Daily"}]},{"reference":"\"Koo Bon-moo brought LG into 21st century\". Korea JoongAng Daily. 21 May 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3048371","url_text":"\"Koo Bon-moo brought LG into 21st century\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_JoongAng_Daily","url_text":"Korea JoongAng Daily"}]},{"reference":"Song, Su-hyun (20 May 2018). \"Koo Bon-moo, chairman of LG Group, dies at 73\". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 20 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20180520000077","url_text":"\"Koo Bon-moo, chairman of LG Group, dies at 73\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Herald","url_text":"The Korea Herald"}]},{"reference":"Ji-yoon, Lee (10 July 2018). \"LG's Koo Bon-joon prepares to depart\". The Investor. Retrieved 8 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theinvestor.co.kr/view.php?ud=20180710000687","url_text":"\"LG's Koo Bon-joon prepares to depart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Investor","url_text":"The Investor"}]},{"reference":"Kim, Hooyeon; Park, Kyunghee (20 May 2018). \"LG Chair Koo Bon-Moo Dies, Leaves Company to Adopted Son\". Bloomberg. Retrieved 20 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-05-20/lg-group-chair-koo-bon-moo-dies-leaves-company-to-adopted-son","url_text":"\"LG Chair Koo Bon-Moo Dies, Leaves Company to Adopted Son\""}]},{"reference":"\"LG Chairman Koo Bon-moo dies\". The Korea Times. 20 May 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2018/05/121_249260.html","url_text":"\"LG Chairman Koo Bon-moo dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Times","url_text":"The Korea Times"}]},{"reference":"Chung, Jane; Park, Ju-min (20 May 2018). \"South Korea's LG Group chairman dies from illness at 73\". Reuters. Retrieved 20 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southkorea-lgcorp-chairman-death/south-koreas-lg-group-chairman-koo-bon-moo-dies-yonhap-idUSKCN1IL036","url_text":"\"South Korea's LG Group chairman dies from illness at 73\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.theinvestor.co.kr/people_detail.php?mode=rich&field=uname&search=&soption=&pg=1&num=17&q=Koo+Bon-moo","external_links_name":"\"Koo Bon-moo\""},{"Link":"http://mengnews.joins.com/view.aspx?aId=2931321","external_links_name":"\"LG Group leader puts talent first\""},{"Link":"http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3048371","external_links_name":"\"Koo Bon-moo brought LG into 21st century\""},{"Link":"http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20180520000077","external_links_name":"\"Koo Bon-moo, chairman of LG Group, dies at 73\""},{"Link":"http://www.theinvestor.co.kr/view.php?ud=20180710000687","external_links_name":"\"LG's Koo Bon-joon prepares to depart\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-05-20/lg-group-chair-koo-bon-moo-dies-leaves-company-to-adopted-son","external_links_name":"\"LG Chair Koo Bon-Moo Dies, Leaves Company to Adopted Son\""},{"Link":"https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2018/05/121_249260.html","external_links_name":"\"LG Chairman Koo Bon-moo dies\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southkorea-lgcorp-chairman-death/south-koreas-lg-group-chairman-koo-bon-moo-dies-yonhap-idUSKCN1IL036","external_links_name":"\"South Korea's LG Group chairman dies from illness at 73\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/286543154","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p243320655","external_links_name":"Netherlands"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulobezi	Mulobezi	["1 Transport","2 See also","3 References"]	Coordinates: 16°46′56″S 25°10′22″E / 16.78222°S 25.17278°E / -16.78222; 25.17278Place in Southern Province, ZambiaMulobeziMulobeziLocation in ZambiaCoordinates: 16°46′56″S 25°10′22″E / 16.78222°S 25.17278°E / -16.78222; 25.17278Country ZambiaAdmin. divisionSouthern ProvinceElevation3,202 ft (976 m)ClimateCwa Mulobezi is a small town in the Western Province of Zambia, and the centre of its timber industry. Timber extends into Southern Province with which the town is economically linked. Extensive forests of Zambian Teak grow on the sandy soils of the southwest part of Southern Province and the southeast part of Western Province. To extract the timber, the Mulobezi Railway was built from Livingstone in the 1920s, and once extended beyond Mulobezi to the northwest. Today, commercially viable stocks of the slow-growing teak trees are virtually used up and the timber industry is a shadow of its former self. Transport The railway still operates a weekly service from Livingstone with Mulobezi as the terminus. See also Transport in Zambia References This Zambia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Province,_Zambia"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"Southern Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Province,_Zambia"},{"link_name":"Zambian Teak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambian_Teak"},{"link_name":"Mulobezi Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulobezi_Railway"},{"link_name":"Livingstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone,_Zambia"}],"text":"Place in Southern Province, ZambiaMulobezi is a small town in the Western Province of Zambia, and the centre of its timber industry. Timber extends into Southern Province with which the town is economically linked.Extensive forests of Zambian Teak grow on the sandy soils of the southwest part of Southern Province and the southeast part of Western Province. To extract the timber, the Mulobezi Railway was built from Livingstone in the 1920s, and once extended beyond Mulobezi to the northwest. Today, commercially viable stocks of the slow-growing teak trees are virtually used up and the timber industry is a shadow of its former self.","title":"Mulobezi"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The railway still operates a weekly service from Livingstone with Mulobezi as the terminus.","title":"Transport"}]	[]	[{"title":"Transport in Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Zambia"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mulobezi&params=16_46_56_S_25_10_22_E_region:ZM_type:city","external_links_name":"16°46′56″S 25°10′22″E / 16.78222°S 25.17278°E / -16.78222; 25.17278"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mulobezi&params=16_46_56_S_25_10_22_E_region:ZM_type:city","external_links_name":"16°46′56″S 25°10′22″E / 16.78222°S 25.17278°E / -16.78222; 25.17278"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mulobezi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty20_Cup	T20 Blast	["1 History","1.1 Twenty20 Cup","1.2 Friends Provident/FriendsLife T20","1.3 NatWest T20 Blast","1.4 Vitality Blast","2 Competition format","2.1 Two division format","2.1.1 North Group","2.1.2 South Group","2.2 Three division format","2.2.1 Northern Division","2.2.2 Central Division","2.2.3 Southern Division","3 Winners","4 Performance by county","5 References"]	English Cricket Tournament T20 BlastThe current Vitality Blast logoCountriesEngland & WalesAdministratorEngland and Wales Cricket BoardFormatTwenty20First edition2003Latest edition2024Tournament formatGroup stage and knockoutNumber of teams18Current championSomerset (2nd title)Most successfulLeicestershire Foxes (3 titles) Hampshire Hawks (3 titles)TVSky Sports Fox Cricket (Australia) BeIN Sports 3 EN (MENA). - Sony Sports Network (India)WebsiteECB Vitality Blast 2024 T20 Blast Season2003 • 2004 • 2005 • 2006 • 2007 • 2008 • 2009 • 2010 • 2011 • 2012 • 2013 • 2014 • 2015 • 2016 • 2017 • 2018 • 2019 • 2020 • 2021 • 2022 • 2023 • 2024 The T20 Blast, currently named the Vitality Blast for sponsorship reasons, is a professional Twenty20 cricket competition for English and Welsh first-class counties. The competition was established by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) in 2003. It is the top-level Twenty20 competition in England and Wales. The competition has been known by a variety of names due to commercial sponsorship. It was known as the Twenty20 Cup from 2003 to 2009, the Friends Provident t20 and Friends Life t20 from 2010 to 2013, and the Natwest t20 Blast from 2014 to 2017. The competition has been sponsored by insurance company Vitality since 2018 and is known as the Vitality Blast. History When the Benson & Hedges Cup ended in 2002, the ECB sought another one-day competition to fill with the younger generation in response to dwindling crowds and reduced sponsorship. The Board wanted to deliver fast-paced, exciting cricket accessible to fans who were put off by the longer versions of the game. Stuart Robertson, the marketing manager of the ECB, proposed a 20-over per innings game to county chairmen in 2001, and they voted 11–7 in favour of adopting the new format. The first Twenty20 Cup was held in 2003 and was marketed with the slogan "I don't like cricket, I love it" – a line from the cricket-themed pop song Dreadlock Holiday by 10cc. Twenty20 Cup The first official Twenty20 Cup matches were played on 13 June 2003. The first season of Twenty20 in England was a success, with the Surrey Lions defeating the Warwickshire Bears by nine wickets in the final to win the first Twenty20 Cup Final. On 15 July 2004 Middlesex versus Surrey (the first Twenty20 Cup game to be held at Lord's) attracted a crowd of 26,500, the largest attendance for any county cricket game other than a one-day final since 1953. The tournament saw six different winners in its seven years. By the end of the 2009, the ECB had decided to implement a larger competition for the T20 format of the game. The Twenty20 English Premier League was a proposed cricket league to be run by the ECB consisting of the 18 county teams and two overseas teams divided into two divisions with promotion and relegation. The proposal was influenced by the success of the Indian Premier League and by Allen Stanford who had organised the Stanford Super Series in the Caribbean. After the collapse of Stanford's series, the proposals were scrapped. Instead a modified 40 over league, the Clydesdale Bank 40 was implemented. Friends Provident/FriendsLife T20 The Friends Provident T20 (renamed the FriendsLife T20 after just one season) was introduced in 2010. The competition initially divided the eighteen counties into North and South groups, before reverting to the previous model of three divisions of six teams. This period of Twenty20 cricket in England and Wales saw Leicestershire and Hampshire becoming the most successful sides, and in 2013 Northants won their first trophy for two decades. NatWest T20 Blast NatWest became the tournament sponsors in 2014, renewing a longstanding relationship the bank had with the county game. The first year of the tournament saw 700,000 spectators attend the games, the most in the competition's history. The tournament was won in 2014 by the Birmingham Bears, Warwickshire County Cricket Club's name for the purposes of Twenty20 cricket, making it the first time a county trophy had been won by a team using a city name. The final victors of this branding of the tournament in 2017 were Notts Outlaws. Vitality Blast Vitality became the tournament sponsors in 2018, signing an initial deal to sponsor the competition for four years, with the competition becoming known as the Vitality Blast. The most recent iteration, the 2023 Vitality Blast, was the 20th season of the domestic Twenty20 cricket competition in England and Wales. The tournament started on 20 May 2023 and ended on 15 July 2023, when Somerset were crowned the champions. There are 18 teams that compete in the tournament, divided into two groups of nine. Each team plays 14 group games, playing six teams in their group twice (both home and away) and two teams once (one at home, the other away). The top four teams from each group qualify for the quarter-finals, with the four winners progressing to finals day. Competition format The 18 first-class counties compete for the title, initially playing in two or three geographical divisions, the number varying across the years. In 2018, matches were moved to be played in a block during July and August with the aim of attracting large crowds during the school summer holidays. In seasons with three divisions the top two teams in each division and the two best third place teams qualify for the playoff stage, in seasons with two divisions the top four teams in each division qualify for the playoff stage, with a set of quarter-finals leaving four teams in the competition. The two semi-finals and the final are played on one finals day at Edgbaston in September. In 2020, due to the delay in the start of the season because of the COVID-19 pandemic, matches started on 27 August in a three division format, with the quarter finals played on 1 October and the semi-finals and finals on 4 October (postponed due to rain on the third). Two division format North Group Derbyshire Falcons Durham Lancashire Lightning Leicestershire Foxes Northamptonshire Steelbacks Notts Outlaws (Nottinghamshire) Birmingham Bears (Warwickshire) Worcestershire Rapids Yorkshire Vikings South Group Essex Eagles Glamorgan Gloucestershire Hampshire Hawks Kent Spitfires Middlesex Somerset Surrey Sussex Sharks Three division format Northern Division Derbyshire Falcons Durham Lancashire Lightning Leicestershire Foxes Notts Outlaws (Nottinghamshire) Yorkshire Vikings Central Division Glamorgan Gloucestershire Northamptonshire Steelbacks Somerset Birmingham Bears (Warwickshire) Worcestershire Rapids Southern Division Essex Eagles Hampshire Hawks Kent Spitfires Middlesex Surrey Sussex Sharks Winners Main article: List of English Twenty20 cricket champions Finals day has been held annually towards the end of the English cricket season. Season Winner Winning Margin Runner-up Venue City Source 2003 Surrey Lions Won by 9 wickets Warwickshire Bears Trent Bridge Nottingham Scorecard 2004 Leicestershire Foxes Won by 7 wickets Surrey Lions Edgbaston Birmingham Scorecard 2005 Somerset Sabres Won by 7 wickets Lancashire Lightning The Oval London Scorecard 2006 Leicestershire Foxes Won by 4 runs Notts Outlaws Trent Bridge Nottingham Scorecard 2007 Kent Spitfires Won by 4 wickets Gloucestershire Gladiators Edgbaston Birmingham Scorecard 2008 Middlesex Crusaders Won by 3 runs Kent Spitfires Rose Bowl Southampton Scorecard 2009 Sussex Sharks Won by 63 runs Somerset Sabres Edgbaston Birmingham Scorecard 2010 Hampshire Royals Won by losing fewer wickets (scores level) Somerset Rose Bowl Southampton Scorecard 2011 Leicestershire Foxes Won by 18 runs Somerset Edgbaston Birmingham Scorecard 2012 Hampshire Royals Won by 10 runs Yorkshire Carnegie Sophia Gardens Cardiff Scorecard 2013 Northants Steelbacks Won by 102 runs (D/L) Surrey Edgbaston Birmingham Scorecard 2014 Birmingham Bears (Warwickshire) Won by 4 runs Lancashire Lightning Scorecard 2015 Lancashire Lightning Won by 13 runs Northants Steelbacks Scorecard 2016 Northants Steelbacks Won by 4 wickets Durham Jets Scorecard 2017 Notts Outlaws Won by 22 runs Birmingham Bears (Warwickshire) Scorecard 2018 Worcestershire Rapids Won by 5 wickets Sussex Sharks Scorecard 2019 Essex Eagles Won by 4 wickets Worcestershire Rapids Scorecard 2020 Notts Outlaws Won by 6 wickets Surrey Scorecard 2021 Kent Spitfires Won by 25 runs Somerset Scorecard 2022 Hampshire Hawks Won by 1 run Lancashire Lightning Scorecard 2023 Somerset Won by 14 runs Essex Eagles Scorecard 2024 Scorecard Performance by county Team 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Warwickshire RU QF QF Gp QF QF QF QF Gp Gp Gp Won SF Gp RU Gp Gp Gp QF QF QF Derbyshire Gp Gp QF Gp Gp Gp Gp Gp Gp Gp Gp Gp Gp Gp QF Gp SF Gp Gp QF Gp Durham Gp Gp Gp Gp Gp SF QF Gp QF Gp QF Gp Gp RU Gp QF Gp Gp Gp Gp Gp Essex Gp QF Gp SF Gp SF Gp SF Gp QF SF QF QF QF Gp Gp Won Gp Gp QF RU Glamorgan Gp SF Gp Gp Gp QF Gp Gp Gp Gp Gp QF Gp QF SF Gp Gp Gp Gp Gp Gp Gloucestershire SF Gp Gp QF RU Gp Gp Gp Gp QF Gp Gp Gp QF Gp QF QF SF Gp Gp Gp Hampshire Gp QF Gp Gp Gp Gp QF Won SF Won SF SF SF Gp SF Gp Gp Gp SF Won SF Kent Gp Gp Gp QF Won RU SF Gp QF Gp Gp Gp QF Gp Gp QF Gp QF Won Gp Gp Lancashire Gp SF RU Gp SF QF QF QF SF Gp QF RU Won Gp Gp SF QF SF QF RU QF Leicestershire SF Won SF Won Gp Gp Gp Gp Won Gp Gp Gp Gp Gp QF Gp Gp QF Gp Gp Gp Middlesex Gp Gp QF Gp Gp Won Gp Gp Gp Gp Gp Gp Gp QF Gp Gp QF Gp Gp Gp Gp Northamptonshire Gp Gp QF QF Gp QF SF QF Gp Gp Won Gp RU Won Gp Gp Gp QF Gp Gp Gp Nottinghamshire Gp Gp Gp RU QF Gp Gp SF QF QF QF QF Gp SF Won QF SF Won QF Gp QF Somerset Gp Gp Won Gp Gp Gp RU RU RU SF QF Gp Gp Gp QF SF Gp Gp RU SF Won Surrey Won RU SF SF Gp Gp Gp Gp Gp Gp RU SF Gp Gp QF Gp Gp RU Gp QF SF Sussex Gp Gp Gp Gp SF Gp Won QF QF SF Gp Gp QF Gp Gp RU QF QF SF Gp Gp Worcestershire Gp QF Gp Gp QF Gp Gp Gp Gp QF Gp QF QF Gp Gp Won RU Gp Gp Gp QF Yorkshire Gp Gp Gp QF QF Gp Gp Gp Gp RU Gp Gp Gp SF Gp Gp Gp Gp QF SF Gp References ^ "Vitality announced as new title partner for T20 cricket". England and Wales Cricket Board. 7 February 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018. ^ a b "ECB announce Vitality as new T20 Blast sponsor". www.thecricketer.com. Retrieved 1 October 2019. ^ "Recent Match Report - Worcestershire vs Sussex, Twenty20 Cup (England), Final \| ESPNcricinfo.com". ESPNcricinfo. 15 September 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2019. ^ Gardner, Alan (13 January 2015). "T20 timeline: Revolution to uncertainty". ESPNcricinfo. ESPN. ^ Brett, Oliver (11 September 2007). "The roots of Twenty20". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2020. Stuart Robertson was the marketing manager of the ECB when Twenty20 was launched. His extensive research suggested women and children would only watch cricket if it was in a shorter format, and started in the late afternoon. He also gave two presentations to the Professional Cricket Association's annual general meeting. But it was only just enough to sway the counties, who voted 11-7 in favour of Twenty20. ^ "Ali backs Twenty20". Skysports. 10 June 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2021. ^ New-look English Twenty20 agreed, BBC Sport, 16 July 2008; Retrieved 17 March 2018 ^ ECB unveils new Twenty20 tournament, CricInfo, 16 July 2008; Retrieved 17 March 2018 ^ Freddie Wilde Blast promises to break 1m barrier, CricInfo, 14 May 2015; Retrieved 17 March 2018 ^ "Vitality Blast 2020 fixtures: Edgbaston Finals Day to conclude domestic season". England and Wales Cricket Board. Retrieved 12 August 2020. vteT20 Blast seasonsSeasonsTwenty20 Cup 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Friends Life T20 2010 2011 2012 2013 NatWest t20 Blast 2014 2015 2016 2017 Vitality Blast 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Finals 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 TeamsNorth Division Birmingham Bears Derbyshire Falcons Durham Jets Lancashire Lightning Leicestershire Foxes Northamptonshire Steelbacks Nottinghamshire Outlaws Worcestershire Rapids Yorkshire Vikings South Division Essex Eagles Glamorgan Gloucestershire Hampshire Kent Spitfires Middlesex Somerset Surrey Sussex Sharks vteCricket in England and WalesEngland and Wales Cricket Board (ECB)National Teams England cricket team Wales cricket team (former & proposed) England women's cricket team England Lions England U-19 England women U-19 Associations Professional Cricketers' Association Association of Cricket Officials Men's First-Class Counties (18) Derbyshire Durham Essex Glamorgan Gloucestershire Hampshire Kent Lancashire Leicestershire Middlesex Northamptonshire Nottinghamshire Somerset Surrey Sussex Warwickshire Worcestershire Yorkshire Women's Regional Teams (8) Central Sparks Northern Diamonds North West Thunder South East Stars Southern Vipers Sunrisers The Blaze Western Storm The Hundred Teams (8)(Men and Women) Birmingham Phoenix London Spirit Manchester Originals Northern Superchargers Oval Invincibles Southern Brave Trent Rockets Welsh Fire Men's National Counties (21) Bedfordshire Berkshire Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cheshire Cornwall Cumbria Devon Dorset Herefordshire Hertfordshire Huntingdonshire Lincolnshire Norfolk Northumberland Oxfordshire Shropshire Staffordshire Suffolk Wales National County Wiltshire Women's Counties (34) Berkshire Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cornwall Cumbria Derbyshire Devon Dorset Essex Gloucestershire Hampshire Hertfordshire Huntingdonshire Kent Lancashire Leicestershire and Rutland Lincolnshire Middlesex Norfolk Northamptonshire North East Warriors Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Shropshire Somerset Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey Sussex Wales Warwickshire Wiltshire Worcestershire Yorkshire Other Men's First-Class Teams (1) Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) MCC Universities (6) Cambridge UCCE Cardiff UCCE Durham UCCE Leeds/Bradford UCCE Loughborough UCCE Oxford UCCE Major Competitions County Championship One-Day Cup T20 Blast The Hundred Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy Charlotte Edwards Cup Women's Twenty20 Cup Defunct Major Competitions ECB 40 National League Benson & Hedges Cup Friends Provident Trophy Bob Willis Trophy Women's County Championship Women's Cricket Super League Other Competitions National Counties Championship NCCA Knockout Trophy National Counties T20 Second XI Championship ECB Premier Leagues ECB National Club Cricket Championship ECB National Club Twenty20 Champion County match Eton v Harrow The University Match Grounds Derby Riverside Chelmsford Sophia Gardens Bristol Rose Bowl Canterbury Old Trafford Leicester Lord's Northampton Trent Bridge Taunton The Oval Hove Edgbaston Worcester Headingley Others Lists England captains Men's Test cricket records Men's Test cricketers Men's Test wicket-keepers Men's ODI cricket records Men's ODI cricketers Men's T20I cricket records Men's T20I cricketers Women's Test cricketers Women's ODI cricketers Women's T20I cricketers Grounds by capacity Winners of all trophies Other Timeline of cricket on UK television Category vteTwenty20 cricket leaguesCurrentAsia Afghanistan Premier League (Afghanistan) Shpageeza Cricket League (Afghanistan) Bangladesh Premier League (Bangladesh) Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy (India) Indian Premier League (India) Women's Senior T20 Trophy (India) Women's Premier League (India) Everest Premier League (Nepal) Nepal T20 League (Nepal) National T20 Cup (Pakistan) Pakistan Super League (Pakistan) PCB Women's Twenty20 Tournament (Pakistan) Lanka Premier League (Sri Lanka) International League T20 (UAE) Oceania Big Bash League (Australia) Women's Big Bash League (Australia) Super Smash (men's) (New Zealand) Super Smash (women's) (New Zealand) Europe T20 Blast (England and Wales) Charlotte Edwards Cup (England and Wales) Women's Twenty20 Cup (England and Wales) Interprovincial Twenty20 Cup (Ireland) Women's Super Series (Ireland) Dutch Twenty20 Cup (Netherlands) Murgitroyd Twenty20 (Scotland) Regional Pro Series (Scotland) Africa CSA Provincial Twenty20 (South Africa) Women's T20 Super League (South Africa) SA20 (South Africa) Stanbic Bank 20 Series (Zimbabwe) Americas Caribbean Premier League (West Indies) Twenty20 Blaze (West Indies) Women's Caribbean Premier League (West Indies) Global T20 Canada (Canada) Major League Cricket (United States) Minor League Cricket (United States) DefunctInternational Champions League Twenty20 (International) Stanford Super Series (West Indies/England) Cricket All-Stars (International) International 20:20 Club Championship (International) Asia Etisalat Sixes T20 Tournament (Afghanistan) National Cricket League (Bangladesh) Victory Day T20 Cup (Bangladesh) Indian Cricket League (India) Women's T20 Challenge (India) Faysal Bank Super Eight T20 Cup (Pakistan) Pakistan Junior League (Pakistan) Hong Kong T20 Blitz (Hong Kong) Ramadan T20 Cup (Pakistan) Sri Lanka Premier League (Sri Lanka) SLC Twenty20 Tournament (Sri Lanka) Super T20 Provincial Tournament (Sri Lanka) Abu Dhabi T20 Trophy (United Arab Emirates) Masters Champions League (United Arab Emirates) Oceania Australian Women's Twenty20 Cup (Australia) KFC Twenty20 Big Bash (Australia) Europe Euro T20 Slam (Ireland, Netherlands and Scotland) Women's Cricket Super League (England) North Sea Pro20 (Scotland/Netherlands) Africa Mzansi Super League (South Africa) Africa T20 Cup (South Africa) East Africa Premier League (Kenya & Uganda) Americas CIBC National Cricket League (Canada) American Premiere League (United States) American Twenty20 Championship (United States) Pro Cricket (United States) Caribbean Twenty20 (West Indies) Stanford 20/20 (West Indies) vteChampions League Twenty20Editions 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Squads 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Lists Records and statistics Captains Qualifyingtournaments2014 Big Bash League Caribbean Premier League Haier Super 8 T20 Cup HRV Cup Indian Premier League Ram Slam T20 Challenge Super 4's Twenty20 2009–2013 Sri Lanka Premier League (2012) Friends Life t20 (2011–12) Caribbean Twenty20 (2010-13) Inter-Provincial Twenty20 (2009–11) KFC Twenty20 Big Bash (2009–11) T20 Blast (2009) Stanford 20/20 (2009)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Twenty20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty20"},{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"English and Welsh first-class counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_cricket#First-class_counties"},{"link_name":"England and Wales Cricket Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales_Cricket_Board"},{"link_name":"Vitality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VitalityHealth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The T20 Blast, currently named the Vitality Blast for sponsorship reasons, is a professional Twenty20 cricket competition for English and Welsh first-class counties. The competition was established by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) in 2003. It is the top-level Twenty20 competition in England and Wales.The competition has been known by a variety of names due to commercial sponsorship. It was known as the Twenty20 Cup from 2003 to 2009, the Friends Provident t20 and Friends Life t20 from 2010 to 2013, and the Natwest t20 Blast from 2014 to 2017. The competition has been sponsored by insurance company Vitality since 2018 and is known as the Vitality Blast.[1][2][3]","title":"T20 Blast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benson & Hedges Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benson_%26_Hedges_Cup"},{"link_name":"ECB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales_Cricket_Board"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dreadlock Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadlock_Holiday"},{"link_name":"10cc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10cc"}],"text":"When the Benson & Hedges Cup ended in 2002, the ECB sought another one-day competition to fill with the younger generation in response to dwindling crowds and reduced sponsorship. The Board wanted to deliver fast-paced, exciting cricket accessible to fans who were put off by the longer versions of the game.[4] Stuart Robertson, the marketing manager of the ECB, proposed a 20-over per innings game to county chairmen in 2001, and they voted 11–7 in favour of adopting the new format.[5]The first Twenty20 Cup was held in 2003 and was marketed with the slogan \"I don't like cricket, I love it\" – a line from the cricket-themed pop song Dreadlock Holiday by 10cc.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc16jul08-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ci16jul08-8"},{"link_name":"Indian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Allen Stanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Stanford"},{"link_name":"Stanford Super Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Super_Series"},{"link_name":"Clydesdale Bank 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clydesdale_Bank_40"}],"sub_title":"Twenty20 Cup","text":"The first official Twenty20 Cup matches were played on 13 June 2003. The first season of Twenty20 in England was a success, with the Surrey Lions defeating the Warwickshire Bears by nine wickets in the final to win the first Twenty20 Cup Final. On 15 July 2004 Middlesex versus Surrey (the first Twenty20 Cup game to be held at Lord's) attracted a crowd of 26,500, the largest attendance for any county cricket game other than a one-day final since 1953. [6] The tournament saw six different winners in its seven years.By the end of the 2009, the ECB had decided to implement a larger competition for the T20 format of the game. The Twenty20 English Premier League was a proposed cricket league to be run by the ECB consisting of the 18 county teams and two overseas teams divided into two divisions with promotion and relegation.[7][8] The proposal was influenced by the success of the Indian Premier League and by Allen Stanford who had organised the Stanford Super Series in the Caribbean. After the collapse of Stanford's series, the proposals were scrapped. Instead a modified 40 over league, the Clydesdale Bank 40 was implemented.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Friends_Provident_t20"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Northants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire_County_Cricket_Club"}],"sub_title":"Friends Provident/FriendsLife T20","text":"The Friends Provident T20 (renamed the FriendsLife T20 after just one season) was introduced in 2010. The competition initially divided the eighteen counties into North and South groups, before reverting to the previous model of three divisions of six teams. This period of Twenty20 cricket in England and Wales saw Leicestershire and Hampshire becoming the most successful sides, and in 2013 Northants won their first trophy for two decades.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14may2015-9"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Notts Outlaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Cricket_Club"}],"sub_title":"NatWest T20 Blast","text":"NatWest became the tournament sponsors in 2014, renewing a longstanding relationship the bank had with the county game. The first year of the tournament saw 700,000 spectators attend the games, the most in the competition's history.[9] The tournament was won in 2014 by the Birmingham Bears, Warwickshire County Cricket Club's name for the purposes of Twenty20 cricket, making it the first time a county trophy had been won by a team using a city name. The final victors of this branding of the tournament in 2017 were Notts Outlaws.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"sub_title":"Vitality Blast","text":"Vitality became the tournament sponsors in 2018, signing an initial deal to sponsor the competition for four years, with the competition becoming known as the Vitality Blast.[2] The most recent iteration, the 2023 Vitality Blast, was the 20th season of the domestic Twenty20 cricket competition in England and Wales. The tournament started on 20 May 2023 and ended on 15 July 2023, when Somerset were crowned the champions.There are 18 teams that compete in the tournament, divided into two groups of nine.Each team plays 14 group games, playing six teams in their group twice (both home and away) and two teams once (one at home, the other away).The top four teams from each group qualify for the quarter-finals, with the four winners progressing to finals day.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edgbaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The 18 first-class counties compete for the title, initially playing in two or three geographical divisions, the number varying across the years. In 2018, matches were moved to be played in a block during July and August with the aim of attracting large crowds during the school summer holidays. In seasons with three divisions the top two teams in each division and the two best third place teams qualify for the playoff stage, in seasons with two divisions the top four teams in each division qualify for the playoff stage, with a set of quarter-finals leaving four teams in the competition.The two semi-finals and the final are played on one finals day at Edgbaston in September. In 2020, due to the delay in the start of the season because of the COVID-19 pandemic, matches started on 27 August in a three division format, with the quarter finals played on 1 October and the semi-finals and finals on 4 October (postponed due to rain on the third).[10]","title":"Competition format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T20_Blast&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Lancashire Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire Foxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire Steelbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Notts Outlaws (Nottinghamshire)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Bears (Warwickshire)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T20_Blast&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"Essex Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Hampshire Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Kent Spitfires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Sussex Sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_County_Cricket_Club"}],"sub_title":"Two division format","text":"North Group[edit]\nDerbyshire Falcons\nDurham\nLancashire Lightning\nLeicestershire Foxes\nNorthamptonshire Steelbacks\nNotts Outlaws (Nottinghamshire)\nBirmingham Bears (Warwickshire)\nWorcestershire Rapids\nYorkshire Vikings\n\n\nSouth Group[edit]\nEssex Eagles\nGlamorgan\nGloucestershire\nHampshire Hawks\nKent Spitfires\nMiddlesex\nSomerset\nSurrey\nSussex Sharks","title":"Competition format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T20_Blast&action=edit&section=11"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Lancashire Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire Foxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Notts Outlaws (Nottinghamshire)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T20_Blast&action=edit&section=12"},{"link_name":"Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire Steelbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Bears (Warwickshire)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T20_Blast&action=edit&section=13"},{"link_name":"Essex Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Hampshire Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Kent Spitfires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Sussex Sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_County_Cricket_Club"}],"sub_title":"Three division format","text":"Northern Division[edit]\nDerbyshire Falcons\nDurham\nLancashire Lightning\nLeicestershire Foxes\nNotts Outlaws (Nottinghamshire)\nYorkshire Vikings\n\n\nCentral Division[edit]\nGlamorgan\nGloucestershire\nNorthamptonshire Steelbacks\nSomerset\nBirmingham Bears (Warwickshire)\nWorcestershire Rapids\n\n\nSouthern Division[edit]\nEssex Eagles\nHampshire Hawks\nKent Spitfires\nMiddlesex\nSurrey\nSussex Sharks","title":"Competition format"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Finals day has been held annually towards the end of the English cricket season.","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Twenty20_Cup"},{"link_name":"04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Twenty20_Cup"},{"link_name":"05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Twenty20_Cup"},{"link_name":"06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Twenty20_Cup"},{"link_name":"07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Twenty20_Cup"},{"link_name":"08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Twenty20_Cup"},{"link_name":"09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Twenty20_Cup"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Friends_Provident_t20"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Friends_Life_t20"},{"link_name":"12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Friends_Life_t20"},{"link_name":"13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Friends_Life_t20"},{"link_name":"14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_NatWest_t20_Blast"},{"link_name":"15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_NatWest_t20_Blast"},{"link_name":"16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_NatWest_t20_Blast"},{"link_name":"17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_NatWest_t20_Blast"},{"link_name":"18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_T20_Blast"},{"link_name":"19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_T20_Blast"},{"link_name":"20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_T20_Blast"},{"link_name":"21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_T20_Blast"},{"link_name":"22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_T20_Blast"},{"link_name":"23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_T20_Blast"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_County_Cricket_Club"}],"text":"Team\n\n03\n04\n05\n06\n07\n08\n09\n\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n\nWarwickshire\n\nRU\n\nQF\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nQF\n\nQF\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nWon\n\nSF\n\nGp\n\nRU\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nQF\n\nQF\n\n\nDerbyshire\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nSF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\n\nDurham\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nSF\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nRU\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\n\nEssex\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nSF\n\nGp\n\nSF\n\nGp\n\nSF\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nSF\n\nQF\n\nQF\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nWon\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nRU\n\n\nGlamorgan\n\nGp\n\nSF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nSF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\n\nGloucestershire\n\nSF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nRU\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nQF\n\nSF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\n\nHampshire\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nWon\n\nSF\n\nWon\n\nSF\n\nSF\n\nSF\n\nGp\n\nSF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nSF\n\nWon\n\nSF\n\n\nKent\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nWon\n\nRU\n\nSF\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nWon\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\n\nLancashire\n\nGp\n\nSF\n\nRU\n\nGp\n\nSF\n\nQF\n\nQF\n\nQF\n\nSF\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nRU\n\nWon\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nSF\n\nQF\n\nSF\n\nQF\n\nRU\n\nQF\n\n\nLeicestershire\n\nSF\n\nWon\n\nSF\n\nWon\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nWon\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\n\nMiddlesex\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nWon\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\n\nNorthamptonshire\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nSF\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nWon\n\nGp\n\nRU\n\nWon\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\n\nNottinghamshire\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nRU\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nSF\n\nQF\n\nQF\n\nQF\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nSF\n\nWon\n\nQF\n\nSF\n\nWon\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\n\nSomerset\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nWon\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nRU\n\nRU\n\nRU\n\nSF\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nSF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nRU\n\nSF\n\nWon\n\n\nSurrey\n\nWon\n\nRU\n\nSF\n\nSF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nRU\n\nSF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nRU\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nSF\n\n\nSussex\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nSF\n\nGp\n\nWon\n\nQF\n\nQF\n\nSF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nRU\n\nQF\n\nQF\n\nSF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\n\nWorcestershire\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nWon\n\nRU\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\n\nYorkshire\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nQF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nRU\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nSF\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nGp\n\nQF\n\nSF\n\nGp","title":"Performance by county"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Vitality announced as new title partner for T20 cricket\". England and Wales Cricket Board. 7 February 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ecb.co.uk/news/617915/vitality-announced-as-new-title-partner-for-t20-cricket","url_text":"\"Vitality announced as new title partner for T20 cricket\""}]},{"reference":"\"ECB announce Vitality as new T20 Blast sponsor\". www.thecricketer.com. Retrieved 1 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecricketer.com/Topics/t20_blast/ecb_announce_vitality_as_new_t20_blast_sponsor.html","url_text":"\"ECB announce Vitality as new T20 Blast sponsor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Recent Match Report - Worcestershire vs Sussex, Twenty20 Cup (England), Final \| ESPNcricinfo.com\". ESPNcricinfo. 15 September 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8053/report/1127580/worcestershire-vs-sussex-final-vitality-blast-2018","url_text":"\"Recent Match Report - Worcestershire vs Sussex, Twenty20 Cup (England), Final \| ESPNcricinfo.com\""}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Alan (13 January 2015). \"T20 timeline: Revolution to uncertainty\". ESPNcricinfo. ESPN.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/t20-timeline-revolution-to-uncertainty-820517","url_text":"\"T20 timeline: Revolution to uncertainty\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPNcricinfo","url_text":"ESPNcricinfo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"Brett, Oliver (11 September 2007). \"The roots of Twenty20\". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2020. Stuart Robertson was the marketing manager of the ECB when Twenty20 was launched. [...] His extensive research suggested women and children would only watch cricket if it was in a shorter format, and started in the late afternoon. [...] He also gave two presentations to the Professional Cricket Association's annual general meeting. [...] But it was only just enough to sway the counties, who voted 11-7 in favour of Twenty20.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/6985087.stm","url_text":"\"The roots of Twenty20\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211017061133/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/6985087.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ali backs Twenty20\". Skysports. 10 June 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12389/3657396/ali-backs-twenty20","url_text":"\"Ali backs Twenty20\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vitality Blast 2020 fixtures: Edgbaston Finals Day to conclude domestic season\". England and Wales Cricket Board. Retrieved 12 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ecb.co.uk/news/1751561/vitality-blast-2020-fixtures-edgbaston-finals-day-to-conclude-domestic-season","url_text":"\"Vitality Blast 2020 fixtures: Edgbaston Finals Day to conclude domestic season\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.ecb.co.uk/t20-blast","external_links_name":"ECB Vitality Blast"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8053/scorecard/304785/surrey-vs-warwickshire-final-twenty20-cup-eng-2003/","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2004/ENG_LOCAL/TWENTY-20/SCORECARDS/KNOCK-OUTS/LEICS_SURREY_TWENTY-20-FINAL_07AUG2004.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8053/scorecard/214740/lancashire-vs-somerset-final/","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8053/scorecard/225345/nottinghamshire-vs-leicestershire-final/","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8053/scorecard/268469/gloucestershire-vs-kent-final-twenty20-cup-eng-2007/","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8053/scorecard/320192/kent-vs-middlesex-final-twenty20-cup-eng-2008/","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8053/scorecard/383223/somerset-vs-sussex-final-twenty20-cup-eng-2009/","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8053/scorecard/435840/hampshire-vs-somerset-final-twenty20-cup-eng-2010/","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8053/scorecard/492510/Leicestershire-vs-Somerset-Final","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8053/scorecard/542720/yorkshire-vs-hampshire-final-twenty20-cup-eng-2012/","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8053/scorecard/593701/northamptonshire-vs-surrey-final-twenty20-cup-eng-2013/","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8053/scorecard/693273/Warwickshire-vs-Lancashire-Final-NatWest-t20-Blast-2014","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8053/scorecard/804711/northamptonshire-vs-lancashire-final-twenty20-cup-eng-2015/","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8053/scorecard/947355/durham-vs-northamptonshire-final-twenty20-cup-eng-2016/","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8053/scorecard/1086737/Warwickshire-vs-Nottinghamshire-Final-NatWest-t20-Blast-2017","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8053/game/1127580/worcestershire-vs-sussex-final-vitality-blast-2018","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8053/game/1167259/worcestershire-vs-essex-final-vitality-blast-2019","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8053/scorecard/1229399/surrey-vs-nottinghamshire-final-vitality-blast-2020","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1250368.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1297926.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/vitality-blast-2023-1347399/essex-vs-somerset-final-1347700/full-scorecard","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/vitality-blast-2024-1410370/tba-vs-tba-final-1410502/live-cricket-score","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://www.ecb.co.uk/news/617915/vitality-announced-as-new-title-partner-for-t20-cricket","external_links_name":"\"Vitality announced as new title partner for T20 cricket\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecricketer.com/Topics/t20_blast/ecb_announce_vitality_as_new_t20_blast_sponsor.html","external_links_name":"\"ECB announce Vitality as new T20 Blast sponsor\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8053/report/1127580/worcestershire-vs-sussex-final-vitality-blast-2018","external_links_name":"\"Recent Match Report - Worcestershire vs Sussex, Twenty20 Cup (England), Final \| ESPNcricinfo.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/t20-timeline-revolution-to-uncertainty-820517","external_links_name":"\"T20 timeline: Revolution to uncertainty\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/6985087.stm","external_links_name":"\"The roots of Twenty20\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211017061133/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/6985087.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12389/3657396/ali-backs-twenty20","external_links_name":"\"Ali backs Twenty20\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/7510080.stm","external_links_name":"New-look English Twenty20 agreed"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/story/361423.html","external_links_name":"ECB unveils new Twenty20 tournament"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/county-cricket-2015/content/story/876023.html","external_links_name":"Blast promises to break 1m barrier"},{"Link":"https://www.ecb.co.uk/news/1751561/vitality-blast-2020-fixtures-edgbaston-finals-day-to-conclude-domestic-season","external_links_name":"\"Vitality Blast 2020 fixtures: Edgbaston Finals Day to conclude domestic season\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_registry	Domain name registry	["1 Operation","2 Policies","2.1 Allocation policies","2.2 Dispute policies","3 Third-level domains","4 See also","5 References"]	Database of domain names and associated registrant information "Network information center" redirects here. For the organization, see InterNIC. A domain name registry is a database of all domain names and the associated registrant information in the top level domains of the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet that enables third party entities to request administrative control of a domain name. Most registries operate on the top-level and second-level of the DNS. A registry operator, sometimes called a network information center (NIC), maintains all administrative data of the domain and generates a zone file which contains the addresses of the nameservers for each domain. Each registry is an organization that manages the registration of domain names within the domains for which it is responsible, controls the policies of domain name allocation, and technically operates its domain. It may also fulfill the function of a domain name registrar, or may delegate that function to other entities. Domain names are managed under a hierarchy headed by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), which manages the top of the DNS tree by administrating the data in the root nameservers. IANA also operates the int registry for intergovernmental organizations, the arpa zone for protocol administration purposes, and other critical zones such as root-servers.net. IANA delegates all other domain name authority to other domain name registries and a full list is available on their web site. Country code top-level domains (ccTLD) are delegated by IANA to national registries such as DENIC in Germany and Nominet in the United Kingdom. Operation This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Some name registries are government departments (e.g., the registry for India gov.in). Some are co-operatives of Internet service providers (such as DENIC) or not-for profit companies (such as Nominet UK). Others operate as commercial organizations, such as the US registry (nic.us). The allocated and assigned domain names are made available by registries by use of the WHOIS system and via their domain name servers. Some registries sell the names directly, and others rely on separate entities to sell them. For example, names in the .com top-level domains are in some sense sold "wholesale" at a regulated price by VeriSign, and individual domain name registrars sell names "retail" to businesses and consumers. Policies Allocation policies This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Historically, domain name registries operated on a first-come-first-served system of allocation but may reject the allocation of specific domains on the basis of political, religious, historical, legal or cultural reasons. For example, in the United States, between 1996 and 1998, InterNIC automatically rejected domain name applications based on a list of perceived obscenities. Registries may also control matters of interest to their local communities; for example, the German, Japanese and Polish registries have introduced internationalized domain names to allow use of local non-ASCII characters. Dispute policies Domains that are registered with ICANN registrars, generally have to use the Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy (UDRP), however, Germany's DENIC requires people to use the German civil courts, and Nominet UK deals with intellectual property and other disputes through its own dispute resolution service. Third-level domains Domain name registries may also impose a system of third-level domains on users. DENIC, the registry for Germany (.de), does not impose third level domains. AFNIC, the registry for France (.fr), has some third level domains, but not all registrants have to use them. Many ccTLDs have moved from compulsory third or fourth-level domain to the availability of registrations of second level domains. Among them are .us (April 2002), .mx (May 2009), .co (March 2010), and .uk (June 2014). See also Drop registrar Private sub-domain registry List of Internet top-level domains NIC handle References ^ "ICann.org Glossary". Retrieved 2009-04-21. ^ "IANA — Root Zone Database". Retrieved 2019-12-04. ^ "Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy – ICANN". icann.org. Retrieved 2020-02-19. ^ "NIC México anuncia las etapas de la reapertura de dominios directamente bajo.MX" (in Spanish). NIC México. 2009-02-10. Archived from the original on 2009-02-12. Retrieved 2010-05-19. ^ ".CO Launch & Registration Rules" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-27. Retrieved 2012-02-24. vteWebsite managementConceptsWeb hosting Clustered Peer-to-peer Self-hosting Virtual Web analytics Click analytics Mobile web analytics Web tracking Click tracking Overselling Web document Web content Web content lifecycle Web server Web cache Webmaster Website governanceWeb hosting control panels (comparison) AlternC cPanel DirectAdmin Domain Technologie Control i-MSCP InterWorx ISPConfig Kloxo Plesk Usermin Webmin Froxlor Top-level domain registries AFNIC auDA DNS Belgium CentralNic CIRA CNNIC CZ.NIC DENIC EURid Freenom GoDaddy Google Domains Identity Digital IPM JPRS KISA NIC México Nominet PIR Tucows Verisign Domain name managers and registrars Bluehost Domainz DreamHost Dynadot Enom Epik Gandi GMO Internet GoDaddy Google Domains Hover Infomaniak Jimdo Name.com Namecheap Hostinger NameSilo NearlyFreeSpeech Network Solutions OVH Register.com Squarespace Tucows UK2 Webcentral Web.com Wix.com Web content management system Document management system Wiki software Blog software	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"InterNIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterNIC"},{"link_name":"Domain Name System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System"},{"link_name":"domain name registrar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name_registrar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Internet Assigned Numbers Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority"},{"link_name":"root nameservers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_nameserver"},{"link_name":"int","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.int"},{"link_name":"arpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.arpa"},{"link_name":"root-servers.net","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root-servers.net"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Country code top-level domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain"},{"link_name":"DENIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DENIC"},{"link_name":"Nominet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominet"}],"text":"\"Network information center\" redirects here. For the organization, see InterNIC.A domain name registry is a database of all domain names and the associated registrant information in the top level domains of the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet that enables third party entities to request administrative control of a domain name. Most registries operate on the top-level and second-level of the DNS.A registry operator, sometimes called a network information center (NIC), maintains all administrative data of the domain and generates a zone file which contains the addresses of the nameservers for each domain. Each registry is an organization that manages the registration of domain names within the domains for which it is responsible, controls the policies of domain name allocation, and technically operates its domain. It may also fulfill the function of a domain name registrar, or may delegate that function to other entities.[1]Domain names are managed under a hierarchy headed by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), which manages the top of the DNS tree by administrating the data in the root nameservers. IANA also operates the int registry for intergovernmental organizations, the arpa zone for protocol administration purposes, and other critical zones such as root-servers.net. IANA delegates all other domain name authority to other domain name registries and a full list is available on their web site.[2] Country code top-level domains (ccTLD) are delegated by IANA to national registries such as DENIC in Germany and Nominet in the United Kingdom.","title":"Domain name registry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DENIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DENIC"},{"link_name":"Nominet UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominet_UK"},{"link_name":"WHOIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOIS"},{"link_name":"domain name servers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name_server"},{"link_name":".com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.com"},{"link_name":"VeriSign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VeriSign"},{"link_name":"domain name registrars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name_registrar"}],"text":"Some name registries are government departments (e.g., the registry for India gov.in). Some are co-operatives of Internet service providers (such as DENIC) or not-for profit companies (such as Nominet UK). Others operate as commercial organizations, such as the US registry (nic.us).The allocated and assigned domain names are made available by registries by use of the WHOIS system and via their domain name servers.Some registries sell the names directly, and others rely on separate entities to sell them. For example, names in the .com top-level domains are in some sense sold \"wholesale\" at a regulated price by VeriSign, and individual domain name registrars sell names \"retail\" to businesses and consumers.","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Policies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first-come-first-served","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-come-first-served"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"InterNIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterNIC"},{"link_name":"ASCII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII"}],"sub_title":"Allocation policies","text":"Historically, domain name registries operated on a first-come-first-served system of allocation but may reject the allocation of specific domains on the basis of political, religious, historical, legal or cultural reasons. For example, in the United States, between 1996 and 1998, InterNIC automatically rejected domain name applications based on a list of perceived obscenities.Registries may also control matters of interest to their local communities; for example, the German, Japanese and Polish registries have introduced internationalized domain names to allow use of local non-ASCII characters.","title":"Policies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ICANN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN"},{"link_name":"UDRP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDRP"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"DENIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DENIC"},{"link_name":"Nominet UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominet_UK"}],"sub_title":"Dispute policies","text":"Domains that are registered with ICANN registrars, generally have to use the Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy (UDRP),[3] however, Germany's DENIC requires people to use the German civil courts, and Nominet UK deals with intellectual property and other disputes through its own dispute resolution service.","title":"Policies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"third-level domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-level_domain"},{"link_name":".de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.de"},{"link_name":".fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fr"},{"link_name":".us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.us"},{"link_name":".mx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mx"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":".co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.co"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":".uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.uk"}],"text":"Domain name registries may also impose a system of third-level domains on users.\nDENIC, the registry for Germany (.de), does not impose third level domains. AFNIC, the registry for France (.fr), has some third level domains, but not all registrants have to use them.Many ccTLDs have moved from compulsory third or fourth-level domain to the availability of registrations of second level domains. Among them are .us (April 2002), .mx (May 2009),[4] .co (March 2010),[5] and .uk (June 2014).","title":"Third-level domains"}]	[]	[{"title":"Drop registrar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drop_registrar"},{"title":"Private sub-domain registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_sub-domain_registry"},{"title":"List of Internet top-level domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domains"},{"title":"NIC handle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIC_handle"}]	[{"reference":"\"ICann.org Glossary\". Retrieved 2009-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icann.org/en/general/glossary.htm","url_text":"\"ICann.org Glossary\""}]},{"reference":"\"IANA — Root Zone Database\". Retrieved 2019-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db","url_text":"\"IANA — Root Zone Database\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy – ICANN\". icann.org. Retrieved 2020-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/help/dndr/udrp-en","url_text":"\"Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy – ICANN\""}]},{"reference":"\"NIC México anuncia las etapas de la reapertura de dominios directamente bajo.MX\" (in Spanish). NIC México. 2009-02-10. Archived from the original on 2009-02-12. Retrieved 2010-05-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090212173502/http://www.nic.mx/es/Noticias_2?NEWS=313","url_text":"\"NIC México anuncia las etapas de la reapertura de dominios directamente bajo.MX\""},{"url":"http://www.nic.mx/es/Noticias_2?NEWS=313","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\".CO Launch & Registration Rules\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-27. Retrieved 2012-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130627212601/http://www.cointernet.co/sites/default/files/documents/CO_Sunrise_Launch%26Registration_1.4.pdf","url_text":"\".CO Launch & Registration Rules\""},{"url":"http://www.cointernet.co/sites/default/files/documents/CO_Sunrise_Launch%26Registration_1.4.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.icann.org/en/general/glossary.htm","external_links_name":"\"ICann.org Glossary\""},{"Link":"https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db","external_links_name":"\"IANA — Root Zone Database\""},{"Link":"https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/help/dndr/udrp-en","external_links_name":"\"Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy – ICANN\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090212173502/http://www.nic.mx/es/Noticias_2?NEWS=313","external_links_name":"\"NIC México anuncia las etapas de la reapertura de dominios directamente bajo.MX\""},{"Link":"http://www.nic.mx/es/Noticias_2?NEWS=313","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130627212601/http://www.cointernet.co/sites/default/files/documents/CO_Sunrise_Launch%26Registration_1.4.pdf","external_links_name":"\".CO Launch & Registration Rules\""},{"Link":"http://www.cointernet.co/sites/default/files/documents/CO_Sunrise_Launch%26Registration_1.4.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusmareb_District	Dusmareb District	["1 References","2 External links"]	District in SomaliaDusmareb DhusamarebدوسمريبDistrictLocation of Dusmareb Districtwithin the Galguduud region.Country Somaliastate GalmudugCapitalDusmarebGovernment • mayorcabdiraxmaan cali (gaadaqorow)Population (2022) • Total434,080 Time zoneUTC+3 (EAT) Dusmareb District (Somali: Degmada Dhuusamareeb) is a district in the central Galguduud region of Galmudug state of Somalia. Its capital lies at Dusmareb. Dusmareb is the administrative capital of Galmudug state and the Galguduud region. It is primarily inhabited by Somalis from the Hiraab sub-clan of the Habargidir. A roadside bombing attributed to al-Shabaab killed 13 security forces in Dusmareb on February 6, 2021, shortly after a breakdown in talks about the 2021 Somali presidential election were announced. References ^ "Somalia 2017 Post Deyr Acute Food Insecurity - Projection IPC Population Estimates (February - June 2018)" (PDF). fanau.org. Retrieved 2018-03-08. ^ "Somalia: Roadside bombing kills at least 13 after presidential talks break down". msn.com. Deutsche Welle. February 7, 2021. Retrieved February 7, 2021. External links Districts of Somalia Administrative map of Dusmareb District vte Administrative divisions of SomaliaAwdal Region Dilla District Baki District Borama District Lughaya District Zeila District Bakool Region Hudur District Rabdhure District Tiyeglow District Wajid District Yed District El Barde District Banaadir Region Abdiaziz District Bondhere District Daynile District Dharkenley District Hamar Jajab District Hamar Weyne District Hodan District Hawle Wadag District Huriwa District Karan District Shibis District Shangani District Waberi District Wadajir District Warta Nabada District Yaqshid District Bari Region Bayla District Bosaso District Alula District Iskushuban District Qandala District Qardho District Bargal District Bareeda District Balidhidhin District Armo District Bay Region Baidoa District Burhakaba District Dinsor District Qasahdhere District Galguduud Region Abudwak District Adado District El Buur District El Dher District Dusmareb District Guriel District Gedo Region Bardhere District Beled Hawo District Burdhubo District El Wak District Dolow District Garbaharey District Luuq District Hiran Region Beledweyne District Buloburde District Buq Aqable District Jalalaqsi District Mataban District Middle Juba Region Bu'ale District Jilib District Sakow District Lower Juba Region Afmadow District Badhadhe District Jamame District Kismayo District Mudug Region Galkayo District Galdogob District Harardhere District Hobyo District Jariban District Nugal Region Burtinle District Dangorayo District Eyl District Garowe District Sanaag Region Badhan District El Afweyn District Erigavo District Dhahar District Hingalol District Middle Shabelle Region Adan Yabal District Balad District Adale District Jowhar District Warsheikh District Mahaday Weyn District Lower Shabelle Region Afgooye District Barawa District Kurtunwarey District Merca District Qoriyoley District Sablale District Wanlaweyn District Sool Region Aynaba District Las Anod District Taleh District Hudun District Togdheer Region Burao District Buhoodle District Odweyne District Sheikh District Maroodi Jeex Region Berbera District Hargeisa District Gabiley District Salahlay District This Somalia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Somali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_language"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Galguduud region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galguduud"},{"link_name":"Galmudug state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galmudug"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"Dusmareb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusmareb"},{"link_name":"Habargidir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habargidir"},{"link_name":"2021 Somali presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Somali_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Dusmareb District (Somali: Degmada Dhuusamareeb) is a district in the central Galguduud region of Galmudug state of Somalia. Its capital lies at Dusmareb. Dusmareb is the administrative capital of Galmudug state and the Galguduud region. It is primarily inhabited by Somalis from the Hiraab sub-clan of the Habargidir.A roadside bombing attributed to al-Shabaab killed 13 security forces in Dusmareb on February 6, 2021, shortly after a breakdown in talks about the 2021 Somali presidential election were announced.[2]","title":"Dusmareb District"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Somalia 2017 Post Deyr Acute Food Insecurity - Projection IPC Population Estimates (February - June 2018)\" (PDF). fanau.org. Retrieved 2018-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fsnau.org/downloads/Somalia%202017%20Post%20Deyr%20Acute%20Food%20Insecurity%20Rural%2C%20Urban%20and%20IDP%20Population%20Stressed%2C%20in%20Crisis%20and%20Emergency%20%28Projection%2C%20February-%20June%202018%29.pdf","url_text":"\"Somalia 2017 Post Deyr Acute Food Insecurity - Projection IPC Population Estimates (February - June 2018)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Somalia: Roadside bombing kills at least 13 after presidential talks break down\". msn.com. Deutsche Welle. February 7, 2021. Retrieved February 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/somalia-roadside-bombing-kills-at-least-13-after-presidential-talks-break-down/ar-BB1ds3ai?ocid=ob-fb-enus-1541512262291","url_text":"\"Somalia: Roadside bombing kills at least 13 after presidential talks break down\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.fsnau.org/downloads/Somalia%202017%20Post%20Deyr%20Acute%20Food%20Insecurity%20Rural%2C%20Urban%20and%20IDP%20Population%20Stressed%2C%20in%20Crisis%20and%20Emergency%20%28Projection%2C%20February-%20June%202018%29.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Somalia 2017 Post Deyr Acute Food Insecurity - Projection IPC Population Estimates (February - June 2018)\""},{"Link":"https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/somalia-roadside-bombing-kills-at-least-13-after-presidential-talks-break-down/ar-BB1ds3ai?ocid=ob-fb-enus-1541512262291","external_links_name":"\"Somalia: Roadside bombing kills at least 13 after presidential talks break down\""},{"Link":"http://www.statoids.com/yso.html","external_links_name":"Districts of Somalia"},{"Link":"https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/120222_OCHASom_Administrative_Map_Galgaduud_Dhuusamarreeb_A3.pdf","external_links_name":"Administrative map of Dusmareb District"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dusmareb_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruse_Central_railway_station	Ruse Central railway station	["1 See also","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 43°49′58″N 25°57′18″E / 43.83278°N 25.95500°E / 43.83278; 25.95500Railway station in Ruse, Bulgaria This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ruse Central railway station" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ruse CentralGeneral informationLocation1 Aleksandar Stamboliyski Sq. Ruse, BulgariaCoordinates43°49′58″N 25°57′18″E / 43.83278°N 25.95500°E / 43.83278; 25.95500Owned byNRICPlatforms3Tracks4ConstructionStructure typeAt-gradePlatform levels2ParkingYesHistoryOpened1955Electrified1963LocationRuse CentralLocation within Bulgaria Ruse Central railway station (Bulgarian: Централна железопътна гара Русе, romanized: Tsentralna zhelezopatna gara Ruse) is the main station serving the city and municipality of Ruse, the fifth most populous city in Bulgaria. After the opening of the Danube Bridge in 1954, a new grand Stalinist Central Railway Station was envisioned for the city of Ruse. The new station opened in late 1955 temporarily becoming the biggest on the Balkan peninsula featuring three platforms, with four tracks and one passing track. The Ruse station sign Inside the station It is a transport hub, with trains to Gorna Oryahovitsa (mostly), to Sofia, Varna, Samuil, and Burgas seasonally, as well as Bucharest and Istanbul internationally. The station serves as a border checkpoint for trains crossing into Romania, via the Danube Bridge. See also Trolleybuses in Ruse External links Media related to Rousse Central Train Station at Wikimedia Commons Portals: Trains Architecture Bulgaria This article about a European railroad station is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian"},{"link_name":"main station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_station"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Ruse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruse,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"fifth most populous city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Danube Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Stalinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalinist_architecture"},{"link_name":"Ruse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruse,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Balkan peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_peninsula"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russe_Central_Station.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20140625_Rousse_051.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gorna Oryahovitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorna_Oryahovitsa"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Burgas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgas"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Danube Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube_Bridge"}],"text":"Railway station in Ruse, BulgariaRuse Central railway station (Bulgarian: Централна железопътна гара Русе, romanized: Tsentralna zhelezopatna gara Ruse) is the main station serving the city and municipality of Ruse, the fifth most populous city in Bulgaria. After the opening of the Danube Bridge in 1954, a new grand Stalinist Central Railway Station was envisioned for the city of Ruse. The new station opened in late 1955 temporarily becoming the biggest on the Balkan peninsula featuring three platforms, with four tracks and one passing track.The Ruse station signInside the stationIt is a transport hub, with trains to Gorna Oryahovitsa (mostly), to Sofia, Varna, Samuil, and Burgas seasonally, as well as Bucharest and Istanbul internationally. The station serves as a border checkpoint for trains crossing into Romania, via the Danube Bridge.","title":"Ruse Central railway station"}]	[{"image_text":"The Ruse station sign","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Russe_Central_Station.JPG/220px-Russe_Central_Station.JPG"},{"image_text":"Inside the station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/20140625_Rousse_051.jpg/220px-20140625_Rousse_051.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Trolleybuses in Ruse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Ruse"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ruse_Central_railway_station&params=43_49_58_N_25_57_18_E_type:railwaystation_region:BG_source:googlemaps","external_links_name":"43°49′58″N 25°57′18″E / 43.83278°N 25.95500°E / 43.83278; 25.95500"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ruse+Central+railway+station%22","external_links_name":"\"Ruse Central railway station\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ruse+Central+railway+station%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ruse+Central+railway+station%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ruse+Central+railway+station%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ruse+Central+railway+station%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ruse+Central+railway+station%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ruse_Central_railway_station&params=43_49_58_N_25_57_18_E_type:railwaystation_region:BG_source:googlemaps","external_links_name":"43°49′58″N 25°57′18″E / 43.83278°N 25.95500°E / 43.83278; 25.95500"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruse_Central_railway_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Directory_to_Prime_Time_Network_and_Cable_TV_Shows	The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946–Present	["1 History","2 Awards and recognition","3 Critical reception","4 Features","5 Notes","6 References","7 Further reading"]	Book by Tim Brooks and Earle Marsh This article needs more complete citations for verification. Please help add missing citation information so that sources are clearly identifiable. (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946–Present First editionAuthorTim BrooksEarle MarshOriginal titleThe Complete Directory to Prime Time Network TV Shows 1946–PresentLanguageEnglishSubjectBroadcast programmingPublisherBallantine BooksPublication date1979Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrintPages848AwardsNational Book Award (1980)ISBN9780345282484OCLC4496779 The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946–Present is a trade paperback reference work by the American television historians Tim Brooks and Earle Marsh, first published by Ballantine Books in 1979. History This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946–Present" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2023) This section needs expansion with: content covering the publication history more evenly and thoroughly (e.g., with some of the historical information from the Features section based on citations moved here, allowing that section to focus on the design of the latest edition). You can help by adding to it. (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The 1979 book publication was by Tim Brooks at NBC, who was then head of that network's research, and Earle Marsh of CBS, who was a manager there of special research projects, and it was the book's first edition. According to Aaron Barnhart (as told to him by author Tim Brooks), the original volume "almost didn't get printed... because publishers were worried 'that it was too big.'" (with its 3,000 shows covered). Between the 6th and 9th editions, Brooks and Marsh expanded an already "hefty" paperback from 5,000 to 6,500 shows covered ("adding about half an inch to the spine"). According to Barnhart, "no listing has ever been deleted or edited for space in the 30-year history of he Complete Directory". The title of later editions include the words "and cable". The ninth edition came out in 2007; in it, co-author Tim Brooks stated that the ninth edition may be the last one released of the book. Awards and recognition The 1979 publication won a 1980 U.S. National Book Award, then known as the "American Book Awards", in the category of General Reference Books—Paperback, as the work was published direct to paperback. (This is why the tag, "American Book Award Winner!", appears on the book cover beginning with the second edition.) Critical reception As television reporter and critic Aaron Barnhart notes, Brooks and Marsh's work appeared alongside existing references by the acclaimed Erik Barnouw (Tube of Plenty) and by TV writer Les Brown of The New York Times (Encyclopedia of Television); despite these, The Complete Directory was "immediately hailed as the best of the bunch, more comprehensive and a more enjoyable read". Barnhart's praise is uniformly high, referring to it as "one of the seven wonders of show business", and noting that the comprehensive nature of the work is "a testament to the vision of two men who great pride in handcrafting American TV's greatest single reference guide, online or offline". Features This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946–Present" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This section needs expansion with: sourced content on the design of the latest edition, moving the historical content information into the lean History section. You can help by adding to it. (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) According to the authors, the book is an attempt to list all commercially broadcast network series ever shown in the evening or nighttime hours (defined as 6:00 p.m. Eastern Standard Time or later) in the United States (i.e., prime time and the two hours preceding it). It also lists programs which were widely syndicated in the U.S., and, effective with the sixth edition in 1995, cable television series if, at the time they were aired, the cable network carrying them was available in at least 50% of U.S. homes. Other criteria for inclusion from the original design of the book are: The series must have been carried on a commercial network. Programs produced for and by public broadcasters such as National Educational Television and the Public Broadcasting Service are excluded unless at some point in their existence they had a prime time network or commercial cable television run. The series must have run for at least four weeks on the same night of the week at the same time, or at least have been planned to do so in the event that it was cancelled prior to this. Thus, specials and miniseries presented on consecutive nights are excluded, with an exception being made for the seminal miniseries Roots, and miniseries like North and South, Book II, which was originally presented in a nightly format but then subsequently rerun on a weekly basis. The book includes other features such as season-by-season schedule charts from 1946 to 2006, a list of top thirty Nielsen rated programs from October 1950 to May 2007, a list of Emmy Award winners season-by-season, and trivia quiz games. The eighth edition was published in 2003, followed by the ninth edition on 18 October 2007. The ninth edition in 2007 also includes individual listings for cable networks themselves. Also included is "The Top 100 Series of All Time" (an updated ranking of the authors' first-ever ranking of the most popular TV shows from the book TV's Greatest Hits, published in 1985), a ranking that in the 9th edition includes data through the 2006–2007 season. The ranking is based on points for their audience-size ranks per season, and the number of seasons the shows were aired—thus, crediting series for their popularity and longevity. Some series that that had remained on the air between editions had moved up on the list; 60 Minutes, which ranked #9 on the 1985 list, has since risen to #1 by virtue of its continued popularity.: 1702 Notes ^ As Barnhart notes, "the National Book Awards were defunded by the consortium of big publishing houses that had sponsored the competition since 1950... too many small, obscure titles were winning for their liking. So the... Association of American Publisher started up a replacement, the American Book Awards. They were called the ABAs until 1987, when a private foundation took over and renamed it the National Book Awards" (see Barnhart, 2007). Hence, an original ABA award appears in the listing of the National Book Awards (see NBF Staff, 2023). In their awards premier in 1980, the ABAs introduced many new categories, including for general reference paperback, the category that The Complete Directory won; in that year, the awarding agency presented dual awards for hardcover and paperback books in many categories (see NBF Staff, 2023). As Barnhart notes, this would be "the first and only time a prize would be given" in the general reference paperback category (see Barnhart, 2007). References ^ a b c d e f g h Barnhart, Aaron (October 25, 2007). "'Complete Directory': The Set-Top Book". TV Barn. Archived from the original (blog) on May 28, 2008. Retrieved August 16, 2023 – via KansasCity.com. ^ NBF Staff (August 2023). "1980 Winners: General Reference Books—Paperback" (award winner database listings). NationalBook.org. New York, NY: National Book Foundation. Retrieved August 16, 2023. ^ a b c d e Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earl (2007). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946–Present (9th ed.). New York, NY: Ballantine Books (PRH-Bertelsmann). ISBN 9780345497734. ^ ISBN 0345455428. Further reading Brooks (August 2023). "Television and Record Industry History Resources (About My Books: The Complete Directory...—History)". TimBrooks.net. Retrieved August 16, 2023. This citation presents a history of the book in one author's perspective.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trade paperback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperback"},{"link_name":"American television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Tim Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Brooks_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Ballantine Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballantine_Books"}],"text":"The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946–Present is a trade paperback reference work by the American television historians Tim Brooks and Earle Marsh, first published by Ballantine Books in 1979.","title":"The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946–Present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tim Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Brooks_(historian)"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnhart2007-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnhart2007-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnhart2007-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnhart2007-1"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnhart2007-1"}],"text":"The 1979 book publication was by Tim Brooks at NBC, who was then head of that network's research, and Earle Marsh of CBS, who was a manager there of special research projects,[1] and it was the book's first edition.[citation needed] According to Aaron Barnhart (as told to him by author Tim Brooks), the original volume \"almost didn't get printed... because publishers were worried 'that it was too big.'\" (with its 3,000 shows covered).[1] Between the 6th and 9th editions, Brooks and Marsh expanded an already \"hefty\" paperback from 5,000 to 6,500 shows covered (\"adding about [a] half an inch to the spine\").[1] According to Barnhart, \"no listing has ever been deleted or edited for space in the 30-year history of [T]he Complete Directory\".[1]The title of later editions[clarification needed] include the words \"and cable\".[citation needed] The ninth edition came out in 2007; in it, co-author Tim Brooks stated that the ninth edition may be the last one released of the book.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Book Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Award"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnhart2007-1"},{"link_name":"General Reference Books—Paperback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_winners_of_the_National_Book_Award#Miscellaneous_1980_to_1985"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nba1980-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnhart2007-1"}],"text":"The 1979 publication won a 1980 U.S. National Book Award, then known as the \"American Book Awards\",[1] in the category of General Reference Books—Paperback,[2] as the work was published direct to paperback.[citation needed][a] (This is why the tag, \"American Book Award Winner!\", appears on the book cover beginning with the second edition.[1])","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnhart2007-1"}],"text":"As television reporter and critic Aaron Barnhart notes, Brooks and Marsh's work appeared alongside existing references by the acclaimed Erik Barnouw (Tube of Plenty) and by TV writer Les Brown of The New York Times (Encyclopedia of Television); despite these, The Complete Directory was \"immediately hailed as the best of the bunch, more comprehensive and a more enjoyable read\". Barnhart's praise is uniformly high, referring to it as \"one of the seven wonders of show business\", and noting that the comprehensive nature of the work is \"a testament to the vision of [the] two men who [took] great pride in handcrafting American TV's greatest single reference guide, online or offline\".[1]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Standard Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Eastern_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"prime time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_time"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"syndicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_syndication"},{"link_name":"cable television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"National Educational Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Educational_Television"},{"link_name":"Public Broadcasting Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service"},{"link_name":"prime time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_time"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots_(1977_miniseries)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"North and South, Book II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_and_South_(TV_miniseries)"},{"link_name":"rerun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rerun"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TitleVol9thEd-4"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TitleVol9thEd-4"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TitleVol9thEd-4"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TitleVol9thEd-4"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"60 Minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Minutes"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TitleVol9thEd-4"}],"text":"According to the authors, the book is an attempt to list all commercially broadcast network series ever shown in the evening or nighttime hours (defined as 6:00 p.m. Eastern Standard Time or later) in the United States (i.e., prime time and the two hours preceding it).[citation needed] It also lists programs which were widely syndicated in the U.S., and, effective with the sixth edition in 1995, cable television series if, at the time they were aired, the cable network carrying them was available in at least 50% of U.S. homes.[citation needed]Other criteria for inclusion from the original design of the book are:[verification needed]The series must have been carried on a commercial network. Programs produced for and by public broadcasters such as National Educational Television and the Public Broadcasting Service are excluded unless at some point in their existence they had a prime time network or commercial cable television run.[citation needed]\nThe series must have run for at least four weeks on the same night of the week at the same time, or at least have been planned to do so in the event that it was cancelled prior to this.[citation needed]Thus, specials and miniseries presented on consecutive nights are excluded, with an exception being made for the seminal miniseries Roots,[citation needed] and miniseries like North and South, Book II, which was originally presented in a nightly format but then subsequently rerun on a weekly basis.[citation needed]The book includes other features such as season-by-season schedule charts from 1946 to 2006, a list of top thirty Nielsen rated programs from October 1950 to May 2007, a list of Emmy Award winners season-by-season, and trivia quiz games.[3][page needed] The eighth edition was published in 2003,[4][full citation needed] followed by the ninth edition on 18 October 2007.[3][page needed] The ninth edition in 2007 also includes individual listings for cable networks themselves.[3][page needed]Also included is \"The Top 100 Series of All Time\" (an updated ranking of the authors' first-ever ranking of the most popular TV shows from the book TV's Greatest Hits, published in 1985),[citation needed] a ranking that in the 9th edition includes data through the 2006–2007 season.[3][page needed] The ranking is based on points for their audience-size ranks per season, and the number of seasons the shows were aired—thus, crediting series for their popularity and longevity.[citation needed] Some series that that had remained on the air between editions had moved up on the list; 60 Minutes, which ranked #9 on the 1985 list,[citation needed] has since risen to #1 by virtue of its continued popularity.[3]: 1702","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"awarding agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Award#History"}],"text":"^ As Barnhart notes, \"the National Book Awards were defunded [in 1979] by the consortium of big publishing houses that had sponsored the competition since 1950... too many small, obscure titles were winning for their liking. So the... Association of American Publisher[s] started up a replacement, the American Book Awards. They were called the ABAs until 1987, when a private foundation took over and renamed it the National Book Awards\" (see Barnhart, 2007). Hence, an original ABA award appears in the listing of the National Book Awards (see NBF Staff, 2023). In their awards premier in 1980, the ABAs introduced many new categories, including for general reference paperback, the category that The Complete Directory won; in that year, the awarding agency presented dual awards for hardcover and paperback books in many categories (see NBF Staff, 2023). As Barnhart notes, this would be \"the first and only time a prize would be given\" in the general reference paperback category (see Barnhart, 2007).","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Television and Record Industry History Resources (About My Books: The Complete Directory...—History)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timbrooks.net/about-my-books-2/#CompleteDirectory"}],"text":"Brooks (August 2023). \"Television and Record Industry History Resources (About My Books: The Complete Directory...—History)\". TimBrooks.net. Retrieved August 16, 2023. This citation presents a history of the book in one author's perspective.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Barnhart, Aaron (October 25, 2007). \"'Complete Directory': The Set-Top Book\". TV Barn. Archived from the original (blog) on May 28, 2008. Retrieved August 16, 2023 – via KansasCity.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080528055130/http://blogs.kansascity.com/tvbarn/2007/10/the-book-to-hav.html","url_text":"\"'Complete Directory': The Set-Top Book\""},{"url":"http://blogs.kansascity.com/tvbarn/2007/10/the-book-to-hav.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"NBF Staff (August 2023). \"1980 Winners: General Reference Books—Paperback\" (award winner database listings). NationalBook.org. New York, NY: National Book Foundation. Retrieved August 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1980","url_text":"\"1980 Winners: General Reference Books—Paperback\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Foundation","url_text":"National Book Foundation"}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earl (2007). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946–Present (9th ed.). New York, NY: Ballantine Books (PRH-Bertelsmann). ISBN 9780345497734.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Brooks_(historian)","url_text":"Brooks, Tim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballantine_Books","url_text":"Ballantine Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Random_House","url_text":"PRH"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann","url_text":"Bertelsmann"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780345497734","url_text":"9780345497734"}]},{"reference":"Brooks (August 2023). \"Television and Record Industry History Resources (About My Books: The Complete Directory...—History)\". TimBrooks.net. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Salsipuedes	Rancho Salsipuedes	["1 History","2 References"]	Coordinates: 36°58′12″N 121°42′00″W / 36.970°N 121.700°W / 36.970; -121.700Land grant in California Rancho Salsipuedes was a 31,201-acre (126.27 km2) Mexican land grant in present day Santa Cruz County, California. Two leagues (8,856 acres or 3,584 ha) were granted in 1834 by Governor José Figueroa to Francisco de Haro. Eight leagues were granted in 1840 by Governor Juan Alvarado to Manuel Casarin. The name means "go out if you can" in Spanish. Salsipuedes encompasses the mountainous area west of Gilroy, straddling the Santa Clara County - Santa Cruz County line (only about 5,400 acres or 21.9 km2 are in Santa Clara County). History Two leagues were granted to Francisco de Haro (1792–1849) the first Alcalde (Mayor) of Yerba Buena in 1834. The rancho was regranted in 1840 to Manual Jimeno Casarin who served as secretary of state under Governor Alvarado and Governor Micheltorena, was a senior member of the Assembly, and occasionally acting governor. Casarin was married to María de las Angustias, the daughter of José de la Guerra y Noriega. Casarin, who lived in Monterey, also owned Rancho Santa Paula y Saticoy in Ventura County and Rancho Jimeno in Yolo County. Casarin died in 1853 during a visit to Mexico. James Bryant Hill leased 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) from Jimeno in 1851. In 1852 William Francis White, with E. Kelley, E. Casserly, J. R. McGlynn, W. W. Stowe, William Davidson and James Blair purchased the rancho, subject to the lease of Hill. James Bryant Hill later bought Rancho Nacional. With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican-American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim for Rancho Salsipuedes was filed with the Public Land Commission in 1853, and the grant was patented to John P. Davison, Stephen W. Tibbets, Joseph B. Crockett, Edward D. Baker, and heirs of James Blair (Mary J. Blair, widow, and Violet Blair, Jessup Blair and Lucy Blair, children) in 1861. Subsequently the land was divided and W. F. White became owner of 3,000 acres (12.1 km2). W. F. White was the only resident land owner on the Salsipuedes, but was not successful in his farming operations, and retired to San Francisco. References ^ Ogden Hoffman, 1862, Reports of Land Cases Determined in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, Numa Hubert, San Francisco ^ Diseño del Rancho Salsipuedes ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Rancho Salsipuedes ^ United States. District Court (California : Southern District) Land Case 201 SD ^ Finding Aid to the Documents Pertaining to the Adjudication of Private Land Claims in California, circa 1852-1892 ^ Report of the Surveyor General 1844 - 1886 Archived 2013-03-20 at the Wayback Machine ^ Hoover, Mildred B.; Rensch, Hero; Rensch, Ethel; Abeloe, William N. (1966). Historic Spots in California. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4482-9. 36°58′12″N 121°42′00″W / 36.970°N 121.700°W / 36.970; -121.700 vteHistory of California Before 1900 Native Californian Precontact First explorations Later explorations Genocide of indigenous population Spanish colonization Mexican rule California Trail Mexican–American War Californios California Republic Conquest of California Interim government of California United States rule Gold Rush Civil War Since 1900 Labor Engineering Water wars Industrial growth Postwar culture Development Legal revolution Tech boom Present day By topic Etymology Highways Maritime Missions Railroads Ranchos Slavery Territorial evolution By region Bay Area San Fernando Valley Santa Catalina Island Yosemite Regions San Fernando Valley By county Alameda Alpine Amador Butte Calaveras Colusa Contra Costa Del Norte El Dorado Fresno Glenn Humboldt Imperial Inyo Kern Kings Lake Lassen Los Angeles Madera Marin Mariposa Mendocino Merced Modoc Mono Monterey Napa Nevada Orange Placer Plumas Riverside Sacramento San Benito San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Joaquin San Luis Obispo San Mateo Santa Barbara Santa Clara Santa Cruz Shasta Sierra Siskiyou Solano Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter Tehama Trinity Tulare Tuolumne Ventura Yolo Yuba By city Los Angeles San Diego San Jose San Francisco Fresno Sacramento Long Beach Oakland Bakersfield Anaheim Santa Ana Riverside Stockton Chula Vista Fremont Irvine San Bernardino Modesto Oxnard Fontana Moreno Valley Glendale Huntington Beach Santa Clarita Garden Grove Santa Rosa Oceanside Rancho Cucamonga Ontario Lancaster Elk Grove Palmdale Corona Salinas Pomona Torrance Hayward Escondido Sunnyvale Pasadena Fullerton Orange Thousand Oaks Visalia Simi Valley Concord Roseville Santa Clara Vallejo Victorville El Monte Berkeley Downey Costa Mesa Inglewood Ventura Fairfield Santa Maria Redding Santa Monica Santa Barbara Chico Merced Napa Redwood City Yuba City Madera Santa Cruz San Rafael Woodland Hanford San Luis Obispo El Centro Lompoc Martinez Hollister Eureka Susanville Ukiah Oroville Red Bluff Auburn Marysville Piedmont Placerville Yreka Crescent City Willows Colusa Sonora Lakeport Jackson Nevada City Alturas	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexican land grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchos_of_California"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_County,_California"},{"link_name":"leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_(unit)"},{"link_name":"José Figueroa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Figueroa"},{"link_name":"Francisco de Haro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Haro"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Juan Alvarado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Alvarado"},{"link_name":"Gilroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilroy,_California"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Land grant in CaliforniaRancho Salsipuedes was a 31,201-acre (126.27 km2) Mexican land grant in present day Santa Cruz County, California. Two leagues (8,856 acres or 3,584 ha) were granted in 1834 by Governor José Figueroa to Francisco de Haro.[1] Eight leagues were granted in 1840 by Governor Juan Alvarado to Manuel Casarin. The name means \"go out if you can\" in Spanish. Salsipuedes encompasses the mountainous area west of Gilroy, straddling the Santa Clara County - Santa Cruz County line (only about 5,400 acres or 21.9 km2 are in Santa Clara County).[2][3]","title":"Rancho Salsipuedes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alcalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcalde"},{"link_name":"Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"Yerba Buena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerba_Buena,_California"},{"link_name":"Micheltorena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Micheltorena"},{"link_name":"María de las Angustias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angustias_de_la_Guerra_Ord"},{"link_name":"José de la Guerra y Noriega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Guerra_y_Noriega"},{"link_name":"Monterey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey,_California"},{"link_name":"Rancho Santa Paula y Saticoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Santa_Paula_y_Saticoy"},{"link_name":"Ventura County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Rancho Jimeno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Jimeno"},{"link_name":"Yolo County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolo_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Rancho Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Nacional"},{"link_name":"cession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Cession"},{"link_name":"Mexican-American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican-American_War"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo"},{"link_name":"Public Land Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Land_Commission"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"patented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_patent"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Two leagues were granted to Francisco de Haro (1792–1849) the first Alcalde (Mayor) of Yerba Buena in 1834. The rancho was regranted in 1840 to Manual Jimeno Casarin who served as secretary of state under Governor Alvarado and Governor Micheltorena, was a senior member of the Assembly, and occasionally acting governor. Casarin was married to María de las Angustias, the daughter of José de la Guerra y Noriega. Casarin, who lived in Monterey, also owned Rancho Santa Paula y Saticoy in Ventura County and Rancho Jimeno in Yolo County. Casarin died in 1853 during a visit to Mexico.James Bryant Hill leased 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) from Jimeno in 1851. In 1852 William Francis White, with E. Kelley, E. Casserly, J. R. McGlynn, W. W. Stowe, William Davidson and James Blair purchased the rancho, subject to the lease of Hill. James Bryant Hill later bought Rancho Nacional.With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican-American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim for Rancho Salsipuedes was filed with the Public Land Commission in 1853,[4][5] and the grant was patented to John P. Davison, Stephen W. Tibbets, Joseph B. Crockett, Edward D. Baker, and heirs of James Blair (Mary J. Blair, widow, and Violet Blair, Jessup Blair and Lucy Blair, children) in 1861.[6]Subsequently the land was divided and W. F. White became owner of 3,000 acres (12.1 km2). W. F. White was the only resident land owner on the Salsipuedes, but was not successful in his farming operations, and retired to San Francisco.[7]","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Hoover, Mildred B.; Rensch, Hero; Rensch, Ethel; Abeloe, William N. (1966). Historic Spots in California. Stanford University Press. 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District Court (California : Southern District) Land Case 201 SD"},{"Link":"http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/hb109nb422/","external_links_name":"Finding Aid to the Documents Pertaining to the Adjudication of Private Land Claims in California, circa 1852-1892"},{"Link":"http://www.slc.ca.gov/Misc_Pages/Historical/Surveyors_General/reports/Willey_1884_1886.pdf","external_links_name":"Report of the Surveyor General 1844 - 1886"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130320000647/http://www.slc.ca.gov/Misc_Pages/Historical/Surveyors_General/reports/Willey_1884_1886.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historicspotsinc0000unse","external_links_name":"Historic Spots in California"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rancho_Salsipuedes&params=36.97_N_121.7_W_region:US-CA_type:landmark","external_links_name":"36°58′12″N 121°42′00″W / 36.970°N 121.700°W / 36.970; -121.700"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_T%C3%A9h%C3%A9ran	École Française de Téhéran	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 35°46′50″N 51°26′11″E / 35.7805464°N 51.436357499999986°E / 35.7805464; 51.436357499999986School in Tehran, IranÉcole Française de TéhéranAddressNo 1553, Shariati Ave, Téhéran, IRAN 1939613663TehranIranCoordinates35°46′50″N 51°26′11″E / 35.7805464°N 51.436357499999986°E / 35.7805464; 51.436357499999986InformationEstablished1995Websiteefteheran.com École Française de Téhéran (EFT) is a French international school located in Tehran, Iran. It is at Gholhak Garden, the British embassy residential complex, in the Gholhak area. It serves from the maternelle (preschool) level, up to the lycée (senior high school) level. As of 2011 it had 256 students, including foreigners and Iranians. The school is on the property of the British Embassy. It closed after the 2011 attack on the British Embassy in Iran; the attack occurred while the school was in session. However, the school has since reopened References ^ "Contact." École Française de Téhéran. Retrieved on 23 March 2015. "No 1553, Shariati Ave, Téhéran, IRAN 1939613663" ^ "Téhéran." AEFE. 17 October 2005. Retrieved on 18 September 2015. "Téhéran École française Avenue Shariati n°1553 - Résidence de l'Ambassade de Grande-Bretagne, Gholhak - Téhéran 1939613663" ^ "La primaire." École Française de Téhéran. Retrieved on 23 March 2015. ^ "Le secondaire." École Française de Téhéran. Retrieved on 23 March 2015. ^ a b Ya'ar, Chana. "International Schools Close in Tehran" (Archive). Arutz Sheva (Israel National News). 12 June 2011. Retrieved on 16 September 2015. ^ Hafezi, Parisa. "Tehran's foreign schools shut after embassy attack" (Archive). Reuters. 5 December 2011. Retrieved on 16 September 2015. ^ efteheran External links Iran portalFrance portalSchools portal (in French) École Française de Téhéran (in French) École française de Téhéran - Embassy of France in Iran vteInternational schools in IranTehran École Française de Téhéran German Embassy School Tehran Kendriya Vidyalaya Tehran Pietro Della Valle Italian School Tehran Japanese School Tehran Korean School Pakistan Embassy International School and College Tehran Tehran International School Defunct British School of Tehran Tehran American School Community School, Tehran Iran Bethel School American School of Isfahan Iranzamin School vteFrench international schools in the Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Iraq, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinentAfghanistan CEFA (Lycée Esteqlal and Lycée Malalaï) India Lycée Français de Delhi French International School of Bombay École Franco-Indienne Sishya Lycée français de Pondichéry Iran École Française de Téhéran Iraq French International School MLF Danielle Mitterrand Kazakhstan Miras International School Astana (French section) Nepal International French School of Kathmandu Qatar Lycée Bonaparte Lycée Franco-Qatarien Voltaire Sri Lanka École Française Internationale de Colombo United Arab Emirates Lycée Louis Massignon (Abu Dhabi) Lycée Français Théodore Monod (Abu Dhabi) Lycée Français International de Dubaï Lycée Français International Georges Pompidou (Dubai and Sharjah) Uzbekistan French School in Tashkent Former schools École Française d'Islamabad This French school-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Iran school-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Gholhak Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gholhak_Garden"},{"link_name":"Gholhak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gholhak"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yaar-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2011 attack on the British Embassy in Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_attack_on_the_British_Embassy_in_Iran"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yaar-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"School in Tehran, IranÉcole Française de Téhéran (EFT) is a French international school located in Tehran, Iran.[1] It is at Gholhak Garden, the British embassy residential complex, in the Gholhak area.[2]It serves from the maternelle (preschool) level,[3] up to the lycée (senior high school) level.[4] As of 2011 it had 256 students, including foreigners and Iranians.[5] The school is on the property of the British Embassy.[6]It closed after the 2011 attack on the British Embassy in Iran; the attack occurred while the school was in session.[5]However, the school has since reopened [7]","title":"École Française de Téhéran"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C3%89cole_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_T%C3%A9h%C3%A9ran&params=35.7805464_N_51.4363575_E_type:edu_globe:earth_region:IR","external_links_name":"35°46′50″N 51°26′11″E / 35.7805464°N 51.436357499999986°E / 35.7805464; 51.436357499999986"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C3%89cole_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_T%C3%A9h%C3%A9ran&params=35.7805464_N_51.4363575_E_type:edu_globe:earth_region:IR","external_links_name":"35°46′50″N 51°26′11″E / 35.7805464°N 51.436357499999986°E / 35.7805464; 51.436357499999986"},{"Link":"http://efteheran.com/","external_links_name":"efteheran.com"},{"Link":"http://www.efteheran.com/contact","external_links_name":"Contact"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051017190302/http://www.aefe.diplomatie.fr/aefe/Agence.nsf/d561f99593097368412564f9005e459c/8b6594e260ffc4384125683300654dcd?OpenDocument","external_links_name":"Téhéran"},{"Link":"http://www.efteheran.com/au-p-primaire","external_links_name":"La primaire"},{"Link":"http://www.efteheran.com/au-p-secondaire","external_links_name":"Le secondaire"},{"Link":"http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/150422#.Vfk1oPSZqVA","external_links_name":"International Schools Close in Tehran"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150909233410/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/150422","external_links_name":"Archive"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-britain-people-idUSTRE7B41P120111205","external_links_name":"Tehran's foreign schools shut after embassy attack"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151002064332/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/05/us-iran-britain-people-idUSTRE7B41P120111205","external_links_name":"Archive"},{"Link":"http://www.efteheran.com/","external_links_name":"efteheran"},{"Link":"http://www.efteheran.com/","external_links_name":"École Française de Téhéran"},{"Link":"http://www.ambafrance-ir.org/Ecole-francaise-de-Teheran","external_links_name":"École française de Téhéran"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_T%C3%A9h%C3%A9ran&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_T%C3%A9h%C3%A9ran&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumna_Zaidi	Yumna Zaidi	["1 Early life and career","2 Other work","3 Filmography","3.1 Films","3.2 Television","3.3 Telefilms","3.4 Other appearances","4 Awards and nominations","5 References","6 External links"]	Pakistani actress (born 1989) Yumna ZaidiZaidi in 2019Born (1989-07-30) July 30, 1989 (age 34)Karachi, Sindh, PakistanOccupationActressYears active2012–present Yumna Zaidi (born 30 July 1989 Urdu: یمنیٰ زیدی) is a Pakistani actress who works in Urdu-television industry and is known for her portrayals in social to romantic dramas. Zaidi is the recipient of several accolades including five Lux Style Awards and a Hum Award out of eight nominations. Zaidi first appeared as a supporting character in ARY Digital domestic-drama Thakan (2012) and then played lead roles in several television series, including the family drama Meri Dulari and the revenge Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi (both 2013), the later of which earned her a nomination of Hum Award for Best Supporting Actress. She gained popularity and Hum Award for Best Actress and Best Actress Popular nominations by portraying a troubled wife in Farooq Rind's tragic-romance Rishtay Kuch Adhooray Se (2014), and received praise for portraying diverse characters in jealous-drama Mausam (2014), the comedy drama Jugnoo (2015) (both earned Hum Awards nominations), the romance Zara Yaad Kar (2016) and the romantic comedy Yeh Raha Dil (2017), the later earned her further nomination. Zaidi gained critical praise and established herself by starring in Dar Si Jaati Hai Sila (2017), Inkaar (2019), Pyar Ke Sadqay (2020), Dil Na Umeed To Nahi (2021) and Bakhtawar (2022) the second, third and last of these earned her Lux Style Award for Best Television Actress. Early life and career Zaidi was born on 30 July 1989 in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Her first screen debut was a supporting role in the ARY Digital's 2012 domestic drama Thakan, and followed it with a leading role in the melodrama Khushi Ek Roag. She then appeared in Urdu 1's Teri Raah Main Rul Gai opposite Samiya Mumtaz and Sami Khan where she played the character of Maryam. Zaidi received praise for portraying emotionally intense characters in the dramas, Geo TV's Meri Dulari (2013) and Hum TV's Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi (2013), the later of which garnered her a Best Supporting Actress nomination at Hum Awards. Her acclaimed role of a troubled wife in the tragic romance Rishtay Kuch Adhooray Se (2013), established her as a leading actress of Pakistan and earned her the Hum Award for Best Actress and Best Actress Popular nominations. Zaidi subsequently did a special appearance in 2013 series Sannata and played supporting role in Kashif Nisar's directorial Kis Se Kahoon alongside Sajal Ali and Agha Ali. She gained wider recognition for portraying a range of characters in the dramas Mausam (2014), Madawa (2015), Guzaarish (2015), and Jugnoo (2015), Kaanch Ki Guriya (2015), Paras (2015) and Aap ki Kaneez (2015), some of which garnered her several Best Actress nominations. In 2016 she appeared in Momina Duraid's Zara Yaad Kar where she played the lead character of Uzma Ikhtiar opposite Zahid Ahmed and Sana Javed. She then appeared in Hum TV's Yeh Raha Dil in 2017 opposite Ahmed Ali. Zaidi played the character of Hayat whose mother has died and father deserted her at a young age. Her on-screen chemistry with Ali was praised by viewers and earned her nomination of Best on-screen couple at Hum Awards. Later she signed Kashif Nisar's directorial Pinjra. In the same year she appeared as Sila, a victim of sexual harassment in Bee Gul's directed Dar Si Jaati Hai Sila opposite Noman Ijaz and Saman Ansari. A critic from The News International praised her saying, "With fewer dialogues and a tough subject at hand, Yumna pulled off her role effortlessly, making it believable from beginning till the end". As of 2018–19, she appeared in Pukaar as Samra, widow of the feudal lord and appeared in 7th Sky Entertainment's Project Dil Kiya Karey, directed by Mehreen Jabbar. She played a role of Hajra in social drama Inkaar opposite Imran Ashraf and Sami Khan and made special appearance in Angeline Malik's anthology series Choti Choti Batain. She further appeared in an extended cameo in Ishq Zahe Naseeb and as Raina in telefilm Shaadi Impossible. She made her film debut with the titular role of an aspiring cricketer in Umair Nasir Ali's directed Nayab (2024). Writing for Tribune, Shafiq Siddiqui the film and wrote, "It does not offer any dialogue that bear recall value, the film grapples with its excessively long runtime, leading to a loss of impact at various junctures". Also zaidi's performance is not well received, opined, "Despite playing the titular character, she for proper projection and lines that would make her character memorable." The film eventually became a box-office bomb. Other work In 2016 the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority served a show-cause notice toUdaari, she spoke out, stating: It is based on a social cause and we should create awareness in our society through such drama serials. She walked the ramp for designer Aisha Farid's collection Crystalline on Hum TV's Bridal Couture Week. She also appeared in celebrity comedy talkshow Mazaaq Raat in 2017. Filmography Films Year Title Role Notes Ref 2024 Nayab Nayab Television Year Title Role Network Notes 2012 Thakan Mehak ARY Digital Television Debut Khushi Ek Roag Aabroo Teri Raah Main Rul Gai Maryam Urdu 1 2013 Meri Dulari Abdar Yawar Geo TV Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi Aasia Yqoob Hum TV Dil Mohallay Ki Haveli Mehrunissa Geo TV Rishtay Kuch Adhooray Se Kiran Hum TV Ruswaiyaan SabTV Sannata Naseeban (young) ARY Digital Cameo appearance 2014 Kis Se Kahoon Salma PTV Home Mausam Shazia Hum TV 2015 Madawa Ayman Hum Sitaray Kaanch Ki Guriya Manal Geo TV Guzaarish Zara Aalam ARY Digital 2015–2016 Aap Ki Kaneez Kaneez Fatima Geo TV 2015 Jugnoo Jugnoo Hum TV Paras Aiman Geo TV 2016 Zara Yaad Kar Uzma Ikhtiyar Hum TV 2017 Pinjra Amtul Rafey A-Plus TV Yeh Raha Dil Hayat Hum TV 2017–2018 Dar Si Jati Hai Sila Sila 2018 Pukaar Samra Sultan ARY Digital Dil Kiya Karay Aiman Geo TV 2019 Inkaar Hajra Hum TV Choti Choti Batain Bisma Story: Bandhan Ishq Zahe Naseeb Shakra (Sameer's Illusion) Extended cameo 2020 Pyar Ke Sadqay Mahjabeen 2020 Raaz-e-Ulfat Mushq Geo TV 2021 Dil Na Umeed To Nahi Sumbul/ Allah Rakhi TV One 2021–22 Ishq-e-Laa Azka Hum TV Sinf-e-Aahan Shaista Khanzada ARY Digital Parizaad Qurutulain/RJ Annie Hum TV 2022 Bakhtawar Bakhtawar Hum TV 2022–23 Tere Bin Meerab Murtasim Khan Geo TV 2024 Gentleman Zarnab Green Entertainment Telefilms Year Title Role Network 2014 Subah Be Daagh Hai Ayesha Hum TV 2019 Shaadi Impossible Raina TV One 2020 Raja Ki Raji Haya ARY Digital Other appearances Year Title Role Notes 2014 Shareek-e-Hayat Recurring Anthology romantic series, Episodic appearance 2014 Kitni Girhain Baaki Hain Recurring Anthology series 2016 Salam Zindagi Herself Morning Talkshow hosted by Faysal Qureshi 2017 Mehmaan Qadardan Herself Special appearance 2017 Jago Pakistan Jago Herself Guest appearance with Dar Si Jaati Hai Sila team for promotion of the project 2017 Mazaaq Raat Herself Guest appearance with Abdullah Ejaz Awards and nominations Year Award Category Work Result Ref 2014 Hum Awards Best Supporting Actress Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi Nominated Best Actress Rishtay Kuch Adhooray Se Nominated Best Actress Popular Nominated 2015 Best Actor in a Negative Role Mausam Nominated 2016 Best Actress Jugnoo Nominated Best Actress Popular Nominated 2018 Best On-screen couple with Ahmed Ali Yeh Raha Dil Nominated 2018 Best Actress Dar Si Jaati Hai Sila Won 2020 19th Lux Style Awards Best Actress (Viewers' Choice) Inkaar Won 2021 20th Lux Style Awards Best Actress Critics' Choice Pyar Ke Sadqay Won Best Actress Viewers' Choice Won Raaz-e-Ulfat Nominated 2022 21st Lux Style Awards Best Actress (Critics' Choice) Dil Na Umeed To Nahi Nominated Best Actress (Viewers' Choice) Nominated 2023 22nd Lux Style Awards Best Actress - Critics' choice Bakhtawar Won Best TV Actress – Viewer's choice Won IPPA Awards Best TV Actor Female Nominated Best On-screen Couple with (Azaan Sami Khan) Ishq-e-Laa Nominated References ^ "Wahaj Ali pens heartfelt birthday wish for Yumna Zaidi". Tribune. Retrieved 31 July 2023. ^ "13 Times Pakistani Actor Yumna Zaidi Proved That She's A Force To Be Reckoned With". Retrieved 23 July 2018. ^ a b c d e Shabbir, Buraq. "TV actors we want to see in cinema". The News International. Retrieved 23 July 2018. ^ "Yumna Zaidi talks about upcoming play 'Zara Yaad Kar'". Ahmed Hussain. HIP. 3 February 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2016. ^ a b "Exciting: Hum Awards has revealed their viewers choice nominations list". Daily Pakistan Global. Retrieved 23 July 2018. ^ a b Khan, Saira (16 January 2017). "Teasers of Pinjra show Yumna Zaidi's versatility". HIP. Retrieved 23 July 2018. ^ a b c d ""I'm very proud of portraying this one character." \| TNS – The News on Sunday". tns.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 23 July 2018. ^ "Pukaar Drama \| Zahid Ahmed Yumna Zaidi Naveed Shahzad". OxGadgets. 4 February 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018. ^ "Mehreen Jabbar and Sarmad Khoosat reunite after a decade". The Nation. 6 May 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018. ^ "Here's what you need to know about the Yumna Zaidi, Feroze Khan starrer "Dil Kya Karay" – Oyeyeah". Oyeyeah. 12 March 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018. ^ NewsBytes. "Imran Ashraf and Yumna Zaidi come together for Inkaar". thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 22 March 2019. ^ "Angeline strikes back with 'Choti Choti Baatein'". The Nation. 8 March 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2019. ^ "Sonya Hussyn doing justice to her role in 'Ishq Zahe Naseeb'". The Nation. 30 July 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2019. ^ Shirazi, Maria. "Must-watch Eid telefilms". thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 31 July 2019. ^ "'Never picked a bat or ball' but Yumna Zaidi wants to ace her film debut as cricketer in 'Nayab'". The Express Tribune. 26 May 2023. ^ "Nayab review: Where's the sport?". TribuneExpress. Retrieved 4 February 2024. ^ "Celebrities lend support to Udaari post PEMRA notice \| The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. 18 May 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2018. ^ "Demesne Couture steals the show on PHBCW Day 2". pakistantoday.com.pk. Retrieved 28 July 2018. ^ Mazaaq Raat Official (18 September 2017), Yumna Zaidi & Abdullah Ejaz – Mazaaq Raat 18 September 2017 – مذاق رات - Dunya News, retrieved 28 July 2018 ^ "'Never picked a bat or ball' but Yumna Zaidi wants to ace her film debut as cricketer in 'Nayab'". Tribune.com. Retrieved 26 May 2023. ^ "Urdu Tv Serial Sannata - Full Cast and Crew". nettv4u. Retrieved 29 October 2022. ^ "Zahid Ahmed and Yumna Zaidi to Star Together in Pukaar! - VeryFilmi". VeryFilmi. 6 February 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018. ^ NewsBytes. "Shooting for Mehreen Jabbar's Dil Kiya Karey wraps up". Retrieved 22 June 2018. ^ Siraj, Simran (4 February 2022). "Review: 'Parizaad' is a lesson on accepting love". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 30 March 2024. ^ "Humayun Saeed and Yumna Zaidi to share screen for drama 'Gentleman'". Dunyanews. Retrieved 19 July 2023. ^ Shirazi, Maria (8 March 2019). "How to keep yourself entertained this Eid". The News International. Pakistan. ^ A Plus Entertainment (17 January 2017), Mehman Qadardan Ep 12 \| Yumna Zaidi \| A Plus, retrieved 28 July 2018 ^ "2nd Servis Hum Awards Held at Karachi". Umar Farooq. Web Pakistan. 5 April 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014. ^ "Winner List of 2nd Hum Awards". Showbiz Spice. 30 March 2014. Archived from the original on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014. ^ "Winners of Hum Awards 2014 and Pictures". Humari Dunya. 2 April 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2014. ^ Desk, Entertainment (2 April 2015). "HUM TV Awards 2015: the nominations are in". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "Hum Awards 2016 Complete Nominations List". Maheen Nusrat. Brandsynario. 6 April 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ^ "Hum Awards 2016 Complete Nominations List". The News International. 13 April 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2016. ^ "Here's everyone who won big at the 7th Hum Awards". Dawn Images. 1 October 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2021. ^ "GEO LSA 2021: Yumna Zaidi celebrates the year with two 'Best Actor' awards". Thenews. Retrieved 10 October 2021. ^ "Yumna Zaidi Wins Big At LSA 2023". The Friday Times. 7 October 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023. ^ "IPPA Awards 2023 Winners List, Best Actor, Best Film all details". Brauss.in. Retrieved 23 October 2023. External links Yumna Zaidi at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"Urdu-television industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Lux Style Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux_Style_Awards"},{"link_name":"Hum Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum_Award"},{"link_name":"ARY Digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARY_Digital"},{"link_name":"Thakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakan"},{"link_name":"Meri Dulari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meri_Dulari"},{"link_name":"Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullu_Baraye_Farokht_Nahi"},{"link_name":"Hum Award for Best Supporting Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress"},{"link_name":"Hum Award for Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actress"},{"link_name":"Best Actress Popular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actress_Popular"},{"link_name":"Farooq Rind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farooq_Rind"},{"link_name":"Rishtay Kuch Adhooray Se","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishtay_Kuch_Adhooray_Se"},{"link_name":"Mausam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausam_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Jugnoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugnoo_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Zara Yaad Kar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zara_Yaad_Kar"},{"link_name":"Yeh Raha Dil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeh_Raha_Dil"},{"link_name":"Dar Si Jaati Hai Sila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_Si_Jaati_Hai_Sila"},{"link_name":"Inkaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkaar_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Pyar Ke Sadqay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyar_Ke_Sadqay"},{"link_name":"Dil Na Umeed To Nahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil_Na_Umeed_To_Nahi"},{"link_name":"Bakhtawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakhtawar"},{"link_name":"Lux Style Award for Best Television Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux_Style_Award#Television"}],"text":"Pakistani actress (born 1989)Yumna Zaidi (born 30 July 1989 Urdu: یمنیٰ زیدی) is a Pakistani actress who works in Urdu-television industry and is known for her portrayals in social to romantic dramas. Zaidi is the recipient of several accolades including five Lux Style Awards and a Hum Award out of eight nominations.Zaidi first appeared as a supporting character in ARY Digital domestic-drama Thakan (2012) and then played lead roles in several television series, including the family drama Meri Dulari and the revenge Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi (both 2013), the later of which earned her a nomination of Hum Award for Best Supporting Actress. She gained popularity and Hum Award for Best Actress and Best Actress Popular nominations by portraying a troubled wife in Farooq Rind's tragic-romance Rishtay Kuch Adhooray Se (2014), and received praise for portraying diverse characters in jealous-drama Mausam (2014), the comedy drama Jugnoo (2015) (both earned Hum Awards nominations), the romance Zara Yaad Kar (2016) and the romantic comedy Yeh Raha Dil (2017), the later earned her further nomination.Zaidi gained critical praise and established herself by starring in Dar Si Jaati Hai Sila (2017), Inkaar (2019), Pyar Ke Sadqay (2020), Dil Na Umeed To Nahi (2021) and Bakhtawar (2022) the second, third and last of these earned her Lux Style Award for Best Television Actress.","title":"Yumna Zaidi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"Sindh, Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"ARY Digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARY_Digital"},{"link_name":"Thakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakan"},{"link_name":"Khushi Ek Roag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khushi_Ek_Roag"},{"link_name":"Urdu 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_1"},{"link_name":"Teri Raah Main Rul Gai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teri_Raah_Main_Rul_Gai"},{"link_name":"Samiya Mumtaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samiya_Mumtaz"},{"link_name":"Sami Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_Khan_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Geo TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geo_TV"},{"link_name":"Meri Dulari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meri_Dulari"},{"link_name":"Hum TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum_TV"},{"link_name":"Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullu_Baraye_Farokht_Nahi"},{"link_name":"Best Supporting Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress"},{"link_name":"Rishtay Kuch Adhooray Se","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishtay_Kuch_Adhooray_Se"},{"link_name":"Hum Award for Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actress"},{"link_name":"Best Actress Popular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actress_Popular"},{"link_name":"Sannata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sannata"},{"link_name":"Kashif Nisar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashif_Nisar"},{"link_name":"Kis Se Kahoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kis_Se_Kahoon"},{"link_name":"Sajal Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajal_Ali"},{"link_name":"Agha Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agha_Ali"},{"link_name":"Mausam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausam_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Guzaarish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guzaarish_(2015_drama)"},{"link_name":"Jugnoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugnoo_(Drama)"},{"link_name":"Kaanch Ki Guriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaanch_Ki_Guriya"},{"link_name":"Aap ki Kaneez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aap_ki_Kaneez"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TNS-3"},{"link_name":"Momina Duraid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momina_Duraid"},{"link_name":"Zara Yaad Kar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zara_Yaad_Kar"},{"link_name":"Zahid Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahid_Ahmed_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Sana Javed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana_Javed"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Yeh Raha Dil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeh_Raha_Dil"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Ali_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Best on-screen couple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Onscreen_Couple_Popular"},{"link_name":"Hum Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum_Awards"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D.Pakistan-5"},{"link_name":"Kashif Nisar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashif_Nisar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pinjra-6"},{"link_name":"Bee Gul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_Gul"},{"link_name":"Dar Si Jaati Hai Sila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_Si_Jaati_Hai_Sila"},{"link_name":"Noman Ijaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noman_Ijaz"},{"link_name":"Saman Ansari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saman_Ansari"},{"link_name":"The News International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News_International"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TNS2-7"},{"link_name":"Pukaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukaar_(Pakistani_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"7th Sky Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Sky_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Dil Kiya Karey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil_Kiya_Karay"},{"link_name":"Mehreen Jabbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehreen_Jabbar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Inkaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkaar_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Imran Ashraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imran_Ashraf"},{"link_name":"Sami Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_Khan"},{"link_name":"Angeline Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angeline_Malik"},{"link_name":"Choti Choti Batain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choti_Choti_Batain"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ishq Zahe Naseeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishq_Zahe_Naseeb"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Shaadi Impossible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaadi_Impossible"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"box-office bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box-office_bomb"}],"text":"Zaidi was born on 30 July 1989 in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.Her first screen debut was a supporting role in the ARY Digital's 2012 domestic drama Thakan, and followed it with a leading role in the melodrama Khushi Ek Roag. She then appeared in Urdu 1's Teri Raah Main Rul Gai opposite Samiya Mumtaz and Sami Khan where she played the character of Maryam.[2]Zaidi received praise for portraying emotionally intense characters in the dramas, Geo TV's Meri Dulari (2013) and Hum TV's Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi (2013), the later of which garnered her a Best Supporting Actress nomination at Hum Awards. Her acclaimed role of a troubled wife in the tragic romance Rishtay Kuch Adhooray Se (2013), established her as a leading actress of Pakistan and earned her the Hum Award for Best Actress and Best Actress Popular nominations. Zaidi subsequently did a special appearance in 2013 series Sannata and played supporting role in Kashif Nisar's directorial Kis Se Kahoon alongside Sajal Ali and Agha Ali. She gained wider recognition for portraying a range of characters in the dramas Mausam (2014), Madawa (2015), Guzaarish (2015), and Jugnoo (2015), Kaanch Ki Guriya (2015), Paras (2015) and Aap ki Kaneez (2015), some of which garnered her several Best Actress nominations.[3]In 2016 she appeared in Momina Duraid's Zara Yaad Kar where she played the lead character of Uzma Ikhtiar opposite Zahid Ahmed and Sana Javed.[4]\nShe then appeared in Hum TV's Yeh Raha Dil in 2017 opposite Ahmed Ali. Zaidi played the character of Hayat whose mother has died and father deserted her at a young age. Her on-screen chemistry with Ali was praised by viewers and earned her nomination of Best on-screen couple at Hum Awards.[5] Later she signed Kashif Nisar's directorial Pinjra.[6] In the same year she appeared as Sila, a victim of sexual harassment in Bee Gul's directed Dar Si Jaati Hai Sila opposite Noman Ijaz and Saman Ansari. A critic from The News International praised her saying, \"With fewer dialogues and a tough subject at hand, Yumna pulled off her role effortlessly, making it believable from beginning till the end\".[7]As of 2018–19, she appeared in Pukaar as Samra, widow of the feudal lord[8] and appeared in 7th Sky Entertainment's Project Dil Kiya Karey, directed by Mehreen Jabbar.[9][10] She played a role of Hajra in social drama Inkaar opposite Imran Ashraf and Sami Khan and made special appearance in Angeline Malik's anthology series Choti Choti Batain.[11][12] She further appeared in an extended cameo in Ishq Zahe Naseeb[13] and as Raina in telefilm Shaadi Impossible.[14]She made her film debut with the titular role of an aspiring cricketer in Umair Nasir Ali's directed Nayab (2024).[15] Writing for Tribune, Shafiq Siddiqui [dislike] the film and wrote, \"It does not offer any dialogue that bear recall value, the film grapples with its excessively long runtime, leading to a loss of impact at various junctures\". Also zaidi's performance is not well received, opined, \"Despite playing the titular character, she [struggles] for proper projection and lines that would make her character memorable.\"[16] The film eventually became a box-office bomb.","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Udaari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udaari"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Hum TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum_TV"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Mazaaq Raat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazaaq_Raat"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"In 2016 the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority served a show-cause notice toUdaari, she spoke out, stating:It is based on a social cause and we should create awareness in our society through such drama serials.[17]She walked the ramp for designer Aisha Farid's collection Crystalline on Hum TV's Bridal Couture Week.[18] She also appeared in celebrity comedy talkshow Mazaaq Raat in 2017.[19]","title":"Other work"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Films","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Telefilms","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other appearances","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Wahaj Ali pens heartfelt birthday wish for Yumna Zaidi\". Tribune. Retrieved 31 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tribune.com.pk/story/2428581/wahaj-ali-pens-heartfelt-birthday-wish-for-yumna-zaidi%3famp=1","url_text":"\"Wahaj Ali pens heartfelt birthday wish for Yumna Zaidi\""}]},{"reference":"\"13 Times Pakistani Actor Yumna Zaidi Proved That She's A Force To Be Reckoned With\". Retrieved 23 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mangobaaz.com/yumna-zaidi-what-an-actor/amp","url_text":"\"13 Times Pakistani Actor Yumna Zaidi Proved That She's A Force To Be Reckoned With\""}]},{"reference":"Shabbir, Buraq. \"TV actors we want to see in cinema\". The News International. Retrieved 23 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/209794-TV-actors-we-want-to-see-in-cinema","url_text":"\"TV actors we want to see in cinema\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yumna Zaidi talks about upcoming play 'Zara Yaad Kar'\". Ahmed Hussain. HIP. 3 February 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hipinpakistan.com/news/1148288","url_text":"\"Yumna Zaidi talks about upcoming play 'Zara Yaad Kar'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exciting: Hum Awards has revealed their viewers choice nominations list\". Daily Pakistan Global. Retrieved 23 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/lifestyle/exciting-hum-awards-has-revealed-their-viewers-choice-nominations-list/","url_text":"\"Exciting: Hum Awards has revealed their viewers choice nominations list\""}]},{"reference":"Khan, Saira (16 January 2017). \"Teasers of Pinjra show Yumna Zaidi's versatility\". HIP. Retrieved 23 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hipinpakistan.com/news/1151652","url_text":"\"Teasers of Pinjra show Yumna Zaidi's versatility\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"I'm very proud of portraying this one character.\" \| TNS – The News on Sunday\". tns.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 23 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://tns.thenews.com.pk/im-proud-portraying-one-character/","url_text":"\"\"I'm very proud of portraying this one character.\" \| TNS – The News on Sunday\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pukaar Drama \| Zahid Ahmed Yumna Zaidi Naveed Shahzad\". OxGadgets. 4 February 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxgadgets.com/2018/02/pukaar-upcoming-play.html","url_text":"\"Pukaar Drama \| Zahid Ahmed Yumna Zaidi Naveed Shahzad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mehreen Jabbar and Sarmad Khoosat reunite after a decade\". The Nation. 6 May 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://nation.com.pk/06-May-2018/mehreen-jabbar-and-sarmad-khoosat-reunite-after-a-decade","url_text":"\"Mehreen Jabbar and Sarmad Khoosat reunite after a decade\""}]},{"reference":"\"Here's what you need to know about the Yumna Zaidi, Feroze Khan starrer \"Dil Kya Karay\" – Oyeyeah\". Oyeyeah. 12 March 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oyeyeah.com/entertainment/heres-need-know-yumna-zaidi-feroze-khan-starrer-dil-kya-karay/","url_text":"\"Here's what you need to know about the Yumna Zaidi, Feroze Khan starrer \"Dil Kya Karay\" – Oyeyeah\""}]},{"reference":"NewsBytes. \"Imran Ashraf and Yumna Zaidi come together for Inkaar\". thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 22 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/434914-imran-ashraf-and-yumna-zaidi-come-together-for-inkaar","url_text":"\"Imran Ashraf and Yumna Zaidi come together for Inkaar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Angeline strikes back with 'Choti Choti Baatein'\". The Nation. 8 March 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nation.com.pk/09-Mar-2019/angeline-strikes-back-with-choti-choti-baatein","url_text":"\"Angeline strikes back with 'Choti Choti Baatein'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sonya Hussyn doing justice to her role in 'Ishq Zahe Naseeb'\". The Nation. 30 July 2019. 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- VeryFilmi\""},{"Link":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/325531-shooting-for-mehreen-jabbars-dil-kiya-karey-wraps-up","external_links_name":"\"Shooting for Mehreen Jabbar's Dil Kiya Karey wraps up\""},{"Link":"https://tribune.com.pk/story/2341926/review-parizaad-is-a-lesson-on-accepting-love-along-with-your-complexes","external_links_name":"\"Review: 'Parizaad' is a lesson on accepting love\""},{"Link":"https://dunyanews.tv/en/Entertainment/740665-Humayun-Saeed,-Yumna-Zaidi-to-share-screen-for-drama-%E2%80%98Gentleman%E2%80%99-","external_links_name":"\"Humayun Saeed and Yumna Zaidi to share screen for drama 'Gentleman'\""},{"Link":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/510427-how-to-keep-yourself-entertained-this-eid","external_links_name":"\"How to keep yourself entertained this Eid\""},{"Link":"https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Onyk4PqWgCw","external_links_name":"Mehman Qadardan Ep 12 \| Yumna Zaidi \| A Plus"},{"Link":"http://www.web.pk/2014/servis-2nd-hum-awards-2014-by-hum-network-karachi/","external_links_name":"\"2nd Servis Hum Awards Held at Karachi\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140403141351/http://showbizspice.com/winner-list-of-2nd-hum-tv-awards-2014/","external_links_name":"\"Winner List of 2nd Hum Awards\""},{"Link":"http://showbizspice.com/winner-list-of-2nd-hum-tv-awards-2014/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074155/http://www.hamaridunya.pk/28964-winner-list-of-2nd-hum-tv-awards-2014-exclusive-pictures.html","external_links_name":"\"Winners of Hum Awards 2014 and Pictures\""},{"Link":"http://www.hamaridunya.pk/28964-winner-list-of-2nd-hum-tv-awards-2014-exclusive-pictures.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1173462","external_links_name":"\"HUM TV Awards 2015: the nominations are in\""},{"Link":"http://www.brandsynario.com/hum-awards-2016-complete-nominations-list/","external_links_name":"\"Hum Awards 2016 Complete Nominations List\""},{"Link":"http://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/112163-What-to-expect-at-the-Hum-Awards-2016","external_links_name":"\"Hum Awards 2016 Complete Nominations List\""},{"Link":"https://images.dawn.com/news/1183796","external_links_name":"\"Here's everyone who won big at the 7th Hum Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/amp/899266-geo-lsa-2021-yumna-zaidi-celebrates-the-year-with-2-best-actor-awards","external_links_name":"\"GEO LSA 2021: Yumna Zaidi celebrates the year with two 'Best Actor' awards\""},{"Link":"https://thefridaytimes.com/07-Oct-2023/yumna-zaidi-wins-big-at-lsa-2023%3fversion=","external_links_name":"\"Yumna Zaidi Wins Big At LSA 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.brauss.in/ippa-awards-2023-winners-list/","external_links_name":"\"IPPA Awards 2023 Winners List, Best Actor, Best Film all details\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9038527/","external_links_name":"Yumna Zaidi"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000446439035","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315084253","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2015209729","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctenotus_taeniolatus	Ctenotus taeniolatus	["1 References","2 External links"]	Species of lizard Ctenotus taeniolatus Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Family: Scincidae Genus: Ctenotus Species: C. taeniolatus Binomial name Ctenotus taeniolatus(White, 1790) The copper-tailed ctenotus or copper-tailed skink, (Ctenotus taeniolatus) is a species of medium-sized skink found commonly along the eastern seaboard of Australia and throughout the country generally. Striped skinks are found in open bushland and heathland. They can grow to be 30 cm long. Striped skinks are olive brown on top with stripes of dark brown and white running from head to tail. They have a black, white-edged vertebral band and a white dorsolateral band edged in black. The sides are dark brown and spotted with white. Like most skinks, they eat mainly small invertebrates like insects and worms. They live in rocky and sandy areas, seeking sunny basking spots with cover nearby so they can dart away from predators. References ^ Vanderduys, E.; Venz, M.; Sanderson, C. (2018). "Ctenotus taeniolatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T109464722A109464733. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T109464722A109464733.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021. ^ Ctenotus taeniolatus Reptile Database External links photo of Ctenotus taeniolatus, Townsville Reptiles photo of Ctenotus taeniolatus, Museum Victoria photo of Ctenotus taeniolatus, Museum Victoria Taxon identifiersCtenotus taeniolatus Wikidata: Q3006614 Wikispecies: Ctenotus taeniolatus ADW: Ctenotus_taeniolatus AFD: Ctenotus_taeniolatus CoL: 327NP GBIF: 2462347 iNaturalist: 98781 IRMNG: 10371132 IUCN: 109464722 NCBI: 316457 Observation.org: 98614 Open Tree of Life: 79159 RD: taeniolatus uBio: 189533	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"bushland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushland"},{"link_name":"heathland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathland"},{"link_name":"invertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrates"},{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"predators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predator"}],"text":"The copper-tailed ctenotus or copper-tailed skink,[2] (Ctenotus taeniolatus) is a species of medium-sized skink found commonly along the eastern seaboard of Australia and throughout the country generally. Striped skinks are found in open bushland and heathland. They can grow to be 30 cm long.Striped skinks are olive brown on top with stripes of dark brown and white running from head to tail. They have a black, white-edged vertebral band and a white dorsolateral band edged in black. The sides are dark brown and spotted with white.Like most skinks, they eat mainly small invertebrates like insects and worms. They live in rocky and sandy areas, seeking sunny basking spots with cover nearby so they can dart away from predators.","title":"Ctenotus taeniolatus"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Vanderduys, E.; Venz, M.; Sanderson, C. (2018). \"Ctenotus taeniolatus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T109464722A109464733. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T109464722A109464733.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/109464722/109464733","url_text":"\"Ctenotus taeniolatus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T109464722A109464733.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T109464722A109464733.en"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/109464722/109464733","external_links_name":"\"Ctenotus taeniolatus\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T109464722A109464733.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T109464722A109464733.en"},{"Link":"http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species.php?genus=Ctenotus&species=taeniolatus","external_links_name":"Ctenotus taeniolatus"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070923015657/http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/tbiol/zoology/herp/trept/taen.jpg","external_links_name":"photo of Ctenotus taeniolatus"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070625175145/http://museumvictoria.com.au/bioinformatics/lizards/images/taenlive1.htm","external_links_name":"photo of Ctenotus taeniolatus"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070625180241/http://museumvictoria.com.au/bioinformatics/lizards/images/taenlive2.htm","external_links_name":"photo of Ctenotus taeniolatus"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ctenotus_taeniolatus/","external_links_name":"Ctenotus_taeniolatus"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Ctenotus_taeniolatus","external_links_name":"Ctenotus_taeniolatus"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/327NP","external_links_name":"327NP"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2462347","external_links_name":"2462347"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/98781","external_links_name":"98781"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10371132","external_links_name":"10371132"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/109464722","external_links_name":"109464722"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=316457","external_links_name":"316457"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/98614/","external_links_name":"98614"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=79159","external_links_name":"79159"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?url_prefix=https%3A%2F%2Freptile-database.reptarium.cz%2Fspecies%3F&id=genus%3DCtenotus%26species%3Dtaeniolatus","external_links_name":"taeniolatus"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=189533","external_links_name":"189533"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba_Atlantic	Tuba Atlantic	["1 References","2 External links"]	2010 Norwegian filmTuba AtlanticFilm posterDirected byHallvar WitzøWritten byLinn-Jeanethe KyedProduced byGudrun AustliStarringDavid Chocron, Edvard Hægstad, Terje Ranes, Ingrid VikenCinematographyKarl Erik BrøndboEdited byVesa HapponenRelease date October 1, 2010 (2010-10-01) Running time25 minutesCountryNorwayLanguageNorwegian Tuba Atlantic is a Norwegian short film directed by Hallvar Witzø. The film follows a 70-year-old man who has six days to live, and wants to reconcile with his brother after a lifetime of disagreement. When Inger, his local "Angel of Death" comes to help him reach happiness in his final days, he is given his opportunity. The film was a nominee at the 84th Academy Awards in the category Best Live Action Short Film, but the nomination was rescinded a few months after the ceremony because the film had been shown on television before its theatrical release, contrary to Academy eligibility rules. The Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten reported, a few days after the Oscars award ceremony on February 26, 2012, that the producers of Tuba Atlantic who submitted the film for consideration by the Academy had checked "no" in response to the question whether the film had been shown on television. The film's director, Hallvar Witzø, told Aftenposten that the Academy had been aware of the television showing, but a spokesperson for the Academy said that the Academy had not known about it. References ^ "Tuba Atlantic, nominated for the Best Live Action Short Film Oscar - Cinema Without Borders". Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2012-03-16. ^ "Search Results - Tuba Atlantic". Oscars Awards Database. Retrieved 2022-03-01. After the awards ceremony on February 26, 2012, the Academy was made aware that Tuba Atlantic had been shown on Norwegian television in 2010, making the film ineligible for the 84th Awards under the rules governing the category. In July 2012, the nomination was rescinded by the Board of Governors. ^ Miller, Julie (2014-01-30). "Controversial Oscar Nomination Revoked by Academy". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on 2016-04-13. Retrieved 2017-02-26. ^ "Norway's Oscar film candidate 'should never have been nominated'". NEWSinENGLISH.no. 2012-02-29. Archived from the original on 2022-03-01. Retrieved 2022-03-01. External links Tuba Atlantic at IMDb Tuba Atlantic on Short Central This short film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to Norwegian film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"short film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_film"},{"link_name":"Hallvar Witzø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallvar_Witz%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"84th Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/84th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Live Action Short Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Live_Action_Short_Film"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Aftenposten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftenposten"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Tuba Atlantic is a Norwegian short film directed by Hallvar Witzø.The film follows a 70-year-old man who has six days to live, and wants to reconcile with his brother after a lifetime of disagreement. When Inger, his local \"Angel of Death\" comes to help him reach happiness in his final days, he is given his opportunity.The film was a nominee at the 84th Academy Awards in the category Best Live Action Short Film,[1] but the nomination was rescinded a few months after the ceremony because the film had been shown on television before its theatrical release, contrary to Academy eligibility rules.[2][3] The Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten reported, a few days after the Oscars award ceremony on February 26, 2012, that the producers of Tuba Atlantic who submitted the film for consideration by the Academy had checked \"no\" in response to the question whether the film had been shown on television. The film's director, Hallvar Witzø, told Aftenposten that the Academy had been aware of the television showing, but a spokesperson for the Academy said that the Academy had not known about it.[4]","title":"Tuba Atlantic"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Tuba Atlantic, nominated for the Best Live Action Short Film Oscar - Cinema Without Borders\". Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2012-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://cinemawithoutborders.com/conversations/2950-tuba-atlantic-short-film-oscar.html","url_text":"\"Tuba Atlantic, nominated for the Best Live Action Short Film Oscar - Cinema Without Borders\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095854/http://cinemawithoutborders.com/conversations/2950-tuba-atlantic-short-film-oscar.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Search Results - Tuba Atlantic\". Oscars Awards Database. Retrieved 2022-03-01. After the awards ceremony on February 26, 2012, the Academy was made aware that Tuba Atlantic had been shown on Norwegian television in 2010, making the film ineligible for the 84th Awards under the rules governing the category. In July 2012, the nomination was rescinded by the Board of Governors.","urls":[{"url":"https://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/Search/Nominations?filmId=4389&view=2-Film%20Title-Alpha","url_text":"\"Search Results - Tuba Atlantic\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Julie (2014-01-30). \"Controversial Oscar Nomination Revoked by Academy\". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on 2016-04-13. Retrieved 2017-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2014/01/oscar-nomination-alone-yet-not-alone-scandal","url_text":"\"Controversial Oscar Nomination Revoked by Academy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160413013231/http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2014/01/oscar-nomination-alone-yet-not-alone-scandal","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Norway's Oscar film candidate 'should never have been nominated'\". NEWSinENGLISH.no. 2012-02-29. Archived from the original on 2022-03-01. Retrieved 2022-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsinenglish.no/2012/02/29/norways-oscar-film-candidate-should-never-have-been-nominated/","url_text":"\"Norway's Oscar film candidate 'should never have been nominated'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220301235946/https://www.newsinenglish.no/2012/02/29/norways-oscar-film-candidate-should-never-have-been-nominated/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://cinemawithoutborders.com/conversations/2950-tuba-atlantic-short-film-oscar.html","external_links_name":"\"Tuba Atlantic, nominated for the Best Live Action Short Film Oscar - Cinema Without Borders\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095854/http://cinemawithoutborders.com/conversations/2950-tuba-atlantic-short-film-oscar.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/Search/Nominations?filmId=4389&view=2-Film%20Title-Alpha","external_links_name":"\"Search Results - Tuba Atlantic\""},{"Link":"http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2014/01/oscar-nomination-alone-yet-not-alone-scandal","external_links_name":"\"Controversial Oscar Nomination Revoked by Academy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160413013231/http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2014/01/oscar-nomination-alone-yet-not-alone-scandal","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.newsinenglish.no/2012/02/29/norways-oscar-film-candidate-should-never-have-been-nominated/","external_links_name":"\"Norway's Oscar film candidate 'should never have been nominated'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220301235946/https://www.newsinenglish.no/2012/02/29/norways-oscar-film-candidate-should-never-have-been-nominated/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2061843/","external_links_name":"Tuba Atlantic"},{"Link":"https://www.shortcentral.tv/videocafe_post/tuba-atlantic/","external_links_name":"Tuba Atlantic"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuba_Atlantic&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuba_Atlantic&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Dexter	Jeff Dexter	["1 Early life","2 The Lyceum","3 The Twist","4 DJing","5 Career in the music industry","6 References","7 External links"]	Jeff Dexter (born Jeffrey Dexter Bedwell, 15 August 1946) is a British disc jockey (DJ), club promoter, record producer and former dancer, who rose to prominence in the mid-1960s as the resident DJ at the influential London club Middle Earth. He is closely associated with the Mod scene and popularising The Twist in England. Early life Dexter was born 15 August 1946 in Lambeth Hospital, and his upbringing was in Newington Butts, close to Elephant & Castle, moving to Camberwell Road when he was ten years old. Dexter has said that the first record he ever bought was a 78 of Sixteen Tons by Tennessee Ernie Ford in 1955 or 56, which he had to visit friends to play as his family didn't have a gramophone. Dexter has been interested in clothing and style from a young age, influenced by his mother and brother, and as a boy joined the Sea Scouts and the Boys' Brigade so that he could wear the uniform. He did dressmaking and tailoring which made him popular with girls which he enjoyed. Often he was the only boy at some of the places where he mixed. The Lyceum When he was fourteen, some of the girls that Dexter knew asked him to go to the Lyceum, but Dexter later recalled: "I was 4’ 8 1/2” at the time, and probably looked about 11. How could I got to the Lyceum? I had all the clothes; I had every piece of equipment to look like I was a grown up, but I had this tiny little face and tiny little frame." Finally, he managed to become a member in August 1961, aged 14, by saying that he was 16. It was there that he first met the DJ Ian Samwell, and they soon became firm friends. In 1959, Dexter became friends with a 12-year-old Mark Feld, who later became known as Marc Bolan and they used to visit the Lyceum together. Both had trouble gaining admission due to being small for their age, which they made up for with plenty of "front" and nice clothes. Neither could afford to buy expensive suits, so they would visit the children's department of high street shops like Woolworths and C&A and adapt the clothes themselves with help from friends. The Twist In September 1961 Dexter was banned from The Lyceum for dancing the Twist, which had just arrived in England. According to Dexter, the management thought the dance obscene. Two weeks later he managed to get back in by promising not to do the dance, but two weeks later, ironically, the Twist was then demonstrated by the Arthur Murray School of Dancing at The Lyceum. Dexter's dancing was filmed and included in the Pathé newsreels shown in cinemas. As a result, he was hired by the Lyceum as a dancer aged fifteen, even though under sixteens were officially blocked from admission to the club. He dropped his tailoring and music studies to take the job and later said: "The thought of being paid to dance with women was just phenomenal!" Dexter has commented on the number of French-run clubs in London in the early 1960s, such as La Discothèque and La Poubelle, which may have been London's first discothèque. He recalls that the French became obsessed with The Twist and the dance even became known as the French Twist. In early 1962, Dexter made a record, written by Ian Samwell, called "Let Me Teach You How To Dance" and "Twistin’ Like The French Kids Do!" DJing Dexter was the resident DJ at the Middle Earth club in Covent Garden, along with John Peel. This was a bigger club than the UFO in Tottenham Court Road where Dexter was also the resident DJ. Dexter also DJ'd at the 1971 Glastonbury Fair, a precursor to the current Glastonbury Festival. Career in the music industry In 1970, he became the manager of America, the American folk rock band formed in London earlier that year, consisting of Gerry Beckley, Dewey Bunnell, and Dan Peek. He also co-produced their first album, America and got them their first gig. They went on to have number one hits in 1972 including "A Horse with No Name". References ^ a b c d e f g h Jeff Dexter Archived 2014-01-10 at the Wayback Machine Interview by Bill Brewster, London, 18 February 1999. Djhistory.com, 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2014. ^ Blokes Of Britain: Jeff Dexter paul gorman, 16 March 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2014. ^ Paytress, Mark. (2009). Bolan: The Rise And Fall Of A 20th Century Superstar. London: Omnibus Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-85712-023-6. ^ Errigo, Angie (2003). The Rough Guide to The Lord of the Rings. London: Rough Guides. p. 284. ISBN 9781843532750. ^ Roberts, Andy. (2012). Albion Dreaming: A popular history of LSD in Britain. Revised edition with a new foreword by Dr. Sue Blackmore. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Editions, p. x. ISBN 978-981-4328-97-5. External links Jeff Dexter recalls the roots of Mod on YouTube Paul Gorman - Blokes of Britain:Jeff Dexter Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Jeff Dexter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lambeth Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeth_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Newington Butts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newington_Butts"},{"link_name":"Elephant & Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_%26_Castle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broughton-1"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Ernie Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Ernie_Ford"},{"link_name":"gramophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_player"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broughton-1"},{"link_name":"Sea Scouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Scouts_(The_Scout_Association)"},{"link_name":"Boys' Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys%27_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broughton-1"}],"text":"Dexter was born 15 August 1946 in Lambeth Hospital, and his upbringing was in Newington Butts, close to Elephant & Castle, moving to Camberwell Road when he was ten years old.[1]Dexter has said that the first record he ever bought was a 78 of Sixteen Tons by Tennessee Ernie Ford in 1955 or 56, which he had to visit friends to play as his family didn't have a gramophone.[1]Dexter has been interested in clothing and style from a young age, influenced by his mother and brother, and as a boy joined the Sea Scouts and the Boys' Brigade so that he could wear the uniform.[2] He did dressmaking and tailoring which made him popular with girls which he enjoyed. Often he was the only boy at some of the places where he mixed.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Lyceum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre,_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broughton-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broughton-1"},{"link_name":"Ian Samwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Samwell"},{"link_name":"Marc Bolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Bolan"},{"link_name":"Woolworths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolworths_Group_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"C&A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%26A"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Payt-3"}],"text":"When he was fourteen, some of the girls that Dexter knew asked him to go to the Lyceum, but Dexter later recalled: \"I was 4’ 8 1/2” at the time, and probably looked about 11. How could I [have] got to the Lyceum? I had all the clothes; I had every piece of equipment to look like I was a grown up, but I had this tiny little face and tiny little frame.\"[1] Finally, he managed to become a member in August 1961, aged 14, by saying that he was 16.[1] It was there that he first met the DJ Ian Samwell, and they soon became firm friends.In 1959, Dexter became friends with a 12-year-old Mark Feld, who later became known as Marc Bolan and they used to visit the Lyceum together. Both had trouble gaining admission due to being small for their age, which they made up for with plenty of \"front\" and nice clothes. Neither could afford to buy expensive suits, so they would visit the children's department of high street shops like Woolworths and C&A and adapt the clothes themselves with help from friends.[3]","title":"The Lyceum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Twist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twist_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Murray"},{"link_name":"Pathé newsreels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path%C3%A9_News"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broughton-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broughton-1"}],"text":"In September 1961 Dexter was banned from The Lyceum for dancing the Twist, which had just arrived in England. According to Dexter, the management thought the dance obscene. Two weeks later he managed to get back in by promising not to do the dance, but two weeks later, ironically, the Twist was then demonstrated by the Arthur Murray School of Dancing at The Lyceum. Dexter's dancing was filmed and included in the Pathé newsreels shown in cinemas. As a result, he was hired by the Lyceum as a dancer aged fifteen, even though under sixteens were officially blocked from admission to the club. He dropped his tailoring and music studies to take the job and later said: \"The thought of being paid to dance with women was just phenomenal!\"[1]Dexter has commented on the number of French-run clubs in London in the early 1960s, such as La Discothèque and La Poubelle, which may have been London's first discothèque.[citation needed] He recalls that the French became obsessed with The Twist and the dance even became known as the French Twist. In early 1962, Dexter made a record, written by Ian Samwell, called \"Let Me Teach You How To Dance\" and \"Twistin’ Like The French Kids Do!\"[1]","title":"The Twist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middle Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Earth_(club)"},{"link_name":"John Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Peel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Errigo-4"},{"link_name":"Glastonbury Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-5"}],"text":"Dexter was the resident DJ at the Middle Earth club in Covent Garden, along with John Peel. This was a bigger club than the UFO in Tottenham Court Road[4] where Dexter was also the resident DJ. Dexter also DJ'd at the 1971 Glastonbury Fair, a precursor to the current Glastonbury Festival.[5]","title":"DJing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_(band)"},{"link_name":"Gerry Beckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Beckley"},{"link_name":"Dewey Bunnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewey_Bunnell"},{"link_name":"Dan Peek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Peek"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_(America_album)"},{"link_name":"A Horse with No Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Horse_with_No_Name"}],"text":"In 1970, he became the manager of America, the American folk rock band formed in London earlier that year, consisting of Gerry Beckley, Dewey Bunnell, and Dan Peek. He also co-produced their first album, America and got them their first gig. They went on to have number one hits in 1972 including \"A Horse with No Name\".","title":"Career in the music industry"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Paytress, Mark. (2009). Bolan: The Rise And Fall Of A 20th Century Superstar. London: Omnibus Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-85712-023-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-yk4U2LILeMC&pg=PT36","url_text":"Bolan: The Rise And Fall Of A 20th Century Superstar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnibus_Press","url_text":"Omnibus Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85712-023-6","url_text":"978-0-85712-023-6"}]},{"reference":"Errigo, Angie (2003). The Rough Guide to The Lord of the Rings. London: Rough Guides. p. 284. ISBN 9781843532750.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843532750","url_text":"9781843532750"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Andy. (2012). Albion Dreaming: A popular history of LSD in Britain. Revised edition with a new foreword by Dr. Sue Blackmore. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Editions, p. x. ISBN 978-981-4328-97-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2caIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR10","url_text":"Albion Dreaming: A popular history of LSD in Britain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4328-97-5","url_text":"978-981-4328-97-5"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.djhistory.com/interviews/jeff-dexter","external_links_name":"Jeff Dexter"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140110224256/http://www.djhistory.com/interviews/jeff-dexter","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.paulgormanis.com/?p=1779","external_links_name":"Blokes Of Britain: Jeff Dexter"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-yk4U2LILeMC&pg=PT36","external_links_name":"Bolan: The Rise And Fall Of A 20th Century Superstar"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2caIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR10","external_links_name":"Albion Dreaming: A popular history of LSD in Britain"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vdSQbv1t-kA","external_links_name":"Jeff Dexter recalls the roots of Mod"},{"Link":"http://www.paulgormanis.com/?p=1779","external_links_name":"Paul Gorman - Blokes of Britain:Jeff Dexter"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/9c0f6803-4f1c-4f2f-b487-96b5e686e40f","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhalt-Bernburg	Anhalt-Bernburg	["1 History","2 Princes of Anhalt-Bernburg, 1252–1468","3 Princes of Anhalt-Bernburg, 1603–1803","4 Dukes of Anhalt-Bernburg, 1803–1863","5 Notes","6 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Anhalt-Bernburg" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Principality (Duchy) of Anhalt-BernburgFürstentum (Herzogtum) Anhalt-Bernburg (German)1252–14681603–1863 19th century flag of the Anhalt duchies 19th century coat of arms of the Anhalt duchies The Anhalt territories in 1853, with Anhalt-Bernburg in greenStatusState of the Holy Roman Empire (until 1806)State of the Confederation of the Rhine (1806–13)State of the German Confederation (from 1815)CapitalBernburgCommon languagesUpper SaxonGovernmentPrincipalityPrince • 1252–1287 Bernhard I (first)• 1796–1803 Alexius Frederick Christian (last) Historical eraMiddle Ages• Partitioned from Anhalt 1252• Inherited by Anhalt-Dessau 1468• Repartitioned from Anhalt 1603• Anhalt-Zeitz-Hoym partitioned away 1718–1812• Raised to duchy 1803• Anhalt re-united 1863 Preceded by Succeeded by Principality of Anhalt Duchy of Anhalt Today part ofSaxony-Anhalt, Germany Anhalt-Bernburg was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire and a duchy of the German Confederation ruled by the House of Ascania with its residence at Bernburg in present-day Saxony-Anhalt. It emerged as a subdivision from the Principality of Anhalt from 1252 until 1468, when it fell to the Ascanian principality of Anhalt-Dessau. Recreated in 1603, Anhalt-Bernburg finally merged into the re-unified Duchy of Anhalt upon the extinction of the line in 1863. History Bernburg Castle It was created in 1252, when the Principality of Anhalt was partitioned among the sons of Henry I into Anhalt-Aschersleben, Anhalt-Bernburg and Anhalt-Zerbst. Bernburg was allotted to Henry's second son Bernhard I. When the line of Anhalt-Aschersleben became extinct in 1315, Prince Bernhard II of Anhalt-Bernburg claimed their territory, he could however not prevail against his cousin Albert, Bishop of Halberstadt. After the ruling family became extinct upon the death of Prince Bernhard VI in 1468, Anhalt-Bernburg was inherited by Prince George I of Anhalt-Dessau. With Anhalt-Dessau it was inherited by Prince Joachim Ernest of Anhalt-Zerbst in 1561, who unified all Anhalt lands under his rule in 1570. Re-united Anhalt was again divided in 1603 among Prince Joachim Ernest's sons into the lines of Anhalt-Dessau, Anhalt-Köthen, Anhalt-Plötzkau, Anhalt-Bernburg and Anhalt-Zerbst. His second son Prince Christian I took his residence at Bernburg. Christian's younger son Frederick established the separate Principality of Anhalt-Harzgerode in 1635, which existed until 1709. Prince Victor Amadeus of Anhalt-Bernburg inherited Anhalt-Plötzkau in 1665. Upon his death in 1718 his lands were further divided and the Principality of Anhalt-Zeitz-Hoym was created for his second son Lebrecht, which was reunited with Anhalt-Bernburg in 1812. In 1803 Prince Alexius Frederick Christian of Anhalt-Bernburg was elevated to the rank of a duke by Emperor Francis II of Habsburg. His son Duke Alexander Karl however died without issue in 1863, whereafter Anhalt-Bernburg was inherited by Leopold IV, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau, re-uniting all Anhalt lands under his rule. Princes of Anhalt-Bernburg, 1252–1468 1252–1287 Bernhard I 1287–1291 John I, son, co-regent with his brother 1287–1323 Bernhard II 1323–1348 Bernhard III, son of Bernhard II 1348–1354 Bernhard IV, son 1354–1374 Henry IV, brother 1374–1404 Otto III, brother 1404–1420 Bernhard V, son of Henry IV, co-regent with his cousin 1404–1415 Otto IV, son of Otto III 1420–1468 Bernhard VI, brother of Otto IV, left no male heirs To Anhalt-Dessau Princes of Anhalt-Bernburg, 1603–1803 1603–1630 Christian I, second son of Prince Joachim Ernest of Anhalt 1630–1656 Christian II, son 1656–1718 Victor Amadeus, son 1718–1721 Karl Frederick, son 1721–1765 Victor Frederick, son 1765–1796 Frederick Albert, son 1796–1803 Alexius Frederick Christian, son Raised to duchy Dukes of Anhalt-Bernburg, 1803–1863 1803–1834 Alexius Frederick Christian 1834–1863 Alexander Karl, son, died without issue To re-united Anhalt Notes This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Anhalt-Bernburg" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) ^ Hertslet 1875, p. 275. References Hertslet, Edward (1875), The map of Europe by treaty; showing the various political and territorial changes which have taken place since the general peace of 1814, London: Butterworths vte Upper Saxon Circle (1512–1806) of the Holy Roman EmpireElectorates Brandenburg Saxony Ecclesiastical Cammin Secular Anhalt Bernburg Dessau Köthen Zerbst Barby Hatzfeld-Gleichen Pomerania Further Hither Querfurt Reuss Elder Junior Saxe-Altenburg Saxe-Coburg Saxe-Eisenach Saxe-Gotha Saxe-Weimar Schwarzburg Rudolstadt Sondershausen Prelates Gernrode Quedlinburg Abbey Walkenried Abbey Counts / Lords Hohnstein Lohra / Klettenberg Mansfeld Schönburg (Saale) Stolberg Stolberg Wernigerode Rossla Circles est. 1500: Bavarian, Swabian, Upper Rhenish, Lower Rhenish–Westphalian, Franconian, (Lower) SaxonCircles est. 1512: Austrian, Burgundian, Upper Saxon, Electoral Rhenish · Unencircled territories See also: Ernestine duchies vte States of the Confederation of the Rhine (1806–13)Rank elevatedby NapoleonKingdoms Bavaria Saxony Württemberg Grand Duchies Baden Hesse Duchies Nassau States createdKingdoms Westphalia Grand Duchies Berg Frankfurt1 Würzburg Principalities Aschaffenburg2 Leyen Regensburg2 Pre-existingstatesSaxon duchies Coburg-Saalfeld Gotha-Altenburg Hildburghausen Meiningen Weimar3 Eisenach3 Weimar-Eisenach4 Other duchies Anhalt (Bernburg Dessau Köthen) Arenberg Mecklenburg-Schwerin Mecklenburg-Strelitz Oldenburg Principalities Hohenzollern Hechingen Sigmaringen Isenburg Liechtenstein Lippe-Detmold Reuss Ebersdorf Greiz Lobenstein Schleiz Salm5 Schaumburg-Lippe Schwarzburg Rudolstadt Sondershausen Waldeck 1 from 1810 2 until 1810 3 until 1809 4 from 1809 5 until 1811 vteStates of the German Confederation (1815–66)Empires Austria1 Kingdoms Prussia1 Bavaria Saxony Hanover Württemberg Electorates Hesse-Kassel Grand duchies Baden Hesse-Darmstadt Luxembourg Mecklenburg-Schwerin Mecklenburg-Strelitz Oldenburg Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach Duchies Brunswick Holstein Limburg (from 1839) Nassau Saxe-Lauenburg Anhalt (Ascania) Anhalt (from 1863) Bernburg (until 1863) Dessau (until 1863) Köthen (until 1847) Ernestine duchies Altenburg (from 1826) Coburg-Saalfeld (until 1826) Coburg-Gotha (from 1826) Gotha-Altenburg (until 1826) Hildburghausen (until 1826) Meiningen Principalities Hesse-Homburg Liechtenstein Lippe Schaumburg-Lippe Waldeck and Pyrmont Reuss Reuss-Ebersdorf (until 1824) Reuss-Lobenstein (until 1824) Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf (1824-1848) Reuss-Gera (Junior Line) (from 1848) Reuss-Greiz (Elder Line) Reuss-Schleiz (until 1848) Hohenzollern Hechingen (until 1850) Sigmaringen (until 1850) Schwarzburg Rudolstadt Sondershausen Free cities Bremen Frankfurt Hamburg Lübeck 1 partially Authority control databases: National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"principality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"German Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Confederation"},{"link_name":"House of Ascania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Ascania"},{"link_name":"Bernburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Saxony-Anhalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt"},{"link_name":"Principality of Anhalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Anhalt"},{"link_name":"Anhalt-Dessau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhalt-Dessau"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Anhalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt"}],"text":"Anhalt-Bernburg was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire and a duchy of the German Confederation ruled by the House of Ascania with its residence at Bernburg in present-day Saxony-Anhalt. It emerged as a subdivision from the Principality of Anhalt from 1252 until 1468, when it fell to the Ascanian principality of Anhalt-Dessau. Recreated in 1603, Anhalt-Bernburg finally merged into the re-unified Duchy of Anhalt upon the extinction of the line in 1863.","title":"Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bernburg_Schloss_gesehen_von_der_Saale.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I,_Count_of_Anhalt"},{"link_name":"Anhalt-Aschersleben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Anhalt-Aschersleben"},{"link_name":"Anhalt-Zerbst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Anhalt-Zerbst"},{"link_name":"Bernhard I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_I,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Bernhard II of Anhalt-Bernburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_II,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Halberstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_Halberstadt"},{"link_name":"Bernhard VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_VI,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"George I of Anhalt-Dessau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_I,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Dessau"},{"link_name":"Anhalt-Dessau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhalt-Dessau"},{"link_name":"Joachim Ernest of Anhalt-Zerbst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Ernest,_Prince_of_Anhalt"},{"link_name":"Anhalt-Köthen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhalt-K%C3%B6then"},{"link_name":"Anhalt-Plötzkau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Anhalt-Pl%C3%B6tzkau"},{"link_name":"Anhalt-Zerbst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Anhalt-Zerbst"},{"link_name":"Christian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_I,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Harzgerode"},{"link_name":"Anhalt-Harzgerode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhalt-Harzgerode"},{"link_name":"Victor Amadeus of Anhalt-Bernburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Amadeus,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Anhalt-Zeitz-Hoym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym"},{"link_name":"Lebrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebrecht,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Zeitz-Hoym"},{"link_name":"Alexius Frederick Christian of Anhalt-Bernburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexius_Frederick_Christian,_Duke_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Francis II of Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Alexander Karl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Karl,_Duke_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Leopold IV, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_IV,_Duke_of_Anhalt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHertslet1875275-1"}],"text":"Bernburg CastleIt was created in 1252, when the Principality of Anhalt was partitioned among the sons of Henry I into Anhalt-Aschersleben, Anhalt-Bernburg and Anhalt-Zerbst. Bernburg was allotted to Henry's second son Bernhard I. When the line of Anhalt-Aschersleben became extinct in 1315, Prince Bernhard II of Anhalt-Bernburg claimed their territory, he could however not prevail against his cousin Albert, Bishop of Halberstadt.After the ruling family became extinct upon the death of Prince Bernhard VI in 1468, Anhalt-Bernburg was inherited by Prince George I of Anhalt-Dessau. With Anhalt-Dessau it was inherited by Prince Joachim Ernest of Anhalt-Zerbst in 1561, who unified all Anhalt lands under his rule in 1570.Re-united Anhalt was again divided in 1603 among Prince Joachim Ernest's sons into the lines of Anhalt-Dessau, Anhalt-Köthen, Anhalt-Plötzkau, Anhalt-Bernburg and Anhalt-Zerbst. His second son Prince Christian I took his residence at Bernburg. Christian's younger son Frederick established the separate Principality of Anhalt-Harzgerode in 1635, which existed until 1709. Prince Victor Amadeus of Anhalt-Bernburg inherited Anhalt-Plötzkau in 1665. Upon his death in 1718 his lands were further divided and the Principality of Anhalt-Zeitz-Hoym was created for his second son Lebrecht, which was reunited with Anhalt-Bernburg in 1812.In 1803 Prince Alexius Frederick Christian of Anhalt-Bernburg was elevated to the rank of a duke by Emperor Francis II of Habsburg. His son Duke Alexander Karl however died without issue in 1863, whereafter Anhalt-Bernburg was inherited by Leopold IV, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau, re-uniting all Anhalt lands under his rule.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bernhard I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_I,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"John I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Bernhard II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_II,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Bernhard III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_III,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Bernhard IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_IV,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Henry IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Otto III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_III,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Bernhard V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_V,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Otto IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_IV,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Bernhard VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_VI,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Anhalt-Dessau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhalt-Dessau"}],"text":"1252–1287 Bernhard I\n1287–1291 John I, son, co-regent with his brother\n1287–1323 Bernhard II\n1323–1348 Bernhard III, son of Bernhard II\n1348–1354 Bernhard IV, son\n1354–1374 Henry IV, brother\n1374–1404 Otto III, brother\n1404–1420 Bernhard V, son of Henry IV, co-regent with his cousin\n1404–1415 Otto IV, son of Otto III\n1420–1468 Bernhard VI, brother of Otto IV, left no male heirsTo Anhalt-Dessau","title":"Princes of Anhalt-Bernburg, 1252–1468"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_I,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Joachim Ernest of Anhalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Ernest,_Prince_of_Anhalt"},{"link_name":"Christian II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_II,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Victor Amadeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Amadeus,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Karl Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Frederick,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Victor Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Frederick,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Frederick Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Albert,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Alexius Frederick Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexius_Frederick_Christian,_Duke_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"}],"text":"1603–1630 Christian I, second son of Prince Joachim Ernest of Anhalt\n1630–1656 Christian II, son\n1656–1718 Victor Amadeus, son\n1718–1721 Karl Frederick, son\n1721–1765 Victor Frederick, son\n1765–1796 Frederick Albert, son\n1796–1803 Alexius Frederick Christian, sonRaised to duchy","title":"Princes of Anhalt-Bernburg, 1603–1803"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexius Frederick Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexius_Frederick_Christian,_Duke_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Alexander Karl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Karl,_Duke_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Anhalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhalt"}],"text":"1803–1834 Alexius Frederick Christian\n1834–1863 Alexander Karl, son, died without issueTo re-united Anhalt","title":"Dukes of Anhalt-Bernburg, 1803–1863"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHertslet1875275_1-0"},{"link_name":"Hertslet 1875","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHertslet1875"}],"text":"^ Hertslet 1875, p. 275.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Bernburg Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bernburg_Schloss_gesehen_von_der_Saale.jpg/220px-Bernburg_Schloss_gesehen_von_der_Saale.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Hertslet, Edward (1875), The map of Europe by treaty; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_Reserve_(United_Kingdom)	Regular Reserve (United Kingdom)	["1 Regular Reserves","1.1 Royal Fleet Reserve","1.1.1 Historically","1.1.2 Present Day","1.2 Army Reserve (Regular)","1.2.1 Historically","1.2.2 Present Day","1.3 Air Force Reserve","2 Other Regular Reserves and the Reserve Forces Act 1996","2.1 Regular Reserve – Long Term Reserve","2.2 Regular Reserve – Pensioners","3 See also","4 Notes and citations","5 References","6 External links"]	The Regular Reserve is the component of the military reserve of the British Armed Forces whose members have formerly served in the "Regular" (full-time professional) forces. (Other components of the Reserve are the Volunteer Reserves and the Sponsored Reserves.) The Regular Reserve largely consists of ex-Regular personnel who retain a statutory liability for service and are liable to be recalled for active military duty "in case of imminent national danger or great emergency". It also consists of a smaller number of ex-Regulars who serve under a fixed-term reserve contract (similar in nature to the Volunteer Reserves) and are liable for reporting, training and deploying on operations. Since April 2013, Ministry of Defence publications no longer report the entire strength of the Regular Reserve, instead, only Regular Reserves serving under the fixed-term reserve contract are counted. As of 2014, they had a strength of 45,110 personnel. Of those, approximately 2,450 were serving alongside the Regular military in active service. Regular Reserves Royal Fleet Reserve Historically The Royal Fleet Reserve Class B came into existence in 1900.The Royal Fleet Reserve Class C came into existence in 1903. There was a Royal Fleet Reserve Long Service and Good Conduct Medal in place from 1922 onwards, in tandem with similar awards to the Royal Naval Reserve & Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. When war broke out in 1914, there was a surplus of men. As a consequence, some men of the Royal Fleet Reserve were posted to the Royal Naval Division. Present Day The Royal Fleet Reserve consists of ex-Regulars serving under a fixed-term reserve contract. As of 2014, they have a strength of 7,960 personnel. Army Reserve (Regular) Historically The Regular Reserve of the British Army was originally created in 1859 by Secretary of State for War Sidney Herbert, and re-organised under the Reserve Force Act, 1867. Prior to this, a soldier was generally enlisted into the British Army for a 21 year engagement, following which (should he survive so long) he was discharged as a Pensioner. Pensioners were sometimes still employed on garrison duties, as were younger soldiers no longer deemed fit for expeditionary service who were generally organised in invalid units or returned to the regimental depot for home service. The cost of paying pensioners, and the obligation the government was under to continue to employ invalids as well as soldiers deemed by their commanding officers as detriments to their units were motivations to change this system. The long period of engagement also discouraged many potential recruits. The long service enlistments were consequently replaced with short service enlistments, with undesirable soldiers not permitted to re-engage on the completion of their first engagement. The size of the army also fluctuated greatly, increasing in war time, and drastically shrinking with peace. Battalions posted on garrison duty overseas were allowed an increase on their normal peacetime establishment, which resulted in their having surplus men on their return to a Home station. Consequently, soldiers engaging on short term enlistments were enabled to serve several years with the colours and the remainder in the Regular Reserve, remaining liable to recall to the colours if required. Among the other benefits, this thereby enabled the British Army to have a ready pool of recently-trained men to draw upon in an emergency. The name of the Regular Reserve (which for a time was divided into a First Class and a Second Class) has resulted in confusion with the Reserve Forces, which were the pre-existing part-time, local-service home-defence forces that were auxiliary to the British Army (or Regular Force), but not originally part of it: the Honourable Artillery Company, Yeomanry, Militia (or Constitutional Force) and Volunteer Force. These were consequently also referred to as Auxiliary Forces or Local Forces.. The Army's existing system of enlistment therefore produced an army of experienced or even veteran soldiers, but no class of reserves that could be recalled to serve in case of a national emergency. Under the Army Reserve Act of 1867, a "First Class Army Reserve" had been created, of soldiers released from active service who had not completed their terms of service, to have an establishment of 20,000 men in theory. In practice, as of 1868, only 2,033 were in this body of men. The "Second Class Army Reserve" was to consist of army pensioners and of discharged soldiers having at least five years regular service. The First Class Army Reserve was liable for overseas service in the event of war, whereas the Second Class Army Reserve was for home service to defend against invasion. Cardwell therefore brought before Parliament the idea of "short service". The Act of 1870 allowed a soldier to choose to spend time in the reserves after service with the colours. As to the proportion of time spent on active service with the colours versus the balance in the reserve, this was to be laid down from time to time by the Secretary of State for War. Upon transferring to the Army Reserve, for the remainder of their 12 years, the soldier would be transferred to Section A or Section B, with Section C being subsumed into Section B in 1904. Section A was voluntary and limited, each infantry regiment being permitted about 50 men on their books. Section B was the normal destination for the balance of the 12 years enlistment. In 1881, under the Childers Reforms short service was increased to seven years with the colours, and five with the reserve, of the twelve-year enlistment period that the Cardwell Reforms had introduced. This also introduced the ability for time-served soldiers to extend service in the reserve by four years, albeit classed as the second division, or Section D, of the First Class Army Reserve. By 1900 the reservists numbered about 80,000 trained men, still relatively young and available to be recalled to their units at short notice in the event of general mobilisation. In August 1914, the line infantry could call upon 80,688 men of the Army Reserve, in addition to the Special Reserve. The Army Reserve soldiers were the first to be sent as drafts, with the Special Reserve second in precedence. Sixty percent of the infantry consisted of men recalled from the reserve. The Official History notes that Special Reserve drafts were despatched a month into the fighting, with the Army Reserve component having already being depleted. To help remedy this, Army Council Instruction 118 dated 16 January 1915 was requesting TF men volunteering to transfer to the Army Reserve battalions. The New Army was formed and recruited, following the outbreak of war. It required six months of training, and in theory, would be ready by late February 1915 at the very earliest. The challenge for the Special Reserve was to provide sufficient numbers of trained Reserves to offset casualties suffered by the regular battalions of the British Expeditionary Force, during this time. By the end of March 1915 more than thirty infantry regiments would see their trained reserves drop below 100 men. Present Day Today, the Army Reserve (Regular) of the British Army consists of Regular Reserves serving under a fixed-term reserve contract and are by far the largest of the armed forces Regular Reserves. As of 2014 they numbered 30,030 personnel and are divided into two categories. Category A is mandatory, with ex-Regulars automatically falling into this category upon leaving Regular service. Category D is voluntary, for ex-Regulars who are no longer required to serve in category A, but wish to continue, this normally lasts until the age of 55. Ex-Regulars in both categories serve under the fixed-term reserve contract. The Army Reserve (Regular) is distinct from and should not be confused with the British Army's Volunteer Reserve force of the same name, the Army Reserve. Air Force Reserve The Air Force Reserve consists of ex-Regulars serving under a fixed-term reserve contract. As of 2014, they have a strength of 7,120 personnel. Other Regular Reserves and the Reserve Forces Act 1996 The following elements of the Regular Reserve are no longer included or counted in Ministry of Defence publications and statistics on Reserve Forces and Cadets. Regular Reserve – Long Term Reserve British Army – "All male (but not female) soldiers who enlisted before 1 Apr 97 have a statutory liability for service in the Long Term Reserve until their 45th birthday. Men and women who enlisted on or after 1 Apr 97 serve for a total of 18 years or until age 55, in the Regular Reserve and Long Term Reserve combined from the date of completion of their full time Colour service. Long Term Reservists may only be recalled under Section 52 of the Reserve Forces Act (RFA) 1996, for home or overseas service, in case of imminent national danger or great emergency." Regular Reserve – Pensioners British Army – "Until age 60 those in receipt of an Army pension may be recalled under Section 52 of the RFA 96 for home or overseas service, in case of imminent national danger or great emergency. Present policy is not to recall a pensioner who is over the age of 55." See also Volunteer Reserve Military reserve force Reserve Forces Act 1996 Sponsored Reserves Notes and citations Notes ^ 1903, the Special Service Engagements (SS) was introduced for 5 years service in the RN and 7 in the Royal Fleet Reserve Engagements & Time to Serve in Royal Navy ^ 'Altogether, the circumstances were very trying for the reservists, who formed 60 per cent of the infantry, and were for the most part still out of condition.' ^ ‘It is significant of the heavy and unexpected wastage that within a month of firing the first shot, the supply of Regular Reservists for many regiments had been exhausted, and that men of the Special Reserve – the Militia of old days – were beginning to take their place. Citations ^ a b c d "British Army - Regular Reserve". Retrieved 11 December 2014 – via army.mod.uk. ^ a b "MoD – reserves and cadet strengths 2014" (PDF). table 4 page 13. See note 2. April 2014. ^ a b c d "MoD – reserves and cadet strengths 2014" (PDF). table 1a-page 10. April 2014. ^ "UK Armed Forces Quarterly Personnel Report October 2014" (PDF). gov.uk, table 1 page 6, October 2014. ^ "The Royal Fleet Reserve and How to Join It". January 1914 – via RootsWeb. ^ "Long Service Medals to the Naval Reserve 1909 - 1957". ^ Baker, Chris. "How to research a man of the Royal Naval Division". Royal Naval records. Retrieved 24 March 2024 – via The long, long trail. George Bellinger... had enrolled into the Royal Navy in 1907 and served full time until his transfer to Royal Fleet Reserve . At the start of the Great War he was recalled and allocated on 17 September 1914 to the new Drake Battalion of the RND. ^ Goodenough & Dalton 1893. ^ Goodenough & Dalton 1893, p. 50. ^ Goodenough & Dalton 1893, pp. 49–50. ^ Biddulph 1904, pp. 32–33. ^ Biddulph 1904, p. 58. ^ Langley 2014, p. 24. ^ Raugh 2004, p. 298. ^ Skelley 1977, p. 256. ^ See HC Deb, 3 March 1881 vol 259 c200 Lord Childers: 'In the second place, we propose that the terms of enlistment should remain 12 years, as now, but that the period with the colours should be seven instead of six years...'. ^ See HC Deb, 1 August 1881 vol 264 c435 Lord Childers: 'The Bill is a very simple one, and it has been in print for some time. It contains certainly two important clauses — one to enable the Chelsea Commissioners to grant certain pensions... and the other to enable the Crown to increase the Reserve by allowing men, after their 12 years' engagement, to volunteer for four years more into a second Reserve. ^ See HC Deb, 11 July 1881 vol 263 c620 Lord Childers: 'The only clause of importance was the 5th, which related to the Reserves, and which enabled a second Reserve to be formed for four years of men who had completed their 12 years' engagement. The remainder of the Bill would not require much discussion.'. ^ "Regulation of the Forces Act". UK Parliament. 1881. Provision for Supplemental Reserve – via JustisOne. ^ Chandler 1996, p. 188. ^ a b Gillott 2015, p. 14. ^ Edmonds 2021, p. 88. ^ Gillott 2015, p. 17. ^ Edmonds 2021, p. 440. ^ Langley Pt2 2014, p. 29 References Benyon, Paul (July 2002). "Service Engagements - A Commitment to Serve for Specific Periods". Retrieved 17 March 2024 – via RootsWeb. Biddulph, General Sir Robert (1904). Lord Cardwell at the War Office: a History of his Administration 1868 – 1874. London: John Murray. OCLC 316005611. Chandler, David G. (1996). The Oxford History of the British Army. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-285333-3. Edmonds, J. E. (2021) . Military Operations France and Belgium, 1914: Mons, the Retreat to the Seine, the Marne and the Aisne August–October 1914. History of the Great War. Vol. I (3rd ed.). Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 978-1-78-331611-3. Gillott, Martin (January 2015). "British Line Infantry Reserves for the Great War - Part 3". Stand To! (102). The Western Front Association: 14–20. Goodenough, W. H.; Dalton, J. G. (1893). The Army Book for the British Empire. London: Harrison and Sons. OCLC 1013373372. Langley, David (June 2014). "British Line Infantry Reserves for the Great War - Part 1". Stand To! (100). The Western Front Association: 23–27. Langley, David (September 2014). "British Line Infantry Reserves for the Great War - Part 2". Stand To! (101). The Western Front Association: 27–31. Raugh, Harold E. (2004). The Victorians at War, 1815-1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-926-0. Skelley, Alan Ramsay (1977). The Victorian army at home: the recruitment and terms and conditions of the British regular, 1859-1899 (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-85664-335-4. "British Army - Regular Reserve". Retrieved 11 December 2014 – via army.mod.uk. "MoD – reserves and cadet strengths 2014" (PDF). "UK Armed Forces Quarterly Personnel Report October 2014" (PDF). External links Reserve Forces Act 1996	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Regular_Reserve-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DASA-Reserves-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Since April 2013, Ministry of Defence publications no longer report the entire strength of the Regular Reserve, instead, only Regular Reserves serving under the fixed-term reserve contract are counted.[2] As of 2014, they had a strength of 45,110 personnel.[3] Of those, approximately 2,450 were serving alongside the Regular military in active service.[4]","title":"Regular Reserve (United Kingdom)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Regular Reserves"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Royal Fleet Reserve","title":"Regular Reserves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Royal Fleet Reserve Long Service and Good Conduct Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Fleet_Reserve_Long_Service_and_Good_Conduct_Medal"},{"link_name":"Royal Naval Reserve & Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Royal Naval Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/63rd_(Royal_Naval)_Division"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LLT_RND-8"}],"sub_title":"Royal Fleet Reserve - Historically","text":"The Royal Fleet Reserve Class B came into existence in 1900.[5]The Royal Fleet Reserve Class C came into existence in 1903.[a] There was a Royal Fleet Reserve Long Service and Good Conduct Medal in place from 1922 onwards, in tandem with similar awards to the Royal Naval Reserve & Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve.[6]When war broke out in 1914, there was a surplus of men. As a consequence, some men of the Royal Fleet Reserve were posted to the Royal Naval Division.[7]","title":"Regular Reserves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DASA-Reserves-3"}],"sub_title":"Royal Fleet Reserve - Present Day","text":"The Royal Fleet Reserve consists of ex-Regulars serving under a fixed-term reserve contract. As of 2014, they have a strength of 7,960 personnel.[3]","title":"Regular Reserves"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Army Reserve (Regular)","title":"Regular Reserves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War"},{"link_name":"Sidney Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Herbert,_1st_Baron_Herbert_of_Lea"},{"link_name":"forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Units_of_the_British_Army#Forces"},{"link_name":"Honourable Artillery Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honourable_Artillery_Company"},{"link_name":"Yeomanry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeomanry"},{"link_name":"Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Volunteer Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Force"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodenoughDalton1893-9"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodenoughDalton189350-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodenoughDalton189349%E2%80%9350-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiddulph190432%E2%80%9333-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiddulph190458-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangley201424-14"},{"link_name":"Childers Reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childers_Reforms"},{"link_name":"enlistment period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army_during_the_Victorian_Era#Terms_of_service"},{"link_name":"Cardwell Reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardwell_Reforms#Army_Enlistment_Act"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaugh2004298-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkelley1977256-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Han03mar1881-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Han01aug1881-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Han11jul1881-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RFA_1881_c57_PGA44&45-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1996188-21"},{"link_name":"Special Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillott201514-22"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillott201517-25"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"New Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchener%27s_Army"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillott201514-22"}],"sub_title":"Army Reserve (Regular) - Historically","text":"The Regular Reserve of the British Army was originally created in 1859 by Secretary of State for War Sidney Herbert, and re-organised under the Reserve Force Act, 1867. Prior to this, a soldier was generally enlisted into the British Army for a 21 year engagement, following which (should he survive so long) he was discharged as a Pensioner. Pensioners were sometimes still employed on garrison duties, as were younger soldiers no longer deemed fit for expeditionary service who were generally organised in invalid units or returned to the regimental depot for home service. The cost of paying pensioners, and the obligation the government was under to continue to employ invalids as well as soldiers deemed by their commanding officers as detriments to their units were motivations to change this system. The long period of engagement also discouraged many potential recruits. The long service enlistments were consequently replaced with short service enlistments, with undesirable soldiers not permitted to re-engage on the completion of their first engagement. The size of the army also fluctuated greatly, increasing in war time, and drastically shrinking with peace. Battalions posted on garrison duty overseas were allowed an increase on their normal peacetime establishment, which resulted in their having surplus men on their return to a Home station. Consequently, soldiers engaging on short term enlistments were enabled to serve several years with the colours and the remainder in the Regular Reserve, remaining liable to recall to the colours if required. Among the other benefits, this thereby enabled the British Army to have a ready pool of recently-trained men to draw upon in an emergency. The name of the Regular Reserve (which for a time was divided into a First Class and a Second Class) has resulted in confusion with the Reserve Forces, which were the pre-existing part-time, local-service home-defence forces that were auxiliary to the British Army (or Regular Force), but not originally part of it: the Honourable Artillery Company, Yeomanry, Militia (or Constitutional Force) and Volunteer Force. These were consequently also referred to as Auxiliary Forces or Local Forces.[8].[page needed]The Army's existing system of enlistment therefore produced an army of experienced or even veteran soldiers, but no class of reserves that could be recalled to serve in case of a national emergency. Under the Army Reserve Act of 1867, a \"First Class Army Reserve\" had been created, of soldiers released from active service who had not completed their terms of service, to have an establishment of 20,000 men in theory. In practice, as of 1868, only 2,033 were in this body of men.[9] The \"Second Class Army Reserve\" was to consist of army pensioners and of discharged soldiers having at least five years regular service.[10] The First Class Army Reserve was liable for overseas service in the event of war, whereas the Second Class Army Reserve was for home service to defend against invasion.[11] Cardwell therefore brought before Parliament the idea of \"short service\". The Act of 1870 allowed a soldier to choose to spend time in the reserves after service with the colours. As to the proportion of time spent on active service with the colours versus the balance in the reserve, this was to be laid down from time to time by the Secretary of State for War.[12]Upon transferring to the Army Reserve, for the remainder of their 12 years, the soldier would be transferred to Section A or Section B, with Section C being subsumed into Section B in 1904. Section A was voluntary and limited, each infantry regiment being permitted about 50 men on their books. Section B was the normal destination for the balance of the 12 years enlistment.[13]In 1881, under the Childers Reforms short service was increased to seven years with the colours, and five with the reserve, of the twelve-year enlistment period that the Cardwell Reforms had introduced.[14][15][16] This also introduced the ability for time-served soldiers to extend service in the reserve by four years, albeit classed as the second division, or Section D, of the First Class Army Reserve.[17][18][19] By 1900 the reservists numbered about 80,000 trained men, still relatively young and available to be recalled to their units at short notice in the event of general mobilisation.[20]In August 1914, the line infantry could call upon 80,688 men of the Army Reserve, in addition to the Special Reserve. The Army Reserve soldiers were the first to be sent as drafts, with the Special Reserve second in precedence.[21] Sixty percent of the infantry consisted of men recalled from the reserve. [b] The Official History notes that Special Reserve drafts were despatched a month into the fighting, with the Army Reserve component having already being depleted.[23][c] To help remedy this, Army Council Instruction 118 dated 16 January 1915 was requesting TF men volunteering to transfer to the Army Reserve battalions.[25]The New Army was formed and recruited, following the outbreak of war. It required six months of training, and in theory, would be ready by late February 1915 at the very earliest. The challenge for the Special Reserve was to provide sufficient numbers of trained Reserves to offset casualties suffered by the regular battalions of the British Expeditionary Force, during this time. By the end of March 1915 more than thirty infantry regiments would see their trained reserves drop below 100 men.[21]","title":"Regular Reserves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DASA-Reserves-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Regular-1"},{"link_name":"Volunteer Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Reserves_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Army Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Reserve_(United_Kingdom)"}],"sub_title":"Army Reserve (Regular) - Present Day","text":"Today, the Army Reserve (Regular) of the British Army consists of Regular Reserves serving under a fixed-term reserve contract and are by far the largest of the armed forces Regular Reserves. As of 2014 they numbered 30,030 personnel[3] and are divided into two categories. Category A is mandatory, with ex-Regulars automatically falling into this category upon leaving Regular service. Category D is voluntary, for ex-Regulars who are no longer required to serve in category A, but wish to continue, this normally lasts until the age of 55. Ex-Regulars in both categories serve under the fixed-term reserve contract.[1]The Army Reserve (Regular) is distinct from and should not be confused with the British Army's Volunteer Reserve force of the same name, the Army Reserve.","title":"Regular Reserves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DASA-Reserves-3"}],"sub_title":"Air Force Reserve","text":"The Air Force Reserve consists of ex-Regulars serving under a fixed-term reserve contract. As of 2014, they have a strength of 7,120 personnel.[3]","title":"Regular Reserves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Regular_Reserve-2"}],"text":"The following elements of the Regular Reserve are no longer included or counted in Ministry of Defence publications and statistics on Reserve Forces and Cadets.[2]","title":"Other Regular Reserves and the Reserve Forces Act 1996"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Regular-1"}],"sub_title":"Regular Reserve – Long Term Reserve","text":"British Army – \"All male (but not female) soldiers who enlisted before 1 Apr 97 have a statutory liability for service in the Long Term Reserve until their 45th birthday. Men and women who enlisted on or after 1 Apr 97 serve for a total of 18 years or until age 55, in the Regular Reserve and Long Term Reserve combined from the date of completion of their full time Colour service. Long Term Reservists may only be recalled under Section 52 of the Reserve Forces Act (RFA) 1996, for home or overseas service, in case of imminent national danger or great emergency.\"[1]","title":"Other Regular Reserves and the Reserve Forces Act 1996"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Regular-1"}],"sub_title":"Regular Reserve – Pensioners","text":"British Army – \"Until age 60 those in receipt of an Army pension may be recalled under Section 52 of the RFA 96 for home or overseas service, in case of imminent national danger or great emergency. Present policy is not to recall a pensioner who is over the age of 55.\"[1]","title":"Other Regular Reserves and the Reserve Forces Act 1996"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Engagements & Time to Serve in Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEngagements_&_Time_to_Serve_in_Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds202188-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds2021440-26"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Regular_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Regular_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Regular_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Regular_1-3"},{"link_name":"\"British Army - Regular Reserve\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.army.mod.uk/reserve/31789.aspx"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Regular_Reserve_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Regular_Reserve_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"MoD – reserves and cadet strengths 2014\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/314795/uk_reserve_force_cadets_2014.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DASA-Reserves_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DASA-Reserves_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DASA-Reserves_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DASA-Reserves_3-3"},{"link_name":"\"MoD – reserves and cadet strengths 2014\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/314795/uk_reserve_force_cadets_2014.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"UK Armed Forces Quarterly Personnel Report October 2014\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/373115/af-quarterly_personnel_report_oct14.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"The Royal Fleet Reserve and How to Join It\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sites.rootsweb.com/~pbtyc/RFR/RFR.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Long Service Medals to the Naval Reserve 1909 - 1957\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.northeastmedals.co.uk/britishguide/reserve_royal_navy.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LLT_RND_8-0"},{"link_name":"\"How to research a man of the Royal Naval Division\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.longlongtrail.co.uk/soldiers/how-to-research-a-man-of-the-royal-naval-division/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodenoughDalton1893_9-0"},{"link_name":"Goodenough & Dalton 1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGoodenoughDalton1893"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodenoughDalton189350_10-0"},{"link_name":"Goodenough & Dalton 1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGoodenoughDalton1893"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodenoughDalton189349%E2%80%9350_11-0"},{"link_name":"Goodenough & Dalton 1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGoodenoughDalton1893"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiddulph190432%E2%80%9333_12-0"},{"link_name":"Biddulph 1904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBiddulph1904"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiddulph190458_13-0"},{"link_name":"Biddulph 1904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBiddulph1904"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangley201424_14-0"},{"link_name":"Langley 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLangley2014"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaugh2004298_15-0"},{"link_name":"Raugh 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRaugh2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkelley1977256_16-0"},{"link_name":"Skelley 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSkelley1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Han03mar1881_17-0"},{"link_name":"HC Deb, 3 March 1881 vol 259 c200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hansard.parliament.uk/html/Commons/1881-03-03/CommonsChamber#200"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Han01aug1881_18-0"},{"link_name":"HC Deb, 1 August 1881 vol 264 c435","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hansard.parliament.uk/html/Commons/1881-08-01/CommonsChamber#435"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Han11jul1881_19-0"},{"link_name":"HC Deb, 11 July 1881 vol 263 c620","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hansard.parliament.uk/html/Commons/1881-07-11/CommonsChamber#620"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RFA_1881_c57_PGA44&45_20-0"},{"link_name":"\"Regulation of the Forces Act\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//app.justis.com/statute/regulation-of-the-forces-act-1881/overview/cYqZmXidm4Wca"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1996188_21-0"},{"link_name":"Chandler 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChandler1996"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillott201514_22-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillott201514_22-1"},{"link_name":"Gillott 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGillott2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonds202188_23-0"},{"link_name":"Edmonds 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEdmonds2021"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillott201517_25-0"},{"link_name":"Gillott 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGillott2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonds2021440_26-0"},{"link_name":"Edmonds 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEdmonds2021"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Langley Pt2 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLangley_Pt2_2014"}],"text":"Notes^ 1903, the Special Service Engagements (SS) was introduced for 5 years service in the RN and 7 in the Royal Fleet Reserve Engagements & Time to Serve in Royal Navy \n\n^ 'Altogether, the circumstances were very trying for the reservists, who formed 60 per cent of the infantry, and were for the most part still out of condition.' [22] \n\n^ ‘It is significant of the heavy and unexpected wastage that within a month of firing the first shot, the supply of Regular Reservists for many regiments had been exhausted, and that men of the Special Reserve – the Militia of old days – were beginning to take their place.[24]Citations^ a b c d \"British Army - Regular Reserve\". Retrieved 11 December 2014 – via army.mod.uk.\n\n^ a b \"MoD – reserves and cadet strengths 2014\" (PDF). table 4 page 13. See note 2. April 2014.\n\n^ a b c d \"MoD – reserves and cadet strengths 2014\" (PDF). table 1a-page 10. April 2014.\n\n^ \"UK Armed Forces Quarterly Personnel Report October 2014\" (PDF). gov.uk, table 1 page 6, October 2014.\n\n^ \"The Royal Fleet Reserve and How to Join It\". January 1914 – via RootsWeb.\n\n^ \"Long Service Medals to the Naval Reserve 1909 - 1957\".\n\n^ Baker, Chris. \"How to research a man of the Royal Naval Division\". Royal Naval records. Retrieved 24 March 2024 – via The long, long trail. George Bellinger... had enrolled into the Royal Navy in [December] 1907 and served full time until his transfer to Royal Fleet Reserve [Class C in January 1913]. At the start of the Great War he was recalled and allocated on 17 September 1914 to the new Drake Battalion of the RND.\n\n^ Goodenough & Dalton 1893.\n\n^ Goodenough & Dalton 1893, p. 50.\n\n^ Goodenough & Dalton 1893, pp. 49–50.\n\n^ Biddulph 1904, pp. 32–33.\n\n^ Biddulph 1904, p. 58.\n\n^ Langley 2014, p. 24.\n\n^ Raugh 2004, p. 298.\n\n^ Skelley 1977, p. 256.\n\n^ See HC Deb, 3 March 1881 vol 259 c200\n Lord Childers: 'In the second place, we propose that the terms of enlistment should remain 12 years, as now, but that the period with the colours should be seven instead of six years...'.\n\n^ See HC Deb, 1 August 1881 vol 264 c435\n Lord Childers: 'The Bill is a very simple one, and it has been in print for some time. [Regulation of the Forces Act.] It contains certainly two important clauses — one to enable the Chelsea Commissioners to grant certain pensions... and the other to enable the Crown to increase the Reserve by allowing men, after their 12 years' engagement, to volunteer for four years more into a second Reserve.\n\n^ See HC Deb, 11 July 1881 vol 263 c620\n Lord Childers: 'The only clause of importance was the 5th, which related to the Reserves, and which enabled a second Reserve to be formed for four years of men who had completed their 12 years' engagement. The remainder of the Bill would not require much discussion.'.\n\n^ \"Regulation of the Forces Act\". UK Parliament. 1881. Provision for Supplemental Reserve – via JustisOne.\n\n^ Chandler 1996, p. 188.\n\n^ a b Gillott 2015, p. 14.\n\n^ Edmonds 2021, p. 88.\n\n^ Gillott 2015, p. 17.\n\n^ Edmonds 2021, p. 440.\n\n^ Langley Pt2 2014, p. 29","title":"Notes and citations"}]	[]	[{"title":"Volunteer Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Reserves_(United_Kingdom)"},{"title":"Military reserve force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_reserve_force"},{"title":"Reserve Forces Act 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Forces_Act_1996"},{"title":"Sponsored Reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponsored_Reserves"}]	[{"reference":"\"British Army - Regular Reserve\". Retrieved 11 December 2014 – via army.mod.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.army.mod.uk/reserve/31789.aspx","url_text":"\"British Army - Regular Reserve\""}]},{"reference":"\"MoD – reserves and cadet strengths 2014\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/314795/uk_reserve_force_cadets_2014.pdf","url_text":"\"MoD – reserves and cadet strengths 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"MoD – reserves and cadet strengths 2014\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/314795/uk_reserve_force_cadets_2014.pdf","url_text":"\"MoD – reserves and cadet strengths 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK Armed Forces Quarterly Personnel Report October 2014\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/373115/af-quarterly_personnel_report_oct14.pdf","url_text":"\"UK Armed Forces Quarterly Personnel Report October 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Royal Fleet Reserve and How to Join It\". January 1914 – via RootsWeb.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.rootsweb.com/~pbtyc/RFR/RFR.html","url_text":"\"The Royal Fleet Reserve and How to Join It\""}]},{"reference":"\"Long Service Medals to the Naval Reserve 1909 - 1957\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.northeastmedals.co.uk/britishguide/reserve_royal_navy.htm","url_text":"\"Long Service Medals to the Naval Reserve 1909 - 1957\""}]},{"reference":"Baker, Chris. \"How to research a man of the Royal Naval Division\". Royal Naval records. Retrieved 24 March 2024 – via The long, long trail. George Bellinger... had enrolled into the Royal Navy in [December] 1907 and served full time until his transfer to Royal Fleet Reserve [Class C in January 1913]. At the start of the Great War he was recalled and allocated on 17 September 1914 to the new Drake Battalion of the RND.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/soldiers/how-to-research-a-man-of-the-royal-naval-division/","url_text":"\"How to research a man of the Royal Naval Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regulation of the Forces Act\". UK Parliament. 1881. Provision for Supplemental Reserve – via JustisOne.","urls":[{"url":"https://app.justis.com/statute/regulation-of-the-forces-act-1881/overview/cYqZmXidm4Wca","url_text":"\"Regulation of the Forces Act\""}]},{"reference":"Benyon, Paul (July 2002). \"Service Engagements - A Commitment to Serve for Specific Periods\". Retrieved 17 March 2024 – via RootsWeb.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.rootsweb.com/~pbtyc/RN/Engagements.html","url_text":"\"Service Engagements - A Commitment to Serve for Specific Periods\""}]},{"reference":"Biddulph, General Sir Robert (1904). Lord Cardwell at the War Office: a History of his Administration 1868 – 1874. London: John Murray. OCLC 316005611.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lordcardwellatw01biddgoog/page/n9","url_text":"Lord Cardwell at the War Office: a History of his Administration 1868 – 1874"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/316005611","url_text":"316005611"}]},{"reference":"Chandler, David G. (1996). The Oxford History of the British Army. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-285333-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285333-3","url_text":"0-19-285333-3"}]},{"reference":"Edmonds, J. E. (2021) [1933]. Military Operations France and Belgium, 1914: Mons, the Retreat to the Seine, the Marne and the Aisne August–October 1914. History of the Great War. Vol. I (3rd ed.). Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 978-1-78-331611-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Edward_Edmonds","url_text":"Edmonds, J. E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Great_War","url_text":"History of the Great War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78-331611-3","url_text":"978-1-78-331611-3"}]},{"reference":"Gillott, Martin (January 2015). \"British Line Infantry Reserves for the Great War - Part 3\". Stand To! (102). The Western Front Association: 14–20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.westernfrontassociation.com/stand-to/","url_text":"\"British Line Infantry Reserves for the Great War - Part 3\""}]},{"reference":"Goodenough, W. H.; Dalton, J. G. (1893). The Army Book for the British Empire. London: Harrison and Sons. OCLC 1013373372.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b15979&view=1up&seq=78&skin=2021","url_text":"The Army Book for the British Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1013373372","url_text":"1013373372"}]},{"reference":"Langley, David (June 2014). \"British Line Infantry Reserves for the Great War - Part 1\". Stand To! (100). The Western Front Association: 23–27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.westernfrontassociation.com/stand-to/","url_text":"\"British Line Infantry Reserves for the Great War - Part 1\""}]},{"reference":"Langley, David (September 2014). \"British Line Infantry Reserves for the Great War - Part 2\". Stand To! (101). The Western Front Association: 27–31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.westernfrontassociation.com/stand-to/","url_text":"\"British Line Infantry Reserves for the Great War - Part 2\""}]},{"reference":"Raugh, Harold E. (2004). The Victorians at War, 1815-1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-926-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-926-0","url_text":"1-57607-926-0"}]},{"reference":"Skelley, Alan Ramsay (1977). The Victorian army at home: the recruitment and terms and conditions of the British regular, 1859-1899 (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-85664-335-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85664-335-4","url_text":"978-0-85664-335-4"}]},{"reference":"\"British Army - Regular Reserve\". Retrieved 11 December 2014 – via army.mod.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.army.mod.uk/reserve/31789.aspx","url_text":"\"British Army - Regular Reserve\""}]},{"reference":"\"MoD – reserves and cadet strengths 2014\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/314795/uk_reserve_force_cadets_2014.pdf","url_text":"\"MoD – reserves and cadet strengths 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK Armed Forces Quarterly Personnel Report October 2014\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/373115/af-quarterly_personnel_report_oct14.pdf","url_text":"\"UK Armed Forces Quarterly Personnel Report October 2014\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.army.mod.uk/reserve/31789.aspx","external_links_name":"\"British Army - Regular Reserve\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/314795/uk_reserve_force_cadets_2014.pdf","external_links_name":"\"MoD – reserves and cadet strengths 2014\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/314795/uk_reserve_force_cadets_2014.pdf","external_links_name":"\"MoD – reserves and cadet strengths 2014\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/373115/af-quarterly_personnel_report_oct14.pdf","external_links_name":"\"UK Armed Forces Quarterly Personnel Report October 2014\""},{"Link":"https://sites.rootsweb.com/~pbtyc/RFR/RFR.html","external_links_name":"\"The Royal Fleet Reserve and How to Join It\""},{"Link":"https://www.northeastmedals.co.uk/britishguide/reserve_royal_navy.htm","external_links_name":"\"Long Service Medals to the Naval Reserve 1909 - 1957\""},{"Link":"https://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/soldiers/how-to-research-a-man-of-the-royal-naval-division/","external_links_name":"\"How to research a man of the Royal Naval Division\""},{"Link":"https://hansard.parliament.uk/html/Commons/1881-03-03/CommonsChamber#200","external_links_name":"HC Deb, 3 March 1881 vol 259 c200"},{"Link":"https://hansard.parliament.uk/html/Commons/1881-08-01/CommonsChamber#435","external_links_name":"HC Deb, 1 August 1881 vol 264 c435"},{"Link":"https://hansard.parliament.uk/html/Commons/1881-07-11/CommonsChamber#620","external_links_name":"HC Deb, 11 July 1881 vol 263 c620"},{"Link":"https://app.justis.com/statute/regulation-of-the-forces-act-1881/overview/cYqZmXidm4Wca","external_links_name":"\"Regulation of the Forces Act\""},{"Link":"https://sites.rootsweb.com/~pbtyc/RN/Engagements.html","external_links_name":"\"Service Engagements - A Commitment to Serve for Specific Periods\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lordcardwellatw01biddgoog/page/n9","external_links_name":"Lord Cardwell at the War Office: a History of his Administration 1868 – 1874"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/316005611","external_links_name":"316005611"},{"Link":"https://www.westernfrontassociation.com/stand-to/","external_links_name":"\"British Line Infantry Reserves for the Great War - Part 3\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b15979&view=1up&seq=78&skin=2021","external_links_name":"The Army Book for the British Empire"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1013373372","external_links_name":"1013373372"},{"Link":"https://www.westernfrontassociation.com/stand-to/","external_links_name":"\"British Line Infantry Reserves for the Great War - Part 1\""},{"Link":"https://www.westernfrontassociation.com/stand-to/","external_links_name":"\"British Line Infantry Reserves for the Great War - Part 2\""},{"Link":"http://www.army.mod.uk/reserve/31789.aspx","external_links_name":"\"British Army - Regular Reserve\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/314795/uk_reserve_force_cadets_2014.pdf","external_links_name":"\"MoD – reserves and cadet strengths 2014\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/373115/af-quarterly_personnel_report_oct14.pdf","external_links_name":"\"UK Armed Forces Quarterly Personnel Report October 2014\""},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/14","external_links_name":"Reserve Forces Act 1996"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatababy	Thatababy	["1 References"]	ThatababyCurrent status/scheduleCurrent daily stripLaunch dateOctober 4, 2010; 13 years ago (October 4, 2010)Syndicate(s)Universal Uclick/Andrews McMeel SyndicationGenre(s)Humor Thatababy is a daily humor comic strip created by Paul Trap, launched on October 4, 2010, and syndicated by Andrews McMeel Syndication. The central characters are the titular baby and an unnamed Mom and Dad. Trap describes Thatababy as "a parenting strip through the eyes of the baby." Before syndication Trap entered the strip in the Amazon Comic Strip Superstar contest, where it drew praise from judges Lynn Johnston, Garry Trudeau, Mark Tatulli and Scott Hilburn. Andrews-McMeel has published three e-book collections: Thatababy Rocks Out!, Thatababy Geeks Out! and Thatababy Gets Arty! References ^ Gardner, Alan (2010-10-04). "Launching Today: Thatababy! BY Paul Trap". The Daily Cartoonist. ^ MacLeod, Susanna (2010-12-31). "Paul Trap, Creator of "Thatababy"". The Cartoonists. ^ "Thatababy". Udig. Retrieved 2014-04-22. vteAndrews McMeel Universal Andrews McMeel Andrews McMeel Syndication Universal Press Syndicate Uclick Atlantic Syndication Comic strips(current) Adam@home Argyle Sweater Baldo Biographic Breaking Cat News C'est la Vie Close to Home Compu-toon Cornered Crankshaft Doonesbury The Duplex The 5th Wave Fluff FoxTrot Fred Basset The Fusco Brothers Garfield Gaturro Ginger Meggs In the Bleachers Judge Dredd La Cucaracha Liō The Lockhorns Loose Parts Mike du Jour Mutt and Jeff (reruns) Nancy New Adventures of Queen Victoria Non Sequitur Off the Mark Overboard Peanuts (reruns) Pearls Before Swine Phoebe and Her Unicorn Pibgorn Pickles Pooch Café Real Life Adventures Red and Rover Stone Soup Tank McNamara Thatababy Tiny Sepuku Tom the Dancing Bug Wallace the Brave Ziggy Comic strips(historical) The Boondocks Brainwaves Calvin and Hobbes Cathy Citizen Dog Cleats Condorito Cul de Sac Dilbert Downstown Encyclopedia Brown The Far Side For Better or For Worse Geech Ink Pen James Bond Kelly & Duke Kudzu Lucky Cow Maintaining Mullets PreTeena Ronaldinho Gaucho W. T. Duck Van Von Hunter Where I'm Coming From You Can with Beakman and Jax Editorialcartoons Lalo Alcaraz Tony Auth Bad Reporter Stuart Carlson Mike Lester Glenn McCoy Pat Oliphant Ted Rall Ben Sargent Tom Toles Kerry Waghorn Lifestyle Ask the Headhunter Dear Abby Focus on the Family On Ethics News of the Weird Scott Burns Other Earthweek Hidato The Independent Magic Eye The Mini Page The Motley Fool Timothy Parker Religion News Service Wonderword Zweihänder Grim & Perilous RPG This comic strip–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrews McMeel Syndication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrews_McMeel_Syndication"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-launching-1"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"},{"link_name":"Lynn Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Johnston"},{"link_name":"Garry Trudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Trudeau"},{"link_name":"Mark Tatulli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Tatulli"},{"link_name":"Scott Hilburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scott_Hilburn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-creator-2"},{"link_name":"Andrews-McMeel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrews_McMeel_Publishing"},{"link_name":"e-book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-book"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-listing-3"}],"text":"Thatababy is a daily humor comic strip created by Paul Trap, launched on October 4, 2010, and syndicated by Andrews McMeel Syndication. The central characters are the titular baby and an unnamed Mom and Dad. Trap describes Thatababy as \"a parenting strip through the eyes of the baby.\"[1] Before syndication Trap entered the strip in the Amazon Comic Strip Superstar contest, where it drew praise from judges Lynn Johnston, Garry Trudeau, Mark Tatulli and Scott Hilburn.[2] Andrews-McMeel has published three e-book collections: Thatababy Rocks Out!, Thatababy Geeks Out! and Thatababy Gets Arty![3]","title":"Thatababy"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Gardner, Alan (2010-10-04). \"Launching Today: Thatababy! BY Paul Trap\". The Daily Cartoonist.","urls":[{"url":"http://dailycartoonist.com/index.php/2010/10/04/launching-today-thatababy-by-paul-trap/","url_text":"\"Launching Today: Thatababy! BY Paul Trap\""}]},{"reference":"MacLeod, Susanna (2010-12-31). \"Paul Trap, Creator of \"Thatababy\"\". The Cartoonists.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecartoonists.ca/Index_files/2010Pages/TC%20-%20Paul%20Trap.htm","url_text":"\"Paul Trap, Creator of \"Thatababy\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thatababy\". Udig. Retrieved 2014-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://andrewsmcmeel.com/books/comics-and-humor/udig/thatababy","url_text":"\"Thatababy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udig","url_text":"Udig"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://dailycartoonist.com/index.php/2010/10/04/launching-today-thatababy-by-paul-trap/","external_links_name":"\"Launching Today: Thatababy! BY Paul Trap\""},{"Link":"http://www.thecartoonists.ca/Index_files/2010Pages/TC%20-%20Paul%20Trap.htm","external_links_name":"\"Paul Trap, Creator of \"Thatababy\"\""},{"Link":"http://andrewsmcmeel.com/books/comics-and-humor/udig/thatababy","external_links_name":"\"Thatababy\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thatababy&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-speed_vehicles	Low-speed vehicle	["1 Canada","2 France","3 Philippines","4 United States","4.1 Short commute vehicles","5 China","6 See also","7 References"]	Vehicle with low maximum capable speed See also: Microcar Squad Solar Neighborhood Electric Vehicle An orange triangle required on the rear of low-speed vehicles in several countries In the United States and Canada, low-speed vehicle (LSV) regulations allow relaxed design and registration laws for four-wheel vehicles that have a maximum capable speed of about 25 mph (40 km/h). Several other countries have similar regulations. Canada Under Motor Vehicle Safety Regulations, a low-speed vehicle is defined as a vehicle, other than an all-terrain vehicle, a truck or a vehicle imported temporarily for special purposes, that is powered by an electric motor, produces no emissions, is designed to travel on 4 wheels and has an attainable speed in 1.6 km of more than 32 km/h (20 mph) but not more than 40 km/h (25 mph) on a paved level surface. Low-speed vehicles are currently street legal in British Columbia, Quebec, and Ontario. SC Carts was the first Canadian manufacturer to begin producing street legal low-speed vehicles. France Main article: Quadricycle (EU vehicle classification) Further information: Voiturette Quadricycles (the EU vehicle classification covering this type of vehicle) can be driven without a car licence, and are known as voitures sans permis (VSP), literally “cars without licence”. Despite this name, drivers must first sit a written road-safety exam, and be at least 14 years old before legally being allowed to drive this type of vehicle. Philippines The Philippines Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board has created a Low-Speed Vehicle category for four--wheeled motor vehicles that use alternative fuel (such as electricity) and have a maximum speed of 40 km/h (25 mph). This regulation was created for the E-jeepney electric-powered minibuses, which were introduced in 2007. The E-jeepney carries 17 passengers and can run 120 km on an 8-hour charge from an electric outlet. United States Main article: Neighborhood Electric Vehicle A Tiger Star LSV van with a maximum speed of 30 mph (48 km/h) The Moke America eMoke by Chery/MOKE International/Cruise Car The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has published safety guidelines in the United States which apply to vehicles operating in the 20–25 mile-per-hour speed range. Low-speed vehicles are defined as a four-wheeled motor vehicle that has a gross vehicle weight rating of less than 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg) and a top speed of between 20 and 25 mph (32 and 40 km/h). States which have specific regulations for LSVs include Alaska, California, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine Maryland, Missouri, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah and Washington, DC. Nearly all 50 states allow LSVs, also called Neighborhood Electric Vehicles (NEVs), to drive on their roads where the speed limit is 35 mph or less. Either they follow FMVSS500 (25 mph top speed on 35 mph limit roads), or make their own more aggressive law. Because of federal law, car dealers cannot legally sell the vehicles to go faster than 25 mph (40 km/h), but the buyer can easily modify the car to go 35 mph (56 km/h). However, if modified to exceed 25 mph (40 km/h), the vehicle then becomes subject to additional safety requirements. These speed restrictions, combined with a typical driving range of 30 miles (48 km) per charge and a typical three-year battery durability, are required because of a lack of federally mandated safety equipment and features which NEVs cannot accommodate because of their design. To satisfy federal safety requirements for manufacturers, NEVs must be equipped with three-point seat belts or a lap belt, running lights, headlights, brake lights, reflectors, rear view mirrors, and turn signals; windshield wipers are not required. In many cases, doors may be optional, crash protection from other vehicles is partially met compared to other non-motorized transport such as bicycles because of the use of seat belts. In 2011, a Time magazine article concluded that the lack of passenger safety protection made most LSVs unfit for city driving, despite their excellent maneuverability. Short commute vehicles Short commute vehicle (SCV) is a term sometimes used for vehicles that are used for regular trips of 10 mi (16 km) or less. The term "ultra small vehicle" is also used for similar styles of vehicle. SCVs are faster than 3 mph (5 km/h)—walking pace—and not regulated by other Motor Vehicle Legislation. It would include vehicles regulated under FMVSS500 (USA Low Speed Vehicle Regulation), CMVSS500 (Canadian Low Speed Vehicle Regulation) and certain L-category vehicles (Quadricycle L6 and L7) in the EU. Battery electric vehicles (BEV) are highly suited as Short Commute Vehicles due to their inherent short operating range; however, SCVs do not have to be BEVs. Since 2010, the American Association of Retired Persons and Insurance Institute for Highway Safety have expressed concerns about mixed traffic flows including this class of vehicle. China See also: New energy vehicles in China § Low-speed vehicles and other modes This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2022) See also Battery electric vehicle Golf cart Medium speed vehicle Neighborhood electric vehicle Quadricycles References ^ "Motor Vehicle Safety Regulations". www.tc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 13 February 2007. ^ Canada, Transport (2016-02-16). "Question and answer for Low-Speed Vehicles". Transport Canada. Retrieved 2022-12-13. ^ SAAQ. "Low-Speed Vehicles". SAAQ. Retrieved 2022-12-13. ^ "Low-speed vehicle pilot program". ontario.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-13. ^ "Custom Electric Vehicles & Golf Carts \| SC Carts \| Vernon BC". sc-carts. Retrieved 2022-12-13. ^ earthtimes.org, Electric minibuses start commercial operations in Philippines ^ manilastandardtoday.com, Enforcers to drive E-jeeps ^ Abs-Cbn Interactive, E-jeepneys debut on Manila streets ^ "www.legis.delaware.gov - Official web site of First State Legislature". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. ^ 49 CFR § 571.3 - US Code of Federal Regulations Archived 2009-05-05 at the Wayback Machine; "FMCSA - Regulation: 571.500". Archived from the original on 2008-10-18. Retrieved 2008-07-18. ^ "Low-Speed Vehicle Access to Roadways". www.energy.gov. Retrieved 3 December 2018. ^ "Alternative Fuels Data Center: Federal and State Laws and Incentives". ^ "Alternative Fuels Data Center: Federal and State Laws and Incentives". ^ "Alternative Fuels Data Center: Federal and State Laws and Incentives". ^ "Alternative Fuels Data Center: Federal and State Laws and Incentives". ^ "Alternative Fuels Data Center: Federal and State Laws and Incentives". ^ "Alternative Fuels Data Center: Federal and State Laws and Incentives". ^ "Alternative Fuels Data Center: Federal and State Laws and Incentives". ^ "Alternative Fuels Data Center: Federal and State Laws and Incentives". ^ "Alternative Fuels Data Center: Federal and State Laws and Incentives". ^ "Alternative Fuels Data Center: Federal and State Laws and Incentives". ^ "Alternative Fuels Data Center: Federal and State Laws and Incentives". ^ "Alternative Fuels Data Center: Federal and State Laws and Incentives". ^ "Alternative Fuels Data Center: Federal and State Laws and Incentives". ^ "Alternative Fuels Data Center: Federal and State Laws and Incentives". ^ "Non-Traditional Motor Vehicles and DC Law" (PDF). ^ a b "Map: roads on which low-speed vehicles are permitted". www.iihs.org. Retrieved 2017-01-15. ^ a b Saporito, Bill. "Slow Riders. Souped-up golf carts hit the streets", Time magazine, August 22, 2011, p. 52 ^ "63 FR 33913, June 17, 1998". www.nhtsa.gov. Retrieved 3 December 2018. ^ "Low- and medium-speed vehicles". www.iihs.org. Retrieved 3 December 2018. ^ Mitchell, William J. (2010). Reinventing the Automobile: Personal Urban Mobility for the 21st Century. MIT Press. p. 178. ISBN 9780262288569. Retrieved 15 December 2018. ^ "Policy and Design Considerations for Accommodating Low-Speed Vehicles and Golf Carts in Community Transportation Networks" (PDF). www.aarp.org. Retrieved 13 December 2018. ^ Low Speed Vehicles and Minitrucks shouldn't share busy Public Roads with Regular Traffic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Squad_Solar_Car_(Fully_Charged_2022).jpg"},{"link_name":"Squad Solar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squad_Solar"},{"link_name":"Neighborhood Electric Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slow_moving_vehicle.svg"}],"text":"See also: MicrocarSquad Solar Neighborhood Electric VehicleAn orange triangle required on the rear of low-speed vehicles in several countriesIn the United States and Canada, low-speed vehicle (LSV) regulations allow relaxed design and registration laws for four-wheel vehicles that have a maximum capable speed of about 25 mph (40 km/h). Several other countries have similar regulations.","title":"Low-speed vehicle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"SC Carts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SC_Carts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Under Motor Vehicle Safety Regulations, a low-speed vehicle is defined as a vehicle, other than an all-terrain vehicle, a truck or a vehicle imported temporarily for special purposes, that is powered by an electric motor, produces no emissions, is designed to travel on 4 wheels and has an attainable speed in 1.6 km of more than 32 km/h (20 mph) but not more than 40 km/h (25 mph) on a paved level surface.[1]Low-speed vehicles are currently street legal in British Columbia,[2] Quebec,[3] and Ontario.[4]SC Carts was the first Canadian manufacturer to begin producing street legal low-speed vehicles.[5]","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Voiturette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiturette"}],"text":"Further information: VoituretteQuadricycles (the EU vehicle classification covering this type of vehicle) can be driven without a car licence, and are known as voitures sans permis (VSP), literally “cars without licence”. Despite this name, drivers must first sit a written road-safety exam, and be at least 14 years old before legally being allowed to drive this type of vehicle.","title":"France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Philippines Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board has created a Low-Speed Vehicle category for four--wheeled motor vehicles that use alternative fuel (such as electricity) and have a maximum speed of 40 km/h (25 mph).This regulation was created for the E-jeepney electric-powered minibuses, which were introduced in 2007. The E-jeepney carries 17 passengers and can run 120 km on an 8-hour charge from an electric outlet.[6][7][8]","title":"Philippines"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tiger_Star_van_low-speed_vehicle.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019_Moke_America_eMoke,_front_left_(Amagansett).jpg"},{"link_name":"Moke America eMoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moke_(revival)"},{"link_name":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DESenateBill17_GenAssembly144-9"},{"link_name":"gross vehicle weight rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_vehicle_weight_rating"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Neighborhood Electric Vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Souped-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhtsa.gov-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-27"},{"link_name":"battery durability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_durability"},{"link_name":"seat belts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seat_belt"},{"link_name":"headlights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headlight"},{"link_name":"rear view mirrors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_view_mirror"},{"link_name":"turn signals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn_signal"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Souped-28"}],"text":"A Tiger Star LSV van with a maximum speed of 30 mph (48 km/h)The Moke America eMoke by Chery/MOKE International/Cruise CarThe National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has published safety guidelines in the United States which apply to vehicles operating in the 20–25 mile-per-hour speed range.[9] Low-speed vehicles are defined as a four-wheeled motor vehicle that has a gross vehicle weight rating of less than 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg) and a top speed of between 20 and 25 mph (32 and 40 km/h).[10]States which have specific regulations for LSVs include Alaska,[11] California,[12] Indiana,[13] Iowa, [14] Kansas,[15] Louisiana, [16] Maine[17] Maryland,[18] Missouri,[19] New York,[20] Oregon,[21] Rhode Island,[22] South Carolina,[23] Tennessee,[24] Utah[25] and Washington, DC.[26]Nearly all 50 states allow LSVs, also called Neighborhood Electric Vehicles (NEVs), to drive on their roads where the speed limit is 35 mph or less.[27][28] Either they follow FMVSS500 (25 mph top speed on 35 mph limit roads), or make their own more aggressive law. Because of federal law, car dealers cannot legally sell the vehicles to go faster than 25 mph (40 km/h),[29] but the buyer can easily modify the car to go 35 mph (56 km/h). However, if modified to exceed 25 mph (40 km/h), the vehicle then becomes subject to additional safety requirements.[27]These speed restrictions, combined with a typical driving range of 30 miles (48 km) per charge and a typical three-year battery durability, are required because of a lack of federally mandated safety equipment and features which NEVs cannot accommodate because of their design. To satisfy federal safety requirements for manufacturers, NEVs must be equipped with three-point seat belts or a lap belt, running lights, headlights, brake lights, reflectors, rear view mirrors, and turn signals;[30] windshield wipers are not required. In many cases, doors may be optional, crash protection from other vehicles is partially met compared to other non-motorized transport such as bicycles because of the use of seat belts. In 2011, a Time magazine article concluded that the lack of passenger safety protection made most LSVs unfit for city driving, despite their excellent maneuverability.[28]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reinventing_the_Automobile-31"},{"link_name":"Battery electric vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle"},{"link_name":"American Association of Retired Persons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AARP"},{"link_name":"Insurance Institute for Highway Safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_Institute_for_Highway_Safety"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aarp.org-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Short commute vehicles","text":"Short commute vehicle (SCV) is a term sometimes used for vehicles that are used for regular trips of 10 mi (16 km) or less. The term \"ultra small vehicle\" is also used for similar styles of vehicle.[31]SCVs are faster than 3 mph (5 km/h)—walking pace—and not regulated by other Motor Vehicle Legislation. It would include vehicles regulated under FMVSS500 (USA Low Speed Vehicle Regulation), CMVSS500 (Canadian Low Speed Vehicle Regulation) and certain L-category vehicles (Quadricycle L6 and L7) in the EU. Battery electric vehicles (BEV) are highly suited as Short Commute Vehicles due to their inherent short operating range; however, SCVs do not have to be BEVs.Since 2010, the American Association of Retired Persons and Insurance Institute for Highway Safety have expressed concerns about mixed traffic flows including this class of vehicle.[32][33]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New energy vehicles in China § Low-speed vehicles and other modes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_energy_vehicles_in_China#Low-speed_vehicles_and_other_modes"}],"text":"See also: New energy vehicles in China § Low-speed vehicles and other modes","title":"China"}]	[{"image_text":"Squad Solar Neighborhood Electric Vehicle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Squad_Solar_Car_%28Fully_Charged_2022%29.jpg/220px-Squad_Solar_Car_%28Fully_Charged_2022%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"An orange triangle required on the rear of low-speed vehicles in several countries","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Slow_moving_vehicle.svg/150px-Slow_moving_vehicle.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A Tiger Star LSV van with a maximum speed of 30 mph (48 km/h)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Tiger_Star_van_low-speed_vehicle.jpg/260px-Tiger_Star_van_low-speed_vehicle.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Moke America eMoke by Chery/MOKE International/Cruise Car","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/2019_Moke_America_eMoke%2C_front_left_%28Amagansett%29.jpg/260px-2019_Moke_America_eMoke%2C_front_left_%28Amagansett%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Battery electric vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle"},{"title":"Golf cart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_cart"},{"title":"Medium speed vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_speed_vehicle"},{"title":"Neighborhood electric vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhood_electric_vehicle"},{"title":"Quadricycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorised_quadricycle"}]	[{"reference":"\"Motor Vehicle Safety Regulations\". www.tc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 13 February 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070213194848/http://www.tc.gc.ca/acts-regulations/GENERAL/m/mvsa/regulations/mvsrg/001/mvsr1-21.html","url_text":"\"Motor Vehicle Safety Regulations\""},{"url":"http://www.tc.gc.ca/acts-regulations/GENERAL/m/mvsa/regulations/mvsrg/001/mvsr1-21.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Canada, Transport (2016-02-16). \"Question and answer for Low-Speed Vehicles\". Transport Canada. Retrieved 2022-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://tc.canada.ca/en/question-answer-low-speed-vehicles","url_text":"\"Question and answer for Low-Speed Vehicles\""}]},{"reference":"SAAQ. \"Low-Speed Vehicles\". SAAQ. Retrieved 2022-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://saaq.gouv.qc.ca/en/road-safety/modes-transportation/low-speed-vehicle","url_text":"\"Low-Speed Vehicles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Low-speed vehicle pilot program\". ontario.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ontario.ca/page/low-speed-vehicle-pilot-program","url_text":"\"Low-speed vehicle pilot program\""}]},{"reference":"\"Custom Electric Vehicles & Golf Carts \| SC Carts \| Vernon BC\". sc-carts. Retrieved 2022-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sccarts.ca/","url_text":"\"Custom Electric Vehicles & Golf Carts \| SC Carts \| Vernon BC\""}]},{"reference":"\"www.legis.delaware.gov - Official web site of First State Legislature\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716205449/http://legis.delaware.gov/lis/lis144.nsf/vwlegislation/SB+17","url_text":"\"www.legis.delaware.gov - Official web site of First State Legislature\""},{"url":"http://legis.delaware.gov/lis/lis144.nsf/vwlegislation/SB+17","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FMCSA - Regulation: 571.500\". Archived from the original on 2008-10-18. Retrieved 2008-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081018114511/http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/rules-regulations/administration/fmcsr/571.500.htm","url_text":"\"FMCSA - Regulation: 571.500\""},{"url":"http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/rules-regulations/administration/fmcsr/571.500.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Low-Speed Vehicle Access to Roadways\". www.energy.gov. 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Retrieved 2017-01-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iihs.org/iihs/topics/laws/lowspeedvehicles/mapwherepermittedlsvs","url_text":"\"Map: roads on which low-speed vehicles are permitted\""}]},{"reference":"\"63 FR 33913, June 17, 1998\". www.nhtsa.gov. Retrieved 3 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://one.nhtsa.gov/cars/rules/rulings/lsv/lsv.html","url_text":"\"63 FR 33913, June 17, 1998\""}]},{"reference":"\"Low- and medium-speed vehicles\". www.iihs.org. Retrieved 3 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iihs.org/iihs/topics/t/low--and-medium-speed-vehicles/topicoverview","url_text":"\"Low- and medium-speed vehicles\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, William J. (2010). Reinventing the Automobile: Personal Urban Mobility for the 21st Century. MIT Press. p. 178. ISBN 9780262288569. Retrieved 15 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=32Nbb26J9iEC&q=Reinventing+the+Automobile","url_text":"Reinventing the Automobile: Personal Urban Mobility for the 21st Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262288569","url_text":"9780262288569"}]},{"reference":"\"Policy and Design Considerations for Accommodating Low-Speed Vehicles and Golf Carts in Community Transportation Networks\" (PDF). www.aarp.org. Retrieved 13 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/ppi/liv-com/insight54.pdf","url_text":"\"Policy and Design Considerations for Accommodating Low-Speed Vehicles and Golf Carts in Community Transportation Networks\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Low-speed_vehicle&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070213194848/http://www.tc.gc.ca/acts-regulations/GENERAL/m/mvsa/regulations/mvsrg/001/mvsr1-21.html","external_links_name":"\"Motor Vehicle Safety Regulations\""},{"Link":"http://www.tc.gc.ca/acts-regulations/GENERAL/m/mvsa/regulations/mvsrg/001/mvsr1-21.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://tc.canada.ca/en/question-answer-low-speed-vehicles","external_links_name":"\"Question and answer for Low-Speed Vehicles\""},{"Link":"https://saaq.gouv.qc.ca/en/road-safety/modes-transportation/low-speed-vehicle","external_links_name":"\"Low-Speed Vehicles\""},{"Link":"http://www.ontario.ca/page/low-speed-vehicle-pilot-program","external_links_name":"\"Low-speed vehicle pilot program\""},{"Link":"https://www.sccarts.ca/","external_links_name":"\"Custom Electric Vehicles & Golf Carts \| SC Carts \| Vernon BC\""},{"Link":"http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/216052,electric-minibuses-start-commercial-operations-in-philippines.html","external_links_name":"earthtimes.org, Electric minibuses start commercial operations in Philippines"},{"Link":"http://www.manilastandardtoday.com/?page=police1_june30_2008","external_links_name":"manilastandardtoday.com, Enforcers to drive E-jeeps"},{"Link":"http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId=123671","external_links_name":"Abs-Cbn Interactive, E-jeepneys debut on Manila streets"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716205449/http://legis.delaware.gov/lis/lis144.nsf/vwlegislation/SB+17","external_links_name":"\"www.legis.delaware.gov - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metre_freestyle	Swimming at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre freestyle	["1 Medalists","2 Results","2.1 Heats","2.2 Final","3 References"]	Swimming at the1952 Summer OlympicsFreestyle100 mmenwomen400 mmenwomen1500 mmenBackstroke100 mmenwomenBreaststroke200 mmenwomenFreestyle relay4 × 100 mwomen4 × 200 mmenvte The men's 400 metre freestyle event at the 1952 Olympic Games took place between 28 and 30 July at the Swimming Stadium. This swimming event used freestyle swimming, which means that the method of the stroke is not regulated (unlike backstroke, breaststroke, and butterfly events). Nearly all swimmers use the front crawl or a variant of that stroke. Because an Olympic-size swimming pool is 50 metres long, this race consisted of eight lengths of the pool. Medalists Left-right:Konno, Boiteux, Östrand Gold Jean Boiteux France Silver Ford Konno United States Bronze Per-Olof Östrand Sweden At the conclusion of the race, Boiteux's father jumped into the pool to congratulate his son. Results Heats Heat 1 Rank Athlete Country Time Note 1 Jack Wardrop Great Britain 4:43.7 2 Yasuo Tanaka Japan 4:44.3 3 Gotfryd Gremlowski Poland 4:49.0 4 Jo Bernardo France 4:53.5 5 Pentti Ikonen Finland 4:55.7 6 Geoffrey Marks Ceylon 5:15.2 7 Georg Mascetti Saar 5:31.2 Heat 2 Rank Athlete Country Time Note 1 Hironoshin Furuhashi Japan 4:43.3 2 Viktor Drobinsky Soviet Union 4:56.5 3 Neo Chwee Kok Singapore 4:57.5 4 Eduardo Priggione Uruguay 5:12.1 5 Walter Bardgett Bermuda 5:18.0 6 Sonny Monteiro Hong Kong 5:21.6 Heat 3 Rank Athlete Country Time Note 1 Jimmy McLane United States 4:46.5 2 Dennis Ford South Africa 4:50.2 3 Allen Gilchrist Canada 4:52.5 4 Enrique Granados Spain 4:53.7 5 Federico Zwanck Argentina 4:56.4 6 Ricardo Esperard Brazil 5:09.5 7 Walter Schneider Switzerland 5:27.3 Heat 4 Rank Athlete Country Time Note 1 Jean Boiteux France 4:45.1 2 Graham Johnston South Africa 4:52.3 3 Anatoly Raznochintsev Soviet Union 4:56.8 4 Peter Steinwender Austria 5:03.6 5 Peter Head Great Britain 5:04.2 6 Cheung Kin Man Hong Kong 5:11.4 Heat 5 Rank Athlete Country Time Note 1 György Csordás Hungary 4:45.7 2 Ford Konno United States 4:47.9 3 Joris Tjebbes Netherlands 4:54.4 4 Carlos Alberto Bonacich Argentina 5:06.3 5 Per Olsen Norway 5:08.6 6 Pentti Paatsalo Finland 5:09.3 7 Robert Cook Bermuda 5:15.4 Heat 6 Rank Athlete Country Time Note 1 Per-Olof Östrand Sweden 4:38.6 2 Gusztáv Kettesi Hungary 4:53.0 3 Garrick Agnew Australia 4:55.5 4 Roar Woldum Norway 5:14.4 5 Einari Aalto Finland 5:15.8 Heat 7 Rank Athlete Country Time Note 1 Tetsuo Okamoto Brazil 4:46.1 2 John Marshall Australia 4:46.8 3 Gerry McNamee Canada 4:53.5 4 Alfredo Yantorno Argentina 4:54.5 5 Ronald Burns Great Britain 4:55.2 6 Nguyễn Văn Phan Vietnam 5:36.5 Heat 8 Rank Athlete Country Time Note 1 Wayne Moore United States 4:43.2 2 Peter Duncan South Africa 4:44.0 3 Yoshio Tanaka Japan 4:54.0 4 Angelo Romani Italy 5:05.1 5 René Million France 5:07.0 6 Fernando Madeira Portugal 5:08.6 7 Muhammad Ramzan Pakistan 5:45.7 Final Rank Athlete Country Time Notes Jean Boiteux France 4:30.7 OR Ford Konno United States 4:31.3 Per-Olof Östrand Sweden 4:35.2 4 Peter Duncan South Africa 4:37.9 5 Jack Wardrop Great Britain 4:39.9 6 Wayne Moore United States 4:40.1 7 Jimmy McLane United States 4:40.3 8 Hironoshin Furuhashi Japan 4:42.1 Key: OR = Olympic record vteOlympic champions in men's 400 m freestyle440 yards 1904: Charles Daniels (USA) 400 metres 1908: Henry Taylor (GBR) 1912: George Hodgson (CAN) 1920: Norman Ross (USA) 1924: Johnny Weissmuller (USA) 1928: Alberto Zorrilla (ARG) 1932: Buster Crabbe (USA) 1936: Jack Medica (USA) 1948: Bill Smith (USA) 1952: Jean Boiteux (FRA) 1956: Murray Rose (AUS) 1960: Murray Rose (AUS) 1964: Don Schollander (USA) 1968: Mike Burton (USA) 1972: Brad Cooper (AUS) 1976: Brian Goodell (USA) 1980: Vladimir Salnikov (URS) 1984: George DiCarlo (USA) 1988: Uwe Dassler (GDR) 1992: Yevgeny Sadovyi (EUN) 1996: Danyon Loader (NZL) 2000: Ian Thorpe (AUS) 2004: Ian Thorpe (AUS) 2008: Park Tae-hwan (KOR) 2012: Sun Yang (CHN) 2016: Mack Horton (AUS) 2020: Ahmed Hafnaoui (TUN) References ^ "Swimming at the 1952 Helsinki Summer Games: Men's 400 metres Freestyle". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2016. ^ Wallechinsky, David (1984). The Complete Book of the Olympics. England: Penguin Books. p. 398. ISBN 0140066322. This 1952 Olympics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1952 Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Swimming Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_Swimming_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SportsRef-1"},{"link_name":"swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_(sport)"},{"link_name":"freestyle swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_swimming"},{"link_name":"front crawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_crawl"},{"link_name":"Olympic-size swimming pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic-size_swimming_pool"}],"text":"The men's 400 metre freestyle event at the 1952 Olympic Games took place between 28 and 30 July at the Swimming Stadium.[1] This swimming event used freestyle swimming, which means that the method of the stroke is not regulated (unlike backstroke, breaststroke, and butterfly events). Nearly all swimmers use the front crawl or a variant of that stroke. Because an Olympic-size swimming pool is 50 metres long, this race consisted of eight lengths of the pool.","title":"Swimming at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre freestyle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ford_Konno,_Jean_Boiteux,_Per-Olof_%C3%96strand_1952.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallechinsky-2"}],"text":"Left-right:Konno, Boiteux, ÖstrandAt the conclusion of the race, Boiteux's father jumped into the pool to congratulate his son.[2]","title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Heats","text":"Heat 1Heat 2Heat 3Heat 4Heat 5Heat 6Heat 7Heat 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Schollander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Schollander"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metre_freestyle"},{"link_name":"Mike Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Burton_(swimmer)"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metre_freestyle"},{"link_name":"Brad Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Cooper"},{"link_name":"AUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metre_freestyle"},{"link_name":"Brian Goodell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Goodell"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metre_freestyle"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Salnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Salnikov"},{"link_name":"URS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metre_freestyle"},{"link_name":"George DiCarlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_DiCarlo"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metre_freestyle"},{"link_name":"Uwe Dassler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwe_Dassler"},{"link_name":"GDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metre_freestyle"},{"link_name":"Yevgeny Sadovyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeny_Sadovyi"},{"link_name":"EUN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metre_freestyle"},{"link_name":"Danyon Loader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danyon_Loader"},{"link_name":"NZL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metre_freestyle"},{"link_name":"Ian Thorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Thorpe"},{"link_name":"AUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metre_freestyle"},{"link_name":"Ian Thorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Thorpe"},{"link_name":"AUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metre_freestyle"},{"link_name":"Park Tae-hwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Tae-hwan"},{"link_name":"KOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metre_freestyle"},{"link_name":"Sun Yang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yang"},{"link_name":"CHN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metre_freestyle"},{"link_name":"Mack Horton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Horton"},{"link_name":"AUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metre_freestyle"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Hafnaoui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Hafnaoui"},{"link_name":"TUN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics"}],"sub_title":"Final","text":"Key: OR = Olympic recordvteOlympic champions in men's 400 m freestyle440 yards\n1904: Charles Daniels (USA)\n400 metres\n1908: Henry Taylor (GBR)\n1912: George Hodgson (CAN)\n1920: Norman Ross (USA)\n1924: Johnny Weissmuller (USA)\n1928: Alberto Zorrilla (ARG)\n1932: Buster Crabbe (USA)\n1936: Jack Medica (USA)\n1948: Bill Smith (USA)\n1952: Jean Boiteux (FRA)\n1956: Murray Rose (AUS)\n1960: Murray Rose (AUS)\n1964: Don Schollander (USA)\n1968: Mike Burton (USA)\n1972: Brad Cooper (AUS)\n1976: Brian Goodell (USA)\n1980: Vladimir Salnikov (URS)\n1984: George DiCarlo (USA)\n1988: Uwe Dassler (GDR)\n1992: Yevgeny Sadovyi (EUN)\n1996: Danyon Loader (NZL)\n2000: Ian Thorpe (AUS)\n2004: Ian Thorpe (AUS)\n2008: Park Tae-hwan (KOR)\n2012: Sun Yang (CHN)\n2016: Mack Horton (AUS)\n2020: Ahmed Hafnaoui (TUN)","title":"Results"}]	[{"image_text":"Left-right:Konno, Boiteux, Östrand","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ford_Konno%2C_Jean_Boiteux%2C_Per-Olof_%C3%96strand_1952.jpg/290px-Ford_Konno%2C_Jean_Boiteux%2C_Per-Olof_%C3%96strand_1952.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Swimming at the 1952 Helsinki Summer Games: Men's 400 metres Freestyle\". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417165256/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1952/SWI/mens-400-metres-freestyle.html","url_text":"\"Swimming at the 1952 Helsinki Summer Games: Men's 400 metres Freestyle\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1952/SWI/mens-400-metres-freestyle.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wallechinsky, David (1984). The Complete Book of the Olympics. England: Penguin Books. p. 398. ISBN 0140066322.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140066322","url_text":"0140066322"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417165256/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1952/SWI/mens-400-metres-freestyle.html","external_links_name":"\"Swimming at the 1952 Helsinki Summer Games: Men's 400 metres Freestyle\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1952/SWI/mens-400-metres-freestyle.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metre_freestyle&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Rock_Mansion	Party Rock Mansion	["1 Singles","2 Commercial performance","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","5 Charts","6 References"]	2016 studio album by RedfooParty Rock MansionStudio album by RedfooReleasedMarch 18, 2016GenreEDMelectro-hoppopLength49:38LabelRykodiscParty RockProducerRedfooBrandon M. GarciaPlay-N-SkillzRedfoo chronology Balance Beam(1997) Party Rock Mansion(2016) Singles from Party Rock Mansion "New Thang"Released: August 6, 2014 "Juicy Wiggle"Released: February 10, 2015 "Party Train"Released: February 18, 2016 Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic Party Rock Mansion is the debut solo studio album by American rapper Redfoo. It was released on March 18, 2016, through the record labels Rykodisc Records and Party Rock Records. The album was executive produced by Redfoo with additional production by Brandon M. Garcia and Play-N-Skillz, and continues the naming scheme of LMFAO's records Party Rock (2009) and Sorry for Party Rocking (2011). Party Rock Mansion features guest appearances from Stevie Wonder and Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike. It was supported by the singles "New Thang", "Juicy Wiggle" and "Party Train". Singles "New Thang" was released on August 6, 2014, as the first single from the album. The song peaked at number 3 in Australia and New Zealand, also charting in Finland, Greece, Slovakia and South Korea. The album's second single, "Juicy Wiggle" was released on February 10, 2015. Later that year, Redfoo performed a "Munk Remix" of the song with Alvin and the Chipmunks for the movie Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip and its soundtrack. The album's third single, "Party Train" was released February 18, 2016. Commercial performance The album was a commercial failure, with only 144 copies sold throughout Australia in its first week of release. Track listing Party Rock Mansion – North American standard versionNo.TitleLength1."Keep Shining"5:332."Party Train"3:223."Too Much"3:234."Beach Cruisin'"4:235."Booty Man"3:426."Lights Out"3:147."So Lit"3:188."New Thang"3:479."Juicy Wiggle"3:5210."Good Things Happen When Ya Drunk"3:0011."Where the Sun Goes" (featuring Stevie Wonder)4:4612."Meet Her at Tomorrow" (featuring Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike)4:0213."Maybe"3:22 Party Rock Mansion – Japanese editionNo.TitleLength14."Booty Man" (Cheek Freaks Remix)2:5515."Lights Out" (Party Rock Remix)4:0316."New Thang" (Some Blond DJ Remix)4:52 Personnel Musicians Redfoo – vocals, engineer Stevie Wonder – featured artist (track 11) Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike – featured artist (track 12) Production Brandon M. Garcia – production (track 2, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12), recording engineer Play N Skillz – production (track 8, 11) Charts Chart performance for Party Rock Mansion Chart (2016) Peak position Australian Albums (ARIA) 172 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 158 US Heatseekers Albums (Billboard) 25 US Top Dance/Electronic Albums (Billboard) 8 References ^ a b "Redfoo Party Rock Mansion". Allmusic. March 18, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016. ^ "Redfoo* – Party Rock Mansion". Discogs. March 18, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016. ^ "Juicy Wiggle Single by Redfoo". iTunes. Retrieved August 1, 2015. ^ "LMFAO's Redfoo Is Back On The Party Train With This Bangin' Brand New Track!". iTunes. Retrieved January 15, 2016. ^ a b Adams, Cameron (March 31, 2016). "Redfoo's solo album sells a miserable 144 copies in Australia for a No. 172 debut". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved April 1, 2016. ^ "iTunes – Music – Party Rock Mansion by Redfoo". iTunes Store. March 18, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016. ^ "Redfoo* – Party Rock Mansion – Japanese edition". Discogs (US). March 18, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016. ^ "Ultratop.be – Redfoo – Party Rock Mansion" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved April 1, 2016. ^ "Redfoo - Chart history \| Heatseekers Albums". Billboard.com. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved April 1, 2016. ^ "Redfoo Chart History (Top Dance/Electronic Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved April 1, 2016. vteRedfooDiscographyStudio albums Party Rock Mansion Singles "Bring Out the Bottles" "I'll Award You with My Body" "Let's Get Ridiculous" "New Thang" "Juicy Wiggle" Featured singles "Live My Life (Party Rock Remix)" "Drop Girl" "Literally I Can't" Related articles LMFAO Berry Gordy, Jr (father) Sky Blu (nephew) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Redfoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redfoo"},{"link_name":"record labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"Rykodisc Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rykodisc_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Discogs-2"},{"link_name":"executive produced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_producer"},{"link_name":"Play-N-Skillz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play-N-Skillz"},{"link_name":"LMFAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMFAO"},{"link_name":"Party Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Rock"},{"link_name":"Sorry for Party Rocking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorry_for_Party_Rocking"},{"link_name":"guest appearances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guest_appearance"},{"link_name":"Stevie Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wonder"},{"link_name":"Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitri_Vegas_%26_Like_Mike"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-1"},{"link_name":"New Thang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Thang"},{"link_name":"Juicy Wiggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juicy_Wiggle"}],"text":"2016 studio album by RedfooParty Rock Mansion is the debut solo studio album by American rapper Redfoo. It was released on March 18, 2016, through the record labels Rykodisc Records and Party Rock Records.[2] The album was executive produced by Redfoo with additional production by Brandon M. Garcia and Play-N-Skillz, and continues the naming scheme of LMFAO's records Party Rock (2009) and Sorry for Party Rocking (2011). Party Rock Mansion features guest appearances from Stevie Wonder and Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike.[1] It was supported by the singles \"New Thang\", \"Juicy Wiggle\" and \"Party Train\".","title":"Party Rock Mansion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Thang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Thang"},{"link_name":"Juicy Wiggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juicy_Wiggle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Alvin and the Chipmunks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_and_the_Chipmunks"},{"link_name":"Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_and_the_Chipmunks:_The_Road_Chip"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"\"New Thang\" was released on August 6, 2014, as the first single from the album. The song peaked at number 3 in Australia and New Zealand, also charting in Finland, Greece, Slovakia and South Korea.The album's second single, \"Juicy Wiggle\" was released on February 10, 2015.[3] Later that year, Redfoo performed a \"Munk Remix\" of the song with Alvin and the Chipmunks for the movie Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip and its soundtrack.The album's third single, \"Party Train\" was released February 18, 2016.[4]","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AUS-5"}],"text":"The album was a commercial failure, with only 144 copies sold throughout Australia in its first week of release.[5]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"New Thang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Thang"},{"link_name":"Juicy Wiggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juicy_Wiggle"},{"link_name":"Stevie Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wonder"},{"link_name":"Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitri_Vegas_%26_Like_Mike"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Party Rock Mansion – North American standard version[6]No.TitleLength1.\"Keep Shining\"5:332.\"Party Train\"3:223.\"Too Much\"3:234.\"Beach Cruisin'\"4:235.\"Booty Man\"3:426.\"Lights Out\"3:147.\"So Lit\"3:188.\"New Thang\"3:479.\"Juicy Wiggle\"3:5210.\"Good Things Happen When Ya Drunk\"3:0011.\"Where the Sun Goes\" (featuring Stevie Wonder)4:4612.\"Meet Her at Tomorrow\" (featuring Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike)4:0213.\"Maybe\"3:22Party Rock Mansion – Japanese edition[7]No.TitleLength14.\"Booty Man\" (Cheek Freaks Remix)2:5515.\"Lights Out\" (Party Rock Remix)4:0316.\"New Thang\" (Some Blond DJ Remix)4:52","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Redfoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redfoo"},{"link_name":"Stevie Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wonder"},{"link_name":"Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitri_Vegas_%26_Like_Mike"},{"link_name":"Play N Skillz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_N_Skillz"}],"text":"MusiciansRedfoo – vocals, engineer\nStevie Wonder – featured artist (track 11)\nDimitri Vegas & Like Mike – featured artist (track 12)ProductionBrandon M. Garcia – production (track 2, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12), recording engineer\nPlay N Skillz – production (track 8, 11)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Redfoo Party Rock Mansion\". Allmusic. March 18, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/party-rock-mansion-mw0002906425","url_text":"\"Redfoo Party Rock Mansion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Redfoo* – Party Rock Mansion\". Discogs. March 18, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Red-Foo-Party-Rock-Mansion/release/8256234","url_text":"\"Redfoo* – Party Rock Mansion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs","url_text":"Discogs"}]},{"reference":"\"Juicy Wiggle Single by Redfoo\". iTunes. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%A9co%C3%A8re_14	Latécoère 14	[]	This article is about the cantilever monoplane. For the unrelated strut-braced parasol wing aircraft of the same designation, see Latécoère 17. Latécoère 14 Role AirlinerType of aircraft National origin France Manufacturer Latécoère Designer Marcel Moine First flight October 1923 Number built 1 The Latécoère 14 and Latécoère 16 were similar French passenger and postal aircraft of advanced design built in 1923. They differed chiefly in engine power. Only one of each was constructed. The 14's type number was reused for an unrelated parasol wing prototype that was basis of the more successful Latécoère 17. Development and design The types 14 and 16 were designed to transport a mixture of passengers and post, partly in response to the experiences of Lignes Aeriennes Latécoère with the recently introduced Breguet 14T, a transport version of a World War I reconnaissance and bomber aircraft. Two examples, very similar apart from their engines, were flown in October 1923 and were sufficiently interesting to be purchased by the government the following month. Each was a high-wing cantilever monoplane with a wing root thickness/chord ratio of 27%, thinning to 12% outboard. In plan the half-wings were trapezoidal with only slight leading edge sweep and angled tips. Ailerons occupied the outer halves of the trailing edge. Structurally they were of mixed construction, built around twin wood and metal spars and fabric covered. The Latécoère 14 was powered by a 220 kW (300 hp) Renault 12Fe water-cooled V12 engine in the nose with its rectangular radiator in front of a flat-sided cowling. An oblique exhaust pipe protruded from its upper surface. The more powerful Latécoère 16 had a 300 kW (400 hp) Lorraine 12D, another water-cooled V12. Its radiator was mounted below the nose on the forward undercarriage legs. Behind the different engines of the two models, the basic fuselage was the same duralumin tube structure for each, the surface defined with wooden stringers. The forward part was dural covered and the rest with fabric. The pilot's open cockpit was high up over the wing leading edge and passengers were seated in a cabin below the wing. That of the type 14 was basic and provided three seats; in the more powerful type 16 it was divided into two with a transverse partition, each compartment accommodating two passengers more comfortably and lit by two windows, one sliding for ventilation, on each side. Each was entered by its own port-side door. The metal-framed, canvas covered empenage was conventional, with a clipped-triangular tailplane bearing straight-edged, balanced elevators with angled tips. The two models had somewhat different fins, the 14's short and trapezoidal, the 16's taller and almost triangular, mounting a tall, broad, unbalanced rudder which reached down to the keel and worked in an elevator cut-out. The undercarriage was conventional and fixed, with a track of 2 m (79 in). The mainwheeels were on a single faired axle provided with shock absorbers and supported at each end with W-struts from the lower fuselage. There was a tailskid at the rear. Flight testing, with Enderlin at the controls, began in October 1923. Operational history Lignes Aériennes Latécoère tested the Latécoère 14 against the Breguet 14T, which had the same Renault engine. The Breguet was faster but carried only half the payload. The more powerful Latécoère 16 looked rather more promising. It flew to Paris in December 1924 and was displayed at the annual Salon, but little more was heard of it. Instead, Latécoère concentrated on a second design, also referred to as the Latécoère 14, which was a smaller aircraft with a thinner section parasol wing. It became the prototype of the better-selling Latécoère 17. Variants Latécoère 14 220 kW (300 hp) Renault 12Fe. Three passengers. Trapezoidal vertical tail. Latécoère 16 300 kW (400 hp) Lorraine 12D. Four passengers. Triangular vertical tail. Specifications (type 16) Data from Les Ailes,December 1924 except where notedGeneral characteristics Crew: One Capacity: Four passengers Length: 12.80 m (42 ft 0 in) Wingspan: 17.80 m (58 ft 5 in) Height: 3.50 m (11 ft 6 in) Wing area: 48.0 m2 (517 sq ft) Airfoil: Göttingen 435 inboard, 430 outboard Empty weight: 1,670 kg (3,682 lb) Gross weight: 2,500 kg (5,512 lb) payload 350 kg (770 lb) Fuel capacity: 540 L (120 imp gal; 140 US gal) Powerplant: 1 × Lorraine 12D water-cooled V8, 300 kW (400 hp) Propellers: 2-bladed Performance Maximum speed: 185 km/h (115 mph, 100 kn) at sea level Service ceiling: 4,500 m (14,800 ft) Time to altitude: less than 1 hr to 4,100 m (13,500 ft) Take-off distance: 142 m (466 ft) Landing speed: 90 km/h (56 mph; 49 kn) Landing distance: 142 m (466 ft) References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Cuny, Jean (1992). Latécoère Les avions et hydravions. Paris: Editions Larivière. p. 49-52. ISBN 2-90705101-6. ^ a b c d Serryer, J. (5 December 1924). "L'Avion postale L.A.T. 16". Les Ailes (181): 2. ^ "Société Industrielle d'Aviation Latécoère". Flight. XVI (51): 790–1. 18 December 1924. External links latecoere.com aviafrance.com Уголок неба vteLatécoère aircraftAircraft 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 28 32 34-0 35-0 225 290 298 299 300 301 302 330 340 350 380 381 440 490 491 500 501 521 522 523 550 570 582 611 631 710 Projects 7 9 10 11 12 13 20 27 30 101 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 255 270 310 360 370 382 383 384 385 386 410 420 430 441 442 443 460 470 480 492 493 502 503 520 524 525 530 560 580 581 583 590 600 601 602 610 612 613 614 615 616 617 620 640 670 675 703 730 740 780 310 700 730 740 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 900 Missiles 100 110 120 231 240 257	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latécoère 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%A9co%C3%A8re_17"},{"link_name":"parasol wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasol_wing"},{"link_name":"Latécoère 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%A9co%C3%A8re_17"}],"text":"This article is about the cantilever monoplane. For the unrelated strut-braced parasol wing aircraft of the same designation, see Latécoère 17.The Latécoère 14 and Latécoère 16 were similar French passenger and postal aircraft of advanced design built in 1923. They differed chiefly in engine power. Only one of each was constructed. The 14's type number was reused for an unrelated parasol wing prototype that was basis of the more successful Latécoère 17.","title":"Latécoère 14"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lignes Aeriennes Latécoère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignes_Aeriennes_Lat%C3%A9co%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Breguet 14T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breguet_14"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuny-1"},{"link_name":"high-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-wing"},{"link_name":"cantilever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantilever"},{"link_name":"monoplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoplane"},{"link_name":"chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"trapezoidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezoidal"},{"link_name":"leading edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_edge"},{"link_name":"Ailerons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileron"},{"link_name":"spars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spar_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"fabric covered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_fabric_covering"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuny-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lailes1-2"},{"link_name":"Renault 12Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_12Fe"},{"link_name":"V12 engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V12_engine"},{"link_name":"radiator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiator_(engine_cooling)"},{"link_name":"cowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_fairing#Types"},{"link_name":"Lorraine 12D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_12D"},{"link_name":"undercarriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_gear"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuny-1"},{"link_name":"duralumin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duralumin"},{"link_name":"stringers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stringer_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"cockpit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockpit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuny-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lailes1-2"},{"link_name":"empenage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empenage"},{"link_name":"tailplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailplane"},{"link_name":"balanced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_rudder"},{"link_name":"elevators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"fins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fin_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuny-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lailes1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuny-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuny-1"}],"text":"The types 14 and 16 were designed to transport a mixture of passengers and post, partly in response to the experiences of Lignes Aeriennes Latécoère with the recently introduced Breguet 14T, a transport version of a World War I reconnaissance and bomber aircraft. Two examples, very similar apart from their engines, were flown in October 1923 and were sufficiently interesting to be purchased by the government the following month.[1]Each was a high-wing cantilever monoplane with a wing root thickness/chord ratio of 27%, thinning to 12% outboard. In plan the half-wings were trapezoidal with only slight leading edge sweep and angled tips. Ailerons occupied the outer halves of the trailing edge. Structurally they were of mixed construction, built around twin wood and metal spars and fabric covered.[1][2]The Latécoère 14 was powered by a 220 kW (300 hp) Renault 12Fe water-cooled V12 engine in the nose with its rectangular radiator in front of a flat-sided cowling. An oblique exhaust pipe protruded from its upper surface. The more powerful Latécoère 16 had a 300 kW (400 hp) Lorraine 12D, another water-cooled V12. Its radiator was mounted below the nose on the forward undercarriage legs.[1]Behind the different engines of the two models, the basic fuselage was the same duralumin tube structure for each, the surface defined with wooden stringers. The forward part was dural covered and the rest with fabric. The pilot's open cockpit was high up over the wing leading edge and passengers were seated in a cabin below the wing. That of the type 14 was basic and provided three seats; in the more powerful type 16 it was divided into two with a transverse partition, each compartment accommodating two passengers more comfortably and lit by two windows, one sliding for ventilation, on each side. Each was entered by its own port-side door.[1][2]The metal-framed, canvas covered empenage was conventional, with a clipped-triangular tailplane bearing straight-edged, balanced elevators with angled tips. The two models had somewhat different fins, the 14's short and trapezoidal, the 16's taller and almost triangular, mounting a tall, broad, unbalanced rudder which reached down to the keel and worked in an elevator cut-out.[1]The undercarriage was conventional and fixed, with a track of 2 m (79 in). The mainwheeels were on a single faired axle provided with shock absorbers and supported at each end with W-struts from the lower fuselage.[2] There was a tailskid at the rear.[1]Flight testing, with Enderlin at the controls, began in October 1923.[1]","title":"Development and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuny-1"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuny-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flight-3"},{"link_name":"parasol wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasol_wing"},{"link_name":"Latécoère 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%A9co%C3%A8re_17"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuny-1"}],"text":"Lignes Aériennes Latécoère tested the Latécoère 14 against the Breguet 14T, which had the same Renault engine. The Breguet was faster but carried only half the payload.[1]The more powerful Latécoère 16 looked rather more promising. It flew to Paris in December 1924 and was displayed at the annual Salon,[1][3] but little more was heard of it. Instead, Latécoère concentrated on a second design, also referred to as the Latécoère 14, which was a smaller aircraft with a thinner section parasol wing. It became the prototype of the better-selling Latécoère 17.[1]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Renault 12Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_12Fe"},{"link_name":"Lorraine 12D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_12D"}],"text":"Latécoère 14\n220 kW (300 hp) Renault 12Fe. Three passengers. Trapezoidal vertical tail.\nLatécoère 16\n300 kW (400 hp) Lorraine 12D. Four passengers. Triangular vertical tail.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lailes1-2"},{"link_name":"Airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"Lorraine 12D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_12D"},{"link_name":"V8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_engine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuny-1"}],"text":"Data from Les Ailes,December 1924[2] except where notedGeneral characteristicsCrew: One\nCapacity: Four passengers\nLength: 12.80 m (42 ft 0 in)\nWingspan: 17.80 m (58 ft 5 in)\nHeight: 3.50 m (11 ft 6 in)\nWing area: 48.0 m2 (517 sq ft)\nAirfoil: Göttingen 435 inboard, 430 outboard\nEmpty weight: 1,670 kg (3,682 lb)\nGross weight: 2,500 kg (5,512 lb) payload 350 kg (770 lb)\nFuel capacity: 540 L (120 imp gal; 140 US gal)\nPowerplant: 1 × Lorraine 12D water-cooled V8, 300 kW (400 hp)\nPropellers: 2-bladedPerformanceMaximum speed: 185 km/h (115 mph, 100 kn) at sea level\nService ceiling: 4,500 m (14,800 ft)\nTime to altitude: less than 1 hr to 4,100 m (13,500 ft)[1]\nTake-off distance: 142 m (466 ft)\nLanding speed: 90 km/h (56 mph; 49 kn)\nLanding distance: 142 m (466 ft)","title":"Specifications (type 16)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Cuny, Jean (1992). Latécoère Les avions et hydravions. Paris: Editions Larivière. p. 49-52. ISBN 2-90705101-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-90705101-6","url_text":"2-90705101-6"}]},{"reference":"Serryer, J. (5 December 1924). \"L'Avion postale L.A.T. 16\". Les Ailes (181): 2.","urls":[{"url":"http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6556127n/f2","url_text":"\"L'Avion postale L.A.T. 16\""}]},{"reference":"\"Société Industrielle d'Aviation Latécoère\". Flight. XVI (51): 790–1. 18 December 1924.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1924/1924%20-%200790.html","url_text":"\"Société Industrielle d'Aviation Latécoère\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6556127n/f2","external_links_name":"\"L'Avion postale L.A.T. 16\""},{"Link":"https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1924/1924%20-%200790.html","external_links_name":"\"Société Industrielle d'Aviation Latécoère\""},{"Link":"http://www.latecoere.com/web/latecoere.php?lang=fr&art=28","external_links_name":"latecoere.com"},{"Link":"http://www.aviafrance.com/5563.htm","external_links_name":"aviafrance.com"},{"Link":"http://www.airwar.ru/enc/cw1/late14.html","external_links_name":"Уголок неба"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Roots	Memorial Roots	["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"]	2009 studio album by BrainstormMemorial RootsStudio album by BrainstormReleased16 October 2009RecordedStorm Your Brain Studios, Gerstetten,Gate Studios, Wolfsburg, Germany,May–August 2009GenreHeavy metal, power metalLength54:44LabelAFMProducerBrainstorm, Sascha Paeth & MiroBrainstorm chronology Downburst(2008) Memorial Roots(2009) On the Spur of the Moment(2011) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusicLords of Metal(81/100)Dangerdog Memorial Roots is the eighth studio album by the German power metal band Brainstorm, released on 16 October 2009. Track listing All songs written and arranged by Brainstorm, all lyrics by Andy B. Franck. "Forsake What I Believed" - 6:31 "Shiver" - 3:17 "The Conjunction of 7 Planets" - 6:34 "Cross the Line" - 5:01 "Nailed Down Dreams" - 5:37 "Blood Still Stains" - 4:10 "Ahimsa" - 4:21 "The Final Stages of Decay" - 6:27 "Victim" - 4:16 "When No One Cares" - 3:19 "Would You" - 5:11 The European limited edition digipack also includes "Seems to Be Perfect" - 4:22 "Too Late to Deny" - 4:33 Personnel Band members Andy B. Franck - lead and backing vocals Torsten Ihlenfeld - guitars, backing vocals Milan Loncaric - guitars, backing vocals Antonio Ieva - bass Dieter Bernert - drums Additional musicians Michael 'Miro' Rodenberg - keyboards, producer, engineer, mastering Production Sascha Paeth - producer, engineer, mixing Simon Oberender - engineer References ^ Henderson, Alex. "Brainstorm Memorial Roots review". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 2012-09-25. ^ "Brainstorm - Memorial Roots". Lords of Metal.nl. Retrieved 2012-09-25. ^ Hartranft, Craig (25 October 2009). "Brainstorm: Memorial Roots". Dangerdog Music Reviews. Retrieved 2012-09-25. ^ "Brainstorm - Memorial Roots". Encyclopaedia Metallum. Retrieved 2012-09-25. Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"power metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_metal"},{"link_name":"Brainstorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstorm_(German_band)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Memorial Roots is the eighth studio album by the German power metal band Brainstorm, released on 16 October 2009.[4]","title":"Memorial Roots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brainstorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstorm_(German_band)"}],"text":"All songs written and arranged by Brainstorm, all lyrics by Andy B. Franck.\"Forsake What I Believed\" - 6:31\n\"Shiver\" - 3:17\n\"The Conjunction of 7 Planets\" - 6:34\n\"Cross the Line\" - 5:01\n\"Nailed Down Dreams\" - 5:37\n\"Blood Still Stains\" - 4:10\n\"Ahimsa\" - 4:21\n\"The Final Stages of Decay\" - 6:27\n\"Victim\" - 4:16\n\"When No One Cares\" - 3:19\n\"Would You\" - 5:11The European limited edition digipack also includes\"Seems to Be Perfect\" - 4:22\n\"Too Late to Deny\" - 4:33","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael 'Miro' Rodenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rodenberg"},{"link_name":"Sascha Paeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sascha_Paeth"}],"text":"Band membersAndy B. Franck - lead and backing vocals\nTorsten Ihlenfeld - guitars, backing vocals\nMilan Loncaric - guitars, backing vocals\nAntonio Ieva - bass\nDieter Bernert - drumsAdditional musiciansMichael 'Miro' Rodenberg - keyboards, producer, engineer, masteringProductionSascha Paeth - producer, engineer, mixing\nSimon Oberender - engineer","title":"Personnel"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Henderson, Alex. \"Brainstorm Memorial Roots review\". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 2012-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/memorial-roots-mw0001789305","url_text":"\"Brainstorm Memorial Roots review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovi_Corporation","url_text":"Rovi Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"Brainstorm - Memorial Roots\". Lords of Metal.nl. Retrieved 2012-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lordsofmetal.nl/showreview.php?id=14964&lang=en","url_text":"\"Brainstorm - Memorial Roots\""}]},{"reference":"Hartranft, Craig (25 October 2009). \"Brainstorm: Memorial Roots\". Dangerdog Music Reviews. Retrieved 2012-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dangerdog.com/reviews_2009/brainstorm-memorial-roots-review.php","url_text":"\"Brainstorm: Memorial Roots\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brainstorm - Memorial Roots\". Encyclopaedia Metallum. Retrieved 2012-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metal-archives.com/albums/Brainstorm/Memorial_Roots/247093","url_text":"\"Brainstorm - Memorial Roots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Metallum","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Metallum"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/memorial-roots-mw0001789305","external_links_name":"\"Brainstorm Memorial Roots review\""},{"Link":"http://www.lordsofmetal.nl/showreview.php?id=14964&lang=en","external_links_name":"\"Brainstorm - Memorial Roots\""},{"Link":"http://www.dangerdog.com/reviews_2009/brainstorm-memorial-roots-review.php","external_links_name":"\"Brainstorm: Memorial Roots\""},{"Link":"http://www.metal-archives.com/albums/Brainstorm/Memorial_Roots/247093","external_links_name":"\"Brainstorm - Memorial Roots\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/bb1a67c8-da80-4e98-bbe3-fdc2faf0b596","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantago_subnuda	Plantago subnuda	["1 External links"]	Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae Plantago subnuda Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Lamiales Family: Plantaginaceae Genus: Plantago Species: P. subnuda Binomial name Plantago subnudaPilg. Plantago subnuda is a species of plantain known by the common name tall coastal plantain. It is native to western North America from the west coast of the United States to west-central Mexico, where it grows in wet and moist habitat types, often in coastal areas, such as marshland. It is a perennial herb producing few oval leaves around a thick caudex. The broad smooth-edged or slightly toothed leaves may be up to 40 centimeters long. The stemlike inflorescences grow erect to a maximum height near half a meter. Atop the peduncle of the inflorescence is a dense cylindrical spike of many tiny flowers. Each flower has a corolla of ephemeral petals about 3 millimeters long. External links Jepson Manual Treatment Photo gallery Taxon identifiersPlantago subnuda Wikidata: Q7201577 Calflora: 6626 CoL: 4JLXX EoL: 484479 GBIF: 3189750 GRIN: 452224 iNaturalist: 60223 IPNI: 201571-2 IRMNG: 10207988 ITIS: 504440 NatureServe: 2.144834 NCBI: 941699 Open Tree of Life: 471131 Plant List: tro-25200563 PLANTS: PLSU2 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:201571-2 Tropicos: 25200563 WFO: wfo-0001095133	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plantain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantago"},{"link_name":"marshland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh"},{"link_name":"caudex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudex"},{"link_name":"inflorescences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence"},{"link_name":"peduncle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peduncle_(botany)"}],"text":"Plantago subnuda is a species of plantain known by the common name tall coastal plantain. It is native to western North America from the west coast of the United States to west-central Mexico, where it grows in wet and moist habitat types, often in coastal areas, such as marshland. It is a perennial herb producing few oval leaves around a thick caudex. The broad smooth-edged or slightly toothed leaves may be up to 40 centimeters long. The stemlike inflorescences grow erect to a maximum height near half a meter. Atop the peduncle of the inflorescence is a dense cylindrical spike of many tiny flowers. Each flower has a corolla of ephemeral petals about 3 millimeters long.","title":"Plantago subnuda"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?5625,5626,5639","external_links_name":"Jepson Manual Treatment"},{"Link":"http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Plantago+subnuda","external_links_name":"Photo gallery"},{"Link":"https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=6626","external_links_name":"6626"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4JLXX","external_links_name":"4JLXX"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/484479","external_links_name":"484479"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3189750","external_links_name":"3189750"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=452224","external_links_name":"452224"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/60223","external_links_name":"60223"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/201571-2","external_links_name":"201571-2"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10207988","external_links_name":"10207988"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=504440","external_links_name":"504440"},{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.144834/","external_links_name":"2.144834"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=941699","external_links_name":"941699"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=471131","external_links_name":"471131"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-25200563","external_links_name":"tro-25200563"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=PLSU2","external_links_name":"PLSU2"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A201571-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:201571-2"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/25200563","external_links_name":"25200563"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0001095133","external_links_name":"wfo-0001095133"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_contract	Void contract	["1 See also","2 References"]	Contract that is not enforceable at law Contract law Formation Capacity Offer and acceptance Meeting of the minds2 Abstraction principle4,5 Posting rule1 Mirror image rule Invitation to treat Firm offer Consideration1,4 Implication-in-fact Collateral contract Defences Misrepresentation Mistake Threats and unequal bargaining power Illegality and public policy Unconscionability Culpa in contrahendo2 Force majeure Frustration of purpose Impossibility Impracticability Hardship Set-off Illusory promise1 Statute of frauds1 Non est factum1 Unclean hands1 Accord and satisfaction1 Exculpatory clause Interpretation Parol evidence3 Contract of adhesion Integration clause Contra proferentem UNIDROIT Principles Dispute resolution Choice of law clause Forum selection clause Hague Choice of Court Convention Arbitration New York Convention UNCITRAL Model Law Mediation Singapore Mediation Convention Enforcement of foreign judgments Hague Judgments Convention Rights of third parties Privity of contract1 Assignment Delegation Novation Third-party beneficiary Breach of contract Anticipatory repudiation Cover Exclusion clause Efficient breach Deviation Fundamental breach Remedies Specific performance3 Money damages Liquidated, stipulated, or penal damages3 Rescission Quasi-contractual obligations Promissory estoppel1 Quantum meruit1 Unjust enrichment Restitution Negotiorum gestio2 Duties of parties Duty of honest contractual performance (or doctrine of abuse of rights)6 Duty of good faith (also implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing or duty to negotiate in good faith)7 Contract A and Contract B in Canadian contract law6 Related areas of law Conflict of laws Commercial law By jurisdiction Australia Canada China (mainland) Ireland India Saudi Arabia United Kingdom England and Wales Scotland United States Other law areas Tort law Property law Wills, trusts, and estates Criminal law Evidence Notes 1 Specific to common law jurisdictions 2 Specific to civil and mixed law jurisdictions 3 Historically restricted in common law jurisdictions but generally accepted elsewhere; availability varies between contemporary common law jurisdictions 4 Specific to the German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch and other civil codes based on the pandectist tradition 5 Explicitly rejected by the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts 6 Specific to Canadian contract law both in Québec and in the country's common law provinces 7 Specific to civil law jurisdictions, the American Uniform Commercial Code, and Canadian jurisprudence in both Québec and the common law provinces pertaining to contractual and pre-contractual negotiation vte A contract is an agreement enforceable by law. A void agreement is one which cannot be enforced by law. Sometimes an agreement which is enforceable by law, i.e., a contract, can become void. Void agreements are different from voidable contracts, which are contracts that may be nullified. However, when a contract is being written and signed, there is no automatic mechanism available in every situation that can be utilized to detect the validity or enforceability of that contract. Practically, a contract can be declared to be void by a court of law. An agreement to carry out an illegal act is an example of a void agreement. For example, an agreement between drug dealers and buyers is a void agreement simply because the terms of the contract are illegal. In such a case, neither party can go to court to enforce the contract. A void agreement is void ab initio, i e from the beginning while a voidable contract can be voidable by one or all of the parties. A voidable contract is not void ab initio, rather, it becomes void later due to some changes in condition. In sum, there is no scope of any discretion on the part of the contracting parties in a void agreement. The contracting parties do not have the power to make a void agreement enforceable. A contract can also be void due to the impossibility of its performance. For instance, if a contract is formed between two parties A & B but during the performance of the contract the object of the contract becomes impossible to achieve (due to action by someone or something other than the contracting parties), then the contract cannot be enforced in the court of law and is thus void. A void contract can be one in which any of the prerequisites of a valid contract is/are absent for example if there is no contractual capacity, the contract can be deemed as void. In fact, void means that a contract does not exist at all. The law can not enforce any legal obligation to either party especially the disappointed party because they are not entitled to any protective laws as far as contracts are concerned. An agreement may be void for any of the following reasons: Made by incompetent parties (e.g., under the age of consent, incapacitated) Has a material bilateral mistake Has unlawful consideration (e.g., promise of sex) Concerns an unlawful object (e.g., heroin) Has no consideration on one side Restricts a person from marrying or remarrying Restricts trade Restricts legal proceedings Has material uncertain terms Incorporates a wager, gamble, or bet Contingent upon the happening of an impossible event Requires the performance of impossible act. See also Void (law) Voidable contract References ^ Cross, F.; Miller, R. (2011). The Legal Environment of Business. Cengage Learning. ^ Cross, F.; Miller, R. (2011). The Legal Environment of Business. Cengage Learning. ^ Emanuel, S. (2006). Contracts. Aspen Publishers. This legal term article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract"},{"link_name":"enforced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enforced"},{"link_name":"voidable contracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voidable_contract"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"A contract is an agreement enforceable by law. A void agreement is one which cannot be enforced by law. Sometimes an agreement which is enforceable by law, i.e., a contract, can become void. Void agreements are different from voidable contracts, which are contracts that may be nullified. However, when a contract is being written and signed, there is no automatic mechanism available in every situation that can be utilized to detect the validity or enforceability of that contract. Practically, a contract can be declared to be void by a court of law.[1]An agreement to carry out an illegal act is an example of a void agreement. For example, an agreement between drug dealers and buyers is a void agreement simply because the terms of the contract are illegal. In such a case, neither party can go to court to enforce the contract. A void agreement is void ab initio, i e from the beginning while a voidable contract can be voidable by one or all of the parties. A voidable contract is not void ab initio, rather, it becomes void later due to some changes in condition. In sum, there is no scope of any discretion on the part of the contracting parties in a void agreement. The contracting parties do not have the power to make a void agreement enforceable.[2]A contract can also be void due to the impossibility of its performance. For instance, if a contract is formed between two parties A & B but during the performance of the contract the object of the contract becomes impossible to achieve (due to action by someone or something other than the contracting parties), then the contract cannot be enforced in the court of law and is thus void.[3] A void contract can be one in which any of the prerequisites of a valid contract is/are absent for example if there is no contractual capacity, the contract can be deemed as void. In fact, void means that a contract does not exist at all. The law can not enforce any legal obligation to either party especially the disappointed party because they are not entitled to any protective laws as far as contracts are concerned.An agreement may be void for any of the following reasons:Made by incompetent parties (e.g., under the age of consent, incapacitated)\nHas a material bilateral mistake\nHas unlawful consideration (e.g., promise of sex)\nConcerns an unlawful object (e.g., heroin)\nHas no consideration on one side\nRestricts a person from marrying or remarrying\nRestricts trade\nRestricts legal proceedings\nHas material uncertain terms\nIncorporates a wager, gamble, or bet\nContingent upon the happening of an impossible event\nRequires the performance of impossible act.","title":"Void contract"}]	[]	[{"title":"Void (law)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_(law)"},{"title":"Voidable contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voidable_contract"}]	[{"reference":"Cross, F.; Miller, R. (2011). The Legal Environment of Business. Cengage Learning.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cross, F.; Miller, R. (2011). The Legal Environment of Business. Cengage Learning.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Emanuel, S. (2006). Contracts. Aspen Publishers.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Void_contract&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilona_Royce_Smithkin	Ilona Royce Smithkin	["1 Early life and training","2 Art","3 Fashion","4 References"]	American artist, author, model, and performer (1920–2021)Ilona Royce SmithkinBornMarch 27, 1920PolandDiedAugust 1, 2021Provincetown, Massachusetts Ilona Royce Smithkin (March 27, 1920 – August 1, 2021) was a Polish-born American artist, author, model, and performer. Her work included appearances in films such as Advanced Style and Ilona, Upstairs, in the television series Ilona's Palette, Painting with Ilona, and Finishing Touches with Ilona, and the books Painting with Ilona, Joy Dust, and Ninety-Nine: Straight Up, No Chaser. Smithkin turned 100 in March 2020 and died in August 2021 at the age of 101 in Provincetown. Early life and training Smithkin was born Ilona Rosenkranz on March 27, 1920, in Poland. She was raised in France, Germany and Belgium, and studied at the Reimann School of Art and Design in Berlin and the Academie Royal des Beaux Arts in Antwerp. In 1938, her family emigrated to the United States. In the United States she studied with Robert Brackman at the Art Students League of New York, and then at the Cape School of Art in Provincetown. Art Smithkin's primary mediums were oil painting rooted in Impressionism and sanguine portraiture. Her portrait of writer-philosopher Ayn Rand continues to appear on Rand's book covers and Smithkin has been interviewed about her friendship with the author. Additional subjects of her portraiture were Tennessee Williams and Eugene O'Neill. Smithkin's work has been exhibited at venues including Musée d'histoire des sciences de la Ville de Genève, Gallerie Charlotte Norberg in Paris, the Eugene O'Neill Memorial Institute in Waterford, Connecticut, the Provincetown Art Association and Museum, and the Columbia Museum of Art. Her work remains on permanent exhibition at the Karilon Gallery in Provincetown, where she maintained a studio. Smithkin began teaching art in 1970. She was a front runner of the educational painting genre on public television, starring in Ilona's Palette, Painting with Ilona, which spawned a book by the same title, and Finishing Touches with Ilona. She also authored Painting with Ilona, Joy Dust: Ilona at 96, and Ninety-Nine: Straight Up, No Chaser. Fashion Smithkin was the subject of Melissa Hammel's Ilona, Upstairs, which received the 2005 HBO Audience Award for best documentary, and as a lifestyle model featured in Ari Seth Cohen's Advanced Style book, documentary, blog, and coloring book, and the Stylelikeu book and blog. Smithkin appeared as a model at New York Fashion Week, on The TODAY Show, and for fashion lines including Coach, Karen Walker and Mara Hoffman. Her trademarks included flaming red, pixie-cut hair and matching homemade eyelashes. The New York Post declared her a "style legend." An essay about Smithkin was featured in Bill Hayes' book, Insomniac City: New York, Oliver Sacks, and Me. Demi Moore, Dita Von Teese, and actor Erik Liberman have cited Smithkin among their influences. Moore and Von Teese endorsed Smithkin's last book. References ^ Emanuella Grinberg (2012-04-28). "Aging stylishly, online and in the streets". CNN Digital. Retrieved 2020-11-18. ^ "The Look Book - Color-Loving Art Teacher Ilona Smithkin -- New York Magazine - Nymag". New York Magazine. 27 May 2010. Retrieved 2020-11-18. ^ a b Stewart, Rhonda (June 26, 2005). "Odd couplings add to the appeal of HFA's summer 'Treasures' series". www.newspapers.com. Retrieved November 18, 2020. ^ a b c Staff report. "Provincetown beloved artist Ilona Royce-Smithkin turns 100". Wicked Local. Retrieved 2020-11-18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Traub, Alex (6 August 2021). "Ilona Royce Smithkin, Improbable Muse in Fashion and Art, Dies at 101". The New York Times. ^ Rumer Willis heartbroken after tragic death of beloved friend ^ a b c Moore, Ivy (April 17, 2003). "Painting with Ilona - In Sumter". Newspapers.com. Retrieved November 18, 2020. ^ a b "Art League Opening Exhibit Sunday Will Feature Famous Painter Ilona Royce Smithkin". www.newspapers.com. September 15, 1972. Retrieved November 18, 2020. ^ a b c "Star of 'Painting with Ilona' to give course at River Pavillion". www.newspapers.com. March 16, 1986. Retrieved November 18, 2020. ^ a b Irick, Liz (March 23, 1986). "Ilona's Palette: Famous artist shares her talent, view of world with people of Orangeburg". The Times via www.newspapers.com. Retrieved November 18, 2020. ^ "Aging with Attitude: Artist Ilona Royce Smithkin". Senior Planet. 2015-03-10. Retrieved 2020-11-18. ^ a b "ILONA ROYCE-SMITHKIN: ARTIST, WRITER & MORE \| PASSPORT". passportmagazine.com. Retrieved 2020-11-18. ^ Gates, Anita (2014-09-25). "What Becomes a Woman Most? (Published 2014)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-11-18. ^ Considine, Austin (2011-09-28). "If Holly Golightly Had a Grandson (Published 2011)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-11-18. ^ Oliver, Simone S. (2014-10-13). "What to Wear This Week: Oct. 13 (Published 2014)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-11-18. ^ "Beauty Bag: Corey Lynn Calter's must-have makeup picks". LA Times Blogs - All The Rage. 2011-10-28. Retrieved 2020-11-18. ^ Admin, Web (2020-05-04). "Ilona Royce-Smithkin Turns 100". WESTVIEW NEWS. Retrieved 2020-11-18. ^ Smithkin, Ilona Royce (2020-03-27). Ninety-Nine: Straight Up, No Chaser. John Lucas. ISBN 978-0-578-66065-3. ^ Lucas, John; Smithkin, Ilona Royce (2016-09-30). Ilona at 96. Fourth Chakra House. ISBN 978-0-692-78367-2. ^ Hayes, Bill (2017-02-14). Insomniac City: New York, Oliver Sacks, and Me. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-1-62040-495-9. ^ "Demi Moore shares new heartbreak with fans". HELLO!. 2021-08-04. Retrieved 2023-04-17. ^ "'Advanced Style' movie finds beauty in aging". Chicago Tribune. 28 October 2014. Retrieved 2023-04-17. Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"turned 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centenarian"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"Provincetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincetown,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTObit-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Ilona Royce Smithkin (March 27, 1920 – August 1, 2021) was a Polish-born American artist, author, model, and performer.Her work included appearances in films such as Advanced Style and Ilona, Upstairs, in the television series Ilona's Palette, Painting with Ilona, and Finishing Touches with Ilona, and the books Painting with Ilona, Joy Dust, and 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training"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Impressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism"},{"link_name":"sanguine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanguine"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-10"},{"link_name":"Ayn Rand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-9"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams"},{"link_name":"Eugene 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Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Provincetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincetown,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-10"}],"text":"Smithkin's primary mediums were oil painting rooted in Impressionism and sanguine portraiture.[8][9][10] Her portrait of writer-philosopher Ayn Rand continues to appear on Rand's book covers and Smithkin has been interviewed about her friendship with the author.[11][12][8][9] Additional subjects of her portraiture were Tennessee Williams and Eugene O'Neill.[5]Smithkin's work has been exhibited at venues including Musée d'histoire des sciences de la Ville de Genève, Gallerie Charlotte Norberg in Paris, the Eugene O'Neill Memorial Institute in Waterford, Connecticut, the Provincetown Art Association and Museum, and the Columbia Museum of Art. Her work remains on permanent exhibition at the Karilon Gallery in Provincetown, where she maintained a studio.[4][7]Smithkin began teaching art in 1970. She was a front runner of the educational painting genre on public television, starring in Ilona's Palette, Painting with Ilona, which spawned a book by the same title, and Finishing Touches with Ilona. She also authored Painting with Ilona, Joy Dust: Ilona at 96, and Ninety-Nine: Straight Up, No Chaser.[7][9][10]","title":"Art"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"Ari Seth Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari_Seth_Cohen"},{"link_name":"New York Fashion Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week"},{"link_name":"The TODAY Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_TODAY_Show"},{"link_name":"Karen Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Walker_(designer)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTObit-5"},{"link_name":"The New York Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Post"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTObit-5"},{"link_name":"Bill Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Hayes_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-12"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTObit-5"},{"link_name":"Demi Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demi_Moore"},{"link_name":"Dita Von Teese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dita_Von_Teese"},{"link_name":"Erik Liberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Liberman"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTObit-5"}],"text":"Smithkin was the subject of Melissa Hammel's Ilona, Upstairs, which received the 2005 HBO Audience Award for best documentary, and as a lifestyle model featured in Ari Seth Cohen's Advanced Style book, documentary, blog, and coloring book, and the Stylelikeu book and blog.Smithkin appeared as a model at New York Fashion Week, on The TODAY Show, and for fashion lines including Coach, Karen Walker and Mara Hoffman.[5]Her trademarks included flaming red, pixie-cut hair and matching homemade eyelashes. The New York Post declared her a \"style legend.\"[3][13][14][15][16][5]An essay about Smithkin was featured in Bill Hayes' book, Insomniac City: New York, Oliver Sacks, and Me.[17][12][18][19][20][5]Demi Moore, Dita Von Teese, and actor Erik Liberman have cited Smithkin among their influences. Moore and Von Teese endorsed Smithkin's last book.[21][22][5]","title":"Fashion"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Emanuella Grinberg (2012-04-28). \"Aging stylishly, online and in the streets\". CNN Digital. Retrieved 2020-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2012/04/27/living/aging-fashion-style/index.html","url_text":"\"Aging stylishly, online and in the streets\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Look Book - Color-Loving Art Teacher Ilona Smithkin -- New York Magazine - Nymag\". New York Magazine. 27 May 2010. Retrieved 2020-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://nymag.com/fashion/lookbook/66279/","url_text":"\"The Look Book - Color-Loving Art Teacher Ilona Smithkin -- New York Magazine - Nymag\""}]},{"reference":"Stewart, Rhonda (June 26, 2005). \"Odd couplings add to the appeal of HFA's summer 'Treasures' series\". www.newspapers.com. Retrieved November 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/443600835/?terms=ilona%2Bsmithkin%2Bprovincetown","url_text":"\"Odd couplings add to the appeal of HFA's summer 'Treasures' series\""}]},{"reference":"Staff report. \"Provincetown beloved artist Ilona Royce-Smithkin turns 100\". Wicked Local. Retrieved 2020-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wickedlocal.com/news/20200330/provincetown-beloved-artist-ilona-royce-smithkin-turns-100","url_text":"\"Provincetown beloved artist Ilona Royce-Smithkin turns 100\""}]},{"reference":"Traub, Alex (6 August 2021). \"Ilona Royce Smithkin, Improbable Muse in Fashion and Art, Dies at 101\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/06/fashion/ilona-royce-smithkin-improbable-muse-in-fashion-and-art-dies-at-101.html","url_text":"\"Ilona Royce Smithkin, Improbable Muse in Fashion and Art, Dies at 101\""}]},{"reference":"Moore, Ivy (April 17, 2003). \"Painting with Ilona - In Sumter\". Newspapers.com. Retrieved November 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/670135225/?terms=ilona%2Bsmithkin%2Breiman%2Bberlin","url_text":"\"Painting with Ilona - In Sumter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Art League Opening Exhibit Sunday Will Feature Famous Painter Ilona Royce Smithkin\". www.newspapers.com. September 15, 1972. Retrieved November 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/66319807/?terms=ilona%2Bsmithkin%2Breiman%2Bberlin","url_text":"\"Art League Opening Exhibit Sunday Will Feature Famous Painter Ilona Royce Smithkin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Star of 'Painting with Ilona' to give course at River Pavillion\". www.newspapers.com. March 16, 1986. Retrieved November 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/344481756/?terms=%22ilona%27s%2Bpalette%22%2Bsmithkin","url_text":"\"Star of 'Painting with Ilona' to give course at River Pavillion\""}]},{"reference":"Irick, Liz (March 23, 1986). \"Ilona's Palette: Famous artist shares her talent, view of world with people of Orangeburg\". The Times via www.newspapers.com. Retrieved November 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/344495907","url_text":"\"Ilona's Palette: Famous artist shares her talent, view of world with people of Orangeburg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aging with Attitude: Artist Ilona Royce Smithkin\". Senior Planet. 2015-03-10. Retrieved 2020-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://seniorplanet.org/aging-with-attitude-artist-ilona-royce-smithkin/","url_text":"\"Aging with Attitude: Artist Ilona Royce Smithkin\""}]},{"reference":"\"ILONA ROYCE-SMITHKIN: ARTIST, WRITER & MORE \| PASSPORT\". passportmagazine.com. Retrieved 2020-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://passportmagazine.com/ilona-royce-smithkin-artist-writer-chanteuse-raconteur/","url_text":"\"ILONA ROYCE-SMITHKIN: ARTIST, WRITER & MORE \| PASSPORT\""}]},{"reference":"Gates, Anita (2014-09-25). \"What Becomes a Woman Most? (Published 2014)\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/26/movies/advanced-style-about-fashion-plates-of-a-certain-vintage.html","url_text":"\"What Becomes a Woman Most? (Published 2014)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Considine, Austin (2011-09-28). \"If Holly Golightly Had a Grandson (Published 2011)\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/29/fashion/putting-fashion-cameras-focus-on-older-women-up-close.html","url_text":"\"If Holly Golightly Had a Grandson (Published 2011)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Oliver, Simone S. (2014-10-13). \"What to Wear This Week: Oct. 13 (Published 2014)\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/13/fashion/what-to-wear-this-week-oct-13.html","url_text":"\"What to Wear This Week: Oct. 13 (Published 2014)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Beauty Bag: Corey Lynn Calter's must-have makeup picks\". LA Times Blogs - All The Rage. 2011-10-28. Retrieved 2020-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/alltherage/2011/10/beauty-bag-corey-lynn-calters-must-have-makeup-picks.html","url_text":"\"Beauty Bag: Corey Lynn Calter's must-have makeup picks\""}]},{"reference":"Admin, Web (2020-05-04). \"Ilona Royce-Smithkin Turns 100\". WESTVIEW NEWS. Retrieved 2020-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://westviewnews.org/2020/05/03/ilona-royce-smithkin-turns-100/web-admin/","url_text":"\"Ilona Royce-Smithkin Turns 100\""}]},{"reference":"Smithkin, Ilona Royce (2020-03-27). Ninety-Nine: Straight Up, No Chaser. John Lucas. ISBN 978-0-578-66065-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jO5tzQEACAAJ","url_text":"Ninety-Nine: Straight Up, No Chaser"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-578-66065-3","url_text":"978-0-578-66065-3"}]},{"reference":"Lucas, John; Smithkin, Ilona Royce (2016-09-30). Ilona at 96. Fourth Chakra House. ISBN 978-0-692-78367-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3LNwAEACAAJ","url_text":"Ilona at 96"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-692-78367-2","url_text":"978-0-692-78367-2"}]},{"reference":"Hayes, Bill (2017-02-14). Insomniac City: New York, Oliver Sacks, and Me. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-1-62040-495-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_bmcDAAAQBAJ&q=ilona+smithkin+interview","url_text":"Insomniac City: New York, Oliver Sacks, and Me"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62040-495-9","url_text":"978-1-62040-495-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Demi Moore shares new heartbreak with fans\". HELLO!. 2021-08-04. Retrieved 2023-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/20210804118915/demi-moore-heartbreak-death-ilona-royce-smithkin/","url_text":"\"Demi Moore shares new heartbreak with fans\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Advanced Style' movie finds beauty in aging\". Chicago Tribune. 28 October 2014. Retrieved 2023-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/sc-fash-1103-advanced-style-movie-20141028-story.html","url_text":"\"'Advanced Style' movie finds beauty in aging\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2012/04/27/living/aging-fashion-style/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Aging stylishly, online and in the streets\""},{"Link":"https://nymag.com/fashion/lookbook/66279/","external_links_name":"\"The Look Book - Color-Loving Art Teacher Ilona Smithkin -- New York Magazine - Nymag\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/443600835/?terms=ilona%2Bsmithkin%2Bprovincetown","external_links_name":"\"Odd couplings add to the appeal of HFA's summer 'Treasures' series\""},{"Link":"https://www.wickedlocal.com/news/20200330/provincetown-beloved-artist-ilona-royce-smithkin-turns-100","external_links_name":"\"Provincetown beloved artist Ilona Royce-Smithkin turns 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/06/fashion/ilona-royce-smithkin-improbable-muse-in-fashion-and-art-dies-at-101.html","external_links_name":"\"Ilona Royce Smithkin, Improbable Muse in Fashion and Art, Dies at 101\""},{"Link":"https://www.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/20210803118862/demi-moore-daughter-rumer-willis-heartbroken-tragic-death/","external_links_name":"Rumer Willis heartbroken after tragic death of beloved friend"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/670135225/?terms=ilona%2Bsmithkin%2Breiman%2Bberlin","external_links_name":"\"Painting with Ilona - In Sumter\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/66319807/?terms=ilona%2Bsmithkin%2Breiman%2Bberlin","external_links_name":"\"Art League Opening Exhibit Sunday Will Feature Famous Painter Ilona Royce Smithkin\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/344481756/?terms=%22ilona%27s%2Bpalette%22%2Bsmithkin","external_links_name":"\"Star of 'Painting with Ilona' to give course at River Pavillion\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/344495907","external_links_name":"\"Ilona's Palette: Famous artist shares her talent, view of world with people of Orangeburg\""},{"Link":"https://seniorplanet.org/aging-with-attitude-artist-ilona-royce-smithkin/","external_links_name":"\"Aging with Attitude: Artist Ilona Royce Smithkin\""},{"Link":"https://passportmagazine.com/ilona-royce-smithkin-artist-writer-chanteuse-raconteur/","external_links_name":"\"ILONA ROYCE-SMITHKIN: ARTIST, WRITER & MORE \| PASSPORT\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/26/movies/advanced-style-about-fashion-plates-of-a-certain-vintage.html","external_links_name":"\"What Becomes a Woman Most? (Published 2014)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/29/fashion/putting-fashion-cameras-focus-on-older-women-up-close.html","external_links_name":"\"If Holly Golightly Had a Grandson (Published 2011)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/13/fashion/what-to-wear-this-week-oct-13.html","external_links_name":"\"What to Wear This Week: Oct. 13 (Published 2014)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/alltherage/2011/10/beauty-bag-corey-lynn-calters-must-have-makeup-picks.html","external_links_name":"\"Beauty Bag: Corey Lynn Calter's must-have makeup picks\""},{"Link":"http://westviewnews.org/2020/05/03/ilona-royce-smithkin-turns-100/web-admin/","external_links_name":"\"Ilona Royce-Smithkin Turns 100\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jO5tzQEACAAJ","external_links_name":"Ninety-Nine: Straight Up, No Chaser"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3LNwAEACAAJ","external_links_name":"Ilona at 96"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_bmcDAAAQBAJ&q=ilona+smithkin+interview","external_links_name":"Insomniac City: New York, Oliver Sacks, and Me"},{"Link":"https://www.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/20210804118915/demi-moore-heartbreak-death-ilona-royce-smithkin/","external_links_name":"\"Demi Moore shares new heartbreak with fans\""},{"Link":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/sc-fash-1103-advanced-style-movie-20141028-story.html","external_links_name":"\"'Advanced Style' movie finds beauty in aging\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/96053436","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navira	Navira	["1 References"]	Genus of spiders Navira Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Chelicerata Class: Arachnida Order: Araneae Infraorder: Araneomorphae Family: Lycosidae Subfamily: Artoriinae Genus: NaviraPiacentini & Grismado , 2009 Species: N. naguan Binomial name Navira naguanPiacentini & Grismado, 2009 Navira is a genus of spiders in the family Lycosidae. It was first described in 2009 by Piacentini & Grismado. As of 2017, it contains only one species, Navira naguan, found in Argentina. References ^ a b "Lycosidae". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2017-03-27. Taxon identifiersNavira Wikidata: Q14646112 Wikispecies: Navira BioLib: 1028300 CoL: 5XXM EoL: 28927636 GBIF: 6719721 iNaturalist: 420063 IRMNG: 1475511 ITIS: 848888 NCBI: 2569450 Open Tree of Life: 5126240 Plazi: C957F329-3C46-FFF1-FF3B-FACFB83CACB6 WSC: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:03907 This Lycosidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lycosidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycosidae"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navira&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMBE-1"}],"text":"Navira is a genus of spiders in the family Lycosidae. It was first described in 2009 by Piacentini & Grismado. As of 2017[update], it contains only one species, Navira naguan, found in Argentina.[1]","title":"Navira"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Lycosidae\". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2017-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/1835","url_text":"\"Lycosidae\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navira&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/1835","external_links_name":"\"Lycosidae\""},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1028300","external_links_name":"1028300"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5XXM","external_links_name":"5XXM"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/28927636","external_links_name":"28927636"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/6719721","external_links_name":"6719721"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/420063","external_links_name":"420063"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1475511","external_links_name":"1475511"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=848888","external_links_name":"848888"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2569450","external_links_name":"2569450"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=5126240","external_links_name":"5126240"},{"Link":"https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C957F329-3C46-FFF1-FF3B-FACFB83CACB6","external_links_name":"C957F329-3C46-FFF1-FF3B-FACFB83CACB6"},{"Link":"https://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/lsid/urn%3Alsid%3Anmbe.ch%3Aspidergen%3A03907","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:03907"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navira&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casper_Elgaard	Casper Elgaard	["1 24 Hours of Le Mans results","1.1 Complete TCR Denmark Touring Car Series results","2 References","3 External links"]	Danish auto racing driver 24 Hours of Le Mans careerYears2001, 2003–2004, 2006 – 2009, 2011TeamsMassive Motorsport, Elgaard Motorsport, Team Den Blå Avis, RN Motorsport Ltd., Lister Racing, Zytek Engineering, Aston Martin Racing Larbre, Team EssexBest finish7th (2007)Class wins1 (2009) Elgaard in a BMW 320si waiting to start in the Danish Touring Car Championship. Casper Gunvad Elgaard (born 5 April 1978) is a Danish auto racing driver. He has competed several times in the 24 Hours of Le Mans since 2001, as well as regular drives in the Le Mans Series. In 2008 he finished second in the LMP2 class of Le Mans for Team Essex in a Porsche RS Spyder. He also won his class at the 2008 1000 km of Monza. In 2009 24 Hours of Le Mans Elgaard won the LMP2 class in the Team Essex Porsche Spyder. He won the Danish Touring Car Championship between 2004 and 2006, and again in the series final season in 2010. Later he won the Danish Thundersport Championship in 2014 and 2015. Early racing includes finishing as runner-up in the 1998 Danish Formula Ford series, as well as a drive in German Formula Ford. In 1999 he raced in the Formula Renault Euro Cup. After competing in the TCR Scandinavia Touring Car Championship in 2019, Elgaard will be driving for his team, Massive Motorsport, which was the first team to enter, in the inaugural TCR Denmark Touring Car Series in 2020. 24 Hours of Le Mans results Year Team Co-Drivers Car Class Laps Pos. ClassPos. 2001 Team Den Blå Avis Team Goh John Nielsen Hiroki Katoh Dome S101-Judd LMP900 66 DNF DNF 2003 RN Motorsport John Nielsen Hayanari Shimoda DBA4 03S-Zytek LMP675 288 22nd 2nd 2004 Lister Racing John Nielsen Jens Reno Møller Lister Storm LMP-Chevrolet LMP1 279 24th 9th 2006 Zytek Engineering Team Essex Invest John Nielsen Philip Andersen Zytek 06S LMP1 269 NC NC 2007 Aston Martin Racing Larbre Christophe Bouchut Fabrizio Gollin Aston Martin DBR9 GT1 341 7th 3rd 2008 Team Essex John Nielsen Sascha Maassen Porsche RS Spyder Evo LMP2 347 12th 2nd 2009 Team Essex Kristian Poulsen Emmanuel Collard Porsche RS Spyder Evo LMP2 357 10th 1st 2011 Hope Racing Steve Zacchia Jan Lammers Oreca 01-Swiss HyTech LMP1 115 DNF DNF Sources: Complete TCR Denmark Touring Car Series results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Team Car 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 DC Points 2020 TPR Motorsport Honda Civic Type R TCR (FK8) JYL11 JYL12 JYL13 JYL211 JYL221 JYL238 JYL241 JYL255 JYL261 DJU1Ret DJU1Ret DJU3 PAD1 PAD2 PAD3 JYL3115 JYL326 JYL333 7th 167 Source: * Season still in progress. References ^ "Casper Gunvad Elgaard" (in Danish). Retrieved 11 May 2024. ^ "2008 le Mans 24 Hours Competitors & Results". Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2009-01-01. 2008 Le Mans 24 hour standings. ^ "Massive Motorsport first to confirm TCR Denmark entry". TouringCarTimes.com. 1 November 2019. ^ "Casper Elgaard confirms driver role for 2020 TCR Denmark season". TouringCarTimes.com. 12 November 2019. ^ "Casper Elgaard". Automobile Club de l'Ouest. Retrieved 10 June 2023. ^ "Casper Elgaard Results". Motorsport Stats. Retrieved 10 June 2023. ^ "Casper Elgaard race results". TouringCars.net. Retrieved 10 June 2023. External links https://web.archive.org/web/20110911211551/http://www.casperelgaard.dk/ Casper Elgaard career summary at DriverDB.com Sporting positions Preceded byJan Magnussen Danish Touring Car Champion 2004 – 2006 Succeeded byMichel Nykjaer Preceded byMichel Nykjaer Danish Touring Car Champion 2010 Succeeded byseries became STCC This biographical article related to Danish sports is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article related to European auto racing is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elgaard.JPG"},{"link_name":"Danish Touring Car Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Touring_Car_Championship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"auto racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_racing"},{"link_name":"24 Hours of Le Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans"},{"link_name":"Le Mans Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Mans_Series"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans"},{"link_name":"Porsche RS Spyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_RS_Spyder"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1000 km of Monza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000_km_Monza"},{"link_name":"2009 24 Hours of Le Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans"},{"link_name":"LMP2 class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LMP2_class&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Team Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Team_Essex&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Porsche Spyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_Spyder"},{"link_name":"Danish Touring Car Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Touring_Car_Championship"},{"link_name":"Danish Thundersport Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Thundersport_Championship"},{"link_name":"Formula Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Ford"},{"link_name":"Formula Renault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Renault"},{"link_name":"TCR Scandinavia Touring Car Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STCC_TCR_Scandinavia_Touring_Car_Championship"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"inaugural TCR Denmark Touring Car Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_TCR_Denmark_Touring_Car_Series"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Elgaard in a BMW 320si waiting to start in the Danish Touring Car Championship.Casper Gunvad Elgaard[1] (born 5 April 1978) is a Danish auto racing driver. He has competed several times in the 24 Hours of Le Mans since 2001, as well as regular drives in the Le Mans Series. In 2008 he finished second in the LMP2 class of Le Mans for Team Essex in a Porsche RS Spyder.[2] He also won his class at the 2008 1000 km of Monza. In 2009 24 Hours of Le Mans Elgaard won the LMP2 class in the Team Essex Porsche Spyder.He won the Danish Touring Car Championship between 2004 and 2006, and again in the series final season in 2010. Later he won the Danish Thundersport Championship in 2014 and 2015. Early racing includes finishing as runner-up in the 1998 Danish Formula Ford series, as well as a drive in German Formula Ford. In 1999 he raced in the Formula Renault Euro Cup.After competing in the TCR Scandinavia Touring Car Championship in 2019, Elgaard will be driving for his team, Massive Motorsport, which was the first team to enter,[3] in the inaugural TCR Denmark Touring Car Series in 2020.[4]","title":"Casper Elgaard"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"24 Hours of Le Mans results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Motorsport_driver_results_legend"}],"sub_title":"Complete TCR Denmark Touring Car Series results","text":"(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)* Season still in progress.","title":"24 Hours of Le Mans results"}]	[{"image_text":"Elgaard in a BMW 320si waiting to start in the Danish Touring Car Championship.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Elgaard.JPG/220px-Elgaard.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Casper Gunvad Elgaard\" (in Danish). Retrieved 11 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://datacvr.virk.dk/enhed/person/4000349192/deltager","url_text":"\"Casper Gunvad Elgaard\""}]},{"reference":"\"2008 le Mans 24 Hours Competitors & Results\". Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2009-01-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080516081221/http://www.experiencelemans.com/en-us/dept_262.html","url_text":"\"2008 le Mans 24 Hours Competitors & Results\""},{"url":"http://www.experiencelemans.com/en-us/dept_262.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Massive Motorsport first to confirm TCR Denmark entry\". TouringCarTimes.com. 1 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.touringcartimes.com/2019/11/01/massive-motorsport-first-confirm-tcr-denmark-entry/","url_text":"\"Massive Motorsport first to confirm TCR Denmark entry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Casper Elgaard confirms driver role for 2020 TCR Denmark season\". TouringCarTimes.com. 12 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.touringcartimes.com/2019/11/12/casper-elgaard-confirms-driver-role-2020-tcr-denmark-season/","url_text":"\"Casper Elgaard confirms driver role for 2020 TCR Denmark season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Casper Elgaard\". Automobile Club de l'Ouest. Retrieved 10 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.24h-lemans.com/en/track-record/driver/casper-elgaard-468","url_text":"\"Casper Elgaard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_Club_de_l%27Ouest","url_text":"Automobile Club de l'Ouest"}]},{"reference":"\"Casper Elgaard Results\". Motorsport Stats. Retrieved 10 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://motorsportstats.com/driver/casper-elgaard/results","url_text":"\"Casper Elgaard Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Casper Elgaard race results\". TouringCars.net. Retrieved 10 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.touringcars.net/database/driver.php?name=Casper+ELGAARD","url_text":"\"Casper Elgaard race results\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://datacvr.virk.dk/enhed/person/4000349192/deltager","external_links_name":"\"Casper Gunvad Elgaard\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080516081221/http://www.experiencelemans.com/en-us/dept_262.html","external_links_name":"\"2008 le Mans 24 Hours Competitors & Results\""},{"Link":"http://www.experiencelemans.com/en-us/dept_262.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.touringcartimes.com/2019/11/01/massive-motorsport-first-confirm-tcr-denmark-entry/","external_links_name":"\"Massive Motorsport first to confirm TCR Denmark entry\""},{"Link":"https://www.touringcartimes.com/2019/11/12/casper-elgaard-confirms-driver-role-2020-tcr-denmark-season/","external_links_name":"\"Casper Elgaard confirms driver role for 2020 TCR Denmark season\""},{"Link":"https://www.24h-lemans.com/en/track-record/driver/casper-elgaard-468","external_links_name":"\"Casper Elgaard\""},{"Link":"https://motorsportstats.com/driver/casper-elgaard/results","external_links_name":"\"Casper Elgaard Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.touringcars.net/database/driver.php?name=Casper+ELGAARD","external_links_name":"\"Casper Elgaard race results\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110911211551/http://www.casperelgaard.dk/","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110911211551/http://www.casperelgaard.dk/"},{"Link":"https://www.driverdb.com/drivers/casper-elgaard","external_links_name":"Casper Elgaard"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casper_Elgaard&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casper_Elgaard&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_J.League_Cup	2018 J.League Cup	["1 Format","2 Group stage","2.1 Tiebreakers","2.2 Group A","2.3 Group B","2.4 Group C","2.5 Group D","3 Bracket","4 Play-off stage","5 Quarterfinals","5.1 First leg","5.2 Second leg","6 Semifinals","6.1 First leg","6.2 Second leg","7 Final","8 Top goalscorers","9 References","10 External links"]	Football tournament season 2018 J. League Cup2018 JリーグYBCルヴァンカップTournament detailsCountry JapanDates7 March – 27 October 2018Teams20Final positionsChampionsShonan Bellmare (1st title)Runner-upYokohama F. MarinosTournament statisticsMatches played69Goals scored207 (3 per match)Top goal scorer(s)Sho Ito← 20172019 → The 2018 J.League Cup (2018 Jリーグカップ), or officially the 2018 J.League YBC Levain Cup (2018 JリーグYBCルヴァンカップ), is the 43rd edition of the Japanese football league cup tournament and the 26th edition under the current J. League Cup format. The winners earned the right to play against the winners of the 2018 Copa Sudamericana in the 2019 J.League Cup / Copa Sudamericana Championship. Format Byes Teams that qualified for 2018 AFC Champions League group stage (3 or 4 teams) are given byes to the quarterfinals. Group stage The group stage is played by 16 teams, consisting of all other 2018 J1 League participants (14 or 15 teams) plus top 1 or 2 2018 J2 League participants based on the ranking of the previous season (i.e., 16th-placed team, and 17th-placed team if applicable, of 2017 J1 League). Play-off stage Play-off stage is played as four or five two-legged ties (number depending on the number of teams given byes to the quarterfinals so that eight teams play the quarterfinals). If four teams are given byes to the quarterfinals, eight teams (top two teams of each group) advances to the play-off stage and composes four ties. If three teams are given byes to the quarterfinals, ten teams (top two teams of each group, plus two best third-placed teams among four groups) advances to the play-off stage and composes five ties. After the play-off stage where eight teams are active, quarterfinals (two-legged), semi finals (two-legged) and the final (single match) are played. Group stage Played between March 7 & May 16. Tiebreakers To determine the ranking of a group, teams with the same points are ranked by the following criteria: Points in the matches between the teams in question, Goal differences in the matches between the teams in question, Number of goals in the matches between the teams in question, Number of away goals in the matches between the teams in question. In case there are still two or more tied teams by the criteria above, re-apply them for only the tied teams. If the process does not classify teams anymore, see the following criteria. Goal differences in all group matches, Number of goals in all group matches, Penalty shoot-out (only if just two teams are tied, and they play the last group match) Fewer disciplinary points, Drawing of lots. To determine the best third-placed teams (if needed), teams with the same points are ranked by the following criteria: Goal differences in all group matches, Number of goals in all group matches, Fewer disciplinary points, Drawing of lots. Group A Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts VEG YMA ALB TOK 1 Vegalta Sendai 6 3 2 1 10 6 +4 11 — 4–2 1–1 3–0 2 Yokohama F. Marinos 6 3 2 1 10 8 +2 11 0–0 — 2–1 1–0 3 Albirex Niigata 6 2 1 3 9 10 −1 7 3–1 1–3 — 3–2 4 FC Tokyo 6 1 1 4 5 10 −5 4 0–1 2–2 1–0 — Source: Group A League table Group B Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts JÚB VEN SSP CON 1 Júbilo Iwata 6 4 0 2 9 7 +2 12 — 3–2 2–1 2–3 2 Ventforet Kofu 6 3 1 2 10 5 +5 10 0–1 — 1–0 3–0 3 Shimizu S-Pulse 6 3 1 2 8 5 +3 10 1–0 1–1 — 2–1 4 Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo 6 1 0 5 4 14 −10 3 0–1 0–3 0–3 — Source: Group B League table Group C Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts RED GAM SFR GRA 1 Urawa Red Diamonds 6 4 1 1 9 5 +4 13 — 1–4 1–0 2–0 2 Gamba Osaka 6 3 0 3 12 13 −1 9 0–1 — 0–4 1–4 3 Sanfrecce Hiroshima 6 2 1 3 9 7 +2 7 0–0 2–3 — 2–1 4 Nagoya Grampus 6 2 0 4 9 14 −5 6 1–4 1–4 2–1 — Source: Group C League table Group D Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts VIS BEL VVN SAG 1 Vissel Kobe 6 3 2 1 14 8 +6 11 — 3–4 2–2 1–1 2 Shonan Bellmare 6 3 1 2 8 8 0 10 0–3 — 2–0 1–0 3 V-Varen Nagasaki 6 2 1 3 9 11 −2 7 1–2 2–1 — 3–2 4 Sagan Tosu 6 1 2 3 5 8 −3 5 0–2 0–0 2–1 — Source: Group D League table Bracket Play-off stage Quarterfinals Semifinals Final 1 Ventforet Kofu 2 1 3 16 Urawa Red Diamonds 0 2 2 Ventforet Kofu 2 1 3 Kashiwa Reysol (a) 2 1 3 8 Kashiwa Reysol 9 Bye Kashiwa Reysol 1 2 3 (4) Shonan Bellmare (p) 1 2 3 (5) 5 Shonan Bellmare 3 1 4 12 Vegalta Sendai 0 3 3 Shonan Bellmare 3 2 5 Cerezo Osaka 0 2 2 4 Cerezo Osaka 13 Bye Shonan Bellmare 1 Yokohama F. Marinos 0 6 Kashima Antlers 11 Bye Kashima Antlers 1 3 4 Kawasaki Frontale 1 1 2 3 Kawasaki Frontale 14 Bye Kashima Antlers 1 2 3 Yokohama F. Marinos 2 2 4 7 Gamba Osaka 1 3 4 10 Júbilo Iwata 0 2 2 Gamba Osaka 0 1 1 Yokohama F. Marinos 4 3 7 2 Yokohama F. Marinos 4 1 5 15 Vissel Kobe 2 1 3 Play-off stage In each tie (two-legged tie) of play-offs, quarterfinals or semifinals, away goals rule is applied for goals in the regular playing time, but not in the extra time. Played on June 2 & 9. Team 1 Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Shonan Bellmare 4–3 Vegalta Sendai 3–0 1–3 Gamba Osaka 4–2 Júbilo Iwata 1–0 3–2 Ventforet Kofu 3–2 Urawa Red Diamonds 2–0 1–2 Yokohama F. Marinos 5–3 Vissel Kobe 4–2 1–1 Quarterfinals Played on September 5 & 9. Team 1 Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Shonan Bellmare 5–2 Cerezo Osaka 3–0 2–2 Ventforet Kofu 3–3 (a) Kashiwa Reysol 2–2 1–1 Gamba Osaka 1–7 Yokohama F. Marinos 0–4 1–3 Kashima Antlers 4–2 Kawasaki Frontale 1–1 3–1 First leg Shonan Bellmare v Cerezo Osaka 5 September 2018 (2018-09-05) Shonan Bellmare 3–0 Cerezo Osaka Shonan BMW Stadium, Hiratsuka19:03 Matsuda 28'Umesaki 70'Kaneko 75' Attendance: 5,896Referee: M. Okabe Ventforet Kofu v Kashiwa Reysol 5 September 2018 (2018-09-05) Ventforet Kofu 2–2 Kashiwa Reysol Yamanashi Chuo Stadium, Kōfu19:03 Nakayama 54'Soneda 69' 63' Nakagawa 85' Cristiano Attendance: 4,157Referee: M. Fukushima Gamba Osaka v Yokohama F. Marinos 5 September 2018 (2018-09-05) Gamba Osaka 0–4 Yokohama F. Marinos Panasonic Stadium Suita, Suita19:03 2', 40' Ito 74' Ōtsu 75' Nakagawa Attendance: 5,792Referee: M. Nishimura Kashima Antlers v Kawasaki Frontale 5 September 2018 (2018-09-05) Kashima Antlers 1–1 Kawasaki Frontale Kashima Soccer Stadium, Kashima19:04 Nishi 19' 32' (pen.) Chinen Attendance: 7,145Referee: M. Īda Second leg Cerezo Osaka v Shonan Bellmare 9 September 2018 (2018-09-09) Cerezo Osaka 2–2 Shonan Bellmare Yanmar Stadium Nagai, Osaka19:03 Takagi 25'Souza 35' 31' Kaneko 44' (pen.) Yamasaki Attendance: 6,589Referee: M. Iemoto Yokohama F. Marinos v Gamba Osaka 9 September 2018 (2018-09-09) Yokohama F. Marinos 3–1 Gamba Osaka Nissan Stadium, Yokohama19:03 Nakagawa 12'Ito 20' (pen.), 85' 52' Ichimi Attendance: 11,207Referee: M. Araki Kawasaki Frontale v Kashima Antlers 9 September 2018 (2018-09-09) Kawasaki Frontale 1–3 Kashima Antlers Ajinomoto Stadium, Chōfu19:03 Abe 51' (pen.) 28', 37' Yamamoto 72' Serginho Attendance: 19,214Referee: M. Yamamoto Semifinals Played on October 10 & 14. Team 1 Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Kashiwa Reysol 3–3 (4–5 p) Shonan Bellmare 1–1 2–2 (a.e.t.) Kashima Antlers 3–4 Yokohama F. Marinos 1–2 2–2 First leg Kashiwa Reysol v Shonan Bellmare 10 October 2018 (2018-10-10) Kashiwa Reysol 1–1 Shonan Bellmare Hitachi Kashiwa Stadium, Kashiwa19:04 Segawa 1' Report Kikuchi 9' Attendance: 5,665Referee: M. Nishimura Kashima Antlers v Yokohama F. Marinos 10 October 2018 (2018-10-10) Kashima Antlers 1–2 Yokohama F. Marinos Kashima Soccer Stadium, Kashima19:03 Inukai 90+4' Report Amano 77'Vieira 90+5' Attendance: 8,421Referee: M. Matsuo Second leg Shonan Bellmare v Kashiwa Reysol 14 October 2018 (2018-10-14) Shonan Bellmare 2–2 (a.e.t.) (5–4 p) Kashiwa Reysol Shonan BMW Stadium, Hiratsuka16:03 Ishikawa 28'Saka 93' Report Otani 70'Yamazaki 113' Attendance: 13,018Referee: M. TōjōPenalties Sugioka Yamasaki Umesaki Saka Kaneko Takayama Cristiano Nakayama Tezuka Esaka Suzuki Yamazaki Yokohama F. Marinos v Kashima Antlers 14 October 2018 (2018-10-14) Yokohama F. Marinos 2–2 Kashima Antlers Nissan Stadium, Yokohama14:04 Vieira 20'Nakagawa 34' Report Doi 62'Serginho 70' Attendance: 12,979Referee: M. Satō Final Main article: 2018 J.League Cup Final Shonan Bellmare v Yokohama F. Marinos 27 October 2018 (2018-10-27) Shonan Bellmare 1–0 Yokohama F. Marinos Saitama Stadium 2002, Saitama13:05 Sugioka 36' Report Attendance: 44,242Referee: M. Kimura Top goalscorers As of match played 27 October 2018. Rank Player Club Goals 1 Sho Ito Yokohama F. Marinos 8 2 Shun Nagasawa Vissel Kobe 7 3 Hugo Vieira Yokohama F. Marinos 5 Hwang Ui-jo Gamba Osaka 5 References ^ a b c "2018JリーグYBCルヴァンカップ大会方式および試合方式について" (in Japanese). J.League. 12 December 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2018. ^ "MEIJI YASUDA J1 LEAGUE \| 2022 Stats". External links Official site (in Japanese) vteJ.League CupSeasons 1992 1993 1994 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Finals 1992 1993 1994 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 vte2018 in Japanese football « 20172019 » League competitionsMen J1 League J2 League J3 League Japan Football League Regional Leagues Women L.League Cup competitionsMen Emperor's Cup (Final) J.League Cup (Final) Super Cup Women Empress's Cup (Final) Nadeshiko League Cup (Final) AFC competitionsMen AFC Champions League Suruga Bank Championship Related to national teamsMen Summary Women Summary Club seasonsJ1 League Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo Vegalta Sendai Kashima Antlers Urawa Red Diamonds Kashiwa Reysol FC Tokyo Kawasaki Frontale Yokohama F. Marinos Shonan Bellmare Shimizu S-Pulse Júbilo Iwata Nagoya Grampus Gamba Osaka Cerezo Osaka Vissel Kobe Sanfrecce Hiroshima Sagan Tosu V-Varen Nagasaki J2 League Montedio Yamagata Mito HollyHock Tochigi SC Omiya Ardija JEF United Chiba Tokyo Verdy FC Machida Zelvia Yokohama FC Ventforet Kofu Matsumoto Yamaga FC Albirex Niigata Zweigen Kanazawa FC Gifu Kyoto Sanga FC Fagiano Okayama Renofa Yamaguchi FC Kamatamare Sanuki Tokushima Vortis Ehime FC Avispa Fukuoka Roasso Kumamoto Oita Trinita J3 League Grulla Morioka Blaublitz Akita Fukushima United FC Thespakusatsu Gunma YSCC Yokohama SC Sagamihara AC Nagano Parceiro Kataller Toyama Fujieda MYFC Azul Claro Numazu Gainare Tottori Giravanz Kitakyushu Kagoshima United FC FC Ryukyu FC Tokyo U-23 Gamba Osaka U-23 Cerezo Osaka U-23 Winter transfers Summer transfers vteJ.League Cup champions6 titles Kashima Antlers 1997 2000 2002 2011 2012 2015 3 titles Tokyo Verdy 1992 1993 1994 FC Tokyo 2004 2009 2020 2 titles Júbilo Iwata 1998 2010 Gamba Osaka 2007 2014 JEF United Chiba 2005 2006 Kashiwa Reysol 1999 2013 Urawa Red Diamonds 2003 2016 1 title Shimizu S-Pulse 1996 Yokohama F. Marinos 2001 Oita Trinita 2008 Cerezo Osaka 2017 Shonan Bellmare 2018 Kawasaki Frontale 2019 Nagoya Grampus 2021 Sanfrecce Hiroshima 2022 Avispa Fukuoka 2023	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"J. League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._League_Cup"},{"link_name":"2018 Copa Sudamericana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Copa_Sudamericana"},{"link_name":"2019 J.League Cup / Copa Sudamericana Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_J.League_Cup_/_Copa_Sudamericana_Championship"}],"text":"The 2018 J.League Cup (2018 Jリーグカップ), or officially the 2018 J.League YBC Levain Cup (2018 JリーグYBCルヴァンカップ), is the 43rd edition of the Japanese football league cup tournament and the 26th edition under the current J. League Cup format.The winners earned the right to play against the winners of the 2018 Copa Sudamericana in the 2019 J.League Cup / Copa Sudamericana Championship.","title":"2018 J.League Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jleague-20171212-1"},{"link_name":"2018 AFC Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_AFC_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"2018 J1 League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_J1_League"},{"link_name":"2018 J2 League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_J2_League"},{"link_name":"2017 J1 League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_J1_League"},{"link_name":"two-legged ties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-legged_tie"}],"text":"[1]Byes\nTeams that qualified for 2018 AFC Champions League group stage (3 or 4 teams) are given byes to the quarterfinals.\nGroup stage\nThe group stage is played by 16 teams, consisting of all other 2018 J1 League participants (14 or 15 teams) plus top 1 or 2 2018 J2 League participants based on the ranking of the previous season (i.e., 16th-placed team, and 17th-placed team if applicable, of 2017 J1 League).\nPlay-off stage\nPlay-off stage is played as four or five two-legged ties (number depending on the number of teams given byes to the quarterfinals so that eight teams play the quarterfinals).\nIf four teams are given byes to the quarterfinals, eight teams (top two teams of each group) advances to the play-off stage and composes four ties.\nIf three teams are given byes to the quarterfinals, ten teams (top two teams of each group, plus two best third-placed teams among four groups) advances to the play-off stage and composes five ties.After the play-off stage where eight teams are active, quarterfinals (two-legged), semi finals (two-legged) and the final (single match) are played.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Played between March 7 & May 16.","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jleague-20171212-1"},{"link_name":"Penalty shoot-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"}],"sub_title":"Tiebreakers","text":"[1]To determine the ranking of a group, teams with the same points are ranked by the following criteria:Points in the matches between the teams in question,\nGoal differences in the matches between the teams in question,\nNumber of goals in the matches between the teams in question,\nNumber of away goals in the matches between the teams in question.\nIn case there are still two or more tied teams by the criteria above, re-apply them for only the tied teams. If the process does not classify teams anymore, see the following criteria.\nGoal differences in all group matches,\nNumber of goals in all group matches,\nPenalty shoot-out (only if just two teams are tied, and they play the last group match)\nFewer disciplinary points,\nDrawing of lots.To determine the best third-placed teams (if needed), teams with the same points are ranked by the following criteria:Goal differences in all group matches,\nNumber of goals in all group matches,\nFewer disciplinary points,\nDrawing of lots.","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Group A League table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.j-league.or.jp/SFRT01/?competitionSectionIdLabel=Up+to+date&competitionIdLabel=J.LEAGUE+YBC+Levain+CUP+Group+Stage+Group+A&yearIdLabel=2018&yearId=2018&competitionId=447&competitionSectionId=0&search=search"}],"sub_title":"Group A","text":"Source: Group A League table","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Group B League table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.j-league.or.jp/SFRT01/?competitionSectionIdLabel=Up+to+date&competitionIdLabel=J.LEAGUE+YBC+Levain+CUP+Group+Stage+Group+B&yearIdLabel=2018&yearId=2018&competitionId=448&competitionSectionId=0&search=search"}],"sub_title":"Group B","text":"Source: Group B League table","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Group C League table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.j-league.or.jp/SFRT01/?competitionSectionIdLabel=Up+to+date&competitionIdLabel=J.LEAGUE+YBC+Levain+CUP+Group+Stage+Group+C&yearIdLabel=2018&yearId=2018&competitionId=449&competitionSectionId=0&search=search"}],"sub_title":"Group C","text":"Source: Group C League table","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Group D League table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.j-league.or.jp/SFRT01/?competitionSectionIdLabel=Up+to+date&competitionIdLabel=J.LEAGUE+YBC+Levain+CUP+Group+Stage+Group+D&yearIdLabel=2018&yearId=2018&competitionId=450&competitionSectionId=0&search=search"}],"sub_title":"Group D","text":"Source: Group D League table","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bracket"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"two-legged tie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-legged_tie"},{"link_name":"away goals rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Away_goals_rule"},{"link_name":"extra time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jleague-20171212-1"}],"text":"In each tie (two-legged tie) of play-offs, quarterfinals or semifinals, away goals rule is applied for goals in the regular playing time, but not in the extra time.[1]Played on June 2 & 9.","title":"Play-off stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Played on September 5 & 9.","title":"Quarterfinals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shonan Bellmare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shonan_Bellmare"},{"link_name":"Cerezo Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerezo_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Shonan Bellmare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shonan_Bellmare"},{"link_name":"Cerezo Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerezo_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Shonan BMW Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shonan_BMW_Stadium_Hiratsuka"},{"link_name":"Hiratsuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiratsuka,_Kanagawa"},{"link_name":"Matsuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temma_Matsuda"},{"link_name":"Umesaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukasa_Umesaki"},{"link_name":"Kaneko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiki_Kaneko"},{"link_name":"Ventforet Kofu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventforet_Kofu"},{"link_name":"Kashiwa Reysol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashiwa_Reysol"},{"link_name":"Ventforet Kofu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventforet_Kofu"},{"link_name":"Kashiwa Reysol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashiwa_Reysol"},{"link_name":"Yamanashi Chuo Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamanashi_Chuo_Bank_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Kōfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dfu"},{"link_name":"Nakayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riku_Nakayama"},{"link_name":"Soneda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutaka_Soneda"},{"link_name":"Nakagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroto_Nakagawa_(footballer,_born_1994)"},{"link_name":"Cristiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_da_Silva"},{"link_name":"Gamba Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamba_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Yokohama F. Marinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama_F._Marinos"},{"link_name":"Gamba Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamba_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Yokohama F. Marinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama_F._Marinos"},{"link_name":"Panasonic Stadium Suita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_Stadium_Suita"},{"link_name":"Suita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suita,_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Ito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sho_Ito"},{"link_name":"Ōtsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABki_%C5%8Ctsu"},{"link_name":"Nakagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teruhito_Nakagawa"},{"link_name":"Kashima Antlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashima_Antlers"},{"link_name":"Kawasaki Frontale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Frontale"},{"link_name":"Kashima Antlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashima_Antlers"},{"link_name":"Kawasaki Frontale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Frontale"},{"link_name":"Kashima Soccer Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashima_Soccer_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Kashima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashima,_Ibaraki"},{"link_name":"Nishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daigo_Nishi"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Chinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kei_Chinen"}],"sub_title":"First leg","text":"Shonan Bellmare v Cerezo Osaka\n5 September 2018 (2018-09-05) Shonan Bellmare 3–0 Cerezo Osaka Shonan BMW Stadium, Hiratsuka19:03\nMatsuda 28'Umesaki 70'Kaneko 75'\n\n\nAttendance: 5,896Referee: M. OkabeVentforet Kofu v Kashiwa Reysol\n5 September 2018 (2018-09-05) Ventforet Kofu 2–2 Kashiwa Reysol Yamanashi Chuo Stadium, Kōfu19:03\nNakayama 54'Soneda 69'\n\n 63' Nakagawa 85' Cristiano\nAttendance: 4,157Referee: M. FukushimaGamba Osaka v Yokohama F. Marinos\n5 September 2018 (2018-09-05) Gamba Osaka 0–4 Yokohama F. Marinos Panasonic Stadium Suita, Suita19:03\n\n\n 2', 40' Ito 74' Ōtsu 75' Nakagawa\nAttendance: 5,792Referee: M. NishimuraKashima Antlers v Kawasaki Frontale\n5 September 2018 (2018-09-05) Kashima Antlers 1–1 Kawasaki Frontale Kashima Soccer Stadium, Kashima19:04\nNishi 19'\n\n 32' (pen.) Chinen\nAttendance: 7,145Referee: M. Īda","title":"Quarterfinals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cerezo Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerezo_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Shonan Bellmare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shonan_Bellmare"},{"link_name":"Cerezo Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerezo_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Shonan Bellmare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shonan_Bellmare"},{"link_name":"Yanmar Stadium Nagai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanmar_Stadium_Nagai"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"Takagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiyuki_Takagi"},{"link_name":"Souza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elierce_Barbosa_de_Souza"},{"link_name":"Kaneko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiki_Kaneko"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Yamasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryogo_Yamasaki"},{"link_name":"Yokohama F. Marinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama_F._Marinos"},{"link_name":"Gamba Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamba_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Yokohama F. Marinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama_F._Marinos"},{"link_name":"Gamba Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamba_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Nissan Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Stadium_(Yokohama)"},{"link_name":"Yokohama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama"},{"link_name":"Nakagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teruhito_Nakagawa"},{"link_name":"Ito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sho_Ito"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Ichimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazunari_Ichimi"},{"link_name":"Kawasaki Frontale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Frontale"},{"link_name":"Kashima Antlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashima_Antlers"},{"link_name":"Kawasaki Frontale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Frontale"},{"link_name":"Kashima Antlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashima_Antlers"},{"link_name":"Ajinomoto Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajinomoto_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Chōfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dfu,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Abe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroyuki_Abe_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Yamamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuto_Yamamoto"},{"link_name":"Serginho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serginho_(footballer,_born_March_1995)"}],"sub_title":"Second leg","text":"Cerezo Osaka v Shonan Bellmare\n9 September 2018 (2018-09-09) Cerezo Osaka 2–2 Shonan Bellmare Yanmar Stadium Nagai, Osaka19:03\nTakagi 25'Souza 35'\n\n 31' Kaneko 44' (pen.) Yamasaki\nAttendance: 6,589Referee: M. IemotoYokohama F. Marinos v Gamba Osaka\n9 September 2018 (2018-09-09) Yokohama F. Marinos 3–1 Gamba Osaka Nissan Stadium, Yokohama19:03\nNakagawa 12'Ito 20' (pen.), 85'\n\n 52' Ichimi\nAttendance: 11,207Referee: M. ArakiKawasaki Frontale v Kashima Antlers\n9 September 2018 (2018-09-09) Kawasaki Frontale 1–3 Kashima Antlers Ajinomoto Stadium, Chōfu19:03\nAbe 51' (pen.)\n\n 28', 37' Yamamoto 72' Serginho\nAttendance: 19,214Referee: M. Yamamoto","title":"Quarterfinals"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Played on October 10 & 14.","title":"Semifinals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kashiwa Reysol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashiwa_Reysol"},{"link_name":"Shonan Bellmare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shonan_Bellmare"},{"link_name":"Kashiwa Reysol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashiwa_Reysol"},{"link_name":"Shonan Bellmare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shonan_Bellmare"},{"link_name":"Hitachi Kashiwa Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankyo_Frontier_Kashiwa_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Kashiwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashiwa"},{"link_name":"Segawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuke_Segawa"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jleague.jp/match/leaguecup/2018/101001/live/"},{"link_name":"Kikuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisuke_Kikuchi"},{"link_name":"Kashima Antlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashima_Antlers"},{"link_name":"Yokohama F. Marinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama_F._Marinos"},{"link_name":"Kashima Antlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashima_Antlers"},{"link_name":"Yokohama F. Marinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama_F._Marinos"},{"link_name":"Kashima Soccer Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashima_Soccer_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Kashima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashima,_Ibaraki"},{"link_name":"Inukai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomoya_Inukai"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jleague.jp/match/leaguecup/2018/101002/live/"},{"link_name":"Amano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun_Amano"},{"link_name":"Vieira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Vieira"}],"sub_title":"First leg","text":"Kashiwa Reysol v Shonan Bellmare\n10 October 2018 (2018-10-10) Kashiwa Reysol 1–1 Shonan Bellmare Hitachi Kashiwa Stadium, Kashiwa19:04\nSegawa 1'\nReport\nKikuchi 9'\nAttendance: 5,665Referee: M. NishimuraKashima Antlers v Yokohama F. Marinos\n10 October 2018 (2018-10-10) Kashima Antlers 1–2 Yokohama F. Marinos Kashima Soccer Stadium, Kashima19:03\nInukai 90+4'\nReport\nAmano 77'Vieira 90+5'\nAttendance: 8,421Referee: M. Matsuo","title":"Semifinals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shonan Bellmare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shonan_Bellmare"},{"link_name":"Kashiwa Reysol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashiwa_Reysol"},{"link_name":"Shonan Bellmare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shonan_Bellmare"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Kashiwa Reysol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashiwa_Reysol"},{"link_name":"Shonan BMW Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shonan_BMW_Stadium_Hiratsuka"},{"link_name":"Hiratsuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiratsuka,_Kanagawa"},{"link_name":"Ishikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiki_Ishikawa"},{"link_name":"Saka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keisuke_Saka"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jleague.jp/match/leaguecup/2018/101411/live/"},{"link_name":"Otani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidekazu_Otani"},{"link_name":"Yamazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryohei_Yamazaki"},{"link_name":"Penalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Sugioka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiki_Sugioka"},{"link_name":"Yamasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryogo_Yamasaki"},{"link_name":"Umesaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukasa_Umesaki"},{"link_name":"Saka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keisuke_Saka"},{"link_name":"Kaneko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiki_Kaneko"},{"link_name":"Takayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaoru_Takayama"},{"link_name":"Cristiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_da_Silva"},{"link_name":"Nakayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuta_Nakayama"},{"link_name":"Tezuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohei_Tezuka"},{"link_name":"Esaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataru_Esaka"},{"link_name":"Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisuke_Suzuki_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Yamazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryohei_Yamazaki"},{"link_name":"Yokohama F. Marinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama_F._Marinos"},{"link_name":"Kashima Antlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashima_Antlers"},{"link_name":"Yokohama F. Marinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama_F._Marinos"},{"link_name":"Kashima Antlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashima_Antlers"},{"link_name":"Nissan Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Stadium_(Yokohama)"},{"link_name":"Yokohama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama"},{"link_name":"Vieira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Vieira"},{"link_name":"Nakagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teruhito_Nakagawa"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jleague.jp/match/leaguecup/2018/101412/live/"},{"link_name":"Doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoma_Doi"},{"link_name":"Serginho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serginho_(footballer,_born_March_1995)"}],"sub_title":"Second leg","text":"Shonan Bellmare v Kashiwa Reysol\n14 October 2018 (2018-10-14) Shonan Bellmare 2–2 (a.e.t.) (5–4 p) Kashiwa Reysol Shonan BMW Stadium, Hiratsuka16:03\nIshikawa 28'Saka 93'\nReport\nOtani 70'Yamazaki 113'\nAttendance: 13,018Referee: M. TōjōPenalties\nSugioka Yamasaki Umesaki Saka Kaneko Takayama \n\n Cristiano Nakayama Tezuka Esaka Suzuki YamazakiYokohama F. Marinos v Kashima Antlers\n14 October 2018 (2018-10-14) Yokohama F. Marinos 2–2 Kashima Antlers Nissan Stadium, Yokohama14:04\nVieira 20'Nakagawa 34'\nReport\nDoi 62'Serginho 70'\nAttendance: 12,979Referee: M. Satō","title":"Semifinals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shonan Bellmare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shonan_Bellmare"},{"link_name":"Yokohama F. Marinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama_F._Marinos"},{"link_name":"Shonan Bellmare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shonan_Bellmare"},{"link_name":"Yokohama F. Marinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama_F._Marinos"},{"link_name":"Saitama Stadium 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saitama_Stadium_2002"},{"link_name":"Saitama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saitama,_Saitama"},{"link_name":"Sugioka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiki_Sugioka"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jleague.jp/match/leaguecup/2018/102702/live/"}],"text":"Shonan Bellmare v Yokohama F. Marinos\n27 October 2018 (2018-10-27) Shonan Bellmare 1–0 Yokohama F. Marinos Saitama Stadium 2002, Saitama13:05\nSugioka 36'\nReport\n\nAttendance: 44,242Referee: M. Kimura","title":"Final"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"As of match played 27 October 2018.[2]","title":"Top goalscorers"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"2018JリーグYBCルヴァンカップ大会方式および試合方式について\" [2018 J.League YBC Levain Cup tournament format] (in Japanese). J.League. 12 December 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jleague.jp/release/post-51918/","url_text":"\"2018JリーグYBCルヴァンカップ大会方式および試合方式について\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.League","url_text":"J.League"}]},{"reference":"\"MEIJI YASUDA J1 LEAGUE \| 2022 Stats\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jleague.jp/en/stats/goal.html?s=YLC","url_text":"\"MEIJI YASUDA J1 LEAGUE \| 2022 Stats\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://data.j-league.or.jp/SFRT01/?competitionSectionIdLabel=Up+to+date&competitionIdLabel=J.LEAGUE+YBC+Levain+CUP+Group+Stage+Group+A&yearIdLabel=2018&yearId=2018&competitionId=447&competitionSectionId=0&search=search","external_links_name":"Group A League table"},{"Link":"https://data.j-league.or.jp/SFRT01/?competitionSectionIdLabel=Up+to+date&competitionIdLabel=J.LEAGUE+YBC+Levain+CUP+Group+Stage+Group+B&yearIdLabel=2018&yearId=2018&competitionId=448&competitionSectionId=0&search=search","external_links_name":"Group B League table"},{"Link":"https://data.j-league.or.jp/SFRT01/?competitionSectionIdLabel=Up+to+date&competitionIdLabel=J.LEAGUE+YBC+Levain+CUP+Group+Stage+Group+C&yearIdLabel=2018&yearId=2018&competitionId=449&competitionSectionId=0&search=search","external_links_name":"Group C League table"},{"Link":"https://data.j-league.or.jp/SFRT01/?competitionSectionIdLabel=Up+to+date&competitionIdLabel=J.LEAGUE+YBC+Levain+CUP+Group+Stage+Group+D&yearIdLabel=2018&yearId=2018&competitionId=450&competitionSectionId=0&search=search","external_links_name":"Group D League table"},{"Link":"https://www.jleague.jp/match/leaguecup/2018/101001/live/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.jleague.jp/match/leaguecup/2018/101002/live/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.jleague.jp/match/leaguecup/2018/101411/live/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.jleague.jp/match/leaguecup/2018/101412/live/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.jleague.jp/match/leaguecup/2018/102702/live/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.jleague.jp/release/post-51918/","external_links_name":"\"2018JリーグYBCルヴァンカップ大会方式および試合方式について\""},{"Link":"https://www.jleague.jp/en/stats/goal.html?s=YLC","external_links_name":"\"MEIJI YASUDA J1 LEAGUE \| 2022 Stats\""},{"Link":"https://www.jleague.jp/leaguecup/2018/","external_links_name":"Official site"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-O-Methyldopa	3-O-Methyldopa	["1 Effects","2 In relation to levodopa","3 Modulation of 3-OMD levels in blood","4 Metabolic pathway","5 See also","6 References"]	3-O-Methyldopa Names IUPAC name 2-Amino-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propanoic acid. Other names 3-Methoxytyrosine; 3-Methoxydopa; L-3-O-Methyl-DOPA; 3-Methoxy-L-tyrosine; L-4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylalanine; L-3-Methoxytyrosine; L-3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylalanine Identifiers CAS Number 7636-26-2 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI:82913 ChemSpider 8948 PubChem CID 9307 UNII SO86T1OB2P Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID401315157 InChI InChI=1S/C10H13NO4/c1-15-9-5-6(2-3-8(9)12)4-7(11)10(13)14/h2-3,5,7,12H,4,11H2,1H3,(H,13,14)/t7-/m0/s1Key: PFDUUKDQEHURQC-ZETCQYMHSA-NInChI=1/C10H13NO4/c1-15-9-5-6(2-3-8(9)12)4-7(11)10(13)14/h2-3,5,7,12H,4,11H2,1H3,(H,13,14)/t7-/m0/s1Key: PFDUUKDQEHURQC-ZETCQYMHBZ SMILES COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C(C(=O)O)N)O Properties Chemical formula C10H13NO4 Molar mass 211.217 g·mol−1 Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Infobox references Chemical compound 3-O-Methyldopa (3-OMD) is one of the most important metabolites of L-DOPA, a drug used in the treatment of the Parkinson's disease. 3-O-methyldopa is produced by the methylation of L-DOPA by the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase. The necessary cofactor for this enzymatic reaction is s-adenosyl methionine (SAM). Its half-life (approximately 15 hours) is longer than L-DOPA's half-life, which is about one hour. This means that it is accumulated in the plasma and the brain of chronic L-DOPA therapy patients such as people suffering from Parkinson's disease. 3-OMD is often elevated in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of Parkinson's disease patients taking L-DOPA. It's serum levels are also elevated in patients with AADC deficit, making it a useful marker for screening of this disease. Effects Recent studies suggest that 3-OMD has some effects on the chronic treatment of L-DOPA. There are some evidences about it: Higher levels of dyskinesia. L-DOPA related motor dysfunction. Inhibition of striatal uptake of tyrosine. Competition with L-DOPA for the blood–brain barrier transporter system. Inhibition of dopamine release. In relation to levodopa The most common and important treatment for Parkinson's disease is L-DOPA, used in all patients at any time of the disease evolution. It produces a decrease in symptoms of the disease. In fact, almost all patients that are treated with this drug show a considerable improvement. However, there is a controversy of whether L-DOPA and 3-OMD may be toxic. Some studies have proposed that 3-OMD increases homocysteine levels, and this amino acid induces cardiovascular disease and neuronal damage. Some other toxic effects could be oxidative DNA damage which can cause cell death, a decrease in locomotor activities and diminishment in mitochondrial membrane potential. Modulation of 3-OMD levels in blood Action of tolcapone (1) inhibiting the activity of COMT modifying the levels of L-DOPA and 3-OMD. As we know, it is necessary to produce the passage of L-DOPA administered to the blood brain barrier (BBB) to supplement the lack of dopamine suffered by patients with Parkinson's. Due to the high peripheral degradation rate of L-DOPA, high doses are required to improve the levels of this enzyme in blood brain barrier. Those increments are often associated with dopaminergic side effects. For this reason, several studies reported some mechanisms that can prolong the concentration of L-DOPA. Compounds capable of decreasing 3-O-methyldopa, like entacapone, tolcapone and opicapone (COMT inhibitors), when administered in combination with L-DOPA, lead to prolonged availability of this drug, thereby prolonging its effects. On the other hand, the possibility of blocking peripheral decarboxylation by adding an aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) inhibitor has been studied. These effects increase the methylation of L-DOPA and increase concentrations of 3-O-methyldopa. Clivel Charlton et al., demonstrate that 3-OMD accumulation from long-term L-DOPA treatment may be involved in the adverse effects of L-DOPA therapy, although more studies are needed to corroborate it. Metabolic pathway Dopamine and 3-OMD synthesis until final conversion to vanillactate from L-dopamine degradation. Abbreviations: DDC, dopa decarboxylase; DA, dopamine; COMT: catechol-O-methyl transferase; 3-OMD, 3-O-methyldopa; SAM, S-adenosylmethionine; SAH, S-adenosylhomocysteine. 3-O-methyldopa is a major metabolite of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and is formed by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). One of the L-DOPA's metabolic pathways is the decarboxylation and the other is the O-methylation. L-DOPA has the main role in the metabolic pathway as a metabolite in the biosynthesis of dopamine. This reaction happen in the process of decarboxylation by aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) also called dopa-descarboxilasa. Furthermore, L-DOPA also can be methylated in the methylation process to 3-O-methyldopa. DDC acting as decarboxylase inhibitor makes COMT main metabolic pathway catalyzing this conversion of Levodopa. The catabolism of L-DOPA to synthesize 3-OMD This process is catalyzed by catechol O-methyltransferase methylates (COMT). The action of the enzyme makes it possible the reaction happens. This metabolite of L-DOPA formed, 3-OMD, is transaminated to vanilpyruvate by tyrosine aminotransferase. Vanilpyruvate is reduced to the final conversion: venillactate which are the same, predominantly by aromatic α-keto acid reductase and also by lactate dehydrogenase. See also L-DOPA Entacapone Tolcapone Opicapone Catechol-O-methyl transferase Parkinson's disease References ^ a b Parkinson’s Disease and movement disorders. Joseph Jankovic y Eduardo Tolosa. Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Fifth Edition. ^ Parkinson y Discinesias. Abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico. López del Val y Linazasoro Cristóbal. Ed. Médica Panamericana. ^ Wassenberg, Tessa; Molero-Luis, Marta; Jeltsch, Kathrin; Hoffmann, Georg F.; Assmann, Birgit; Blau, Nenad; Garcia-Cazorla, Angeles; Artuch, Rafael; Pons, Roser; Pearson, Toni S.; Leuzzi, Vincenco; Mastrangelo, Mario; Pearl, Phillip L.; Lee, Wang Tso; Kurian, Manju A. (2017). "Consensus guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 12. Article number: 12. doi:10.1186/s13023-016-0522-z. hdl:11573/1497381. ISSN 1750-1172. ^ Lee, E. S. Y.; Chen, H.; King, J.; Charlton, C. (2007). "The Role of 3-O-Methyldopa in the Side Effects of l-dopa". Neurochemical Research. 33 (3): 401–411. doi:10.1007/s11064-007-9442-6. PMID 17713853. S2CID 7142539. ^ Tai, C. H.; Wu, R. M. (2002). "Catechol-O-methyltransferase and Parkinson's disease". Acta Medica Okayama. 56 (1): 1–6. PMID 11873938. ^ Maeda, Toshihiko; Hideyo Shindo (1976). Metabolic pathway of L-3-methoxy,4-hydroxyphenylalanine (3-O-methylDOPA)-participation of tyrosine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. VOL.24; NO.5; 1104-1106.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"L-DOPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-DOPA"},{"link_name":"Parkinson's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"methylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylation"},{"link_name":"L-DOPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-DOPA"},{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"catechol-O-methyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechol-O-methyltransferase"},{"link_name":"s-adenosyl methionine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Adenosyl_methionine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParkinsonDisease-1"},{"link_name":"plasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasma"},{"link_name":"brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain"},{"link_name":"plasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasma"},{"link_name":"cerebrospinal fluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"AADC deficit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic_L-amino_acid_decarboxylase_deficiency"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Chemical compound3-O-Methyldopa (3-OMD) is one of the most important metabolites of L-DOPA, a drug used in the treatment of the Parkinson's disease.3-O-methyldopa is produced by the methylation of L-DOPA by the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase. The necessary cofactor for this enzymatic reaction is s-adenosyl methionine (SAM). Its half-life (approximately 15 hours) is longer than L-DOPA's half-life, which is about one hour.[1] This means that it is accumulated in the plasma and the brain of chronic L-DOPA therapy patients such as people suffering from Parkinson's disease.3-OMD is often elevated in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of Parkinson's disease patients taking L-DOPA.[2] It's serum levels are also elevated in patients with AADC deficit, making it a useful marker for screening of this disease. [3]","title":"3-O-Methyldopa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeeEtAl-4"},{"link_name":"dyskinesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyskinesia"},{"link_name":"tyrosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine"},{"link_name":"blood–brain barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier"}],"text":"Recent studies[4] suggest that 3-OMD has some effects on the chronic treatment of L-DOPA. There are some evidences about it:Higher levels of dyskinesia.\nL-DOPA related motor dysfunction.\nInhibition of striatal uptake of tyrosine.\nCompetition with L-DOPA for the blood–brain barrier transporter system.\nInhibition of dopamine release.","title":"Effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParkinsonDisease-1"},{"link_name":"homocysteine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homocysteine"},{"link_name":"amino acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid"},{"link_name":"cardiovascular disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"cell death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_death"},{"link_name":"mitochondrial membrane potential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion"}],"text":"The most common and important treatment for Parkinson's disease is L-DOPA, used in all patients at any time of the disease evolution. It produces a decrease in symptoms of the disease. In fact, almost all patients that are treated with this drug show a considerable improvement. However, there is a controversy of whether L-DOPA and 3-OMD may be toxic.Some studies[1] have proposed that 3-OMD increases homocysteine levels, and this amino acid induces cardiovascular disease and neuronal damage. Some other toxic effects could be oxidative DNA damage which can cause cell death, a decrease in locomotor activities and diminishment in mitochondrial membrane potential.","title":"In relation to levodopa"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3-0-methyldopa.jpg"},{"link_name":"tolcapone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolcapone"},{"link_name":"entacapone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entacapone"},{"link_name":"tolcapone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolcapone"},{"link_name":"opicapone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opicapone"},{"link_name":"COMT inhibitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMT_inhibitor"}],"text":"Action of tolcapone (1) inhibiting the activity of COMT modifying the levels of L-DOPA and 3-OMD.As we know, it is necessary to produce the passage of L-DOPA administered to the blood brain barrier (BBB) to supplement the lack of dopamine suffered by patients with Parkinson's. \nDue to the high peripheral degradation rate of L-DOPA, high doses are required to improve the levels of this enzyme in blood brain barrier. Those increments are often associated with dopaminergic side effects. \nFor this reason, several studies reported some mechanisms that can prolong the concentration of L-DOPA. Compounds capable of decreasing 3-O-methyldopa, like entacapone, tolcapone and opicapone (COMT inhibitors), when administered in combination with L-DOPA, lead to prolonged availability of this drug, thereby prolonging its effects.On the other hand, the possibility of blocking peripheral decarboxylation by adding an aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) inhibitor has been studied. These effects increase the methylation of L-DOPA and increase concentrations of 3-O-methyldopa. Clivel Charlton et al., demonstrate that 3-OMD accumulation from long-term L-DOPA treatment may be involved in the adverse effects of L-DOPA therapy, although more studies are needed to corroborate it.","title":"Modulation of 3-OMD levels in blood"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metabolic_pathway_of_L-Dopa.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L-DOPA-to-dopamine.svg"},{"link_name":"decarboxylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decarboxylation"},{"link_name":"aromatic amino acid decarboxylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic_amino_acid_decarboxylase"},{"link_name":"methylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L-DOPA-to-3-O-methyldopa.svg"},{"link_name":"tyrosine aminotransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine_aminotransferase"},{"link_name":"lactate dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Dopamine and 3-OMD synthesis until final conversion to vanillactate from L-dopamine degradation. Abbreviations: DDC, dopa decarboxylase; DA, dopamine; COMT: catechol-O-methyl transferase; 3-OMD, 3-O-methyldopa; SAM, S-adenosylmethionine; SAH, S-adenosylhomocysteine.3-O-methyldopa is a major metabolite of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and is formed by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT).One of the L-DOPA's metabolic pathways is the decarboxylation and the other is the O-methylation.L-DOPA has the main role in the metabolic pathway as a metabolite in the biosynthesis of dopamine. This reaction happen in the process of decarboxylation by aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) also called dopa-descarboxilasa.Furthermore, L-DOPA also can be methylated in the methylation process to 3-O-methyldopa. DDC acting as decarboxylase inhibitor makes COMT main metabolic pathway catalyzing this conversion of Levodopa.[5]The catabolism of L-DOPA to synthesize 3-OMDThis process is catalyzed by catechol O-methyltransferase methylates (COMT). The action of the enzyme makes it possible the reaction happens. This metabolite of L-DOPA formed, 3-OMD, is transaminated to vanilpyruvate by tyrosine aminotransferase. Vanilpyruvate is reduced to the final conversion: venillactate which are the same, predominantly by aromatic α-keto acid reductase and also by lactate dehydrogenase.[6]","title":"Metabolic pathway"}]	[{"image_text":"Action of tolcapone (1) inhibiting the activity of COMT modifying the levels of L-DOPA and 3-OMD.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/3-0-methyldopa.jpg/300px-3-0-methyldopa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dopamine and 3-OMD synthesis until final conversion to vanillactate from L-dopamine degradation. Abbreviations: DDC, dopa decarboxylase; DA, dopamine; COMT: catechol-O-methyl transferase; 3-OMD, 3-O-methyldopa; SAM, S-adenosylmethionine; SAH, S-adenosylhomocysteine.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Metabolic_pathway_of_L-Dopa.jpg/400px-Metabolic_pathway_of_L-Dopa.jpg"},{"image_text":"One of the L-DOPA's metabolic pathways is the decarboxylation and the other is the O-methylation.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/L-DOPA-to-dopamine.svg/300px-L-DOPA-to-dopamine.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The catabolism of L-DOPA to synthesize 3-OMD","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/L-DOPA-to-3-O-methyldopa.svg/400px-L-DOPA-to-3-O-methyldopa.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"L-DOPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-DOPA"},{"title":"Entacapone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entacapone"},{"title":"Tolcapone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolcapone"},{"title":"Opicapone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opicapone"},{"title":"Catechol-O-methyl transferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechol-O-methyl_transferase"},{"title":"Parkinson's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"}]	[{"reference":"Wassenberg, Tessa; Molero-Luis, Marta; Jeltsch, Kathrin; Hoffmann, Georg F.; Assmann, Birgit; Blau, Nenad; Garcia-Cazorla, Angeles; Artuch, Rafael; Pons, Roser; Pearson, Toni S.; Leuzzi, Vincenco; Mastrangelo, Mario; Pearl, Phillip L.; Lee, Wang Tso; Kurian, Manju A. (2017). \"Consensus guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency\". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 12. Article number: 12. doi:10.1186/s13023-016-0522-z. hdl:11573/1497381. ISSN 1750-1172.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13023-016-0522-z","url_text":"\"Consensus guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13023-016-0522-z","url_text":"10.1186/s13023-016-0522-z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11573%2F1497381","url_text":"11573/1497381"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1750-1172","url_text":"1750-1172"}]},{"reference":"Lee, E. S. Y.; Chen, H.; King, J.; Charlton, C. (2007). \"The Role of 3-O-Methyldopa in the Side Effects of l-dopa\". Neurochemical Research. 33 (3): 401–411. doi:10.1007/s11064-007-9442-6. PMID 17713853. S2CID 7142539.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11064-007-9442-6","url_text":"10.1007/s11064-007-9442-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17713853","url_text":"17713853"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7142539","url_text":"7142539"}]},{"reference":"Tai, C. H.; Wu, R. M. (2002). \"Catechol-O-methyltransferase and Parkinson's disease\". Acta Medica Okayama. 56 (1): 1–6. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiseburn_School_District	Wiseburn Unified School District	["1 History","2 District boundaries","3 Demographics","4 Student performance","5 Schools","5.1 Wiseburn High School","6 Community relations","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	School district in California, US Wiseburn Unified School DistrictAddress201 North Douglas Street El Segundo, California, 90245United StatesDistrict informationTypePublicGradesK–12(K-8 prior to 2014)NCES District ID0601428 Students and staffStudents2,498 (2020–2021)Teachers93.75 (FTE)Staff133.19 (FTE)Student–teacher ratio26.65:1Other informationWebsitewww.wiseburn.org The Wiseburn Unified School District is a school district in Los Angeles County, California operating elementary and middle schools, and hosting charter high schools. Its headquarters are on the grounds of the Da Vinci charter schools facility in El Segundo. Previously they were in Hawthorne. History Wiseburn depot on a map of Los Angeles County published October 1893 for the World's Columbian Exposition It was established on March 8, 1896, and was named after the Wiseburn Depot. The district initially included Hermosa Beach, Lawndale, Manhattan Beach, and North Redondo Beach. In 1912 the El Segundo School District opened, taking territory from Wiseburn. Circa 1913 Manhattan Beach, which had a school, split off from Wiseburn School District into its own elementary school district (now Manhattan Beach Unified School District). Other areas left for other school districts, and therefore Wiseburn school district's territory decreased in size. There was a movement for the Wiseburn district to secede from the Centinela Valley Union High School District which began as a signature collection drive around 2001. In 2002 the Los Angeles County Committee on School District Organization recommend ed that the vote to secede go forward but that the entire Centinela Valley area, and not just Wiseburn, vote on the secession issue. Wiseburn alone had 6,400 registered voters living in its boundaries while the entirety of Centinela Valley had 54,000 registered voters. Sandra Murillo of the Los Angeles Times stated that having the entire Centinela district vote on the matter would make it less likely to pass. The leadership of the Centinela Valley district was in favor of the entire district voting on the matter. In 2004 all board members of the California Board of Education except for one, who abstained, voted to declare that the vote on whether Wiseburn may secede should only be decided within Wiseburn's boundaries. An election was scheduled for March 8, 2005, but in December 2004, David Yaffe, a Los Angeles Superior Court judge, granted a request from the Centinela district for a preliminary injunction, putting an abeyance on the election. On November 5, 2013, 92.63% of the district's voters participating in the election favored the establishment of Wiseburn as a unified school district, permitting it to establish a high school. The district unified in July 2014, which meant Centinela Valley UHSD no longer covered Wiseburn USD territory. In 2021 a block of unincorporated areas that was in the Lawndale School District and Centinela Valley USD voted on a proposal on whether it should move to Wiseburn USD; previously students living in the block living in Wiseburn would have had to get permission from their zoned school districts to attend Wiseburn. According to Hunter Lee the Daily Breeze, "few" people voted in the election. The vote to transfer the area to Wiseburn was approved. District boundaries Corporate operations in El Segundo, such as those of Mattel (headquarters pictured here) provide significant tax revenue for the district The district has a territory of about 4 square miles (10 km2). The district serves Hollyglen, located in western Hawthorne, and Del Aire and Wiseburn, unincorporated areas south of Los Angeles International Airport. About 50% of the district is located in the city of El Segundo. As of 2004 the district receives large amounts of property taxes from aerospace and high technology industries in eastern El Segundo. This area has no residential population. As of 2014 the companies in that area include AIG, Boeing, Mattel, Northrop Grumman, Raytheon, and Xerox. With the money from the area, the Wiseburn district had rebuilt all four of its schools in the 2000s. The Wiseburn district as a whole, as of 2002, generates about 40% of the assessed property value of the entire Centinela Valley district. Jean Merl of the Los Angeles Times wrote in 2004 that Wiseburn "provides by far the largest portion of 's assessed property tax valuation." The companies contributed about 80% of the Wiseburn district's $87 million 2010 school bond. Demographics In 2004 the school district had 2,000 students. At the time, about 33% were transfers from other school districts. As of 2014 the district allows parents in the Ladera Heights community and the Los Angeles neighborhoods of Mar Vista, Playa del Rey, Playa Vista, and Westchester to send their children to Wiseburn schools on inter-district transfers. Student performance As of 2004 the Wiseburn district Academic Performance Index (API) was 784. That year Jean Merl of the Los Angeles Times described the Wiseburn district as being "high-performing". Schools Zoned schools: Wiseburn Middle School (6-8) (Hawthorne) Dana is located in Hollyglen. Its current building opened in 2007. Del Aire Elementary School (K-5) (Unincorporated area) The current Anza building opened in the northern hemisphere fall of 2002. Aviation Elementary School (3-5) (Hawthorne) It was modernized in 1999. Hollyglen Elementary School (K-2) (Hawthorne) In June 2007, 83% of district voters approved bonds to build a new campus for Cabrillo. In December 2008 the building's construction was complete. Charter schools: Da Vinci Design Charter School (9-12) The school opened in August 2009 as a way to provide an alternative high school. Da Vinci Science Charter School (9-12) The school opened in August 2009 as a way to provide an alternative high school. Da Vinci Communications Charter School (9-12) Da Vinci Connect (K-8) Opened in August 2011. As of 2017 the Da Vinci Design, Science, and Communications charters serve as the zoned high schools of people living in Wiseburn USD. The charter high schools do not have all of the offerings of a traditional comprehensive high school and instead are specialized schools. Wiseburn High School The district has a Wiseburn High School campus which houses three independent charter high schools. These charter schools are: Da Vinci Communications, Da Vinci Design, and Da Vinci Science. The district voters approved an $87 million bond to build the high school in November 2010. This was the first time that a California elementary school district approved bonds intended for constructing a high school. In 2013 the district completed an environmental impact report. The district intended to open the new campus in August 2017. In March 2013 the district closed escrow on the building's sale and approved the environmental studies. The City of El Segundo objected to the sale. The city administration officially stated the reasons as being noise, parking, and traffic, while Wiseburn officials stated the city feared losing tax revenue by having a former office building be converted to a school. The city cannot make taxes off of public schools. The school is being established in the 201 N. Douglas St. building, on a 2-acre (0.81 ha) plot of land across the street from the Los Angeles Air Force Base and near El Segundo Boulevard. The facility, bought by the Wiseburn district for $46 million, was formerly leased by Northrop Grumman and owned by Douglas Property Holdings Co., LLC. In January 2014 Northrop had moved its employees out of the building and to Redondo Beach. On January 13 of that year, the ownership changed from Douglas Property Holdings Co., LLC. to Continental Development Corp., a company owned by El Segundo landowner Richard Lundquist. On the same day the Wiseburn district assumed ownership, taking it from Continental Development Corp. The renovation will be designed by the architecture company Gensler. The district plans to retain about 66% of the existing building and remove the rest of it. The district plans to use four floors, with each floor the equivalent of one and one half soccer fields. The district plans to establish an atrium inside the building. The Wiseburn School District plans call for building an auditorium and a gymnasium separate from the existing structure. The district offices will also be moving from their current location to offices on the first floor of the new building The 2010 school bond will provide the funding for the construction. Robert Kuznia of the Daily Breeze wrote that the district selected the site because of the proximity to the aerospace companies and because of the room allowed for parking and athletic fields. The district plans to move its charter high schools to the Wiseburn High School campus when it opens. The district offices will also be moving from their current location to offices on the first floor of the new building. Community relations As of 2014 many aerospace engineers volunteer as tutors at Wiseburn schools. See also Non-high school district References ^ a b c d e f "Search for Public School Districts – District Detail for Wiseburn Unified". National Center for Education Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved 2022-03-05. ^ a b c d e Gnerre, Sam (2017-01-07). "How Wiseburn became the little school district that could". The Daily Breeze. Retrieved 2023-03-17. ^ "WISEBURN UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT BOUNDARIES" (PDF). Wiseburn Unified School District. Retrieved 2019-04-12. Wiseburn District Office 201 N. Douglas Street, El Segundo 90245Da Vinci Communications, Da Vinci Design, and Da Vinci Science Charter High Schools (9-12) 201 N. Douglas Street, El Segundo 90245 ^ "Wiseburn School District Boundaries" (Archive). Wiseburn Unified School District. Retrieved on April 19, 2014. "District Office - 13530 Aviation Boulevard, Hawthorne, 90250" (also see map) ^ "History and Profile" (Archive). Centinela Valley Union High School District. Retrieved on April 20, 2014. ^ "History of Manhattan Beach USD". Manhattan Beach Unified School District. Retrieved 2020-10-28. ^ a b c d e f Merl, Jean. "A Bid to Drop Out of High School District." Los Angeles Times. September 6, 2004. p. 1. Retrieved on April 4, 2014. ^ a b Murillo, Sandra. "Wiseburn Schools Secession Plan Clears a Hurdle, but There's a Catch." Los Angeles Times. May 2, 2002. Retrieved on April 4, 2014. ^ Merl, Jean. "State Backs School District Secession Bid." Los Angeles Times. September 10, 2004. Retrieved on April 4, 2014. ^ a b Merl, Jean. "School District Breakup On Hold." Los Angeles Times. December 11, 2004. Retrieved on April 5, 2014. ^ "Home" (Archive). Unify Wiseburn. Retrieved on April 4, 2014. ^ Lee, Hunter (2021-03-02). "Measure A, which will decide boundaries of Lawndale, Centinela and Wiseburn school districts, appears on its way to passing". Daily Breeze. Retrieved 2023-03-17. ^ "Special Elections March 2, 2021". Los Angeles County Registrar-Recorder/County Clerk. Retrieved 2023-03-17. - See "LAWNDALE SCHOOL DISTRICT, CENTINELA VALLEY UNION HIGH SCHOOL DISTRICT, WISEBURN UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT SPECIAL REORGANIZATION ELECTION - MEASURE A" ^ a b c Kuznia, Rob. "Aerospace business corridor in El Segundo a cash cow for Centinela Valley school district." Daily Breeze. February 19, 2014. Retrieved on April 19, 2014. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "About" (Archive). Wiseburn School District. Retrieved on April 4, 2014. ^ a b c d e f g h i Kuznia, Rob. "Wiseburn district eyes wow factor in creating new comprehensive high school." Daily Breeze. March 28, 2013. Retrieved on April 19, 2014. ^ "Home" (Archive). Wiseburn School District. Retrieved on April 4, 2014. "Also serving the children of employees from the surrounding aerospace, technology, travel, and entertainment industries, as well as families living in the Westchester, Playa del Rey, Playa Vista, Mar Vista, and Ladera Heights area on an interdistrict permit transfer." ^ "Charter High Schools". Wiseburn Unified School District. Retrieved 2017-02-12. ^ "Wiseburn High School." Wiseburn School District. Retrieved on April 4, 2014. External links Official website vteEl Segundo, CaliforniaEducation El Segundo USD El Segundo HS Wiseburn USD (tax base, but no El Segundo residents) Vistamar SchoolFormer Centinela Valley Union High School District (tax base, but no El Segundo residents) Landmarks Campus El Segundo Athletic Fields Los Angeles Air Force Base Toyota Sports Center Los Angeles Times This list is incomplete. vteHawthorne, CaliforniaEducation Hawthorne SD Hawthorne Math and Science Acad. Centinela Valley Union HSD Hawthorne High School Wiseburn USD Los Angeles USD Lawndale Elementary School District Lennox School District Landmarks Hawthorne Municipal Airport Hawthorne Plaza Shopping Center This list is incomplete. vteLos Angeles County South Bay schoolsPublic high schools/notable schoolsLos Angeles USD Phineas Banning HS Carson HS Gardena HS Narbonne HS San Pedro HS Dr. Richard A. Vladovic Harbor Teacher Prep. Acad. Centinela Valley Union HSD Hawthorne HS Lawndale HS Leuzinger HS Closed Lennox HS El Segundo USD El Segundo HS Inglewood USD Inglewood HS Morningside HS City Honors HS Long Beach USD California Academy of Mathematics and Science (located in Carson; no LBUSD territory is in Carson) Manhattan Beach USD Mira Costa HS Palos Verdes Peninsula USD Palos Verdes High HS Palos Verdes Peninsula HS Rancho Del Mar HS Closed Miraleste HS Redondo Beach USD Redondo Union HS Torrance USD Fern ES Torrance ES North HS South HS Torrance HS West HS Wiseburn USD Wiseburn HS charters Elementary districts Hawthorne Lawndale Lennox Charter Ánimo Inglewood Charter HS Ánimo Leadership Charter HS Environmental Charter HS Hawthorne Math and Science Academy Port of Los Angeles HS Private schoolsSecular Chadwick School Nishiyamato Academy of California Rolling Hills Country Day School Closed International Bilingual School/International School of Los Angeles Lycée Français de Los Angeles Torrance Campus Religious Ambassador Christian School Bishop Montgomery High School Junípero Serra High School Mary Star of the Sea HS Pacific Lutheran High School St. Mary's Academy Valor Christian Academy Closed Good Shepherd Lutheran School South Bay Union High School District was disestablished in 1993; it operated Aviation High School vteEducation in Los Angeles County, CaliforniaSchooldistrictsK-12 (Unified) ABC Acton-Agua Dulce Alhambra Arcadia Azusa Baldwin Park Bassett Bellflower Beverly Hills Bonita Burbank Charter Oak Claremont Compton Covina-Valley Culver City Downey Duarte El Rancho El Segundo Glendale Glendora Hacienda La Puente Inglewood La Cañada Las Virgenes Long Beach Los Angeles Lynwood Manhattan Beach Monrovia Montebello Norwalk–La Mirada Palos Verdes Peninsula Paramount Pasadena Pomona Rowland San Gabriel San Marino Santa Monica–Malibu Snowline South Pasadena Temple City Torrance Walnut Valley West Covina Wiseburn High Antelope Valley Centinela Valley Chaffey Joint El Monte Fullerton William S. Hart Whittier Former Los Angeles City South Bay Elementary Castaic East Whittier City Eastside El Monte City Garvey Gorman Hawthorne Hermosa Beach City Hughes-Elizabeth Lakes Keppel Lancaster Lawndale Lennox Little Lake City Los Nietos Lowell Mountain View Mount Baldy Newhall Palmdale Rosemead Saugus South Whittier Sulphur Springs Valle Lindo Westside Whittier City Wilsona Former Los Angeles City Tertiary Colleges and universities in Los Angeles County Libraries Los Angeles Public Library LA County Library Long Beach Public Library Beverly Hills Public Library See also: Template:Private schools in Los Angeles County, California	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"El Segundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Segundo,_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hawthorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorne,_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Wiseburn Unified School District is a school district in Los Angeles County, California operating elementary and middle schools, and hosting charter high schools. Its headquarters are on the grounds of the Da Vinci charter schools facility in El Segundo.[3] Previously they were in Hawthorne.[4]","title":"Wiseburn Unified School District"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Los_Angeles_County_-_October_1893.jpg"},{"link_name":"World's Columbian Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition"},{"link_name":"Hermosa Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermosa_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"Lawndale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawndale,_California"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"North Redondo Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Redondo_Beach,_California&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gnerre-2"},{"link_name":"El Segundo School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Segundo_Unified_School_District"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-5"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Beach Unified School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Beach_Unified_School_District"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBUSDHist-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gnerre-2"},{"link_name":"Centinela Valley Union High School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centinela_Valley_Union_High_School_District"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merl1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murillocatch-8"},{"link_name":"California Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"abeyance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abeyance"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merlonhold-10"},{"link_name":"unified school district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_school_district"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gnerre-2"},{"link_name":"Lawndale School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawndale_School_District"},{"link_name":"Daily Breeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Breeze"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Wiseburn depot on a map of Los Angeles County published October 1893 for the World's Columbian ExpositionIt was established on March 8, 1896, and was named after the Wiseburn Depot. The district initially included Hermosa Beach, Lawndale, Manhattan Beach, and North Redondo Beach.[2]In 1912 the El Segundo School District opened, taking territory from Wiseburn.[5] Circa 1913 Manhattan Beach, which had a school, split off from Wiseburn School District into its own elementary school district (now Manhattan Beach Unified School District).[6] Other areas left for other school districts, and therefore Wiseburn school district's territory decreased in size.[2]There was a movement for the Wiseburn district to secede from the Centinela Valley Union High School District which began as a signature collection drive around 2001.[7] In 2002 the Los Angeles County Committee on School District Organization recommend ed that the vote to secede go forward but that the entire Centinela Valley area, and not just Wiseburn, vote on the secession issue. Wiseburn alone had 6,400 registered voters living in its boundaries while the entirety of Centinela Valley had 54,000 registered voters. Sandra Murillo of the Los Angeles Times stated that having the entire Centinela district vote on the matter would make it less likely to pass.[8] The leadership of the Centinela Valley district was in favor of the entire district voting on the matter. In 2004 all board members of the California Board of Education except for one, who abstained, voted to declare that the vote on whether Wiseburn may secede should only be decided within Wiseburn's boundaries.[9] An election was scheduled for March 8, 2005, but in December 2004, David Yaffe, a Los Angeles Superior Court judge, granted a request from the Centinela district for a preliminary injunction, putting an abeyance on the election.[10]On November 5, 2013, 92.63% of the district's voters participating in the election favored the establishment of Wiseburn as a unified school district, permitting it to establish a high school.[11] The district unified in July 2014, which meant Centinela Valley UHSD no longer covered Wiseburn USD territory.[2]In 2021 a block of unincorporated areas that was in the Lawndale School District and Centinela Valley USD voted on a proposal on whether it should move to Wiseburn USD; previously students living in the block living in Wiseburn would have had to get permission from their zoned school districts to attend Wiseburn. According to Hunter Lee the Daily Breeze, \"few\" people voted in the election.[12] The vote to transfer the area to Wiseburn was approved.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_Mattel_Headquarters_El_Segundo_May_2012.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mattel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattel"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KuzniaCashCow-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-15"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merl1-7"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-15"},{"link_name":"unincorporated areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_areas"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merl1-7"},{"link_name":"El Segundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Segundo,_California"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-15"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merl1-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KuzniaCashCow-14"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wiseburn_Unified_School_District&action=edit"},{"link_name":"AIG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIG"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KuzniaWow-16"},{"link_name":"Boeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing"},{"link_name":"Mattel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattel"},{"link_name":"Northrop Grumman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman"},{"link_name":"Raytheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raytheon"},{"link_name":"Xerox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KuzniaCashCow-14"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murillocatch-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merlonhold-10"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KuzniaWow-16"}],"text":"Corporate operations in El Segundo, such as those of Mattel (headquarters pictured here) provide significant tax revenue for the districtThe district has a territory of about 4 square miles (10 km2).[14] The district serves Hollyglen,[15] located in western Hawthorne,[7] and Del Aire and Wiseburn,[15] unincorporated areas south of Los Angeles International Airport.[7] About 50% of the district is located in the city of El Segundo.[15]As of 2004 the district receives large amounts of property taxes from aerospace and high technology industries in eastern El Segundo.[7] This area has no residential population.[14] As of 2014[update] the companies in that area include AIG,[16] Boeing, Mattel, Northrop Grumman, Raytheon, and Xerox. With the money from the area, the Wiseburn district had rebuilt all four of its schools in the 2000s.[14] The Wiseburn district as a whole, as of 2002, generates about 40% of the assessed property value of the entire Centinela Valley district.[8] Jean Merl of the Los Angeles Times wrote in 2004 that Wiseburn \"provides by far the largest portion of [the Centinela Valley Union High School District]'s assessed property tax valuation.\"[10] The companies contributed about 80% of the Wiseburn district's $87 million 2010 school bond.[16]","title":"District boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merl1-7"},{"link_name":"Ladera Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladera_Heights,_California"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Mar Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Vista,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Playa del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playa_del_Rey,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Playa Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playa_Vista,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Westchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In 2004 the school district had 2,000 students. At the time, about 33% were transfers from other school districts.[7] As of 2014 the district allows parents in the Ladera Heights community and the Los Angeles neighborhoods of Mar Vista, Playa del Rey, Playa Vista, and Westchester to send their children to Wiseburn schools on inter-district transfers.[17]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Academic Performance Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Performance_Index"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merl1-7"}],"text":"As of 2004 the Wiseburn district Academic Performance Index (API) was 784. That year Jean Merl of the Los Angeles Times described the Wiseburn district as being \"high-performing\".[7]","title":"Student performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-15"},{"link_name":"Unincorporated area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-15"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wiseburn_Unified_School_District&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KuzniaWow-16"}],"text":"Zoned schools:Wiseburn Middle School (6-8) (Hawthorne)\nDana is located in Hollyglen. Its current building opened in 2007.[15]\nDel Aire Elementary School (K-5) (Unincorporated area)\nThe current Anza building opened in the northern hemisphere fall of 2002.[15]\nAviation Elementary School (3-5) (Hawthorne)\nIt was modernized in 1999.[15]\nHollyglen Elementary School (K-2) (Hawthorne)\nIn June 2007, 83% of district voters approved bonds to build a new campus for Cabrillo. In December 2008 the building's construction was complete.[15]Charter schools:Da Vinci Design Charter School (9-12)\nThe school opened in August 2009 as a way to provide an alternative high school.[15]\nDa Vinci Science Charter School (9-12)\nThe school opened in August 2009 as a way to provide an alternative high school.[15]\nDa Vinci Communications Charter School (9-12)\nDa Vinci Connect (K-8)\nOpened in August 2011.[15]As of 2017[update] the Da Vinci Design, Science, and Communications charters serve as the zoned high schools of people living in Wiseburn USD.[18]The charter high schools do not have all of the offerings of a traditional comprehensive high school and instead are specialized schools.[16]","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gnerre-2"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KuzniaWow-16"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Redondo Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redondo_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KuzniaWow-16"},{"link_name":"Gensler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gensler"},{"link_name":"soccer fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_field"},{"link_name":"atrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KuzniaWow-16"},{"link_name":"Daily Breeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Breeze"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KuzniaWow-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KuzniaWow-16"}],"sub_title":"Wiseburn High School","text":"The district has a Wiseburn High School campus which houses three independent charter high schools.[2] These charter schools are: Da Vinci Communications, Da Vinci Design, and Da Vinci Science.[19] The district voters approved an $87 million bond to build the high school in November 2010. This was the first time that a California elementary school district approved bonds intended for constructing a high school. In 2013 the district completed an environmental impact report. The district intended to open the new campus in August 2017.[15]In March 2013 the district closed escrow on the building's sale and approved the environmental studies. The City of El Segundo objected to the sale. The city administration officially stated the reasons as being noise, parking, and traffic, while Wiseburn officials stated the city feared losing tax revenue by having a former office building be converted to a school. The city cannot make taxes off of public schools.[16]The school is being established in the 201 N. Douglas St. building, on a 2-acre (0.81 ha) plot of land across the street from the Los Angeles Air Force Base and near El Segundo Boulevard. The facility, bought by the Wiseburn district for $46 million, was formerly leased by Northrop Grumman and owned by Douglas Property Holdings Co., LLC. In January 2014 Northrop had moved its employees out of the building and to Redondo Beach. On January 13 of that year, the ownership changed from Douglas Property Holdings Co., LLC. to Continental Development Corp., a company owned by El Segundo landowner Richard Lundquist. On the same day the Wiseburn district assumed ownership, taking it from Continental Development Corp.[16]The renovation will be designed by the architecture company Gensler. The district plans to retain about 66% of the existing building and remove the rest of it. The district plans to use four floors, with each floor the equivalent of one and one half soccer fields. The district plans to establish an atrium inside the building. The Wiseburn School District plans call for building an auditorium and a gymnasium separate from the existing structure. The district offices will also be moving from their current location to offices on the first floor of the new building The 2010 school bond will provide the funding for the construction.[16]Robert Kuznia of the Daily Breeze wrote that the district selected the site because of the proximity to the aerospace companies and because of the room allowed for parking and athletic fields.[16]The district plans to move its charter high schools to the Wiseburn High School campus when it opens. The district offices will also be moving from their current location to offices on the first floor of the new building.[16]","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KuzniaWow-16"}],"text":"As of 2014 many aerospace engineers volunteer as tutors at Wiseburn schools.[16]","title":"Community relations"}]	[{"image_text":"Wiseburn depot on a map of Los Angeles County published October 1893 for the World's Columbian Exposition","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Map_of_Los_Angeles_County_-_October_1893.jpg/220px-Map_of_Los_Angeles_County_-_October_1893.jpg"},{"image_text":"Corporate operations in El Segundo, such as those of Mattel (headquarters pictured here) provide significant tax revenue for the district","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Aerial_Mattel_Headquarters_El_Segundo_May_2012.JPG/220px-Aerial_Mattel_Headquarters_El_Segundo_May_2012.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Non-high school district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-high_school_district"}]	[{"reference":"\"Search for Public School Districts – District Detail for Wiseburn Unified\". National Center for Education Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved 2022-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/districtsearch/district_detail.asp?Search=2&ID2=0601428","url_text":"\"Search for Public School Districts – District Detail for Wiseburn Unified\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Education_Statistics","url_text":"National Center for Education Statistics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Education_Sciences","url_text":"Institute of Education Sciences"}]},{"reference":"Gnerre, Sam (2017-01-07). \"How Wiseburn became the little school district that could\". The Daily Breeze. Retrieved 2023-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.dailybreeze.com/history/2017/01/07/how-wiseburn-became-the-little-school-district-that-could/","url_text":"\"How Wiseburn became the little school district that could\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Breeze","url_text":"The Daily Breeze"}]},{"reference":"\"WISEBURN UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT BOUNDARIES\" (PDF). Wiseburn Unified School District. Retrieved 2019-04-12. Wiseburn District Office 201 N. Douglas Street, El Segundo 90245[...]Da Vinci Communications, Da Vinci Design, and Da Vinci Science Charter High Schools (9-12) 201 N. Douglas Street, El Segundo 90245","urls":[{"url":"https://resources.finalsite.net/images/v1553787315/wiseburnk12caus/jwcqdmyyus0gqvb2bksx/updatedWSDMap.pdf","url_text":"\"WISEBURN UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT BOUNDARIES\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Manhattan Beach USD\". Manhattan Beach Unified School District. Retrieved 2020-10-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mbusd.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=137959&type=d&pREC_ID=276229","url_text":"\"History of Manhattan Beach USD\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Beach_Unified_School_District","url_text":"Manhattan Beach Unified School District"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Hunter (2021-03-02). \"Measure A, which will decide boundaries of Lawndale, Centinela and Wiseburn school districts, appears on its way to passing\". Daily Breeze. Retrieved 2023-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailybreeze.com/2021/03/02/polls-close-in-election-to-decide-boundaries-of-lawndale-centinela-and-wiseburn-school-districts/","url_text":"\"Measure A, which will decide boundaries of Lawndale, Centinela and Wiseburn school districts, appears on its way to passing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Breeze","url_text":"Daily Breeze"}]},{"reference":"\"Special Elections March 2, 2021\". Los Angeles County Registrar-Recorder/County Clerk. Retrieved 2023-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://results.lavote.gov/#year=2021&election=4256","url_text":"\"Special Elections March 2, 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charter High Schools\". Wiseburn Unified School District. Retrieved 2017-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wiseburn.k12.ca.us/cms/page_view?d=x&piid=&vpid=1417258657615","url_text":"\"Charter High Schools\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/districtsearch/district_detail.asp?Search=2&ID2=0601428","external_links_name":"0601428"},{"Link":"https://www.wiseburn.org/","external_links_name":"www.wiseburn.org"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wiseburn_Unified_School_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wiseburn_Unified_School_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/districtsearch/district_detail.asp?Search=2&ID2=0601428","external_links_name":"\"Search for Public School Districts – District Detail for Wiseburn Unified\""},{"Link":"http://blogs.dailybreeze.com/history/2017/01/07/how-wiseburn-became-the-little-school-district-that-could/","external_links_name":"\"How Wiseburn became the little school district that could\""},{"Link":"https://resources.finalsite.net/images/v1553787315/wiseburnk12caus/jwcqdmyyus0gqvb2bksx/updatedWSDMap.pdf","external_links_name":"\"WISEBURN UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT BOUNDARIES\""},{"Link":"http://www.wiseburn.k12.ca.us/new/school%20boundaries/map.pdf","external_links_name":"Wiseburn School District Boundaries"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100614024408/http://www.wiseburn.k12.ca.us/new/school%20boundaries/map.pdf","external_links_name":"Archive"},{"Link":"http://www.centinela.k12.ca.us/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=126439&type=d&pREC_ID=251197","external_links_name":"History and Profile"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20140420025321/http://www.centinela.k12.ca.us/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=126439&type=d&pREC_ID=251197","external_links_name":"Archive"},{"Link":"https://www.mbusd.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=137959&type=d&pREC_ID=276229","external_links_name":"\"History of Manhattan Beach USD\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2004/sep/06/local/me-wiseburn6","external_links_name":"1"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2002/may/02/local/me-wiseburn2","external_links_name":"Wiseburn Schools Secession Plan Clears a Hurdle, but There's a Catch"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2004/sep/10/local/me-wiseburn10","external_links_name":"State Backs School District Secession Bid"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2004/dec/11/local/me-wiseburn11","external_links_name":"School District Breakup On Hold"},{"Link":"https://www.sites.google.com/site/unifywiseburn/","external_links_name":"Home"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20131004133818/https://www.sites.google.com/site/unifywiseburn/","external_links_name":"Archive"},{"Link":"https://www.dailybreeze.com/2021/03/02/polls-close-in-election-to-decide-boundaries-of-lawndale-centinela-and-wiseburn-school-districts/","external_links_name":"\"Measure A, which will decide boundaries of Lawndale, Centinela and Wiseburn school districts, appears on its way to passing\""},{"Link":"https://results.lavote.gov/#year=2021&election=4256","external_links_name":"\"Special Elections March 2, 2021\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailybreeze.com/social-affairs/20140219/aerospace-business-corridor-in-el-segundo-a-cash-cow-for-centinela-valley-school-district","external_links_name":"Aerospace business corridor in El Segundo a cash cow for Centinela Valley school district"},{"Link":"http://www.wiseburn.k12.ca.us/new/about/default.html","external_links_name":"About"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20140404011949/http://www.wiseburn.k12.ca.us/new/about/default.html","external_links_name":"Archive"},{"Link":"http://www.dailybreeze.com/general-news/20130329/wiseburn-district-eyes-wow-factor-in-creating-new-comprehensive-high-school","external_links_name":"Wiseburn district eyes wow factor in creating new comprehensive high school"},{"Link":"http://wiseburn.k12.ca.us/new/default.html","external_links_name":"Home"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130906175529/http://wiseburn.k12.ca.us/new/default.html","external_links_name":"Archive"},{"Link":"http://www.wiseburn.k12.ca.us/cms/page_view?d=x&piid=&vpid=1417258657615","external_links_name":"\"Charter High Schools\""},{"Link":"http://wiseburn.k12.ca.us/new/Wiseburn%20High%20School/default_homepage.html","external_links_name":"Wiseburn High School"},{"Link":"https://www.wiseburn.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashons_15	Pashons 15	["1 Fixed commemorations","1.1 Saints","2 References"]	Fifteenth day of the ninth Coptic month 14 Pashons – Coptic calendar – 16 Pashons Fixed commemorations All fixed commemorations below are observed on 15 Pashons (23 May) by the Coptic Orthodox Church. Saints Saint Simon the Zealot The 400 martyrs of Dendera Saint Mina the Deacon and Anchorite References ^ "icopts.com \| Internet Community for Orthodox Christian". 2007-09-27. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2023-06-05. vteMonths and days of the Coptic calendarToday: Paoni 8, 1740 Thout 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Paopi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Hathor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Koiak 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Tobi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Meshir 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Paremhat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Parmouti 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Pashons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Paoni 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Epip 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Mesori 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Intercalary month 1 2 3 4 5 6	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"14 Pashons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashons_14"},{"link_name":"Coptic calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_calendar"},{"link_name":"16 Pashons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashons_16"}],"text":"14 Pashons – Coptic calendar – 16 Pashons","title":"Pashons 15"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pashons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashons"},{"link_name":"23 May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23_May"},{"link_name":"Coptic Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"All fixed commemorations below are observed on 15 Pashons (23 May) by the Coptic Orthodox Church.[1]","title":"Fixed commemorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Simon the Zealot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot"},{"link_name":"Dendera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendera"},{"link_name":"Saint Mina the Deacon and Anchorite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mina_the_Deacon&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Saints","text":"Saint Simon the ZealotThe 400 martyrs of DenderaSaint Mina the Deacon and Anchorite","title":"Fixed commemorations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"icopts.com \| Internet Community for Orthodox Christian\". 2007-09-27. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2023-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927185147/http://icopts.com/new/index.php?option=com_synaxarium&task=alldays&rdr=bashans/day15.php","url_text":"\"icopts.com \| Internet Community for Orthodox Christian\""},{"url":"http://icopts.com/new/index.php?option=com_synaxarium&task=alldays&rdr=bashans/day15.php","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927185147/http://icopts.com/new/index.php?option=com_synaxarium&task=alldays&rdr=bashans/day15.php","external_links_name":"\"icopts.com \| Internet Community for Orthodox Christian\""},{"Link":"http://icopts.com/new/index.php?option=com_synaxarium&task=alldays&rdr=bashans/day15.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pashons_15&action=purge","external_links_name":"[refresh]"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olcay_%C3%87ak%C4%B1r	Olcay Çakır	["1 Honors","1.1 Individual","1.2 Club","1.3 National team","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Turkish basketball player Olcay Çakır TurgutNo. 4 – CB AvenidaPositionPoint guardLeagueLiga Femenina de BaloncestoEuroLeague WomenPersonal informationBorn (1993-07-13) 13 July 1993 (age 30)Konak, Izmir, TurkeyNationalityTurkishListed height5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)Listed weight132 lb (60 kg)Career informationWNBA draft2013: 3rd round, 27th overall pickSelected by the New York LibertyPlaying career2010–presentCareer history2010-2016Fenerbahçe2016-2018Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi2018-2019Botaş2019-2023Fenerbahçe2023-presentCB Avenida Career highlights and awards EuroLeague champion (2023) EuroCup Women champion (2017) 8× Turkish Super League champion (2011, 2012, 2013, 2016, 2017, 2021, 2022, 2023 ) 7× Turkish Presidential Cup champion (2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2019) 5× Turkish Cup champion (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020) Medals Europe Under-20 Championship 2012 Debrecen Team 2013 Samsun Team Çakır with Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi in 2018 Olcay Çakır Turgut (born 13 July 1993) is a Turkish basketball player for CB Avenida. Çakır was selected 27th overall in the 2013 WNBA Draft's Round 3 by the New York Liberty. She is so the first ever woman basketball player from Turkey to be drafted by the WNBA. The only Turkish basketball player who played in the WNBA is Nevriye Yılmaz. Honors Individual 2012 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship for Women – All Tournament Team member Club EuroLeague Women champion (2023) EuroCup Women champion (2017) 8x Turkish Women's Basketball League champion (2011, 2012, 2013, 2016, 2017, 2021, 2022, 2023) 5x Turkish Women's Basketball Cup champion (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020) 7x Turkish Women's Basketball Presidential Cup champion (2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2019) National team 2012 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship for Women – Bronze 2013 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship for Women – Bronze See also Turkish women in sports References ^ CB Avenida official announcement dated 17 May 2023 accessed on 15 August 2023 ^ "Olcay Çakır, New York Liberty tarafından draft edildi". Hürriyet Spor (in Turkish). 16 April 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013. ^ "All Tournament Team Best Plays". U20 European Championship Women Hungary 2012. 28 August 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2013. ^ "U20 European Championship Women-Turkey Roster". 2012 FIBA Europe. 26 August 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2013. ^ "U20 European Championship Women-Turkey Roster". 2013 FIBA Europe. 14 July 2013. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2013. External links Player Profile at fenerbahce.org Olcay Çakır at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived) Olcay Çakır at FIBA This biographical article relating to a Turkish basketball figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte vteFenerbahçe 2022–23 Euroleague Women champions 0 Sabally İstanbulluoğlu 3 Kurtulmuş 4 Çakır-Turgut 8 Djordjević 9 Saçalır 10 Onar 11 Meesseman 14 Raca 21 McBride 22 Vandersloot 23 Iagupova 30 Stewart 32 Hartley 36 Aydın 41 Stokes Coach: Maljković	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olcay_%C3%87ak%C4%B1r_Turgut_Fenerbah%C3%A7e_Women%27s_Basketball_vs_Yak%C4%B1n_Do%C4%9Fu_%C3%9Cniversitesi_(women%27s_basketball)_TWBL_20180521.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yak%C4%B1n_Do%C4%9Fu_%C3%9Cniversitesi_(women%27s_basketball)"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"CB Avenida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CB_Avenida"},{"link_name":"2013 WNBA Draft's Round 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_WNBA_Draft#Round_3"},{"link_name":"New York Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Liberty"},{"link_name":"Nevriye Yılmaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevriye_Y%C4%B1lmaz"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Çakır with Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi in 2018Olcay Çakır Turgut (born 13 July 1993) is a Turkish basketball player for CB Avenida.Çakır was selected 27th overall in the 2013 WNBA Draft's Round 3 by the New York Liberty. She is so the first ever woman basketball player from Turkey to be drafted by the WNBA. The only Turkish basketball player who played in the WNBA is Nevriye Yılmaz.[2]","title":"Olcay Çakır"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2012 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship for Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_FIBA_Europe_Under-20_Championship_for_Women"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Individual","text":"2012 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship for Women – All Tournament Team member[3]","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EuroLeague Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague_Women"},{"link_name":"EuroCup Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroCup_Women"},{"link_name":"Turkish Women's Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Women%27s_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"Turkish Women's Basketball Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Women%27s_Basketball_Cup"},{"link_name":"Turkish Women's Basketball Presidential Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Women%27s_Basketball_Presidential_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"EuroLeague Women champion (2023)\nEuroCup Women champion (2017)\n8x Turkish Women's Basketball League champion (2011, 2012, 2013, 2016, 2017, 2021, 2022, 2023)\n5x Turkish Women's Basketball Cup champion (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020)\n7x Turkish Women's Basketball Presidential Cup champion (2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2019)","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2012 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship for Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_FIBA_Europe_Under-20_Championship_for_Women"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2013 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship for Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_FIBA_Europe_Under-20_Championship_for_Women"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"National team","text":"2012 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship for Women – Bronze[4]\n2013 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship for Women – Bronze[5]","title":"Honors"}]	[{"image_text":"Çakır with Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi in 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Olcay_%C3%87ak%C4%B1r_Turgut_Fenerbah%C3%A7e_Women%27s_Basketball_vs_Yak%C4%B1n_Do%C4%9Fu_%C3%9Cniversitesi_%28women%27s_basketball%29_TWBL_20180521.jpg/200px-Olcay_%C3%87ak%C4%B1r_Turgut_Fenerbah%C3%A7e_Women%27s_Basketball_vs_Yak%C4%B1n_Do%C4%9Fu_%C3%9Cniversitesi_%28women%27s_basketball%29_TWBL_20180521.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Turkish women in sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_women_in_sports"}]	[{"reference":"\"Olcay Çakır, New York Liberty tarafından draft edildi\". Hürriyet Spor (in Turkish). 16 April 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/spor/basketbol/23055056.asp","url_text":"\"Olcay Çakır, New York Liberty tarafından draft edildi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet","url_text":"Hürriyet"}]},{"reference":"\"All Tournament Team Best Plays\". U20 European Championship Women Hungary 2012. 28 August 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://u20women.fibaeurope.com/en/cid_FtjjjX0gGxw6o2JYq5YD90.teamID_376.compID_FBoLIZ9eGMw1MS4DX8h1D2.season_2012.roundID_8792.html","url_text":"\"All Tournament Team Best Plays\""}]},{"reference":"\"U20 European Championship Women-Turkey Roster\". 2012 FIBA Europe. 26 August 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fibaeurope.com/cid_KNce8jInH7Qj1EsyH5rjn2.teamID_376.compID_FBoLIZ9eGMw1MS4DX8h1D2.season_2012.roundID_8792.html","url_text":"\"U20 European Championship Women-Turkey Roster\""}]},{"reference":"\"U20 European Championship Women-Turkey Roster\". 2013 FIBA Europe. 14 July 2013. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131217115133/http://u20women.fibaeurope.com/en/cid_FtjjjX0gGxw6o2JYq5YD90.teamID_376.compID_FBoLIZ9eGMw1MS4DX8h1D2.season_2013.roundID_9308.html","url_text":"\"U20 European Championship Women-Turkey Roster\""},{"url":"http://u20women.fibaeurope.com/en/cid_FtjjjX0gGxw6o2JYq5YD90.teamID_376.compID_FBoLIZ9eGMw1MS4DX8h1D2.season_2013.roundID_9308.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://twitter.com/CBAvenida/status/1658774940277940224","external_links_name":"CB Avenida official announcement dated 17 May 2023"},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/spor/basketbol/23055056.asp","external_links_name":"\"Olcay Çakır, New York Liberty tarafından draft edildi\""},{"Link":"http://u20women.fibaeurope.com/en/cid_FtjjjX0gGxw6o2JYq5YD90.teamID_376.compID_FBoLIZ9eGMw1MS4DX8h1D2.season_2012.roundID_8792.html","external_links_name":"\"All Tournament Team Best Plays\""},{"Link":"http://www.fibaeurope.com/cid_KNce8jInH7Qj1EsyH5rjn2.teamID_376.compID_FBoLIZ9eGMw1MS4DX8h1D2.season_2012.roundID_8792.html","external_links_name":"\"U20 European Championship Women-Turkey Roster\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131217115133/http://u20women.fibaeurope.com/en/cid_FtjjjX0gGxw6o2JYq5YD90.teamID_376.compID_FBoLIZ9eGMw1MS4DX8h1D2.season_2013.roundID_9308.html","external_links_name":"\"U20 European Championship Women-Turkey Roster\""},{"Link":"http://u20women.fibaeurope.com/en/cid_FtjjjX0gGxw6o2JYq5YD90.teamID_376.compID_FBoLIZ9eGMw1MS4DX8h1D2.season_2013.roundID_9308.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.fenerbahce.org/basketbolbayan/kategori.asp?ContentCategoryID=60","external_links_name":"Player Profile at fenerbahce.org"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161204/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ca/olcay-cakir-1.html","external_links_name":"Olcay Çakır"},{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/p/rpp//q//pid/70217/_//players.html","external_links_name":"Olcay Çakır"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olcay_%C3%87ak%C4%B1r&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_the_%2770s_(American_TV_series)	I Love the '70s (American TV series)	["1 Commentators","2 Recurring segments","3 Topics covered by year","3.1 1970","3.2 1971","3.3 1972","3.4 1973","3.5 1974","3.6 1975","3.7 1976","3.8 1977","3.9 1978","3.10 1979","4 References","5 External links"]	American TV series or program I Love the '70sIcon used in the titles of the series.GenreDocumentaryNarrated byDoug JeffersComposerRob CairnsCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes10ProductionProducersGreg AltmanMichael DuttonKarla HidalgoSean JohnsonSandra KuhnRunning time41 min.Original releaseNetworkVH1ReleaseAugust 18 (2003-08-18) –August 22, 2003 (2003-08-22)RelatedI Love the '80sI Love the '80s Strikes BackI Love the '90sI Love the '90s: Part DeuxI Love the '80s 3-DI Love the HolidaysI Love ToysI Love the '70s: Volume 2I Love the New MillenniumBest of I Love the...I Love the 2000s I Love the '70s is a decade nostalgia television mini-series and the second installment of the I Love the... series produced by VH1. The series is based on a BBC series of the same name. It examines the pop culture of the 1970s, using footage from the era, along with "Where Are They Now?" interviews with celebrities from the decade. Additionally, the show features comedians poking fun at the kitschiness of what was popular. The first episode of the series, I Love 1970, premiered on August 18, and concluded with the final episode of the series, I Love 1979, on August 22, 2003. A sequel, I Love the '70s: Volume 2, appeared in the United States on VH1 beginning on July 10, 2006. Commentators Aerosmith (Joe Perry and Tom Hamilton) Art Alexakis Flex Alexander John Amos Loni Anderson Tom Arnold Sebastian Bach Bob Balaban Alec Baldwin Jillian Barberie Bob Barker Bella the Chimp Fred "Rerun" Berry Lewis Black Michael Ian Black Linda Blair Todd Bridges Andrew Bryniarski Robin Byrd Nancy Carell Lynda Carter David Cassidy Charlie's Angels (Lucy Liu, Drew Barrymore and Cameron Diaz) Ellen Cleghorne Eric Close Didi Conn Jeff Corwin Molly Culver Bo Derek Simon Doonan Bill Dwyer Rich Eisen Joe Elliott Erik Estrada Dannah Feinglass Miguel Ferrer Lou Ferrigno Greg Fitzsimmons Dave Foley Jorja Fox Kim France Doug E. Fresh Jim Gaffigan Gina Garan Leif Garrett Kyle Gass Peri Gilpin Annabelle Gurwitch Luis Guzman Sammy Hagar Gunnar Hansen Rachael Harris Tony Hawk Isaac Hayes Hugh Hefner Leslie Hope Mark Hoppus Scott Ian Rick James Ron Jeremy Randy Jones Kermit the Frog Brian Krause Nick Lachey Lisa Lampanelli David L. Lander Carol Leifer Donal Logue George Lopez Loni Love Stephen Lynch Justina Machado Michael Madsen Marilyn Manson Constance Marie Cheech Marin Ziggy Marley Benito Martinez Matchbox Twenty (Paul Doucette and Rob Thomas) Edwin McCain Darryl McDaniels Kevin McDonald McG Mark McKinney Bret Michaels Leon Mobley Colin Mochrie Pat Monahan Demi Moore Jason Mraz Garcelle Beauvais-Nilon Sharon Osbourne Ron Palillo Penn & Teller Liz Phair Lisa Marie Presley Megyn Price Greg Proops Rachel Quaintance Lionel Richie Mo Rocca Nile Rodgers The Roots (Black Thought and ?uestlove) Tracee Ellis Ross David Lee Roth Kelly Rowland Jill Scott Stuart Scott Robert Shields Pauly Shore Mitch Silpa Grace Slick Kurtwood Smith Dee Snider Kevin Sorbo Hal Sparks Joel Stein Fisher Stevens Stiller and Meara Jeff Stilson Treach Uncle Kracker Brian Unger Vinnie David Wain Steven Weber Kevin Weisman Maggie Wheeler Victor Williams Nancy and Ann Wilson Dean Winters Stacey Grenrock-Woods Bernadette Yao Rob Zombie Recurring segments Roller Rink Anthem: Leif Garrett presents one of the big hits of the year in question. Foxy Ladies: Erik Estrada presents the hottest women of the year. Macho Men: Bo Derek presents the hottest men of the year. Commercial: A famous television ad is shown from the 1970s. Wonders: Lynda Carter presents various products and inventions that were introduced in the given year. Follicle Fads: Isaac Hayes presents what the hottest hairstyle was for the year, sometimes choosing more than one. Bella Says: Bella the Chimp picks a primate of the year (with subtitles). During the credits of every episode, a popular song from each year was played while footage of Bella the Chimp playing with 1970s toys was shown. These were usually replaced with a show promo by Vh1. On every episode, Kermit the Frog does a parody of the "brought to you by" segments of Sesame Street by saying "I Love the '70s is brought to you by the letter V, the letter H, and the number 1." Topics covered by year 1970 The Jackson 5 Weebles Sesame Street The Partridge Family Hee Haw The Carol Burnett Show Love, American Style Wife swapping Waterbed The Newlywed Game The Mod Squad The Odd Couple Elvis meets Nixon Black Sabbath Easy Listening Music (specifically The Carpenters and Bread) Monday Night Football Love Story Neil Diamond The Beatles' breakup Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom Lite-Brite Mister Rogers' Neighborhood Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret. by Judy Blume The Brady Bunch Roller Rink Anthem of 1970: "American Woman" by The Guess Who Foxy Ladies of 1970: Goldie Hawn, Elizabeth Montgomery and Jane Fonda Macho Men of 1970: Jack Lord, Frank Gifford and James Brolin Flashback Commercial of 1970: 9Lives Wonders of 1970: The first floppy disk, the pocket calculator and the computer mouse Follicle Fad of 1970: Butt-length hair Primate of 1970: Lancelot Link 1971 Shaft The Electric Company Tom Jones Keep America Beautiful Hogan's Heroes Fiddler On The Roof "Stairway to Heaven" by Led Zeppelin Ouija Soul Train All in the Family Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Hot pants Operation "Joy To The World" by Three Dog Night H.R. Pufnstuf Dirty Harry Ford Pinto Bell-bottoms Coca-Cola's "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing" commercials Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Roller Rink Anthem of 1971: "American Pie" by Don McLean Foxy Ladies of 1971: Tina Turner, Candice Bergen and Jill St. John Macho Men of 1971: Sean Connery, Rod Stewart and James Brown Flashback Commercial of 1971: Charmin Wonders of 1971: Hamburger Helper, Egg McMuffin (actually introduced in 1972) and Starbucks coffee Follicle Fad of 1971: He-Man or Jesus hair Primate of 1971: Raffles 1972 Kung Fu and Bruce Lee Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! Stevie Wonder The Godfather Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids Afro Ben Lunch boxes and Wonder Bread Deep Throat The Poseidon Adventure Sea Monkeys Mark Spitz Gaucho pants The Bermuda Triangle Josie and the Pussycats and Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space Ziggy Stardust "I Am Woman" by Helen Reddy and the Women's Liberation Movement Blythe John Lennon and Yoko Ono on The Mike Douglas Show Deliverance The Brady kids grow up and three-part Hawaii arc in The Brady Bunch's fourth season Roller Rink Anthem of 1972: "Superfly" by Curtis Mayfield Foxy Ladies of 1972: Barbi Benton, Nadia Comăneci and Gloria Steinem Macho Men of 1972: Bob Griese, Steve McQueen and Bobby Fischer Flashback Commercial of 1972: Chiffon Margarine (actually aired in 1979) Wonders of 1972: Hacky-sack, frozen yogurt, White Zinfandel and Atkins diet Follicle Fad of 1972: Women having unshaved armpits, legs and pubic regions Primate of 1972: Caesar 1973 Sanford and Son A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving "Jungle Boogie" by Kool & the Gang Baby Alive The Waltons Live and Let Die Leisure suit Charlotte's Web Pink Floyd's The Dark Side of the Moon album Shrinky Dinks The Dating Game The Joy of Sex by Alex Comfort (originally published in 1972) "Free Bird" by Lynyrd Skynyrd The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour Billie Jean King vs. Bobby Riggs ("Battle of the Sexes") Kojak Schoolhouse Rock Rollerderby and Kansas City Bomber Easy-Bake Oven ZOOM The Exorcist Roller Rink Anthem of 1973: "Goodbye Yellow Brick Road" by Elton John Foxy Ladies of 1973: Carly Simon, Gladys Knight and Carole & Paula Macho Men of 1973: Paul Newman & Robert Redford, James Taylor and Roger Moore Flashback Commercial of 1973: Fisher-Price Medical Kit Wonders of 1973: Designated hitter, Krazy Glue, Cuisinart and disposable lighters Follicle Fad of 1973: Baldness Primate of 1973: Aldo 1974 Benji Little House on the Prairie Hong Kong Phooey "Sweet Home Alabama" by Lynyrd Skynyrd Good Times Connect Four Let's Make a Deal Elton John Day of the week panties Streaking Blazing Saddles and Young Frankenstein Magic 8-Ball Patty Hearst The Towering Inferno Foxy Brown The Texas Chain Saw Massacre Rumble in the Jungle Slip 'N Slide "The Joker" by The Steve Miller Band Death Wish Happy Days Roller Rink Anthem of 1974: "The Way We Were" by Barbra Streisand Foxy Ladies of 1974: Britt Ekland, Bebe Buell and Angie Dickinson Macho Men of 1974: Eric Clapton, Mikhail Baryshnikov and Freddie Prinze Flashback Commercial of 1974: Meow Mix Wonders of 1974: Lite beer, People magazine, VCR and liposuction Follicle Fad of 1974: Mutton chops Primate of 1974: Magilla Gorilla 1975 Welcome Back, Kotter Big Wheel Earth, Wind & Fire One Day at a Time Pet Rock 8 Track Land of the Lost The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams Pelé Pong The Shazam!/Isis Hour "Love Will Keep Us Together" by Captain & Tennille Baretta "Feelings" by Morris Albert The Secret Life of Plants by Peter Tompkins and Christopher Bird (originally published in 1973) Saturday Night Live Erhard Seminars Training Squeaky Fromme and Sara Jane Moore try assassinating Gerald Ford Barry Manilow Metrication in the United States Liberace "Rhinestone Cowboy" by Glen Campbell Mood ring Tony Orlando and Dawn Monty Python's Flying Circus and Monty Python and the Holy Grail Jaws Roller Rink Anthem of 1975: "That's The Way I Like It" by KC and the Sunshine Band Foxy Ladies of 1975: Suzi Quatro, Chris Evert and Charo Macho Men of 1975: Bruce Springsteen, Carlton Fisk and Joe Namath Flashback Commercial of 1975: Band-Aid Wonders of 1975: Kool-Aid, Freshen Up Gum, Famous Amos Cookies and NordicTrack Follicle Fad of 1975: Grizzly Adams style Primate of 1975: Cymbal monkey 1976 Charlie's Angels Kiss The Muppet Show Carrie The Gong Show Family Feud Donny and Marie Oscar Mayer Taxi Driver Starsky and Hutch Dr. J Bigfoot and Loch Ness Monster "Do You Feel Like We Do" by Peter Frampton Car Wash Rocky Stretch Armstrong Captain Kangaroo The Bad News Bears United States Bicentennial Roller Rink Anthem of 1976: "December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)" by The Four Seasons Foxy Ladies of 1976: Heart's Nancy & Ann Wilson, Jessica Lange and Lauren Hutton Macho Men of 1976: Peter Frampton, Bob Marley and Jimmy Connors Flashback Commercial of 1976: Wisk Wonders of 1976: Perrier, I Love New York and United States Bicentennial Follicle Fad of 1976: Dorothy Hamill style and shag Primate of 1976: King Kong 1977 Wonder Woman Battle of the Network Stars ABBA Close Encounters of the Third Kind Star Wars What's Happening!! "You Light Up My Life" by Debby Boone Shields and Yarnell Saturday Night Fever Studio 54 Queen New York City (Son of Sam, New York City Blackout of 1977, and 1977 World Series) Smokey and the Bandit Annie Hall Clackers Punk rock (specifically the Ramones, the Sex Pistols, The Clash, and the New York Dolls) Roots Roller Rink Anthem of 1977: "Don't Leave Me This Way" by Thelma Houston Foxy Ladies of 1977: Cheryl Ladd, Stevie Nicks and Jacqueline Bisset Macho Men of 1977: Lindsey Buckingham, Richard Gere and Arnold Schwarzenegger Flashback Commercial of 1977: Miller Lite - "Great taste, less filling" (featuring Rodney Dangerfield) Wonders of 1977: Billy Beer, the first MRI and sports bra Follicle Fad of 1977: Chest hair and Mohawk Primate of 1977: The Grape Ape 1978 Superman The Incredible Hulk Super Friends Halloween (later discussed on I Love the Holidays) The Price Is Right "Brick House" by Commodores Underalls Debbie Does Dallas Louise Brown Bee Gees Grease WKRP in Cincinnati "Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?" by Rod Stewart B.J. and the Bear CB radios Up In Smoke Fantasy Island The Who and Led Zeppelin Simon The Wiz National Lampoon's Animal House Roller Rink Anthem of 1978: "Le Freak" by Chic Foxy Ladies of 1978: Margot Kidder, Raquel Welch and Cheryl Tiegs Macho Men of 1978: Andy Gibb, Björn Borg and Mick Jagger Flashback Commercial of 1978: Body on Tap shampoo Wonders of 1978: Ben & Jerry's, Reese's Pieces, Ginsu and Ironman Triathlon Follicle Fad of 1978: Throwback hair Primate of 1978: Evie 1979 CHiPs The Warriors Pop Rocks "I Will Survive" by Gloria Gaynor Apocalypse Now Alien Slime Taxi Pittsburgh's back-to-back win in Super Bowl XIII and 1979 World Series 10 Donna Summer Candie's shoes Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders Chippendale dancers Three's Company The Jerk Jimmy Carter's Swamp Rabbit incident "My Sharona" by The Knack Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels Village People The Muppet Movie Roller Rink Anthem of 1979: "We Are Family" by Sister Sledge Foxy Ladies of 1979: Erin Gray, Bette Midler and Sally Field Macho Men of 1979: Ted Nugent, Sting and Dudley Moore Flashback Commercial of 1979: Coca-Cola (featuring Mean Joe) Wonders of 1979: ESPN, tanning beds and Sunkist Follicle Fad of 1979: Mustache Primate of 1979: Monkey References ^ MacLeish, Jessica (September 30, 2019). "How VH1's 'I Love the...' Created a Generation of Culture Students". The Ringer. External links I Love the '70s at IMDb I Love the '70s on VH1 Preceded byI Love the '80s I Love the '70s Next:I Love the '80s Strikes Back vteVH1's I Love… seriesSeries I Love the '80s (2002) I Love the '70s (2003) I Love the '80s Strikes Back (2003) I Love the '90s (2004) I Love the '90s: Part Deux (2005) I Love the '80s 3-D (2005) I Love the Holidays (2005) I Love Toys (2006) I Love the '70s: Volume 2 (2006) I Love the New Millennium (2008) Best of I Love the... (2010) I Love the 2000s (2014) Related shows Best Week Ever (2004-2009; 2013-2014) Black to the Future (2009)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"mini-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini-series"},{"link_name":"I Love the...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love..."},{"link_name":"VH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"BBC series of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_the_%2770s_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"kitschiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch"},{"link_name":"I Love the '70s: Volume 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_the_%2770s:_Volume_2"}],"text":"I Love the '70s is a decade nostalgia television mini-series and the second installment of the I Love the... series produced by VH1.[1] The series is based on a BBC series of the same name. It examines the pop culture of the 1970s, using footage from the era, along with \"Where Are They Now?\" interviews with celebrities from the decade. Additionally, the show features comedians poking fun at the kitschiness of what was popular. The first episode of the series, I Love 1970, premiered on August 18, and concluded with the final episode of the series, I Love 1979, on August 22, 2003. A sequel, I Love the '70s: Volume 2, appeared in the United States on VH1 beginning on July 10, 2006.","title":"I Love the '70s (American TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aerosmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosmith"},{"link_name":"Joe Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Perry_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Tom Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hamilton_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Art Alexakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Alexakis"},{"link_name":"Flex Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flex_Alexander"},{"link_name":"John Amos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Amos"},{"link_name":"Loni Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loni_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Tom Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Arnold_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"Bob Balaban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Balaban"},{"link_name":"Alec Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Jillian Barberie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jillian_Barberie"},{"link_name":"Bob Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Barker"},{"link_name":"Fred \"Rerun\" Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Berry"},{"link_name":"Lewis Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Black"},{"link_name":"Michael Ian Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ian_Black"},{"link_name":"Linda Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Blair"},{"link_name":"Todd Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Bridges"},{"link_name":"Andrew Bryniarski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Bryniarski"},{"link_name":"Robin Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Byrd"},{"link_name":"Nancy Carell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Carell"},{"link_name":"Lynda Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynda_Carter"},{"link_name":"David Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cassidy"},{"link_name":"Charlie's Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"Lucy Liu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Liu"},{"link_name":"Drew Barrymore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Barrymore"},{"link_name":"Cameron Diaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Diaz"},{"link_name":"Ellen Cleghorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Cleghorne"},{"link_name":"Eric Close","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Close"},{"link_name":"Didi Conn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didi_Conn"},{"link_name":"Jeff Corwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Corwin"},{"link_name":"Molly Culver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Culver"},{"link_name":"Bo Derek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Derek"},{"link_name":"Simon Doonan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Doonan"},{"link_name":"Bill Dwyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bil_Dwyer"},{"link_name":"Rich Eisen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Eisen"},{"link_name":"Joe Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Erik Estrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Estrada"},{"link_name":"Dannah Feinglass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dannah_Feinglass"},{"link_name":"Miguel Ferrer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Ferrer"},{"link_name":"Lou Ferrigno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Ferrigno"},{"link_name":"Greg Fitzsimmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Fitzsimmons"},{"link_name":"Dave Foley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Foley"},{"link_name":"Jorja Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorja_Fox"},{"link_name":"Kim France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_France"},{"link_name":"Doug E. Fresh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_E._Fresh"},{"link_name":"Jim Gaffigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Gaffigan"},{"link_name":"Leif Garrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leif_Garrett"},{"link_name":"Kyle Gass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Gass"},{"link_name":"Peri Gilpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri_Gilpin"},{"link_name":"Annabelle Gurwitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annabelle_Gurwitch"},{"link_name":"Luis Guzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Guzman"},{"link_name":"Sammy Hagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Hagar"},{"link_name":"Gunnar Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Hansen"},{"link_name":"Rachael Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachael_Harris"},{"link_name":"Tony Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hawk"},{"link_name":"Isaac Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Hayes"},{"link_name":"Hugh Hefner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Hefner"},{"link_name":"Leslie Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Hope"},{"link_name":"Mark Hoppus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hoppus"},{"link_name":"Scott Ian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Ian"},{"link_name":"Rick James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_James"},{"link_name":"Ron Jeremy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Jeremy"},{"link_name":"Randy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Jones_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Kermit the Frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit_the_Frog"},{"link_name":"Brian Krause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Krause"},{"link_name":"Nick Lachey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Lachey"},{"link_name":"Lisa Lampanelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Lampanelli"},{"link_name":"David L. Lander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_L._Lander"},{"link_name":"Carol Leifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Leifer"},{"link_name":"Donal Logue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donal_Logue"},{"link_name":"George Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lopez"},{"link_name":"Loni Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loni_Love"},{"link_name":"Stephen Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Lynch_(comedian)"},{"link_name":"Justina Machado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justina_Machado"},{"link_name":"Michael Madsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madsen"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Manson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Manson"},{"link_name":"Constance Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Marie"},{"link_name":"Cheech Marin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheech_Marin"},{"link_name":"Ziggy Marley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziggy_Marley"},{"link_name":"Benito Martinez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Martinez_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Matchbox Twenty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matchbox_Twenty"},{"link_name":"Paul Doucette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Doucette"},{"link_name":"Rob Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Thomas_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Edwin McCain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_McCain"},{"link_name":"Darryl McDaniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_McDaniels"},{"link_name":"Kevin McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_McDonald"},{"link_name":"McG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McG"},{"link_name":"Mark McKinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_McKinney"},{"link_name":"Bret Michaels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bret_Michaels"},{"link_name":"Leon Mobley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Mobley"},{"link_name":"Colin Mochrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Mochrie"},{"link_name":"Pat Monahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Monahan"},{"link_name":"Demi Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demi_Moore"},{"link_name":"Jason Mraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Mraz"},{"link_name":"Garcelle Beauvais-Nilon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcelle_Beauvais"},{"link_name":"Sharon Osbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Osbourne"},{"link_name":"Ron Palillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Palillo"},{"link_name":"Penn & Teller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_%26_Teller"},{"link_name":"Liz Phair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Phair"},{"link_name":"Lisa Marie Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Marie_Presley"},{"link_name":"Megyn Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megyn_Price"},{"link_name":"Greg Proops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Proops"},{"link_name":"Lionel Richie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Richie"},{"link_name":"Mo Rocca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Rocca"},{"link_name":"Nile Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"The Roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roots"},{"link_name":"Black Thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Thought"},{"link_name":"?uestlove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%3Fuestlove"},{"link_name":"Tracee Ellis Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracee_Ellis_Ross"},{"link_name":"David Lee Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lee_Roth"},{"link_name":"Kelly Rowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Rowland"},{"link_name":"Jill Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Scott_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Stuart Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Scott"},{"link_name":"Pauly Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauly_Shore"},{"link_name":"Mitch Silpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Silpa"},{"link_name":"Grace Slick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Slick"},{"link_name":"Kurtwood Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurtwood_Smith"},{"link_name":"Dee Snider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Snider"},{"link_name":"Kevin Sorbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Sorbo"},{"link_name":"Hal Sparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Sparks"},{"link_name":"Joel Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Stein"},{"link_name":"Fisher Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Stiller and Meara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiller_and_Meara"},{"link_name":"Jeff Stilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Stilson"},{"link_name":"Treach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treach"},{"link_name":"Uncle Kracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Kracker"},{"link_name":"Brian Unger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Unger"},{"link_name":"David Wain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wain"},{"link_name":"Steven Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weber"},{"link_name":"Kevin Weisman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Weisman"},{"link_name":"Maggie Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Wheeler"},{"link_name":"Victor Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Williams"},{"link_name":"Nancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Wilson_(rock_musician)"},{"link_name":"Ann Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Dean Winters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Winters"},{"link_name":"Stacey Grenrock-Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacey_Grenrock-Woods"},{"link_name":"Rob Zombie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Zombie"}],"text":"Aerosmith (Joe Perry and Tom Hamilton)\nArt Alexakis\nFlex Alexander\nJohn Amos\nLoni Anderson\nTom Arnold\nSebastian Bach\nBob Balaban\nAlec Baldwin\nJillian Barberie\nBob Barker\nBella the Chimp\nFred \"Rerun\" Berry\nLewis Black\nMichael Ian Black\nLinda Blair\nTodd Bridges\nAndrew Bryniarski\nRobin Byrd\nNancy Carell\nLynda Carter\nDavid Cassidy\nCharlie's Angels (Lucy Liu, Drew Barrymore and Cameron Diaz)\nEllen Cleghorne\nEric Close\nDidi Conn\nJeff Corwin\nMolly Culver\nBo Derek\nSimon Doonan\nBill Dwyer\nRich Eisen\nJoe Elliott\nErik Estrada\nDannah Feinglass\nMiguel Ferrer\nLou Ferrigno\nGreg Fitzsimmons\nDave Foley\nJorja Fox\nKim France\nDoug E. Fresh\nJim Gaffigan\nGina Garan\nLeif Garrett\nKyle Gass\nPeri Gilpin\nAnnabelle Gurwitch\nLuis Guzman\nSammy Hagar\nGunnar Hansen\nRachael Harris\nTony Hawk\nIsaac Hayes\nHugh Hefner\nLeslie Hope\nMark Hoppus\nScott Ian\nRick James\nRon Jeremy\nRandy Jones\nKermit the Frog\nBrian Krause\nNick Lachey\nLisa Lampanelli\nDavid L. Lander\nCarol Leifer\nDonal Logue\nGeorge Lopez\nLoni Love\nStephen Lynch\nJustina Machado\nMichael Madsen\nMarilyn Manson\nConstance Marie\nCheech Marin\nZiggy Marley\nBenito Martinez\nMatchbox Twenty (Paul Doucette and Rob Thomas)\nEdwin McCain\nDarryl McDaniels\nKevin McDonald\nMcG\nMark McKinney\nBret Michaels\nLeon Mobley\nColin Mochrie\nPat Monahan\nDemi Moore\nJason Mraz\nGarcelle Beauvais-Nilon\nSharon Osbourne\nRon Palillo\nPenn & Teller\nLiz Phair\nLisa Marie Presley\nMegyn Price\nGreg Proops\nRachel Quaintance\nLionel Richie\nMo Rocca\nNile Rodgers\nThe Roots (Black Thought and ?uestlove)\nTracee Ellis Ross\nDavid Lee Roth\nKelly Rowland\nJill Scott\nStuart Scott\nRobert Shields\nPauly Shore\nMitch Silpa\nGrace Slick\nKurtwood Smith\nDee Snider\nKevin Sorbo\nHal Sparks\nJoel Stein\nFisher Stevens\nStiller and Meara\nJeff Stilson\nTreach\nUncle Kracker\nBrian Unger\nVinnie\nDavid Wain\nSteven Weber\nKevin Weisman\nMaggie Wheeler\nVictor Williams\nNancy and Ann Wilson\nDean Winters\nStacey Grenrock-Woods\nBernadette Yao\nRob Zombie","title":"Commentators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sesame Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street"}],"text":"Roller Rink Anthem: Leif Garrett presents one of the big hits of the year in question.\nFoxy Ladies: Erik Estrada presents the hottest women of the year.\nMacho Men: Bo Derek presents the hottest men of the year.\nCommercial: A famous television ad is shown from the 1970s.\nWonders: Lynda Carter presents various products and inventions that were introduced in the given year.\nFollicle Fads: Isaac Hayes presents what the hottest hairstyle was for the year, sometimes choosing more than one.\nBella Says: Bella the Chimp picks a primate of the year (with subtitles).\nDuring the credits of every episode, a popular song from each year was played while footage of Bella the Chimp playing with 1970s toys was shown. These were usually replaced with a show promo by Vh1.\nOn every episode, Kermit the Frog does a parody of the \"brought to you by\" segments of Sesame Street by saying \"I Love the '70s is brought to you by the letter V, the letter H, and the number 1.\"","title":"Recurring segments"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Topics covered by year"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Jackson 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jackson_5"},{"link_name":"Weebles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeble"},{"link_name":"Sesame Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"The Partridge Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Partridge_Family"},{"link_name":"Hee Haw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hee_Haw"},{"link_name":"The Carol Burnett Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carol_Burnett_Show"},{"link_name":"Love, American Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love,_American_Style"},{"link_name":"Wife swapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wife_swapping"},{"link_name":"Waterbed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterbed"},{"link_name":"The Newlywed Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Newlywed_Game"},{"link_name":"The Mod Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mod_Squad"},{"link_name":"The Odd Couple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Odd_Couple_(1970_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Elvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis"},{"link_name":"Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon"},{"link_name":"Black Sabbath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sabbath"},{"link_name":"Easy Listening Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_listening"},{"link_name":"The Carpenters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carpenters"},{"link_name":"Bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread_(band)"},{"link_name":"Monday Night Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monday_Night_Football"},{"link_name":"Love Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Story_(1970_film)"},{"link_name":"Neil Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Diamond"},{"link_name":"The Beatles' breakup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles%27_breakup"},{"link_name":"Wild Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Lite-Brite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lite-Brite"},{"link_name":"Mister Rogers' Neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Rogers%27_Neighborhood"},{"link_name":"Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are_You_There_God%3F_It%27s_Me,_Margaret."},{"link_name":"Judy Blume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Blume"},{"link_name":"The Brady Bunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brady_Bunch"},{"link_name":"American Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Woman"},{"link_name":"The Guess Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guess_Who"},{"link_name":"Goldie Hawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldie_Hawn"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"Jane Fonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Fonda"},{"link_name":"Jack Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Lord"},{"link_name":"Frank Gifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gifford"},{"link_name":"James Brolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brolin"},{"link_name":"9Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9Lives"},{"link_name":"floppy disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk"},{"link_name":"pocket calculator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_calculator"},{"link_name":"computer mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_mouse"},{"link_name":"Butt-length hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_hair"},{"link_name":"Lancelot Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelot_Link,_Secret_Chimp#The_characters"}],"sub_title":"1970","text":"The Jackson 5\nWeebles\nSesame Street\nThe Partridge Family\nHee Haw\nThe Carol Burnett Show\nLove, American Style\nWife swapping\nWaterbed\nThe Newlywed Game\nThe Mod Squad\nThe Odd Couple\nElvis meets Nixon\nBlack Sabbath\nEasy Listening Music (specifically The Carpenters and Bread)\nMonday Night Football\nLove Story\nNeil Diamond\nThe Beatles' breakup\nMutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom\nLite-Brite\nMister Rogers' Neighborhood\nAre You There God? It's Me, Margaret. by Judy Blume\nThe Brady BunchRoller Rink Anthem of 1970: \"American Woman\" by The Guess WhoFoxy Ladies of 1970: Goldie Hawn, Elizabeth Montgomery and Jane FondaMacho Men of 1970: Jack Lord, Frank Gifford and James BrolinFlashback Commercial of 1970: 9LivesWonders of 1970: The first floppy disk, the pocket calculator and the computer mouseFollicle Fad of 1970: Butt-length hairPrimate of 1970: Lancelot Link","title":"Topics covered by year"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaft_(1971_film)"},{"link_name":"The Electric Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Electric_Company"},{"link_name":"Tom Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Jones_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Keep America Beautiful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep_America_Beautiful"},{"link_name":"Hogan's Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogan%27s_Heroes"},{"link_name":"Fiddler On The Roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddler_on_the_Roof_(film)"},{"link_name":"Stairway to Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stairway_to_Heaven"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"Ouija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouija"},{"link_name":"Soul Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Train"},{"link_name":"All in the Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_in_the_Family"},{"link_name":"Kareem Abdul-Jabbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareem_Abdul-Jabbar"},{"link_name":"Hot pants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_pants"},{"link_name":"Operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_(game)"},{"link_name":"Joy To The World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_to_the_World_(Three_Dog_Night_song)"},{"link_name":"Three Dog Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Dog_Night"},{"link_name":"H.R. Pufnstuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.R._Pufnstuf"},{"link_name":"Dirty Harry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Harry"},{"link_name":"Ford Pinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Pinto"},{"link_name":"Bell-bottoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell-bottoms"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola"},{"link_name":"I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27d_Like_to_Teach_the_World_to_Sing"},{"link_name":"Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Wonka_%26_the_Chocolate_Factory"},{"link_name":"American Pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pie_(song)"},{"link_name":"Don McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_McLean"},{"link_name":"Tina Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Turner"},{"link_name":"Candice Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candice_Bergen"},{"link_name":"Jill St. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_St._John"},{"link_name":"Sean Connery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Connery"},{"link_name":"Rod Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Stewart"},{"link_name":"James Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown"},{"link_name":"Charmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmin"},{"link_name":"Hamburger Helper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_Helper"},{"link_name":"Egg McMuffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_McMuffin"},{"link_name":"Starbucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starbucks"},{"link_name":"He-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He-Man"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Raffles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Barefoot_Executive"}],"sub_title":"1971","text":"Shaft\nThe Electric Company\nTom Jones\nKeep America Beautiful\nHogan's Heroes\nFiddler On The Roof\n\"Stairway to Heaven\" by Led Zeppelin\nOuija\nSoul Train\nAll in the Family\nKareem Abdul-Jabbar\nHot pants\nOperation\n\"Joy To The World\" by Three Dog Night\nH.R. Pufnstuf\nDirty Harry\nFord Pinto\nBell-bottoms\nCoca-Cola's \"I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing\" commercials\nWilly Wonka & the Chocolate FactoryRoller Rink Anthem of 1971: \"American Pie\" by Don McLeanFoxy Ladies of 1971: Tina Turner, Candice Bergen and Jill St. JohnMacho Men of 1971: Sean Connery, Rod Stewart and James BrownFlashback Commercial of 1971: CharminWonders of 1971: Hamburger Helper, Egg McMuffin (actually introduced in 1972) and Starbucks coffeeFollicle Fad of 1971: He-Man or Jesus hairPrimate of 1971: Raffles","title":"Topics covered by year"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kung Fu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_Fu"},{"link_name":"Bruce Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lee"},{"link_name":"Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooby-Doo,_Where_Are_You!"},{"link_name":"Stevie Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wonder"},{"link_name":"The Godfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Godfather"},{"link_name":"Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Albert_and_the_Cosby_Kids"},{"link_name":"Afro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro"},{"link_name":"Ben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_(film)"},{"link_name":"Lunch boxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunch_boxes"},{"link_name":"Wonder Bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Bread"},{"link_name":"Deep Throat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Throat_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Poseidon Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Poseidon_Adventure_(1972_film)"},{"link_name":"Sea Monkeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Monkeys"},{"link_name":"Mark Spitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Spitz"},{"link_name":"Gaucho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaucho"},{"link_name":"The Bermuda Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bermuda_Triangle"},{"link_name":"Josie and the Pussycats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josie_and_the_Pussycats_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josie_and_the_Pussycats_in_Outer_Space"},{"link_name":"Ziggy Stardust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziggy_Stardust_(character)"},{"link_name":"I Am Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_Woman"},{"link_name":"Helen Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Reddy"},{"link_name":"Women's Liberation Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Liberation_Movement"},{"link_name":"Blythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blythe_(doll)"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"Yoko Ono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoko_Ono"},{"link_name":"The Mike Douglas Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mike_Douglas_Show"},{"link_name":"Deliverance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliverance"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"fourth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Brady_Bunch_episodes#Season_4_(1972%E2%80%9373)"},{"link_name":"Superfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfly_(song)"},{"link_name":"Curtis Mayfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Mayfield"},{"link_name":"Barbi Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbi_Benton"},{"link_name":"Nadia Comăneci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia_Com%C4%83neci"},{"link_name":"Gloria Steinem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Steinem"},{"link_name":"Bob Griese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Griese"},{"link_name":"Steve McQueen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_McQueen"},{"link_name":"Bobby Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Fischer"},{"link_name":"Chiffon Margarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiffon_margarine"},{"link_name":"Hacky-sack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacky-sack"},{"link_name":"frozen yogurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_yogurt"},{"link_name":"White Zinfandel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Zinfandel"},{"link_name":"Atkins diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atkins_diet"},{"link_name":"unshaved armpits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armpit_hair"},{"link_name":"legs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leg_hair"},{"link_name":"pubic regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubic_hair"},{"link_name":"Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_(Planet_of_the_Apes)"}],"sub_title":"1972","text":"Kung Fu and Bruce Lee\nScooby-Doo, Where Are You!\nStevie Wonder\nThe Godfather\nFat Albert and the Cosby Kids\nAfro\nBen\nLunch boxes and Wonder Bread\nDeep Throat\nThe Poseidon Adventure\nSea Monkeys\nMark Spitz\nGaucho pants\nThe Bermuda Triangle\nJosie and the Pussycats and Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space\nZiggy Stardust\n\"I Am Woman\" by Helen Reddy and the Women's Liberation Movement\nBlythe\nJohn Lennon and Yoko Ono on The Mike Douglas Show\nDeliverance\nThe Brady kids grow up and three-part Hawaii arc in The Brady Bunch's fourth seasonRoller Rink Anthem of 1972: \"Superfly\" by Curtis MayfieldFoxy Ladies of 1972: Barbi Benton, Nadia Comăneci and Gloria SteinemMacho Men of 1972: Bob Griese, Steve McQueen and Bobby FischerFlashback Commercial of 1972: Chiffon Margarine (actually aired in 1979)Wonders of 1972: Hacky-sack, frozen yogurt, White Zinfandel and Atkins dietFollicle Fad of 1972: Women having unshaved armpits, legs and pubic regionsPrimate of 1972: Caesar","title":"Topics covered by year"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sanford and Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_and_Son"},{"link_name":"A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Charlie_Brown_Thanksgiving"},{"link_name":"Jungle Boogie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Boogie"},{"link_name":"Kool & the Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kool_%26_the_Gang"},{"link_name":"Baby Alive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Alive"},{"link_name":"The Waltons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Waltons"},{"link_name":"Live and Let Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_and_Let_Die_(film)"},{"link_name":"Leisure suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leisure_suit"},{"link_name":"Charlotte's Web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%27s_Web_(1973_film)"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"The Dark Side of the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Side_of_the_Moon"},{"link_name":"Shrinky Dinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrinky_Dinks"},{"link_name":"The Dating Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dating_Game"},{"link_name":"The Joy of Sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Joy_of_Sex"},{"link_name":"Alex Comfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Comfort"},{"link_name":"Free Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Bird"},{"link_name":"Lynyrd Skynyrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd"},{"link_name":"The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sonny_%26_Cher_Comedy_Hour"},{"link_name":"Billie Jean King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Jean_King"},{"link_name":"Bobby Riggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Riggs"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Sexes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sexes_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Kojak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojak"},{"link_name":"Schoolhouse Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoolhouse_Rock"},{"link_name":"Rollerderby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollerderby"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Bomber"},{"link_name":"Easy-Bake Oven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy-Bake_Oven"},{"link_name":"ZOOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZOOM_(1972_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Exorcist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exorcist_(film)"},{"link_name":"Goodbye Yellow Brick Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodbye_Yellow_Brick_Road_(song)"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"Carly Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carly_Simon"},{"link_name":"Gladys Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys_Knight"},{"link_name":"Carole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_Demas"},{"link_name":"Paula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Garden_(TV_series)#Credits"},{"link_name":"Paul Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Newman"},{"link_name":"Robert Redford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Redford"},{"link_name":"James Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Roger Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Moore"},{"link_name":"Fisher-Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher-Price"},{"link_name":"Designated hitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designated_hitter"},{"link_name":"Krazy Glue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krazy_Glue"},{"link_name":"Cuisinart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisinart"},{"link_name":"disposable lighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighter"},{"link_name":"Baldness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldness"},{"link_name":"Aldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_(Planet_of_the_Apes)"}],"sub_title":"1973","text":"Sanford and Son\nA Charlie Brown Thanksgiving\n\"Jungle Boogie\" by Kool & the Gang\nBaby Alive\nThe Waltons\nLive and Let Die\nLeisure suit\nCharlotte's Web\nPink Floyd's The Dark Side of the Moon album\nShrinky Dinks\nThe Dating Game\nThe Joy of Sex by Alex Comfort (originally published in 1972)\n\"Free Bird\" by Lynyrd Skynyrd\nThe Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour\nBillie Jean King vs. Bobby Riggs (\"Battle of the Sexes\")\nKojak\nSchoolhouse Rock\nRollerderby and Kansas City Bomber\nEasy-Bake Oven\nZOOM\nThe ExorcistRoller Rink Anthem of 1973: \"Goodbye Yellow Brick Road\" by Elton JohnFoxy Ladies of 1973: Carly Simon, Gladys Knight and Carole & PaulaMacho Men of 1973: Paul Newman & Robert Redford, James Taylor and Roger MooreFlashback Commercial of 1973: Fisher-Price Medical KitWonders of 1973: Designated hitter, Krazy Glue, Cuisinart and disposable lightersFollicle Fad of 1973: BaldnessPrimate of 1973: Aldo","title":"Topics covered by year"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benji_(1974_film)"},{"link_name":"Little House on the Prairie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_House_on_the_Prairie_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Phooey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Phooey"},{"link_name":"Sweet Home Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Home_Alabama_(song)"},{"link_name":"Good Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Times"},{"link_name":"Connect Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connect_Four"},{"link_name":"Let's Make a Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Make_a_Deal"},{"link_name":"Day of the week panties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergarments"},{"link_name":"Streaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaking"},{"link_name":"Blazing Saddles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazing_Saddles"},{"link_name":"Young Frankenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Frankenstein"},{"link_name":"Magic 8-Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_8-Ball"},{"link_name":"Patty Hearst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patty_Hearst"},{"link_name":"The Towering Inferno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Towering_Inferno"},{"link_name":"Foxy Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxy_Brown_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Texas Chain Saw Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Texas_Chain_Saw_Massacre"},{"link_name":"Rumble in the Jungle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumble_in_the_Jungle"},{"link_name":"Slip 'N Slide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip_%27N_Slide"},{"link_name":"The Joker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Joker_(Steve_Miller_Band_song)"},{"link_name":"The Steve Miller Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Steve_Miller_Band"},{"link_name":"Death Wish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Wish_(1974_film)"},{"link_name":"Happy Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Days"},{"link_name":"The Way We Were","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Way_We_Were_(song)"},{"link_name":"Barbra Streisand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbra_Streisand"},{"link_name":"Britt Ekland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britt_Ekland"},{"link_name":"Bebe Buell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebe_Buell"},{"link_name":"Angie Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"Eric Clapton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clapton"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Baryshnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Baryshnikov"},{"link_name":"Freddie Prinze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Prinze"},{"link_name":"Meow Mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meow_Mix"},{"link_name":"Lite beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_beer"},{"link_name":"People magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_magazine"},{"link_name":"VCR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCR"},{"link_name":"liposuction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposuction"},{"link_name":"Mutton chops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutton_chops"},{"link_name":"Magilla Gorilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magilla_Gorilla"}],"sub_title":"1974","text":"Benji\nLittle House on the Prairie\nHong Kong Phooey\n\"Sweet Home Alabama\" by Lynyrd Skynyrd\nGood Times\nConnect Four\nLet's Make a Deal\nElton John\nDay of the week panties\nStreaking\nBlazing Saddles and Young Frankenstein\nMagic 8-Ball\nPatty Hearst\nThe Towering Inferno\nFoxy Brown\nThe Texas Chain Saw Massacre\nRumble in the Jungle\nSlip 'N Slide\n\"The Joker\" by The Steve Miller Band\nDeath Wish\nHappy DaysRoller Rink Anthem of 1974: \"The Way We Were\" by Barbra StreisandFoxy Ladies of 1974: Britt Ekland, Bebe Buell and Angie DickinsonMacho Men of 1974: Eric Clapton, Mikhail Baryshnikov and Freddie PrinzeFlashback Commercial of 1974: Meow MixWonders of 1974: Lite beer, People magazine, VCR and liposuctionFollicle Fad of 1974: Mutton chopsPrimate of 1974: Magilla Gorilla","title":"Topics covered by year"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welcome Back, Kotter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_Back,_Kotter"},{"link_name":"Big Wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Wheel_(tricycle)"},{"link_name":"Earth, Wind & Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth,_Wind_%26_Fire"},{"link_name":"One Day at a Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_at_a_Time_(1975_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Pet Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet_Rock"},{"link_name":"8 Track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo_8"},{"link_name":"Land of the Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_the_Lost_(1974_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Life_and_Times_of_Grizzly_Adams"},{"link_name":"Pelé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pel%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Pong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pong"},{"link_name":"The Shazam!/Isis Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shazam!_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Love Will Keep Us Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Will_Keep_Us_Together"},{"link_name":"Captain & Tennille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_%26_Tennille"},{"link_name":"Baretta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baretta"},{"link_name":"Feelings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feelings_(Morris_Albert_song)"},{"link_name":"Morris Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Albert"},{"link_name":"The Secret Life of Plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Life_of_Plants"},{"link_name":"Peter Tompkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Tompkins"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"Erhard Seminars Training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhard_Seminars_Training"},{"link_name":"Squeaky Fromme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squeaky_Fromme"},{"link_name":"Sara Jane Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Jane_Moore"},{"link_name":"try","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Gerald_Ford_in_Sacramento"},{"link_name":"assassinating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Gerald_Ford_in_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford"},{"link_name":"Barry Manilow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Manilow"},{"link_name":"Metrication in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrication_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Liberace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberace"},{"link_name":"Rhinestone Cowboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinestone_Cowboy_(song)"},{"link_name":"Glen Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Mood ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_ring"},{"link_name":"Tony Orlando and Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Orlando_and_Dawn"},{"link_name":"Monty Python's Flying Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus"},{"link_name":"Monty Python and the Holy Grail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail"},{"link_name":"Jaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaws_(film)"},{"link_name":"That's The Way I Like It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_The_Way_I_Like_It"},{"link_name":"KC and the Sunshine Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KC_and_the_Sunshine_Band"},{"link_name":"Suzi Quatro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzi_Quatro"},{"link_name":"Chris Evert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Evert"},{"link_name":"Charo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charo"},{"link_name":"Bruce Springsteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen"},{"link_name":"Carlton Fisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Fisk"},{"link_name":"Joe Namath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Namath"},{"link_name":"Band-Aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band-Aid"},{"link_name":"Kool-Aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kool-Aid"},{"link_name":"Freshen Up Gum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshen_Up_Gum"},{"link_name":"Famous Amos Cookies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famous_Amos_Cookies"},{"link_name":"NordicTrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NordicTrack"},{"link_name":"Grizzly Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly_Adams"},{"link_name":"Cymbal monkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbal_monkey"}],"sub_title":"1975","text":"Welcome Back, Kotter\nBig Wheel\nEarth, Wind & Fire\nOne Day at a Time\nPet Rock\n8 Track\nLand of the Lost\nThe Life and Times of Grizzly Adams\nPelé\nPong\nThe Shazam!/Isis Hour\n\"Love Will Keep Us Together\" by Captain & Tennille\nBaretta\n\"Feelings\" by Morris Albert\nThe Secret Life of Plants by Peter Tompkins and Christopher Bird (originally published in 1973)\nSaturday Night Live\nErhard Seminars Training\nSqueaky Fromme and Sara Jane Moore try assassinating Gerald Ford\nBarry Manilow\nMetrication in the United States\nLiberace\n\"Rhinestone Cowboy\" by Glen Campbell\nMood ring\nTony Orlando and Dawn\nMonty Python's Flying Circus and Monty Python and the Holy Grail\nJawsRoller Rink Anthem of 1975: \"That's The Way I Like It\" by KC and the Sunshine BandFoxy Ladies of 1975: Suzi Quatro, Chris Evert and CharoMacho Men of 1975: Bruce Springsteen, Carlton Fisk and Joe NamathFlashback Commercial of 1975: Band-AidWonders of 1975: Kool-Aid, Freshen Up Gum, Famous Amos Cookies and NordicTrackFollicle Fad of 1975: Grizzly Adams stylePrimate of 1975: Cymbal monkey","title":"Topics covered by year"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charlie's Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels"},{"link_name":"Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Muppet Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Muppet_Show"},{"link_name":"Carrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_(1976_film)"},{"link_name":"The Gong Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gong_Show"},{"link_name":"Family Feud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Feud"},{"link_name":"Donny and Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donny_%26_Marie_(1976_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Oscar Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Mayer"},{"link_name":"Taxi Driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi_Driver"},{"link_name":"Starsky and Hutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starsky_and_Hutch"},{"link_name":"Dr. J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._J"},{"link_name":"Bigfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigfoot"},{"link_name":"Loch Ness Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Ness_Monster"},{"link_name":"Do You Feel Like We Do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_You_Feel_Like_We_Do"},{"link_name":"Peter Frampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Frampton"},{"link_name":"Car Wash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_Wash_(film)"},{"link_name":"Rocky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky"},{"link_name":"Stretch Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretch_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Captain Kangaroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Kangaroo"},{"link_name":"The Bad News Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bad_News_Bears"},{"link_name":"United States Bicentennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial"},{"link_name":"December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December,_1963_(Oh,_What_a_Night)"},{"link_name":"The Four Seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_(band)"},{"link_name":"Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jessica Lange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Lange"},{"link_name":"Lauren Hutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Hutton"},{"link_name":"Bob Marley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Connors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Connors"},{"link_name":"Wisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisk"},{"link_name":"Perrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perrier"},{"link_name":"I Love New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_New_York"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Hamill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Hamill"},{"link_name":"shag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shag_(haircut)"},{"link_name":"King Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kong_(1976_film)"}],"sub_title":"1976","text":"Charlie's Angels\nKiss\nThe Muppet Show\nCarrie\nThe Gong Show\nFamily Feud\nDonny and Marie\nOscar Mayer\nTaxi Driver\nStarsky and Hutch\nDr. J\nBigfoot and Loch Ness Monster\n\"Do You Feel Like We Do\" by Peter Frampton\nCar Wash\nRocky\nStretch Armstrong\nCaptain Kangaroo\nThe Bad News Bears\nUnited States BicentennialRoller Rink Anthem of 1976: \"December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)\" by The Four SeasonsFoxy Ladies of 1976: Heart's Nancy & Ann Wilson, Jessica Lange and Lauren HuttonMacho Men of 1976: Peter Frampton, Bob Marley and Jimmy ConnorsFlashback Commercial of 1976: WiskWonders of 1976: Perrier, I Love New York and United States BicentennialFollicle Fad of 1976: Dorothy Hamill style and shagPrimate of 1976: King Kong","title":"Topics covered by year"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wonder Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Woman_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Network Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Network_Stars"},{"link_name":"ABBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABBA"},{"link_name":"Close Encounters of the Third Kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_Encounters_of_the_Third_Kind"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)"},{"link_name":"What's Happening!!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s_Happening!!"},{"link_name":"You Light Up My Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Light_Up_My_Life_(song)"},{"link_name":"Debby Boone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debby_Boone"},{"link_name":"Shields and Yarnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shields_and_Yarnell"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever"},{"link_name":"Studio 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_54"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Son of Sam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_Sam"},{"link_name":"New York City Blackout of 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_blackout_of_1977"},{"link_name":"1977 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Smokey and the Bandit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokey_and_the_Bandit"},{"link_name":"Annie Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Hall"},{"link_name":"Clackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clackers"},{"link_name":"Punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"Ramones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramones"},{"link_name":"Sex Pistols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_Pistols"},{"link_name":"The Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clash"},{"link_name":"New York Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Dolls"},{"link_name":"Roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots_(1977_miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Don't Leave Me This Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Leave_Me_This_Way#Thelma_Houston_version"},{"link_name":"Thelma Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelma_Houston"},{"link_name":"Cheryl Ladd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl_Ladd"},{"link_name":"Stevie Nicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Nicks"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Bisset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Bisset"},{"link_name":"Lindsey Buckingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsey_Buckingham"},{"link_name":"Richard Gere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gere"},{"link_name":"Arnold Schwarzenegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger"},{"link_name":"Miller Lite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_Lite"},{"link_name":"Rodney Dangerfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Dangerfield"},{"link_name":"Billy Beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Beer"},{"link_name":"MRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRI"},{"link_name":"sports bra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_bra"},{"link_name":"Chest hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest_hair"},{"link_name":"Mohawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle"},{"link_name":"The Grape Ape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_Ape"}],"sub_title":"1977","text":"Wonder Woman\nBattle of the Network Stars\nABBA\nClose Encounters of the Third Kind\nStar Wars\nWhat's Happening!!\n\"You Light Up My Life\" by Debby Boone\nShields and Yarnell\nSaturday Night Fever\nStudio 54\nQueen\nNew York City (Son of Sam, New York City Blackout of 1977, and 1977 World Series)\nSmokey and the Bandit\nAnnie Hall\nClackers\nPunk rock (specifically the Ramones, the Sex Pistols, The Clash, and the New York Dolls)\nRootsRoller Rink Anthem of 1977: \"Don't Leave Me This Way\" by Thelma HoustonFoxy Ladies of 1977: Cheryl Ladd, Stevie Nicks and Jacqueline BissetMacho Men of 1977: Lindsey Buckingham, Richard Gere and Arnold SchwarzeneggerFlashback Commercial of 1977: Miller Lite - \"Great taste, less filling\" (featuring Rodney Dangerfield)Wonders of 1977: Billy Beer, the first MRI and sports braFollicle Fad of 1977: Chest hair and MohawkPrimate of 1977: The Grape Ape","title":"Topics covered by year"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman_(1978_film)"},{"link_name":"The Incredible Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Incredible_Hulk_(1977_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Super Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Friends"},{"link_name":"Halloween","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween_(1978_film)"},{"link_name":"I Love the Holidays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_the_Holidays"},{"link_name":"The Price Is Right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Price_Is_Right_(American_game_show)"},{"link_name":"Brick House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_House_(song)"},{"link_name":"Commodores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodores"},{"link_name":"Underalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underalls"},{"link_name":"Debbie Does Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Does_Dallas"},{"link_name":"Louise Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Brown"},{"link_name":"Bee Gees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_Gees"},{"link_name":"Grease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_(film)"},{"link_name":"WKRP in Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKRP_in_Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Ya_Think_I%27m_Sexy%3F"},{"link_name":"B.J. and the Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.J._and_the_Bear"},{"link_name":"CB radios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_band_radio"},{"link_name":"Up In Smoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_In_Smoke"},{"link_name":"Fantasy Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_Island"},{"link_name":"The Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_(game)"},{"link_name":"The Wiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wiz_(film)"},{"link_name":"National Lampoon's Animal House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_House"},{"link_name":"Le Freak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Freak"},{"link_name":"Chic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chic_(band)"},{"link_name":"Margot Kidder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Kidder"},{"link_name":"Raquel Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raquel_Welch"},{"link_name":"Cheryl Tiegs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl_Tiegs"},{"link_name":"Andy Gibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Gibb"},{"link_name":"Björn Borg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Borg"},{"link_name":"Mick Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jagger"},{"link_name":"Ben & Jerry's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_%26_Jerry%27s"},{"link_name":"Reese's Pieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reese%27s_Pieces"},{"link_name":"Ginsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginsu"},{"link_name":"Ironman Triathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironman_Triathlon"},{"link_name":"Throwback hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducktail"},{"link_name":"Evie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica_(1978_TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"1978","text":"Superman\nThe Incredible Hulk\nSuper Friends\nHalloween (later discussed on I Love the Holidays)\nThe Price Is Right\n\"Brick House\" by Commodores\nUnderalls\nDebbie Does Dallas\nLouise Brown\nBee Gees\nGrease\nWKRP in Cincinnati\n\"Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?\" by Rod Stewart\nB.J. and the Bear\nCB radios\nUp In Smoke\nFantasy Island\nThe Who and Led Zeppelin\nSimon\nThe Wiz\nNational Lampoon's Animal HouseRoller Rink Anthem of 1978: \"Le Freak\" by ChicFoxy Ladies of 1978: Margot Kidder, Raquel Welch and Cheryl TiegsMacho Men of 1978: Andy Gibb, Björn Borg and Mick JaggerFlashback Commercial of 1978: Body on Tap shampooWonders of 1978: Ben & Jerry's, Reese's Pieces, Ginsu and Ironman TriathlonFollicle Fad of 1978: Throwback hairPrimate of 1978: Evie","title":"Topics covered by year"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CHiPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHiPs"},{"link_name":"The Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Warriors_(film)"},{"link_name":"Pop Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Rocks"},{"link_name":"I Will Survive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Will_Survive"},{"link_name":"Gloria Gaynor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Gaynor"},{"link_name":"Apocalypse Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypse_Now"},{"link_name":"Alien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(film)"},{"link_name":"Slime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slime_(toy)"},{"link_name":"Taxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers"},{"link_name":"back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XIII"},{"link_name":"1979 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_World_Series"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_(1979_film)"},{"link_name":"Donna Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Summer"},{"link_name":"Candie's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candie%27s"},{"link_name":"Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys_Cheerleaders"},{"link_name":"Chippendale dancers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chippendale_dancers"},{"link_name":"Three's Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%27s_Company"},{"link_name":"The Jerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jerk"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter's Swamp Rabbit incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_rabbit_incident"},{"link_name":"My Sharona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Sharona"},{"link_name":"The Knack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Knack"},{"link_name":"Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Caveman_and_the_Teen_Angels"},{"link_name":"Village People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_People"},{"link_name":"The Muppet Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Muppet_Movie"},{"link_name":"We Are Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_Family_(song)"},{"link_name":"Sister Sledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_Sledge"},{"link_name":"Erin Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Gray"},{"link_name":"Bette Midler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Midler"},{"link_name":"Sally Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Field"},{"link_name":"Ted Nugent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nugent"},{"link_name":"Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Dudley Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Moore"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola"},{"link_name":"Mean Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_Joe"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"tanning beds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanning_beds"},{"link_name":"Sunkist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunkist_(soft_drink)"},{"link_name":"Mustache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustache"},{"link_name":"Monkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_(TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"1979","text":"CHiPs\nThe Warriors\nPop Rocks\n\"I Will Survive\" by Gloria Gaynor\nApocalypse Now\nAlien\nSlime\nTaxi\nPittsburgh's back-to-back win in Super Bowl XIII and 1979 World Series\n10\nDonna Summer\nCandie's shoes\nDallas Cowboys Cheerleaders\nChippendale dancers\nThree's Company\nThe Jerk\nJimmy Carter's Swamp Rabbit incident\n\"My Sharona\" by The Knack\nCaptain Caveman and the Teen Angels\nVillage People\nThe Muppet MovieRoller Rink Anthem of 1979: \"We Are Family\" by Sister SledgeFoxy Ladies of 1979: Erin Gray, Bette Midler and Sally FieldMacho Men of 1979: Ted Nugent, Sting and Dudley MooreFlashback Commercial of 1979: Coca-Cola (featuring Mean Joe)Wonders of 1979: ESPN, tanning beds and SunkistFollicle Fad of 1979: MustachePrimate of 1979: Monkey","title":"Topics covered by year"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"MacLeish, Jessica (September 30, 2019). \"How VH1's 'I Love the...' Created a Generation of Culture Students\". The Ringer.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theringer.com/tv/2019/9/30/20887782/vh1-i-love-the-series-80s-90s-nostalgia","url_text":"\"How VH1's 'I Love the...' Created a Generation of Culture Students\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.theringer.com/tv/2019/9/30/20887782/vh1-i-love-the-series-80s-90s-nostalgia","external_links_name":"\"How VH1's 'I Love the...' Created a Generation of Culture Students\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0377192/","external_links_name":"I Love the '70s"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2006080507385/http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/i_love_the_70s/series.jhtml","external_links_name":"I Love the '70s"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_W._Collier	Henry W. Collier	["1 See also","2 References"]	American judge Henry Watkins Collier14th Governor of AlabamaIn officeDecember 17, 1849 – December 20, 1853Preceded byReuben ChapmanSucceeded byJohn A. Winston Personal detailsBorn(1801-01-17)January 17, 1801Lunenburg County, VirginiaDiedAugust 28, 1855(1855-08-28) (aged 54)Bailey Springs, AlabamaPolitical partyDemocratic Henry Watkins Collier (January 17, 1801 – August 28, 1855 in Bailey Springs, Alabama) was the 14th Governor of the U.S. state of Alabama from 1849 to 1853. He was born in Lunenburg County, Virginia, son of James Collier and Elizabeth Bouldin. Collier arrived in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, from South Carolina in 1823. He sat on the Alabama Supreme Court for 18 years, of which 12 were as chief justice. He married Mary Ann Williams Battle. His only son, a doctor, died of cholera as a young man. He was a staunch believer in slavery and states' rights who was intolerant of abolition discussions. He was a friend of Dorothea Dix and promoted education, care of the mentally ill, and prison reform in Alabama. The family was closely allied with those of Rufus King (one daughter marrying his nephew, the other marrying Prof. Geo. Benagh of Tuscaloosa) and Gov. Clay. Following his term as governor, Collier was offered a seat in the United States Senate but declined and retired. He died in Bailey Springs, Alabama, of gastroenteritis. While governor of Alabama, Collier had managed to offend a group of visiting chargés d'affaires from France, representing business interests in the port of Mobile. Collier rebuffed numerous invitations they made to him, leading them to criticize him publicly. Their criticisms were reported in the newspapers of the Alabama Reporter and the Advertiser and State Gazette based in Montgomery. In response, Collier invited the French chargés d'affaires to the governor's mansion in Montgomery. However, the meeting proved a disaster. The French chargés d'affaires all left feeling "greatly offended". Collier later said, "the French are unmanly and frivolous, their morals are universally profligate", and he did not care if he offended them. The French diplomats responded by cultivating a relationship with Alabama politician James Shields, who they believed would better serve their interests. Shields proved friendlier to the French diplomats, frequently having them to his "parlor" as guests and "showing them off". In the 1851 Alabama gubernatorial election, Shields had the public backing of France's diplomatic representatives and the French expatriate business community in Mobile. In a move later cited as his reason for having to depart the United States, the French ambassador in Washington DC, Guillaume Tell Poussin, took the unprecedented step of endorsing Shields in the election and of "encouraging the men of Alabama to make him governor." Shortly before the election, a visiting French businessman, Yves de la Tour d'Auvergne, whose operations were primarily based in Martinique and French Guiana, spoke to Congressman David Hubbard in a way that Hubbard characterized as condescending, explaining basic facts about Alabama to Hubbard as if Hubbard did not already know them (including deliberately obvious things such as which city was the capital, and that Alabama had not been a state for a hundred years) and also referring to Hubbard in the third person, in English, while Hubbard was present and speaking of him "as though he were a fool." During this exchange, Hubbard had been a guest of d'Auvergne and was "shocked" by the treatment. Hubbard was known as a major public supporter of Collier, and Monsieur de la Tour d'Auvergne gave a very public toast to Shields at the event. Shields was considered the invité d'honneur or "guest of honor" at the event, and Hubbard later concluded he had only been invited as an insult. After the election, it became clear to both d'Auvergne and Ambassador Poussin that they had greatly misjudged public opinion among "the leading men of Alabama"; following this d'Auvergne departed Mobile. Following his term as governor, Collier was offered a seat in the United States Senate but declined and retired. See also Collier-Overby House, Collier's residence in Tuscaloosa, on the National Register of Historic Places References ^ "Henry W. Collier (1849-53)". ^ a b Floyd, Warner (May 21, 1971). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: Collier-Overby House". National Park Service. Retrieved November 23, 2015. ^ Governor Collier of Alabama by James Edmonds Saunders, pg. 119–120 ^ Croisïres de l'Alabama et du Sumter: livre de bord et journal particulier du Commandant R. Semmes by Raphael Semmes - 1864 ^ High Points in Alabama History by Thomas McAdory Owen and Marie Bankhead Owen, 1928 ^ Governor Collier of Alabama by James Edmonds Saunders, pg. 122 Alabama Department of Archives and History Party political offices Preceded byReuben Chapman Democratic nominee for Governor of Alabama 1849, 1851 Succeeded byJohn A. Winston Political offices Preceded byReuben Chapman Governor of Alabama 1849–1853 Succeeded byJohn A. Winston Legal offices Preceded byArthur F. Hopkins Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama 1837–1849 Succeeded byEdmund S. Dargan vteGovernors and lieutenant governors of AlabamaGovernors W. Bibb T. Bibb Pickens Murphy G. Moore S. Moore Gayle Clay McVay Bagby Fitzpatrick Martin Chapman Collier Winston A. Moore Shorter Watts Parsons Patton Swayne Smith Lindsay Lewis Houston Cobb E. A. O'Neal Seay T. Jones Oates Johnston Samford Jelks Comer E. O'Neal Henderson Kilby Brandon Graves Miller Graves Dixon Sparks Folsom Sr. Persons Folsom Sr. Patterson G. Wallace L. Wallace Brewer G. Wallace James G. Wallace Hunt Folsom Jr. James Siegelman Riley Bentley Ivey Lieutenantgovernors Applegate Moren McKinstry Ligon Cunningham Gray Seed Kilby Miller McDowell Davis Merrill Knight Carmichael Ellis Inzer Allen Hardwick Boutwell Allen Brewer Beasley McMillan B. Baxley Folsom Jr. Siegelman Windom L. Baxley Folsom Jr. Ivey Ainsworth vteChief justices of the Supreme Court of Alabama Clay Lipscomb Saffold Hitchcock Hopkins Collier Dargan Chilton Goldthwaite Rice Walker Peck Peters Brickell Stone McClellan Weakley Tyson Dowdell Anderson Gardner Livingston Heflin Torbert Hornsby Hooper Moore Nabers Cobb Malone Moore Stuart Parker Category Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bailey Springs, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey_Springs,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"14th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"Lunenburg County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunenburg_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Tuscaloosa, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Alabama Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Dorothea Dix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Dix"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Rufus King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_King"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv1-2"},{"link_name":"Alabama Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama_Reporter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Advertiser and State Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advertiser_and_State_Gazette&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1851 Alabama gubernatorial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1851_Alabama_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Guillaume Tell Poussin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Tell_Poussin"},{"link_name":"election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1851_Alabama_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"David Hubbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hubbard_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv1-2"}],"text":"Henry Watkins Collier (January 17, 1801 – August 28, 1855 in Bailey Springs, Alabama) was the 14th Governor of the U.S. state of Alabama from 1849 to 1853. He was born in Lunenburg County, Virginia, son of James Collier and Elizabeth Bouldin. Collier arrived in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, from South Carolina in 1823. He sat on the Alabama Supreme Court for 18 years, of which 12 were as chief justice. He married Mary Ann Williams Battle. His only son, a doctor, died of cholera as a young man. He was a staunch believer in slavery and states' rights who was intolerant of abolition discussions. He was a friend of Dorothea Dix and promoted education, care of the mentally ill, and prison reform in Alabama.[1] The family was closely allied with those of Rufus King (one daughter marrying his nephew, the other marrying Prof. Geo. Benagh of Tuscaloosa) and Gov. Clay. Following his term as governor, Collier was offered a seat in the United States Senate but declined and retired.[2] He died in Bailey Springs, Alabama, of gastroenteritis.While governor of Alabama, Collier had managed to offend a group of visiting chargés d'affaires from France, representing business interests in the port of Mobile. Collier rebuffed numerous invitations they made to him, leading them to criticize him publicly. Their criticisms were reported in the newspapers of the Alabama Reporter and the Advertiser and State Gazette based in Montgomery. In response, Collier invited the French chargés d'affaires to the governor's mansion in Montgomery. However, the meeting proved a disaster.The French chargés d'affaires all left feeling \"greatly offended\". Collier later said, \"the French are unmanly and frivolous, their morals are universally profligate\", and he did not care if he offended them. The French diplomats responded by cultivating a relationship with Alabama politician James Shields, who they believed would better serve their interests. Shields proved friendlier to the French diplomats, frequently having them to his \"parlor\" as guests and \"showing them off\". In the 1851 Alabama gubernatorial election, Shields had the public backing of France's diplomatic representatives and the French expatriate business community in Mobile.In a move later cited as his reason for having to depart the United States, the French ambassador in Washington DC, Guillaume Tell Poussin, took the unprecedented step of endorsing Shields in the election and of \"encouraging the men of Alabama to make him governor.\" Shortly before the election, a visiting French businessman, Yves de la Tour d'Auvergne, whose operations were primarily based in Martinique and French Guiana, spoke to Congressman David Hubbard in a way that Hubbard characterized as condescending, explaining basic facts about Alabama to Hubbard as if Hubbard did not already know them (including deliberately obvious things such as which city was the capital, and that Alabama had not been a state for a hundred years) and also referring to Hubbard in the third person, in English, while Hubbard was present and speaking of him \"as though he were a fool.\" During this exchange, Hubbard had been a guest of d'Auvergne and was \"shocked\" by the treatment. Hubbard was known as a major public supporter of Collier, and Monsieur de la Tour d'Auvergne gave a very public toast to Shields at the event. Shields was considered the invité d'honneur or \"guest of honor\" at the event, and Hubbard later concluded he had only been invited as an insult.[3]After the election, it became clear to both d'Auvergne and Ambassador Poussin that they had greatly misjudged public opinion among \"the leading men of Alabama\"; following this d'Auvergne departed Mobile.[4][5][6] Following his term as governor, Collier was offered a seat in the United States Senate but declined and retired.[2]","title":"Henry W. Collier"}]	[]	[{"title":"Collier-Overby House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier-Overby_House"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"}]	[{"reference":"\"Henry W. Collier (1849-53)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1467","url_text":"\"Henry W. Collier (1849-53)\""}]},{"reference":"Floyd, Warner (May 21, 1971). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: Collier-Overby House\". National Park Service. Retrieved November 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/71000107_text","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: Collier-Overby House\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1467","external_links_name":"\"Henry W. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hibited_Man	The Hibited Man	["1 Plot summary","2 Reception","3 Relation to other works","4 Notes"]	Short story by L. Sprague de Camp"The Hibited Man"Short story by L. Sprague de Campillustration of the story inThrilling Wonder StoriesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishGenre(s)Science fictionPublicationPublished inThrilling Wonder StoriesPublisherStandard Magazines, Inc.Media typePrint (Magazine)Publication dateOctober, 1949 "The Hibited Man" is a classic science fiction short story by L. Sprague de Camp. It was first published in the magazine Thrilling Wonder Stories for October, 1949. It first appeared in book form in the hardcover anthology My Best Science Fiction Story (Merlin Press, 1949). It has also appeared in the paperback anthology The Shape of Things (Popular Library, 1965). Plot summary Thomas Otterburn, a shy, mild-mannered engineer, lets himself be talked into becoming the first human guinea pig in an experiment using a psychoelectronic device to generate an armor-shield repelling strong forces. The main concern is that the field extends inward as well as outward from the body surface, possibly affecting the brain; animal trials indicate that it may suppress inhibitions in the subject. The test on Otterburn is successful; the expected field is generated, and he claims to feel no mental effect. But he declines to remove the device afterwards, and on his way out of the lab hits on female engineer Lucy Kneipf for a date; he has always been too timid to ask her out before. The now ultra-extroverted Otterburn takes Lucy to an expensive restaurant, where he becomes rude and offensive over what he sees as tardy service. On receiving the bill he sends Lucy on to the musical they are to attend while he forcefully disputes the liquor charge. He leaves without paying it, his personal force-field allowing him to act in relative impunity. At the theater he finds the frightened Lucy has stood him up, so he invites in a woman off the street. Unimpressed by the show, he throws tomatoes at the performers and then at the ushers when they come to kick him out. Fleeing behind the scenes he swipes a can of green paint from a scenery painter and amuses himself daubing it on half-naked chorus girls; in the ruckus created he escapes the building. Next he steals a policeman's horse for a joy ride. Abandoning it soon after, he ducks pursuit in a barbershop and contemplates more hell-raising. The next morning Otterburn is arrested in his home; Lucy, having realized what was going on, has reported him. His laboratory bails him out, and the field-generating device is removed, but Otterburn does not revert to his former self; the effect on his mind, it seems, may be permanent. Reasoning that even in the absence of inhibitions a sense of self-interest will lead him to curb his wild behavior, the lab-workers decide it will be safe to let him go free. For his part, Otterburn is unconcerned, supremely confident in his ability to manage his own life. Quitting his position, he leaves, whistling. Some time later the altered Otterburn checks in at his former job and reveals he talked the restaurant and theater out of pressing charges, successfully convincing them his escapades were good publicity, and talked himself into a being a salesman for the paint brand he had used, at twice his former engineering salary. His boss bewails the loss of one of his best scientists; his low-paid former colleagues, on the other hand, are left chagrined at his new prosperity. Reception Jeffery A. Beaudry, reviewing the story with the other pieces in The Shape of Things, singled it out for comment along with two others, noting that he "nodded with bemused sympathy" on reading it. He characterized the general content of the anthology as "stories from the late '40s and early '50s ... "pulpy and populated by mad scientists, good-guy scientists and helpless young 'girls,' but ... great fun." De Camp himself, at least initially, considered this story to be among his best works, self-selecting it as his entry in the anthology My Best Science Fiction Story (November 1949), and justifying his choice in the brief accompanying introduction "Why I Selected 'The Hibited Man.'" Relation to other works De Camp took a different approach to the theme of curing shyness in the similarly-titled "The Guided Man" (1952), whose protagonist buys a service allowing experts to control his actions during difficult moments. Notes ^ Laughlin, Charlotte, and Levack, Daniel J. H. De Camp: An L. Sprague de Camp Bibliography. San Francisco, Underwood/Miller, 1983, page 179. ^ The Hibited Man title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database ^ Beaudry, Jeffery A. "Recommended Reading: Sci Fidelity." In The Washington Post, September 30, 1990, page O14. ^ Laughlin, Charlotte, and Levack, Daniel J. H. De Camp: An L. Sprague de Camp Bibliography. San Francisco, Underwood/Miller, 1983, page 263. vteL. Sprague de CampViagens InterplanetariasKrishna "Finished" (1949) The Queen of Zamba (1949) The Hand of Zei (1950) "Perpetual Motion" (1950) "Calories" (1951) The Virgin of Zesh (1953) The Tower of Zanid (1958) The Hostage of Zir (1977) The Prisoner of Zhamanak (1982) The Bones of Zora (1983) The Swords of Zinjaban (1991) Kukulkan The Stones of Nomuru (1988) The Venom Trees of Sunga (1992) Other "The Animal-Cracker Plot" (1949) "The Colorful Character" (1949) "Git Along!" (1950) "The Inspector's Teeth" (1950) "Summer Wear" (1950) The Continent Makers (1951) "The Galton Whistle" (1951) Rogue Queen (1951) Harold Shea "The Roaring Trumpet" (1940) "The Mathematics of Magic" (1940) The Castle of Iron (1941/50) The Wall of Serpents (1953) The Green Magician (1954) Sir Harold and the Gnome King (1990) Sir Harold of Zodanga (1995) Pusadian The Tritonian Ring (1951) "The Eye of Tandyla" (1951) "The Owl and the Ape" (1951) "The Hungry Hercynian" (1953) "The Stronger Spell" (1953) "Ka the Appalling" (1958) "The Rug and the Bull" (1974) "The Stone of the Witch Queen" (1977) Novarian The Goblin Tower (1968) The Clocks of Iraz (1971) "The Emperor's Fan" (1973) The Fallible Fiend (1973) The Unbeheaded King (1983) The Honorable Barbarian (1989) Neo-Napolitanian The Incorporated Knight (1987) The Pixilated Peeress (1991) ConanNovels Conan and the Spider God (1980) Conan of the Isles (1968) Conan the Barbarian (1982) Conan the Buccaneer (1971) Conan the Liberator (1979) The Return of Conan (1957) Short stories "Black Sphinx of Nebthu" (1973) "The Treasure of Tranicos" (1953) "Black Tears" (1968) "The Blood-Stained God" (1955) "The Castle of Terror" (1969) "The City of Skulls" (1967) "The Curse of the Monolith" (1968) "Drums of Tombalku" (1966) The Flame Knife (1955/81) "The Frost Giant's Daughter" Conan (1953) "The Gem in the Tower" (1978) "The God in the Bowl" (1952) "The Hall of the Dead" (1967) "Hawks Over Shem" (1955) "The Ivory Goddess" (1978) "The Lair of the Ice Worm" (1969) "Legions of the Dead" (1978) "Moon of Blood" (1978) "The People of the Summit" (1970/78) "Red Moon of Zembabwei" (1974) "The Road of the Eagles" (1955) "Shadows in the Dark" (1978) "Shadows in the Skull" (1975) "The Snout in the Dark" (1969) "The Star of Khorala" (1978) "The Thing in the Crypt" (1967) "The Witch of the Mists" (1972) "Wolves Beyond the Border" (1967) Other speculative fictionNovels The Carnelian Cube (1948) Genus Homo (1950) The Glory That Was (1960) The Great Fetish (1978) Land of Unreason (1942) Lest Darkness Fall (1941) None but Lucifer (1939) Solomon's Stone (1942) Short stories "Aristotle and the Gun" (1958) "The Blue Giraffe" (1939) "The Command" (1938) "The Contraband Cow" (1942) "Cornzan the Mighty" (1955) "Divide and Rule" (1939) "The Egg" (1956) "Employment" (1939) "The Gnarly Man" (1939) "The Guided Man" (1952) "A Gun for Dinosaur" (1956) "The Hardwood Pile" (1940) "The Hibited Man" (1949) "Hyperpilosity" (1938) "In-Group" (1952) "Internal Combustion" (1956) "The Isolinguals" (1937) "Judgment Day" (1955) "Let's Have Fun" (1957) "Living Fossil" (1939) "The Merman" (1938) "Nothing in the Rules" (1939) "The Reluctant Shaman" (1947) "The Saxon Pretender" (1952) "The Space Clause" (1952) "The Stolen Dormouse" (1941) "Throwback" (1949) "The Wheels of If" (1940) Historical fiction The Dragon of the Ishtar Gate (1961) The Arrows of Hercules (1965) An Elephant for Aristotle (1958) The Bronze God of Rhodes (1960) The Golden Wind (1969) Fiction edited The Wolf Leader (1950) Swords and Sorcery (1963) The Spell of Seven (1965) Conan the Warrior (1967) The Fantastic Swordsmen (1967) Conan the Conqueror (1967) Warlocks and Warriors (1970) 3000 Years of Fantasy and Science Fiction (1972) Tales Beyond Time (1973) NonfictionScience andhistory Inventions and Their Management (1937) The Evolution of Naval Weapons (1947) Antarctic Conquest (1949) Engines (1959) The Heroic Age of American Invention (1961) Man and Power (1961) Energy and Power (1962) The Ancient Engineers (1963) Ancient Ruins and Archaeology (1964) Elephant (1964) Spirits, Stars, and Spells (1966) The Story of Science in America (1967) The Day of the Dinosaur (1968) The Great Monkey Trial (1968) Darwin and His Great Discovery (1972) Great Cities of the Ancient World (1972) The Ragged Edge of Science (1980) The Fringe of the Unknown (1983) The Ape-Man Within (1995) Rubber Dinosaurs and Wooden Elephants (1996) Lit crit andbiography Blond Barbarians and Noble Savages (1975) The Conan Reader (1968) Dark Valley Destiny (1983) Lands Beyond (1952) Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers (1976) Lost Continents (1954) Lovecraft: A Biography (1975) The Miscast Barbarian (1975) Science-Fiction Handbook (1953/75) Time and Chance (1996) Nonfiction edited The Conan Swordbook (1969) The Conan Grimoire (1972) To Quebec and the Stars (1976) The Blade of Conan (1979) The Spell of Conan (1980) Poetry Demons and Dinosaurs (1970) Heroes and Hobgoblins (1981) Phantoms and Fancies (1972) Collections The Continent Makers and Other Tales of the Viagens (1953) The Virgin of Zesh & The Tower of Zanid (1983) The Incomplete Enchanter (1941) Wall of Serpents (1960) The Compleat Enchanter (1975) The Complete Compleat Enchanter (1989) The Enchanter Reborn (1992) The Exotic Enchanter (1995) The Mathematics of Magic (2007) The Tritonian Ring and Other Pusadian Tales (1953) The Reluctant King (1985) Conan (1967) The Conan Chronicles (1989) The Conan Chronicles 2 (1990) Conan of Aquilonia (1977) Conan of Cimmeria (1969) Conan the Adventurer (1966) Conan the Avenger (1968) Conan the Freebooter (1968) Conan the Swordsman (1978) Conan the Usurper (1967) Conan the Wanderer (1968) Sagas of Conan (2004) Tales of Conan (1955) The Treasure of Tranicos (1980) Aristotle and the Gun (2002) The Best of L. Sprague de Camp (1978) Divide and Rule (1948) Footprints on Sand (1981) A Gun for Dinosaur (1963) The Purple Pterodactyls (1980) The Reluctant Shaman (1970) Rivers of Time (1993) Scribblings (1972) Sprague de Camp's New Anthology (1953) Tales from Gavagan's Bar (1953/78) The Undesired Princess (1951) The Virgin & the Wheels (1976) The Wheels of If (1948) Years in the Making (2005) About de Camp GURPS Planet Krishna (1997) The Enchanter Completed (2005)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"short story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story"},{"link_name":"L. 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It has also appeared in the paperback anthology The Shape of Things (Popular Library, 1965).[1][2]","title":"The Hibited Man"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Thomas Otterburn, a shy, mild-mannered engineer, lets himself be talked into becoming the first human guinea pig in an experiment using a psychoelectronic device to generate an armor-shield repelling strong forces. The main concern is that the field extends inward as well as outward from the body surface, possibly affecting the brain; animal trials indicate that it may suppress inhibitions in the subject. The test on Otterburn is successful; the expected field is generated, and he claims to feel no mental effect. But he declines to remove the device afterwards, and on his way out of the lab hits on female engineer Lucy Kneipf for a date; he has always been too timid to ask her out before.The now ultra-extroverted Otterburn takes Lucy to an expensive restaurant, where he becomes rude and offensive over what he sees as tardy service. On receiving the bill he sends Lucy on to the musical they are to attend while he forcefully disputes the liquor charge. He leaves without paying it, his personal force-field allowing him to act in relative impunity. At the theater he finds the frightened Lucy has stood him up, so he invites in a woman off the street. Unimpressed by the show, he throws tomatoes at the performers and then at the ushers when they come to kick him out. Fleeing behind the scenes he swipes a can of green paint from a scenery painter and amuses himself daubing it on half-naked chorus girls; in the ruckus created he escapes the building. Next he steals a policeman's horse for a joy ride. Abandoning it soon after, he ducks pursuit in a barbershop and contemplates more hell-raising.The next morning Otterburn is arrested in his home; Lucy, having realized what was going on, has reported him. His laboratory bails him out, and the field-generating device is removed, but Otterburn does not revert to his former self; the effect on his mind, it seems, may be permanent. Reasoning that even in the absence of inhibitions a sense of self-interest will lead him to curb his wild behavior, the lab-workers decide it will be safe to let him go free. For his part, Otterburn is unconcerned, supremely confident in his ability to manage his own life. Quitting his position, he leaves, whistling.Some time later the altered Otterburn checks in at his former job and reveals he talked the restaurant and theater out of pressing charges, successfully convincing them his escapades were good publicity, and talked himself into a being a salesman for the paint brand he had used, at twice his former engineering salary. His boss bewails the loss of one of his best scientists; his low-paid former colleagues, on the other hand, are left chagrined at his new prosperity.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Shape of Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shape_of_Things_(anthology)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"My Best Science Fiction Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Best_Science_Fiction_Story"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laughlin2-4"}],"text":"Jeffery A. Beaudry, reviewing the story with the other pieces in The Shape of Things, singled it out for comment along with two others, noting that he \"nodded with bemused sympathy\" on reading it. He characterized the general content of the anthology as \"stories from the late '40s and early '50s ... \"pulpy and populated by mad scientists, good-guy scientists and helpless young 'girls,' but ... great fun.\"[3]De Camp himself, at least initially, considered this story to be among his best works, self-selecting it as his entry in the anthology My Best Science Fiction Story (November 1949), and justifying his choice in the brief accompanying introduction \"Why I Selected 'The Hibited Man.'\"[4]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Guided Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guided_Man"}],"text":"De Camp took a different approach to the theme of curing shyness in the similarly-titled \"The Guided Man\" (1952), whose protagonist buys a service allowing experts to control his actions during difficult moments.","title":"Relation to other works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-laughlin_1-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-isfdb1_2-0"},{"link_name":"The Hibited Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?69736"},{"link_name":"Internet Speculative Fiction Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-laughlin2_4-0"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:L._Sprague_de_Camp"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:L._Sprague_de_Camp"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:L._Sprague_de_Camp"},{"link_name":"L. Sprague de Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Sprague_de_Camp"},{"link_name":"Viagens Interplanetarias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viagens_Interplanetarias"},{"link_name":"Finished","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finished_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"The Queen of Zamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen_of_Zamba"},{"link_name":"The Hand of Zei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hand_of_Zei"},{"link_name":"Perpetual Motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_Motion_(novella)"},{"link_name":"Calories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calories_(story)"},{"link_name":"The Virgin of Zesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Virgin_of_Zesh"},{"link_name":"The Tower of Zanid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tower_of_Zanid"},{"link_name":"The Hostage of Zir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hostage_of_Zir"},{"link_name":"The Prisoner of Zhamanak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prisoner_of_Zhamanak"},{"link_name":"The Bones of Zora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bones_of_Zora"},{"link_name":"The Swords of Zinjaban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Swords_of_Zinjaban"},{"link_name":"The Stones of Nomuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stones_of_Nomuru"},{"link_name":"The Venom Trees of Sunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Venom_Trees_of_Sunga"},{"link_name":"The Animal-Cracker Plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Animal-Cracker_Plot"},{"link_name":"The Colorful Character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colorful_Character"},{"link_name":"Git Along!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_Along!"},{"link_name":"The Inspector's Teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inspector%27s_Teeth"},{"link_name":"Summer Wear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Wear"},{"link_name":"The Continent Makers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Continent_Makers"},{"link_name":"The Galton Whistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Galton_Whistle"},{"link_name":"Rogue Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_Queen"},{"link_name":"Harold Shea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Shea"},{"link_name":"The Roaring Trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roaring_Trumpet"},{"link_name":"The Mathematics of Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mathematics_of_Magic"},{"link_name":"The Castle of Iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Castle_of_Iron"},{"link_name":"The Wall of Serpents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_of_Serpents"},{"link_name":"The Green Magician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Magician"},{"link_name":"Sir Harold and the Gnome King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Harold_and_the_Gnome_King"},{"link_name":"Sir Harold of Zodanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Harold_of_Zodanga"},{"link_name":"Pusadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusadian_series"},{"link_name":"The Tritonian Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tritonian_Ring"},{"link_name":"The Eye of Tandyla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eye_of_Tandyla"},{"link_name":"The Owl and the Ape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Owl_and_the_Ape"},{"link_name":"The Hungry Hercynian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hungry_Hercynian"},{"link_name":"The Stronger Spell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stronger_Spell"},{"link_name":"Ka the Appalling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka_the_Appalling"},{"link_name":"The Rug and the Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rug_and_the_Bull"},{"link_name":"The Stone of the Witch Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stone_of_the_Witch_Queen"},{"link_name":"Novarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novarian_series"},{"link_name":"The Goblin Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Goblin_Tower"},{"link_name":"The Clocks of Iraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clocks_of_Iraz"},{"link_name":"The Emperor's Fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_Fan"},{"link_name":"The Fallible Fiend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fallible_Fiend"},{"link_name":"The Unbeheaded King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unbeheaded_King"},{"link_name":"The Honorable Barbarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Honorable_Barbarian"},{"link_name":"The Incorporated Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Incorporated_Knight"},{"link_name":"The Pixilated Peeress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pixilated_Peeress"},{"link_name":"Conan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_(books)"},{"link_name":"Conan and the Spider God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_and_the_Spider_God"},{"link_name":"Conan of the Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_of_the_Isles"},{"link_name":"Conan the Barbarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_the_Barbarian_(1982_novel)"},{"link_name":"Conan the Buccaneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_the_Buccaneer"},{"link_name":"Conan the Liberator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_the_Liberator"},{"link_name":"The Return of Conan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_of_Conan"},{"link_name":"Black Sphinx of Nebthu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sphinx_of_Nebthu"},{"link_name":"The Treasure of Tranicos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Stranger"},{"link_name":"Black Tears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Tears_(Conan_story)"},{"link_name":"The Blood-Stained God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blood-Stained_God"},{"link_name":"The Castle of Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Castle_of_Terror"},{"link_name":"The City of Skulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_City_of_Skulls_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"The Curse of the Monolith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Curse_of_the_Monolith"},{"link_name":"Drums of Tombalku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums_of_Tombalku"},{"link_name":"The Flame Knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flame_Knife"},{"link_name":"The Frost Giant's Daughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frost_Giant%27s_Daughter"},{"link_name":"The Gem in the Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gem_in_the_Tower"},{"link_name":"The God in the Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_God_in_the_Bowl"},{"link_name":"The Hall of the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hall_of_the_Dead"},{"link_name":"Hawks Over Shem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawks_Over_Shem"},{"link_name":"The Ivory Goddess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ivory_Goddess"},{"link_name":"The Lair of the Ice Worm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lair_of_the_Ice_Worm"},{"link_name":"Legions of the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legions_of_the_Dead"},{"link_name":"Moon of Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_of_Blood"},{"link_name":"The People of the Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_People_of_the_Summit"},{"link_name":"Red Moon of Zembabwei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Moon_of_Zembabwei"},{"link_name":"The Road of the Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road_of_the_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Shadows in the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadows_in_the_Dark_(Conan_story)"},{"link_name":"Shadows in the Skull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadows_in_the_Skull"},{"link_name":"The Snout in the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Snout_in_the_Dark"},{"link_name":"The Star of Khorala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_of_Khorala"},{"link_name":"The Thing in the Crypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thing_in_the_Crypt"},{"link_name":"The Witch of the Mists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Witch_of_the_Mists"},{"link_name":"Wolves Beyond the Border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolves_Beyond_the_Border"},{"link_name":"The Carnelian Cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carnelian_Cube"},{"link_name":"Genus Homo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus_Homo_(novel)"},{"link_name":"The Glory That Was","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glory_That_Was"},{"link_name":"The Great Fetish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Fetish"},{"link_name":"Land of Unreason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Unreason"},{"link_name":"Lest Darkness Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lest_Darkness_Fall"},{"link_name":"None but Lucifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/None_but_Lucifer"},{"link_name":"Solomon's Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%27s_Stone"},{"link_name":"Aristotle and the Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle_and_the_Gun"},{"link_name":"The Blue Giraffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Giraffe"},{"link_name":"The Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Command_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"The Contraband Cow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Contraband_Cow"},{"link_name":"Cornzan the Mighty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornzan_the_Mighty"},{"link_name":"Divide and Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divide_and_Rule_(novella)"},{"link_name":"The Egg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Egg_(de_Camp_short_story)"},{"link_name":"Employment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"The Gnarly Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gnarly_Man"},{"link_name":"The Guided Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guided_Man"},{"link_name":"A Gun for Dinosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Gun_for_Dinosaur"},{"link_name":"The Hardwood Pile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hardwood_Pile"},{"link_name":"The Hibited Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Hyperpilosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperpilosity"},{"link_name":"In-Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-Group"},{"link_name":"Internal Combustion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Combustion_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"The Isolinguals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Isolinguals"},{"link_name":"Judgment Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgment_Day_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"Let's Have Fun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Have_Fun"},{"link_name":"Living Fossil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Fossil_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"The Merman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merman"},{"link_name":"Nothing in the Rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_in_the_Rules"},{"link_name":"The Reluctant Shaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reluctant_Shaman"},{"link_name":"The Saxon Pretender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saxon_Pretender"},{"link_name":"The Space Clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Space_Clause"},{"link_name":"The Stolen Dormouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stolen_Dormouse"},{"link_name":"Throwback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throwback_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"The Wheels of If","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wheels_of_If"},{"link_name":"The Dragon of the Ishtar Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dragon_of_the_Ishtar_Gate"},{"link_name":"The Arrows of Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arrows_of_Hercules"},{"link_name":"An Elephant for Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Elephant_for_Aristotle"},{"link_name":"The Bronze God of Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronze_God_of_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"The Golden Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Wind"},{"link_name":"The Wolf Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wolf_Leader"},{"link_name":"Swords and Sorcery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swords_and_Sorcery"},{"link_name":"The Spell of Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spell_of_Seven"},{"link_name":"Conan the Warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_the_Warrior"},{"link_name":"The Fantastic Swordsmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fantastic_Swordsmen"},{"link_name":"Conan the Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hour_of_the_Dragon"},{"link_name":"Warlocks and Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlocks_and_Warriors"},{"link_name":"3000 Years of Fantasy and Science Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3000_Years_of_Fantasy_and_Science_Fiction"},{"link_name":"Tales Beyond Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_Beyond_Time"},{"link_name":"Inventions and Their Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventions_and_Their_Management"},{"link_name":"The Evolution of Naval Weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evolution_of_Naval_Weapons"},{"link_name":"Antarctic Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Conquest"},{"link_name":"Engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engines_(children%27s_book)"},{"link_name":"The Heroic Age of American Invention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heroic_Age_of_American_Invention"},{"link_name":"Man and Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_and_Power"},{"link_name":"Energy and Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_and_Power"},{"link_name":"The Ancient Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ancient_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Ancient Ruins and Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Ruins_and_Archaeology"},{"link_name":"Elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_(de_Camp_book)"},{"link_name":"Spirits, Stars, and Spells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirits,_Stars,_and_Spells"},{"link_name":"The Story of Science in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_Science_in_America"},{"link_name":"The Day of the Dinosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_of_the_Dinosaur"},{"link_name":"The Great Monkey Trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Monkey_Trial"},{"link_name":"Darwin and His Great Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_and_His_Great_Discovery"},{"link_name":"Great Cities of the Ancient World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Cities_of_the_Ancient_World"},{"link_name":"The Ragged Edge of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ragged_Edge_of_Science"},{"link_name":"The Fringe of the Unknown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fringe_of_the_Unknown"},{"link_name":"The Ape-Man Within","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ape-Man_Within"},{"link_name":"Rubber Dinosaurs and Wooden Elephants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_Dinosaurs_and_Wooden_Elephants"},{"link_name":"Blond Barbarians and Noble Savages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blond_Barbarians_and_Noble_Savages"},{"link_name":"The Conan Reader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conan_Reader"},{"link_name":"Dark Valley Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Valley_Destiny"},{"link_name":"Lands Beyond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lands_Beyond"},{"link_name":"Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_Swordsmen_and_Sorcerers"},{"link_name":"Lost Continents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Continents"},{"link_name":"Lovecraft: A Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraft:_A_Biography"},{"link_name":"The Miscast Barbarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miscast_Barbarian"},{"link_name":"Science-Fiction Handbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science-Fiction_Handbook"},{"link_name":"Time and Chance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_and_Chance:_an_Autobiography"},{"link_name":"The Conan Swordbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conan_Swordbook"},{"link_name":"The Conan Grimoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conan_Grimoire"},{"link_name":"To Quebec and the Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Quebec_and_the_Stars"},{"link_name":"The Blade of Conan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blade_of_Conan"},{"link_name":"The Spell of Conan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spell_of_Conan"},{"link_name":"Demons and Dinosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demons_and_Dinosaurs"},{"link_name":"Heroes and Hobgoblins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes_and_Hobgoblins"},{"link_name":"Phantoms and Fancies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantoms_and_Fancies"},{"link_name":"The Continent Makers and Other Tales of the Viagens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Continent_Makers_and_Other_Tales_of_the_Viagens"},{"link_name":"The Virgin of Zesh & The Tower of Zanid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Virgin_of_Zesh_%26_The_Tower_of_Zanid"},{"link_name":"The Incomplete Enchanter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Incomplete_Enchanter"},{"link_name":"Wall of Serpents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_of_Serpents"},{"link_name":"The Compleat Enchanter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Compleat_Enchanter"},{"link_name":"The Complete Compleat Enchanter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Compleat_Enchanter"},{"link_name":"The Enchanter Reborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Enchanter_Reborn"},{"link_name":"The Exotic Enchanter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exotic_Enchanter"},{"link_name":"The Mathematics of Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mathematics_of_Magic:_The_Enchanter_Stories_of_L._Sprague_de_Camp_and_Fletcher_Pratt"},{"link_name":"The Tritonian Ring and Other Pusadian Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tritonian_Ring_and_Other_Pusadian_Tales"},{"link_name":"The Reluctant King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reluctant_King"},{"link_name":"Conan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_(collection)"},{"link_name":"The Conan Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conan_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"The Conan Chronicles 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conan_Chronicles_2"},{"link_name":"Conan of Aquilonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_of_Aquilonia"},{"link_name":"Conan of Cimmeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_of_Cimmeria"},{"link_name":"Conan the Adventurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_the_Adventurer_(collection)"},{"link_name":"Conan the Avenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_the_Avenger"},{"link_name":"Conan the Freebooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_the_Freebooter"},{"link_name":"Conan the Swordsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_the_Swordsman"},{"link_name":"Conan the Usurper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_the_Usurper"},{"link_name":"Conan the Wanderer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_the_Wanderer"},{"link_name":"Sagas of Conan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagas_of_Conan"},{"link_name":"Tales of Conan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_of_Conan"},{"link_name":"The Treasure of Tranicos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Treasure_of_Tranicos_(collection)"},{"link_name":"Aristotle and the Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle_and_the_Gun_and_Other_Stories"},{"link_name":"The Best of L. Sprague de Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_of_L._Sprague_de_Camp"},{"link_name":"Divide and Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divide_and_Rule_(collection)"},{"link_name":"Footprints on Sand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footprints_on_Sand"},{"link_name":"A Gun for Dinosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Gun_for_Dinosaur_and_Other_Imaginative_Tales"},{"link_name":"The Purple Pterodactyls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Purple_Pterodactyls"},{"link_name":"The Reluctant Shaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reluctant_Shaman_and_Other_Fantastic_Tales"},{"link_name":"Rivers of Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_of_Time"},{"link_name":"Scribblings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribblings"},{"link_name":"Sprague de Camp's New Anthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprague_de_Camp%27s_New_Anthology_of_Science_Fiction"},{"link_name":"Tales from Gavagan's Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_from_Gavagan%27s_Bar"},{"link_name":"The Undesired Princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Undesired_Princess"},{"link_name":"The Virgin & the Wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Virgin_%26_the_Wheels"},{"link_name":"The Wheels of If","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wheels_of_If_and_Other_Science_Fiction"},{"link_name":"Years in the Making","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Years_in_the_Making:_the_Time-Travel_Stories_of_L._Sprague_de_Camp"},{"link_name":"GURPS Planet Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GURPS_Planet_Krishna"},{"link_name":"The Enchanter Completed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Enchanter_Completed:_A_Tribute_Anthology_for_L._Sprague_de_Camp"}],"text":"^ Laughlin, Charlotte, and Levack, Daniel J. H. De Camp: An L. Sprague de Camp Bibliography. San Francisco, Underwood/Miller, 1983, page 179.\n\n^ The Hibited Man title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database\n\n^ Beaudry, Jeffery A. \"Recommended Reading: Sci Fidelity.\" In The Washington Post, September 30, 1990, page O14.\n\n^ Laughlin, Charlotte, and Levack, Daniel J. H. De Camp: An L. Sprague de Camp Bibliography. San Francisco, Underwood/Miller, 1983, page 263.vteL. Sprague de CampViagens InterplanetariasKrishna\n\"Finished\" (1949)\nThe Queen of Zamba (1949)\nThe Hand of Zei (1950)\n\"Perpetual Motion\" (1950)\n\"Calories\" (1951)\nThe Virgin of Zesh (1953)\nThe Tower of Zanid (1958)\nThe Hostage of Zir (1977)\nThe Prisoner of Zhamanak (1982)\nThe Bones of Zora (1983)\nThe Swords of Zinjaban (1991)\nKukulkan\nThe Stones of Nomuru (1988)\nThe Venom Trees of Sunga (1992)\nOther\n\"The Animal-Cracker Plot\" (1949)\n\"The Colorful Character\" (1949)\n\"Git Along!\" (1950)\n\"The Inspector's Teeth\" (1950)\n\"Summer Wear\" (1950)\nThe Continent Makers (1951)\n\"The Galton Whistle\" (1951)\nRogue Queen (1951)\nHarold Shea\n\"The Roaring Trumpet\" (1940)\n\"The Mathematics of Magic\" (1940)\nThe Castle of Iron (1941/50)\nThe Wall of Serpents (1953)\nThe Green Magician (1954)\nSir Harold and the Gnome King (1990)\nSir Harold of Zodanga (1995)\nPusadian\nThe Tritonian Ring (1951)\n\"The Eye of Tandyla\" (1951)\n\"The Owl and the Ape\" (1951)\n\"The Hungry Hercynian\" (1953)\n\"The Stronger Spell\" (1953)\n\"Ka the Appalling\" (1958)\n\"The Rug and the Bull\" (1974)\n\"The Stone of the Witch Queen\" (1977)\nNovarian\nThe Goblin Tower (1968)\nThe Clocks of Iraz (1971)\n\"The Emperor's Fan\" (1973)\nThe Fallible Fiend (1973)\nThe Unbeheaded King (1983)\nThe Honorable Barbarian (1989)\nNeo-Napolitanian\nThe Incorporated Knight (1987)\nThe Pixilated Peeress (1991)\nConanNovels\nConan and the Spider God (1980)\nConan of the Isles (1968)\nConan the Barbarian (1982)\nConan the Buccaneer (1971)\nConan the Liberator (1979)\nThe Return of Conan (1957)\nShort stories\n\"Black Sphinx of Nebthu\" (1973)\n\"The Treasure of Tranicos\" (1953)\n\"Black Tears\" (1968)\n\"The Blood-Stained God\" (1955)\n\"The Castle of Terror\" (1969)\n\"The City of Skulls\" (1967)\n\"The Curse of the Monolith\" (1968)\n\"Drums of Tombalku\" (1966)\nThe Flame Knife (1955/81)\n\"The Frost Giant's Daughter\" Conan (1953)\n\"The Gem in the Tower\" (1978)\n\"The God in the Bowl\" (1952)\n\"The Hall of the Dead\" (1967)\n\"Hawks Over Shem\" (1955)\n\"The Ivory Goddess\" (1978)\n\"The Lair of the Ice Worm\" (1969)\n\"Legions of the Dead\" (1978)\n\"Moon of Blood\" (1978)\n\"The People of the Summit\" (1970/78)\n\"Red Moon of Zembabwei\" (1974)\n\"The Road of the Eagles\" (1955)\n\"Shadows in the Dark\" (1978)\n\"Shadows in the Skull\" (1975)\n\"The Snout in the Dark\" (1969)\n\"The Star of Khorala\" (1978)\n\"The Thing in the Crypt\" (1967)\n\"The Witch of the Mists\" (1972)\n\"Wolves Beyond the Border\" (1967)\nOther speculative fictionNovels\nThe Carnelian Cube (1948)\nGenus Homo (1950)\nThe Glory That Was (1960)\nThe Great Fetish (1978)\nLand of Unreason (1942)\nLest Darkness Fall (1941)\nNone but Lucifer (1939)\nSolomon's Stone (1942)\nShort stories\n\"Aristotle and the Gun\" (1958)\n\"The Blue Giraffe\" (1939)\n\"The Command\" (1938)\n\"The Contraband Cow\" (1942)\n\"Cornzan the Mighty\" (1955)\n\"Divide and Rule\" (1939)\n\"The Egg\" (1956)\n\"Employment\" (1939)\n\"The Gnarly Man\" (1939)\n\"The Guided Man\" (1952)\n\"A Gun for Dinosaur\" (1956)\n\"The Hardwood Pile\" (1940)\n\"The Hibited Man\" (1949)\n\"Hyperpilosity\" (1938)\n\"In-Group\" (1952)\n\"Internal Combustion\" (1956)\n\"The Isolinguals\" (1937)\n\"Judgment Day\" (1955)\n\"Let's Have Fun\" (1957)\n\"Living Fossil\" (1939)\n\"The Merman\" (1938)\n\"Nothing in the Rules\" (1939)\n\"The Reluctant Shaman\" (1947)\n\"The Saxon Pretender\" (1952)\n\"The Space Clause\" (1952)\n\"The Stolen Dormouse\" (1941)\n\"Throwback\" (1949)\n\"The Wheels of If\" (1940)\nHistorical fiction\nThe Dragon of the Ishtar Gate (1961)\nThe Arrows of Hercules (1965)\nAn Elephant for Aristotle (1958)\nThe Bronze God of Rhodes (1960)\nThe Golden Wind (1969)\nFiction edited\nThe Wolf Leader (1950)\nSwords and Sorcery (1963)\nThe Spell of Seven (1965)\nConan the Warrior (1967)\nThe Fantastic Swordsmen (1967)\nConan the Conqueror (1967)\nWarlocks and Warriors (1970)\n3000 Years of Fantasy and Science Fiction (1972)\nTales Beyond Time (1973)\nNonfictionScience andhistory\nInventions and Their Management (1937)\nThe Evolution of Naval Weapons (1947)\nAntarctic Conquest (1949)\nEngines (1959)\nThe Heroic Age of American Invention (1961)\nMan and Power (1961)\nEnergy and Power (1962)\nThe Ancient Engineers (1963)\nAncient Ruins and Archaeology (1964)\nElephant (1964)\nSpirits, Stars, and Spells (1966)\nThe Story of Science in America (1967)\nThe Day of the Dinosaur (1968)\nThe Great Monkey Trial (1968)\nDarwin and His Great Discovery (1972)\nGreat Cities of the Ancient World (1972)\nThe Ragged Edge of Science (1980)\nThe Fringe of the Unknown (1983)\nThe Ape-Man Within (1995)\nRubber Dinosaurs and Wooden Elephants (1996)\nLit crit andbiography\nBlond Barbarians and Noble Savages (1975)\nThe Conan Reader (1968)\nDark Valley Destiny (1983)\nLands Beyond (1952)\nLiterary Swordsmen and Sorcerers (1976)\nLost Continents (1954)\nLovecraft: A Biography (1975)\nThe Miscast Barbarian (1975)\nScience-Fiction Handbook (1953/75)\nTime and Chance (1996)\nNonfiction edited\nThe Conan Swordbook (1969)\nThe Conan Grimoire (1972)\nTo Quebec and the Stars (1976)\nThe Blade of Conan (1979)\nThe Spell of Conan (1980)\nPoetry\nDemons and Dinosaurs (1970)\nHeroes and Hobgoblins (1981)\nPhantoms and Fancies (1972)\nCollections\nThe Continent Makers and Other Tales of the Viagens (1953)\nThe Virgin of Zesh & The Tower of Zanid (1983)\nThe Incomplete Enchanter (1941)\nWall of Serpents (1960)\nThe Compleat Enchanter (1975)\nThe Complete Compleat Enchanter (1989)\nThe Enchanter Reborn (1992)\nThe Exotic Enchanter (1995)\nThe Mathematics of Magic (2007)\nThe Tritonian Ring and Other Pusadian Tales (1953)\nThe Reluctant King (1985)\nConan (1967)\nThe Conan Chronicles (1989)\nThe Conan Chronicles 2 (1990)\nConan of Aquilonia (1977)\nConan of Cimmeria (1969)\nConan the Adventurer (1966)\nConan the Avenger (1968)\nConan the Freebooter (1968)\nConan the Swordsman (1978)\nConan the Usurper (1967)\nConan the Wanderer (1968)\nSagas of Conan (2004)\nTales of Conan (1955)\nThe Treasure of Tranicos (1980)\nAristotle and the Gun (2002)\nThe Best of L. Sprague de Camp (1978)\nDivide and Rule (1948)\nFootprints on Sand (1981)\nA Gun for Dinosaur (1963)\nThe Purple Pterodactyls (1980)\nThe Reluctant Shaman (1970)\nRivers of Time (1993)\nScribblings (1972)\nSprague de Camp's New Anthology (1953)\nTales from Gavagan's Bar (1953/78)\nThe Undesired Princess (1951)\nThe Virgin & the Wheels (1976)\nThe Wheels of If (1948)\nYears in the Making (2005)\nAbout de Camp\nGURPS Planet Krishna (1997)\nThe Enchanter Completed (2005)","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?69736","external_links_name":"The Hibited Man"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_School	Ukrainian school	["1 References","2 External links"]	In Polish poetry, the Ukrainian school were a group of Romantic poets of the early 19th century who hailed from the southeastern fringes of the Polish-inhabited lands of the time (this period followed the partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth; today mostly part of Ukraine). The poets—Antoni Malczewski, Józef Bohdan Zaleski, Tomasz Padura, Aleksander Groza and Seweryn Goszczyński—produced a distinct style of Polish Romanticism through the incorporation of Ukrainian life, landscapes, history, political events, and folklore into their works. They in turn influenced both Lithuanian and Ukrainian Romantic poetry, and, along with other Polish poets, constituted a link between the various literatures of the post-partition Commonwealth. References ^ a b Czesław Miłosz (1983). The History of Polish Literature. University of California Press. pp. 247–249. ISBN 0-520-04477-0. ^ a b Piotr S. Wandycz (1974). A History of East Central Europe Vol. VII: The Lands of Partitioned Poland, 1795–1918. University of Washington Press. pp. 100–101. ISBN 0-295-95358-6. External links Ukrainian School in Polish literature at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine This poetry-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte vteRomanticismCountries Denmark England (literature) France (literature) Germany Japan Norway Poland Russia (literature) Scotland Spain (literature) Sweden (literature) Movements Ancients Bohemianism Coppet group Counter-Enlightenment Dark Düsseldorf School German historical school Gothic revival Hudson River School Indianism Jena Lake Poets Nationalist Nazarene movement Neo Pre Sturm und Drang Post Purismo Transcendentalism Ukrainian school Ultra Wallenrodism Themes Blue flower British Marine Gesamtkunstwerk Gothic fiction Hero Byronic Romantic Historical fiction Mal du siècle Medievalism Noble savage Nostalgia Ossian Pantheism Rhine Romantic genius Wanderlust Weltschmerz White Mountain art WritersBrazil Abreu Alencar Manuel Antônio de Almeida Alves Assis Azevedo Barreto Dias Guimarães Macedo Magalhães Reis Taunay Varela France Baudelaire Bertrand Chateaubriand Dumas Gautier Hugo Lamartine Mérimée Musset Nerval Nodier Staël Vigny Germany A. v. Arnim B. v. Arnim Beer Brentano Eichendorff Fouqué Goethe Brothers Grimm Günderrode Gutzkow Hauff Heine Hoffmann Hölderlin Jean Paul Kleist Küchelbecker Mörike Novalis Schwab Tieck Uhland GreatBritain Barbauld Blake Anne Brontë C. Brontë E. Brontë Burns Byron Carlyle Clare Coleridge de Quincey Maria Edgeworth Keats Maturin Polidori Radcliffe Mary Robinson Scott Seward M. Shelley P. B. Shelley Southey Wordsworth Poland Fredro Krasiński Józef Ignacy Kraszewski Malczewski Mickiewicz Norwid Potocki Wincenty Pol Słowacki Portugal Castelo Branco Castilho João de Deus Dinis Garrett Herculano Soares dos Passos Serbia Jakšić Kostić Njegoš Radičević Stojadinović-Srpkinja Zmaj Spain Bécquer Rosalía de Castro Espronceda Gutiérrez Saavedra Zorrilla Russia Baratynsky Batyushkov Karamzin Lermontov Pushkin Tyutchev Vyazemsky Zhukovsky USA Bryant Cooper Emerson Hawthorne Josiah Gilbert Holland Irving Longfellow Lowell Poe Other Abovian Alfieri Andersen Baratashvili Botev Chavchavadze Eminescu Foscolo Frashëri Geijer Nikolai Gogol Grundtvig Heliade Isaacs Lenau Leopardi Mácha Manzoni Maturin Oehlenschläger Orbeliani Prešeren Raffi Runeberg Shevchenko Topelius Vörösmarty Wergeland MusiciansAustria Bruckner Czerny Hummel Mahler Schubert Thalberg Wolf Czechia Dvořák Moscheles Reicha Smetana Voříšek France Adam Alkan Auber Berlioz Fauré Halévy Méhul Onslow Saint-Saëns Germany Beethoven Brahms Bruch Kalkbrenner Loewe Marschner Fanny Mendelssohn Felix Mendelssohn Meyerbeer Moszkowski C. Schumann R. Schumann Spohr Strauss Wagner Weber Hungary Erkel Goldmark Heller Hubay Joachim Liszt Italy Bellini Busoni Cherubini Donizetti Paganini Rossini Spontini Verdi Poland Bortkiewicz Chopin Lipiński Moniuszko Paderewski Stolpe Tausig Wieniawski Russia Arensky Balakirev Borodin Cui Glinka Lyapunov Medtner Mussorgsky Rachmaninoff Rimsky-Korsakov Rubinstein Scriabin Tchaikovsky Serbia Hristić Konjović Mokranjac Stanković Other Bennett Berwald Elgar Field Franck Grieg Sibelius Sor Philosophers Belinsky Berchet Burke Carlyle Chaadayev Coleridge Constant Emerson Fichte Goethe Hazlitt Hegel Khomyakov Lamennais Larra Maistre Mazzini Michelet Müller Novalis Quinet Rousseau Schelling Schiller A. Schlegel F. Schlegel Schleiermacher Senancour Snellman Staël Thoreau Tieck Wackenroder Visual artists Aivazovsky Bierstadt Blake Bonington Bryullov Chassériau Church Constable Cole Corot Dahl David d'Angers Delacroix Edelfelt Friedrich Fuseli Gallen-Kallela Géricault Girodet Głowacki Goya Gude Hayez Janmot Jones Kiprensky Koch Lampi Leutze Martin Michałowski Palmer Porto-Alegre Préault Révoil Richard Rude Runge Saleh Scheffer Stattler Stroy Tidemand Tropinin Turner Veit Ward Wiertz Scholars Abraham Abrams Barzun Beiser Berlin Blanning Bloom Blume Dahlhaus Ferber Frye Janion Lacoue-Labarthe Lovejoy de Man Nancy Ricks Rosen Wellek Related topics Coleridge's theory of life German idealism List of romantics List of Romantic poets Middle Ages in history Opium and Romanticism Romantic ballet Romantic epistemology Romantic medicine Romantic poetry Romantic psychology Romanticism and economics Romanticism and the French Revolution Romanticism in science Bacon Evolution theory Wanderer above the Sea of Fog ← Age of Enlightenment Modernism → Category	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ukrainian school"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Czesław Miłosz (1983). The History of Polish Literature. University of California Press. pp. 247–249. ISBN 0-520-04477-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz","url_text":"Czesław Miłosz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-04477-0","url_text":"0-520-04477-0"}]},{"reference":"Piotr S. Wandycz (1974). A History of East Central Europe Vol. VII: The Lands of Partitioned Poland, 1795–1918. University of Washington Press. pp. 100–101. ISBN 0-295-95358-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_S._Wandycz","url_text":"Piotr S. Wandycz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-95358-6","url_text":"0-295-95358-6"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianschoolinPolishliterature.htm","external_links_name":"Ukrainian School in Polish literature"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_school&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janish_Bakiyev	Janish Bakiyev	["1 References"]	Janysh Bakiyev (Kyrgyz: Жаныш Салиевич Бакиев, Zhanysh Saliyevich Baqiyev; born on March 16, 1958, in the Suzak District) is the former chief of the State Security Service of Kyrgyzstan and brother of former president Kurmanbek Bakiyev. In September 2006, Janybek resigned from his senior intelligence after being implicated in planting heroin in the luggage of the main opposition leader, Omurbek Tekebayev, who was later detained in Poland. In the summer of 2008 his son Asylbek Saliev successfully sued two independent newspapers 'De Facto' and 'Alibi' for libel after they published an article alleging he was involved in a traffic accident that resulted in the death of a pedestrian. Saliev was awarded one million soms (approximately US$35,000) from each in compensation. Kyrgyz politicians have regularly accused Janysh Bakiyev of manipulating the law enforcement agencies' illegal operations against the opposition and being the strong hand for his president brother. In May 2010, an audio recording was posted anonymously on YouTube with a caption identifying the voices as those of Janish and Maxim Bakiyev, the former president's son. The men were discussing plans to arm groups to spread chaos across the south of Kyrgyzstan, sometime in June. Both men have denied the authenticity of the tape. Janish Bakiyev is wanted by the new government, and it is claimed that he, as head of the presidential guard, authorized the firing that killed dozens of protesters during the 2010 Kyrgyzstani uprising as well as authorizing the contract killing of Medet Sadyrkulov, former presidential chief of staff. Janish stated in an interview with the Azeri Press Agency on April 19, 2010, that he will not surrender to the interim government. Along with other members of the Bakiyev clan, Janish is currently living in Belarus, from whence the authorities are refusing to extradite him. References ^ Bakiyev's Brother Resigns Amid Heroin Scandal ^ Editor Of Independent Kyrgyz Newspaper Threatened With Closure Speaks Out ^ Phone conversation between Maksim and Janybek Bakiyev on YouTube ^ Kyrgyz violence level 'alarming' ^ "Prosecutor's Office: Janysh Bakiyev persecuted for political views". udf.by. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. ^ Bakiyev: I will not surrender to the interim government ^ "Prosecutor's Office: Janysh Bakiyev persecuted for political views". udf.by. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Omurbek Tekebayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omurbek_Tekebayev"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Maxim Bakiyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_Bakiyev"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2010 Kyrgyzstani uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Kyrgyzstani_uprising"},{"link_name":"Medet Sadyrkulov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medet_Sadyrkulov"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Azeri Press Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azeri_Press_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In September 2006, Janybek resigned from his senior intelligence after being implicated in planting heroin in the luggage of the main opposition leader, Omurbek Tekebayev, who was later detained in Poland.[1]In the summer of 2008 his son Asylbek Saliev successfully sued two independent newspapers 'De Facto' and 'Alibi' for libel after they published an article alleging he was involved in a traffic accident that resulted in the death of a pedestrian. Saliev was awarded one million soms (approximately US$35,000) from each in compensation.[2]Kyrgyz politicians have regularly accused Janysh Bakiyev of manipulating the law enforcement agencies' illegal operations against the opposition and being the strong hand for his president brother.In May 2010, an audio recording[3] was posted anonymously on YouTube with a caption identifying the voices as those of Janish and Maxim Bakiyev, the former president's son. The men were discussing plans to arm groups to spread chaos across the south of Kyrgyzstan, sometime in June. Both men have denied the authenticity of the tape.[4]Janish Bakiyev is wanted by the new government, and it is claimed that he, as head of the presidential guard, authorized the firing that killed dozens of protesters during the 2010 Kyrgyzstani uprising as well as authorizing the contract killing of Medet Sadyrkulov, former presidential chief of staff.[5] Janish stated in an interview with the Azeri Press Agency on April 19, 2010, that he will not surrender to the interim government.[6] Along with other members of the Bakiyev clan, Janish is currently living in Belarus, from whence the authorities are refusing to extradite him.[7]","title":"Janish Bakiyev"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Prosecutor's Office: Janysh Bakiyev persecuted for political views\". udf.by. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220835/http://udf.by/english/main-story/65421-prosecutors-office-janysh-bakiyev-persecuted-for-political-views.html","url_text":"\"Prosecutor's Office: Janysh Bakiyev persecuted for political views\""},{"url":"http://udf.by/english/main-story/65421-prosecutors-office-janysh-bakiyev-persecuted-for-political-views.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Prosecutor's Office: Janysh Bakiyev persecuted for political views\". udf.by. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220835/http://udf.by/english/main-story/65421-prosecutors-office-janysh-bakiyev-persecuted-for-political-views.html","url_text":"\"Prosecutor's Office: Janysh Bakiyev persecuted for political views\""},{"url":"http://udf.by/english/main-story/65421-prosecutors-office-janysh-bakiyev-persecuted-for-political-views.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/bakiyevs-brother-resigns-amid-heroin-scandal/202459.html","external_links_name":"Bakiyev's Brother Resigns Amid Heroin Scandal"},{"Link":"http://www.rferl.org/content/Independent_Kyrgyz_Newspaper_Editor_Speaks_Out/1183558.html","external_links_name":"Editor Of Independent Kyrgyz Newspaper Threatened With Closure Speaks Out"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6KB8GAnNM78","external_links_name":"Phone conversation between Maksim and Janybek Bakiyev"},{"Link":"http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/06/20106164631604263.html","external_links_name":"Kyrgyz violence level 'alarming'"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220835/http://udf.by/english/main-story/65421-prosecutors-office-janysh-bakiyev-persecuted-for-political-views.html","external_links_name":"\"Prosecutor's Office: Janysh Bakiyev persecuted for political views\""},{"Link":"http://udf.by/english/main-story/65421-prosecutors-office-janysh-bakiyev-persecuted-for-political-views.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=120302%7CJanish","external_links_name":"Bakiyev: I will not surrender to the interim government"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220835/http://udf.by/english/main-story/65421-prosecutors-office-janysh-bakiyev-persecuted-for-political-views.html","external_links_name":"\"Prosecutor's Office: Janysh Bakiyev persecuted for political views\""},{"Link":"http://udf.by/english/main-story/65421-prosecutors-office-janysh-bakiyev-persecuted-for-political-views.html","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Arbu%C3%A9s	Pedro de Arbués	["1 Life","2 Sainthood","3 Notes and references","4 Further reading","5 External links"]	Spanish canon regular and inquisitor SaintPedro de ArbuésCanRegDeath of the Inquisitor Pedro de Arbués (1664), by Murillo (Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg).MartyrBornca. 1441Épila, Kingdom of AragonDied17 September 1485 (aged 44)Zaragoza, Kingdom of AragonVenerated inRoman Catholic ChurchBeatified20 April 1664, Saint Peter's Basilica, Papal States by Pope Alexander VIICanonized29 June 1867, Saint Peter's Basilica, Papal States by Pope Pius IXMajor shrineCathedral of the Savior, Zaragoza, SpainFeast17 September Pedro de Arbués, also known as Peter of Arbués (c. 1441 – 17 September 1485) was a Spanish Roman Catholic priest and a professed Augustinian canon. He served as an official of the Spanish Inquisition until he was assassinated in the La Seo Cathedral in Zaragoza in 1485 by Jews and conversos. The veneration of him came swiftly through popular acclaim. His death greatly assisted the Inquisitor-General Tomás de Torquemada's campaign against heretics and crypto-Jews. His canonization was celebrated on 29 June 1867. Life Pedro de Arbués was born at Épila in the region of Zaragoza to the nobleman Antonio de Arbués and Sancia Ruiz. He studied philosophy perhaps in Huesca but later travelled to Bologna on a scholarship to the Spanish College of Saint Clement which was part of the Bologna college. He obtained his doctorate in 1473 while he served as a professor of moral philosophical studies or ethics. Upon his return to Spain he became a member of the cathedral chapter of the canons regular at La Seo where he made his religious profession in 1474. At around that time Ferdinand and Isabella had obtained from Pope Sixtus IV a papal bull to establish in their kingdom a tribunal for searching out heretics, the Inquisition had been first established in Spain in Aragón, 14th century, to counteract the Catharism heresy. Those Jews who had received baptism were known as conversos; some might have continued to practice Judaism in secret, called 'judaizantes'. Tomás de Torquemada, a Marrano surname, was in 1483 appointed as the Grand Inquisitor for Castile. Espina, confessor of Isabella, was formerly a rabin. Torquemada then appointed Arbués and Pedro Gaspar Juglar as Inquisitors Provincial in the Kingdom of Aragon on 4 May 1484. Their work was opposed by converts and people who saw it as a threat to their freedoms. On 14 September 1485 Pedro was attacked in the cathedral as he knelt before the altar and had been wearing armour since he knew his work posed great risks. Despite wearing a helmet and chain mail under the tunic he died from his wounds on 17 September. His remains were entombed in a special chapel dedicated to him. The Inquisition was unpopular in Aragon as it was seen as a Castilian attack on the charters, privileges and local laws. The most powerful families among the converted Jews: the Sánchez, Montesa, Abadía (AbdYah), Paterno and Santangel families seem to have been involved in funding the murder. As a result, a popular movement against the Jews arose in which nine were executed, two killed themselves, thirteen were burnt in effigy, and four punished for complicity, from 30 June to 15 December 1486, according to the historian Jerónimo Zurita. Leonardo Sciascia in Morte dell'inquisitore (1964) writes that Arbués along with Juan Lopez de Cisneros (d. 1657) are "the only two cases of inquisitors who died assassinated". Sainthood The Martyrdom of Saint Peter of Arbués - Francesco Cecchini (late 17th century). Pope Alexander VII beatified Pedro de Arbués in Rome on 20 April 1664. His canonization was celebrated on 29 June 1867 among protests from Jews and Christians. Pope Pius IX said in the document formalizing the canonization (Maiorem caritatem): "The divine wisdom has arranged that in these sad days, when Jews help the enemies of the church with their books and money, this decree of sanctity has been brought to fulfillment". Notes and references ^ "Arbués, Pedro de". Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2017. ^ a b c d "Saint Peter Arbues". Saints SQPN. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017. ^ a b c d e Anthony Allaria (1911). "St. Peter of Arbues". The Catholic Encyclopedia: Vol. 11 New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 2 May 2015. ^ a b c d e f "Saint Peter Arbues". Santi e Beati. Retrieved 20 September 2017. ^ "Palermo opens cell in which monk murdered inquisitor". ITALY Magazine. Oct 8, 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2023. ^ Richard Gottheil, Meyer Kayserling and William Milwitzky. "ARBUES, Pedro". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20 September 2017. ^ Garry Wills (23 September 2001). "The Popes Against the Jews: Before the Holocaust". New York Times. Retrieved 20 September 2017. Further reading Simon Whitechapel, Flesh Inferno: Atrocities of Torquemada and the Spanish Inquisition (Creation Books, 2003). ISBN 1-84068-105-5 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: A. Allaria (1913). "St. Peter of Arbues". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Pedro Arbues in the public domain Jewish Encyclopedia, Funk and Wagnalls, 1901 - 1906. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pedro Arbués. "Arbués, Pedro" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905. Saints SQPN Encyclopedia.com Portals: Saints Biography Catholicism Spain History Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain Catalonia Germany Israel United States Poland Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_people"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest"},{"link_name":"Augustinian canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canons_regular"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SQPN-2"},{"link_name":"Spanish Inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition"},{"link_name":"assassinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination"},{"link_name":"La Seo Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Seo_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaragoza"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"conversos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converso"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NA-3"},{"link_name":"Inquisitor-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Inquisitor"},{"link_name":"Tomás de Torquemada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Torquemada"},{"link_name":"heretics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy"},{"link_name":"crypto-Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypto-Judaism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEB-4"}],"text":"Pedro de Arbués, also known as Peter of Arbués (c. 1441 – 17 September 1485) was a Spanish Roman Catholic priest and a professed Augustinian canon.[2] He served as an official of the Spanish Inquisition until he was assassinated in the La Seo Cathedral in Zaragoza in 1485 by Jews and conversos.[3] The veneration of him came swiftly through popular acclaim. His death greatly assisted the Inquisitor-General Tomás de Torquemada's campaign against heretics and crypto-Jews. His canonization was celebrated on 29 June 1867.[4]","title":"Pedro de Arbués"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Épila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89pila"},{"link_name":"Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaragoza"},{"link_name":"nobleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobleman"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEB-4"},{"link_name":"philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Huesca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huesca"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"Spanish College of Saint Clement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegio_di_Spagna"},{"link_name":"Bologna college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NA-3"},{"link_name":"cathedral chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_chapter"},{"link_name":"canons regular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canons_regular"},{"link_name":"religious profession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profession_(religious)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SQPN-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEB-4"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand and Isabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_and_Isabella"},{"link_name":"Pope Sixtus IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV"},{"link_name":"papal bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bull"},{"link_name":"heretics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heretics"},{"link_name":"Catharism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharism"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"baptism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism"},{"link_name":"conversos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converso"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NA-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEB-4"},{"link_name":"Tomás de Torquemada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Torquemada"},{"link_name":"Marrano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrano"},{"link_name":"Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NA-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SQPN-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NA-3"},{"link_name":"chain mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_mail"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SQPN-2"},{"link_name":"Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEB-4"},{"link_name":"Jerónimo Zurita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Zurita"},{"link_name":"Leonardo Sciascia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Sciascia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEB-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Pedro de Arbués was born at Épila in the region of Zaragoza to the nobleman Antonio de Arbués and Sancia Ruiz.[4]He studied philosophy perhaps in Huesca but later travelled to Bologna on a scholarship to the Spanish College of Saint Clement which was part of the Bologna college. He obtained his doctorate in 1473 while he served as a professor of moral philosophical studies or ethics.[3] Upon his return to Spain he became a member of the cathedral chapter of the canons regular at La Seo where he made his religious profession in 1474.[2][4]At around that time Ferdinand and Isabella had obtained from Pope Sixtus IV a papal bull to establish in their kingdom a tribunal for searching out heretics, the Inquisition had been first established in Spain in Aragón, 14th century, to counteract the Catharism heresy. Those Jews who had received baptism were known as conversos; some might have continued to practice Judaism in secret, called 'judaizantes'.[3][4] Tomás de Torquemada, a Marrano surname, was in 1483 appointed as the Grand Inquisitor for Castile. Espina, confessor of Isabella, was formerly a rabin. Torquemada then appointed Arbués and Pedro Gaspar Juglar as Inquisitors Provincial in the Kingdom of Aragon on 4 May 1484. Their work was opposed by converts and people who saw it as a threat to their freedoms.[3][2]On 14 September 1485 Pedro was attacked in the cathedral as he knelt before the altar and had been wearing armour since he knew his work posed great risks.[3] Despite wearing a helmet and chain mail under the tunic he died from his wounds on 17 September. His remains were entombed in a special chapel dedicated to him.[2]The Inquisition was unpopular in Aragon as it was seen as a Castilian attack on the charters, privileges and local laws. The most powerful families among the converted Jews: the Sánchez, Montesa, Abadía (AbdYah), Paterno and Santangel families seem to have been involved in funding the murder.[4]As a result, a popular movement against the Jews arose in which nine were executed, two killed themselves, thirteen were burnt in effigy, and four punished for complicity, from 30 June to 15 December 1486, according to the historian Jerónimo Zurita. Leonardo Sciascia in Morte dell'inquisitore (1964) writes that Arbués along with Juan Lopez de Cisneros (d. 1657)[5] are \"the only two cases of inquisitors who died assassinated\".[4][6]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martirio_de_San_Pedro_Arbu%C3%A9s_-_Franceso_Cecchini.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pope Alexander VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VII"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Martyrdom of Saint Peter of Arbués - Francesco Cecchini (late 17th century).Pope Alexander VII beatified Pedro de Arbués in Rome on 20 April 1664. His canonization was celebrated on 29 June 1867 among protests from Jews and Christians. Pope Pius IX said in the document formalizing the canonization (Maiorem caritatem): \"The divine wisdom has arranged that in these sad days, when Jews help the enemies of the church with their books and money, this decree of sanctity has been brought to fulfillment\".[7]","title":"Sainthood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Arbués, Pedro de\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180707010102/http://www.enciclopedia-aragonesa.com/voz.asp?voz_id=1200"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.enciclopedia-aragonesa.com/voz.asp?voz_id=1200"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SQPN_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SQPN_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SQPN_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SQPN_2-3"},{"link_name":"\"Saint Peter Arbues\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catholicsaints.info/saint-peter-arbues/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NA_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NA_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NA_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NA_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NA_3-4"},{"link_name":"\"St. Peter of Arbues\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newadvent.org/cathen/11772b.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SEB_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SEB_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SEB_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SEB_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SEB_4-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SEB_4-5"},{"link_name":"\"Saint Peter Arbues\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91755"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Palermo opens cell in which monk murdered inquisitor\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.italymagazine.com/italy/sicily/palermo-opens-cell-which-monk-murdered-inquisitor"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"ARBUES, Pedro\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1725-arbues-pedro"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"The Popes Against the Jews: Before the Holocaust\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//online.sfsu.edu/~rone/Religion/popesagainstjews.html"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"}],"text":"^ \"Arbués, Pedro de\". Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2017.\n\n^ a b c d \"Saint Peter Arbues\". Saints SQPN. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.\n\n^ a b c d e Anthony Allaria (1911). \"St. Peter of Arbues\". The Catholic Encyclopedia: Vol. 11 New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 2 May 2015.\n\n^ a b c d e f \"Saint Peter Arbues\". Santi e Beati. Retrieved 20 September 2017.\n\n^ \"Palermo opens cell in which monk murdered inquisitor\". ITALY Magazine. Oct 8, 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2023.\n\n^ Richard Gottheil, Meyer Kayserling and William Milwitzky. \"ARBUES, Pedro\". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20 September 2017.\n\n^ Garry Wills (23 September 2001). \"The Popes Against the Jews: Before the Holocaust\". New York Times. Retrieved 20 September 2017.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84068-105-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84068-105-5"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"St. Peter of Arbues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Peter_of_Arbues"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"Pedro Arbues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia/Arbues,_Pedro"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Jewish Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia"}],"text":"Simon Whitechapel, Flesh Inferno: Atrocities of Torquemada and the Spanish Inquisition (Creation Books, 2003). ISBN 1-84068-105-5\n This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: A. Allaria (1913). \"St. Peter of Arbues\". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.\nPedro Arbues in the public domain Jewish Encyclopedia, Funk and Wagnalls, 1901 - 1906.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"The Martyrdom of Saint Peter of Arbués - Francesco Cecchini (late 17th century).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Martirio_de_San_Pedro_Arbu%C3%A9s_-_Franceso_Cecchini.jpg/220px-Martirio_de_San_Pedro_Arbu%C3%A9s_-_Franceso_Cecchini.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Arbués, Pedro de\". Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180707010102/http://www.enciclopedia-aragonesa.com/voz.asp?voz_id=1200","url_text":"\"Arbués, Pedro de\""},{"url":"http://www.enciclopedia-aragonesa.com/voz.asp?voz_id=1200","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Saint Peter Arbues\". Saints SQPN. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://catholicsaints.info/saint-peter-arbues/","url_text":"\"Saint Peter Arbues\""}]},{"reference":"Anthony Allaria (1911). \"St. Peter of Arbues\". The Catholic Encyclopedia: Vol. 11 New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 2 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11772b.htm","url_text":"\"St. Peter of Arbues\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saint Peter Arbues\". Santi e Beati. Retrieved 20 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91755","url_text":"\"Saint Peter Arbues\""}]},{"reference":"\"Palermo opens cell in which monk murdered inquisitor\". ITALY Magazine. Oct 8, 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.italymagazine.com/italy/sicily/palermo-opens-cell-which-monk-murdered-inquisitor","url_text":"\"Palermo opens cell in which monk murdered inquisitor\""}]},{"reference":"Richard Gottheil, Meyer Kayserling and William Milwitzky. \"ARBUES, Pedro\". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1725-arbues-pedro","url_text":"\"ARBUES, Pedro\""}]},{"reference":"Garry Wills (23 September 2001). \"The Popes Against the Jews: Before the Holocaust\". New York Times. Retrieved 20 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://online.sfsu.edu/~rone/Religion/popesagainstjews.html","url_text":"\"The Popes Against the Jews: Before the Holocaust\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"A. Allaria (1913). \"St. Peter of Arbues\". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Peter_of_Arbues","url_text":"St. Peter of Arbues"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"\"Arbués, Pedro\" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Arbu%C3%A9s,_Pedro","url_text":"\"Arbués, Pedro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia","url_text":"New International Encyclopedia"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180707010102/http://www.enciclopedia-aragonesa.com/voz.asp?voz_id=1200","external_links_name":"\"Arbués, Pedro de\""},{"Link":"http://www.enciclopedia-aragonesa.com/voz.asp?voz_id=1200","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://catholicsaints.info/saint-peter-arbues/","external_links_name":"\"Saint Peter Arbues\""},{"Link":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11772b.htm","external_links_name":"\"St. Peter of Arbues\""},{"Link":"http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91755","external_links_name":"\"Saint Peter Arbues\""},{"Link":"https://www.italymagazine.com/italy/sicily/palermo-opens-cell-which-monk-murdered-inquisitor","external_links_name":"\"Palermo opens cell in which monk murdered inquisitor\""},{"Link":"http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1725-arbues-pedro","external_links_name":"\"ARBUES, Pedro\""},{"Link":"http://online.sfsu.edu/~rone/Religion/popesagainstjews.html","external_links_name":"\"The Popes Against the Jews: Before the Holocaust\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Arbu%C3%A9s,_Pedro","external_links_name":"\"Arbués, Pedro\""},{"Link":"http://catholicsaints.info/saint-peter-arbues/","external_links_name":"Saints SQPN"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/arbues-pedro-dedeg","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia.com"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/230525/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000011758029X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/36001360","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkMHJBbpkkKTVCGhgx7HC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1141506","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614751706706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1145914497","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007257986205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88082278","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810578103405606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/140548599","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Heinz_Bollmann	Hans-Heinz Bollmann	["1 Life and career","2 Recordings","3 Filmography","4 References","5 External links"]	German opera singer Hans-Heinz Bollmann (1 December 1889 – 9 July 1974) was a German operatic and operetta singer tenor. Life and career Born in Hamburg, Hans-Heinz Bollmann came from an old-established Hamburg merchant family. He actually wanted to become a dentist, but then studied singing in Hamburg and with Enrico Rosario in Milan. His artistic career began in 1912 at the municipal Theatre of Bochum. From 1913 to 1915 Bollmann was engaged at the municipal Theatre of Wilhelmshaven. Afterwards he was drafted to the military service. After the end of the war he went to the municipal Theatre of Nuremberg. From 1921 to 1925 he belonged to the ensemble of the Hamburg opera house. In the 1925–1926 season he gave guest performances at the Staatsoper Unter den Linden. There he sang among others José in Carmen, Max in Der Freischütz, Rodolfo in La Bohème, Baron Lummer in Intermezzo by Richard Strauss, Pinkerton in Madama Butterfly, Hans in Smetana's The Bartered Bride and Count Almaviva in Il barbiere di Siviglia. At the end of the 1920s Bollmann turned increasingly to the operetta and sang at all large German-speaking operetta stages, among other things from 1927 to 1928 at the Theater des Westens, 1930 to 1931 at the Theater im Admiralspalast, 1935 to 1936 at the Berlin Neues Schauspielhaus (here in 1935 in the world premiere of Ball der Nationen (operetta) by Fred Raymond) and 1937 to 1938 at the Theater des Volkes (Berlin). From 1928 to 1932 he was at the Theater an der Wien, at which he took part in the premiere of Franz Lehár's operetta Schön ist die Welt in 1931, and at the Johann Strauss Theater in the latter city. Furthermore, he gave a guest performance at the Raimund Theater in Vienna in 1938. The artist was a favourite singer of Franz Lehár. He sang with great success Danilo in The Merry Widow, the title hero in Paganini, Goethe in Friederike and Armand in The Count of Luxembourg. In Berlin he sang in 1928 with Vera Schwarz as partner in La Barberina by Ascher. He also appeared more often as a guest at the Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz in Munich. Bollmann also performed in Paris, London and the USA. In addition, he was an extremely successful film actor and singer in the 1930s (Die Lindenwirtin, (1930) with Käthe Dorsch, Der Bettelstudent, with Jarmila Novotná, Frasquita, with Heinz Rühmann and Le Postillon de Lonjumeau, with Leo Slezak). In 1951 he played in the film The Dubarry, with Sári Barabás, and two years later he appeared on stage for the last time in the opening performance of the new Hamburg Operettenhaus in Lehár's Lustiger Witwe. Bollmann sang gramophone records at Electrola/HMV, Homocord and the Lindström brands Gloria, Odeon Records and Parlophone. He sang, in duet with the baritone Manfred Lewandowski, 1923-1928 cantor at the Friedenstempel in Berlin-Halensee and 1928-1938 chief cantor at the synagogue Lindenstraße in Berlin-Kreuzberg, the duet Der Tempel Brahmas strahlt from Bizet's opera Les pêcheurs de perles but also, accompanied by the NS Reich Orchestra and Choir, the patriotic song Mein Deutschland, du sollst du leben, du darf nicht untergeh'n. Recordings Electrola E.G. 389 / 8-42020 (mx. BW 270-III) Mattinata (Ruggiero Leoncavallo, lyrics by M. Reichardt) Hans Heinz Bollmann, tenor performance with orchestra accompaniment. Berlin 1926. Electrola E.G. 390 / 8-42022 (mx. BW 610-I) Postillion-Liedfrom Le postillon de Lonjumeau (Adolphe Adam) Hans Heinz Bollmann, tenor and Manfred Lewandowsky, Baritone with orchestra accompaniment, on youtube Gloria G.O. 10 354 (mx. Bi 783) Madame, Madame, sie sind mir nicht einerlei. Lied nach einem Motiv von Nevin (lyrics and music Billy Golwyn, N. Intrator u. Dr. Jos. Freudenthal) Gloria G.O. 10 556 (mx. H-62578-2) L’Africaine (G. Meyerbeer), Arie des Vasco: Land so wunderbar. Hans Heinz Bollmann with theBerlin Symphony Orchestra. Conductor: Fritz Zweig. Homocord 4-3151 (mx. C 1356 D) „Mutterl-Lied“ from the operetta Die Schützenliesel (Edmund Eysler – Leo Stein and Karl Lindau) Hans Heinz Bollmann, tenor, with Vienna Salon Chapel Franz Hausberger. Homocord 4-3732-I (mx. H-62 839) Du blonde Lindenwirtin vom Rhein. Foxtrot at the sound film Die Lindenwirtin (M. Krausz – B. Hardt-Warden) Hans Heinz Bollmann, tenor und Manfred Lewandowsky, baritone with Orchestra accompaniement, (1937) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtBJyob4bIs YouTube], ca. March/April 1930. Homocord 4-3732-II (mx. H-62 840) Zu jeder Liebe gehört ein Gläschen Wein. Foxtrot aus dem Tonfilm Die Lindenwirtin (M. Krausz – B. Hardt-Warden) Hans Heinz Bollmann, tenor with Orchestral Accompaniment. ca. March/April 1930. Homocord H-3953 (mx. H-83 277–2) Schön ist die Welt. Waltz song from the operetta of the same name (F. Lehár, Dr. F. Löhner) / (H-83 276–4) Liebste, glaub' an mich, denn ich liebe dich: Lied aus der Operette Schön ist die Welt (F. Lehár, Dr. F. Löhner) Hans Heinz Bollmann, tenor with orchestra accompaniment. Odeon Rxx 80218 (mx. xxB 7065) O wie so trügerisch from Rigoletto (Verdi) Hans Heinz Bollmann tenor with orchestra accompaniment. Odeon Rxx 80460 (mx. xxB 7437) Wir sind allein nun (Die Hände in schweren Ketten). 2 acts duett (Azucena – Manrico) from Il trovatore 1. Teil (Verdi) / (mx. xxB 7438-II) dto., 2 parts. Chamber singer Sabine Kalter, lto. Hans Heinz Bollmann, tenor. With orchestra accompaniment. Odeon O-25465 (mx. Be 11065) Du warst mir ein schöner Traum – Lied aus der Revue-Operette Ball der Nationen (music: Fred Raymond, lyrics: Günther Schwenn) hamber singer Hans Heinz Bollmann, tenor, With orchestra accompaniment. Conducting: Kapellmeister Schmidt-Boelcke of the Metropol-Theater, Berlin. Parlophon B.49248 (mx. Bi 1812) Du bist meine Sonne. Song from the musical comedy Giuditta (music: Franz Lehár – lyrics: Paul Knepler and Fritz Löhner), Chamber singer Hans Heinz Bollmann with orchestra. Conductor: Kapellmeister Otto Dobrindt. Filmography 1930 Die Lindenwirtin 1930 The Beggar Student 1932 Friederike on IMDb 1934 Frasquita 1936 Le postillon de Lonjumeau 1951 Die Dubarry References ^ Hans-Heinz Bollmann in Kutsch-Riemens p. 189 ^ "Die Lindenwirtin (1930) - IMDb". IMDb. ^ The catalogue of the Music Archive at DNB lists 206 titles by Bollmann. ^ Homocord 4-8907 (mx. T.M. 52483-1) Les Pêcheurs de Perles (Bizet), duet The temple of Brahma shines: Hans Heinz Bollmann, tenor and Manfred Lewandowsky, baritone with orchestra accompaniment, to be heard on, youtube. ^ listen on youtube ^ To be hear on youtube ^ to be heard on youtube ^ on youtube ^ to be heard on youtube ^ to be heard on youtube ^ Friederike External links Hans-Heinz Bollmann at IMDb Hans Heinz Bollmann on Film Portal Bollmann, Friedel on BMLO Klaus Ulrich Spiegel: Medienstar der „Silbernen Ära“ – Der populäre Tenor Hans Heinz Bollmann auf ku-spiegel.de http://grammophon-platten.de/e107_plugins/forum/forum_viewtopic.php?21200, with many pictures http://www.cyranos.ch/smboll-d.htm Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Poland Artists MusicBrainz People BMLO Deutsche Biographie	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor"}],"text":"Hans-Heinz Bollmann (1 December 1889 – 9 July 1974) was a German operatic and operetta singer tenor.","title":"Hans-Heinz Bollmann"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Staatsoper Unter den Linden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatsoper_Unter_den_Linden"},{"link_name":"Carmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen"},{"link_name":"Der Freischütz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Freisch%C3%BCtz"},{"link_name":"La Bohème","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Boh%C3%A8me"},{"link_name":"Intermezzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermezzo_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Madama Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madama_Butterfly"},{"link_name":"The Bartered Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bartered_Bride"},{"link_name":"Il barbiere di Siviglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_barbiere_di_Siviglia"},{"link_name":"Theater des Westens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_des_Westens"},{"link_name":"Admiralspalast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralspalast"},{"link_name":"Berlin Neues Schauspielhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropol_(Berlin)"},{"link_name":"Fred Raymond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Raymond"},{"link_name":"Theater des Volkes (Berlin)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theater_des_Volkes_(Berlin)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Theater an der Wien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_an_der_Wien"},{"link_name":"Franz Lehár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Leh%C3%A1r"},{"link_name":"Schön ist die Welt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6n_ist_die_Welt"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6n_ist_die_Welt"},{"link_name":"Johann Strauss Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Strauss_Theater"},{"link_name":"Raimund Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimund_Theater"},{"link_name":"The Merry Widow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merry_Widow"},{"link_name":"Paganini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganini_(operetta)"},{"link_name":"Friederike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friederike_(operetta)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friederike_(Operette)"},{"link_name":"The Count of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Count_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Vera Schwarz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Schwarz"},{"link_name":"Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatstheater_am_G%C3%A4rtnerplatz"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Käthe Dorsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Dorsch"},{"link_name":"Jarmila Novotná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarmila_Novotn%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Frasquita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frasquita"},{"link_name":"Heinz Rühmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_R%C3%BChmann"},{"link_name":"Le Postillon de Lonjumeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Postillon_de_Lonjumeau"},{"link_name":"Leo Slezak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Slezak"},{"link_name":"The Dubarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dubarry_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"Sári Barabás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ri_Barab%C3%A1s"},{"link_name":"Electrola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrola"},{"link_name":"Homocord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homocord&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homocord"},{"link_name":"Odeon Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odeon_Records"},{"link_name":"Parlophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlophone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Manfred Lewandowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Lewandowski"},{"link_name":"Les pêcheurs de perles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_p%C3%AAcheurs_de_perles"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Born in Hamburg, Hans-Heinz Bollmann came from an old-established Hamburg merchant family. He actually wanted to become a dentist, but then studied singing in Hamburg and with Enrico Rosario in Milan.His artistic career began in 1912 at the municipal Theatre of Bochum.[1] From 1913 to 1915 Bollmann was engaged at the municipal Theatre of Wilhelmshaven. Afterwards he was drafted to the military service. After the end of the war he went to the municipal Theatre of Nuremberg. From 1921 to 1925 he belonged to the ensemble of the Hamburg opera house. In the 1925–1926 season he gave guest performances at the Staatsoper Unter den Linden. There he sang among others José in Carmen, Max in Der Freischütz, Rodolfo in La Bohème, Baron Lummer in Intermezzo by Richard Strauss, Pinkerton in Madama Butterfly, Hans in Smetana's The Bartered Bride and Count Almaviva in Il barbiere di Siviglia.At the end of the 1920s Bollmann turned increasingly to the operetta and sang at all large German-speaking operetta stages, among other things from 1927 to 1928 at the Theater des Westens, 1930 to 1931 at the Theater im Admiralspalast, 1935 to 1936 at the Berlin Neues Schauspielhaus (here in 1935 in the world premiere of Ball der Nationen (operetta) by Fred Raymond) and 1937 to 1938 at the Theater des Volkes (Berlin). From 1928 to 1932 he was at the Theater an der Wien, at which he took part in the premiere of Franz Lehár's operetta Schön ist die Welt [de] in 1931, and at the Johann Strauss Theater in the latter city. Furthermore, he gave a guest performance at the Raimund Theater in Vienna in 1938. The artist was a favourite singer of Franz Lehár. He sang with great success Danilo in The Merry Widow, the title hero in Paganini, Goethe in Friederike [de] and Armand in The Count of Luxembourg. In Berlin he sang in 1928 with Vera Schwarz as partner in La Barberina by Ascher. He also appeared more often as a guest at the Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz in Munich.Bollmann also performed in Paris, London and the USA. In addition, he was an extremely successful film actor and singer in the 1930s (Die Lindenwirtin,[2] (1930) with Käthe Dorsch, Der Bettelstudent, with Jarmila Novotná, Frasquita, with Heinz Rühmann and Le Postillon de Lonjumeau, with Leo Slezak). In 1951 he played in the film The Dubarry, with Sári Barabás, and two years later he appeared on stage for the last time in the opening performance of the new Hamburg Operettenhaus in Lehár's Lustiger Witwe.Bollmann sang gramophone records at Electrola/HMV, Homocord [de] and the Lindström brands Gloria, Odeon Records and Parlophone.[3]He sang, in duet with the baritone Manfred Lewandowski, 1923-1928 cantor at the Friedenstempel in Berlin-Halensee and 1928-1938 chief cantor at the synagogue Lindenstraße in Berlin-Kreuzberg, the duet Der Tempel Brahmas strahlt from Bizet's opera Les pêcheurs de perles[4]\nbut also, accompanied by the NS Reich Orchestra and Choir, the patriotic song Mein Deutschland, du sollst du leben, du darf nicht untergeh'n.[5]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Le postillon de Lonjumeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_postillon_de_Lonjumeau"},{"link_name":"youtube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtBJyob4bIs"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"L’Africaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E2%80%99Africaine"},{"link_name":"Fritz Zweig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Zweig"},{"link_name":"Edmund Eysler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Eysler"},{"link_name":"Leo Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Stein_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Karl Lindau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Lindau"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtBJyob4bIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtBJyob4bIs"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Rigoletto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigoletto"},{"link_name":"Il trovatore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trovatore"},{"link_name":"Sabine Kalter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_Kalter"},{"link_name":"Schmidt-Boelcke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Schmidt-Boelcke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giuditta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuditta"},{"link_name":"Otto Dobrindt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Dobrindt&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Electrola E.G. 389 / 8-42020 (mx. BW 270-III) Mattinata (Ruggiero Leoncavallo, lyrics by M. Reichardt) Hans Heinz Bollmann, tenor performance with orchestra accompaniment. Berlin 1926.[6]\nElectrola E.G. 390 / 8-42022 (mx. BW 610-I) Postillion-Liedfrom Le postillon de Lonjumeau (Adolphe Adam) Hans Heinz Bollmann, tenor and Manfred Lewandowsky, Baritone with orchestra accompaniment, on youtube\nGloria G.O. 10 354 (mx. Bi 783) Madame, Madame, sie sind mir nicht einerlei. Lied nach einem Motiv von [Ethelbert] Nevin (lyrics and music Billy Golwyn, N. Intrator u. Dr. Jos. Freudenthal)[7]\nGloria G.O. 10 556 (mx. H-62578-2) L’Africaine (G. Meyerbeer), Arie des Vasco: Land so wunderbar. Hans Heinz Bollmann with theBerlin Symphony Orchestra. Conductor: Fritz Zweig.\nHomocord 4-3151 (mx. C 1356 D) „Mutterl-Lied“ from the operetta Die Schützenliesel (Edmund Eysler – Leo Stein and Karl Lindau) Hans Heinz Bollmann, tenor, with Vienna Salon Chapel Franz Hausberger.[8]\nHomocord 4-3732-I (mx. H-62 839) Du blonde Lindenwirtin vom Rhein. Foxtrot at the sound film Die Lindenwirtin (M. Krausz – B. Hardt-Warden) Hans Heinz Bollmann, tenor und Manfred Lewandowsky, baritone with Orchestra accompaniement, (1937) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtBJyob4bIs YouTube], ca. March/April 1930.[9]\nHomocord 4-3732-II (mx. H-62 840) Zu jeder Liebe gehört ein Gläschen Wein. Foxtrot aus dem Tonfilm Die Lindenwirtin (M. Krausz – B. Hardt-Warden) Hans Heinz Bollmann, tenor with Orchestral Accompaniment. ca. March/April 1930.\nHomocord H-3953 (mx. H-83 277–2) Schön ist die Welt. Waltz song from the operetta of the same name (F. Lehár, Dr. F. Löhner) / (H-83 276–4) Liebste, glaub' an mich, denn ich liebe dich: Lied aus der Operette Schön ist die Welt (F. Lehár, Dr. F. Löhner) Hans Heinz Bollmann, tenor with orchestra accompaniment.[10]\nOdeon Rxx 80218 (mx. xxB 7065) O wie so trügerisch from Rigoletto (Verdi) Hans Heinz Bollmann tenor with orchestra accompaniment.\nOdeon Rxx 80460 (mx. xxB 7437) Wir sind allein nun (Die Hände in schweren Ketten). 2 acts duett (Azucena – Manrico) from Il trovatore 1. Teil (Verdi) / (mx. xxB 7438-II) dto., 2 parts. Chamber singer Sabine Kalter, lto. Hans Heinz Bollmann, tenor. With orchestra accompaniment.\nOdeon O-25465 (mx. Be 11065) Du warst mir ein schöner Traum – Lied aus der Revue-Operette Ball der Nationen (music: Fred Raymond, lyrics: Günther Schwenn) hamber singer Hans Heinz Bollmann, tenor, With orchestra accompaniment. Conducting: Kapellmeister Schmidt-Boelcke of the Metropol-Theater, Berlin.\nParlophon B.49248 (mx. Bi 1812) Du bist meine Sonne. Song from the musical comedy Giuditta (music: Franz Lehár – lyrics: Paul Knepler and Fritz Löhner), Chamber singer Hans Heinz Bollmann with orchestra. Conductor: Kapellmeister Otto Dobrindt.","title":"Recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Beggar Student","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beggar_Student_(1931_German_film)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Frasquita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frasquita"},{"link_name":"Le postillon de Lonjumeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_postillon_de_Lonjumeau"},{"link_name":"Die Dubarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dubarry_(1951_film)"}],"text":"1930 Die Lindenwirtin\n1930 The Beggar Student\n1932 Friederike[11] on IMDb\n1934 Frasquita\n1936 Le postillon de Lonjumeau\n1951 Die Dubarry","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Die Lindenwirtin (1930) - IMDb\". IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0021075/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_1","url_text":"\"Die Lindenwirtin (1930) - IMDb\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtBJyob4bIs","external_links_name":"youtube"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtBJyob4bIs","external_links_name":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtBJyob4bIs"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dsfq_5dFeL0C&q=Hans+Heinz+Bollmann","external_links_name":"Hans-Heinz Bollmann"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0021075/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_1","external_links_name":"\"Die Lindenwirtin (1930) - IMDb\""},{"Link":"https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=showShortList&currentPosition=47&currentResultId=%22Bollmann%2C%22+and+%22Hans%22+and+%22Heinz%22%26any%26dnb.dma.htt","external_links_name":"DNB"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtBJyob4bIs,","external_links_name":"youtube"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lz_V58zxvAQ,","external_links_name":"youtube"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IONJcPWCaOA","external_links_name":"youtube"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BFx_mENX8B4","external_links_name":"youtube"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F55CuW206t0","external_links_name":"youtube"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=34kge6GAYvg","external_links_name":"youtube"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtBJyob4bIs","external_links_name":"youtube"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0022919/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_9","external_links_name":"Friederike"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0093179/","external_links_name":"Hans-Heinz Bollmann"},{"Link":"https://www.filmportal.de/person/hans-heinz-bollmann_c8628181044d423c868b3af7a632d0ebhttps://www.imdb.com/name/nm0093179/","external_links_name":"Hans Heinz Bollmann"},{"Link":"http://www.bmlo.uni-muenchen.de/b1488","external_links_name":"Bollmann, Friedel"},{"Link":"https://www.ku-spiegel.de/portraits/a-bis-j/bollmann/","external_links_name":"Medienstar der „Silbernen Ära“ – Der populäre Tenor Hans Heinz Bollmann"},{"Link":"http://grammophon-platten.de/e107_plugins/forum/forum_viewtopic.php?21200","external_links_name":"http://grammophon-platten.de/e107_plugins/forum/forum_viewtopic.php?21200"},{"Link":"http://www.cyranos.ch/smboll-d.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.cyranos.ch/smboll-d.htm"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000055166922","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/24810431","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxxcwTfCcj6TqdHgghmBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14157207k","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14157207k","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/132362740","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no97007851","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810694533105606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4e8adcb6-0eea-4d41-9ef2-eaec3d94b00e","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://bmlo.de/b1487","external_links_name":"BMLO"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd132362740.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laima	Laima	["1 In Latvia","2 In Lithuania","3 In modern culture","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading"]	Baltic goddess of fate For other uses, see Laima (disambiguation). LaimaFatePersonal informationSiblingsKārta and DēklaEquivalentsHindu equivalentLakshmi Part of a series onBaltic religion Mythology Prussian Lithuanian Latvian Indo-European Deities Panbaltic Perkūnas Velnias Dievas Saulė Mėnulis Prussian Patollo Peckols Potrimpo Swayxtix Autrimps Aušlavis Bardoayts Kurka Pilnytis Puszajtis Latvian Ūsiņš Ceroklis Jumis Auseklis Laima Dēkla Kārta Lauma Māra Mahte Lithuanian Gabija Žemyna Laima Medeina/Žvorūna Laumė/Ragana Aušrinė Bangpūtys/Vėjopatis Rūgutis Miscellaneous Aitvaras Kaukai Barstukai Lauksargiai/Žemėpačiai Festivals Užgavėnės/Meteņi Jorė/Ūsiņi Velykos/Lieldienas Joninės/Jāņi Žolinė/Māras Ilgės/Veļu diena Apjumības Apkūlības Kūčios/Bluķa vakars Kalėdos/Ziemassvētki Concepts Alka Romuva Sovij Sacred grove Kriwe Waidelotte Contemporary Baltic neopaganism Romuva Vydūnas Jonas Trinkūnas Inija Trinkūnienė Dievturība Ernests Brastiņš Valdis Celms Religion portal Mythology portalvte Laima is a Baltic goddess of fate. She was associated with childbirth, marriage, and death; she was also the patron of pregnant women. Laima and her functions are similar to the Hindu goddess Lakshmi. In Latvia In Latvian mythology, Laima and her sisters, Kārta and Dēkla, were a trinity of fate deities, similar to the Norse Norns or the Greek Moirai. Laima makes the final decision on individual's fate and is considerably more popular. While all three of them had similar functions, Laima is the Goddess of luck and is more related with mothers and childbirth, Dēkla is in charge of children, and Kārta holds power over the adult's life. In modern Dievturi these three goddesses are referred to as the three Laimas, indicating they are the same deity in three different aspects. Birth rituals at the end of the 19th century included offerings of hen, sheep, towels or other woven materials to Laima. Only women could participate in the ritual, performed in a sauna (pirtis). In Lithuania In Lithuanian mythology, Laima (fate, destiny) is often confused with Laimė (good fortune) and Laumė (fairy). Other related deities include Dalia (fate) and Giltinė (The Reaper). Laima was first mentioned in written sources as Laimelea by Wilhelm Martini in the Latin prologue to Lithuanian songs, collected by Daniel Klein and published in 1666. She was also mentioned by Matthäus Prätorius, Jacob Brodowski, Philipp Ruhig and others. One of the most important duties of Laima is to prophesy (Lithuanian: lemti) how the life of a newborn will take place. Sometimes there was only one Laima, while in other cases three Laimas would give often contradictory predictions. The final pronouncement would be irrevocable and not even Laima herself could change it. While three fate goddesses have less support among academics, the concept is well-established in European religions (e.g. Greek Moirai). In the earlier historiography, the example of predestination by Laima was used to judge the Lithuanian religion as fatalistic. For example, in 1837 Manfred Tietz wrote that, because Lithuanians believed in the determined fate, they were fearless warriors. Algirdas Julien Greimas argued that such a view is superficial and that Laima did not determine the fate but only knew about it. In one Lithuanian version of the Great Flood myth, Laima participates in the birth of the humankind. Laima was related to Gegutė (cuckoo), which Greimas considered a separate goddess while others see her as an incarnation of Laima. Gegutė was responsible for time and the succession of the seasons. The number of her calls was believed to predict how long a person had left to live. In spring she would also determine how a person would spend the remainder of the year; for example, if a man had no money on him when he heard the cuckoo, he would be poor for the rest of the year. Laima's sacred tree is the linden. In modern culture The Lithuanian folk music group Kūlgrinda released an album in 2014 titled Laimos Giesmės, meaning "The Hymns of Laima". See also List of Lithuanian gods and mythological figures References ^ Davidson, Hilda Ellis (1998). Roles of the Northern Goddess. Routledge. pp. 147–148. ISBN 0-415-13610-5. ^ a b Bojtár, Endre (1999). Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People. CEU Press. p. 301. ISBN 963-9116-42-4. ^ Gimbutas, Marija; Miriam Robbins Dexter (2001). The Living Goddesses. University of California Press. p. 200. ISBN 0-520-22915-0. ^ a b Greimas, Algirdas Julien (1992). Of Gods and Men. Studies in Lithuanian Mythology. Indiana University Press. p. 111. ISBN 0-253-32652-4. ^ Narbutas, Ignas (1997). "Senieji lietuvių tikėjimai". Darbai ir dienos (in Lithuanian). 5–7. Vytauto Didžiojo Universitetas. ^ (in Lithuanian) Jonas Zinkus; et al., eds. (1985–1988). "Laimės". Tarybų Lietuvos enciklopedija. Vol. II. Vilnius, Lithuania: Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija. p. 467. LCCN 86232954. ^ Beresnevičius, Gintaras (2004). Lietuvių religija ir mitologija: sisteminė studija (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Tyto alba. p. 151. ISBN 9986-16-389-7. ^ a b Greimas, Algirdas Julien (1992). Of Gods and Men. Studies in Lithuanian Mythology. Indiana University Press. pp. 114–115. ISBN 0-253-32652-4. ^ Beresnevičius, Gintaras (2004). Lietuvių religija ir mitologija: sisteminė studija (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Tyto alba. p. 90. ISBN 9986-16-389-7. ^ Greimas, Algirdas Julien (1992). Of Gods and Men. Studies in Lithuanian Mythology. Indiana University Press. p. 148. ISBN 0-253-32652-4. ^ a b Greimas, Algirdas Julien (1992). Of Gods and Men. Studies in Lithuanian Mythology. Indiana University Press. p. 116. ISBN 0-253-32652-4. ^ Klimka, Libertas (2005). "Žmogus ir gamta etninėje kultūroje" (PDF). Kultūros Aktualijos (in Lithuanian). 4 (45): 26. ^ Kūlgrinda – Laimos Giesmės. Discogs. Further reading Laurinkienė, Nijolė (2007). "Motina Žemyna baltų deivių kontekste: 1 d.: Tacito mater deum, trakų-frigų Σεμέλη, latvių Zemes māte, Māra, lietuvių bei latvių Laima, Laumė ir lietuvių Austėja" . Liaudies kultūra (in Lithuanian) (2): 9-19 . ISSN 0236-0551. Vaitkevičienė, Daiva (2002). "Laima gimtuvėse ir krikštynose" . Tautosakos darbai (in Lithuanian). 23: 123–139. ISSN 1392-2831.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laima (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laima_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-david-1"},{"link_name":"childbirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirth"},{"link_name":"marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death"},{"link_name":"pregnant women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi"}],"text":"For other uses, see Laima (disambiguation).Laima is a Baltic goddess of fate.[1] She was associated with childbirth, marriage, and death; she was also the patron of pregnant women. Laima and her functions are similar to the Hindu goddess Lakshmi.","title":"Laima"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latvian mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Norns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norns"},{"link_name":"Moirai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moirai"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bojtar-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bojtar-2"},{"link_name":"Dievturi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dievturi"},{"link_name":"sauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gimbu-3"}],"text":"In Latvian mythology, Laima and her sisters, Kārta and Dēkla, were a trinity of fate deities, similar to the Norse Norns or the Greek Moirai.[2] Laima makes the final decision on individual's fate and is considerably more popular. While all three of them had similar functions, Laima is the Goddess of luck and is more related with mothers and childbirth, Dēkla is in charge of children, and Kārta holds power over the adult's life.[2] In modern Dievturi these three goddesses are referred to as the three Laimas, indicating they are the same deity in three different aspects. Birth rituals at the end of the 19th century included offerings of hen, sheep, towels or other woven materials to Laima. Only women could participate in the ritual, performed in a sauna (pirtis).[3]","title":"In Latvia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lithuanian mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Laimė","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laim%C4%97&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laumė","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laum%C4%97"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greimas111-4"},{"link_name":"Dalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalia_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Giltinė","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giltin%C4%97"},{"link_name":"Daniel Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Klein_(grammarian)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-darbai-5"},{"link_name":"Matthäus Prätorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Pr%C3%A4torius"},{"link_name":"Jacob Brodowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Brodowski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philipp Ruhig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Ruhig"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zinkus-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greimas111-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beres151-7"},{"link_name":"Moirai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moirai"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greimas114-8"},{"link_name":"predestination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestination"},{"link_name":"fatalistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalistic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beres90-9"},{"link_name":"Algirdas Julien Greimas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algirdas_Julien_Greimas"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greimas114-8"},{"link_name":"Great Flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Flood"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greimas148-10"},{"link_name":"cuckoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cuckoo"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greimas116-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greimas116-11"},{"link_name":"linden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-klimka-12"}],"text":"In Lithuanian mythology, Laima (fate, destiny) is often confused with Laimė (good fortune) and Laumė (fairy).[4] Other related deities include Dalia (fate) and Giltinė (The Reaper). Laima was first mentioned in written sources as Laimelea by Wilhelm Martini in the Latin prologue to Lithuanian songs, collected by Daniel Klein and published in 1666.[5] She was also mentioned by Matthäus Prätorius, Jacob Brodowski, Philipp Ruhig and others.[6]One of the most important duties of Laima is to prophesy (Lithuanian: lemti) how the life of a newborn will take place.[4] Sometimes there was only one Laima, while in other cases three Laimas would give often contradictory predictions. The final pronouncement would be irrevocable and not even Laima herself could change it.[7] While three fate goddesses have less support among academics, the concept is well-established in European religions (e.g. Greek Moirai).[8] In the earlier historiography, the example of predestination by Laima was used to judge the Lithuanian religion as fatalistic. For example, in 1837 Manfred Tietz wrote that, because Lithuanians believed in the determined fate, they were fearless warriors.[9] Algirdas Julien Greimas argued that such a view is superficial and that Laima did not determine the fate but only knew about it.[8]\nIn one Lithuanian version of the Great Flood myth, Laima participates in the birth of the humankind.[10]Laima was related to Gegutė (cuckoo), which Greimas considered a separate goddess[11] while others see her as an incarnation of Laima. Gegutė was responsible for time and the succession of the seasons. The number of her calls was believed to predict how long a person had left to live. In spring she would also determine how a person would spend the remainder of the year; for example, if a man had no money on him when he heard the cuckoo, he would be poor for the rest of the year.[11] Laima's sacred tree is the linden.[12]","title":"In Lithuania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kūlgrinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABlgrinda_(band)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The Lithuanian folk music group Kūlgrinda released an album in 2014 titled Laimos Giesmės, meaning \"The Hymns of Laima\".[13]","title":"In modern culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laurinkienė, Nijolė","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijol%C4%97_Laurinkien%C4%97"},{"link_name":"\"Motina Žemyna baltų deivių kontekste: 1 d.: Tacito mater deum, trakų-frigų Σεμέλη, latvių Zemes māte, Māra, lietuvių bei latvių Laima, Laumė ir lietuvių Austėja\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lituanistika.lt/content/7871"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0236-0551","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0236-0551"},{"link_name":"\"Laima gimtuvėse ir krikštynose\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lituanistika.lt/content/40022"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1392-2831","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1392-2831"}],"text":"Laurinkienė, Nijolė [in Lithuanian] (2007). \"Motina Žemyna baltų deivių kontekste: 1 d.: Tacito mater deum, trakų-frigų Σεμέλη, latvių Zemes māte, Māra, lietuvių bei latvių Laima, Laumė ir lietuvių Austėja\" [Mother-Goddess Žemyna in the context of Baltic deities]. Liaudies kultūra (in Lithuanian) (2): 9-19 [14-16]. ISSN 0236-0551.\nVaitkevičienė, Daiva (2002). \"Laima gimtuvėse ir krikštynose\" [Laima at childbirth and christening]. Tautosakos darbai [Folklore Studies] (in Lithuanian). 23: 123–139. ISSN 1392-2831.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Lithuanian gods and mythological figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lithuanian_gods_and_mythological_figures"}]	[{"reference":"Davidson, Hilda Ellis (1998). Roles of the Northern Goddess. Routledge. pp. 147–148. ISBN 0-415-13610-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9IAyyYi0OC4C&pg=PA148","url_text":"Roles of the Northern Goddess"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-13610-5","url_text":"0-415-13610-5"}]},{"reference":"Bojtár, Endre (1999). Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People. CEU Press. p. 301. ISBN 963-9116-42-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5aoId7nA4bsC&pg=PA301","url_text":"Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9116-42-4","url_text":"963-9116-42-4"}]},{"reference":"Gimbutas, Marija; Miriam Robbins Dexter (2001). The Living Goddesses. University of California Press. p. 200. ISBN 0-520-22915-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas","url_text":"Gimbutas, Marija"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Xs26aFrT0YAC&pg=PA200","url_text":"The Living Goddesses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22915-0","url_text":"0-520-22915-0"}]},{"reference":"Greimas, Algirdas Julien (1992). Of Gods and Men. Studies in Lithuanian Mythology. Indiana University Press. p. 111. ISBN 0-253-32652-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algirdas_Julien_Greimas","url_text":"Greimas, Algirdas Julien"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-32652-4","url_text":"0-253-32652-4"}]},{"reference":"Narbutas, Ignas (1997). \"Senieji lietuvių tikėjimai\". Darbai ir dienos (in Lithuanian). 5–7. Vytauto Didžiojo Universitetas.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EZ8YAQAAIAAJ&q=1666","url_text":"\"Senieji lietuvių tikėjimai\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vytauto_Did%C5%BEiojo_Universitetas","url_text":"Vytauto Didžiojo Universitetas"}]},{"reference":"Jonas Zinkus; et al., eds. (1985–1988). \"Laimės\". Tarybų Lietuvos enciklopedija. Vol. II. Vilnius, Lithuania: Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija. p. 467. LCCN 86232954.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/86232954","url_text":"86232954"}]},{"reference":"Beresnevičius, Gintaras (2004). Lietuvių religija ir mitologija: sisteminė studija (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Tyto alba. p. 151. ISBN 9986-16-389-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gintaras_Beresnevi%C4%8Dius","url_text":"Beresnevičius, Gintaras"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9986-16-389-7","url_text":"9986-16-389-7"}]},{"reference":"Greimas, Algirdas Julien (1992). Of Gods and Men. Studies in Lithuanian Mythology. Indiana University Press. pp. 114–115. ISBN 0-253-32652-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algirdas_Julien_Greimas","url_text":"Greimas, Algirdas Julien"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-32652-4","url_text":"0-253-32652-4"}]},{"reference":"Beresnevičius, Gintaras (2004). Lietuvių religija ir mitologija: sisteminė studija (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Tyto alba. p. 90. ISBN 9986-16-389-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gintaras_Beresnevi%C4%8Dius","url_text":"Beresnevičius, Gintaras"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9986-16-389-7","url_text":"9986-16-389-7"}]},{"reference":"Greimas, Algirdas Julien (1992). Of Gods and Men. Studies in Lithuanian Mythology. Indiana University Press. p. 148. ISBN 0-253-32652-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algirdas_Julien_Greimas","url_text":"Greimas, Algirdas Julien"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-32652-4","url_text":"0-253-32652-4"}]},{"reference":"Greimas, Algirdas Julien (1992). Of Gods and Men. Studies in Lithuanian Mythology. Indiana University Press. p. 116. ISBN 0-253-32652-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algirdas_Julien_Greimas","url_text":"Greimas, Algirdas Julien"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-32652-4","url_text":"0-253-32652-4"}]},{"reference":"Klimka, Libertas (2005). \"Žmogus ir gamta etninėje kultūroje\" (PDF). Kultūros Aktualijos (in Lithuanian). 4 (45): 26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lkdtc.lt/senas/files/2005/2005_4(45)/pusl23_27.pdf","url_text":"\"Žmogus ir gamta etninėje kultūroje\""}]},{"reference":"Laurinkienė, Nijolė [in Lithuanian] (2007). \"Motina Žemyna baltų deivių kontekste: 1 d.: Tacito mater deum, trakų-frigų Σεμέλη, latvių Zemes māte, Māra, lietuvių bei latvių Laima, Laumė ir lietuvių Austėja\" [Mother-Goddess Žemyna in the context of Baltic deities]. Liaudies kultūra (in Lithuanian) (2): 9-19 [14-16]. ISSN 0236-0551.","urls":[{"url":"https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijol%C4%97_Laurinkien%C4%97","url_text":"Laurinkienė, Nijolė"},{"url":"https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/7871","url_text":"\"Motina Žemyna baltų deivių kontekste: 1 d.: Tacito mater deum, trakų-frigų Σεμέλη, latvių Zemes māte, Māra, lietuvių bei latvių Laima, Laumė ir lietuvių Austėja\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0236-0551","url_text":"0236-0551"}]},{"reference":"Vaitkevičienė, Daiva (2002). \"Laima gimtuvėse ir krikštynose\" [Laima at childbirth and christening]. Tautosakos darbai [Folklore Studies] (in Lithuanian). 23: 123–139. ISSN 1392-2831.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/40022","url_text":"\"Laima gimtuvėse ir krikštynose\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1392-2831","url_text":"1392-2831"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9IAyyYi0OC4C&pg=PA148","external_links_name":"Roles of the Northern Goddess"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5aoId7nA4bsC&pg=PA301","external_links_name":"Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Xs26aFrT0YAC&pg=PA200","external_links_name":"The Living Goddesses"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EZ8YAQAAIAAJ&q=1666","external_links_name":"\"Senieji lietuvių tikėjimai\""},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/86232954","external_links_name":"86232954"},{"Link":"http://www.lkdtc.lt/senas/files/2005/2005_4(45)/pusl23_27.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Žmogus ir gamta etninėje kultūroje\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/K%C5%ABlgrinda-Laimos-Giesm%C4%97s/release/6439031","external_links_name":"Kūlgrinda – Laimos Giesmės"},{"Link":"https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/7871","external_links_name":"\"Motina Žemyna baltų deivių kontekste: 1 d.: Tacito mater deum, trakų-frigų Σεμέλη, latvių Zemes māte, Māra, lietuvių bei latvių Laima, Laumė ir lietuvių Austėja\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0236-0551","external_links_name":"0236-0551"},{"Link":"https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/40022","external_links_name":"\"Laima gimtuvėse ir krikštynose\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1392-2831","external_links_name":"1392-2831"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standish_Hayes_O%27Grady	Standish Hayes O'Grady	["1 Published works","2 References"]	Irish antiquarian Standish Hayes O'Grady (Irish: Anéislis Aodh Ó Grádaigh; 19 May 1832 – 16 October 1915) was an Irish antiquarian. He was born at Erinagh House, Castleconnell, County Limerick, the son of Admiral Hayes O'Grady. He was a cousin of the writer Standish James O'Grady, with whom he is sometimes confused. As a child, he learnt Irish from the native speakers of his locality. He was educated at Rugby School and Trinity College Dublin. Although qualified as a civil engineer, he is best remembered for Silva Gadelica (two volumes, 1892), a collection of tales from medieval Irish manuscripts. He was a friend of antiquaries John O'Donovan and Eugene O'Curry. In 1853, he became a founding member of the Ossianic Society. He would later become its president in 1855. In 1857 he moved to the United States where he remained for 30 years. In 1901 he contributed an essay on Anglo-Irish Aristocracy to a collection entitled Ideals in Ireland edited by Augusta, Lady Gregory. He died in England in 1915. His Catalogue of the Irish Manuscripts in the British Museum was unfinished on his death and was completed by Robin Flower. Published works The Pursuit After Diarmuid, O'Duibhne, and Grainne, the Daughter of Cormac Mac Airt, King of Ireland in the Third Century (1857) The Pursuit of the Gilla Decair and his Horse The Colloquy with the Ancients Silva Gadelica (I.-XXXI.): A Collection of Tales in Irish with Extracts Illustrating Persons and Places; Volume 1 (1892) Silva Gadelica (I.-XXXI.): A Collection of Tales in Irish with Extracts Illustrating Persons and Places; Volume 2 (1892) References ^ Robert Welsh (2003). "O'Grady, Standish Hayes". In The Concise Oxford Companion to Irish History. Oxford University Press ^ British Museum. Dept. of Manuscripts., Dillon, M., Flower, R., O'Grady, S. Hayes. (192653). Catalogue of Irish manuscripts in the British Museum. London: Printed for the Trustees. ^ a b O'Grady, S. Hayes. (1892). Silva gadelica (I.-XXXI.): a collection of tales in Irish with extracts illustrating persons and places. London : Williams and Norgate. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Australia Poland Vatican People Ireland Trove Other SNAC This article about an Irish writer or poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Castleconnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castleconnell"},{"link_name":"County Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Standish James O'Grady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standish_James_O%27Grady"},{"link_name":"Rugby School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_School"},{"link_name":"Trinity College Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Silva Gadelica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silva_Gadelica"},{"link_name":"John O'Donovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_O%27Donovan_(scholar)"},{"link_name":"Eugene O'Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_O%27Curry"},{"link_name":"Ossianic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossianic_Society"},{"link_name":"Augusta, Lady Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta,_Lady_Gregory"},{"link_name":"Robin Flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Flower"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Standish Hayes O'Grady (Irish: Anéislis Aodh Ó Grádaigh; 19 May 1832 – 16 October 1915) was an Irish antiquarian.[1] He was born at Erinagh House, Castleconnell, County Limerick, the son of Admiral Hayes O'Grady. He was a cousin of the writer Standish James O'Grady, with whom he is sometimes confused. As a child, he learnt Irish from the native speakers of his locality. He was educated at Rugby School and Trinity College Dublin.Although qualified as a civil engineer, he is best remembered for Silva Gadelica (two volumes, 1892), a collection of tales from medieval Irish manuscripts. He was a friend of antiquaries John O'Donovan and Eugene O'Curry. In 1853, he became a founding member of the Ossianic Society. He would later become its president in 1855. In 1857 he moved to the United States where he remained for 30 years. In 1901 he contributed an essay on Anglo-Irish Aristocracy to a collection entitled Ideals in Ireland edited by Augusta, Lady Gregory.He died in England in 1915. His Catalogue of the Irish Manuscripts in the British Museum was unfinished on his death and was completed by Robin Flower.[2]","title":"Standish Hayes O'Grady"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"The Pursuit After Diarmuid, O'Duibhne, and Grainne, the Daughter of Cormac Mac Airt, King of Ireland in the Third Century (1857)\nThe Pursuit of the Gilla Decair and his Horse\nThe Colloquy with the Ancients\nSilva Gadelica (I.-XXXI.): A Collection of Tales in Irish with Extracts Illustrating Persons and Places; Volume 1 (1892)[3]\nSilva Gadelica (I.-XXXI.): A Collection of Tales in Irish with Extracts Illustrating Persons and Places; Volume 2 (1892)[3]","title":"Published works"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800800.001.0001/acref-9780192800800-e-1818","external_links_name":"O'Grady, Standish Hayes"},{"Link":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000852623/Cite","external_links_name":"Catalogue of Irish manuscripts in the British Museum"},{"Link":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001725758/Home","external_links_name":"Silva gadelica (I.-XXXI.)"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000083436408","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/52070352","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwthb3mMGP3RMqRRmGvHC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16203032p","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16203032p","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/172292204","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90642135","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35396124","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810629009705606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/190638","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.006772.v1","external_links_name":"Ireland"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/937967","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6290s8n","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standish_Hayes_O%27Grady&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barreau_de_Montr%C3%A9al	Bar of Montreal	["1 References"]	This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Bar of Montreal" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Bar of MontrealFounded1849TypeBar associationLegal statusactivePurposeadvocate and public voice, educator and networkHeadquartersMontreal, Quebec, CanadaRegion served Montreal, Quebec, CanadaOfficial language EnglishFrenchParent organizationBar of QuebecWebsitewww.barreaudemontreal.qc.ca The Bar of Montreal (French: Barreau de Montréal) is the section of the Bar of Quebec for lawyers in the city of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It has it beginnings in 1693 when, as a Royal Province of the French colonial empire, Canadien lawyers first tried to obtain official recognition but were refused by Governor General of New France Louis de Buade de Frontenac who upheld the 1678 edict by the Sovereign Council that denied recognition of the legal profession. For nearly a century, the Canadien lawyers would not be given recognition until after the Battle of the Plains of Abraham they became British colonial subjects. In the new British Province of Quebec, in 1765 Governor James Murray authorized the creation of the "Community of Lawyers" (Communauté des avocats) which granted commissions to its members that allowed them to practice law in the triple capacity of lawyer, notary and land surveyor. The precursor of the present-day Bar of Montreal, the Community of Lawyers adopted the first-ever code of ethics and conduct. The Bar of Montreal became an independent corporation alongside the Bar of Lower Canada in 1849 through the Act to incorporate the Bar of Lower Canada (11-12 Vict. (1849), c.46.). References Official website Authority control databases International VIAF National United States This article about an organization in Canada is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Montreal-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Bar of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"lawyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"Montreal, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"French colonial empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empires"},{"link_name":"Canadien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Canadian"},{"link_name":"Governor General of New France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_New_France"},{"link_name":"Louis de Buade de Frontenac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Buade_de_Frontenac"},{"link_name":"Sovereign Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_New_France"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Plains of Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham"},{"link_name":"British colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_overseas_territories"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Province of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763-1791)"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"James Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Murray_(Quebec_governor)"},{"link_name":"notary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notary_public"},{"link_name":"land surveyor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying"},{"link_name":"Bar of Lower Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_of_Quebec"}],"text":"The Bar of Montreal (French: Barreau de Montréal) is the section of the Bar of Quebec for lawyers in the city of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It has it beginnings in 1693 when, as a Royal Province of the French colonial empire, Canadien lawyers first tried to obtain official recognition but were refused by Governor General of New France Louis de Buade de Frontenac who upheld the 1678 edict by the Sovereign Council that denied recognition of the legal profession.For nearly a century, the Canadien lawyers would not be given recognition until after the Battle of the Plains of Abraham they became British colonial subjects. In the new British Province of Quebec, in 1765 Governor James Murray authorized the creation of the \"Community of Lawyers\" (Communauté des avocats) which granted commissions to its members that allowed them to practice law in the triple capacity of lawyer, notary and land surveyor. The precursor of the present-day Bar of Montreal, the Community of Lawyers adopted the first-ever code of ethics and conduct.The Bar of Montreal became an independent corporation alongside the Bar of Lower Canada in 1849 through the Act to incorporate the Bar of Lower Canada (11-12 Vict. (1849), c.46.).","title":"Bar of Montreal"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bar+of+Montreal%22","external_links_name":"\"Bar of Montreal\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bar+of+Montreal%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bar+of+Montreal%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bar+of+Montreal%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bar+of+Montreal%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bar+of+Montreal%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.barreaudemontreal.qc.ca/","external_links_name":"www.barreaudemontreal.qc.ca"},{"Link":"http://www.barreaudemontreal.qc.ca/en","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/152563408","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88674786","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bar_of_Montreal&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bar_of_Montreal&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_and_Magazine_of_Natural_History	Journal of Natural History	["1 References","2 External links"]	Academic journalJournal of Natural HistoryDisciplineZoologyLanguageEnglishEdited byA. PolaszekPublication detailsPublisherTaylor & Francis (United Kingdom)FrequencyBiweeklyImpact factor1.016 (2020)Standard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4J. Nat. Hist.IndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusISSN0022-2933 (print)1464-5262 (web)Links Journal homepage Online access The Journal of Natural History is a scientific journal published by Taylor & Francis focusing on entomology and zoology. The journal was established in 1841 under the name Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.) and obtained its current title in 1967. The journal was formed by the merger of Loudon and Charlesworth's Magazine of Natural History (1828–1840) and the Annals of Natural History (1838–1840; previously the Magazine of Zoology and Botany, 1836–1838). In September 1855, the Annals and Magazine of Natural History published "On the Law which has Regulated the Introduction of New Species", a paper which Alfred Russel Wallace had written while working in the state of Sarawak on the island of Borneo in February of that year. This paper gathered and enumerated general observations regarding the geographic and geologic distribution of species (biogeography). The conclusion that "Every species has come into existence coincident both in space and time with a closely allied species" has come to be known as the "Sarawak Law". The paper was hailed by Edward Blyth and shook the thinking of Charles Lyell. They both advised Charles Darwin of the paper, and though he missed its significance, Lyell's concerns about priority pressed Darwin to push ahead towards the publication of his theory of natural selection. References ^ Evenhuis, Neal L. (2003). "Publication and dating of the journals forming the Annals and Magazine of Natural History and the Journal of Natural History". Zootaxa. 385: 1–68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.385.1.1. ^ "Wallace Collection – Wallace's 'Sarawak law' paper". Natural History Museum. 14 May 2009. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2012. ^ "On the Law Which Has Regulated the Introduction of New Species", by Alfred Russel Wallace, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, volume 16 (2nd Series), transcription from The Alfred Russel Wallace Page hosted by Western Kentucky University. External links Wikispecies has information related to Journal of Natural History. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Journal of Natural History. Official website Magazine of natural history and journal of zoology, botany, mineralogy, geology and meteorology (1829–1837) at the Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) Magazine of zoology and botany (1837–1838) at BHL Annals of Natural History (1838–1841) at BHL Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1840–1923) at BHL	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scientific journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journal"},{"link_name":"Taylor & Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis"},{"link_name":"entomology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomology"},{"link_name":"zoology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoology"},{"link_name":"Loudon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Claudius_Loudon"},{"link_name":"Charlesworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Charlesworth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Alfred Russel Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Sarawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"biogeography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeography"},{"link_name":"Edward Blyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Blyth"},{"link_name":"Charles Lyell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lyell"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"publication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publication_of_Darwin%27s_theory"},{"link_name":"natural selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection"}],"text":"The Journal of Natural History is a scientific journal published by Taylor & Francis focusing on entomology and zoology. The journal was established in 1841 under the name Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.) and obtained its current title in 1967. The journal was formed by the merger of Loudon and Charlesworth's Magazine of Natural History (1828–1840) and the Annals of Natural History (1838–1840; previously the Magazine of Zoology and Botany, 1836–1838).[1]In September 1855, the Annals and Magazine of Natural History published \"On the Law which has Regulated the Introduction of New Species\",[2] a paper which Alfred Russel Wallace had written while working in the state of Sarawak on the island of Borneo in February of that year.[3] This paper gathered and enumerated general observations regarding the geographic and geologic distribution of species (biogeography). The conclusion that \"Every species has come into existence coincident both in space and time with a closely allied species\" has come to be known as the \"Sarawak Law\". The paper was hailed by Edward Blyth and shook the thinking of Charles Lyell. They both advised Charles Darwin of the paper, and though he missed its significance, Lyell's concerns about priority pressed Darwin to push ahead towards the publication of his theory of natural selection.","title":"Journal of Natural History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Evenhuis, Neal L. (2003). \"Publication and dating of the journals forming the Annals and Magazine of Natural History and the Journal of Natural History\". Zootaxa. 385: 1–68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.385.1.1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zootaxa","url_text":"Zootaxa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.385.1.1","url_text":"10.11646/zootaxa.385.1.1"}]},{"reference":"\"Wallace Collection – Wallace's 'Sarawak law' paper\". Natural History Museum. 14 May 2009. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911%E2%80%9312_Southern_Football_League	1911–12 Southern Football League	["1 Division One","2 Division Two","3 External links"]	The 1911–12 Southern Football League season was the 18th in the history of the Southern League. Queens Park Rangers won their second league championship (the first being in 1907–08), but no clubs applied to join the Football League. Luton Town, who finished second bottom of Division One were relegated to Division Two, whilst Leyton, who finished bottom, left the Southern League after 7 seasons of participation to join the South Essex League. Merthyr Town won the Division Two championship and were promoted to Division One together with runners-up Portsmouth, who returned to Division One after one season of absence. Walsall, who also played in the Birmingham & District League, left the Southern League, but continued to play in the Birmingham & District League. Kettering also left the Southern League along with Cwm Albion and Chesham Town, who became a founder member of the Athenian League. Division One Football league seasonSouthern Football League Division OneSeason1911–12ChampionsQueens Park Rangers (2nd title)PromotednoneRelegatedCroydon CommonReadingMatches played380Goals scored1,115 (2.93 per match)← 1910–11 1912–13 → A total of 20 teams contest the division, including 18 sides from previous season and two new teams. Teams promoted from 1910–11 Division Two: Reading - league champions Stoke - league runners-up Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GR Pts Qualification or relegation 1 Queens Park Rangers 38 21 11 6 59 35 1.686 53 2 Plymouth Argyle 38 23 6 9 63 31 2.032 52 3 Northampton Town 38 22 7 9 82 41 2.000 51 4 Swindon Town 38 21 6 11 82 50 1.640 48 5 Brighton & Hove Albion 38 19 9 10 73 35 2.086 47 6 Coventry City 38 17 8 13 66 54 1.222 42 7 Crystal Palace 38 15 10 13 70 46 1.522 40 8 Millwall 38 15 10 13 60 57 1.053 40 9 Watford 38 13 10 15 56 68 0.824 36 10 Stoke 38 13 10 15 51 63 0.810 36 11 Reading 38 11 14 13 43 59 0.729 36 12 Norwich City 38 10 14 14 40 60 0.667 34 13 West Ham United 38 13 7 18 64 69 0.928 33 14 Brentford 38 12 9 17 60 65 0.923 33 15 Exeter City 38 11 11 16 48 62 0.774 33 16 Southampton 38 10 11 17 46 63 0.730 31 17 Bristol Rovers 38 9 13 16 41 62 0.661 31 18 New Brompton 38 11 9 18 35 72 0.486 31 19 Luton Town 38 9 10 19 49 61 0.803 28 Relegated to Division Two 20 Leyton 38 7 11 20 27 62 0.435 25 Left to join South Essex League at end of season Source: rsssf.comRules for classification: The system of using goal average to separate two teams tied on points was used until the 1976–77 season. The points system: 2 points for a win, 1 point for a draw and 0 points for losing.Notes: ^ Changed name to Gillingham at end of season. Division Two Football league seasonSouthern Football League Division TwoSeason1911–12ChampionsMerthyr TownPromotedMerthyr TownPortsmouthRelegatedWalsall (resigned)Kettering (resigned)Cwm Albion (resigned)Chesham Town (resigned)Matches played178Goals scored645 (3.62 per match)← 1910–11 1912–13 → A total of 14 teams contest the division, including 9 sides from previous season, two teams relegated from Division One and three new teams. Teams relegated from 1910–11 Division One: Portsmouth Southend United Newly elected teams: Cwm Albion Mardy Pontypridd Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GR Pts Promotion or qualification 1 Merthyr Town 26 19 3 4 60 14 4.286 41 Promoted to Division One 2 Portsmouth 26 19 3 4 73 20 3.650 41 3 Cardiff City 26 15 4 7 55 26 2.115 34 4 Southend United 26 16 1 9 73 24 3.042 33 5 Pontypridd 26 13 6 7 39 24 1.625 32 6 Ton Pentre 26 12 3 11 56 45 1.244 27 7 Walsall 25 13 1 11 44 41 1.073 27 Left league at end of season 8 Treharris 26 11 5 10 44 47 0.936 27 9 Aberdare 26 10 3 13 39 44 0.886 23 10 Kettering 26 11 0 15 37 62 0.597 22 Left league at end of season 11 Croydon Common 25 8 2 15 43 45 0.956 18 12 Mardy 24 6 6 12 37 51 0.725 18 13 Cwm Albion 22 5 1 16 27 70 0.386 11 Left league at end of season 14 Chesham Town 26 1 0 25 18 131 0.137 2 Left to join Athenian League at end of season Source: rsssf.comRules for classification: The system of using goal average to separate two teams tied on points was used until the 1976-77 season. The points system: 2 points for a win, 1 point for a draw and 0 points for losing.Note: Number of goals for and/or against is inaccurate.Notes: ^ a b One match against Cwm Albion not played. ^ Both matches against Cwm Albion not played. ^ Unable to complete fixtures due to a coal strike. External links Southern League First Division Tables at RSSSF Southern League Second Division Tables at RSSSF Football Club History Database vteSouthern League2023–24clubsPremierCentral AFC Sudbury AFC Telford United Alvechurch Barwell Berkhamsted Bromsgrove Sporting Coalville Town Halesowen Town Hitchin Town Kettering Town Leamington Leiston Long Eaton United Mickleover Needham Market Nuneaton Borough Redditch United Royston Town Stamford St Ives Town Stourbridge Stratford Town PremierSouth AFC Totton Basingstoke Town Beaconsfield Town Bracknell Town Chesham United Didcot Town Dorchester Town Gosport Borough Hanwell Town Harrow Borough Hayes & Yeading United Hendon Hungerford Town Merthyr Town Plymouth Parkway Poole Town Salisbury Sholing Swindon Supermarine Tiverton Town Walton & Hersham Winchester City Central AFC Dunstable Aylesbury United Barton Rovers Bedford Town Biggleswade Biggleswade Town Cirencester Town Hadley Hertford Town Kempston Rovers Kidlington King's Langley Leighton Town North Leigh Stotfold Thame United Waltham Abbey Ware Welwyn Garden City South Bashley Bemerton Heath Harlequins Bideford Bishop's Cleeve Bristol Manor Farm Cribbs Evesham United Exmouth Town Frome Town Hanworthy United Larkhall Athletic Malvern Town Melksham Town Mousehole Paulton Rovers Tavistock Westbury United Willand Rovers Wimborne Town Yate Town Seasons 1894–95 1895–96 1896–97 1897–98 1898–99 1899–1900 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 vte1911–12 in English football « 1910–11 1912–13 » FA competitions FA Cup (Qualifying rounds Final) Charity Shield Football and Southern Leagues Football League (First Division Second Division) Southern League Lower leagues Isthmian League Northern League Western League Related to national team Home Championship Club seasonsFirst Division Aston Villa Blackburn Rovers Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Bury Everton Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Middlesbrough Newcastle United Notts County Oldham Athletic Preston North End Sheffield United Sunderland Tottenham Hotspur The Wednesday West Bromwich Albion Woolwich Arsenal Second Division Barnsley Birmingham Blackpool Bradford Park Avenue Bristol City Burnley Chelsea Clapton Orient Derby County Fulham Gainsborough Trinity Glossop Grimsby Town Huddersfield Town Hull City Leeds City Leicester Fosse Nottingham Forest Stockport County Wolverhampton Wanderers Southern League Brentford Brighton & Hove Albion Bristol Rovers Coventry City Crystal Palace Exeter City Leyton Luton Town Millwall New Brompton Northampton Town Norwich City Plymouth Argyle Queens Park Rangers Reading Southampton Stoke Swindon Town Watford West Ham United Other Rochdale	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Merthyr Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C."},{"link_name":"Walsall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsall_F.C."},{"link_name":"Birmingham & District League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_(Regional)_League"},{"link_name":"Kettering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettering_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cwm Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwm_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"Chesham Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesham_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Athenian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian_League"}],"text":"Merthyr Town won the Division Two championship and were promoted to Division One together with runners-up Portsmouth, who returned to Division One after one season of absence. Walsall, who also played in the Birmingham & District League, left the Southern League, but continued to play in the Birmingham & District League. Kettering also left the Southern League along with Cwm Albion and Chesham Town, who became a founder member of the Athenian League.","title":"1911–12 Southern Football League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1910–11 Division Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1910%E2%80%9311_Southern_Football_League#Division_Two"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"rsssf.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/tablese/engsouthernleaghist.html"},{"link_name":"goal average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_average"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_GIL0.12489307584469_1-0"}],"text":"Football league seasonA total of 20 teams contest the division, including 18 sides from previous season and two new teams.Teams promoted from 1910–11 Division Two:Reading - league champions\nStoke - league runners-upSource: rsssf.comRules for classification: The system of using goal average to separate two teams tied on points was used until the 1976–77 season. The points system: 2 points for a win, 1 point for a draw and 0 points for losing.Notes:^ Changed name to Gillingham at end of season.","title":"Division One"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1910–11 Division One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1910%E2%80%9311_Southern_Football_League#Division_One"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C."},{"link_name":"Southend United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"rsssf.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/tablese/engsouthernleaghist.html"},{"link_name":"goal average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_average"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_WAL0.70280009913389_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_WAL0.70280009913389_2-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_MAR0.70280009913389_3-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_CWM0.70280009913389_4-0"}],"text":"Football league seasonA total of 14 teams contest the division, including 9 sides from previous season, two teams relegated from Division One and three new teams.Teams relegated from 1910–11 Division One:Portsmouth\nSouthend UnitedNewly elected teams:Cwm Albion\nMardy\nPontypriddSource: rsssf.comRules for classification: The system of using goal average to separate two teams tied on points was used until the 1976-77 season. The points system: 2 points for a win, 1 point for a draw and 0 points for losing.Note: Number of goals for and/or against is inaccurate.Notes:^ a b One match against Cwm Albion not played.\n\n^ Both matches against Cwm Albion not played.\n\n^ Unable to complete fixtures due to a coal strike.","title":"Division Two"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engsouthernleaghist.html","external_links_name":"rsssf.com"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engsouthernleaghist.html","external_links_name":"rsssf.com"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engsouthernleaghist.html","external_links_name":"Southern League First Division Tables at RSSSF"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engsouthernleaghist.html","external_links_name":"Southern League Second Division Tables at RSSSF"},{"Link":"https://www.fchd.info/","external_links_name":"Football Club History Database"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loockerman_Hall	Loockerman Hall	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 39°11′6″N 75°32′44″W / 39.18500°N 75.54556°W / 39.18500; -75.54556Historic house in Delaware, United States United States historic placeLoockerman HallU.S. National Register of Historic Places Loockerman Hall, September 2012Show map of DelawareShow map of the United StatesLocationDelaware State College campus, Dover, DelawareCoordinates39°11′6″N 75°32′44″W / 39.18500°N 75.54556°W / 39.18500; -75.54556Area4 acres (1.6 ha)Builtc. 1730 (1730)Architectural styleGeorgianNRHP reference No.71000218Added to NRHPJune 21, 1971 Loockerman Hall is an historic home located on the campus of Delaware State University at Dover, Kent County, Delaware. It dates to before 1730, and is a large, two-story, brick plantation home in the Georgian style. It measures 40 feet by 50 feet. It was the first building on the campus of the Delaware State College, originally established as the State College for Colored Students by an act of the Delaware General Assembly on 15 May 1891. Therefore, it is associated with the founding of Delaware's efforts to provide higher education for its African-American students. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. References ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ Rea Wilkie (May 1971). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Loockerman Hall". National Park Service. and Accompanying two photos vteDelaware State UniversityAthletics Delaware State Hornets Men's basketball Women's basketball Football Alumni Stadium Memorial Hall Campus DSU Downtown Loockerman Hall Related 2007 Delaware State University shooting vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in DelawareTopics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Listsby county Kent New Castle (Northern) New Castle (Southern) Sussex Lists by city Wilmington (New Castle County) Other lists Bridges National Historic Landmarks Category:National Register of Historic Places in Delaware Portal:National Register of Historic Places This article about a property in Delaware on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delaware State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_State_University"},{"link_name":"Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Kent County, Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_architecture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHPnom-2"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"}],"text":"Historic house in Delaware, United StatesUnited States historic placeLoockerman Hall is an historic home located on the campus of Delaware State University at Dover, Kent County, Delaware. It dates to before 1730, and is a large, two-story, brick plantation home in the Georgian style. It measures 40 feet by 50 feet. It was the first building on the campus of the Delaware State College, originally established as the State College for Colored Students by an act of the Delaware General Assembly on 15 May 1891. Therefore, it is associated with the founding of Delaware's efforts to provide higher education for its African-American students.[2]It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.[1]","title":"Loockerman Hall"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Rea Wilkie (May 1971). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Loockerman Hall\". National Park Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/71000218_text","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Loockerman Hall\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Loockerman_Hall&params=39_11_6_N_75_32_44_W_type:landmark_region:US-DE","external_links_name":"39°11′6″N 75°32′44″W / 39.18500°N 75.54556°W / 39.18500; -75.54556"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Loockerman_Hall&params=39_11_6_N_75_32_44_W_type:landmark_region:US-DE","external_links_name":"39°11′6″N 75°32′44″W / 39.18500°N 75.54556°W / 39.18500; -75.54556"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/71000218","external_links_name":"71000218"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/71000218_text","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Loockerman Hall\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/71000218_photos","external_links_name":"Accompanying two photos"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loockerman_Hall&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rest_Bay	Rest Bay	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 51°29′20″N 3°43′41″W / 51.489°N 3.728°W / 51.489; -3.728For the Porthcawl electoral ward, see Rest Bay (electoral ward). Surfing at Rest Bay Rest Bay is a bay and beach near Porthcawl on the coast of Bridgend County Borough, Wales. The long sandy beach is west facing and is popular with surfers, though facilities have been basic. There is a pay and display carpark. A cafe, Malc's, was located nearby. Plans were approved in August 2017 to create a new watersports hub, which would include a new cafe, public toilets, changing rooms, a function room and a covered area for walkers. Part of the funding for the improvements came from £1.5 million of European Union funding. Rest Bay is designated a Blue Flag beach based on the cleanliness of the water and the availability of local community educational activities. References ^ "Rest Bay". BBC Nature. Retrieved 13 April 2019. ^ "Porthcawl water sports hub approved by councillors". BBC News. 17 August 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2019. ^ "Porthcawl waterfront receives European Union redevelopment funding". ITV News. 19 October 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2019. ^ "These are all of Wales' Blue Flag beaches this year". Wales Online. 17 May 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2019. 51°29′20″N 3°43′41″W / 51.489°N 3.728°W / 51.489; -3.728 This article about a location in Wales is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rest Bay (electoral ward)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rest_Bay_(electoral_ward)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Surfing_at_the_Rest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_376274.jpg"},{"link_name":"Porthcawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porthcawl"},{"link_name":"Bridgend County Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgend_County_Borough"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Blue Flag beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Flag_beach"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"For the Porthcawl electoral ward, see Rest Bay (electoral ward).Surfing at Rest BayRest Bay is a bay and beach near Porthcawl on the coast of Bridgend County Borough, Wales.The long sandy beach is west facing and is popular with surfers, though facilities have been basic. There is a pay and display carpark. A cafe, Malc's, was located nearby.[1]Plans were approved in August 2017 to create a new watersports hub, which would include a new cafe, public toilets, changing rooms, a function room and a covered area for walkers.[2] Part of the funding for the improvements came from £1.5 million of European Union funding.[3]Rest Bay is designated a Blue Flag beach based on the cleanliness of the water and the availability of local community educational activities.[4]","title":"Rest Bay"}]	[{"image_text":"Surfing at Rest Bay","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Surfing_at_the_Rest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_376274.jpg/220px-Surfing_at_the_Rest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_376274.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Rest Bay\". BBC Nature. Retrieved 13 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/nature/sites/surfing/pages/se_rest_bay.shtml","url_text":"\"Rest Bay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Porthcawl water sports hub approved by councillors\". BBC News. 17 August 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-40961143","url_text":"\"Porthcawl water sports hub approved by councillors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Porthcawl waterfront receives European Union redevelopment funding\". ITV News. 19 October 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itv.com/news/wales/2018-10-19/porthcawl-waterfront-redevelopment-receives-european-union-funding/","url_text":"\"Porthcawl waterfront receives European Union redevelopment funding\""}]},{"reference":"\"These are all of Wales' Blue Flag beaches this year\". Wales Online. 17 May 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/wales-blue-flag-beaches-year-14668066","url_text":"\"These are all of Wales' Blue Flag beaches this year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_Online","url_text":"Wales Online"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rest_Bay&params=51.489_N_3.728_W_","external_links_name":"51°29′20″N 3°43′41″W / 51.489°N 3.728°W / 51.489; -3.728"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/nature/sites/surfing/pages/se_rest_bay.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Rest Bay\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-40961143","external_links_name":"\"Porthcawl water sports hub approved by councillors\""},{"Link":"https://www.itv.com/news/wales/2018-10-19/porthcawl-waterfront-redevelopment-receives-european-union-funding/","external_links_name":"\"Porthcawl waterfront receives European Union redevelopment funding\""},{"Link":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/wales-blue-flag-beaches-year-14668066","external_links_name":"\"These are all of Wales' Blue Flag beaches this year\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rest_Bay&params=51.489_N_3.728_W_","external_links_name":"51°29′20″N 3°43′41″W / 51.489°N 3.728°W / 51.489; -3.728"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rest_Bay&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Mundo_Dominicana_2006	Miss Mundo Dominicana 2006	["1 Results","1.1 Special awards","2 Miss Dominican Regions","3 Delegates","4 Trivia","5 External links"]	Beauty pageant Miss Mundo Dominicana 2006DateJuly 10, 2006VenueRenaissance Auditorio de Festival del Hotel Jaragua, Santo Domingo, Dominican RepublicBroadcasterTelemicro Canal 5Entrants16DebutsSanto DomingoWinnerPaola María Torres CohénSantiago The Miss Mundo Dominicana 2006 pageant was held on July 10, 2006. Only 16 candidates competed for the national crown. The chosen winner represented the Dominican Republic at the Miss World 2006. The runners-up could enter different small international pageants. Results Final Results Contestant Miss Mundo Dominicana 2006 Santiago - Paola Torres 1st Runner-up Com. Dom. Miami - Cristal de Moya 2nd Runner-up La Romana - Tania Medina Top 8 Espaillat - Valerie Chardonens Santo Domingo - Alexandra Díaz Puerto Plata - Ana Viñas Valverde - Lusverlyn Arias Com. Dom. Nueva Jersey - Sandra Tavares Special awards Miss Photogenic (voted by press reporters) -Tania Medina (La Romana) Miss Congeniality (voted by contestants) - Indhira Díaz (Dajabón) Best Face - Paola Torres (Santiago) Best Hair - Valerie Chardonnens Vargas(Santiago) Miss Elegancia - Zadia Núñez (Monte Plata) Miss Internet (voted by viewers in Miss Mundo Dominicana Official Website) - Valerie Chardonenns Vargas (Santiago) Best Beach Dominican Beauty - Ana Viñas (Puerto Plata) The winner of Miss Internet and Best Beach Dominican Beauty would officially go to the Semifinals. Miss Dominican Regions Miss Exterior - Cristal de Moya (Com. Dom. Miami) Miss Region del Cibao - Paola Torres (Santiago) Miss Region del Sur - Tania Medina (La Romana) Delegates Province, Community Contestant Age Height Hometown Geographical Regions Azua Aurys Sánchez Tejada 20 180 cm5 ft 11 in Santo Domingo Sur Barahona Laura Sadhalá Roman 19 177 cm5 ft 10 in Santiago de los Caballeros Sur Com. Dom. Miami Cristal de Moya Vargas 22 173 cm5 ft 8 in Miami Exterior Com. Dom. Nueva Jersey Sandra Elisabeth Tavares Valle 18 183 cm6 ft 0 in Newark Exterior Com. Dom. Nueva York Yamilka Massiel Santana Colón 18 174 cm5 ft 9 in The Bronx Exterior Com. Dom. Orlando Berkelin Rosario Castellanos 23 179 cm5 ft 10 in Orlando Exterior Dajabón Indhira Díaz Acosta 20 176 cm5 ft 9 in Loma de Cabrera El Cibao Distrito Nacional Jennifer Pérez de la Cruz 20 179 cm5 ft 10 in Santo Domingo Sur Santiago Valerie Chardonnens Vargas 18 181 cm5 ft 11 in Santiago de los Caballeros El Cibao La Romana Tania Yolanda Medina Collado 24 168 cm5 ft 6 in La Romana Sur La Vega Sarah Cristina Portes Carillo 22 173 cm5 ft 8 in Constanza El Cibao Monte Plata Zadia Núñez de la Cruz 25 175 cm5 ft 9 in Villa Bisonó Sur Puerto Plata Ana Carolina Viñas Machado 21 183 cm6 ft 0 in Santiago de los Caballeros El Cibao Santiago Paola María Torres Cohén 21 173 cm5 ft 8 in Santiago de los Caballeros El Cibao Santo Domingo Alexandra Díaz Bello 22 178 cm5 ft 10 in Santo Domingo Sur Valverde Lusverlyn Rafaelina Arias Rodríguez 19 172 cm5 ft 8 in Santiago de los Caballeros El Cibao Trivia Sandra Tavares, Miss Com. Dom. Nueva Jersey would enter Reina Nacional de Belleza Miss República Dominicana 2007. Yamilka Santana, Miss Com. Dom. Nueva York entered Reina Nacional de Belleza Miss República Dominicana 2006. Tania Medina, Miss La Romana and the winner Paola Torres, Miss Santiago entered Miss Dominican Republic 2006. Ana Viñas, Miss Puerto Plata would enter Reina Nacional de Belleza Miss República Dominicana 2007 and winn to go to Miss International 2007 and she would also participate in Miss Dominican Republic 2009. Alexandra Díaz, Miss Santo Domingo would enter Reina Nacional de Belleza Miss República Dominicana 2008 and become 2nd Runner-up to enter Miss Atlantico International and win the pageant. External links Miss Mundo Dominicana Official Website Resultados de Miss Mundo Dominicana 2006 Paola Torres foto gallery Diario Libre vteMiss Dominican Republic 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Miss Mundo Dominicana 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012W I 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Reina Nacional de Belleza 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Miss Tierra República Dominicana 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Titleholders Editions This beauty pageant article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Miss World 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_World_2006"}],"text":"The Miss Mundo Dominicana 2006 pageant was held on July 10, 2006. Only 16 candidates competed for the national crown. The chosen winner represented the Dominican Republic at the Miss World 2006. The runners-up could enter different small international pageants.","title":"Miss Mundo Dominicana 2006"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tania Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tania_Medina"},{"link_name":"La Romana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Romana_Province"},{"link_name":"Dajabón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dajab%C3%B3n_Province"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_los_Caballeros_Province"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_los_Caballeros"},{"link_name":"Monte Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Plata_Province"},{"link_name":"Miss Mundo Dominicana Official Website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.missmundo.com.do/index_viejo.html"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_los_Caballeros"},{"link_name":"Puerto Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Plata_Province"}],"sub_title":"Special awards","text":"Miss Photogenic (voted by press reporters) -Tania Medina (La Romana)\nMiss Congeniality (voted by contestants) - Indhira Díaz (Dajabón)\nBest Face - Paola Torres (Santiago)\nBest Hair - Valerie Chardonnens Vargas(Santiago)\nMiss Elegancia - Zadia Núñez (Monte Plata)\nMiss Internet (voted by viewers in Miss Mundo Dominicana Official Website) - Valerie Chardonenns Vargas (Santiago)\nBest Beach Dominican Beauty - Ana Viñas (Puerto Plata)The winner of Miss Internet and Best Beach Dominican Beauty would officially go to the Semifinals.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Com. Dom. Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_los_Caballeros_Province"},{"link_name":"Tania Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tania_Medina"},{"link_name":"La Romana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Romana_Province"}],"text":"Miss Exterior - Cristal de Moya (Com. Dom. Miami)\nMiss Region del Cibao - Paola Torres (Santiago)\nMiss Region del Sur - Tania Medina (La Romana)","title":"Miss Dominican Regions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Delegates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reina Nacional de Belleza Miss República Dominicana 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reina_Nacional_de_Belleza_Miss_Rep%C3%BAblica_Dominicana_2007"},{"link_name":"Reina Nacional de Belleza Miss República Dominicana 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reina_Nacional_de_Belleza_Miss_Rep%C3%BAblica_Dominicana_2006"},{"link_name":"Miss Dominican Republic 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Dominican_Republic_2006"},{"link_name":"Reina Nacional de Belleza Miss República Dominicana 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reina_Nacional_de_Belleza_Miss_Rep%C3%BAblica_Dominicana_2007"},{"link_name":"Miss International 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_International_2007"},{"link_name":"Miss Dominican Republic 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Dominican_Republic_2009"},{"link_name":"Reina Nacional de Belleza Miss República Dominicana 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reina_Nacional_de_Belleza_Miss_Rep%C3%BAblica_Dominicana_2008"}],"text":"Sandra Tavares, Miss Com. Dom. Nueva Jersey would enter Reina Nacional de Belleza Miss República Dominicana 2007.\nYamilka Santana, Miss Com. Dom. Nueva York entered Reina Nacional de Belleza Miss República Dominicana 2006.\nTania Medina, Miss La Romana and the winner Paola Torres, Miss Santiago entered Miss Dominican Republic 2006.\nAna Viñas, Miss Puerto Plata would enter Reina Nacional de Belleza Miss República Dominicana 2007 and winn to go to Miss International 2007 and she would also participate in Miss Dominican Republic 2009.\nAlexandra Díaz, Miss Santo Domingo would enter Reina Nacional de Belleza Miss República Dominicana 2008 and become 2nd Runner-up to enter Miss Atlantico International and win the pageant.","title":"Trivia"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.missmundo.com.do/index_viejo.html","external_links_name":"Miss Mundo Dominicana Official Website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080813181349/http://www.missmundo.com.do/index_viejo.html","external_links_name":"Miss Mundo Dominicana Official Website"},{"Link":"http://clavedigital.com/Afuera/CLAVE/ED18/Protagonistas.pdf","external_links_name":"Resultados de Miss Mundo Dominicana 2006"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130205080007/http://foro.univision.com/univision/board/message?board.id=missrepublicadominicana&message.id=1576","external_links_name":"Paola Torres foto gallery"},{"Link":"http://www.diariolibre.com/noticias_det.php?id=93651","external_links_name":"Diario Libre"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miss_Mundo_Dominicana_2006&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Rivero_Ag%C3%BCero	Andrés Rivero Agüero	["1 Early life","2 Political career","3 Later life","4 References","5 External links"]	Cuban politician (1905–1996) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Rivero and the second or maternal family name is Agüero. Andrés Rivero Agüero11th Prime Minister of CubaIn office26 March 1957 – 6 March 1958PresidentFulgencio BatistaPreceded byJorge García MontesSucceeded byEmilio Núñez PortuondoCuban Senator from Pinar del RíoIn office1954–1958 Personal detailsBorn(1905-02-04)4 February 1905San Luis, Oriente Province, CubaDied8 November 1996(1996-11-08) (aged 91)Miami, Florida, U.S.Alma materUniversity of HavanaOccupationLawyer, politician Andrés Rivero Agüero (4 February 1905 – 8 November 1996) was a Cuban politician who served as the 12th Prime Minister of Cuba and was elected president of Cuba in the 1958 Cuban presidential election. Early life Rivero was born to extremely poor parents in San Luis, Oriente Province (now Santiago de Cuba Province) on 4 February 1905. He taught himself to read when he was 16. Rivero managed to secure a high school education by his own efforts, and obtained a law degree from Havana University (1934). Political career Elected a city councilman in Santiago de Cuba, he quickly became a leader of the Liberal Party, and was befriended by Fulgencio Batista. During Batista's first administration (1940–1944), Rivero served as Minister of Agriculture, and implemented Batista's plan for resettling landless peasants in Oriente Province. During General Batista's exile in the United States from 1944–1952, Rivero practised law in Cuba and wrote political commentary for several periodicals. When Batista returned to run for President of Cuba in 1952, Rivero helped to organise Batista's United Action Party. He supported Batista's military coup on 10 March 1952, and thereafter served as Minister of Education in Batista's second administration (1952–1958). Elected a Senator from Pinar del Río Province in 1954, Rivero became Cuba's prime minister (1957–1958), and participated in several reconciliation conferences as Batista's representative. Rivero resigned his premiership in 1958 to run for President of Cuba. He received the support of Batista's Progressive Action Party, and three other pro-government parties. Rivero was declared the winner of the elections, which were speculated by many to have been rigged with the support of the United States government in an effort to repel the ongoing Cuban Revolution. After the election, Rivero entered into conversations with U.S. Ambassador Earl E. T. Smith, and with leading Cuban politicians, to resolve the crisis caused by the ongoing rebellion led by Fidel Castro. He apparently wished to convene a Constituent Assembly shortly after taking office, to bring about a restoration of constitutional rule. However, the success of the revolution frustrated Rivero's plans, and he fled with General Batista into exile in the Dominican Republic on 1 January 1959. Later life Rivero eventually settled in the United States, living in extremely modest circumstances. He lived to be a great-grandfather. Rivero died in Miami, Florida in 1996. References ^ Dr. Andrés Rivero Agüero Archived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine Republic of Cuba (1902-1959) ^ Nohlen, D (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I, p217 ISBN 978-0-19-928357-6 External links Despatch From the US Embassy in Cuba to the US Department of State 1958 Elections: Electoral Outlook Six Weeks Prior to Elections vte Prime ministers of Cuba (list)Prime ministers Saladrigas Zayas Zaydín Alliegro Lancís Sánchez Prío Socarrás López del Castillo de Varona Lancís Sánchez Gans Batista García Montes Rivero Agüero Núñez Portuondo Güell Miró Cardona F. Castro Presidents of theCouncil of Ministers F. Castro R. Castro Díaz-Canel Prime ministers Marrero Cruz Cuba portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cuban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_people"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cuba"},{"link_name":"president of Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Cuba"},{"link_name":"1958 Cuban presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Cuban_presidential_election"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Rivero and the second or maternal family name is Agüero.Andrés Rivero Agüero (4 February 1905 – 8 November 1996)[1] was a Cuban politician who served as the 12th Prime Minister of Cuba and was elected president of Cuba in the 1958 Cuban presidential election.","title":"Andrés Rivero Agüero"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Luis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis,_Santiago_de_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Santiago de Cuba Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba_Province"},{"link_name":"Havana University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana_University"}],"text":"Rivero was born to extremely poor parents in San Luis, Oriente Province (now Santiago de Cuba Province) on 4 February 1905. He taught himself to read when he was 16. Rivero managed to secure a high school education by his own efforts, and obtained a law degree from Havana University (1934).","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santiago de Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Fulgencio Batista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista"},{"link_name":"Oriente Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriente_Province"},{"link_name":"Batista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista"},{"link_name":"United Action Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Action_Party"},{"link_name":"Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Pinar del Río Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinar_del_R%C3%ADo_Province"},{"link_name":"prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Progressive Action Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Action_Party"},{"link_name":"elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Cuban_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Cuban Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Earl E. T. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_E._T._Smith"},{"link_name":"Fidel Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro"},{"link_name":"Constituent Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"}],"text":"Elected a city councilman in Santiago de Cuba, he quickly became a leader of the Liberal Party, and was befriended by Fulgencio Batista. During Batista's first administration (1940–1944), Rivero served as Minister of Agriculture, and implemented Batista's plan for resettling landless peasants in Oriente Province.During General Batista's exile in the United States from 1944–1952, Rivero practised law in Cuba and wrote political commentary for several periodicals. When Batista returned to run for President of Cuba in 1952, Rivero helped to organise Batista's United Action Party. He supported Batista's military coup on 10 March 1952, and thereafter served as Minister of Education in Batista's second administration (1952–1958). Elected a Senator from Pinar del Río Province in 1954, Rivero became Cuba's prime minister (1957–1958), and participated in several reconciliation conferences as Batista's representative.Rivero resigned his premiership in 1958 to run for President of Cuba. He received the support of Batista's Progressive Action Party, and three other pro-government parties. Rivero was declared the winner of the elections, which were speculated by many[who?] to have been rigged with the support of the United States government in an effort to repel the ongoing Cuban Revolution.[2] After the election, Rivero entered into conversations with U.S. Ambassador Earl E. T. Smith, and with leading Cuban politicians, to resolve the crisis caused by the ongoing rebellion led by Fidel Castro. He apparently wished to convene a Constituent Assembly shortly after taking office, to bring about a restoration of constitutional rule. However, the success of the revolution frustrated Rivero's plans, and he fled with General Batista into exile in the Dominican Republic on 1 January 1959.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Rivero eventually settled in the United States, living in extremely modest circumstances. He lived to be a great-grandfather. Rivero died in Miami, Florida in 1996.","title":"Later life"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://cubapol.tripod.com/id102.html","external_links_name":"Dr. Andrés Rivero Agüero"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717102632/http://cubapol.tripod.com/id102.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cable/cable-10-3-57a.htm","external_links_name":"Despatch From the US Embassy in Cuba to the US Department of State 1958"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/459149296182280670001","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1130013359","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_H._Lingren	Ronald H. Lingren	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 References"]	American politician Ronald LindgrenMember of the Wisconsin State AssemblyIn office1974–1980Preceded byJohn H. Niebler Personal detailsBornJune 26, 1935Gowrie, IowaDiedJune 1, 2015 (aged 79)Jacksonville Beach, FloridaChildren2Alma materIowa State University (BS)University of Iowa (PhD)Military serviceBranch/service United States Army United States Air Force Ronald H. Lingren (June 26, 1935 – June 1, 2015) was an American academic and politician who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly. Early life and education Lingren was born in Gowrie, Iowa. His father was a farmer and his mother was a teacher. Lindgren was one of four children. He earned a bachelor's degree from Iowa State University and a PhD in clinical psychology from the University of Iowa. Career After earning his doctorate, Lingren became a member of the faculty of the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. He was also a member of the United States Army and the Air Force Reserve Command. Lingren was elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1974, defeating incumbent John H. Niebler, and was re-elected in 1976 and 1978. He was a Democrat. Lingren had two children. He died in Jacksonville Beach, Florida. References ^ "Members of State Legislature". Wisconsin Blue Book. 1979. Retrieved 2013-10-12. ^ "Lingren, Dr. Ronald H." madison.com. Retrieved 2020-07-22. ^ "Lingren, Ronald H. 1935". Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 2013-10-12. ^ 'Wisconsin Blue Book 1979-1980,' Biographical Sketch of Ronald H. Lingren, pg. 87 ^ Ronald H. Lingren-obituary	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wisconsin State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly"}],"text":"Ronald H. Lingren (June 26, 1935 – June 1, 2015) was an American academic and politician who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.","title":"Ronald H. Lingren"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gowrie, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowrie,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Iowa State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_State_University"},{"link_name":"University of Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Lingren was born in Gowrie, Iowa.[1] His father was a farmer and his mother was a teacher. Lindgren was one of four children. He earned a bachelor's degree from Iowa State University and a PhD in clinical psychology from the University of Iowa.[2]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Air Force Reserve Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"John H. Niebler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._Niebler"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville Beach, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Beach,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"After earning his doctorate, Lingren became a member of the faculty of the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee.[3] He was also a member of the United States Army and the Air Force Reserve Command.Lingren was elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1974, defeating incumbent John H. Niebler, and was re-elected in 1976 and 1978. He was a Democrat.[4]Lingren had two children. He died in Jacksonville Beach, Florida.[5]","title":"Career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Members of State Legislature\". Wisconsin Blue Book. 1979. Retrieved 2013-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5SJWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA87","url_text":"\"Members of State Legislature\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lingren, Dr. Ronald H.\" madison.com. Retrieved 2020-07-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://madison.com/news/local/obituaries/lingren-dr-ronald-h/article_d3a5482d-fb99-59b0-891e-14357702aed0.html","url_text":"\"Lingren, Dr. Ronald H.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lingren, Ronald H. 1935\". Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 2013-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=2033&term_type_id=1&term_type_text=people&letter=L","url_text":"\"Lingren, Ronald H. 1935\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5SJWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA87","external_links_name":"\"Members of State Legislature\""},{"Link":"https://madison.com/news/local/obituaries/lingren-dr-ronald-h/article_d3a5482d-fb99-59b0-891e-14357702aed0.html","external_links_name":"\"Lingren, Dr. Ronald H.\""},{"Link":"http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=2033&term_type_id=1&term_type_text=people&letter=L","external_links_name":"\"Lingren, Ronald H. 1935\""},{"Link":"http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/timesunion/obituary.aspx?pid=174999464","external_links_name":"Ronald H. Lingren-obituary"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolomush_Okeyev	Tolomush Okeyev	["1 Filmography","1.1 Directed films","1.2 Written films","2 References","3 External links"]	Tolomush Okeyevich OkeyevBorn(1935-09-11)11 September 1935Bökönbaev, Kirghiz ASSR, Soviet UnionDied18 December 2001(2001-12-18) (aged 66)Ankara, TurkeyOccupation(s)Film director, screenwriterYears active1962–1995 Tölömüsh Okeyevich Okeyev (Kyrgyz: Төлөмүш Океевич Океев; 11 September 1935 – 18 December 2001) was a Kyrgyz screenwriter and film director born in Bökönbaev. In 1973, he was a member of the jury at the 8th Moscow International Film Festival. His 1975 film, The Red Apple, was entered into the 9th Moscow International Film Festival while his 1984 film, The Descendant of the Snow Leopard, was entered into the 35th Berlin International Film Festival, where it won the Silver Bear for an outstanding single achievement. In 1999, he was a member of the jury at the 21st Moscow International Film Festival. Filmography Directed films Genghis Khan (1992) Miracle of Love (Сүйүүнүн Көркү, 1986) The Descendant of the Snow Leopard (Ак илбирсти тукуму, 1984) Skulptor Olga Manuylova (1982) Golden Autumn (Алтын Күз, 1980) Ulan (1977) The Red Apple (1975) The Ferocious One (1974) The Worship of Fire (1971-2; sometimes Bow Down to the Fire), a biography of Urkuya Salieva Smarter Birds (1970) The Heritage (1969) The Skies of Our Childhood (1966) There Are Horses (1965) Written films Spotted Dog Running at the Edge of the Sea (1990) References ^ Peter Rollberg (2009). Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema. US: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 497–499. ISBN 978-0-8108-6072-8. ^ "8th Moscow International Film Festival (1973)". MIFF. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2012-12-25. ^ "9th Moscow International Film Festival (1975)". MIFF. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2013-01-06. ^ "Berlinale: 1985 Prize Winners". berlinale.de. Retrieved 2011-01-11. ^ "21st Moscow International Film Festival (1999)". MIFF. Archived from the original on 2013-03-22. Retrieved 2013-03-23. ^ "Poklonis ognyu (1972)". IMDb. Retrieved November 11, 2021. ^ "Urkuya Salieva". Central Asien Gruppe. 2017-01-20. Retrieved 2021-11-12. External links Tolomush Okeyev at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States This article about a Kyrgyzstani film director is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kyrgyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_language"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"screenwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenwriter"},{"link_name":"film director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_director"},{"link_name":"Bökönbaev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6k%C3%B6nbaev"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"8th Moscow International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Moscow_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moscow1973-2"},{"link_name":"The Red Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Red_Apple_(film)"},{"link_name":"9th Moscow International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Moscow_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moscow1975-3"},{"link_name":"The Descendant of the Snow Leopard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Descendant_of_the_Snow_Leopard"},{"link_name":"35th Berlin International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Silver Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Bear"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlinale-4"},{"link_name":"21st Moscow International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Moscow_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moscow1999-5"}],"text":"Tölömüsh Okeyevich Okeyev (Kyrgyz: Төлөмүш Океевич Океев; 11 September 1935 – 18 December 2001) was a Kyrgyz screenwriter and film director born in Bökönbaev.[1] In 1973, he was a member of the jury at the 8th Moscow International Film Festival.[2] His 1975 film, The Red Apple, was entered into the 9th Moscow International Film Festival[3] while his 1984 film, The Descendant of the Snow Leopard, was entered into the 35th Berlin International Film Festival, where it won the Silver Bear for an outstanding single achievement.[4] In 1999, he was a member of the jury at the 21st Moscow International Film Festival.[5]","title":"Tolomush Okeyev"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Descendant of the Snow Leopard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Descendant_of_the_Snow_Leopard"},{"link_name":"The Red Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Red_Apple_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Ferocious One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ferocious_One"},{"link_name":"Urkuya Salieva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urkuya_Salieva"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Directed films","text":"Genghis Khan (1992)\nMiracle of Love (Сүйүүнүн Көркү, 1986)\nThe Descendant of the Snow Leopard (Ак илбирсти тукуму, 1984)\nSkulptor Olga Manuylova (1982)\nGolden Autumn (Алтын Күз, 1980)\nUlan (1977)\nThe Red Apple (1975)\nThe Ferocious One (1974)\nThe Worship of Fire (1971-2; sometimes Bow Down to the Fire), a biography of Urkuya Salieva[6][7]\nSmarter Birds (1970)\nThe Heritage (1969)\nThe Skies of Our Childhood (1966)\nThere Are Horses (1965)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Written films","text":"Spotted Dog Running at the Edge of the Sea (1990)","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Peter Rollberg (2009). Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema. US: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 497–499. ISBN 978-0-8108-6072-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6072-8","url_text":"978-0-8108-6072-8"}]},{"reference":"\"8th Moscow International Film Festival (1973)\". MIFF. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2012-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130116194922/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1973","url_text":"\"8th Moscow International Film Festival (1973)\""},{"url":"http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1973","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"9th Moscow International Film Festival (1975)\". MIFF. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2013-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130116194905/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1975","url_text":"\"9th Moscow International Film Festival (1975)\""},{"url":"http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1975","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Berlinale: 1985 Prize Winners\". berlinale.de. Retrieved 2011-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1985/03_preistr_ger_1985/03_Preistraeger_1985.html","url_text":"\"Berlinale: 1985 Prize Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"21st Moscow International Film Festival (1999)\". MIFF. Archived from the original on 2013-03-22. Retrieved 2013-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130322163246/http://moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1999","url_text":"\"21st Moscow International Film Festival (1999)\""},{"url":"http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1999","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Poklonis ognyu (1972)\". IMDb. Retrieved November 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0174124/?ref_=ext_shr_lnk","url_text":"\"Poklonis ognyu (1972)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Urkuya Salieva\". Central Asien Gruppe. 2017-01-20. Retrieved 2021-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://centralasien.org/en/40-women-of-kyrgyzstan-portraits/urkuya-salieva/","url_text":"\"Urkuya Salieva\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130116194922/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1973","external_links_name":"\"8th Moscow International Film Festival (1973)\""},{"Link":"http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1973","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130116194905/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1975","external_links_name":"\"9th Moscow International Film Festival (1975)\""},{"Link":"http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1975","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1985/03_preistr_ger_1985/03_Preistraeger_1985.html","external_links_name":"\"Berlinale: 1985 Prize Winners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130322163246/http://moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1999","external_links_name":"\"21st Moscow International Film Festival (1999)\""},{"Link":"http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1999","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0174124/?ref_=ext_shr_lnk","external_links_name":"\"Poklonis ognyu (1972)\""},{"Link":"https://centralasien.org/en/40-women-of-kyrgyzstan-portraits/urkuya-salieva/","external_links_name":"\"Urkuya Salieva\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0645608/","external_links_name":"Tolomush Okeyev"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000054701620","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/49182711","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrWCfqMYGdVThkkJK6qcP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2005009045","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tolomush_Okeyev&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verse_(popular_music)	Verse–chorus form	["1 Contrasting verse–chorus form","2 Simple verse–chorus form","3 Simple verse form","4 See also","5 References"]	Musical form common in popular music Verse–chorus form is a musical form going back to the 1840s, in such songs as "Oh! Susanna", "The Daring Young Man on the Flying Trapeze", and many others. It became passé in the early 1900s, with advent of the AABA (with verse) form in the Tin Pan Alley days. It became commonly used in blues and rock and roll in the 1950s, and predominant in rock music since the 1960s. In contrast to 32-bar form, which is focused on the refrain (contrasted and prepared by the B section), in verse–chorus form the chorus is highlighted (prepared and contrasted with the verse). The chorus often sharply contrasts the verse melodically, rhythmically, and harmonically, and assumes a higher level of dynamics and activity, often with added instrumentation. This is referred to as a "breakout chorus". See: arrangement. Contrasting verse–chorus form Songs that use different music for the verse and chorus are in contrasting verse–chorus form. Examples include: "That'll Be the Day" by Buddy Holly (1957) "Be My Baby" by The Ronettes (1963) "California Girls" by The Beach Boys (1965) "Penny Lane" and "All You Need Is Love" by The Beatles (1967) "Foxy Lady" by Jimi Hendrix (1967) "Smoke on the Water" by Deep Purple (1973) "Can't Get Enough" by Bad Company (1974) "Biology" and "Sexy! No No No..." by Girls Aloud (2005 and 2007) "Prayer of the Refugee" by Rise Against (2009) Simple verse–chorus form Songs that use the same harmony (chords) for the verse and chorus, such as the twelve bar blues, though the melody is different and the lyrics feature different verses and a repeated chorus, are in simple verse–chorus form. Examples include: "Shake, Rattle, and Roll" by Big Joe Turner (1954) "Louie, Louie" by The Kingsmen (1963 cover), example not using blues form "La Bamba" by Ritchie Valens (1959) Simple verse form Songs which feature only a repeated verse are in simple verse form (verse–chorus form without the chorus). Examples include: "Evil Ways" by Santana (1969) Blues-based songs which are not simple verse–chorus form (above), such as "Heartbreak Hotel", "Jailhouse Rock", "Hound Dog", and "Lucille" and with a contrasting bridge: "Eight Miles High" by The Byrds (1966) "Tomorrow Never Knows" by The Beatles (1966) "Purple Haze" by Jimi Hendrix (1967). Both simple verse–chorus form and simple verse form are strophic forms. See also Song structure References ^ RMS 1 Census-Catalogue of Manuscript Sources of Polyphonic Music, 1400-1550, edited by Herbert Kellman and Charles Hamm in 5 Volumes. Vol. I A-J (Volume 1), American Institute of Musicology, Inc. (1 January 1979), ISBN 1595513116 ^ Ralf von Appen; Markus Frei-Hauenschild. "Aaba, Refrain, Chorus, Bridge, Prechorus — Song Forms and Their Historical Development" (PDF). www.gfpm-samples.de. Retrieved 27 March 2021. ^ The Life and Death of Tin Pan Alley, David Ewen, Funk & Wagnalls; First Edition (1 January 1964) ASIN B000B8LYVU ^ "Tin Pan Alley \| musical history \| Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 27 March 2021. ^ Michael Campbell & James Brody (2007), Rock and Roll: An Introduction, page 117 ^ Covach, John. "Form in Rock Music: A Primer", p.71, in Stein, Deborah (2005). Engaging Music: Essays in Music Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517010-5. ^ Doll, Christopher. "Rockin' Out: Expressive Modulation in Verse–Chorus Form", Music Theory Online 17/3 (2011), § 2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Covach (2005), p.71–72 vteMusical form and development Arch form Argument Ausmultiplikation Bar form Binary form Bridge Call and response Cell Coda Conclusion Cycle Cyclic form Developing variation Development Drop Exposition Finale Formula composition Hook Introduction Leitmotif Lick Melody Motif Movement Ostinato Overture Period Phrase Pre-chorus Post-chorus Recapitulation Repetition Reprise Riff Rondo Rondò Section Sonata form Sonata rondo form Song structure Strophic form Ternary form Theme Thirty-two-bar form Through-composed Transition Variation Verse–chorus form vteParts of a songVerse–chorus form Introduction Verse Pre-chorus Refrain/Chorus Post-chorus Bridge Solo Guitar Drum Break Breakdown Outro False ending Other musical elements Bassline Counter-melody Drone Drop Harmony Vocal harmony Hook Melody Ostinato Loop Riff Rhythm Groove	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_form"},{"link_name":"Oh! Susanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh!_Susanna"},{"link_name":"The Daring Young Man on the Flying Trapeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daring_Young_Man_on_the_Flying_Trapeze_(song)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"AABA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-two-bar_form"},{"link_name":"Tin Pan Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Pan_Alley"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"rock music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"32-bar form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32-bar_form"},{"link_name":"B section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_(music)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"melodically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody"},{"link_name":"rhythmically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm"},{"link_name":"harmonically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony"},{"link_name":"dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamics_(music)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"arrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrangement"}],"text":"Verse–chorus form is a musical form going back to the 1840s, in such songs as \"Oh! Susanna\", \"The Daring Young Man on the Flying Trapeze\", and many others.[1][2] It became passé in the early 1900s, with advent of the AABA (with verse) form in the Tin Pan Alley days.[3][4] It became commonly used in blues and rock and roll in the 1950s,[5] and predominant in rock music since the 1960s. In contrast to 32-bar form, which is focused on the refrain (contrasted and prepared by the B section), in verse–chorus form the chorus is highlighted (prepared and contrasted with the verse).[6]The chorus often sharply contrasts the verse melodically, rhythmically, and harmonically, and assumes a higher level of dynamics and activity, often with added instrumentation. This is referred to as a \"breakout chorus\".[7] See: arrangement.","title":"Verse–chorus form"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"That'll Be the Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27ll_Be_the_Day"},{"link_name":"Buddy Holly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Holly"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Covach-8"},{"link_name":"Be My Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_My_Baby"},{"link_name":"The Ronettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ronettes"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Covach-8"},{"link_name":"California Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Girls"},{"link_name":"The Beach Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beach_Boys"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Covach-8"},{"link_name":"Penny Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Lane"},{"link_name":"All You Need Is Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_You_Need_Is_Love"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Covach-8"},{"link_name":"Foxy Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxy_Lady"},{"link_name":"Jimi Hendrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Covach-8"},{"link_name":"Smoke on the Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_on_the_Water"},{"link_name":"Deep Purple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Purple"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Covach-8"},{"link_name":"Can't Get Enough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Get_Enough_(Bad_Company_song)"},{"link_name":"Bad Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Company"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Covach-8"},{"link_name":"Biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_(Girls_Aloud_song)"},{"link_name":"Sexy! No No No...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexy!_No_No_No..."},{"link_name":"Girls Aloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_Aloud"},{"link_name":"Prayer of the Refugee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_of_the_Refugee"},{"link_name":"Rise Against","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_Against"}],"text":"Songs that use different music for the verse and chorus are in contrasting verse–chorus form. Examples include:\"That'll Be the Day\" by Buddy Holly (1957)[8]\n\"Be My Baby\" by The Ronettes (1963)[8]\n\"California Girls\" by The Beach Boys (1965)[8]\n\"Penny Lane\" and \"All You Need Is Love\" by The Beatles (1967)[8]\n\"Foxy Lady\" by Jimi Hendrix (1967)[8]\n\"Smoke on the Water\" by Deep Purple (1973)[8]\n\"Can't Get Enough\" by Bad Company (1974)[8]\n\"Biology\" and \"Sexy! No No No...\" by Girls Aloud (2005 and 2007)\n\"Prayer of the Refugee\" by Rise Against (2009)","title":"Contrasting verse–chorus form"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twelve bar blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_bar_blues"},{"link_name":"Shake, Rattle, and Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shake,_Rattle_and_Roll"},{"link_name":"Big Joe Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Joe_Turner"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Covach-8"},{"link_name":"Louie, Louie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louie,_Louie"},{"link_name":"The Kingsmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kingsmen"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Covach-8"},{"link_name":"La Bamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bamba_(song)"},{"link_name":"Ritchie Valens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritchie_Valens"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Covach-8"}],"text":"Songs that use the same harmony (chords) for the verse and chorus, such as the twelve bar blues, though the melody is different and the lyrics feature different verses and a repeated chorus, are in simple verse–chorus form. Examples include:\"Shake, Rattle, and Roll\" by Big Joe Turner (1954)[8]\n\"Louie, Louie\" by The Kingsmen (1963 cover), example not using blues form[8]\n\"La Bamba\" by Ritchie Valens (1959)[8]","title":"Simple verse–chorus form"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evil Ways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_Ways_(Santana_song)"},{"link_name":"Santana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santana_(band)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Covach-8"},{"link_name":"Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"Heartbreak Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartbreak_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Jailhouse Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jailhouse_Rock_(song)"},{"link_name":"Hound Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hound_Dog_(song)"},{"link_name":"Lucille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucille_(Little_Richard_song)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Covach-8"},{"link_name":"Eight Miles High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Miles_High"},{"link_name":"The Byrds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Byrds"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Covach-8"},{"link_name":"Tomorrow Never Knows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrow_Never_Knows"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Covach-8"},{"link_name":"Purple Haze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Haze"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Covach-8"},{"link_name":"strophic forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strophic_form"}],"text":"Songs which feature only a repeated verse are in simple verse form (verse–chorus form without the chorus). Examples include:\"Evil Ways\" by Santana (1969)[8]\nBlues-based songs which are not simple verse–chorus form (above), such as \"Heartbreak Hotel\", \"Jailhouse Rock\", \"Hound Dog\", and \"Lucille\"[8]and with a contrasting bridge:\"Eight Miles High\" by The Byrds (1966)[8]\n\"Tomorrow Never Knows\" by The Beatles (1966)[8]\n\"Purple Haze\" by Jimi Hendrix (1967).[8]Both simple verse–chorus form and simple verse form are strophic forms.","title":"Simple verse form"}]	[]	[{"title":"Song structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_structure"}]	[{"reference":"Ralf von Appen; Markus Frei-Hauenschild. \"Aaba, Refrain, Chorus, Bridge, Prechorus — Song Forms and Their Historical Development\" (PDF). www.gfpm-samples.de. Retrieved 27 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gfpm-samples.de/Samples13/appenfrei.pdf","url_text":"\"Aaba, Refrain, Chorus, Bridge, Prechorus — Song Forms and Their Historical Development\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tin Pan Alley \| musical history \| Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 27 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/art/Tin-Pan-Alley-musical-history","url_text":"\"Tin Pan Alley \| musical history \| Britannica\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.gfpm-samples.de/Samples13/appenfrei.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Aaba, Refrain, Chorus, Bridge, Prechorus — Song Forms and Their Historical Development\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000B8LYVU","external_links_name":"B000B8LYVU"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/art/Tin-Pan-Alley-musical-history","external_links_name":"\"Tin Pan Alley \| musical history \| Britannica\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RK-JmVbv4OIC&pg=PA117","external_links_name":"page 117"},{"Link":"http://www.mtosmt.org/issues/mto.11.17.3/mto.11.17.3.doll.html","external_links_name":"Doll, Christopher. \"Rockin' Out: Expressive Modulation in Verse–Chorus Form\", Music Theory Online 17/3 (2011), § 2."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot_Lake_Red_Wings	Elliot Lake Vikings (2014–)	["1 History","2 Season-by-season records","3 References","4 External links"]	For the defunct team, see Elliot Lake Vikings. Ice hockey team in Elliot Lake, OntarioElliot Lake VikingsCityElliot Lake, OntarioLeagueNorthern Ontario Junior Hockey LeagueFounded2014Home arenaCentennial ArenaColoursGreen, Gold, Silver and BlackOwner(s)Nonprofit corporationGeneral managerChris KeleherHead coachChris KeleherFranchise history2014–2021Elliot Lake Wildcats2021–2023Elliot Lake Red Wings2023-presentElliot Lake Vikings The Elliot Lake Vikings are a Canadian Junior "A" ice hockey team based out of Elliot Lake, Ontario. They are members of the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League (NOJHL) and play their home games at the Elliot Lake Centennial Arena. The team is owned by a community nonprofit corporation. History Elliot Lake Wildcats logo. The Elliot Lake Wildcats were founded in 2014 when the city of Elliot Lake was granted an expansion team just days after the Elliot Lake Bobcats moved to Cochrane, Ontario, to become the Cochrane Crunch.The team chose the Wildcats, over the previous Elliot Lake Vikings moniker that had been for several decades by a previous franchise. Nathan Hewitt, a former junior coach in the Central Canada Hockey League was chosen as the team's first coach. During their inaugural 2014–15 season, the Wildcats finished second in their division with a 38-11-2-1 regular season record. However, their season was cut short in the semifinals losing 4-games-to-1 to the Soo Thunderbirds. For their second season in 2015–16, the Wildcats once again finished second in their division, behind only the Soo Thunderbirds. The Wildcats were led offensively by Cole Hepler, who finished seventh in league scoring with 79 points and captain Spencer MacLean, who finished 10th respectively. Hepler also had a league high 22-game point streak during the season. Rookie goaltender Aaron Mackay starred for the team in net, finishing third in the league with 21 wins. The Wildcats eliminated the Rayside-Balfour Canadians in five games in the first round, before falling once again to the Thunderbirds in the Division Finals 4-games-to-1. The Wildcats would win the 2016 TEP Showcase Hockey Tournament with a 3–2 double overtime win over the Markham Royals on June 26. They finished with an 8–0 record, and conceded a tournament low five goals. On July 28, 2016, the Wildcats announced that head coach Nathan Hewitt accepted a coaching job with a university in the CIS and Corey Bricknell was named the second head coach in team history. The Wildcats finished the 2016–17 season in fifth place in the NOJHL West Division going 23–26–4–3. Forward David Elford would lead the team in points with 42, while goaltender Matt Kostiw lead the team in wins with 13. In the playoffs, the Wildcats lost to the Soo Eagles in the divisional play-in series 2-games-to-1. The 2017–18 season saw the Wildcats ending up in 5th place in the West Division, with a 25–27–4 record. Jacob Kelly was the team's leading scorer, with 34 goals and 36 assists, for a total of 70 points. The Wildcats lost in the divisional play in series for the second straight season, this time to Northshore rival the Blind River Beavers in 2 straight games. The 2018–19 season saw head coach Corey Bricknell step down to take a head coaching job in Hungary and was replaced by assistant coach Trevor Ritchie. The team finished with a 21–32–1–2 record. Just before the end of the regular season, the local civic centre in Elliot Lake saw its roof collapse, which saw the City of Elliot Lake close Centennial Arena and force the Wildcats to play their remaining home games in Blind River. The 2019–20 season brought it in a new head coach in Gord Ouimet, but there was still uncertainty that was Centennial Arena was going to be ready in time after the roof of the arena of the 53-year-old building was replaced. The Wildcats got off to slow start and never recovered, on December 6, 2019, Gord Ouimet was let go as head coach and was replaced by Taureen White. The team ended up in last place, with a 7–46–3 record. On May 8, 2020, Elliot Lake Wildcats announced they would take a one-year leave from the NOJHL for the 2020–21 season. On April 16, 2021, the team was rebranded as the Elliot Lake Red Wings as well as new management with John Buchanan as general manager and Brian Noad as head coach. Noad stepped down as head coach before coaching a game and former Wildcat player Tanner Bowditch was named head coach on September 19, 2021. 2021-22 Red Wings would end up with 17-29-1-1 record before falling in the divisional round to the Blind River Beavers. The 2023-23 Red Wings brought in Chris Keleher as the new head coach the team would end up winning more games then in the previous season with a 20-35-1-2 record how ever they placed last in the NOJHL West division missing the playoffs In the summer of 2023 the Red Wings were sold and were renamed to the Vikings going to back to the roots of Elliot Lakes first junior team which was called the Vikings. There is excitement in the town as the team was under local ownership and with the return of the Vikings name. almost 500 fans packed Centennial Arena for the teams home opener against the defending champion Timmins Rock and saw the Vikings pull out 6-5 overtime win. How ever 2 days later Centennial Arena was closed due to structural concerns with the arena roof forcing the Vikings to practice in near by Massey and play home games in Blind River. How ever the Massey Arena was renovated quickly to meet NOJHL standards and on December 1 the Vikings played their first home game in Massey vs the Kirkland Lake Gold Miners defeating the Miners 6-3 how ever this would be the last win the Vikings fans would see the rest of the season as the Vikings would end up finishing the season on a 33 game losing streak finishing with 5-48-1-4 record. 2024-25 Mike Nesbitt was hired as the teams new head coach and general manager. Centennial Arena is expected to reopen before Christmas 2024. Season-by-season records Season GP W L T OTL GF GA Pts Result Playoffs Elliot Lake Wildcats 2014–15 52 38 11 2 1 242 142 79 2nd of 4, West3rd of 9, NOJHL Won Quarterfinals, 4–2 vs. Sudbury Nickel BaronsLost Semifinals, 1–4 vs. Soo Thunderbirds 2015–16 54 35 12 2 5 232 142 77 2nd of 6, West5th of 12, NOJHL Won Div. Semifinals, 4–1 vs. Rayside-Balfour CanadiansLost Div. Finals, 1–4 vs. Soo Thunderbirds 2016–17 56 23 26 4 3 157 174 53 5th of 6, West9th of 12, NOJHL Lost Div. Play-in series, 1–2 vs. Soo Eagles 2017–18 56 25 27 0 4 172 204 54 5th of 6, West8th of 12, NOJHL Lost Div. Play-in series, 0–2 vs. Blind River Beavers 2018–19 56 21 32 — 3 152 224 45 5th of 6, West10th of 12, NOJHL Lost Div. Quarterfinals, 0–2 vs. Blind River Beavers 2019–20 56 7 46 — 3 115 333 17 6th of 6, West12th of 12, NOJHL Did not qualify Elliot Lake Red Wings 2021–22 48 17 29 1 1 149 192 35 5th of 6, West9th of 12, NOJHL Lost Div. Quarterfinals, 1–2 vs. Blind River Beavers 2022–23 58 20 35 1 2 174 230 43 6th of 6, West9th of 12, NOJHL Did Not Qualify for Post Season Elliot Lake Vikings 2023–24 58 5 48 1 4 133 366 43 6th of 6, West12th of 12, NOJHL Did Not Qualify for Post Season References ^ "New coach named for Elliot Lake Wildcats". ^ "Rebranded: Elliot Lake Red Wings". Elliot Lake Red Wings. April 16, 2021. ^ "Former NOJHLer Bowditch named head coach in Elliot Lake". Elliot Lake Red Wings. September 19, 2021. External links Elliot Lake Red Wings webpage vteNorthern Ontario Junior Hockey LeagueCurrent Teams Blind River Beavers Elliot Lake Vikings (2014–) Espanola Paper Kings French River Rapids Greater Sudbury Cubs Hearst Lumberjacks Iroquois Falls Storm Kirkland Lake Gold Miners Powassan Voodoos Soo Eagles Soo Thunderbirds Timmins Rock Former Teams Capreol Hawks Elliot Lake Vikings Espanola Eagles Espanola Rivermen Nickel Centre Native Sons Onaping Falls Huskies Parry Sound Shamrocks Rayside-Balfour Sabrecats Rouyn-Noranda Capitales Sudbury Cubs Temiscaming Royals Thessalon Flyers History IJBHL NOJHA NOHA Junior ASeasonsNOJHA 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 NOJHL 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–00 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 CJHL Central Canada Cup Challenge Dudley Hewitt Cup Royal Bank Cup	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elliot Lake Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot_Lake_Vikings"},{"link_name":"Junior \"A\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_ice_hockey#Junior_A"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Elliot Lake, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot_Lake,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ontario_Junior_Hockey_League"}],"text":"For the defunct team, see Elliot Lake Vikings.Ice hockey team in Elliot Lake, OntarioThe Elliot Lake Vikings are a Canadian Junior \"A\" ice hockey team based out of Elliot Lake, Ontario. They are members of the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League (NOJHL) and play their home games at the Elliot Lake Centennial Arena. The team is owned by a community nonprofit corporation.","title":"Elliot Lake Vikings (2014–)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElliotLakeWildcats.png"},{"link_name":"Elliot Lake Bobcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot_Lake_Bobcats"},{"link_name":"Cochrane, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Cochrane Crunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_Crunch"},{"link_name":"Elliot Lake Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot_Lake_Vikings"},{"link_name":"Central Canada Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Canada_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Soo Thunderbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soo_Thunderbirds"},{"link_name":"Rayside-Balfour Canadians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayside-Balfour_Canadians"},{"link_name":"Markham Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markham_Royals"},{"link_name":"CIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Interuniversity_Sport"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Elliot Lake Wildcats logo.The Elliot Lake Wildcats were founded in 2014 when the city of Elliot Lake was granted an expansion team just days after the Elliot Lake Bobcats moved to Cochrane, Ontario, to become the Cochrane Crunch.The team chose the Wildcats, over the previous Elliot Lake Vikings moniker that had been for several decades by a previous franchise. Nathan Hewitt, a former junior coach in the Central Canada Hockey League was chosen as the team's first coach.[1]During their inaugural 2014–15 season, the Wildcats finished second in their division with a 38-11-2-1 regular season record. However, their season was cut short in the semifinals losing 4-games-to-1 to the Soo Thunderbirds.For their second season in 2015–16, the Wildcats once again finished second in their division, behind only the Soo Thunderbirds. The Wildcats were led offensively by Cole Hepler, who finished seventh in league scoring with 79 points and captain Spencer MacLean, who finished 10th respectively. Hepler also had a league high 22-game point streak during the season. Rookie goaltender Aaron Mackay starred for the team in net, finishing third in the league with 21 wins. The Wildcats eliminated the Rayside-Balfour Canadians in five games in the first round, before falling once again to the Thunderbirds in the Division Finals 4-games-to-1. The Wildcats would win the 2016 TEP Showcase Hockey Tournament with a 3–2 double overtime win over the Markham Royals on June 26. They finished with an 8–0 record, and conceded a tournament low five goals.On July 28, 2016, the Wildcats announced that head coach Nathan Hewitt accepted a coaching job with a university in the CIS and Corey Bricknell was named the second head coach in team history. The Wildcats finished the 2016–17 season in fifth place in the NOJHL West Division going 23–26–4–3. Forward David Elford would lead the team in points with 42, while goaltender Matt Kostiw lead the team in wins with 13. In the playoffs, the Wildcats lost to the Soo Eagles in the divisional play-in series 2-games-to-1.The 2017–18 season saw the Wildcats ending up in 5th place in the West Division, with a 25–27–4 record. Jacob Kelly was the team's leading scorer, with 34 goals and 36 assists, for a total of 70 points. The Wildcats lost in the divisional play in series for the second straight season, this time to Northshore rival the Blind River Beavers in 2 straight games.The 2018–19 season saw head coach Corey Bricknell step down to take a head coaching job in Hungary and was replaced by assistant coach Trevor Ritchie. The team finished with a 21–32–1–2 record. Just before the end of the regular season, the local civic centre in Elliot Lake saw its roof collapse, which saw the City of Elliot Lake close Centennial Arena and force the Wildcats to play their remaining home games in Blind River.The 2019–20 season brought it in a new head coach in Gord Ouimet, but there was still uncertainty that was Centennial Arena was going to be ready in time after the roof of the arena of the 53-year-old building was replaced. The Wildcats got off to slow start and never recovered, on December 6, 2019, Gord Ouimet was let go as head coach and was replaced by Taureen White. The team ended up in last place, with a 7–46–3 record.On May 8, 2020, Elliot Lake Wildcats announced they would take a one-year leave from the NOJHL for the 2020–21 season. On April 16, 2021, the team was rebranded as the Elliot Lake Red Wings as well as new management with John Buchanan as general manager and Brian Noad as head coach.[2] Noad stepped down as head coach before coaching a game and former Wildcat player Tanner Bowditch was named head coach on September 19, 2021.[3]2021-22 Red Wings would end up with 17-29-1-1 record before falling in the divisional round to the Blind River Beavers. The 2023-23 Red Wings brought in Chris Keleher as the new head coach the team would end up winning more games then in the previous season with a 20-35-1-2 record how ever they placed last in the NOJHL West division missing the playoffsIn the summer of 2023 the Red Wings were sold and were renamed to the Vikings going to back to the roots of Elliot Lakes first junior team which was called the Vikings. There is excitement in the town as the team was under local ownership and with the return of the Vikings name. almost 500 fans packed Centennial Arena for the teams home opener against the defending champion Timmins Rock and saw the Vikings pull out 6-5 overtime win. How ever 2 days later Centennial Arena was closed due to structural concerns with the arena roof forcing the Vikings to practice in near by Massey and play home games in Blind River. How ever the Massey Arena was renovated quickly to meet NOJHL standards and on December 1 the Vikings played their first home game in Massey vs the Kirkland Lake Gold Miners defeating the Miners 6-3 how ever this would be the last win the Vikings fans would see the rest of the season as the Vikings would end up finishing the season on a 33 game losing streak finishing with 5-48-1-4 record.2024-25 Mike Nesbitt was hired as the teams new head coach and general manager. Centennial Arena is expected to reopen before Christmas 2024.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season-by-season records"}]	[{"image_text":"Elliot Lake Wildcats logo.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/ElliotLakeWildcats.png/150px-ElliotLakeWildcats.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"New coach named for Elliot Lake Wildcats\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myespanolanow.com/553/new-coach-named-for-elliot-lake-wildcats/","url_text":"\"New coach named for Elliot Lake Wildcats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rebranded: Elliot Lake Red Wings\". Elliot Lake Red Wings. April 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elliotlakeredwings.ca/rebranded-elliot-lake-red-wings","url_text":"\"Rebranded: Elliot Lake Red Wings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former NOJHLer Bowditch named head coach in Elliot Lake\". Elliot Lake Red Wings. September 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elliotlakeredwings.ca/former-nojhler-bowditch-named-head-coach-in-elliot-lake","url_text":"\"Former NOJHLer Bowditch named head coach in Elliot Lake\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.myespanolanow.com/553/new-coach-named-for-elliot-lake-wildcats/","external_links_name":"\"New coach named for Elliot Lake Wildcats\""},{"Link":"https://www.elliotlakeredwings.ca/rebranded-elliot-lake-red-wings","external_links_name":"\"Rebranded: Elliot Lake Red Wings\""},{"Link":"https://www.elliotlakeredwings.ca/former-nojhler-bowditch-named-head-coach-in-elliot-lake","external_links_name":"\"Former NOJHLer Bowditch named head coach in Elliot Lake\""},{"Link":"https://www.elliotlakeredwings.ca/","external_links_name":"Elliot Lake Red Wings webpage"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Union	Media Union	["1 Presidents","2 References"]	Former German trade union (1989–2001) The Media Union (German: IG Medien – Druck und Papier, Publizistik und Kunst) was a trade union representing German workers in the printing, paper, journalism and arts. The union was founded on 15 April 1989 at a meeting in Hamburg, with the merger of the Printing and Paper Union and the Arts Union. The diversity of professions and job profiles that could be found in IG Medien was reflected in the nine sectoral groups: Printing and Publishing Paper and Plastics Processing Broadcasting/Film/Audio-visual Media (RFFU) Journalism (dju/SWYV) Association of German Writers (VS) Fine Arts (BGBK) Performing Arts (IAL/Theater) Music (DMV/GDMK) Publishers and Agencies. In October 1990, it absorbed the East German Printing and Paper Union and Arts Union, and for a time renamed itself as IG Medien Deutschlands. By 1998, the union had 184,656 members. In 2001, it merged with the German Postal Union, the German Salaried Employees' Union, the Public Services, Transport and Traffic Union, and the Trade, Banking and Insurance Union, to form Ver.di. Presidents 1989: Erwin Ferlemann 1992: Detlef Henschel References ^ a b "Industriegewerkschaft Medien - Druck und Papier, Publizistik und Kunst (IG Medien)". Ver.di. Retrieved 13 November 2019. ^ Ebbinghaus, Bernhard; Visser, Jelle (2000). Trade Unions in Western Europe Since 1945. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 310. ISBN 0333771125. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Media_Union_logo.png"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"trade union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism"},{"link_name":"arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_arts"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Printing and Paper Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_and_Paper_Union_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Arts Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_Union_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"dju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deutsche_Journalisten_Union&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medien-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ebbinghaus-2"},{"link_name":"German Postal Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Postal_Union"},{"link_name":"German Salaried Employees' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Salaried_Employees%27_Union"},{"link_name":"Public Services, Transport and Traffic Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Services,_Transport_and_Traffic_Union"},{"link_name":"Trade, Banking and Insurance Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade,_Banking_and_Insurance_Union"},{"link_name":"Ver.di","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ver.di"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medien-1"}],"text":"The Media Union (German: IG Medien – Druck und Papier, Publizistik und Kunst) was a trade union representing German workers in the printing, paper, journalism and arts.The union was founded on 15 April 1989 at a meeting in Hamburg, with the merger of the Printing and Paper Union and the Arts Union. The diversity of professions and job profiles that could be found in IG Medien was reflected in the nine sectoral groups:Printing and Publishing\nPaper and Plastics Processing\nBroadcasting/Film/Audio-visual Media (RFFU)\nJournalism (dju/SWYV)\nAssociation of German Writers (VS)\nFine Arts (BGBK)\nPerforming Arts (IAL/Theater)\nMusic (DMV/GDMK)\nPublishers and Agencies.In October 1990, it absorbed the East German Printing and Paper Union and Arts Union, and for a time renamed itself as IG Medien Deutschlands.[1]By 1998, the union had 184,656 members.[2]In 2001, it merged with the German Postal Union, the German Salaried Employees' Union, the Public Services, Transport and Traffic Union, and the Trade, Banking and Insurance Union, to form Ver.di.[1]","title":"Media Union"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erwin Ferlemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Ferlemann"}],"text":"1989: Erwin Ferlemann\n1992: Detlef Henschel","title":"Presidents"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/85/Media_Union_logo.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Industriegewerkschaft Medien - Druck und Papier, Publizistik und Kunst (IG Medien)\". Ver.di. Retrieved 13 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.verdi.de/ueber-uns/idee-tradition/gruendungsgewerkschaften/++co++b75ea874-9847-11e1-4541-0019b9e321cd","url_text":"\"Industriegewerkschaft Medien - Druck und Papier, Publizistik und Kunst (IG Medien)\""}]},{"reference":"Ebbinghaus, Bernhard; Visser, Jelle (2000). Trade Unions in Western Europe Since 1945. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 310. ISBN 0333771125.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333771125","url_text":"0333771125"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.verdi.de/ueber-uns/idee-tradition/gruendungsgewerkschaften/++co++b75ea874-9847-11e1-4541-0019b9e321cd","external_links_name":"\"Industriegewerkschaft Medien - Druck und Papier, Publizistik und Kunst (IG Medien)\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000012324329X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/141380934","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/517279-2","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007439148205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90668450","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Route_506	Washington State Route 506	["1 Route description","2 History","3 Major intersections","4 References","5 External links"]	Route map: Highway in Washington State Route 506SR 506 highlighted in red on a map of southwestern Washington.Route informationAuxiliary route of I-5Maintained by WSDOTLength11.53 mi (18.56 km)Existed1964–presentMajor junctionsWest end2nd Street in RyderwoodMajor intersections I-5 southbound near VaderEast end I-5 near Toledo LocationCountryUnited StatesStateWashington Highway system State highways in Washington Interstate US State Scenic Pre-1964 1964 renumbering Former ← SR 505→ SR 507 State Route 506 (SR 506) is an 11.53-mile (18.56 km) long state highway in Cowlitz and Lewis counties, part of the U.S. state of Washington, serving the communities of Ryderwood and Vader. SR 506 begins at the intersection of 2nd and Morse Street in Ryderwood, a community in Cowlitz County, traveling north into Lewis County and turning east past Vader to parallel the Cowlitz River and interchange Interstate 5 (I-5) twice west of Toledo. Originating as Secondary State Highway 1P (SSH 1P) in 1937, the highway was designated in its current form in 1964 and it shared its eastern terminus with SR 505. SR 411 terminated at Vader and both SR 411 and SR 505 were moved away from SR 506 in 1991. Route description SR 506 at its western terminus in Ryderwood SR 506 begins as the continuation of Morse Street at the Second Street intersection in Ryderwood, a community located in the Campbell Creek valley in northern Cowlitz County. Traveling north to exit Ryderwood, the highway crosses Campbell Creek and enters Lewis County. The roadway parallels Stillwater Creek in its valley northeast and turns east to cross the creek into Vader. The street is named 7th Street after crossing Olequa Creek; SR 506 crosses a railroad track owned by BNSF Railway and used by two Amtrak services, the Cascades and Coast Starlight, between the Kelso and Centralia stations. Traveling east through Vader, 7th Street intersects the West Side Highway, formerly SR 411 until 1991, and leaves the city heading northeast, paralleling the Cowlitz River, to cross Lacamas Creek, the busiest segment of the highway at a daily average of 1,800 vehicles in 2008. The roadway crosses Bear Creek near its confluence with the Cowlitz River and interchanges Interstate 5 (I-5) southbound exit 59; the route turns north to interchange I-5 again at exit 60 in a full diamond interchange. Exit 60 is also the western terminus of the Toledo-Vader Road, formerly SR 505 until 1991. History The predecessor to SR 506, Secondary State Highway 1P (SSH 1P), pictured in a topographic map paralleling the Longview, Portland and Northern Railway in 1951. SR 506 was established in 1964, but was preceded by Secondary State Highway 1P (SSH 1P), established in 1937. Originally, SSH 1P traveled from Ryderwood, paralleling the Longview, Portland and Northern Railway line to Vader and paralleling the Cowlitz River to U.S. Route 99 (US 99) in Toledo. The rail line, established in 1922 by Longview's founder, Robert A. Long, was completed in 1929. In 1953, the rail line was removed, and in 1963, SSH 1P was shortened and moved west to the newer US 99 freeway, later Interstate 5 (I-5). During the 1964 highway renumbering, SR 506 was created, SR 411 ended in Vader and SR 505 ended at the I-5 / SR 506 interchange. An extension of the highway connecting Vader to SR 407 near Cathlamet was studied by the state legislature in 1973 but was not recommended for construction. In 1991, SR 411 was moved south to end in Castle Rock and SR 505 was moved onto former SR 603 to Winlock. The Washington State Transportation Improvement Board heard proposals in the early 1990s to decommission SR 506 and transfer control of the highway to the counties and local governments, which was opposed by residents due to high maintenance costs. The board ultimately decided in 1992 to recommend that the highway remain under state control. The overpass carrying SR 506 over I-5 was closed on July 6, 2021, after a truck struck it and caused major structural damage. Governor Jay Inslee declared a state of emergency and approved funds to replace the entire bridge. The replacement is scheduled to be completed in late 2022. Major intersections CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes CowlitzRyderwood0.000.002nd StreetWestern terminus; continues south as Morse Street LewisVader6.8511.02Westside Highway – Castle Rock, KelsoFormer northern terminus of SR 411 9.8915.92 I-5 – Seattle, Toledo, Portland, ORSouthbound only; exit 59 11.5318.56 I-5 – KelsoEastern terminus; exit 60; continues east as Toledo-Vader Road (former SR 505) 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi References ^ a b c d Washington State Department of Transportation (2008). "State Highway Log, 2008" (PDF). Retrieved October 31, 2009. ^ a b c Washington State Legislature (1970). "RCW 47.17.665: State route No. 506". Retrieved October 31, 2009. ^ Road Atlas of Lewis County (T 11N, R 3W) (PDF) (Map). Lewis County, Washington. 2009. p. 15. Retrieved October 31, 2009. ^ a b Road Atlas of Lewis County (T 11N, R 2W) (PDF) (Map). Lewis County, Washington. 2009. p. 15. Retrieved October 31, 2009. ^ Washington State Rail System (PDF) (Map). Washington State Department of Transportation. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 5, 2011. Retrieved October 31, 2009. ^ Amtrak Cascades Route Map (Map). Washington State Department of Transportation. 2009. Retrieved October 31, 2009. ^ Amtrak (2009). "Amtrak - Routes - Northwest - Coast Starlight". Retrieved October 31, 2009. ^ a b c Washington State Senate (May 21, 1991). "Engrossed Senate Bill 5801". Washington State Legislature. Archived from the original on August 4, 2012. Retrieved October 31, 2009. ^ Washington State Department of Transportation (2008). "2008 Annual Traffic Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 16, 2010. Retrieved October 31, 2009. ^ Washington State Department of Transportation (November 4, 1998). "SR 5 – Exit 59; SR 506 / Vader / Ryderwood" (PDF). Retrieved October 31, 2009. ^ Washington State Department of Transportation (November 4, 1998). "SR 5 – Exit 60; SR 506 / Toledo" (PDF). Retrieved October 31, 2009. ^ Google (October 31, 2009). "State Route 506" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 31, 2009. ^ Washington State Legislature (March 18, 1937). "Chapter 207: Classification of Public Highways". Session Laws of the State of Washington (1937 ed.). Olympia, Washington: Washington State Legislature. p. 997. Retrieved October 31, 2009. (o) Secondary State Highway No. 1P; beginning at Toledo on Primary State Highway No. 1, thence in a southwesterly direction by the most feasible route by way of Vader to Ryderwood; ^ David Wilma (September 18, 2005). "Cowlitz County – Thumbnail History". HistoryLink. Retrieved October 31, 2009. ^ a b Trainweb.org. "Longview, Portland & Northern Railway - LPN". Retrieved October 31, 2009. ^ Hoquiam, 1951 (Map). Cartography by United States Geological Survey. University of Texas at Austin. 1951. Retrieved October 31, 2009. ^ Hoquiam, 1958 (Map). Cartography by United States Geological Survey. University of Texas at Austin. 1958. Retrieved October 31, 2009. ^ Washington State Legislature (1963). "Extraordinary session 3". Session Laws of the State of Washington (1963 ed.). Olympia, Washington: Washington State Legislature. ^ C. G. Prahl; Washington State Highway Commission, Department of Highways (December 1, 1965). "Identification of State Highways" (PDF). Washington State Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 31, 2009. ^ Hoquiam, 1968 (Map). Cartography by United States Geological Survey. University of Texas at Austin. 1968. Retrieved October 31, 2009. ^ "Chapter 6: Highway Route Studies". Report of the Legislative Transportation Committee (Report). Washington State Legislature. January 1973. p. 20. Retrieved October 29, 2021 – via WSDOT Library Digital Collections. ^ "Vader officials oppose taking over highway". The Daily News. February 3, 1990. p. A4. Retrieved October 6, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Lee Grell, Terri (June 11, 1992). "Vader folks want road to stay in state's hands". The Daily News. p. B4. Retrieved October 6, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Route Jurisdiction Transfer Study for SR 506". Washington State Transportation Improvement Board. November 9, 1992. pp. 3–4. Retrieved October 6, 2021 – via WSDOT Library Digital Collections. ^ "State panel wants to keep SR 506". The Daily News. September 18, 1992. p. B3. Retrieved October 6, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Gov. Inslee Issues Emergency Proclamation for Damaged State Route 506 Overpass in Toledo". The Chronicle. July 16, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2022. ^ "SR 506/1.5 Miles N of Frontage Rd to I-5 – Emergency Bridge Repair". Washington State Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 17, 2022. External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Washington State Route 506KML is from Wikidata Highways of Washington State vteState highways in Washington related to I‑5 SR 500 SR 501 SR 502 SR 503 Spur SR 504 Spur SR 505 SR 506 SR 507 SR 508 SR 509 SR 510 SR 512 SR 513 SR 515 SR 516 SR 518 SR 519 SR 520 SR 522 SR 523 SR 524 Edmonds Spur Lynnwood Spur SR 525 Spur SR 526 SR 527 SR 528 SR 529 Spur SR 530 SR 531 SR 532 SR 534 SR 536 SR 538 SR 539 SR 542 SR 543 SR 544 SR 546 SR 547 SR 548 SR 599 Former or proposed state routes: SR 514 SR 537 SR 540 Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highways_in_Washington"},{"link_name":"Cowlitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowlitz_County,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_County,_Washington"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"Ryderwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryderwood,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Vader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vader,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Cowlitz River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowlitz_River"},{"link_name":"Interstate 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_in_Washington"},{"link_name":"Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Washington"},{"link_name":"SR 505","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Route_505"},{"link_name":"SR 411","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Route_411"}],"text":"Highway in WashingtonState Route 506 (SR 506) is an 11.53-mile (18.56 km) long state highway in Cowlitz and Lewis counties, part of the U.S. state of Washington, serving the communities of Ryderwood and Vader. SR 506 begins at the intersection of 2nd and Morse Street in Ryderwood, a community in Cowlitz County, traveling north into Lewis County and turning east past Vader to parallel the Cowlitz River and interchange Interstate 5 (I-5) twice west of Toledo. Originating as Secondary State Highway 1P (SSH 1P) in 1937, the highway was designated in its current form in 1964 and it shared its eastern terminus with SR 505. SR 411 terminated at Vader and both SR 411 and SR 505 were moved away from SR 506 in 1991.","title":"Washington State Route 506"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morse_Street_(SR_506)_in_Ryderwood,_WA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ryderwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryderwood,_Washington"},{"link_name":"valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley"},{"link_name":"Cowlitz County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowlitz_County,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Lewis County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_County,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-log-1"},{"link_name":"Vader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vader,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewiscomap-p15-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewiscomap-p16-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-log-1"},{"link_name":"BNSF Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNSF_Railway"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"Cascades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak_Cascades"},{"link_name":"Coast Starlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Starlight"},{"link_name":"Kelso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelso_Multimodal_Transportation_Center"},{"link_name":"Centralia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralia_station_(Washington)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rail1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rail2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rail3-7"},{"link_name":"SR 411","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Route_411"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-law1991-8"},{"link_name":"Cowlitz River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowlitz_River"},{"link_name":"daily average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_average_daily_traffic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aadt2008-9"},{"link_name":"confluence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence"},{"link_name":"Interstate 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_in_Washington"},{"link_name":"diamond interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_interchange"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-i5exit59-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-i5exit60-11"},{"link_name":"SR 505","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Route_505"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewiscomap-p16-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-law1991-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map-12"}],"text":"SR 506 at its western terminus in RyderwoodSR 506 begins as the continuation of Morse Street at the Second Street intersection in Ryderwood, a community located in the Campbell Creek valley in northern Cowlitz County. Traveling north to exit Ryderwood, the highway crosses Campbell Creek and enters Lewis County.[1] The roadway parallels Stillwater Creek in its valley northeast and turns east to cross the creek into Vader.[3][4] The street is named 7th Street after crossing Olequa Creek;[1] SR 506 crosses a railroad track owned by BNSF Railway and used by two Amtrak services, the Cascades and Coast Starlight, between the Kelso and Centralia stations.[5][6][7] Traveling east through Vader, 7th Street intersects the West Side Highway, formerly SR 411 until 1991,[8] and leaves the city heading northeast, paralleling the Cowlitz River, to cross Lacamas Creek, the busiest segment of the highway at a daily average of 1,800 vehicles in 2008.[9] The roadway crosses Bear Creek near its confluence with the Cowlitz River and interchanges Interstate 5 (I-5) southbound exit 59; the route turns north to interchange I-5 again at exit 60 in a full diamond interchange.[10][11] Exit 60 is also the western terminus of the Toledo-Vader Road, formerly SR 505 until 1991.[4][8][12]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secondary_State_Highway_1P_topo,_1951.png"},{"link_name":"Longview, Portland and Northern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longview,_Portland_and_Northern_Railway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rcw-2"},{"link_name":"Ryderwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryderwood,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Longview, Portland and Northern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longview,_Portland_and_Northern_Railway"},{"link_name":"Vader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vader,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Cowlitz River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowlitz_River"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_99"},{"link_name":"Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-law1937-13"},{"link_name":"Longview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longview,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Robert A. Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Long"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rail4-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rail5-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map1951-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rail5-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map1958-17"},{"link_name":"Interstate 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_in_Washington"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-law1963-18"},{"link_name":"1964 highway renumbering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_state_highway_renumbering_(Washington)"},{"link_name":"SR 411","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Route_411"},{"link_name":"SR 505","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Route_505"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rcw-2"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map1968-20"},{"link_name":"SR 407","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Route_407"},{"link_name":"Cathlamet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathlamet,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Castle Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Rock,_Washington"},{"link_name":"SR 603","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Route_505#History"},{"link_name":"Winlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winlock,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-law1991-8"},{"link_name":"Washington State Transportation Improvement Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_State_Transportation_Improvement_Board&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Jay Inslee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Inslee"},{"link_name":"state of emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"The predecessor to SR 506, Secondary State Highway 1P (SSH 1P), pictured in a topographic map paralleling the Longview, Portland and Northern Railway in 1951.SR 506 was established in 1964,[2] but was preceded by Secondary State Highway 1P (SSH 1P), established in 1937. Originally, SSH 1P traveled from Ryderwood, paralleling the Longview, Portland and Northern Railway line to Vader and paralleling the Cowlitz River to U.S. Route 99 (US 99) in Toledo.[13] The rail line, established in 1922 by Longview's founder, Robert A. Long, was completed in 1929.[14][15][16] In 1953, the rail line was removed,[15][17] and in 1963, SSH 1P was shortened and moved west to the newer US 99 freeway, later Interstate 5 (I-5).[18]During the 1964 highway renumbering, SR 506 was created, SR 411 ended in Vader and SR 505 ended at the I-5 / SR 506 interchange.[2][19][20] An extension of the highway connecting Vader to SR 407 near Cathlamet was studied by the state legislature in 1973 but was not recommended for construction.[21]In 1991, SR 411 was moved south to end in Castle Rock and SR 505 was moved onto former SR 603 to Winlock.[8] The Washington State Transportation Improvement Board heard proposals in the early 1990s to decommission SR 506 and transfer control of the highway to the counties and local governments, which was opposed by residents due to high maintenance costs.[22][23] The board ultimately decided in 1992 to recommend that the highway remain under state control.[24][25]The overpass carrying SR 506 over I-5 was closed on July 6, 2021, after a truck struck it and caused major structural damage. Governor Jay Inslee declared a state of emergency and approved funds to replace the entire bridge.[26] The replacement is scheduled to be completed in late 2022.[27]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"}]	[{"image_text":"SR 506 at its western terminus in Ryderwood","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Morse_Street_%28SR_506%29_in_Ryderwood%2C_WA.jpg/220px-Morse_Street_%28SR_506%29_in_Ryderwood%2C_WA.jpg"},{"image_text":"The predecessor to SR 506, Secondary State Highway 1P (SSH 1P), pictured in a topographic map paralleling the Longview, Portland and Northern Railway in 1951.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Secondary_State_Highway_1P_topo%2C_1951.png/220px-Secondary_State_Highway_1P_topo%2C_1951.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Washington State Department of Transportation (2008). \"State Highway Log, 2008\" (PDF). Retrieved October 31, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Washington State Department of Transportation"},{"url":"https://wsdot.wa.gov/mapsdata/roadway/pdf/HwyLog2008.pdf","url_text":"\"State Highway Log, 2008\""}]},{"reference":"Washington State Legislature (1970). \"RCW 47.17.665: State route No. 506\". Retrieved October 31, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Legislature","url_text":"Washington State Legislature"},{"url":"http://apps.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=47.17.665","url_text":"\"RCW 47.17.665: State route No. 506\""}]},{"reference":"Road Atlas of Lewis County (T 11N, R 3W) (PDF) (Map). Lewis County, Washington. 2009. p. 15. Retrieved October 31, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://maps.lewiscountywa.gov/maps/RoadAtlas/rdatl_pg15.pdf","url_text":"Road Atlas of Lewis County (T 11N, R 3W)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_County,_Washington","url_text":"Lewis County, Washington"}]},{"reference":"Road Atlas of Lewis County (T 11N, R 2W) (PDF) (Map). Lewis County, Washington. 2009. p. 15. Retrieved October 31, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://maps.lewiscountywa.gov/maps/RoadAtlas/rdatl_pg16.pdf","url_text":"Road Atlas of Lewis County (T 11N, R 2W)"}]},{"reference":"Washington State Rail System (PDF) (Map). Washington State Department of Transportation. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 5, 2011. Retrieved October 31, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110105154044/http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/NR/rdonlyres/1DFCBFA0-1A9D-4838-A74F-7841BF22E9C3/0/Railmap_update_Sept2008.pdf","url_text":"Washington State Rail System"},{"url":"http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/NR/rdonlyres/1DFCBFA0-1A9D-4838-A74F-7841BF22E9C3/0/Railmap_update_Sept2008.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Amtrak Cascades Route Map (Map). Washington State Department of Transportation. 2009. Retrieved October 31, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/Freight/Rail/amtrakcascadesroutemap.htm","url_text":"Amtrak Cascades Route Map"}]},{"reference":"Amtrak (2009). \"Amtrak - Routes - Northwest - Coast Starlight\". Retrieved October 31, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak","url_text":"Amtrak"},{"url":"http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer/AM_Route_C/1241245648567/1237405732511","url_text":"\"Amtrak - Routes - Northwest - Coast Starlight\""}]},{"reference":"Washington State Senate (May 21, 1991). \"Engrossed Senate Bill 5801\". Washington State Legislature. Archived from the original on August 4, 2012. Retrieved October 31, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Senate","url_text":"Washington State Senate"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20120804092641/http://www.leg.wa.gov/pub/billinfo/1991-92/Htm/Bills/Session%20Law%201991/5801.SL.htm","url_text":"\"Engrossed Senate Bill 5801\""},{"url":"http://www.leg.wa.gov/pub/billinfo/1991-92/Htm/Bills/Session%20Law%201991/5801.SL.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Washington State Department of Transportation (2008). \"2008 Annual Traffic Report\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 16, 2010. Retrieved October 31, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100616135704/http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/mapsdata/tdo/PDF_and_ZIP_Files/Annual_Traffic_Report_2008.pdf","url_text":"\"2008 Annual Traffic Report\""},{"url":"http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/mapsdata/tdo/PDF_and_ZIP_Files/Annual_Traffic_Report_2008.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Washington State Department of Transportation (November 4, 1998). \"SR 5 – Exit 59; SR 506 / Vader / Ryderwood\" (PDF). Retrieved October 31, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/mapsdata/tdo/Interchange/pdfs/SR005/005X059.pdf","url_text":"\"SR 5 – Exit 59; SR 506 / Vader / Ryderwood\""}]},{"reference":"Washington State Department of Transportation (November 4, 1998). \"SR 5 – Exit 60; SR 506 / Toledo\" (PDF). Retrieved October 31, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/mapsdata/tdo/Interchange/pdfs/SR005/005X060.pdf","url_text":"\"SR 5 – Exit 60; SR 506 / Toledo\""}]},{"reference":"Google (October 31, 2009). \"State Route 506\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 31, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=Morse+St&daddr=Toledo-Vader+Rd%2FWA-506+W&hl=en&geocode=FSqXwwIdY4Cq-A%3BFTicxAId-uKs-A&mra=ls&sll=46.438829,-122.887579&sspn=0.002591,0.004812&ie=UTF8&z=12","url_text":"\"State Route 506\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Washington State Legislature (March 18, 1937). \"Chapter 207: Classification of Public Highways\". Session Laws of the State of Washington (1937 ed.). Olympia, Washington: Washington State Legislature. p. 997. Retrieved October 31, 2009. (o) Secondary State Highway No. 1P; beginning at Toledo on Primary State Highway No. 1, thence in a southwesterly direction by the most feasible route by way of Vader to Ryderwood;","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dcQ4AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"\"Chapter 207: Classification of Public Highways\""}]},{"reference":"David Wilma (September 18, 2005). \"Cowlitz County – Thumbnail History\". HistoryLink. Retrieved October 31, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=7482","url_text":"\"Cowlitz County – Thumbnail History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HistoryLink","url_text":"HistoryLink"}]},{"reference":"Trainweb.org. \"Longview, Portland & Northern Railway - LPN\". Retrieved October 31, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trainweb.org/rosters/LPN.html","url_text":"\"Longview, Portland & Northern Railway - LPN\""}]},{"reference":"Hoquiam, 1951 (Map). Cartography by United States Geological Survey. University of Texas at Austin. 1951. Retrieved October 31, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/250k/txu-pclmaps-topo-us-hoquiam-1951.jpg","url_text":"Hoquiam, 1951"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin","url_text":"University of Texas at Austin"}]},{"reference":"Hoquiam, 1958 (Map). Cartography by United States Geological Survey. University of Texas at Austin. 1958. Retrieved October 31, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/250k/txu-pclmaps-topo-us-hoquiam-1958.jpg","url_text":"Hoquiam, 1958"}]},{"reference":"Washington State Legislature (1963). \"Extraordinary session 3\". Session Laws of the State of Washington (1963 ed.). Olympia, Washington: Washington State Legislature.","urls":[]},{"reference":"C. G. Prahl; Washington State Highway Commission, Department of Highways (December 1, 1965). \"Identification of State Highways\" (PDF). Washington State Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 31, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Highway_Commission","url_text":"Washington State Highway Commission"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Highways_(Washington)","url_text":"Department of Highways"},{"url":"https://www.wsdot.wa.gov/sites/default/files/2005/04/26/Identification-of-state-highways.pdf","url_text":"\"Identification of State Highways\""}]},{"reference":"Hoquiam, 1968 (Map). Cartography by United States Geological Survey. University of Texas at Austin. 1968. Retrieved October 31, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/250k/txu-pclmaps-topo-us-hoquiam-1968.jpg","url_text":"Hoquiam, 1968"}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter 6: Highway Route Studies\". Report of the Legislative Transportation Committee (Report). Washington State Legislature. January 1973. p. 20. Retrieved October 29, 2021 – via WSDOT Library Digital Collections.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdm16977.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16977coll10/id/230/rec/17","url_text":"\"Chapter 6: Highway Route Studies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vader officials oppose taking over highway\". The Daily News. February 3, 1990. p. A4. Retrieved October 6, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86639438/vader-officials-oppose-taking-over/","url_text":"\"Vader officials oppose taking over highway\""}]},{"reference":"Lee Grell, Terri (June 11, 1992). \"Vader folks want road to stay in state's hands\". The Daily News. p. B4. Retrieved October 6, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86639561/vader-folks-want-road-to-stay-in/","url_text":"\"Vader folks want road to stay in state's hands\""}]},{"reference":"\"Route Jurisdiction Transfer Study for SR 506\". Washington State Transportation Improvement Board. November 9, 1992. pp. 3–4. Retrieved October 6, 2021 – via WSDOT Library Digital Collections.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdm16977.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16977coll10/id/7707/rec/7","url_text":"\"Route Jurisdiction Transfer Study for SR 506\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_State_Transportation_Improvement_Board&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Washington State Transportation Improvement Board"}]},{"reference":"\"State panel wants to keep SR 506\". The Daily News. September 18, 1992. p. B3. Retrieved October 6, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86639711/state-panel-wants-to-keep-sr-506/","url_text":"\"State panel wants to keep SR 506\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gov. Inslee Issues Emergency Proclamation for Damaged State Route 506 Overpass in Toledo\". The Chronicle. July 16, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chronline.com/stories/gov-inslee-issues-emergency-proclamation-for-damaged-state-route-506-overpass-in-toledo,269235","url_text":"\"Gov. Inslee Issues Emergency Proclamation for Damaged State Route 506 Overpass in Toledo\""}]},{"reference":"\"SR 506/1.5 Miles N of Frontage Rd to I-5 – Emergency Bridge Repair\". Washington State Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://wsdot.wa.gov/construction-planning/search-projects/sr-506-15-miles-n-frontage-rd-i-5-emergency-bridge-repair","url_text":"\"SR 506/1.5 Miles N of Frontage Rd to I-5 – Emergency Bridge Repair\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://wsdot.wa.gov/mapsdata/roadway/pdf/HwyLog2008.pdf","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Log, 2008\""},{"Link":"http://apps.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=47.17.665","external_links_name":"\"RCW 47.17.665: State route No. 506\""},{"Link":"http://maps.lewiscountywa.gov/maps/RoadAtlas/rdatl_pg15.pdf","external_links_name":"Road Atlas of Lewis County (T 11N, R 3W)"},{"Link":"http://maps.lewiscountywa.gov/maps/RoadAtlas/rdatl_pg16.pdf","external_links_name":"Road Atlas of Lewis County (T 11N, R 2W)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110105154044/http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/NR/rdonlyres/1DFCBFA0-1A9D-4838-A74F-7841BF22E9C3/0/Railmap_update_Sept2008.pdf","external_links_name":"Washington State Rail System"},{"Link":"http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/NR/rdonlyres/1DFCBFA0-1A9D-4838-A74F-7841BF22E9C3/0/Railmap_update_Sept2008.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/Freight/Rail/amtrakcascadesroutemap.htm","external_links_name":"Amtrak Cascades Route Map"},{"Link":"http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer/AM_Route_C/1241245648567/1237405732511","external_links_name":"\"Amtrak - Routes - Northwest - Coast Starlight\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120804092641/http://www.leg.wa.gov/pub/billinfo/1991-92/Htm/Bills/Session%20Law%201991/5801.SL.htm","external_links_name":"\"Engrossed Senate Bill 5801\""},{"Link":"http://www.leg.wa.gov/pub/billinfo/1991-92/Htm/Bills/Session%20Law%201991/5801.SL.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100616135704/http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/mapsdata/tdo/PDF_and_ZIP_Files/Annual_Traffic_Report_2008.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2008 Annual Traffic Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/mapsdata/tdo/PDF_and_ZIP_Files/Annual_Traffic_Report_2008.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/mapsdata/tdo/Interchange/pdfs/SR005/005X059.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SR 5 – Exit 59; SR 506 / Vader / Ryderwood\""},{"Link":"http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/mapsdata/tdo/Interchange/pdfs/SR005/005X060.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SR 5 – Exit 60; SR 506 / Toledo\""},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=Morse+St&daddr=Toledo-Vader+Rd%2FWA-506+W&hl=en&geocode=FSqXwwIdY4Cq-A%3BFTicxAId-uKs-A&mra=ls&sll=46.438829,-122.887579&sspn=0.002591,0.004812&ie=UTF8&z=12","external_links_name":"\"State Route 506\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dcQ4AAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 207: Classification of Public Highways\""},{"Link":"http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=7482","external_links_name":"\"Cowlitz County – Thumbnail History\""},{"Link":"http://www.trainweb.org/rosters/LPN.html","external_links_name":"\"Longview, Portland & Northern Railway - LPN\""},{"Link":"http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/250k/txu-pclmaps-topo-us-hoquiam-1951.jpg","external_links_name":"Hoquiam, 1951"},{"Link":"http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/250k/txu-pclmaps-topo-us-hoquiam-1958.jpg","external_links_name":"Hoquiam, 1958"},{"Link":"https://www.wsdot.wa.gov/sites/default/files/2005/04/26/Identification-of-state-highways.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Identification of State Highways\""},{"Link":"http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/250k/txu-pclmaps-topo-us-hoquiam-1968.jpg","external_links_name":"Hoquiam, 1968"},{"Link":"https://cdm16977.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16977coll10/id/230/rec/17","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 6: Highway Route Studies\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86639438/vader-officials-oppose-taking-over/","external_links_name":"\"Vader officials oppose taking over highway\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86639561/vader-folks-want-road-to-stay-in/","external_links_name":"\"Vader folks want road to stay in state's hands\""},{"Link":"https://cdm16977.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16977coll10/id/7707/rec/7","external_links_name":"\"Route Jurisdiction Transfer Study for SR 506\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86639711/state-panel-wants-to-keep-sr-506/","external_links_name":"\"State panel wants to keep SR 506\""},{"Link":"https://www.chronline.com/stories/gov-inslee-issues-emergency-proclamation-for-damaged-state-route-506-overpass-in-toledo,269235","external_links_name":"\"Gov. Inslee Issues Emergency Proclamation for Damaged State Route 506 Overpass in Toledo\""},{"Link":"https://wsdot.wa.gov/construction-planning/search-projects/sr-506-15-miles-n-frontage-rd-i-5-emergency-bridge-repair","external_links_name":"\"SR 506/1.5 Miles N of Frontage Rd to I-5 – Emergency Bridge Repair\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Washington_State_Route_506&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Washington_State_Route_506&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://www.angelfire.com/wa2/hwysofwastate/sr506.html","external_links_name":"Highways of Washington State"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315530845","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1859_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_California	1859 United States House of Representatives election in California	["1 See also"]	Elections in California Federal government U.S. President 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 Dem Rep 2000 Dem Rep 2004 Dem Rep 2008 Dem Rep 2012 Dem Rep 2016 Dem Rep 2020 Dem Rep 2024 Dem Rep U.S. Senate 1849 1850 1852 sp 1856 1857 sp 1860 1860 sp 1868 1872 1873 1873 sp 1878 1880 1885 1886 sp 1887 1891 1891 sp 1893 1895 sp 1897 1900 sp 1903 1905 1909 1911 1914 1916 1920 1922 1926 1928 1932 1934 1938 1940 1944 1946 1946 sp 1950 1952 1954 sp 1956 1958 1962 1964 1968 1970 1974 1976 1980 1982 1986 1988 1992 1992 sp 1994 1998 2000 2004 2006 2010 2012 2016 2018 2022 2022 sp 2024 2024 sp 2028 U.S. House of Representatives 1849 1851 1852 1854 1856 1859 1861 1863 1864 1867 1868 1871 1872 1875 1876 1879 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 12th 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1987 5th sp 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2001 32nd sp 2002 2004 2005 5th sp 48th sp 2006 50th sp 2007 36th sp 2008 12th sp 2009 10th sp 32nd sp 2010 2011 36th sp 2012 2014 2016 2017 34th sp 2018 2020 25th sp 2022 22nd sp 2024 16th 20th sp 30th 45th 47th vte State government ExecutiveGovernor 1849 1851 1853 1855 1857 1859 1861 1863 1867 1871 1875 1879 1882 1886 1890 1894 1898 1902 1906 1910 1914 1918 1922 1926 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2003 (recall) 2006 2010 2014 2018 2021 (recall) 2022 2026 Lieutenant governor 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 Attorney general 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Secretary of state 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Treasurer 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Controller 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Insurance commissioner 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Superintendent 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Board of equalization 2018 2022 LegislatureSenate 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Special Assembly 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2021 (79th sp) 2022 (17th sp) 2024 Special JudiciaryCourt of appeals 1994 1998 2002 2006 Elections by year 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2005 2006 2008 Feb Jun Nov 2009 2010 Jun Nov 2012 Jun Nov 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 vte State propositions 1910–1919 1911 4 7 8 1960–1969 1964 14 1970–1979 1978 6 8 13 1980–1989 1982 8 1986 64 65 1988 98 99 1990–1999 1994 187 1996 196 209 215 218 1998 6 10 227 2000–2009 2000 21 22 36 39 2003 53 54 2004 1A 55 56 57 58 59 60 60A 61 62 63 64 65 66 69 71 2005 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 2006 81 82 83 85 87 89 90 2008 91 92 93 94, 95, 96, and 97 98 and 99 1A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2009 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F 2010–2019 2010 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 2012 29 30 32 34 37 38 39 2014 1 2 41 42 45 46 47 48 2016 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 2018 68 69 70 71 72 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2020–2029 2020 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2022 1 26 27 28 29 30 31 2024 1 Full listvte Los Angeles County Los Angeles CountyBoard of supervisors 1980 1996 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Ballot measures 1980 A 2008 R 2012 B J 2016 M Elections 2020 2022 Los AngelesMayor 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1909 (sp) 1909 1911 1913 1915 1917 1919 1921 1923 1925 1929 1933 1937 1938 1941 1945 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2022 City attorney 2009 Ballot measures 1986 U 2017 S Elections 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 (sp) 2020 2022 2023 (sp) 2024 Long BeachMayor 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 vte Orange County Orange CountyBoard of supervisors 2018 2020 2022 2024 District attorney 2018 AnaheimMayor 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 IrvineMayor 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Costa MesaMunicipal 1947 1953 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 vte Sacramento Mayor 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 vte San Diego County San Diego CountyBoard of supervisors 2020 San DiegoMayor 1887 1889 1891 1893 1895 1897 1899 1901 1903 1905 1907 1909 1911 1913 1915 1917 1919 1921 1923 1925 1927 1929 1931 1932 1935 1939 1943 1947 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 (sp) 1984 1986 (sp) 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2005 (sp) 2008 2012 2013–14 (sp) 2016 2020 2024 City attorney 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 City council 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 Special vte San Francisco Mayor 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 (recall) 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2018 (sp) 2019 2024 District attorney 2019 2022 (recall) 2022 (sp) 2024 Board of supervisors 1977 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Board of education 2018 2022 (recall) Elections 2004 Mar Nov 2005 2006 Jun Nov 2007 2008 Feb Jun Nov 2009 2010 Jun Nov 2011 2012 Jun Nov 2013 2022 Feb vte San Jose Mayor 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2024 vte Other localities Bakersfield Mayoral elections: 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Fresno Mayoral elections: 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Oakland Mayoral elections: 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Riverside Mayoral elections: 1997 2001 2005 2009 2012 2016 2020 2024 San Bernardino Mayoral elections: 2005 2009 2014 2018 2022 Stockton Mayoral elections: 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 vte vte California held its election September 7, 1859. From statehood to 1864, California's members were elected at-large, with the top finishers winning election. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates California at-large2 seats on a general ticket Charles L. Scott Democratic 1856 Incumbent re-elected. Y John C. Burch (Democratic) 28.4% Y Charles L. Scott (Democratic) 28.1% Joseph C. McKibbin (Anti-Lecompton Democratic) 21.4% Edward D. Baker (Republican) 20.4% S. A. Booker (Anti-Lecompton Democratic) 1.5% P. H. Sibley (Republican) 0.1% Joseph C. McKibbin Anti-Lecompton Democratic 1856 Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Democratic hold. See also 1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections List of United States representatives from California vteElections in California Propositions List 1970–1979 1980–1989 1990–1999 2000–2009 2010–2019 2020–2029 General 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2005 2006 2008 Feb Jun Nov 2009 2010 Jun Nov 2012 Jun Nov 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Governor 1849 1851 1853 1855 1857 1859 1861 1863 1867 1871 1875 1879 1882 1886 1890 1894 1898 1902 1906 1910 1914 1918 1922 1926 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2003 (recall) 2006 2010 2014 2018 2021 (recall) 2022 2026 Lieutenant Governor 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 MayoralLos Angeles 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1909 Mar Nov 1911 1913 1915 1917 1919 1921 1925 1929 1933 1937 1941 1945 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2022 San Diego 1887 1889 1891 1893 1895 1897 1899 1901 1903 1905 1907 1909 1911 1913 1915 1917 1919 1921 1923 1925 1927 1929 1931 1932 1935 1939 1943 1947 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 sp 1984 1986 sp 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2005 sp 2008 2012 2014 sp 2016 2020 2024 San Francisco 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2018 sp 2019 2024 State Senate At-large 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Special State Assembly At-large 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Special U.S. President 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 U.S. Senate Class 1: 1849 1850 1852 sp 1856 1860 sp 1862 1868 1873 1873 sp 1880 1886 sp 1887 1891 sp 1893 1900 sp 1905 1911 1916 1922 1928 1934 1940 1946 sp 1946 1952 1958 1964 1970 1976 1982 1988 1992 sp 1994 2000 2006 2012 2018 2024Class 3: 1849 1857 sp 1860 1866 1872 1878 1885 1891 1895 sp 1897 1903 1909 1914 1920 1926 1932 1938 1944 1950 1954 sp 1956 1962 1968 1974 1980 1986 1992 1998 2004 2010 2016 2022 sp 2022 U.S. House 1849 1851 1854 1856 1859 1861 1863 1864 1867 1868 1871 1872 1875 1876 1879 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1st sp 1892 3rd sp 1894 1896 1898 1900 2nd sp 1902 1904 3rd sp 1906 1st sp 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 10th sp 1918 1920 1921 9th sp 1922 6th sp 1923 5th sp 10th sp 1924 1925 4th sp 1926 2nd sp 5th sp 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1937 10th sp 1938 1940 1942 17th sp 1943 2nd sp 1944 1946 12th 1948 1949 5th sp 1950 1952 1953 24th sp 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1963 1st sp 23rd sp 1964 5th sp 6th sp 1965 26th sp 1966 14th sp 1967 11th sp 1968 1969 27th sp 1970 24th sp 35th sp 1972 1974 6th sp 13th sp 1975 37th sp 1976 1978 1979 11th sp 1980 1982 1983 5th sp 1984 1986 1987 5th sp 1988 1989 15th sp 1990 1992 1993 17th sp 1994 1995 15th sp 1996 37th sp 1998 9th sp 22nd sp 44th sp 1999 42nd sp 2000 2001 32nd sp 2002 2004 2005 5th sp 48th sp 2006 50th sp 2007 37th sp 2008 12th sp 2009 10th sp 32nd sp 2010 2011 36th sp 2012 2014 2016 2017 34th sp 2018 10th 21st 39th 2020 25th sp 2022 22nd sp 2024 Special An asterisk signifies a special election vteUnited States House of Representatives electionsElections spanningtwo years(through 1879) 1788–89 1790–91 1792–93 1794–95 1796–97 1798–99 1800–01 1802–03 1804–05 1806–07 1808–09 1810–11 1812–13 1814–15 1816–17 1818–19 1820–21 1822–23 1824–25 1826–27 1828–29 1830–31 1832–33 1834–35 1836–37 1838–39 1840–41 1842–43 1844–45 1846–47 1848–49 1850–51 1852–53 1854–55 1856–57 1858–59 1860–61 1862–63 1864–65 1866–67 1868–69 1870–71 1872–73 1874–75 1876–77 1878–79 Elections heldin a single year(starting 1880)Regularsandeven-yearspecials 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 Odd-yearspecials 1881 1883 1885 1887 1889 1891 1893 1895 1897 1899 1901 1903 1905 1907 1909 1911 1913 1915 1917 1919 1921 1923 1925 1927 1929 1931 1933 1935 1937 1939 1941 1943 1945 1947 1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Seat ratings 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Speaker elections Full list 1855–56 1923 2011 January 2015 October 2015 2017 2019 2021 January 2023 October 2023 Summaries 1789–1822 1824–1854 1856–present Special elections Third party performances Senate elections Presidential elections Gubernatorial elections This California elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_California"}],"text":"California held its election September 7, 1859. From statehood to 1864, California's members were elected at-large, with the top finishers winning election.","title":"1859 United States House of Representatives election in California"}]	[]	[{"title":"1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1858_and_1859_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"title":"List of United States representatives from California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_California"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Elections_in_California_footer"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Elections_in_California_footer"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elections_in_California_footer"},{"title":"Elections in 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18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_California_gubernatorial_election"},{"title":"1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_California_gubernatorial_election"},{"title":"1926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_California_gubernatorial_election"},{"title":"1930","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930_California_gubernatorial_election"},{"title":"1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_California_gubernatorial_election"},{"title":"1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_California_gubernatorial_election"},{"title":"1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_California_gubernatorial_election"},{"title":"1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_California_gubernatorial_election"},{"title":"1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_California_gubernatorial_election"},{"title":"1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_California_gubernatorial_election"},{"title":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_California_gubernatorial_election"},{"title":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_California_gubernatorial_election"},{"title":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_California_gubernatorial_election"},{"title":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_California_gubernatorial_election"},{"title":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_California_gubernatorial_election"},{"title":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_California_gubernatorial_election"},{"title":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_California_gubernatorial_election"},{"title":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_California_gubernatorial_election"},{"title":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_California_gubernatorial_election"},{"title":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_California_gubernatorial_election"},{"title":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_California_gubernatorial_election"},{"title":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_California_gubernatorial_election"},{"title":"2003 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_ibn_Nasr	Rashid al-Dawla Mahmud	["1 First reign","2 Second reign","3 References","4 Sources"]	Abu Salama Mahmud ibn Nasr ibn Salih Arabic: محمود بن نصر بن صالح المرداسي, romanized: Abū Salama Maḥmūd ibn Naṣr ibn Ṣāliḥ, also known by his laqab (honorific epithet) Rashid al-Dawla, was the Mirdasid emir of Aleppo from 1060 to 1061 and again from 1065 until his death. He was the son of Shibl al-Dawla Nasr and the Numayrid princess, Mani'a al-Sayyida al-Alawiyya. First reign He rose to power as a young prince when the Kilab tribe entrusted him and his cousin, Mani, to regain possession of Aleppo after it was given to the Fatimids by his uncle, Thimal. Their first attempt proved unsuccessful; however, in 1060 they succeeded. In 1061, Mahmud's first reign came to an end when Thimal was given Aleppo, in an agreement imposed by the Kilab shaykhs. Second reign After Thimal's death in late 1062, Mahmud opposed Thimal's nomination of Atiyya (Thimal's brother) as his successor. Clashes followed between Mahmud and his uncle; Atiyya decided to call 1,000 Turcoman archers from Diyarbakır to aid him—the first free Turks to enter Syria. Mahmud was forced into a truce. After Atiyya's supporters pillaged the Turcoman camp, their chief, Ibn Khan, decided to serve Mahmud—which proved decisive. After a victory at Marj Dabiq, Mahmud was able to take possession of Aleppo, in August 1065, following a three-month siege. The Kilab principality was then divided between Mahmud and his uncle into western (including Aleppo) and eastern (including Raqqa) domains, respectively. In 1070 Mahmud appealed to Alp Arslan, the Seljuk Sultan, to control the Turcomans who were constantly increasing in number and were creating disorder in and around Aleppo. To gain Alp Arslan's support Mahmud abandoned the Shia adhan and pro-Fatimid khutbah and switched his allegiance from Shia to Sunni Islam and to the Abbasid caliph and Alp Arslan. After pledging allegiance to him, Mahmud was entrusted by Alp Arslan to drive the Fatimids out of central Syria—the first step in Alp Arslan's plan of destroying the Isma'ili state. In May 1071 Mahmud conquered Baalbek. According to Ibn al-Adim, a 13th-century Arab biographer and historian, the Byzantine emperor Romanos IV Diogenes blamed the raids of Mahmud into Byzantine territory for his interventions in Muslim territories which eventually led to his defeat and capture in the Battle of Manzikert. Al-Adim's account was the first "to attempt an explanation for the Byzantine campaign". Romanos was also presumed to be unhappy about Mahmud's conversion to Sunni Islam and allegiance to the rising power of the Seljuks. Mahmud died in 1075, having appointed his youngest son, Shabib, as his successor. However, his oldest son, Nasr, whose mother was the daughter of the Buyid emir Jalal al-Dawla, was recognised as his successor. References ^ Andrew C. S. Peacock (2010). Early Seljūq History: A New Interpretation (illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 155. ISBN 9780415548533. ^ Moše Šārôn (1986). Studies in Islamic History and Civilization: In Honour of Professor David Ayalon (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 379. ISBN 9789652640147. ^ Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul, eds. (2014). Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. p. 46. ISBN 9781134259861. ^ David Nicolle (2013). Manzikert 1071: The breaking of Byzantium (illustrated ed.). Osprey Publishing. p. 49. ISBN 9781780965031. ^ Carole Hillenbrand (2007). Turkish Myth and Muslim Symbol: The Battle of Manzikert (illustrated ed.). Edinburgh University Press. p. 78. ISBN 9780748625727. Sources Bianquis, Thierry (1993). "Mirdās, Banū or Mirdāsids". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 115–123. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5220. ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2. Preceded byMu'izz al-Dawla Thimal Mirdasid Emir of Aleppo 1060–1061 Succeeded byMu'izz al-Daula Thimal Preceded by'Atiyya ibn Salih Mirdasid Emir of Aleppo 1065–1075 Succeeded byNasr ibn Mahmud	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rashid al-Dawla Mahmud"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kilab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Kilab"},{"link_name":"Fatimids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimids"},{"link_name":"Thimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27izz_al-Dawla_Thimal"}],"text":"He rose to power as a young prince when the Kilab tribe entrusted him and his cousin, Mani, to regain possession of Aleppo after it was given to the Fatimids by his uncle, Thimal. Their first attempt proved unsuccessful; however, in 1060 they succeeded. In 1061, Mahmud's first reign came to an end when Thimal was given Aleppo, in an agreement imposed by the Kilab shaykhs.","title":"First reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiyya_ibn_Salih"},{"link_name":"Diyarbakır","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r"},{"link_name":"Ibn Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Marj Dabiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabiq,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Raqqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqqa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Alp Arslan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp_Arslan"},{"link_name":"Shia adhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhan#Shi'a_view"},{"link_name":"khutbah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khutbah"},{"link_name":"Shia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia"},{"link_name":"Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni"},{"link_name":"Abbasid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Isma'ili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ili"},{"link_name":"Baalbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Adim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Adim"},{"link_name":"Romanos IV Diogenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes"},{"link_name":"Battle of Manzikert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nasr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasr_ibn_Mahmud"},{"link_name":"Jalal al-Dawla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_al-Dawla"}],"text":"After Thimal's death in late 1062, Mahmud opposed Thimal's nomination of Atiyya (Thimal's brother) as his successor. Clashes followed between Mahmud and his uncle; Atiyya decided to call 1,000 Turcoman archers from Diyarbakır to aid him—the first free Turks to enter Syria. Mahmud was forced into a truce. After Atiyya's supporters pillaged the Turcoman camp, their chief, Ibn Khan, decided to serve Mahmud—which proved decisive.[1] After a victory at Marj Dabiq, Mahmud was able to take possession of Aleppo, in August 1065, following a three-month siege. The Kilab principality was then divided between Mahmud and his uncle into western (including Aleppo) and eastern (including Raqqa) domains, respectively.[2] In 1070 Mahmud appealed to Alp Arslan, the Seljuk Sultan, to control the Turcomans who were constantly increasing in number and were creating disorder in and around Aleppo. To gain Alp Arslan's support Mahmud abandoned the Shia adhan and pro-Fatimid khutbah and switched his allegiance from Shia to Sunni Islam and to the Abbasid caliph and Alp Arslan.[3][better source needed] After pledging allegiance to him, Mahmud was entrusted by Alp Arslan to drive the Fatimids out of central Syria—the first step in Alp Arslan's plan of destroying the Isma'ili state.In May 1071 Mahmud conquered Baalbek.[4] According to Ibn al-Adim, a 13th-century Arab biographer and historian, the Byzantine emperor Romanos IV Diogenes blamed the raids of Mahmud into Byzantine territory for his interventions in Muslim territories which eventually led to his defeat and capture in the Battle of Manzikert. Al-Adim's account was the first \"to attempt an explanation for the Byzantine campaign\". Romanos was also presumed to be unhappy about Mahmud's conversion to Sunni Islam and allegiance to the rising power of the Seljuks.[5]Mahmud died in 1075, having appointed his youngest son, Shabib, as his successor. However, his oldest son, Nasr, whose mother was the daughter of the Buyid emir Jalal al-Dawla, was recognised as his successor.","title":"Second reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bianquis, Thierry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis"},{"link_name":"\"Mirdās, Banū or Mirdāsids\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5220"},{"link_name":"Bosworth, C. E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._E._Bosworth"},{"link_name":"van Donzel, E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel"},{"link_name":"Heinrichs, W. P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs"},{"link_name":"Pellat, Ch.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pellat"},{"link_name":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5220","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_5220"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-09419-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09419-2"}],"text":"Bianquis, Thierry (1993). \"Mirdās, Banū or Mirdāsids\". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 115–123. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5220. ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2.","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Andrew C. S. Peacock (2010). Early Seljūq History: A New Interpretation (illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 155. ISBN 9780415548533.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415548533","url_text":"9780415548533"}]},{"reference":"Moše Šārôn (1986). Studies in Islamic History and Civilization: In Honour of Professor David Ayalon (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 379. ISBN 9789652640147.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789652640147","url_text":"9789652640147"}]},{"reference":"Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul, eds. (2014). Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. p. 46. ISBN 9781134259861.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134259861","url_text":"9781134259861"}]},{"reference":"David Nicolle (2013). Manzikert 1071: The breaking of Byzantium (illustrated ed.). Osprey Publishing. p. 49. ISBN 9781780965031.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nicolle","url_text":"David Nicolle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780965031","url_text":"9781780965031"}]},{"reference":"Carole Hillenbrand (2007). Turkish Myth and Muslim Symbol: The Battle of Manzikert (illustrated ed.). Edinburgh University Press. p. 78. ISBN 9780748625727.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_Hillenbrand","url_text":"Carole Hillenbrand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748625727","url_text":"9780748625727"}]},{"reference":"Bianquis, Thierry (1993). \"Mirdās, Banū or Mirdāsids\". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 115–123. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5220. ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis","url_text":"Bianquis, Thierry"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5220","url_text":"\"Mirdās, Banū or Mirdāsids\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._E._Bosworth","url_text":"Bosworth, C. E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel","url_text":"van Donzel, E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs","url_text":"Heinrichs, W. P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pellat","url_text":"Pellat, Ch."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2","url_text":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_5220","url_text":"10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5220"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09419-2","url_text":"978-90-04-09419-2"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5220","external_links_name":"\"Mirdās, Banū or Mirdāsids\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_5220","external_links_name":"10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5220"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunzibs	Hunzib people	["1 References"]	Ethnic group HunzibsTotal populationc. 6,200 (highest est.)Regions with significant populations Russia Dagestan2,363 (2021 census) Georgiac. 1,860 (highest est.)LanguagesHunzibReligionSunni IslamRelated ethnic groupsNortheast Caucasian peoples The Hunzibs are an indigenous people of Dagestan, North Caucasus living in three villages in the Tsuntinsky District in the upper regions of the Avar-Koysu river area. They have their own language, Hunzib, and primarily follow Sunni Islam, which spread among the Hunzib people around the 8th or 9th century. Islam became consolidated among the Hunzib around the 16th and 17th centuries. The land where the Hunzibs inhabit was part of the Avar Khanate. The only time that the Hunzibs were counted as a distinct ethnic group in the Russian Census was in 1926, when 105 people reported to be ethnic Hunzibs. Subsequently, they were listed as Avars in the Russian Censuses. In 1967, it was estimated that there were about 600 ethnic Hunzibs (E. Bokarev). References ^ "Национальный состав населения Российской Федерации согласно переписи населения 2021 года". Archived from the original on 2022-12-30. Retrieved 2023-01-05. ^ Перепись населения Грузии 2002. Население сельских населённых пунктов (Census of village population of Georgia) — С. 110-111 (Данные включают гунзибцев и аварцев; переписью первые причисляются к последним) ^ "The Hunzibs". www.eki.ee. The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire. Retrieved 2020-09-08. The peoples of the Red Book: Tindis vtePeoples of the CaucasusCaucasian(areal)Kartvelian Georgians Adjarians Dvals Gurians Imerkhevians Ingiloys Javakhians Kakhetians Meskhetians Colchians/Zans Lazs Mingrelians Svans Northeast(Caspian)Avar–Andic Andis Akhvakhs Avars Bagvalals Botlikhs Chamalals Godoberis Karatas Tindis Lezgic Aguls Archin Budukhs Jeks Kryts Lezgins Rutuls Tabasarans Tsakhurs Udis Nakh Bats Chechens Kists Ingush Tsezic (Didoic) Bezhtas Hinukhs Hunzibs Khwarshis Tsez Others Dargins (Kaitags) Khinalugs Laks Northwest(Pontic) Abazins Abkhazians Sadz Circassians Abzakhs Adygeans Besleneys Bzhedugs Chemirgoys Cherkess Kabardians Natukhajs Shapsugs Ubykhs Indo-EuropeanArmenian Armenians Armeno-Tats Cherkesogai Zoks Lom Hellenic Caucasus Greeks Urums Pontic Greeks Indo-IranianIndo-Aryan Loms Roma Iranian Ossetians Digors Irons Kudar Trialeti Ossetians Talysh Tats Yazidis Slavic Poles in Armenia in Azerbaijan Russians Cossacks Doukhobors Molokans Ukrainians Others Germans TurkicKipchaks Balkars Karachays Kumyks Nogais Oghuz Turks Azerbaijanis Ayrums Karadaghis Shahsevan Bayats Karapapakhs Küresünni Meskhetian Turks Others Arabs Assyrians in Armenia in Georgia Jews Abkhaz Jews Armenian Jews Azerbaijani Jews Georgian Jews Mountain Jews Kalmyks Ethnic minorities in Armenia Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan Ethnic minorities in Georgia Ethnic minorities in Russia This article about an ethnic group in the Caucasus is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about Russian culture is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dagestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagestan"},{"link_name":"North Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Tsuntinsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuntinsky_District"},{"link_name":"Avar-Koysu river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andi_Koysu"},{"link_name":"Hunzib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunzib_language"},{"link_name":"Sunni Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam"},{"link_name":"Avar Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avar_Khanate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Avars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avar_people_(Caucasus)"}],"text":"The Hunzibs are an indigenous people of Dagestan, North Caucasus living in three villages in the Tsuntinsky District in the upper regions of the Avar-Koysu river area. They have their own language, Hunzib, and primarily follow Sunni Islam, which spread among the Hunzib people around the 8th or 9th century. Islam became consolidated among the Hunzib around the 16th and 17th centuries. The land where the Hunzibs inhabit was part of the Avar Khanate.[3] The only time that the Hunzibs were counted as a distinct ethnic group in the Russian Census was in 1926, when 105 people reported to be ethnic Hunzibs. Subsequently, they were listed as Avars in the Russian Censuses. In 1967, it was estimated that there were about 600 ethnic Hunzibs (E. Bokarev).","title":"Hunzib people"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Национальный состав населения Российской Федерации согласно переписи населения 2021 года\". Archived from the original on 2022-12-30. Retrieved 2023-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221230204643/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx","url_text":"\"Национальный состав населения Российской Федерации согласно переписи населения 2021 года\""},{"url":"https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Hunzibs\". www.eki.ee. The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire. Retrieved 2020-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/hunzibs.shtml","url_text":"\"The Hunzibs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Red_Book_of_the_Peoples_of_the_Russian_Empire","url_text":"The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221230204643/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Национальный состав населения Российской Федерации согласно переписи населения 2021 года\""},{"Link":"https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/hunzibs.shtml","external_links_name":"\"The Hunzibs\""},{"Link":"http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/tindis.shtml","external_links_name":"The peoples of the Red Book: Tindis"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hunzib_people&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hunzib_people&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Abdeljalil	Mohamed Abdeljalil	["1 Education","2 Career","3 References"]	Moroccan politician Mohammed AbdeljalilMinister of Transport & LogisticsIncumbentAssumed office 7 October 2021MonarchMohammed VI of MoroccoPrime MinisterAziz AkhannouchPreceded byAbdelkader Aamara Personal detailsBorn4 August 1968Alma materÉcole des ponts ParisTech (B)Hassania School of Public Works (MBA) Mohammed Abdeljalil (born 4 August 1968) is a Moroccan politician who currently serves as Minister of Transport & Logistics. He was appointed as minister on 7 October 2021. Education Abdeljalil holds a Bachelor of Engineering (1991) from the École des ponts ParisTech and a Master of Business Administration (2001) from the Hassania School of Public Works. Career From 1991 until 1993, Abdeljalil worked at the American company Arthur Andersen in Paris as an auditor. In 1993, he returned to Morocco to work for Bymaro as manager for the pretreatment station of El Hank and later as commercial director. In 2003, Abdeljalil was appointed director of programs and studies at the Ministry of Equipment and Transport. Between 2005 and 2021, he worked at the Office for Port Operations (ODEP), which became Marsa Maroc in 2006. He was Director General of the Office of Port Operations and then chairman of the board of directors of Marsa Maroc. Since 7 October 2021, Abdeljalil has been the Minister of Transport and Logistics. References ^ "New government formed in Morocco". apanews.net (in French). Retrieved 2022-10-05. ^ a b c d "M. Mohammed Abdeljalil Ministre du Transport et de la Logistique – Royaume du Maroc – Ministry of Transport and Logistics". www.transport.gov.ma (in French). Retrieved 2022-10-05. ^ "ITF 2022 Summit". 2022.itf-oecd.org. Retrieved 2023-02-10. ^ a b "The Second Interregional Seminar ECAC & AFCAC & ACAO "Innovation & Cyber-Security"". acao.org.ma. Retrieved 2023-05-09. ^ a b c "Mohammed Abdeljalil : Il a transformé un vieil office en entreprise concurrentielle" (in French). 20 July 2009. Retrieved 2023-05-09. ^ "Qui est Mohamed Abdeljalil, Ministre du Transport et de la Logistique ?". www.challenge.ma. Retrieved 2023-05-09. This article about a Moroccan politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minister of Transport & Logistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Equipment,_Transport_and_Logistics_(Morocco)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Mohammed Abdeljalil (born 4 August 1968) is a Moroccan politician who currently serves as Minister of Transport & Logistics. He was appointed as minister on 7 October 2021.[1][2]","title":"Mohamed Abdeljalil"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bachelor of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"École des ponts ParisTech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_ponts_ParisTech"},{"link_name":"Master of Business Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration"},{"link_name":"Hassania School of Public Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassania_School_of_Public_Works"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Abdeljalil holds a Bachelor of Engineering (1991) from the École des ponts ParisTech and a Master of Business Administration (2001) from the Hassania School of Public Works.[3]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Andersen"},{"link_name":"auditor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Equipment and Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Equipment,_Transport_and_Logistics_(Morocco)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"From 1991 until 1993, Abdeljalil worked at the American company Arthur Andersen in Paris as an auditor.[4]In 1993, he returned to Morocco to work for Bymaro as manager for the pretreatment station of El Hank and later as commercial director.[5]In 2003, Abdeljalil was appointed director of programs and studies at the Ministry of Equipment and Transport.[2][6]Between 2005 and 2021, he worked at the Office for Port Operations (ODEP), which became Marsa Maroc in 2006.[5] He was Director General of the Office of Port Operations and then chairman of the board of directors of Marsa Maroc.[2][4][5]Since 7 October 2021, Abdeljalil has been the Minister of Transport and Logistics.[2]","title":"Career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"New government formed in Morocco\". apanews.net (in French). Retrieved 2022-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://apanews.net/en/news/new-government-formed-in-morocco","url_text":"\"New government formed in Morocco\""}]},{"reference":"\"M. Mohammed Abdeljalil Ministre du Transport et de la Logistique – Royaume du Maroc – Ministry of Transport and Logistics\". www.transport.gov.ma (in French). Retrieved 2022-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transport.gov.ma/ministere/Pages/biographie-ministre.aspx","url_text":"\"M. Mohammed Abdeljalil Ministre du Transport et de la Logistique – Royaume du Maroc – Ministry of Transport and Logistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"ITF 2022 Summit\". 2022.itf-oecd.org. Retrieved 2023-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://2022.itf-oecd.org/speaker/mohammed-abdeljalil","url_text":"\"ITF 2022 Summit\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Second Interregional Seminar ECAC & AFCAC & ACAO \"Innovation & Cyber-Security\"\". acao.org.ma. Retrieved 2023-05-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://acao.org.ma/ics/index.php","url_text":"\"The Second Interregional Seminar ECAC & AFCAC & ACAO \"Innovation & Cyber-Security\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mohammed Abdeljalil : Il a transformé un vieil office en entreprise concurrentielle\" (in French). 20 July 2009. Retrieved 2023-05-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lavieeco.com/au-royaume/mohammed-abdeljalil-il-a-transforme-un-vieil-office-en-entreprise-concurrentielle-14313/","url_text":"\"Mohammed Abdeljalil : Il a transformé un vieil office en entreprise concurrentielle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Qui est Mohamed Abdeljalil, Ministre du Transport et de la Logistique ?\". www.challenge.ma. Retrieved 2023-05-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.challenge.ma/qui-est-mohamed-abdeljalil-ministre-du-transport-et-de-la-logistique-223036/","url_text":"\"Qui est Mohamed Abdeljalil, Ministre du Transport et de la Logistique ?\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://apanews.net/en/news/new-government-formed-in-morocco","external_links_name":"\"New government formed in Morocco\""},{"Link":"http://www.transport.gov.ma/ministere/Pages/biographie-ministre.aspx","external_links_name":"\"M. Mohammed Abdeljalil Ministre du Transport et de la Logistique – Royaume du Maroc – Ministry of Transport and Logistics\""},{"Link":"https://2022.itf-oecd.org/speaker/mohammed-abdeljalil","external_links_name":"\"ITF 2022 Summit\""},{"Link":"https://acao.org.ma/ics/index.php","external_links_name":"\"The Second Interregional Seminar ECAC & AFCAC & ACAO \"Innovation & Cyber-Security\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.lavieeco.com/au-royaume/mohammed-abdeljalil-il-a-transforme-un-vieil-office-en-entreprise-concurrentielle-14313/","external_links_name":"\"Mohammed Abdeljalil : Il a transformé un vieil office en entreprise concurrentielle\""},{"Link":"https://www.challenge.ma/qui-est-mohamed-abdeljalil-ministre-du-transport-et-de-la-logistique-223036/","external_links_name":"\"Qui est Mohamed Abdeljalil, Ministre du Transport et de la Logistique ?\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Abdeljalil&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_McPhee	Neil McPhee	["1 Playing career","2 Coaching career","3 Head coaching record","4 References","5 External links"]	American baseball coach Neil McPheeBiographical detailsBorn (1943-10-14) October 14, 1943 (age 80)Needham, Massachusetts, U.S.Playing careerBaseball1962–1965NortheasternIce Hockey1961–1965Northeastern Position(s)2BCoaching career (HC unless noted)1968–1985Newton South HS1986–2014Northeastern Head coaching recordOverall697–623–4 Neil Patrick McPhee (born October 14, 1943) is an American former college baseball coach and second baseman. He played college baseball and college hockey at Northeastern University from 1961 to 1965. He was the head coach of the Northeastern Huskies baseball program from 1986 to 2014. Playing career McPhee was a standout second baseman at Northeastern for four seasons, including a trip to the 1964 NCAA tournament. McPhee also played ice hockey for the Huskies, completing two seasons before losing his senior season to a broken arm. The Minnesota Twins made him a fifth round pick in the 1965 MLB Draft, and he played three seasons in the Twins organization, reaching Class-A. McPhee was inducted into the NU Athletic Hall of Fame in 1980. Coaching career In 1967, McPhee hung up his spikes and turned to coaching. He began at Newton South High School in Newton, Massachusetts, where he coached baseball and ice hockey from 1967 to 1985. After several league titles and appearances in Eastern Massachusetts tournaments, McPhee was hired as the tenth head baseball coach at Northeastern. In his 28 years with the Huskies, he claimed three Conference Tournament titles (all in the America East Conference), two regular season crowns, and appeared in three NCAA tournaments. He saw fourteen players drafted, including Carlos Peña and Adam Ottavino; several other players have signed professional contracts. McPhee led the Huskies to nineteen winning seasons and was named NAC Coach of the Year twice. After he announced his planned retirement at the close of the 2014 season, the Huskies named Mike Glavine, another McPhee product who played in the major leagues, as his successor. Glavine succeeded McPhee following the end of the season, in which Northeastern finished 5th in the CAA and went 1-2 in the conference tournament. Head coaching record This table shows McPhee's record as a head coach at the Division I level. Statistics overview Season Team Overall Conference Standing Postseason Northeastern (North Atlantic/America East Conference) (1986–2005) 1986 Northeastern 25–14 9–5 2nd 1987 Northeastern 20–14 9–6 1988 Northeastern 19–23–1 7–8 5th 1989 Northeastern 21–20–1 5–10 1990 Northeastern 26–20 9–6 3rd 1991 Northeastern 35–15 12–3 2nd 1992 Northeastern 22–18–1 16–12 4th 1993 Northeastern 17–19 7–14 7th NAC tournament 1994 Northeastern 35–16 18–6 2nd NCAA Regional 1995 Northeastern 29–17 16–8 2nd NAC tournament 1996 Northeastern 18–26 11–11 5th NAC tournament 1997 Northeastern 33–19 12–12 5th NCAA Regional 1998 Northeastern 26–22 17–9 2nd AEC tournament 1999 Northeastern 28–21 18–10 3rd AEC tournament 2000 Northeastern 25–24 15–11 4th AEC tournament 2001 Northeastern 19–32 11–17 4th AEC tournament 2002 Northeastern 29–22 11–11 3rd AEC tournament 2003 Northeastern 27–24 12–10 4th NCAA Regional 2004 Northeastern 28–20 14–6 1st AEC tournament 2005 Northeastern 26–23 14–6 1st AEC tournament Northeastern (AEC): 508–419–3 243–181 Northeastern (Colonial Athletic Association) (2006–2014) 2006 Northeastern 27–23 19–10 3rd 2007 Northeastern 24–22 12–17 8th 2008 Northeastern 25–26–1 12–17–1 7th 2009 Northeastern 28–25 13–11 4th CAA Tournament 2010 Northeastern 13–31 5–19 11th 2011 Northeastern 18–33 12–18 9th 2012 Northeastern 23–28 13–17 8th 2013 Northeastern 31–26 12–15 7th CAA tournament Northeastern (CAA): 189–214–1 98–124–1 Total: 697–652–4 National champion Postseason invitational champion Conference regular season champion Conference regular season and conference tournament champion Division regular season champion Division regular season and conference tournament champion Conference tournament champion ^ All eight of the NAC's teams qualified for the tournament in 1993. ^ All eight of the NAC's teams qualified for the tournament in 1995. ^ The top six finishers of the NAC's nine teams qualified for the tournament in 1996. ^ The top four finishers of the AEC's eight teams qualified for the tournament in 1998. ^ The top four finishers of the AEC's eight teams qualified for the tournament in 1999. ^ The top four finishers of the AEC's eight teams qualified for the tournament in 2000. ^ The top four finishers of the AEC's eight teams qualified for the tournament in 2001. ^ The top four finishers of the AEC's seven teams qualified for the tournament in 2002. ^ The top four finishers of the AEC's eight teams qualified for the tournament in 2004. ^ The top four finishers of the AEC's eight teams qualified for the tournament in 2005. ^ The top six finishers of the CAA's eleven teams qualified for the tournament in 2009. ^ The top six of the CAA's eight eligible teams qualified for the tournament in 2013. Old Dominion and Georgia State were ineligible. References ^ a b c d "Staff Directory". Northeastern Huskies. Retrieved November 27, 2013. ^ Joshua Cummins (August 6, 2013). "Veteran Northeastern skipper McPhee to step down in 2014". New England Baseball Journal. Retrieved November 27, 2013. ^ Anthony Gulizia (September 28, 2013). "Billerica's Mike Glavine the right fit for Northeastern baseball". Boston Globe. Boston, MA. Retrieved November 27, 2013. ^ "Glavine tabbed to take over at Northeastern". Associated Press. September 25, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2013. ^ CAA Baseball Record Book (PDF). Colonial Athletic Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 7, 2012. Retrieved November 26, 2013. External links Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference (Minors) vteNortheastern Huskies head baseball coaches Arthur Duffey (1921) Maddison Jeffrey (1922–1923) Rufus Bond (1924–1929) Alfred McCoy (1930–1937) Herb Gallagher (1938–1942) Foxy Flumere (1943–1944) Eugene Pare (1945) Herb Gallagher (1946–1955) Tinker Connelly (1956–1981) Charles O'Malley (1982–1985) Neil McPhee (1986–2014) Mike Glavine (2015– ) vteAmerica East Conference Baseball Coach of the Year 1990: Redman 1991: McPhee 1992: Hannah 1993: Bettencourt 1994: McPhee 1995: Hannah 1996: Hannah 1997: Kostacopoulos 1998: Hannah 1999: Gottlieb 2000: Hannah 2001: Kostacopoulos 2002: Currier 2003: Currier 2004: Mueller 2005: Sinicki 2006: Currier 2007: Sinicki 2008: Jancuska 2009: Sinicki 2010: Sinicki 2011: Senk 2012: Senk 2013: Trimper 2014: Senk 2015: Mumma 2016: Sinicki 2017: Sinicki 2018: Blood 2019: Mueller 2020: Not awarded 2021: Mueller 2022: Derba 2023: Derba 2024: Klosterman	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"college baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_baseball"},{"link_name":"Northeastern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_University"},{"link_name":"Northeastern Huskies baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies_baseball"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_NCAA_Division_I_baseball_season"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_NCAA_Division_I_baseball_season"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Neil Patrick McPhee (born October 14, 1943) is an American former college baseball coach and second baseman. He played college baseball and college hockey at Northeastern University from 1961 to 1965. He was the head coach of the Northeastern Huskies baseball program from 1986 to 2014.[1][2]","title":"Neil McPhee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1964 NCAA tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_NCAA_University_Division_baseball_tournament#District_1_at_Boston,_MA"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Twins"},{"link_name":"1965 MLB Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_MLB_Draft"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"}],"text":"McPhee was a standout second baseman at Northeastern for four seasons, including a trip to the 1964 NCAA tournament. McPhee also played ice hockey for the Huskies, completing two seasons before losing his senior season to a broken arm. The Minnesota Twins made him a fifth round pick in the 1965 MLB Draft, and he played three seasons in the Twins organization, reaching Class-A. McPhee was inducted into the NU Athletic Hall of Fame in 1980.[1]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newton South High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_South_High_School"},{"link_name":"Newton, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"America East Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_East_Conference"},{"link_name":"NCAA tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Championship"},{"link_name":"Carlos Peña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Pe%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Adam Ottavino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ottavino"},{"link_name":"NAC Coach of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_East_Conference_Baseball_Coach_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Mike Glavine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Glavine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In 1967, McPhee hung up his spikes and turned to coaching. He began at Newton South High School in Newton, Massachusetts, where he coached baseball and ice hockey from 1967 to 1985. After several league titles and appearances in Eastern Massachusetts tournaments, McPhee was hired as the tenth head baseball coach at Northeastern. In his 28 years with the Huskies, he claimed three Conference Tournament titles (all in the America East Conference), two regular season crowns, and appeared in three NCAA tournaments. He saw fourteen players drafted, including Carlos Peña and Adam Ottavino; several other players have signed professional contracts. McPhee led the Huskies to nineteen winning seasons and was named NAC Coach of the Year twice. After he announced his planned retirement at the close of the 2014 season, the Huskies named Mike Glavine, another McPhee product who played in the major leagues, as his successor. Glavine succeeded McPhee following the end of the season, in which Northeastern finished 5th in the CAA and went 1-2 in the conference tournament.[1][3][4]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"}],"text":"This table shows McPhee's record as a head coach at the Division I level.[1][5]^ All eight of the NAC's teams qualified for the tournament in 1993.\n\n^ All eight of the NAC's teams qualified for the tournament in 1995.\n\n^ The top six finishers of the NAC's nine teams qualified for the tournament in 1996.\n\n^ The top four finishers of the AEC's eight teams qualified for the tournament in 1998.\n\n^ The top four finishers of the AEC's eight teams qualified for the tournament in 1999.\n\n^ The top four finishers of the AEC's eight teams qualified for the tournament in 2000.\n\n^ The top four finishers of the AEC's eight teams qualified for the tournament in 2001.\n\n^ The top four finishers of the AEC's seven teams qualified for the tournament in 2002.\n\n^ The top four finishers of the AEC's eight teams qualified for the tournament in 2004.\n\n^ The top four finishers of the AEC's eight teams qualified for the tournament in 2005.\n\n^ The top six finishers of the CAA's eleven teams qualified for the tournament in 2009.\n\n^ The top six of the CAA's eight eligible teams qualified for the tournament in 2013. Old Dominion and Georgia State were ineligible.","title":"Head coaching record"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Staff Directory\". Northeastern Huskies. Retrieved November 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://gonu.com/staff.aspx?staff=40","url_text":"\"Staff Directory\""}]},{"reference":"Joshua Cummins (August 6, 2013). \"Veteran Northeastern skipper McPhee to step down in 2014\". New England Baseball Journal. Retrieved November 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.baseballjournal.com/news/colleges/di/2013-14/Veteran_Northeastern_skipper_McPhee_to_step_down_in_2014","url_text":"\"Veteran Northeastern skipper McPhee to step down in 2014\""}]},{"reference":"Anthony Gulizia (September 28, 2013). \"Billerica's Mike Glavine the right fit for Northeastern baseball\". Boston Globe. Boston, MA. Retrieved November 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/regionals/north/2013/09/27/billerica-mike-glavine-right-fit-for-northeastern-baseball/aQ3VNvape6NZZFErhWOkbJ/story.html","url_text":"\"Billerica's Mike Glavine the right fit for Northeastern baseball\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Globe","url_text":"Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"\"Glavine tabbed to take over at Northeastern\". Associated Press. September 25, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/a15c81b1a2534798be2cc48908b971f1","url_text":"\"Glavine tabbed to take over at Northeastern\""}]},{"reference":"CAA Baseball Record Book (PDF). Colonial Athletic Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 7, 2012. Retrieved November 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121107072707/http://www.nmnathletics.com/fls/8500/supportfiles/Records/recordbookbase.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=8500","url_text":"CAA Baseball Record Book"},{"url":"http://www.nmnathletics.com/fls/8500/supportfiles/Records/recordbookbase.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=8500","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://gonu.com/staff.aspx?staff=40","external_links_name":"\"Staff Directory\""},{"Link":"http://www.baseballjournal.com/news/colleges/di/2013-14/Veteran_Northeastern_skipper_McPhee_to_step_down_in_2014","external_links_name":"\"Veteran Northeastern skipper McPhee to step down in 2014\""},{"Link":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/regionals/north/2013/09/27/billerica-mike-glavine-right-fit-for-northeastern-baseball/aQ3VNvape6NZZFErhWOkbJ/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Billerica's Mike Glavine the right fit for Northeastern baseball\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/a15c81b1a2534798be2cc48908b971f1","external_links_name":"\"Glavine tabbed to take over at Northeastern\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121107072707/http://www.nmnathletics.com/fls/8500/supportfiles/Records/recordbookbase.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=8500","external_links_name":"CAA Baseball Record Book"},{"Link":"http://www.nmnathletics.com/fls/8500/supportfiles/Records/recordbookbase.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=8500","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=mcphee001nei","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Firstborn_of_the_Fulness_of_Times	Church of the Firstborn (LeBaron family)	["1 Establishment","2 Name","3 Colonia Le Barón","4 Missionary work","5 1970s–Church of the Lamb of God","6 Recent history","6.1 Succession","6.2 Attacks by Juárez or Sonoran narcoterrorists","6.3 Memoirs","7 Further information","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References"]	Grouping of competing factions of a Mormon fundamentalist religious lineage "Colonia LeBaron" redirects here. For additional Latter Day Saint sects with the name Church of the Firstborn, see Church of the Firstborn (disambiguation). Church of the Firstbornof the Fulness of TimesTypeLatter Day Saint movementClassificationMormon fundamentalismTheologyNontrinitarianGovernanceHierarchicalHeadquartersColonia LeBarón, Chihuahua, MexicoFounderJoel LeBaronOriginSeptember 21, 1955 Salt Lake City, Utah, United StatesBranched fromApostolic United Brethrenand mainstream LDS ChurchSeparationsChurch of the Firstborn (Rival entity founded by Ross Wesley LeBaron, December 1955. By 1962 its missionary work subsumed to a degree into that of the Fulness of Times')Church of the First Born of the Lamb of God (founded by Ervil LeBaron, 1972)Informal schisms:UnknownNumber of followers"A few hundred" in Chihuahua and as many in the Salt Lake City area to, perhaps, 1,000Other name(s)Church of the Firstborn, or"LeBaron group"PublicationsThus Joel taught. 1983.Church Of The Firstborn Of The Fulness Of Times, Ingólfur Guðbrandsson (2008). Thus saith the Lord. ISBN 9780615213903. Church of the Firstborn(Ross Wesley LeBaron'sand mutually rival successors)HeadquartersOriginally Salt Lake City, Utah (present headquarters disputed)FounderRoss Wesley LeBaronOriginDecember 1955 Salt Lake City, Utah, United StatesBranched fromApostolic United Brethrenand mainstream LDS ChurchNumber of followersUnknown. (Note: Includes a hundred or more in Collier group; additional number in Green group)Other name(s)"Order of God,""Collier group,""Green group"etc.PublicationsDoctrine of the priesthood. Vol. 1–18 (+?). ISBN 9780934964425.Official websiteChurch-of-the-Firstborn.org The Church of the Firstborn (or the "LeBarón family") is a grouping of competing factions of a Mormon fundamentalist religious lineage inherited, adherents believe, by a polygamous family community that had settled in Chihuahua, Mexico, by Alma Dayer LeBaron Sr. by 1924. Factions accepting leadership succession by some of Alma Dayer LeBaron Sr.'s sons self-describe as members of the Church of the Firstborn, without a legally formalized organization. What became over time the most substantial faction is that of Church of the Firstborn of the Fulness of Times, often shortened as the Church of the Firstborn, which was founded in September 1955 by three of Alma's sons, Joel, R. Wesley, and Floren LeBaron. Since its founding, the order's most notable enclave has been within the jurisdiction of Galeana Municipality, Chihuahua. The LeBarons christened the LeBaron ranch Colonia LeBarón in the 1950s. Especially in more recent years, it is a minor segment of the order that engages in the practice of polygamy. A substantial fraction of residents residing on and nearby order members' landholdings at Colonia LeBarón are not affiliated with the order, many of them identifying themselves on census reports as Roman Catholic and most of the remainder as evangélico (Protestant). A community that has inter-married but separate beliefs to Colonia LeBarón's is a three-hour drive away in rancho La Mora, 150 full-time residents strong, in Sonora. Establishment The LeBaron family, led by Alma Dayer LeBaron Sr., affiliated with the leadership of Mormon fundamentalist leader Joseph White Musser beginning in 1936. In June 1944, five of Dayer LeBaron's sons, Alma Jr., Benjamin T., Ervil, Ross Wesley, and Joel, were excommunicated from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) for teaching and practicing plural marriage. For the next 11 years, a number of LeBarons associated themselves to various degrees with Rulon C. Allred's Apostolic United Brethren. On December 9, 1957, Dayer's son Ben T. LeBaron said, wrote Samuel W. Taylor a letter saying that Ben believed himself to have received the birthright from his father and also believed Ben was to be the One Mighty and Strong of Joseph Smith's 1832 prophesy, sent to redeem LDS people from spiritual bondage. Soon thereafter, various LeBarons declared that their family was possessed of especial priesthood keys of authority to a pre-millennial demi-messianic office or offices, in the restored earthly kingdom of God, with their ultimate leader said to possess this Right of the Firstborn becoming variously titled for example the One Mighty and Strong, the Presiding Patriarch in All the World, and so forth, the LeBarons' believing him the rightful heir of Joseph Smith Jr.'s mantle as leader of the early Latter Day Saints' Council of Fifty (via early Latter Day Saint Council of Fifty member Benjamin F. Johnson). On September 21, 1955, Joel LeBaron and his brothers Ross and Floren visited Salt Lake City, Utah, and there organized the Church of the Firstborn of the Fulness of Times; Joel was ordained President of the Church, with Floren as first counselor in the First Presidency and Ross as head patriarch. Shortly thereafter, Joel reported being visited by nineteen former prophets, including Jesus, Abraham, Moses, Elijah, and Joseph Smith. In early 1956, the LeBaron brothers returned to Chihuahua. Their father Alma and brother Ervil became the fourth and fifth members of the new church; their mother Maud also eventually joined. Several months later, Ervil LeBaron published a pamphlet titled "Priesthood Expounded", which became a foundational text for the order. A rival organizational structure for the order – which is named, in full, the Church of the Firstborn – additionally was formed in 1955 by Ross Wesley LeBaron, which Wesley thereafter led from its headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah. Wesley believed he had been sent to prepare the way for the One Mighty and Strong, who would be "an Indian prophet" Joel and R. Wesley respectively claimed their especial "Firstborn order" priesthood lines of authority from Alma Dayer LeBaron, who had been ordained by Dayer's grandfather Benjamin F. Johnson, who had received these priesthood keys from Joseph Smith. LeBaron invited Allred and his followers to join their new order, but their invitation was rejected. Three notable followers have been Fred Collier, Tom Green, and Robert Rey Black. This sect has attracted fewer adherents than had the earlier Firstborn faction co-founded by Wesley and headed by his brother Joel. Since Wesley's passing, some would-be successor groups generally are not termed as being "LeBarons" or the like; e.g., as of 2004, there were about 100 members of the Collier branch of the Firstborn order branch in Hanna, Utah with additional sect members living in Mexico; likewise, the Tom Green group consider themselves heirs to the Wesley LeBaron-founded organization. Name According to the Encyclopedia of Mormonism, within mainstream Latter-day Saint beliefs, The Church of the Firstborn refers to "Christ's heavenly church: exalted beings who gain an inheritance in the highest heaven of the celestial world." In LeBaron order belief, the Church of the Firstborn refers to those led by ones holding the "patriarchal order of priesthood" (which the LeBaron order holds as the key to over-all leadership of God's pre-Millennial kingdom) passed down via a chain of succession from Joseph Smith. The phrase fulness of times refers to the Gospel dispensation of the fulness of times within Latter Day Saint belief. Colonia Le Barón Colonia Le Barón is located in the northwest of the state of Chihuahua, near the towns of Nuevo Casas Grandes, Colonia Juárez and Colonia Dublán. It lies thirteen kilometers (8 miles) south of the county seat of Galeana and twenty-one kilometers (13 miles) north of San Buenaventura, its main means of access from Mexican Federal Highway 10. Its geographical coordinates are 30 ° 00'45 "N 107 ° 34'03" W and is located at an altitude 1,480 meters (6,036 feet) above sea level. According to the results of the Census of Population and Housing 2005 by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography, the population of Le Baron is 1,051 inhabitants, of which 496 are men and 555 are women. The population of Colonia Le Barón includes several hundred practitioners of the Church of the Firstborn faith, along with additional followers in Baja California, California, Central America, and Utah. According to the Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal, Gobierno del Estado de Chihuahua, Colonia LeBaron's population was 1,137. Galeana (which includes LeBaron)'s population was 3,763 in 1996. The predominant religion was Roman Catholic, at 80.9% of the population of people over 15, with the remainder principally Mormon (viz., "Latter Day Saint movement members") and evangelico ("Protestant"). Missionary work The Church of the Firstborn is one of the few Mormon fundamentalist churches to have engaged in active proselytization. While most of their efforts have been focused on attracting Mormon fundamentalists from other groups to join their order, missionaries of the church have preached and distributed tracts at the LDS Church strongholds of Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, and outside the gates of Temple Square in Salt Lake City. The church's pamphlet "Priesthood Expounded" and other tracts became instrumental in the conversion of nine LDS Church missionaries of the church's French Mission to the LeBaron order, an incident that has been described as the "worst missionary apostasy in the history of the Church". 1970s–Church of the Lamb of God Main article: Church of the First Born of the Lamb of God Church of the Lamb of GodHeadquartersLos Molinos, Baja California, MexicoFounderErvil LeBaronOriginSalt Lake City, Utah, United StatesSeparated fromChurch of the Firstbornof the Fulness of TimesNumber of followersUnknown, may have a few adherents in Los Molinos, Baja California, and elsewhere By 1962, Ervil LeBaron was the Presiding Patriarch of the church and number two in authority to Joel LeBaron. By 1967 he was teaching that he, not Joel, was the proper head of the church. Joel and other leaders of the church denounced Ervil and released him from his position. In August 1972, Ervil LeBaron and his followers established the rival Church of the Lamb of God. (The designation Church of the Lamb alludes to the Book of Mormon prophesy holding there to eventually be only two groups in the end times, the Church of the Lamb of God and the church of the devil; see, e.g. 1 Ne. 14: 12.) Ervil began teaching his followers that he was the "One Mighty and Strong" prophesied of in the Doctrine and Covenants, and he prophesied that "Joel will be put to death". On 20 August 1972, Joel LeBaron was shot in the head by one of Ervil's followers, becoming one of the victims of the Ervil LeBaron murders (in which members of the Church of the Lamb of God committed dozens of assassinations of both members of its parent LeBaron sect and of other Mormon fundamentalist groups). Abel LeBaron was arrested on family violence and attempted murder charges in Galeana, Chihuahua, on December 9, 2020. Recent history Succession The Church of the Firstborn has experienced ongoing leadership succession controversies following its founder's assassination. Joel was succeeded by his brother Verlan, who was killed in an automobile accident in 1981. Joel LeBaron, Jr. and Siegfried Josef Widmar headed rival factions of the Church of the Firstborn of the Fulness of Times. Additionally a new Church of the Firstborn faction had arisen under Alma LeBaron, Jr., referred to as the Economic Government of God; and Floren LeBaron had helped to form a loosely organized faction recognizing no formal leader. Attacks by Juárez or Sonoran narcoterrorists See also: LeBarón family massacre In 2009, the LeBaron enclave in Mexico received national attention in Mexico within the context of war against drug trafficking in Mexico, especially in the northwestern region of the state of Chihuahua. On May 2, Erick Le Baron, 17, was kidnapped for an attempted ransom of US$1 million. However, the spokesman of the LeBaron community had previously announced its decision not to pay any ransom but instead to seek the release of the man, who was freed by his captors on May 10 without a ransom being paid. Throughout this event, the community spoke out publicly, both in the state capital, Chihuahua, and national and international media against the growing insecurity experienced in the region and maintained its intention to continue a policy of refusal to pay ransoms in cases of possible kidnappings. On July 6, 2009, Erick's brother, Benjamin, and another order member, Luis Widmar Stubbs, were kidnapped and soon thereafter were murdered on the streets of Colonia LeBaron by a group of armed assailants, who left a written message with the victims' bodies which stated that this crime was in retaliation for Benjamin's activism against the traffickers. In the immediate aftermath, the Mexicans manned a garrison in the town. In 2012, Chihuahua state legislator Alex LeBaron began campaigning for change to Mexican gun laws to legalize arming citizens for self-defense. A dispute over water between the LeBaron "family" and neighboring people belonging to El Barzon broke out in violence when members of the family shot at a group of 500 people who wanted to destroy illegal wells on the ranch. In May 2018 El Barzon accused the LeBaron family and other large agribusinesses of violating a 1957 agreement by drilling 395 illegal wells in Namiquipa, Riva Palacio, Buenaventura, and Ahumada municipalities. They are also accused of using false documents to back their claims. Heraclio Rodríguez of El Barzon says the LeBaron family are protected by 40 state and federal police. Three women and six children from La Mora, Sonora, all "independent Mormons" with intermarriage ties to the become-amorphous Church of the Firstborn and who hold dual US-Mexican citizenship, were victims of a massacre, shot and burned alive in three vehicles on a road in Sonora on November 4, 2019. Authorities speculated that the group, which was driving from Bavispe, Sonora, to a wedding in LeBaron, was mistakenly ambushed by one of the rival drug cartels that are fighting for territory in the area. In addition to the nine people who were killed, six children were injured, one was unharmed, and one was missing. United States President Donald Trump offered to send troops to Mexico to "wage war" on drug cartels, an offer that was quickly rejected by Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who thanked foreign nations for their offers of aid while also saying "War is irrational. We are for peace." Five children injured in the attack were sent to a hospital in the United States. Memoirs In 2006, Susan Ray Schmidt, sixth wife of Verlan LeBaron, published His Favorite Wife (updated in 2009), in 2007 Irene Spencer, wife of Verlan LeBaron, published Shattered Dreams and in 2009, Cult Insanity, – rebutted in 2011 by Thomas J. Liddiard in Shedding Light: Some Observations of a Book Entitled 'Cult Insanity' – and in 2016 Ruth Wariner, daughter of Joel LeBaron, published The Sound of Gravel about experience in the religious group. For true-crime portrayals of the Church of the Lamb of God murders or Ervil faction memoirs, see Ervil LeBaron § Depictions. Further information Janet Bennion (2012). "The Church of the Firstborn of the 'Fulness' of Times (The LeBarons)". Polygamy in Primetime: Media, Gender, and Politics in Mormon Fundamentalism. Brandeis University Press. pp. 43–50. ISBN 9781611682960. Verlan M. LeBaron & Charlotte K. LeBaron (1981). The LeBaron Story (a free Kindle edition). Keels & Co. ASIN B0006E53ZM. Robert Rey Black (2006). The New and Everlasting Covenant (2nd ed.). Robert Rey Black AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1425920913. Brian C. Hales (2006). "The LeBarons". Modern Polygamy and Mormon Fundamentalists: The Generations After the Manifesto. Kofford Books. ISBN 9781589580350. Brian C. Hales. "MF0224 LeBarons, research file" (PDF). Fundamentalist Documents. MormonPolygamyDocuments.org. Retrieved November 17, 2017. Charlotte K. LeBaron (2014). Maud's Story: With entire sections in her own words (PDF). AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781491874233. "The Mexican Mormon War" (documentary on the Mormon vigilante militia fighting a drug cartel in Chihuahua). Vice.com. 2012. See also LDS Church portal Factional breakdown: Mormon fundamentalist sects List of Mormon fundamentalist sects List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders Mormon colonies in Mexico Benjamin LeBaron Mexican Drug War Gun politics in Mexico Ervil LeBaron Notes ^ a b Wright, Lyle O. (1963). "Origins and Development of the Church of the Firstborn of the Fullness of Times" (Master's thesis). p. 40. ^ Baer, Hans A. (1988). Recreating Utopia in the Desert: A Sectarian Challenge to Modern Mormonism. State University of New York Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780887066818. ^ a b Bennion, Janet (2012). Polygamy in Primetime: Media, Gender, and Politics in Mormon Fundamentalism. UPNE. p. 43. ISBN 9781611682960. ^ Fagen, Jennifer Lara; Wright, Stuart A. (2004). "Gender, Sexuality, and Women's Empowerment in Mormon Fundamentalist Communities". Sexuality and New Religious Movements. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 9–28. doi:10.1057/9781137386434_2. ISBN 978-1-349-68146-4. Infighting over who would lead the group led the LeBarons to officially split from the AUB and create the Church of the Firstborn of the Fullness of Times, which is now known as the LeBaron Group (Bennion 2011a). The membership of the LeBaron Group is approximately 1,000 ^ Booth, William (July 23, 2009). "Drug Cartels Target Mormon Clans in Mexico". The Washington Post. ^ "Commentary: A Tribune reporter's account of covering the killings of U.S. Citizens in Mexico". ^ "'I'll Never Come Back': Massacre Shatters U.S. Community in Mexico - WSJ". Wall Street Journal. 12 November 2019. ^ "The Church Moves On: Excommunications". The Improvement Era. December 1944. pp. 790–791. ^ Brian C. Hales. "MF0048: LeBaron, Joel, 'The Excommunication of Joel LeBaron', photocopy of carbon copy" (PDF). Fundamentalist Documents. MormonPolygamyDocuments.org. Retrieved November 17, 2017. ^ "Dear Sam " (PDF). MormonPoligamy.org. ^ Janet Bennion (2004). Desert Patriarchy: Mormon and Mennonite Communities in the Chihuahua Valley (Tucson: University of Arizona Press) ISBN 0-8165-2334-7 ^ Brian C. Hales (2006). Modern Polygamy and Mormon Fundamentalists: The Generations After the Manifesto. Salt Lake City: Greg Kofford Books. p. 429–. ISBN 978-1-58958-035-0. ^ Ross Wesley LeBaron (2017-07-29). "Ross LeBaron: Keys Given to Joel LeBaron \| The Holy Order and The Church of The Firstborn" (transcript). HolyOrder.Org. Retrieved 2017-11-18(excerpt from talk given on KSXX, December 25, 1987){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) ^ a b Hales, Brian C. "Ross Wesley LeBaron". mormonfundamentalism.com. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2014. ^ Davidson, Staff Writer (June 28, 1988), "Several Men Claim to be The 'One Mighty and Strong'", Deseret News, Salt Lake City, Utah, retrieved April 12, 2011 ^ Robert Rey Black (November 19, 2011). "The Church of the Firstborn, Temple Ordinances and the AUB: Statement Concerning Circumstances Surrounding the Commencement of Temple Ordinances by the Apostolic United Brethren (Allred Group)". HolyOrder.org. Retrieved November 17, 2017. ^ Moore-Emmett, Andrea (2004). God's Brothel. Pince-Nez Press. ISBN 9781930074132. ^ Daniel H. Ludlow (1992). "Church of the Firstborn". Encyclopedia of Mormonism. New York: Macmillan. p. 276. ^ Ross LeBaron (April 1992). Doctrine of the Priesthood Vol 9 No. 4 - The Church of the Firstborn and its Principles and Doctrinal Teachings and a Short History of Succession in the Priesthood. Salt Lake City, Utah: Collier's Publishing Company. p. 47. ISBN 9780934964715. ^ "Archivo histórico de localidades". Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Archived from the original on 2012-06-30. ^ Brian C. Hales (2005). "Reviews: Janet Bennion, Desert Patriarchy: Mormon and Mennonite Communities in the Chihuahua Valley". Journal of Mormon History. 31 (1): 216. ^ Bennion, Janet (2004). Desert Patriarchy: Mormon and Mennonite Communities in the Chihuahua Valley. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 9780816523344. ^ Booth, William (July 23, 2009). "Ambushed by a Drug War: Mormon Clans in Mexico Find Themselves Targets of the Cartels". Washington Post. ^ Althaus, Dudley (July 11, 2009). "In killings, sect suffers a new bloody chapter". Houston Chronicle. ^ D. Michael Quinn (1997). Martin E. Marty; R. Scott Appleby (eds.). Fundamentalisms and Society: Reclaiming the Sciences, the Family, and Education: Volume 2 of The Fundamentalism Project. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-50881-8. ^ Kahlile Mehr, "The Trial of the French Mission" Archived 2011-06-14 at the Wayback Machine, Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, vol. 21, no. 3 (Autumn 1988) pp. 27–45. ^ Harvey Rice, Houston Chronicle (2011-06-16). "Cult leader's daughter's guilty plea draws bloody saga to close - Houston Chronicle". Chron.com. Retrieved 2016-04-18. ^ a b The Primer, Helping Victims of Domestic Violence and Child Abuse in Polygamous Communities: Fundamentalist Mormon Communities (PDF), Utah Attorney General’s Office and Arizona Attorney General's Office, June 2006, retrieved June 29, 2010, The group splintered after members committed a string of assassinations in the 1980's.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link) ^ Chynoweth, Rena (1990). The Blood Covenant. Eakin Pr. pp. 5 & 205. ISBN 978-0890157688. ^ Spencer, Irene (2009). Cult Insanity: A Memoir of Polygamy, Prophets, and Blood Atonement. ISBN 9781599952130. ^ Jon Krakauer (2004). Under the banner of heaven: a story of violent faith. p. 266. ISBN 9781400078998. ^ Villalpando, Rubén. "Detienen a integrante de la familia LeBaron por intento de homicidio". www.jornada.com.mx (in Spanish). La Jornada. Retrieved December 9, 2020. ^ "Ervil LeBarons bloodyda doctrine of vengeance haunts his in this polygamous community". Times-News (Idaho). July 2, 1988. ^ Brian C. Hales. "MF0224 LeBarons, research file" (PDF). Fundamentalist Documents. MormonPolygamyDocuments.org. Retrieved November 17, 2017. ^ "Plagio de hermano lo llevó a la muerte". El Universal. 8 July 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-07-11. Retrieved 2009-07-07. ^ "Matan a Benjamín Le Barón, activista contra secuestros". El Universal. 8 July 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-07-11. Retrieved 2009-07-07. ^ "Plagiarios castigan a pueblo en rebeldía". El Universal. 8 July 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-07-11. Retrieved 2009-07-07. ^ Joaquín Fuentes (8 July 2009). "Asesinan a líder mormón Benjamín Le Barón". Milenio Diario. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-07. ^ "Law-Abiding Mexicans Taking Up Illegal Guns". NPR. 2012-01-28. Retrieved 2016-04-18. ^ "Brothers in tiny Mexican town push for changes to nation's strict gun-control laws \| Dallas Morning News". Dallasnews.com. 2012-12-30. Retrieved 2016-04-18. ^ "Menonitas atacan a ejidatarios en disputa por pozos de agua" , La Jornada (in Spanish), Apr 20, 2018, retrieved Nov 4, 2019 ^ Crece pugna por el agua en amplia zona de Chihuahua La Jornada retrieved Nov 4, 2019 ^ Explota la familia LeBarón acuíferos en Chihuahua con documentos falsos La Jornada retrieved Nov 4, 2019 ^ "Da Corral cobijo policiaco a tierras de los LeBarón" La Jornada, May 22, 2018, retrieved Nov 4, 2019 ^ "Catean Profepa y Conagua rancho de los LeBarón en busca de pozos ilegales" , La Jornada (in Spanish), May 28, 2018 ^ The Washington Post ^ Jesús Estrada (Nov 4, 2019), "Queman a una mujer y sus 4 hijos de la familia LeBarón" , La Jornanda (in Spanish), retrieved Nov 4, 2019 ^ Bill Chappell (Nov 5, 2019), "At Least 9 Members Of Mormon Family Die In Highway Attack In Mexico", NPR, retrieved Nov 5, 2019 ^ Adrianna Rodriguez (Nov 5, 2019), "A Mormon family was brutally killed. What we know about the Mexico attack", USA Today, retrieved Nov 5, 2019 ^ "At least 9 members of American family killed in Mexico, most of them kids", CBS News, Nov 5, 2019 ^ Trasladan a EU a niños heridos en emboscada a los LeBarón: Landau La Jornada retrieved Nov 5, 2019 ^ Schmidt, Susan Ray (2006). His Favorite Wife: A True Story of Violent Fanaticism - Susan Ray Schmidt - Google Books. ISBN 9780977973002. Retrieved 2016-04-18. ^ Dana Dugan (2006-09-15). "Idaho Mountain Express: Fanaticism and polygamy: A woman's story - September 15, 2006". Archives.mtexpress.com. Retrieved 2016-04-18. ^ Dalrymple, Jim (August 8, 2013). "Lifetime offers melodrama with 'Escape From Polygamy'". sltrib.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-19. Retrieved 2016-04-06. ^ Spencer, Irene (2007). Shattered Dreams: My Life as a Polygamist's Wife. ISBN 9781599950310. ^ Spencer, Irene (2009). Cult Insanity: A Memoir of Polygamy, Prophets, and Blood Atonement. ISBN 9781599952130. ^ Liddiard, Thomas J. (2011). Shedding Light: Some Observations of a Book Entitled 'Cult Insanity'. ISBN 9781463434434. ^ Kristen Mascia (2016-01-03). ""Polygamy stunts a woman's mind": "The Sound of Gravel" author Ruth Wariner on her fundamentalist Mormon childhood, becoming a feminist and life after leaving the church". Salon.com. Retrieved 2016-04-18. References Janet Bennion (2004). Desert Patriarchy: Mormon and Mennonite Communities in the Chihuahua Valley (Tucson: University of Arizona Press) ISBN 0-8165-2334-7 Ben Bradlee (1981). Prophet of Blood: The Untold Story of Ervil Lebaron and the Lambs of God (New York: Putnam) ISBN 0-399-12371-7 Brian C. Hales (2006). Modern Polygamy and Mormon Fundamentalism: The Generations After the Manifesto (Salt Lake City, Utah: Greg Kofford Books) ISBN 1-58958-035-4 D. Michael Quinn, "Plural Marriage and Mormon Fundamentalism", Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, vol. 31, no. 2 (Summer 1998) pp. 1–68 at pp. 16–18, 23 Steven L. Shields (1990, 4th ed.). Divergent Paths of the Restoration (Independence, Mo.: Herald House) ISBN 0-942284-13-5 Lyle O. Wright (1963). "Origins and Development of the Church of the Firstborn of the Fulness of Times." (M.S. thesis: Brigham Young University) vteSects in the Latter Day Saint movementMormon fundamentalist sects Church of ChristOrganized by: Joseph SmithJoseph Smith's originalorganization; multiple sects currentlyclaim to be true successor1844 (trust reorganized)1851(incorporated)The Church ofJesus Christof Latter-day SaintsOrganized by: Brigham Youngand Quorum of the Twelve Apostles15 million membersBeginning in the 1920sCouncil of FriendsOrganized by: Lorin C. WoolleyMultiple sects claimto be true successor Mormon fundamentalist sects 193519541954 Latter Day Church of ChristOrganized by: Elden Kingstonapprox. 2,000 membersFundamentalist Church ofJesus Christof Latter-Day SaintsOrganized by:Leroy S. Johnsonapprox. 10,000 membersApostolic United BrethrenOrganized by:Rulon C. Allredapprox. 10,000 members 19892002 Centennial ParkOrganized by: Marion Hammonand Alma Timpsonapprox. 1,500 membersChurch of Jesus Christ(Original Doctrine) Inc.Organized by: Winston Blackmoreapprox. 700 membersApostolic United Brethren schisms 1955197419751978 Church of the Firstbornof the Fulness of TimesOrganized by: Joel F. LeBaronMembership in the hundreds as of 2010sChurch of Jesus Christin Solemn Assembly(1977:Confederate Nations of Israel)Organized by: Alex JosephStatus: UnknownChurch of theNew Covenant in ChristOrganized by: John W. BryantStatus: unknownRighteous Branch of theChurch of Jesus Christof Latter-day SaintsOrganized by: Gerald Peterson, Sr.approx. 100 members 19551972 Church of the FirstbornOrganized by: Ross Wesley LeBaronExtant – membership unknownChurch of the Lamb of GodOrganized by: Ervil LeBaronStatus: unknown collective membership unknown 1990198219942001 The Church of Jesus Christ ofLatter-day Saints and theKingdom of GodOrganized by:Frank Naylorand Ivan Neilsenapprox. 250 membersSchool of the ProphetsOrganized by: Robert C. CrossfieldExtantTrue and Living Churchof Jesus Christ ofSaints of the Last DaysOrganized by: James D. Harmstonapprox. 400 membersThe Church of theFirstborn and the GeneralAssembly of HeavenOrganized by: Terrill R. DaltonStatus: unknown ^ a b Multiple sects currently claim to be true successor, however, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was officially reorganized in 1844 and incorporated in 1851, after the death of Joseph Smith."An Ordinance, incorporating the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", Laws and Ordinances of the State of Deseret, Salt Lake City, Utah: Shepard Book Company, 1919 , p. 66, retrieved June 29, 2010 Apostolic United Brethren schisms Apostolic United BrethrenOrganized by:Rulon C. AllredFounded: 1954approx. 10,000 members 1955197419751978 Church of the Firstbornof the Fulness of TimesOrganized by: Joel F. LeBaronMembership in the hundreds as of 2010sChurch of Jesus Christin Solemn Assembly(1977:Confederate Nations of Israel)Organized by: Alex JosephStatus: UnknownChurch of theNew Covenant in ChristOrganized by: John W. BryantStatus: unknownRighteous Branch of theChurch of Jesus Christof Latter-day SaintsOrganized by: Gerald Peterson, Sr.approx. 100 members 19551972 Church of the FirstbornOrganized by: Ross Wesley LeBaronExtant – membership unknownChurch of the Lamb of GodOrganized by: Ervil LeBaronStatus: unknown vteLatter Day Saint movementFundamental ideas Mormonism Mormonism and Nicene Christianity Mormon fundamentalism Teachings of Joseph Smith History Church of Christ Extermination Order Succession crisis History of the LDS Church Mormon handcart pioneers Mormon Battalion Mormon Reformation Utah War Community of Christ history Amboy Conference Restoration branches Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) history Rigdonite William Bickerton Sacred texts Bible Old Testament New Testament Book of Abraham Criticism Book of Mormon outline Criticism Book of Moses Criticism of Mormon sacred texts Doctrine and Covenants (Book of Commandments) Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible Pearl of Great Price Lectures on Faith Book of the Law of the Lord (Strangites only) The Word of the Lord (Fettingites and offshoots) Founders and leaders Joseph Smith outline Oliver Cowdery Sidney Rigdon Brigham Young Wilford Woodruff Joseph Smith III James Strang William Bickerton Granville Hedrick Alpheus Cutler LDS denominations The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints outline Community of Christ Restoration branches Bickertonite Strangite Hedrickite Christian fellowships of "the Remnants" movement Mormon fundamentalism FLDS Church Apostolic United Brethren Latter Day Church of Christ Centennial Park group List of Reorganized Restorationist churches Doctrines and practices Adam–God doctrine Agency Articles of Faith Confirmation Cosmology Degrees of glory Early views on death Exaltation Gifts of the Spirit Views on God Heavenly Parents Heavenly Mother Islam and Mormonism Judaism and Mormonism Law of consecration Melchizedek priesthood Patriarchal blessing Plan of salvation Premortal life Priesthood Restoration Revelation Second anointing Spirit world Spectrums of orthodoxy and practice Son of perdition Temples Tithing Women and Mormonism Word of Wisdom Controversies Polygamy current state origin Race Black people Black people and early Mormonism Civil rights Joseph Smith's views Native Americans Pacific Islanders Phrenology Slavery LGBT people Violence Historicity of the Book of Mormon archaeology origin Geographical setting List of prophecies of Joseph Smith Universalism Culture Ex-Mormon Jack Mormon Lost boys Mormon art Mormon blogosphere Mormon cinema Mormon folklore Cunning folk traditions and the Latter Day Saint movement Mormon foodways Mormon literature Mormon poetry Mormon fiction Association for Mormon Letters Mormon music Mormon folk music Placement marriage The Mormon Image Mormon studies Latter Day Saints in popular culture Portrayal of Mormons in comics Mormon pornography Places Cumorah Kirtland, Ohio Mormon corridor Nauvoo, Illinois Salt Lake City Sacred Grove Smith Family Farm Related Anti-Mormonism Angel Moroni Bibliography Bibliography of books critical of Mormonism Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints First Vision Golden plates Joseph Smith Papyri Eyewitness accounts associated with the Joseph Smith Papyri Kirtland Egyptian papers Kolob Mormonism and history Reformed Egyptian Temple architecture (LDS Church) Theodemocracy Voree plates Latter Day Saints Portal Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church of the Firstborn (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Firstborn_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Mormon fundamentalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalist"},{"link_name":"Chihuahua, Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)"},{"link_name":"Alma Dayer LeBaron Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Dayer_LeBaron_Sr."},{"link_name":"Joel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_LeBaron"},{"link_name":"Galeana Municipality, Chihuahua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeana_Municipality,_Chihuahua"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"\"Colonia LeBaron\" redirects here. For additional Latter Day Saint sects with the name Church of the Firstborn, see Church of the Firstborn (disambiguation).The Church of the Firstborn (or the \"LeBarón family\") is a grouping of competing factions of a Mormon fundamentalist religious lineage inherited, adherents believe, by a polygamous family community that had settled in Chihuahua, Mexico, by Alma Dayer LeBaron Sr. by 1924.Factions accepting leadership succession by some of Alma Dayer LeBaron Sr.'s sons self-describe as members of the Church of the Firstborn, without a legally formalized organization. What became over time the most substantial faction is that of Church of the Firstborn of the Fulness of Times, often shortened as the Church of the Firstborn, which was founded in September 1955 by three of Alma's sons, Joel, R. Wesley, and Floren LeBaron.Since its founding, the order's most notable enclave has been within the jurisdiction of Galeana Municipality, Chihuahua. The LeBarons christened the LeBaron ranch Colonia LeBarón in the 1950s. Especially in more recent years, it is a minor segment of the order that engages in the practice of polygamy.[5]A substantial fraction of residents residing on and nearby order members' landholdings at Colonia LeBarón are not affiliated with the order, many of them identifying themselves on census reports as Roman Catholic and most of the remainder as evangélico (Protestant). A community that has inter-married but separate beliefs to Colonia LeBarón's is a three-hour drive away in rancho La Mora, 150 full-time residents strong, in Sonora.[6][7]","title":"Church of the Firstborn (LeBaron family)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph White Musser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_White_Musser"},{"link_name":"the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"plural marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Rulon C. Allred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulon_C._Allred"},{"link_name":"Apostolic United Brethren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_United_Brethren"},{"link_name":"Samuel W. Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_W._Taylor"},{"link_name":"One Mighty and Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Mighty_and_Strong"},{"link_name":"Joseph Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"priesthood keys of authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)"},{"link_name":"One Mighty and Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Mighty_and_Strong"},{"link_name":"Presiding Patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiding_Patriarch"},{"link_name":"Joseph Smith Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Jr."},{"link_name":"Council of Fifty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Fifty"},{"link_name":"Benjamin F. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_F._Johnson"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Joel LeBaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_LeBaron"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"President of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"First Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Presidency"},{"link_name":"patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_(Latter_Day_Saints)"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"Elijah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah"},{"link_name":"Joseph Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith"},{"link_name":"Ervil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ervil_LeBaron"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ross-14"},{"link_name":"One Mighty and Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Mighty_and_Strong"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davidson-15"},{"link_name":"priesthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)"},{"link_name":"Benjamin F. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_F._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Joseph Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith"},{"link_name":"Tom Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Green_(polygamist)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ross-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Hanna, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna,_Utah"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright_1963_40-1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The LeBaron family, led by Alma Dayer LeBaron Sr., affiliated with the leadership of Mormon fundamentalist leader Joseph White Musser beginning in 1936. In June 1944, five of Dayer LeBaron's sons, Alma Jr., Benjamin T., Ervil, Ross Wesley, and Joel, were excommunicated from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) for teaching and practicing plural marriage.[8][9] For the next 11 years, a number of LeBarons associated themselves to various degrees with Rulon C. Allred's Apostolic United Brethren.On December 9, 1957, Dayer's son Ben T. LeBaron said, wrote Samuel W. Taylor a letter saying that Ben believed himself to have received the birthright from his father and also believed Ben was to be the One Mighty and Strong of Joseph Smith's 1832 prophesy, sent to redeem LDS people from spiritual bondage.[10]Soon thereafter, various LeBarons declared that their family was possessed of especial priesthood keys of authority to a pre-millennial demi-messianic office or offices, in the restored earthly kingdom of God, with their ultimate leader said to possess this Right of the Firstborn becoming variously titled for example the One Mighty and Strong, the Presiding Patriarch in All the World, and so forth, the LeBarons' believing him the rightful heir of Joseph Smith Jr.'s mantle as leader of the early Latter Day Saints' Council of Fifty (via early Latter Day Saint Council of Fifty member Benjamin F. Johnson).[11][12]On September 21, 1955, Joel LeBaron and his brothers Ross and Floren visited Salt Lake City, Utah, and there organized the Church of the Firstborn of the Fulness of Times; Joel was ordained President of the Church, with Floren as first counselor in the First Presidency and Ross as head patriarch. Shortly thereafter, Joel reported being visited by nineteen former prophets, including Jesus, Abraham, Moses, Elijah, and Joseph Smith. In early 1956, the LeBaron brothers returned to Chihuahua. Their father Alma and brother Ervil became the fourth and fifth members of the new church; their mother Maud also eventually joined. Several months later, Ervil LeBaron published a pamphlet titled \"Priesthood Expounded\", which became a foundational text for the order.A rival organizational structure for the order – which is named, in full, the Church of the Firstborn – additionally was formed in 1955 by Ross Wesley LeBaron, which Wesley thereafter led from its headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah.[13][14] Wesley believed he had been sent to prepare the way for the One Mighty and Strong, who would be \"an Indian prophet\"[15] Joel and R. Wesley respectively claimed their especial \"Firstborn order\" priesthood lines of authority from Alma Dayer LeBaron, who had been ordained by Dayer's grandfather Benjamin F. Johnson, who had received these priesthood keys from Joseph Smith. LeBaron invited Allred and his followers to join their new order, but their invitation was rejected.Three notable followers have been Fred Collier, Tom Green, and Robert Rey Black.[14][16] This sect has attracted fewer adherents than had the earlier Firstborn faction co-founded by Wesley and headed by his brother Joel. Since Wesley's passing, some would-be successor groups generally are not termed as being \"LeBarons\" or the like; e.g., as of 2004, there were about 100 members of the Collier branch of the Firstborn order branch in Hanna, Utah with additional sect members living in Mexico;[1][17] likewise, the Tom Green group consider themselves heirs to the Wesley LeBaron-founded organization.","title":"Establishment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Encyclopedia of Mormonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mormonism"},{"link_name":"exalted beings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exaltation_(Mormonism)"},{"link_name":"highest heaven of the celestial world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_glory"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"\"patriarchal order of priesthood\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchal_priesthood"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Gospel dispensation of the fulness of times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispensation_of_the_fulness_of_times"}],"text":"According to the Encyclopedia of Mormonism, within mainstream Latter-day Saint beliefs, The Church of the Firstborn refers to \"Christ's heavenly church: [...] exalted beings who gain an inheritance in the highest heaven of the celestial world.\"[18] In LeBaron order belief, the Church of the Firstborn refers to those led by ones holding the \"patriarchal order of priesthood\" (which the LeBaron order holds as the key to over-all leadership of God's pre-Millennial kingdom) passed down via a chain of succession from Joseph Smith.[19]The phrase fulness of times refers to the Gospel dispensation of the fulness of times within Latter Day Saint belief.","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nuevo Casas Grandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuevo_Casas_Grandes"},{"link_name":"Colonia Juárez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_Ju%C3%A1rez,_Chihuahua"},{"link_name":"Colonia Dublán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_Dubl%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Galeana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeana,_Chihuahua"},{"link_name":"San Buenaventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Buenaventura,_Chihuahua"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bennion_2012_43-3"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bennion-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Baja California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Colonia Le Barón is located in the northwest of the state of Chihuahua, near the towns of Nuevo Casas Grandes, Colonia Juárez and Colonia Dublán. It lies thirteen kilometers (8 miles) south of the county seat of Galeana and twenty-one kilometers (13 miles) north of San Buenaventura, its main means of access from Mexican Federal Highway 10. Its geographical coordinates are 30 ° 00'45 \"N 107 ° 34'03\" W and is located at an altitude 1,480 meters (6,036 feet) above sea level. According to the results of the Census of Population and Housing 2005 by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography, the population of Le Baron is 1,051 inhabitants, of which 496 are men and 555 are women.[20]The population of Colonia Le Barón includes several hundred practitioners of the Church of the Firstborn faith,[3][21][22][23][24] along with additional followers in Baja California, California, Central America, and Utah.[25]According to the Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal, Gobierno del Estado de Chihuahua, Colonia LeBaron's population was 1,137. Galeana (which includes LeBaron)'s population was 3,763 in 1996. The predominant religion was Roman Catholic, at 80.9% of the population of people over 15, with the remainder principally Mormon (viz., \"Latter Day Saint movement members\") and evangelico (\"Protestant\").","title":"Colonia Le Barón"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brigham Young University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"},{"link_name":"Provo, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provo,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Temple Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Square"},{"link_name":"LDS Church missionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon_missionary"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"The Church of the Firstborn is one of the few Mormon fundamentalist churches to have engaged in active proselytization. While most of their efforts have been focused on attracting Mormon fundamentalists from other groups to join their order, missionaries of the church have preached and distributed tracts at the LDS Church strongholds of Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, and outside the gates of Temple Square in Salt Lake City. The church's pamphlet \"Priesthood Expounded\" and other tracts became instrumental in the conversion of nine LDS Church missionaries of the church's French Mission to the LeBaron order, an incident that has been described as the \"worst missionary apostasy in the history of the [LDS] Church\".[26]","title":"Missionary work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Book of Mormon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Mormon"},{"link_name":"end times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschatology"},{"link_name":"One Mighty and Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Mighty_and_Strong"},{"link_name":"Doctrine and Covenants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants"},{"link_name":"Ervil LeBaron murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ervil_LeBaron#Killings"},{"link_name":"Church of the Lamb of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Lamb_of_God"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primer-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chynoweth-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Galeana, Chihuahua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeana,_Chihuahua"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"By 1962, Ervil LeBaron was the Presiding Patriarch of the church and number two in authority to Joel LeBaron. By 1967 he was teaching that he, not Joel, was the proper head of the church. Joel and other leaders of the church denounced Ervil and released him from his position.In August 1972, Ervil LeBaron and his followers established the rival Church of the Lamb of God. (The designation Church of the Lamb alludes to the Book of Mormon prophesy holding there to eventually be only two groups in the end times, the Church of the Lamb of God and the church of the devil; see, e.g. 1 Ne. 14: 12.) Ervil began teaching his followers that he was the \"One Mighty and Strong\" prophesied of in the Doctrine and Covenants, and he prophesied that \"Joel will be put to death\". On 20 August 1972, Joel LeBaron was shot in the head by one of Ervil's followers, becoming one of the victims of the Ervil LeBaron murders (in which members of the Church of the Lamb of God committed dozens of assassinations of both members of its parent LeBaron sect and of other Mormon fundamentalist groups).[27][28][29][30][31]Abel LeBaron was arrested on family violence and attempted murder charges in Galeana, Chihuahua, on December 9, 2020.[32]","title":"1970s–Church of the Lamb of God"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Recent history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primer-28"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Succession","text":"The Church of the Firstborn has experienced ongoing leadership succession controversies following its founder's assassination.[28] Joel was succeeded by his brother Verlan, who was killed in an automobile accident in 1981. Joel LeBaron, Jr. and Siegfried Josef Widmar headed rival factions of the Church of the Firstborn of the Fulness of Times. Additionally a new Church of the Firstborn faction had arisen under Alma LeBaron, Jr., referred to as the Economic Government of God;[33] and Floren LeBaron had helped to form a loosely organized faction recognizing no formal leader.[34]","title":"Recent history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LeBarón family massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeBar%C3%B3n_family_massacre"},{"link_name":"war against drug trafficking in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Drug_War"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US$"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_LeBaron"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrison"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Mexican gun laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_politics_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Namiquipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namiquipa_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Riva Palacio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riva_Palacio_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Buenaventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenaventura_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Ahumada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahumada_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Mormons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormons"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeBar%C3%B3n_family_massacre"},{"link_name":"Sonora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonora"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Bavispe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavispe"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"United States President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_President"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Mexican President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_President"},{"link_name":"Andrés Manuel López Obrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Attacks by Juárez or Sonoran narcoterrorists","text":"See also: LeBarón family massacreIn 2009, the LeBaron enclave in Mexico received national attention in Mexico within the context of war against drug trafficking in Mexico, especially in the northwestern region of the state of Chihuahua. On May 2, Erick Le Baron, 17, was kidnapped for an attempted ransom of US$1 million. However, the spokesman of the LeBaron community had previously announced its decision not to pay any ransom but instead to seek the release of the man, who was freed by his captors on May 10 without a ransom being paid.[35] Throughout this event, the community spoke out publicly, both in the state capital, Chihuahua, and national and international media against the growing insecurity experienced in the region and maintained its intention to continue a policy of refusal to pay ransoms in cases of possible kidnappings.On July 6, 2009, Erick's brother, Benjamin, and another order member, Luis Widmar Stubbs, were kidnapped and soon thereafter were murdered on the streets of Colonia LeBaron by a group of armed assailants, who left a written message with the victims' bodies which stated that this crime was in retaliation for Benjamin's activism against the traffickers.[36][37][38]In the immediate aftermath, the Mexicans manned a garrison in the town.[39] In 2012, Chihuahua state legislator Alex LeBaron began campaigning for change to Mexican gun laws to legalize arming citizens for self-defense.[40]A dispute over water between the LeBaron \"family\" and neighboring people belonging to El Barzon broke out in violence when members of the family shot at a group of 500 people who wanted to destroy illegal wells on the ranch.[41] In May 2018 El Barzon accused the LeBaron family and other large agribusinesses of violating a 1957 agreement by drilling 395 illegal wells in Namiquipa, Riva Palacio, Buenaventura, and Ahumada municipalities. They are also accused of using false documents to back their claims.[42][43] Heraclio Rodríguez of El Barzon says the LeBaron family are protected by 40 state and federal police.[44][45]Three women and six children from La Mora, Sonora, all \"independent Mormons\" with intermarriage ties to the become-amorphous Church of the Firstborn[46] and who hold dual US-Mexican citizenship, were victims of a massacre, shot and burned alive in three vehicles on a road in Sonora on November 4, 2019.[47] Authorities speculated that the group, which was driving from Bavispe, Sonora, to a wedding in LeBaron, was mistakenly ambushed by one of the rival drug cartels that are fighting for territory in the area. In addition to the nine people who were killed, six children were injured, one was unharmed, and one was missing.[48][49] United States President Donald Trump offered to send troops to Mexico to \"wage war\" on drug cartels, an offer that was quickly rejected by Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who thanked foreign nations for their offers of aid while also saying \"War is irrational. We are for peace.\"[50] Five children injured in the attack were sent to a hospital in the United States.[51]","title":"Recent history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Susan Ray Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Ray_Schmidt"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Irene Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Verlan LeBaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verlan_LeBaron"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Church of the Lamb of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Lamb_of_God"},{"link_name":"Ervil LeBaron § Depictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ervil_LeBaron#Depictions"}],"sub_title":"Memoirs","text":"In 2006, Susan Ray Schmidt, sixth wife of Verlan LeBaron, published His Favorite Wife[52] (updated in 2009[53][54]), in 2007 Irene Spencer, wife of Verlan LeBaron, published Shattered Dreams[55] and in 2009, Cult Insanity,[56] – rebutted in 2011 by Thomas J. Liddiard in Shedding Light: Some Observations of a Book Entitled 'Cult Insanity'[57] – and in 2016 Ruth Wariner, daughter of Joel LeBaron, published The Sound of Gravel about experience in the religious group.[58]For true-crime portrayals of the Church of the Lamb of God murders or Ervil faction memoirs, see Ervil LeBaron § Depictions.","title":"Recent history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Church of the Firstborn of the 'Fulness' of Times (The LeBarons)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=WbOKc8f7tioC&pg=PA53"},{"link_name":"Brandeis University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeis_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781611682960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611682960"},{"link_name":"The LeBaron Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.co.uk/LeBaron-Story-Verlan-M-ebook/dp/B00UO2MJ1C/ref=reader_auth_dp"},{"link_name":"ASIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"B0006E53ZM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/dp/B0006E53ZM"},{"link_name":"The New and Everlasting Covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/reader/1425920918?_encoding=UTF8&page=title"},{"link_name":"AuthorHouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AuthorHouse"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1425920913","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1425920913"},{"link_name":"\"The LeBarons\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=JKHtAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781589580350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589580350"},{"link_name":"\"MF0224 LeBarons, research file\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mormonpolygamydocuments.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/MF0224.pdf"},{"link_name":"Fundamentalist Documents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mormonpolygamydocuments.org/fundamentalist-documents/"},{"link_name":"Maud's Story: With entire sections in her own words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//derrickmoreheadpala.files.wordpress.com/2017/05/mauds-story-with-entire-sections-in-her-own-words-by-charlotte-k-lebaron.pdf"},{"link_name":"AuthorHouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AuthorHouse"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781491874233","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781491874233"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"\"The Mexican Mormon War\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vice.com/en_us/article/nn4knz/the-mexican-mormon-war-full-length"},{"link_name":"Vice.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice.com"}],"text":"Janet Bennion (2012). \"The Church of the Firstborn of the 'Fulness' of Times (The LeBarons)\". Polygamy in Primetime: Media, Gender, and Politics in Mormon Fundamentalism. Brandeis University Press. pp. 43–50. ISBN 9781611682960.\nVerlan M. LeBaron & Charlotte K. LeBaron (1981). The LeBaron Story (a free Kindle edition). Keels & Co. ASIN B0006E53ZM.\nRobert Rey Black (2006). The New and Everlasting Covenant (2nd ed.). Robert Rey Black AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1425920913.\nBrian C. Hales (2006). \"The LeBarons\". Modern Polygamy and Mormon Fundamentalists: The Generations After the Manifesto. Kofford Books. ISBN 9781589580350.\nBrian C. Hales. \"MF0224 LeBarons, research file\" (PDF). Fundamentalist Documents. MormonPolygamyDocuments.org. Retrieved November 17, 2017.\nCharlotte K. LeBaron (2014). Maud's Story: With entire sections in her own words (PDF). AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781491874233. [permanent dead link]\n\"The Mexican Mormon War\" (documentary on the Mormon vigilante militia fighting a drug cartel in Chihuahua). Vice.com. 2012.","title":"Further information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wright_1963_40_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wright_1963_40_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Origins and Development of the Church of the Firstborn of the Fullness of Times\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6227&context=etd"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Baer_2-0"},{"link_name":"Recreating Utopia in the Desert: A Sectarian Challenge to Modern Mormonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/recreatingutopia00baer_0"},{"link_name":"State University of New York Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press"},{"link_name":"35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/recreatingutopia00baer_0/page/35"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780887066818","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780887066818"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bennion_2012_43_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bennion_2012_43_3-1"},{"link_name":"Polygamy in Primetime: Media, Gender, and Politics in Mormon Fundamentalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=WbOKc8f7tioC&pg=PA43"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781611682960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611682960"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1057/9781137386434_2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137386434_2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-349-68146-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-68146-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Drug Cartels Target Mormon Clans in Mexico\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/22/AR2009072203738.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Commentary: A Tribune reporter's account of covering the killings of U.S. Citizens in Mexico\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sltrib.com/opinion/commentary/2019/11/17/commentary-how-tribune/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"'I'll Never Come Back': Massacre Shatters U.S. Community in Mexico - WSJ\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wsj.com/articles/ill-never-come-back-massacre-shatters-u-s-community-in-mexico-11573554604"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"The Church Moves On: Excommunications\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/improvementera4712unse#page/n55/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"The Improvement Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Improvement_Era"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"MF0048: LeBaron, Joel, 'The Excommunication of Joel LeBaron', photocopy of carbon copy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mormonpolygamydocuments.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/MF0048.pdf"},{"link_name":"Fundamentalist Documents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mormonpolygamydocuments.org/fundamentalist-documents/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Dear Sam [Samuel W. 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(1963). \"Origins and Development of the Church of the Firstborn of the Fullness of Times\" (Master's thesis). p. 40.\n\n^ Baer, Hans A. (1988). Recreating Utopia in the Desert: A Sectarian Challenge to Modern Mormonism. State University of New York Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780887066818.\n\n^ a b Bennion, Janet (2012). Polygamy in Primetime: Media, Gender, and Politics in Mormon Fundamentalism. UPNE. p. 43. ISBN 9781611682960.\n\n^ Fagen, Jennifer Lara; Wright, Stuart A. (2004). \"Gender, Sexuality, and Women's Empowerment in Mormon Fundamentalist Communities\". Sexuality and New Religious Movements. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 9–28. doi:10.1057/9781137386434_2. ISBN 978-1-349-68146-4. Infighting over who would lead the group led the LeBarons to officially split from the AUB and create the Church of the Firstborn of the Fullness of Times, which is now known as the LeBaron Group (Bennion 2011a). The membership of the LeBaron Group is approximately 1,000\n\n^ Booth, William (July 23, 2009). \"Drug Cartels Target Mormon Clans in Mexico\". The Washington Post.\n\n^ \"Commentary: A Tribune reporter's account of covering the killings of U.S. Citizens in Mexico\".\n\n^ \"'I'll Never Come Back': Massacre Shatters U.S. Community in Mexico - WSJ\". Wall Street Journal. 12 November 2019.\n\n^ \"The Church Moves On: Excommunications\". The Improvement Era. December 1944. pp. 790–791.\n\n^ Brian C. Hales. \"MF0048: LeBaron, Joel, 'The Excommunication of Joel LeBaron', photocopy of carbon copy\" (PDF). Fundamentalist Documents. MormonPolygamyDocuments.org. Retrieved November 17, 2017.\n\n^ \"Dear Sam [Samuel W. Taylor]\" (PDF). MormonPoligamy.org.\n\n^ Janet Bennion (2004). Desert Patriarchy: Mormon and Mennonite Communities in the Chihuahua Valley (Tucson: University of Arizona Press) ISBN 0-8165-2334-7\n\n^ Brian C. Hales (2006). Modern Polygamy and Mormon Fundamentalists: The Generations After the Manifesto. Salt Lake City: Greg Kofford Books. p. 429–. ISBN 978-1-58958-035-0.\n\n^ Ross Wesley LeBaron (2017-07-29). \"Ross LeBaron: Keys Given to Joel LeBaron \| The Holy Order and The Church of The Firstborn\" (transcript). HolyOrder.Org. Retrieved 2017-11-18(excerpt from talk given on KSXX, December 25, 1987){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)\n\n^ a b Hales, Brian C. \"Ross Wesley LeBaron\". mormonfundamentalism.com. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2014.\n\n^ Davidson, Staff Writer (June 28, 1988), \"Several Men Claim to be The 'One Mighty and Strong'\", Deseret News, Salt Lake City, Utah, retrieved April 12, 2011\n\n^ Robert Rey Black (November 19, 2011). \"The Church of the Firstborn, Temple Ordinances and the AUB: Statement Concerning Circumstances Surrounding the Commencement of Temple Ordinances by the Apostolic United Brethren (Allred Group)\". HolyOrder.org. Retrieved November 17, 2017.\n\n^ Moore-Emmett, Andrea (2004). God's Brothel. Pince-Nez Press. ISBN 9781930074132.\n\n^ Daniel H. Ludlow (1992). \"Church of the Firstborn\". Encyclopedia of Mormonism. New York: Macmillan. p. 276.\n\n^ Ross LeBaron (April 1992). Doctrine of the Priesthood Vol 9 No. 4 - The Church of the Firstborn and its Principles and Doctrinal Teachings and a Short History of Succession in the Priesthood. Salt Lake City, Utah: Collier's Publishing Company. p. 47. ISBN 9780934964715.\n\n^ \"Archivo histórico de localidades\". Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Archived from the original on 2012-06-30.\n\n^ Brian C. Hales (2005). \"Reviews: Janet Bennion, Desert Patriarchy: Mormon and Mennonite Communities in the Chihuahua Valley\". Journal of Mormon History. 31 (1): 216.\n\n^ Bennion, Janet (2004). Desert Patriarchy: Mormon and Mennonite Communities in the Chihuahua Valley. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 9780816523344.\n\n^ Booth, William (July 23, 2009). \"Ambushed by a Drug War: Mormon Clans in Mexico Find Themselves Targets of the Cartels\". Washington Post.\n\n^ Althaus, Dudley (July 11, 2009). \"In killings, sect suffers a new bloody chapter\". Houston Chronicle.\n\n^ D. Michael Quinn (1997). Martin E. Marty; R. Scott Appleby (eds.). Fundamentalisms and Society: Reclaiming the Sciences, the Family, and Education: Volume 2 of The Fundamentalism Project. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-50881-8.\n\n^ Kahlile Mehr, \"The Trial of the French Mission\" Archived 2011-06-14 at the Wayback Machine, Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, vol. 21, no. 3 (Autumn 1988) pp. 27–45.\n\n^ Harvey Rice, Houston Chronicle (2011-06-16). \"Cult leader's daughter's guilty plea draws bloody saga to close - Houston Chronicle\". Chron.com. Retrieved 2016-04-18.\n\n^ a b The Primer, Helping Victims of Domestic Violence and Child Abuse in Polygamous Communities: Fundamentalist Mormon Communities (PDF), Utah Attorney General’s Office and Arizona Attorney General's Office, June 2006, retrieved June 29, 2010, The group splintered after members committed a string of assassinations in the 1980's.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link)\n\n^ Chynoweth, Rena (1990). The Blood Covenant. Eakin Pr. pp. 5 & 205. ISBN 978-0890157688.\n\n^ Spencer, Irene (2009). Cult Insanity: A Memoir of Polygamy, Prophets, and Blood Atonement. ISBN 9781599952130.\n\n^ Jon Krakauer (2004). Under the banner of heaven: a story of violent faith. p. 266. ISBN 9781400078998.\n\n^ Villalpando, Rubén. \"Detienen a integrante de la familia LeBaron por intento de homicidio\". www.jornada.com.mx (in Spanish). La Jornada. Retrieved December 9, 2020.\n\n^ \"Ervil LeBarons bloodyda doctrine of vengeance haunts his [rivals] in this polygamous community\". Times-News (Idaho). July 2, 1988.\n\n^ Brian C. Hales. \"MF0224 LeBarons, research file\" (PDF). Fundamentalist Documents. MormonPolygamyDocuments.org. Retrieved November 17, 2017.\n\n^ \"Plagio de hermano lo llevó a la muerte\". El Universal. 8 July 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-07-11. Retrieved 2009-07-07.\n\n^ \"Matan a Benjamín Le Barón, activista contra secuestros\". El Universal. 8 July 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-07-11. Retrieved 2009-07-07.\n\n^ \"Plagiarios castigan a pueblo en rebeldía\". El Universal. 8 July 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-07-11. Retrieved 2009-07-07.\n\n^ Joaquín Fuentes (8 July 2009). \"Asesinan a líder mormón Benjamín Le Barón\". Milenio Diario. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-07.\n\n^ \"Law-Abiding Mexicans Taking Up Illegal Guns\". NPR. 2012-01-28. Retrieved 2016-04-18.\n\n^ \"Brothers in tiny Mexican town push for changes to nation's strict gun-control laws \| Dallas Morning News\". Dallasnews.com. 2012-12-30. Retrieved 2016-04-18.\n\n^ \"Menonitas atacan a ejidatarios en disputa por pozos de agua\" [Menonites (sic) attack peasants in dispute over wells], La Jornada (in Spanish), Apr 20, 2018, retrieved Nov 4, 2019\n\n^ Crece pugna por el agua en amplia zona de Chihuahua La Jornada retrieved Nov 4, 2019\n\n^ Explota la familia LeBarón acuíferos en Chihuahua con documentos falsos La Jornada retrieved Nov 4, 2019\n\n^ \"Da Corral cobijo policiaco a tierras de los LeBarón\" La Jornada, May 22, 2018, retrieved Nov 4, 2019\n\n^ \"Catean Profepa y Conagua rancho de los LeBarón en busca de pozos ilegales\" [Government agencies Profepa and Conagua search LeBaron ranch for illegal wells], La Jornada (in Spanish), May 28, 2018\n\n^ The Washington Post\n\n^ Jesús Estrada (Nov 4, 2019), \"Queman a una mujer y sus 4 hijos de la familia LeBarón\" [A woman and her four children, members of the LeBaron family, burned], La Jornanda (in Spanish), retrieved Nov 4, 2019\n\n^ Bill Chappell (Nov 5, 2019), \"At Least 9 Members Of Mormon Family Die In Highway Attack In Mexico\", NPR, retrieved Nov 5, 2019\n\n^ Adrianna Rodriguez (Nov 5, 2019), \"A Mormon family was brutally killed. What we know about the Mexico attack\", USA Today, retrieved Nov 5, 2019\n\n^ \"At least 9 members of American family killed in Mexico, most of them kids\", CBS News, Nov 5, 2019\n\n^ Trasladan a EU a niños heridos en emboscada a los LeBarón: Landau La Jornada retrieved Nov 5, 2019\n\n^ Schmidt, Susan Ray (2006). His Favorite Wife: A True Story of Violent Fanaticism - Susan Ray Schmidt - Google Books. ISBN 9780977973002. Retrieved 2016-04-18.\n\n^ Dana Dugan (2006-09-15). \"Idaho Mountain Express: Fanaticism and polygamy: A woman's story - September 15, 2006\". Archives.mtexpress.com. Retrieved 2016-04-18.\n\n^ Dalrymple, Jim (August 8, 2013). \"Lifetime offers melodrama with 'Escape From Polygamy'\". sltrib.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-19. Retrieved 2016-04-06.\n\n^ Spencer, Irene (2007). Shattered Dreams: My Life as a Polygamist's Wife. ISBN 9781599950310.\n\n^ Spencer, Irene (2009). Cult Insanity: A Memoir of Polygamy, Prophets, and Blood Atonement. ISBN 9781599952130.\n\n^ Liddiard, Thomas J. (2011). Shedding Light: Some Observations of a Book Entitled 'Cult Insanity'. ISBN 9781463434434.\n\n^ Kristen Mascia (2016-01-03). \"\"Polygamy stunts a woman's mind\": \"The Sound of Gravel\" author Ruth Wariner on her fundamentalist Mormon childhood, becoming a feminist and life after leaving the church\". Salon.com. Retrieved 2016-04-18.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"LDS Church portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:LDS_Church"},{"title":"Factional breakdown: Mormon fundamentalist sects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:LDS_sects/Mormon_fundamentalist"},{"title":"List of Mormon fundamentalist sects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_denominations_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement#Mormon_fundamentalist"},{"title":"List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mormon_fundamentalist_leaders"},{"title":"Mormon colonies in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon_colonies_in_Mexico"},{"title":"Benjamin LeBaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_LeBaron"},{"title":"Mexican Drug War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Drug_War"},{"title":"Gun politics in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_politics_in_Mexico"},{"title":"Ervil LeBaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ervil_LeBaron"}]	[{"reference":"Janet Bennion (2012). \"The Church of the Firstborn of the 'Fulness' of Times (The LeBarons)\". Polygamy in Primetime: Media, Gender, and Politics in Mormon Fundamentalism. Brandeis University Press. pp. 43–50. ISBN 9781611682960.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WbOKc8f7tioC&pg=PA53","url_text":"\"The Church of the Firstborn of the 'Fulness' of Times (The LeBarons)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeis_University_Press","url_text":"Brandeis University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611682960","url_text":"9781611682960"}]},{"reference":"Verlan M. LeBaron & Charlotte K. LeBaron (1981). The LeBaron Story (a free Kindle edition). Keels & Co. ASIN B0006E53ZM.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/LeBaron-Story-Verlan-M-ebook/dp/B00UO2MJ1C/ref=reader_auth_dp","url_text":"The LeBaron Story"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006E53ZM","url_text":"B0006E53ZM"}]},{"reference":"Robert Rey Black (2006). The New and Everlasting Covenant (2nd ed.). Robert Rey Black AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1425920913.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/reader/1425920918?_encoding=UTF8&page=title","url_text":"The New and Everlasting Covenant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AuthorHouse","url_text":"AuthorHouse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1425920913","url_text":"978-1425920913"}]},{"reference":"Brian C. Hales (2006). \"The LeBarons\". Modern Polygamy and Mormon Fundamentalists: The Generations After the Manifesto. Kofford Books. ISBN 9781589580350.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JKHtAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"The LeBarons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589580350","url_text":"9781589580350"}]},{"reference":"Brian C. Hales. \"MF0224 LeBarons, research file\" (PDF). Fundamentalist Documents. MormonPolygamyDocuments.org. Retrieved November 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://mormonpolygamydocuments.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/MF0224.pdf","url_text":"\"MF0224 LeBarons, research file\""},{"url":"http://mormonpolygamydocuments.org/fundamentalist-documents/","url_text":"Fundamentalist Documents"}]},{"reference":"Charlotte K. LeBaron (2014). Maud's Story: With entire sections in her own words (PDF). AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781491874233.","urls":[{"url":"https://derrickmoreheadpala.files.wordpress.com/2017/05/mauds-story-with-entire-sections-in-her-own-words-by-charlotte-k-lebaron.pdf","url_text":"Maud's Story: With entire sections in her own words"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AuthorHouse","url_text":"AuthorHouse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781491874233","url_text":"9781491874233"}]},{"reference":"\"The Mexican Mormon War\" (documentary on the Mormon vigilante militia fighting a drug cartel in Chihuahua). Vice.com. 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/nn4knz/the-mexican-mormon-war-full-length","url_text":"\"The Mexican Mormon War\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice.com","url_text":"Vice.com"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Lyle O. (1963). \"Origins and Development of the Church of the Firstborn of the Fullness of Times\" (Master's thesis). p. 40.","urls":[{"url":"http://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6227&context=etd","url_text":"\"Origins and Development of the Church of the Firstborn of the Fullness of Times\""}]},{"reference":"Baer, Hans A. (1988). Recreating Utopia in the Desert: A Sectarian Challenge to Modern Mormonism. State University of New York Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780887066818.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/recreatingutopia00baer_0","url_text":"Recreating Utopia in the Desert: A Sectarian Challenge to Modern Mormonism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press","url_text":"State University of New York Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/recreatingutopia00baer_0/page/35","url_text":"35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780887066818","url_text":"9780887066818"}]},{"reference":"Bennion, Janet (2012). Polygamy in Primetime: Media, Gender, and Politics in Mormon Fundamentalism. UPNE. p. 43. ISBN 9781611682960.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WbOKc8f7tioC&pg=PA43","url_text":"Polygamy in Primetime: Media, Gender, and Politics in Mormon Fundamentalism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611682960","url_text":"9781611682960"}]},{"reference":"Fagen, Jennifer Lara; Wright, Stuart A. (2004). \"Gender, Sexuality, and Women's Empowerment in Mormon Fundamentalist Communities\". Sexuality and New Religious Movements. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 9–28. doi:10.1057/9781137386434_2. ISBN 978-1-349-68146-4. Infighting over who would lead the group led the LeBarons to officially split from the AUB and create the Church of the Firstborn of the Fullness of Times, which is now known as the LeBaron Group (Bennion 2011a). The membership of the LeBaron Group is approximately 1,000","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137386434_2","url_text":"10.1057/9781137386434_2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-68146-4","url_text":"978-1-349-68146-4"}]},{"reference":"Booth, William (July 23, 2009). \"Drug Cartels Target Mormon Clans in Mexico\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/22/AR2009072203738.html","url_text":"\"Drug Cartels Target Mormon Clans in Mexico\""}]},{"reference":"\"Commentary: A Tribune reporter's account of covering the killings of U.S. Citizens in Mexico\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sltrib.com/opinion/commentary/2019/11/17/commentary-how-tribune/","url_text":"\"Commentary: A Tribune reporter's account of covering the killings of U.S. Citizens in Mexico\""}]},{"reference":"\"'I'll Never Come Back': Massacre Shatters U.S. Community in Mexico - WSJ\". Wall Street Journal. 12 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/ill-never-come-back-massacre-shatters-u-s-community-in-mexico-11573554604","url_text":"\"'I'll Never Come Back': Massacre Shatters U.S. Community in Mexico - WSJ\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Church Moves On: Excommunications\". The Improvement Era. December 1944. pp. 790–791.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/improvementera4712unse#page/n55/mode/2up","url_text":"\"The Church Moves On: Excommunications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Improvement_Era","url_text":"The Improvement Era"}]},{"reference":"Brian C. Hales. \"MF0048: LeBaron, Joel, 'The Excommunication of Joel LeBaron', photocopy of carbon copy\" (PDF). Fundamentalist Documents. MormonPolygamyDocuments.org. Retrieved November 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://mormonpolygamydocuments.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/MF0048.pdf","url_text":"\"MF0048: LeBaron, Joel, 'The Excommunication of Joel LeBaron', photocopy of carbon copy\""},{"url":"http://mormonpolygamydocuments.org/fundamentalist-documents/","url_text":"Fundamentalist Documents"}]},{"reference":"\"Dear Sam [Samuel W. Taylor]\" (PDF). MormonPoligamy.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://mormonpolygamydocuments.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/MF00032.pdf","url_text":"\"Dear Sam [Samuel W. Taylor]\""}]},{"reference":"Brian C. Hales (2006). Modern Polygamy and Mormon Fundamentalists: The Generations After the Manifesto. Salt Lake City: Greg Kofford Books. p. 429–. ISBN 978-1-58958-035-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JKHtAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Modern Polygamy and Mormon Fundamentalists: The Generations After the Manifesto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58958-035-0","url_text":"978-1-58958-035-0"}]},{"reference":"Ross Wesley LeBaron (2017-07-29). \"Ross LeBaron: Keys Given to Joel LeBaron \| The Holy Order and The Church of The Firstborn\" (transcript). HolyOrder.Org. Retrieved 2017-11-18(excerpt from talk given on KSXX, December 25, 1987)","urls":[{"url":"https://holyorder.org/2017/07/29/ross-lebaron-keys-given-to-joel-lebaron/","url_text":"\"Ross LeBaron: Keys Given to Joel LeBaron \| The Holy Order and The Church of The Firstborn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSXX","url_text":"KSXX"}]},{"reference":"Hales, Brian C. \"Ross Wesley LeBaron\". mormonfundamentalism.com. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131226200610/http://mormonfundamentalism.com/ChartLinks/RossWesleyLeBaron.htm","url_text":"\"Ross Wesley LeBaron\""},{"url":"http://www.mormonfundamentalism.com/ChartLinks/RossWesleyLeBaron.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Davidson, Staff Writer (June 28, 1988), \"Several Men Claim to be The 'One Mighty and Strong'\", Deseret News, Salt Lake City, Utah, retrieved April 12, 2011","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deseretnews.com/article/8629/SEVERAL-MEN-CLAIM-TO-BE-THE-ONE-MIGHTY-AND-STRONG.html?pg=1","url_text":"\"Several Men Claim to be The 'One Mighty and Strong'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News","url_text":"Deseret News"}]},{"reference":"Robert Rey Black (November 19, 2011). \"The Church of the Firstborn, Temple Ordinances and the AUB: Statement Concerning Circumstances Surrounding the Commencement of Temple Ordinances by the Apostolic United Brethren (Allred Group)\". HolyOrder.org. Retrieved November 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://holyorder.org/2017/08/07/robert-black-the-church-of-the-firstborn-and-temple-ordinances-by-the-aub/","url_text":"\"The Church of the Firstborn, Temple Ordinances and the AUB: Statement Concerning Circumstances Surrounding the Commencement of Temple Ordinances by the Apostolic United Brethren (Allred Group)\""}]},{"reference":"Moore-Emmett, Andrea (2004). God's Brothel. Pince-Nez Press. ISBN 9781930074132.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pKbtAAAAMAAJ&q=collier","url_text":"God's Brothel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781930074132","url_text":"9781930074132"}]},{"reference":"Daniel H. Ludlow (1992). \"Church of the Firstborn\". Encyclopedia of Mormonism. New York: Macmillan. p. 276.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_H._Ludlow","url_text":"Daniel H. Ludlow"},{"url":"http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/EoM/id/4391/show/5598","url_text":"\"Church of the Firstborn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mormonism","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Mormonism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers_(United_States)","url_text":"Macmillan"}]},{"reference":"Ross LeBaron (April 1992). Doctrine of the Priesthood Vol 9 No. 4 - The Church of the Firstborn and its Principles and Doctrinal Teachings and a Short History of Succession in the Priesthood. Salt Lake City, Utah: Collier's Publishing Company. p. 47. ISBN 9780934964715.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N5oTwmnCKNIC&pg=PA47","url_text":"Doctrine of the Priesthood Vol 9 No. 4 - The Church of the Firstborn and its Principles and Doctrinal Teachings and a Short History of Succession in the Priesthood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780934964715","url_text":"9780934964715"}]},{"reference":"\"Archivo histórico de localidades\". Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Archived from the original on 2012-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120630035811/http://mapserver.inegi.org.mx/AHL/realizaBusquedaurl.do?cvegeo=080230005","url_text":"\"Archivo histórico de localidades\""},{"url":"http://mapserver.inegi.org.mx/AHL/realizaBusquedaurl.do?cvegeo=080230005","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brian C. Hales (2005). \"Reviews: Janet Bennion, Desert Patriarchy: Mormon and Mennonite Communities in the Chihuahua Valley\". Journal of Mormon History. 31 (1): 216.","urls":[{"url":"http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1044&context=mormonhistory","url_text":"\"Reviews: Janet Bennion, Desert Patriarchy: Mormon and Mennonite Communities in the Chihuahua Valley\""}]},{"reference":"Bennion, Janet (2004). Desert Patriarchy: Mormon and Mennonite Communities in the Chihuahua Valley. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 9780816523344.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=A6giV-AxsykC","url_text":"Desert Patriarchy: Mormon and Mennonite Communities in the Chihuahua Valley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816523344","url_text":"9780816523344"}]},{"reference":"Booth, William (July 23, 2009). \"Ambushed by a Drug War: Mormon Clans in Mexico Find Themselves Targets of the Cartels\". Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/22/AR2009072203738_2.html?hpid=topnews&sid=ST2009072203833","url_text":"\"Ambushed by a Drug War: Mormon Clans in Mexico Find Themselves Targets of the Cartels\""}]},{"reference":"Althaus, Dudley (July 11, 2009). \"In killings, sect suffers a new bloody chapter\". Houston Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/life/religion/6524161.html","url_text":"\"In killings, sect suffers a new bloody chapter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle","url_text":"Houston Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"D. Michael Quinn (1997). Martin E. Marty; R. Scott Appleby (eds.). Fundamentalisms and Society: Reclaiming the Sciences, the Family, and Education: Volume 2 of The Fundamentalism Project. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-50881-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._Michael_Quinn","url_text":"D. Michael Quinn"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ye7DYE39tf8C&q=%22church+of+the+firstborn%22+thousand+lebaron&pg=PA248","url_text":"Fundamentalisms and Society: Reclaiming the Sciences, the Family, and Education: Volume 2 of The Fundamentalism Project"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press","url_text":"University of Chicago Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50881-8","url_text":"978-0-226-50881-8"}]},{"reference":"Harvey Rice, Houston Chronicle (2011-06-16). \"Cult leader's daughter's guilty plea draws bloody saga to close - Houston Chronicle\". Chron.com. Retrieved 2016-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chron.com/life/houston-belief/article/Cult-leader-s-daughter-s-guilty-plea-draws-bloody-2077416.php","url_text":"\"Cult leader's daughter's guilty plea draws bloody saga to close - Houston Chronicle\""}]},{"reference":"The Primer, Helping Victims of Domestic Violence and Child Abuse in Polygamous Communities: Fundamentalist Mormon Communities (PDF), Utah Attorney General’s Office and Arizona Attorney General's Office, June 2006, retrieved June 29, 2010, The group splintered after members committed a string of assassinations in the 1980's.","urls":[{"url":"http://infosect.freeshell.org/infocult/ThePrimeronPolygamy.pdf","url_text":"The Primer, Helping Victims of Domestic Violence and Child Abuse in Polygamous Communities: Fundamentalist Mormon Communities"}]},{"reference":"Chynoweth, Rena (1990). The Blood Covenant. Eakin Pr. pp. 5 & 205. ISBN 978-0890157688.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0890157688","url_text":"978-0890157688"}]},{"reference":"Spencer, Irene (2009). Cult Insanity: A Memoir of Polygamy, Prophets, and Blood Atonement. ISBN 9781599952130.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UCAoNS_wIsUC&q=%22counselor+siegfried%22","url_text":"Cult Insanity: A Memoir of Polygamy, Prophets, and Blood Atonement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781599952130","url_text":"9781599952130"}]},{"reference":"Jon Krakauer (2004). Under the banner of heaven: a story of violent faith. p. 266. ISBN 9781400078998.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Krakauer","url_text":"Jon Krakauer"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0DQaTU7Opq0C&q=exceptional+charisma","url_text":"Under the banner of heaven: a story of violent faith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400078998","url_text":"9781400078998"}]},{"reference":"Villalpando, Rubén. \"Detienen a integrante de la familia LeBaron por intento de homicidio\". www.jornada.com.mx (in Spanish). La Jornada. Retrieved December 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://jornada.com.mx/notas/2020/12/09/estados/detienen-a-integrante-de-la-familia-lebaron-por-intento-de-homicidio/","url_text":"\"Detienen a integrante de la familia LeBaron por intento de homicidio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ervil LeBarons bloodyda doctrine of vengeance haunts his [rivals] in this polygamous community\". Times-News (Idaho). 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The Church of the Firstborn and its Principles and Doctrinal Teachings and a Short History of Succession in the Priesthood"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120630035811/http://mapserver.inegi.org.mx/AHL/realizaBusquedaurl.do?cvegeo=080230005","external_links_name":"\"Archivo histórico de localidades\""},{"Link":"http://mapserver.inegi.org.mx/AHL/realizaBusquedaurl.do?cvegeo=080230005","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1044&context=mormonhistory","external_links_name":"\"Reviews: Janet Bennion, Desert Patriarchy: Mormon and Mennonite Communities in the Chihuahua Valley\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=A6giV-AxsykC","external_links_name":"Desert Patriarchy: Mormon and Mennonite Communities in the Chihuahua Valley"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/22/AR2009072203738_2.html?hpid=topnews&sid=ST2009072203833","external_links_name":"\"Ambushed by a Drug War: Mormon Clans in Mexico Find Themselves Targets of the Cartels\""},{"Link":"http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/life/religion/6524161.html","external_links_name":"\"In killings, sect suffers a new bloody chapter\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ye7DYE39tf8C&q=%22church+of+the+firstborn%22+thousand+lebaron&pg=PA248","external_links_name":"Fundamentalisms and Society: Reclaiming the Sciences, the Family, and Education: Volume 2 of The Fundamentalism Project"},{"Link":"http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/dialogue,21086","external_links_name":"\"The Trial of the French Mission\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110614014812/http://content.lib.utah.edu/u/?%2Fdialogue%2C21086","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.chron.com/life/houston-belief/article/Cult-leader-s-daughter-s-guilty-plea-draws-bloody-2077416.php","external_links_name":"\"Cult leader's daughter's guilty plea draws bloody saga to close - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics_of_marriage	Economics of marriage	["1 Economic Origins of Marriage","2 Benefit of Marriage","2.1 Implications On Taxes, Financials & Credit","2.2 Lower Tax Bracket as a Couple","2.3 Spouse Could Be a Tax Shelter","2.4 Unemployed Spouse Can Have an IRA","2.5 Couples may \"benefit-shop\"","2.6 Higher Charitable Contribution Deductions","2.7 Estate Tax Protection","2.8 One Return Saves Time","2.9 You are now both responsible","2.10 Higher Minimum","2.11 Taking on their past debts","2.12 Tax Pros and Cons Under New Tax Law","3 Cost of Getting Married","3.1 Average Wedding Costs","3.2 Who Pays for the Wedding?","4 Economic reasons not to get married","5 Legislation and reform of marriage","5.1 Uniform Marital Property Act","5.2 Uniform Premarital Agreements Act","6 Divorce","7 See also","8 References","9 Further references"]	The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The economics of marriage includes the economic analysis of household formation and break up, of production and distribution decisions within the household. It is closely related to the law and economics of marriages and households. Grossbard-Shechtman (1999a and 1999b) identifies three approaches to the subject: the Marxist approach (Friedrich Engels (1884) and Himmelweit and Mohun (1977)), the neo-classical approach (Gary Becker (1974)) and the game theoretic approaches (Marilyn Manser, Murray Brown, Marjorie McElroy and Mary Jane Horney). Marital status has a positive influence on economic status. There is a marriage prime for males that the wage of married males is 15% higher than the wage of never married male. The Uniform Marital Property Act issued clause on the distribution of marital property and individual property. The Uniform Premarital Agreements Act offers clauses to guide two spouses to make an agreement on distribution of rights and obligations before marriage. Economic Origins of Marriage Richard Wrangham puts forward the view that women cooking for men is fundamental to marriage in hunter-gatherer societies. Many such examples suggest that the mating system is constrained by the way species are socially adapted to their food supply. ... The consequence of man's economic dependence takes different forms in different societies, but recall that according to Jane Collier and Michelle Rosaldo, his needing a wife to provide food is universal among hunter-gatherers. Food, it seems, routinely drives a man's marriage decision more than the need for a sexual partner. This extends to men stealing women. Among the Inuit, where a woman contributed no food calories, her cooking and production of warm, dry hunting clothes were vital: a man cannot both hunt and cook. The pressure could drive widowers or bachelors to neighboring territories in an attempt to steal a woman, even if it meant killing her husband. The problem was so pervasive that ... unfamiliar men would normally be killed even before questions were asked. Lust was not the motivation for stealing wives. "The vital importance of a wife to perform domestic services provided the most usual motive for abduction," according to ethnographer David Riches. Jeremy Greenwood and Nezih Guner (2009) argue that technological progress in the household sector, say due to the advent of dishwashers, frozen foods, vacuum cleaners, washing machines, tupperware, etc. has reduced the need for labor in the home. As a result, it is much easier to live alone. This has resulted in a smaller fraction of the population being married and a higher rate of divorce. Benefit of Marriage 93% of employers in the United States provide health insurance to married couples. There is marital wage premium for males, according to the survey “Summary Statistics of White Young Men Classified by Marital Status in 1976”, which was done by Korenman and Neumark, the hourly wage of married spouses present is $6.57, and hourly wage of the never married is $5.56, which was approximately 15% lower than that of the married spouse present. Implications On Taxes, Financials & Credit Before getting married all couples should have an understanding of the implications of their decisions and understand how their life commitment impacts them financially. Tax Pros Explanation Lower Tax Bracket as a Couple Spouses who earned similar salaries, when combined, pushed the couple into a higher tax bracket than if they were single. The government stepped in and reduced the penalty for couples making the rate more fair in relation to filing as single. Now couples that file jointly can take advantage if on spouse earns significantly less than the other by pulling the couple as a whole down to a lower tax bracket. Spouse Could Be a Tax Shelter If a spouse is losing money once year the other spouse who is making money would be able to take advantage of the unused tax deductions of their partner claiming their loss as a tax write-off on a joint claim. Unemployed Spouse Can Have an IRA An unemployed taxpayer typically is not eligible for an IRA. However a married taxpayer with no paid employment can contribute to an IRA using the couples join income. If a couple files jointly but each have individual IRAs they can become eligible for substantial tax deductions. Being married raises the limits for IRA deductions to be phased out for couples filing jointly as well. Couples may "benefit-shop" If a married couple both receive benefits from their employer they can "shop" the benefits to see which mixture of selections between the two would give them the highest tax savings advantage. Higher Charitable Contribution Deductions Annual charitable deductions have a limit each year around no more than 50% of your income as an individual. Being married can help raise that limit so that the charitable amount which can be deducted is calculated from the combined income of the married couple if filing jointly. Estate Tax Protection When dealing with an estate at the time of death being married can help protect your wealth from being taxed when you die if it is passed to your spouse as the is no estate tax under law for this transfer. One Return Saves Time Filing Jointly means one return, one cost, one time. Tax Cons Explanation You are now both responsible Filing jointly means you are responsible for not only yourself but everything your spouse files as well. This opens you up to some risk should they file false documents. Higher Minimum More difficult to reach deductible minimums (currently 10% or greater) with a combined income. Taking on their past debts If your spouse has any outstanding debt or owes child support that could affect your return by being withheld or delayed. Tax Pros and Cons Under New Tax Law The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) balances things out for most taxpayers by restructuring the tax brackets. Currently and through 2025 when the TCJA expires unless Congress renews it, the income perimeters for all tax brackets except one are double those for single filers. Assume a couple were each earning $91,000 annually in 2017. Under the TCJA's brackets, they’d each fall into the new 24% range if they didn't marry and they filed single returns. And if they married? They’d fall into the new 24% range for married taxpayers who file jointly as well. And yes, that's 1% less than they would have paid before the TCJA went into effect. There's no more 25% bracket. The 24% bracket jumps to 32% at individual incomes of $157,500 and joint married incomes of $315,000—exactly double. The highest tax bracket is down to 37% from 39.6% in 2017. This is still subject to the marriage penalty but you won't hit it until you earn more than $500,000 as a single individual or $600,000 if you're married and file jointly—not even close to double. Congress has indicated that preserving the marriage penalty at the highest tax rate will help fund other taxpayer-friendly provisions of the TCJA so the adjustment wasn't quite made across the board. Tax Credits and Other Issues The marriage penalty isn't just about tax brackets. It rears its ugly head in a few other tax circumstances as well, and the TCJA does not affect all of them. The Earned Income Tax Credit still has income limits in place and they're different depending on whether you're married or single. Marrying and combining incomes will still disqualify some lower-income couples from claiming this tax credit. As for that itemized tax deduction for property, state, and local taxes, the TCJA caps this at $10,000 for every taxpayer whether he's single or married and filing a joint return. A couple who didn't marry could claim $20,000 in deductions on two separate returns but the married couple is limited to $10,000 on one return. Congress argues that it can be presumed that married couples are sharing payment of these SALT taxes and two taxpayers can't both claim deductions for the same expenses. This one might not be as glaring as it appears on the surface. The TJCA hasn't altered the 3.8% tax on net investment income, either. This tax kicks in at investment income over $250,000 for married couples filing jointly but $200,000 for individual filers. Two individuals who didn't file a joint return would have a threshold of $400,000 or $200,000 each so that marriage license leaves $150,000 on the table. Cost of Getting Married Average Wedding Costs In 2018 over 18,000 US-based weddings were researched as part of a report conducted by the WeddingWire. When all the data was consolidated they discovered that the average cost for getting married in the US was $38,700. ($5,000 Engagement Ring + $29,200 Ceremony/Reception + $4,500 Honeymoon) This report took a vast variety of items into account and pulled data from all different parts of the country where wedding costs varied significantly. It was found that Metro New York, San Francisco and Washington D.C. were the top 3 most expensive areas to get married in 2018 while Cleveland, Tampa/St. Petersburg, and Phoenix were the least expensive areas to get married on average. AVERAGE WEDDING COST BY CATEGORY (2018) Item(s) Average Cost (USD) Venue $9,000 Catering $6,700 Band $3,900 Photography $2,400 Wedding Rings $1,900 Wedding Planner $1,850 Rehearsal Dinner + Additional Meals $1,800 Videography $1,800 Flowers $1,800 Event Rentals & Photobooths $1,700 Dress $1,700 Lighting & Decor $1,400 DJ $1,200 Transportation $1,050 Wedding Party Attire $800 Hair & Makeup $650 Ceremony Music/Musician $600 Wedding Party Gifts $600 Invitations/Stationary $550 Cake & Desserts $550 Beauty & Health $550 Favors & Gifts $450 Grooms Attire $400 Jewelry $300 Officiant $300 Who Pays for the Wedding? Traditionally there has been a breakout of who pays for what at a wedding. These are mostly customary rules of thumb rather than hard guidelines a couple must follow. In the end it comes down to each couples financial situation but it is worth noting for a coupe getting married who has paid for what in a more traditional setting. Over the years the responsibility for paying for the wedding has taken a shift. Today "Generation X" (people born form 1965 to 1979) couples break out the payments for a wedding as such: 69% paid by the couples, 27% paid by the parents and 4% is paid by "other". Where as Millennial (people born from 1980 to 1994) break out the costs for a wedding today as follows: 40% paid by the couple, 51% paid by the parents and 9% paid by "other". Couples today are finding that they are funding their portion of the wedding by either dipping into their savings, finding ways to make extra money before the wedding or taking on debt. Based on a survey, 1 in 3 (33%) men took out a loan or used a credit card to finance their wedding, compared to 1 in 5 (20%) women. Who Pays for What Traditionally for a Wedding Item Breakdown Ceremony Brides side pays for the venue while the grooms side pays for the officiant (and musicians if applicable) Wedding Attire Brides side pays for the brides dress and accessories while the groom pays for his attire. Flowers and decorations Brides side pays for the floral arrangements for the ceremony and reception as well as bouquets and corsages for the bridesmaids and flower girls. Groom and family paid for brides’ bouquet boot nears for the men and corsages for the mothers and grandmothers. Photography/Videography Brides side pays for all wedding photos and video. Pre-Wedding Parties Groom's family plans and host's rehearsal dinner. Maid of honor and bridesmaids host the bridal shower and Bachelorette party. Best man and groomsmen host the Bachelor party. Reception: Bride and family pay for all professional services, including food and decorations. Groom's family pays for the DJ and/or band and liquor. Rings: Bride pays for the grooms ring and the groom pays for the brides ring. That's why it's called the exchanging of rings. Stationary: Brides family pays for invitations, announcements and wedding programs. Transportation: Brides side pays for transportation for the wedding party the day of the wedding. Economic reasons not to get married There may be many reasons to not get married such as fear of commitment, family disapproval, genetic incompatibility, etc... However, financial reasons hold the biggest weight and especially in the older adult community. Forbes magazine article by Dan Browning, discussed several reasons why aging adults should cohabit instead of marrying. One of the things that were suggested to Browning by his financial adviser and tax accountant is that marrying late can affect health insurance of partners. An anecdote is presented by these financial advisors that considers that upon retirement at the age of 65, a spouse who was benefiting from the health insurance of their spouse's job will find it difficult to qualify for a subsidized health care plan. A second reason is that later on in life individuals are usually financially affluent hence leading to higher taxation when married and filing jointly. Browning's article gives another example of an older adult couple who married at the age of 60 but had to divorce because their tax bill increased by $40,000 due to their high individual assets. Continually, the cost of getting married is a major reason why many couples avoid marriage. From the above data from WeddingWire's 2019 Newlywed report in the United States, the average cost to get married is $38,700. This amount is the equivalent of the average student loan debts or a down payment on a house. Such financial investment for one day is not worth the burden. Along lines of student loans, people avoid marriage because it leads to combined student loan which leads to a higher repayment compared to when single (Hamer). Thirdly, people avoid marriage because it can affect their credit score in the event their spouse has a bad credit. Lastly but not limited to, marriage is avoided because the cost of divorce when things do not work out is expensive (see Divorce section for more details). Legislation and reform of marriage Uniform Marital Property Act Traditional asset division system stated that what a spouse owns before marriage or personal earnings during marriage are considered as separated property. Uniform Marital Property（UMPA)，a marital law that was first passed by the Uniform Law Commissioners in 1983, considered a family as an economic entity. Each spouse owns half of the marital property and their individual property, which includes property before marriage and individual income such as gifts from a third person or added value on individual property before marriage. If there is uncertainty on ownership, the property will be considered as a community property. Both spouses have the responsibility to protect their marital property. So far, only Wisconsin has adopted UMPA, and suggestions have been made by which to revise UMPA before it is adopted in any other state. Uniform Premarital Agreements Act Premarital agreement is an agreement that two individuals signed to distribute marital rights and obligations of each individual during marriage, after divorce, or death of one spouse. Uniform Premarital Agreements Act (UPAA) was issued by the Uniform Law Commission (ULC) in 1983 and has been employed by 27 states. It includes rights and duties responsible to determine when and where a premarital agreement is practicable. It requires the premarital agreement to be in writing and signed by both spouses. UPAA also record that a party must fairly disclose his or her property to another party if he or she wants to enforce the premarital agreement. The adoption of UPAA differentiated in each individual states. States Year of Adoption State-Specific Features Arizona 1991 Agreement needs to be notarized Arkansas 1987 Agreement must be acknowledged by both spouses;parties need to consult with legal counsel before waiving the right to disclosure. California 1986 Abandon the allowance of modifying and eliminating spousal support.;Full disclosure of property and financial duties. Connecticut 1995 Property includes both tangible and intangible property; agreement does not need to be in writing and signed; added child custody issue; determined how and when agreement is practicable; and "written schedule" Delaware 1996 Removes language in section6(b) District of Columbia 1995 Allows same-sex couple to have premarital agreement. Florida 2007 Spousal support cannot be waived. Hawaii 1987 None Idaho 1995 Agreement must be acknowledged and proved Illinois 1990 Changes for enforcement section; language of the UPPA was changed. Indiana 1997 Organization structure;eliminates the fair disclosure on financial and property information the other party; language change Iowa 1991 Income and earnings does not consider as property in section 596.1;does not allow using agreement to contract about spousal support. Kansas 1988 Added a standard to determine the voluntariness of the agreement. Maine 1987 None Montana 1987 None Nebraska 1994 None Nevada 1989 Language changes New Jersey 1988 The definition of premarital agreement; Give same-sex couple rights; Signed, acknowledged of agreement by both parties and statement of asset attach to premarital agreement. New Mexico 1995 Agreement must be acknowledged in New Mexico;agreement cannot affect the right of child and spousal support; Removed subsection(b) North Carolina 1987 language changes in section 52B-7(B) North Dakota 1985 definition changes, not need to be in writing; adding new section about handling unconscionable provisions of premarital agreement. Oregon 1987 None Rhode Island 1987 Word changes enforcement section; insert subsection(b) in 15-17-6 South Dakota 1989 No strict limitation on signing and writing the agreement;Delete the modification and elimination of spousal support in agreement. Texas 1997 Deleted the modification and elimination of spousal support in agreement. Add subsection to 4.006 Utah 1994 Language changes; add protection to child; Word changes in enforcement section. Virginia 1985 Change in 20-150(4) allow to contract about child support; Add statement to 20-151(b) financial and property information does not need to be fairly disclosed Spier (1992) has pointed out that there may be fewer prenuptial agreements than would be socially optimal. The reason is that if you ask your fiancée to sign such an agreement, you might signal that you fear that the probability of divorce will be larger than your fiancée would have thought otherwise. Smith (2003) provides a survey of the law and economics literature on marriage contracts. Divorce Median Household Wealth of Persons Aged 51-61 by Marital Status Provisional number of divorces and annulments and rate in the United States, 2000-2017 Divorce is the other end of marriage that couples often do not go into marriage hoping to do. Although the past years rates of divorce have been decreasing as a result of individuals marrying late and rise in education, there is still a common trend of it in the lower and less educated social class. The CDC reports that of the 2,236,496 marriages 787,251 couples ended in a divorce. This means that 35 percent of marriages ended in divorce with an overall industrial worth of $50 billion yearly. The significance of this data in relation to the topic of the economy of marriage can be explained by a report given by Jay Zagorsky, the writer of Marriage and Divorce's Impact on Wealth. This report revealed that over the course of time it is more profitable to stay married than to have a divorce. According to the article by Zagorsky, “Married respondents experience per person net worth increases of 77 percent over single respondents. divorced respondents’ wealth starts falling four years before divorce and they experience an average wealth drop of 77 percent.” Mary Corcoran study done in 1994 looked at the same families while they were married and when they separated. The study shows that the family income that once averaged $43,600 (married) declined to averaging $25,300. One of the causes of this contrast is that, married couples are more likely to invest because of their commitment to each other hence the reason why many are homeowners compared to their single counterparts. A second reason for this is that married couples share things together unlike separated or single individuals. As a married household there ought to be no need for multiple of the same home appliances, maybe cars, and they can divide the labour and expenses of raising children/housework. A second facet to consider when looking at divorce in relations to the economic of marriage is that of children. A study done by Julia Heath and B. F. Kiker reveal that compared to any other population single-mother headed households are susceptible to poverty. Secondary data collected for this study reports that, “changes in family structure precede poverty spells in over 99 percent of the white single-mother families…and in almost 97 percent of black families." Another study related to this data by saying, “75 percent of all women who apply for welfare benefits do so because of a disrupted marriage or a disrupted relationship in which they live with a male outside of marriage”. The parent that took the children under their possession experiences an overall decline in his/her income. See also Cost of raising a child Parental dividend Demographic economics Economic imperialism (economics) Family economics Hypergamy Partner effects References ^ Grossbard-Shechtman, Shoshana (1999)a "Marriage" in Encyclopedia of Political Economy, edited by Phillip O'Hara. London: Routledge ^ Grossbard-Shechtman, Shoshana (1999)b "Marriage, Theories of," in Elgar Companion to Feminist Economics, edited by Meg Lewis and Janice Peterson. Aldershot, U.K.: Edward Elgar ^ Wrangham, Richard (2009). How Cooking Made us Human. p. 175. ^ Wrangham, Richard (2009). How Cooking Made us Human. p. 169. ^ Greenwood, Jeremy and Nezih Guner (2009), "Marriage and Divorce since World War II: Analyzing the Role of Technological Progress on the Formation of Households," NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2008, v. 23 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), 231-276. ^ Badgett, M.V. Lee (1 July 2010). "The Economic Value of Marriage for Same-sex Couples" (PDF). Drake Law Review. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2015. ^ Korenman, Sanders; Neumark, David (1991). "Does Marriage Really Make Men More Productive?". Journal of Human Resources. 26 (2): 282–307. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.464.1424. doi:10.2307/145924. JSTOR 145924. ^ a b "7 Tax Advantages of Getting Married". turbotax.intuit.com. Retrieved 2019-12-11. ^ Bird, Beverly. "How Does the New Tax Law Affect You If You're Married?". The Balance. Retrieved 2019-12-11. ^ a b c d "2019 Wedding Report". WeddingWire. Retrieved 2019-12-11. ^ a b "Boomers, Gen X, Gen Y, and Gen Z Explained". www.kasasa.com. Retrieved 2019-12-12. ^ Abdou, Anouare (July 2023). "Survey Reveals Younger Generations Regret Cost of Their Weddings More". Credello. ^ "Here's Who Traditionally Pays for What in the Wedding Budget". theknot.com. Retrieved 2019-12-11. ^ a b c "Financial Pros And Cons Of Getting Married Late In Life". Forbes. Retrieved 2019-12-11. ^ Hamer, Lauren (November 9, 2017). "The Most Compelling Financial Reasons Never to Get Married". Showbiz Cheat Sheet. Retrieved 2019-12-11. ^ Krause, Harry (1994). Family Law: Cases, Comments and Questions. St. Paul, Minn: West Publishing. pp. 128, 427–428. ^ "Marital Property Act Summary". Uniform Law Commission. Uniform Law Commission. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015. ^ "Marital Property Act". Uniform Law Commission. Uniform Law Commission. ^ Reppy, William (1 January 1984). "The Uniform Marital Property Act: Some Suggested Revisions for a Basically Sound Act". Houston Law Review. pp. 679–716. Retrieved 24 March 2022. ^ "Uniform Premarital and Martial Agreement Act" (PDF). Uniform Law Commission. Uniform Law Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015. ^ "the Uniform Premarital Agreement Act and Its Variations Throughout the States" (PDF). The American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers. 23 (335). 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2015. ^ "Uniform Premarital and Martial Agreement Act" (PDF). Uniform Law Commission. Uniform Law Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015. ^ "Premarital Agreement Act Summary". Uniform Law Commission. Uniform Law Commission. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015. ^ "the Uniform Premarital Agreement Act and Its Variations Throughout the States" (PDF). The American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers. 23 (335). 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2015. ^ Spier, Kathryn E. (1992). "Incomplete Contracts and Signalling". The RAND Journal of Economics. 23 (3): 432–443. doi:10.2307/2555872. ISSN 0741-6261. JSTOR 2555872. ^ Smith, Ian (2003). "The Law and Economics of Marriage Contracts". Journal of Economic Surveys. 17 (2): 201–226. doi:10.1111/1467-6419.00193. ISSN 1467-6419. S2CID 154600414. ^ "FastStats". www.cdc.gov. 2019-05-28. Retrieved 2019-12-11. ^ a b "For richer for poorer: the economics of marriage". www.worldfinance.com. Retrieved 2019-12-11. ^ Zagorsky, Jay L. (December 2005). "Marriage and divorce's impact on wealth". Journal of Sociology. 41 (4): 406–424. doi:10.1177/1440783305058478. ISSN 1440-7833. S2CID 144268406. ^ a b "Effects of Divorce on Financial Stability ". www.marripedia.org. Retrieved 2019-12-11. ^ Corcoran, Mary E.; Chaudry, Ajay (Summer–Fall 1997). "The Dynamics of Childhood Poverty". The Future of Children. 7 (2): 40–54. doi:10.2307/1602386. JSTOR 1602386. PMID 9299836. ^ Heath, Julia A.; Kiker, B. F. (1992-10-01). "Determinants of Spells of Poverty Following Divorce". Review of Social Economy. 50 (3): 305–315. doi:10.1080/758537075. ISSN 0034-6764. Further references Becker, G. (1974) "A theory of marriage", in: T. W. Schultz, ed., Economics of the family. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 293–344. Engels, F (1884). The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State: in the light of the researches of Lewis H. Morgan is a historical materialist treatise. Himmelweit, S. and Mohun, S. (1977) “Domestic Labor and Capital.” Cambridge Journal of Economics vol 1:15–31. Manser, Marilyn and Murray Brown (1980). "Marriage and Household Decision Making: a Bargaining Analysis." International Economic Review 21:31–44. McElroy, Marjorie B. and M.J. Horney (1981). "Nash Bargained Household Decisions: Toward a Generalization of the Theory of Demand." International Economic Review 22:333–49.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grossbard-Shechtman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoshana_Grossbard-Shechtman"},{"link_name":"Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Engels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engels"},{"link_name":"neo-classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_economics"},{"link_name":"Gary Becker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Becker"},{"link_name":"game theoretic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The economics of marriage includes the economic analysis of household formation and break up, of production and distribution decisions within the household. It is closely related to the law and economics of marriages and households. Grossbard-Shechtman (1999a and 1999b) identifies three approaches to the subject: the Marxist approach (Friedrich Engels (1884) and Himmelweit and Mohun (1977)), the neo-classical approach (Gary Becker (1974)) and the game theoretic approaches (Marilyn Manser, Murray Brown, Marjorie McElroy and Mary Jane Horney).[1][2] Marital status has a positive influence on economic status. There is a marriage prime for males that the wage of married males is 15% higher than the wage of never married male. The Uniform Marital Property Act issued clause on the distribution of marital property and individual property. The Uniform Premarital Agreements Act offers clauses to guide two spouses to make an agreement on distribution of rights and obligations before marriage.","title":"Economics of marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Wrangham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wrangham"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Richard Wrangham puts forward the view that women cooking for men is fundamental to marriage in hunter-gatherer societies.[3]Many such examples suggest that the mating system is constrained by the way species are socially adapted to their food supply. ... The consequence of man's economic dependence takes different forms in different societies, but recall that according to Jane Collier and Michelle Rosaldo, his needing a wife to provide food is universal among hunter-gatherers. Food, it seems, routinely drives a man's marriage decision more than the need for a sexual partner.This extends to men stealing women.[4]Among the Inuit, where a woman contributed no food calories, her cooking and production of warm, dry hunting clothes were vital: a man cannot both hunt and cook. The pressure could drive widowers or bachelors to neighboring territories in an attempt to steal a woman, even if it meant killing her husband. The problem was so pervasive that ... unfamiliar men would normally be killed even before questions were asked. Lust was not the motivation for stealing wives. \"The vital importance of a wife to perform domestic services provided the most usual motive for abduction,\" according to ethnographer David Riches.Jeremy Greenwood and Nezih Guner (2009) argue that technological progress in the household sector, say due to the advent of dishwashers, frozen foods, vacuum cleaners, washing machines, tupperware, etc. has reduced the need for labor in the home. As a result, it is much easier to live alone. This has resulted in a smaller fraction of the population being married and a higher rate of divorce.[5]","title":"Economic Origins of Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"93% of employers in the United States provide health insurance to married couples.[6]\nThere is marital wage premium for males, according to the survey “Summary Statistics of White Young Men Classified by Marital Status in 1976”, which was done by Korenman and Neumark, the hourly wage of married spouses present is $6.57, and hourly wage of the never married is $5.56, which was approximately 15% lower than that of the married spouse present.[7]","title":"Benefit of Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Implications On Taxes, Financials & Credit","text":"Before getting married all couples should have an understanding of the implications of their decisions and understand how their life commitment impacts them financially.","title":"Benefit of Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"net investment income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thebalance.com/net-investment-income-tax-3192936"}],"sub_title":"Tax Pros and Cons Under New Tax Law","text":"The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) balances things out for most taxpayers by restructuring the tax brackets. Currently and through 2025 when the TCJA expires unless Congress renews it, the income perimeters for all tax brackets except one are double those for single filers.[9]Assume a couple were each earning $91,000 annually in 2017. Under the TCJA's brackets, they’d each fall into the new 24% range if they didn't marry and they filed single returns.And if they married? They’d fall into the new 24% range for married taxpayers who file jointly as well. And yes, that's 1% less than they would have paid before the TCJA went into effect. There's no more 25% bracket. The 24% bracket jumps to 32% at individual incomes of $157,500 and joint married incomes of $315,000—exactly double.The highest tax bracket is down to 37% from 39.6% in 2017. This is still subject to the marriage penalty but you won't hit it until you earn more than $500,000 as a single individual or $600,000 if you're married and file jointly—not even close to double.Congress has indicated that preserving the marriage penalty at the highest tax rate will help fund other taxpayer-friendly provisions of the TCJA so the adjustment wasn't quite made across the board.Tax Credits and Other IssuesThe marriage penalty isn't just about tax brackets. It rears its ugly head in a few other tax circumstances as well, and the TCJA does not affect all of them.The Earned Income Tax Credit still has income limits in place and they're different depending on whether you're married or single. Marrying and combining incomes will still disqualify some lower-income couples from claiming this tax credit.As for that itemized tax deduction for property, state, and local taxes, the TCJA caps this at $10,000 for every taxpayer whether he's single or married and filing a joint return. A couple who didn't marry could claim $20,000 in deductions on two separate returns but the married couple is limited to $10,000 on one return.Congress argues that it can be presumed that married couples are sharing payment of these SALT taxes and two taxpayers can't both claim deductions for the same expenses. This one might not be as glaring as it appears on the surface.The TJCA hasn't altered the 3.8% tax on net investment income, either. This tax kicks in at investment income over $250,000 for married couples filing jointly but $200,000 for individual filers. Two individuals who didn't file a joint return would have a threshold of $400,000 or $200,000 each so that marriage license leaves $150,000 on the table.","title":"Benefit of Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cost of Getting Married"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"}],"sub_title":"Average Wedding Costs","text":"In 2018 over 18,000 US-based weddings were researched as part of a report conducted by the WeddingWire. When all the data was consolidated they discovered that the average cost for getting married in the US was $38,700. ($5,000 Engagement Ring + $29,200 Ceremony/Reception + $4,500 Honeymoon) This report took a vast variety of items into account and pulled data from all different parts of the country where wedding costs varied significantly. It was found that Metro New York, San Francisco and Washington D.C. were the top 3 most expensive areas to get married in 2018 while Cleveland, Tampa/St. Petersburg, and Phoenix were the least expensive areas to get married on average.[10]","title":"Cost of Getting Married"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Who Pays for the Wedding?","text":"Traditionally there has been a breakout of who pays for what at a wedding. These are mostly customary rules of thumb rather than hard guidelines a couple must follow. In the end it comes down to each couples financial situation but it is worth noting for a coupe getting married who has paid for what in a more traditional setting. Over the years the responsibility for paying for the wedding has taken a shift. Today \"Generation X\" (people born form 1965 to 1979)[11] couples break out the payments for a wedding as such: 69% paid by the couples, 27% paid by the parents and 4% is paid by \"other\". Where as Millennial (people born from 1980 to 1994)[11] break out the costs for a wedding today as follows: 40% paid by the couple, 51% paid by the parents and 9% paid by \"other\". Couples today are finding that they are funding their portion of the wedding by either dipping into their savings, finding ways to make extra money before the wedding or taking on debt.[10] Based on a survey, 1 in 3 (33%) men took out a loan or used a credit card to finance their wedding, compared to 1 in 5 (20%) women.[12]","title":"Cost of Getting Married"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"There may be many reasons to not get married such as fear of commitment, family disapproval, genetic incompatibility, etc... However, financial reasons hold the biggest weight and especially in the older adult community. Forbes magazine article by Dan Browning, discussed several reasons why aging adults should cohabit instead of marrying.[14] One of the things that were suggested to Browning by his financial adviser and tax accountant is that marrying late can affect health insurance of partners. An anecdote is presented by these financial advisors that considers that upon retirement at the age of 65, a spouse who was benefiting from the health insurance of their spouse's job will find it difficult to qualify for a subsidized health care plan.[14] A second reason is that later on in life individuals are usually financially affluent hence leading to higher taxation when married and filing jointly. Browning's article gives another example of an older adult couple who married at the age of 60 but had to divorce because their tax bill increased by $40,000 due to their high individual assets.[14]Continually, the cost of getting married is a major reason why many couples avoid marriage. From the above data from WeddingWire's 2019 Newlywed report in the United States, the average cost to get married is $38,700.[10] This amount is the equivalent of the average student loan debts or a down payment on a house. Such financial investment for one day is not worth the burden. Along lines of student loans, people avoid marriage because it leads to combined student loan which leads to a higher repayment compared to when single (Hamer). Thirdly, people avoid marriage because it can affect their credit score in the event their spouse has a bad credit. Lastly but not limited to, marriage is avoided because the cost of divorce when things do not work out is expensive (see Divorce section for more details).[15]","title":"Economic reasons not to get married"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legislation and reform of marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Uniform Marital Property Act","text":"Traditional asset division system stated that what a spouse owns before marriage or personal earnings during marriage are considered as separated property. Uniform Marital Property（UMPA)，a marital law that was first passed by the Uniform Law Commissioners in 1983,[16] considered a family as an economic entity. Each spouse owns half of the marital property and their individual property, which includes property before marriage and individual income such as gifts from a third person or added value on individual property before marriage. If there is uncertainty on ownership, the property will be considered as a community property. Both spouses have the responsibility to protect their marital property.[17] So far, only Wisconsin has adopted UMPA,[18] and suggestions have been made by which to revise UMPA before it is adopted in any other state.[19]","title":"Legislation and reform of marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalling_(economics)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Uniform Premarital Agreements Act","text":"Premarital agreement is an agreement that two individuals signed to distribute marital rights and obligations of each individual during marriage, after divorce, or death of one spouse.[20] Uniform Premarital Agreements Act (UPAA) was issued by the Uniform Law Commission (ULC) in 1983 and has been employed by 27 states.[21] It includes rights and duties responsible to determine when and where a premarital agreement is practicable. It requires the premarital agreement to be in writing and signed by both spouses.[22] UPAA also record that a party must fairly disclose his or her property to another party if he or she wants to enforce the premarital agreement.[23]\nThe adoption of UPAA differentiated in each individual states.[24]Spier (1992) has pointed out that there may be fewer prenuptial agreements than would be socially optimal. The reason is that if you ask your fiancée to sign such an agreement, you might signal that you fear that the probability of divorce will be larger than your fiancée would have thought otherwise.[25] Smith (2003) provides a survey of the law and economics literature on marriage contracts.[26]","title":"Legislation and reform of marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Median_Household_Wealth_of_Persons_Aged_51-61_by_Marital_Status.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Provisional_number_of_divorces_and_annulments_and_rate_in_the_United_States,_2000-2017.png"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-28"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-30"}],"text":"Median Household Wealth of Persons Aged 51-61 by Marital StatusProvisional number of divorces and annulments and rate in the United States, 2000-2017Divorce is the other end of marriage that couples often do not go into marriage hoping to do. Although the past years rates of divorce have been decreasing as a result of individuals marrying late and rise in education, there is still a common trend of it in the lower and less educated social class. The CDC reports that of the 2,236,496 marriages 787,251 couples ended in a divorce.[27] This means that 35 percent of marriages ended in divorce with an overall industrial worth of $50 billion yearly.[28] The significance of this data in relation to the topic of the economy of marriage can be explained by a report given by Jay Zagorsky, the writer of Marriage and Divorce's Impact on Wealth. This report revealed that over the course of time it is more profitable to stay married than to have a divorce. According to the article by Zagorsky, “Married respondents experience per person net worth increases of 77 percent over single respondents. [While] divorced respondents’ wealth starts falling four years before divorce and they experience an average wealth drop of 77 percent.”[29] Mary Corcoran study done in 1994 looked at the same families while they were married and when they separated. The study shows that the family income that once averaged $43,600 (married) declined to averaging $25,300.[30][31] One of the causes of this contrast is that, married couples are more likely to invest because of their commitment to each other hence the reason why many are homeowners compared to their single counterparts. A second reason for this is that married couples share things together unlike separated or single individuals. As a married household there ought to be no need for multiple of the same home appliances, maybe cars, and they can divide the labour and expenses of raising children/housework.[28] A second facet to consider when looking at divorce in relations to the economic of marriage is that of children. A study done by Julia Heath and B. F. Kiker reveal that compared to any other population single-mother headed households are susceptible to poverty. Secondary data collected for this study reports that, “changes in family structure precede poverty spells in over 99 percent of the white single-mother families…and in almost 97 percent of black families.\"[32] Another study related to this data by saying, “75 percent of all women who apply for welfare benefits do so because of a disrupted marriage or a disrupted relationship in which they live with a male outside of marriage”.[30] The parent that took the children under their possession experiences an overall decline in his/her income.","title":"Divorce"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"T. W. Schultz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Schultz"},{"link_name":"The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State: in the light of the researches of Lewis H. Morgan is a historical materialist treatise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State"}],"text":"Becker, G. (1974) \"A theory of marriage\", in: T. W. Schultz, ed., Economics of the family. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 293–344.\nEngels, F (1884). The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State: in the light of the researches of Lewis H. Morgan is a historical materialist treatise.\nHimmelweit, S. and Mohun, S. (1977) “Domestic Labor and Capital.” Cambridge Journal of Economics vol 1:15–31.\nManser, Marilyn and Murray Brown (1980). \"Marriage and Household Decision Making: a Bargaining Analysis.\" International Economic Review 21:31–44.\nMcElroy, Marjorie B. and M.J. Horney (1981). \"Nash Bargained Household Decisions: Toward a Generalization of the Theory of Demand.\" International Economic Review 22:333–49.","title":"Further references"}]	[{"image_text":"Median Household Wealth of Persons Aged 51-61 by Marital Status","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Median_Household_Wealth_of_Persons_Aged_51-61_by_Marital_Status.png/220px-Median_Household_Wealth_of_Persons_Aged_51-61_by_Marital_Status.png"},{"image_text":"Provisional number of divorces and annulments and rate in the United States, 2000-2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Provisional_number_of_divorces_and_annulments_and_rate_in_the_United_States%2C_2000-2017.png/161px-Provisional_number_of_divorces_and_annulments_and_rate_in_the_United_States%2C_2000-2017.png"}]	[{"title":"Cost of raising a child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_raising_a_child"},{"title":"Parental dividend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_dividend"},{"title":"Demographic economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic_economics"},{"title":"Economic imperialism (economics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_imperialism_(economics)"},{"title":"Family economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_economics"},{"title":"Hypergamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergamy"},{"title":"Partner effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partner_effects"}]	[{"reference":"Wrangham, Richard (2009). How Cooking Made us Human. p. 175.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wrangham, Richard (2009). How Cooking Made us Human. p. 169.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Badgett, M.V. Lee (1 July 2010). \"The Economic Value of Marriage for Same-sex Couples\" (PDF). Drake Law Review. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170824013953/http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Badgett-EconomicValueSSCouples-Oct-2010.pdf","url_text":"\"The Economic Value of Marriage for Same-sex Couples\""},{"url":"http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Badgett-EconomicValueSSCouples-Oct-2010.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Korenman, Sanders; Neumark, David (1991). \"Does Marriage Really Make Men More Productive?\". Journal of Human Resources. 26 (2): 282–307. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.464.1424. doi:10.2307/145924. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_(Innerzone_Orchestra_album)	Programmed (Innerzone Orchestra album)	["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","3 Charts","4 Release history","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]	1999 studio album by Innerzone OrchestraProgrammedStudio album by Innerzone OrchestraReleased1999 (1999)GenreDetroit techno, jazzLength74:30LabelPlanet E CommunicationsProducerCarl CraigCarl Craig chronology More Songs about Food & Revolutionary Art(1997) Programmed(1999) The Album Formerly Known As...(2005) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe A.V. ClubfavorableJazzTimesfavorable Programmed is a 1999 studio album by Innerzone Orchestra, which consists of Carl Craig and assorted musicians. It peaked at number 38 on the UK R&B Albums Chart. Critical reception John Bush of AllMusic gave the album 4.5 stars out of 5, describing it as "a work of electronic music in the abstract that rejects the accepted standards of any style of music, whether it's techno, electronica, jazzy house, or recent fusion." Joshua Klein of The A.V. Club said, "Craig's genius is illustrated in how he devises ways to incorporate live instruments into the mix so they sound like they're communicating with the machine-generated programming." Track listing No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Wrong Number" 1:122."Manufactured Memories"Carl Craig4:573."The Beginning of the End"Craig, Terrell McMathis3:584."Programmed"Craig2:595."Eruption"Craig, Craig Taborn, Francisco Mora5:456."Monsters"Craig3:047."Blakula"Craig9:048."People Make the World Go 'Round"Thom Bell, Linda Creed5:139."Architecture"Craig, Richie Hawtin5:0710."Basic Math"Craig, Taborn, Mora8:4811."Timing"Craig, Taborn4:5412."Galaxy"Papa Dee Allen, Harold Ray Brown, B. B. Dickerson, Lonnie Jordan, Charles Miller, Lee Oskar, Howard E. Scott, Jerry Goldstein5:0813."At Les"Craig7:4314."Bug in the Bass Bin"Craig5:32 Charts Chart Peakposition UK R&B Albums (OCC) 38 Release history Region Date Label Format Catalog United States 1999 Planet E Communications, Community Projects LP PE 65247, CMP002 1999 Astralwerks CD ASW 6277-2 United Kingdom 1999 Talkin' Loud LP 546 137-1 1999 Talkin' Loud 5x10" 870 947-0 1999 Mercury Records CD IZ0P1 Europe 1999 Talkin' Loud CD 546 137-2 2007 Talkin' Loud double LP PG-1 Japan 1999 Mercury Records CD PHCW-1036 References ^ a b Bush, John. "Programmed - Innerzone Orchestra". AllMusic. Retrieved March 9, 2017. ^ a b Klein, Joshua (March 29, 2002). "Innerzone Orchestra: Programmed". The A.V. Club. Retrieved March 9, 2017. ^ Terrell, Tom (January 1, 2001). "Carl Craig/Innerzone Orchestra: Programmed". JazzTimes. Retrieved March 9, 2017. ^ Parker, Tristan (November 2, 2009). "Carl Craig and Innerzone Orchestra". Clash. Retrieved March 9, 2017. ^ a b "Official R&B Albums Chart Top 40: 15 August 1999 - 21 August 1999". Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 17, 2018. Further reading Nowinski, Amanda (July 17, 1999). "Free Jazz Meets Techno in the Innerzone". Billboard: 29. External links Programmed at Discogs (list of releases) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Innerzone Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innerzone_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Carl Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Craig"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"UK R&B Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_R%26B_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialcharts-5"}],"text":"Programmed is a 1999 studio album by Innerzone Orchestra, which consists of Carl Craig and assorted musicians.[4] It peaked at number 38 on the UK R&B Albums Chart.[5]","title":"Programmed (Innerzone Orchestra album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-1"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avclub-2"}],"text":"John Bush of AllMusic gave the album 4.5 stars out of 5, describing it as \"a work of electronic music in the abstract that rejects the accepted standards of any style of music, whether it's techno, electronica, jazzy house, or recent fusion.\"[1] Joshua Klein of The A.V. Club said, \"Craig's genius is illustrated in how he devises ways to incorporate live instruments into the mix so they sound like they're communicating with the machine-generated programming.\"[2]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carl Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Craig"},{"link_name":"Craig Taborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Taborn"},{"link_name":"People Make the World Go 'Round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Make_the_World_Go_Round"},{"link_name":"Thom Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thom_Bell"},{"link_name":"Linda Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Creed"},{"link_name":"Richie Hawtin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Hawtin"},{"link_name":"Papa Dee Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Dee_Allen"},{"link_name":"Harold Ray Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Ray_Brown"},{"link_name":"B. B. Dickerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._B._Dickerson"},{"link_name":"Lonnie Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonnie_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Charles Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Miller_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Lee Oskar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Oskar"},{"link_name":"Howard E. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_E._Scott"},{"link_name":"Jerry Goldstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Goldstein_(producer)"}],"text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Wrong Number\" 1:122.\"Manufactured Memories\"Carl Craig4:573.\"The Beginning of the End\"Craig, Terrell McMathis3:584.\"Programmed\"Craig2:595.\"Eruption\"Craig, Craig Taborn, Francisco Mora5:456.\"Monsters\"Craig3:047.\"Blakula\"Craig9:048.\"People Make the World Go 'Round\"Thom Bell, Linda Creed5:139.\"Architecture\"Craig, Richie Hawtin5:0710.\"Basic Math\"Craig, Taborn, Mora8:4811.\"Timing\"Craig, Taborn4:5412.\"Galaxy\"Papa Dee Allen, Harold Ray Brown, B. B. Dickerson, Lonnie Jordan, Charles Miller, Lee Oskar, Howard E. Scott, Jerry Goldstein5:0813.\"At Les\"Craig7:4314.\"Bug in the Bass Bin\"Craig5:32","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"}],"text":"Nowinski, Amanda (July 17, 1999). \"Free Jazz Meets Techno in the Innerzone\". Billboard: 29.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Bush, John. \"Programmed - Innerzone Orchestra\". AllMusic. Retrieved March 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/programmed-mw0000246706","url_text":"\"Programmed - Innerzone Orchestra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Klein, Joshua (March 29, 2002). \"Innerzone Orchestra: Programmed\". The A.V. Club. Retrieved March 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/review/innerzone-orchestra-emprogrammedem-20912","url_text":"\"Innerzone Orchestra: Programmed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"}]},{"reference":"Terrell, Tom (January 1, 2001). \"Carl Craig/Innerzone Orchestra: Programmed\". JazzTimes. Retrieved March 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://jazztimes.com/articles/10789-programmed-carl-craig-innerzone-orchestra","url_text":"\"Carl Craig/Innerzone Orchestra: Programmed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JazzTimes","url_text":"JazzTimes"}]},{"reference":"Parker, Tristan (November 2, 2009). \"Carl Craig and Innerzone Orchestra\". Clash. Retrieved March 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clashmusic.com/features/carl-craig-and-innerzone-orchestra","url_text":"\"Carl Craig and Innerzone Orchestra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_(magazine)","url_text":"Clash"}]},{"reference":"\"Official R&B Albums Chart Top 40: 15 August 1999 - 21 August 1999\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/r-and-b-albums-chart/19990815/115/","url_text":"\"Official R&B Albums Chart Top 40: 15 August 1999 - 21 August 1999\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"Nowinski, Amanda (July 17, 1999). \"Free Jazz Meets Techno in the Innerzone\". Billboard: 29.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/programmed-mw0000246706","external_links_name":"\"Programmed - Innerzone Orchestra\""},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/review/innerzone-orchestra-emprogrammedem-20912","external_links_name":"\"Innerzone Orchestra: Programmed\""},{"Link":"http://jazztimes.com/articles/10789-programmed-carl-craig-innerzone-orchestra","external_links_name":"\"Carl Craig/Innerzone Orchestra: Programmed\""},{"Link":"http://www.clashmusic.com/features/carl-craig-and-innerzone-orchestra","external_links_name":"\"Carl Craig and Innerzone Orchestra\""},{"Link":"http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/r-and-b-albums-chart/19990815/115/","external_links_name":"\"Official R&B Albums Chart Top 40: 15 August 1999 - 21 August 1999\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/master/28792","external_links_name":"Programmed"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/8aa6f8de-9de8-311d-9878-91076bbd0b7c","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Walsh_(character)	Brenda Walsh (Beverly Hills, 90210)	["1 Conception","2 Season 1","3 Season 2","4 Season 3","5 Season 4","6 Conflicts with Beverly Hills 90210 staff","7 After the departure","8 90210","9 BH90210","10 Reception","11 References"]	Soap opera character Brenda WalshBeverly Hills, 90210 franchise characterBrenda Walsh in the series premiere "Class Of Beverly Hills".Portrayed byShannen DohertyDuration 1990–1994 2008–09 2019 First appearance"Class of Beverly Hills" (1990; Beverly Hills, 90210)Last appearance"One Party Can Ruin Your Whole Summer" (2009; 90210)Created byDarren StarIn-universe informationParentsJim Walsh (father) Cindy Walsh (mother)SiblingsBrandon Walsh (twin brother)ChildrenUnnamed daughter Brenda Walsh, portrayed by Shannen Doherty, is a fictional character who was the female lead of Beverly Hills, 90210 for the first four seasons. Conception Brenda and her twin brother, Brandon Walsh, were living in Minnesota until their father, Jim Walsh, was promoted and moved to a job in Beverly Hills in 1990. The series initially focuses on their stories and the cultural shock of living on the West coast, and their relationship with their new friends, Kelly Taylor, Dylan McKay, Donna Martin, Andrea Zuckerman, David Silver and Steve Sanders. Season 1 The early development of Brenda Walsh was focused on her feelings about moving to a new town, making new friends, and trying to fit in to the new Beverly Hills lifestyle. In the pilot episode, Brenda fantasizes about making big changes in her life, alluding to the idea that she wasn't very popular at her old school. She meets Kelly Taylor and struggles internally with impressing her and the other kids at school. Her desperation to fit in and be counted among the popular is highlighted by her sudden rule breaking and sneaking around. She gets a fake ID and gets entry to a club, where she meets a man named Jason, a lawyer in his early 20s. Brenda lies to him and pretends to be a college student, embarking on a relationship that proves to be moving too fast for her. An example of Brenda's naivete and idealistic attitude was when she disclosed her real age to Jason, thinking that he would continue dating her, in spite of the fact that she was a 16-year-old high school student. We see Brenda's youthful heartbreak and the realization that love doesn't conquer all as Jason angrily declines. It's in that moment that the audience is most drawn to Brenda, as the direction for the character led us to think that an honor roll student with the loving family and good looks had it all together and lived a perfect and grown up life, even while still in high school. Her vulnerability at this point brought a touch of reality to the character that fans appreciated and helped move the season into the second episode with a larger fan base. Brenda further displays her desire for popularity with her hot and cold relationship with Andrea Zuckerman, the nerdy editor of the West Beverly High newspaper. When in front of her friends, Brenda pretends to dislike Andrea, subtly mocking her. However, in episodes where Brenda and Andrea are alone together, Brenda treats her with a grudging respect, but they would become good friends later on. This behavior is repeated with other, less popular students as well, shining a light on the magnitude of a teenager's desire to fit in and be popular. Brenda is no exception to this common theme. The main season one arc for the character of Brenda Walsh came during a series of episodes involving a surprise romance with Brandon's solitary friend, Dylan McKay, who had long been misunderstood as an outsider and bad boy. Brenda and Dylan's relationship quickly became serious in season one, after an angry dispute with his father on one of their first dates. Brenda consoled Dylan, and the two shared a passionate kiss. This scene jump-started one of the most talked about pairings at West Beverly High. Brenda's father was initially against the relationship, due to the bad reputation of Dylan's father, however, Brenda continued to date Dylan in secret. After two months of dating, Dylan wanted to have sex, but Brenda was not ready. During a trip to Palm Springs, Brenda went to meet Dylan in a hotel room but saw him with another girl and jumped to the conclusion that they had shared an intimate relationship. Showing her temper, Brenda stormed off but returned shortly thereafter, only to throw the girl out of the hotel room and confront Dylan. Brenda and Dylan quickly reconciled but not before an uncomfortable argument that ended with Brenda essentially demanding that Dylan sleep with her, since that was all he was apparently concerned about. As a result, Dylan agreed to wait until Brenda was ready, and the couple left the hotel and went to spend the rest of the holiday with their friends at David Silver's grandparent's house in Palm Springs. Despite the show's focus on the relationship between Brenda and Dylan, her character was developed in other areas as well, forming an identity separate from simply being "Dylan's girlfriend.” In multiple episodes, Brenda proves herself to be a funny, smart, and driven young woman who cares about her friends and family and puts them first, along with her own personal goals. The character definitely has a streak of pride that shows that she isn't perfect and makes plenty of mistakes, but to keep the character relatable, the directors and writers included Brenda's vulnerable side. Episodes such as, “Its Just A Test" show an uncertain girl who is learning about life and the struggles that take place. However, episodes such as "The Perfect Mom" also reveal the important impact both friends and a supportive family play in Brenda's life. Brenda's other relationships aside, the significant one she has with Dylan are prioritized in every episode, and she verbalizes this in the episode "Sleepover,” when she communicates to her friend, Kelly, that she does not want her relationship with a boy to jeopardize their friendship. At the West Beverly High spring dance, Brenda and Dylan make the decision to have sex for the first time. As their relationship is taken to a new level, Brenda has to deal with the news that her family will be moving back to Minneapolis for her father's promotion in the season finale, Home Again.” It seems as though all the friends that she made will be left behind, and many tears are shed, as Brenda says her goodbye to her friends and ends her relationship with Dylan, fearing that long distance dating will cause Dylan to cheat while she's away. The culmination of the season comes when Brenda's father decides to stay in Beverly Hills for the sake of his family's happiness, and Brenda informs Dylan that she is "late.” Season 2 Season two begins with the pregnancy scare between Brenda and Dylan. Brenda has to tell her parents about the situation, when her mom finds the pregnancy test, and after struggling with the responsibilities that come with a sexual relationship, Brenda decides to end the relationship with Dylan. Brenda withdraws back to her close inner circle of friends to reclaim her identity as an individual and begins pursuing an acting class during the summer. She keeps her distance from Dylan, not trusting her ability to end their romance for good, but after he suffers a surfing injury and has to stay at the Walsh residence to recover, the two rekindle their relationship. The situation causes a struggle between Brenda and her father, as he continues to see Brenda as a little girl, even as she becomes a young woman. The change between season one Brenda and season two Brenda is that rather than trying to find her place in her new social circle, Brenda is becoming her own person and claiming her space as an adult in the Walsh family circle. Dylan decides to move to Hawaii to live with his mother, and Brenda continues finding herself at home in Beverly Hills. They talk infrequently, and Brenda still struggles with whether she wants to end the relationship for good, and when Dylan returns from Hawaii they continue to see each other without the sexual aspect of the relationship. The second season of the series introduces new characters and begins to focus more on Brenda's twin brother, Brandon, further developing his character in the storyline. Brenda's character seems to develop on the sidelines, while she and Dylan navigate their relationship, but she isn't disregarded in the plot. In side stories throughout season two, Brenda continues to shed the naivety that defined her character in season one, and towards the end of the season, she makes decisions that do not align with what her parents want. During a fateful weekend, Brenda and Dylan abscond to Baja, Mexico, and afterward, Mr. Walsh decides to keep them from seeing each other at all. The season finale ends with a fight between Dylan and Mr. Walsh. Season 3 Season three begins during the summer before Brenda's senior year of high school. After the fight between Dylan and Mr. Walsh, Brenda was forbidden from seeing Dylan, but she continues to do so in secret. When her parents find out that she's been lying to them, Brenda stands up to them and demands to have her feelings for Dylan taken seriously. She goes so far as to pack up her clothes after the fight and leave home to be with Dylan at his house. She is distraught, but is frustrated that she's been forced to hide the most important relationship in her life from her family. The cohabitation is more stressful than Brenda realized before moving in, and before long she and Dylan are fighting about everything. In an effort to cool things off, Brenda decides to go to Paris for a French immersion program in lieu of Kelly, who has taken her responsibility as a big sister very seriously and decided to stay home. Mr. Walsh and Dylan both support Brenda's summer trip to France; Mr. Walsh, as a way to get Brenda away from Dylan, and Dylan as a way to get Brenda's father off his back. In Paris, Brenda focuses on exploring the sites and soaking up the French culture, deciding to hold off from calling Dylan so she doesn't get distracted. She wants to evolve as a person, and not be directed by the men in her life; her father or Dylan. In Beverly Hills, Dylan and Kelly's friendship gets closer while Brenda is studying overseas. Brenda pretends to be a French native when she meets a young man named Rick, and their relationship becomes romantic. When Brenda returns home and leaves Rick behind in Paris, her relationship with Dylan gets back to normal, but even though she tells Dylan about Rick, he doesn't tell her about Kelly. When Rick suddenly shows up in Beverly Hills and runs into Brenda, Dylan discloses to Brenda that there was a girl over the summer, but doesn't tell her that it was her best friend. After a dramatic break up, Brenda starts to see Rick, and Dylan immediately goes to Kelly's. As the season three directors develop the other characters' storylines, the plot surrounding Brenda, Kelly and Dylan seems to be a natural progression for the series. The love triangle that followed Brenda's return from France quickly became a milestone in the series that helped increase her popularity and gave rise to the rumors of rivalry announced between Shannen Doherty and Jennie Garth off set. The final confrontation between Brenda, Dylan and Kelly – in which he informs Brenda about the affair and that he has chosen her best friend – was listed by Entertainment Weekly at #61 as one of the greatest moments of television of the 1990s. As the tension between the three continues, Brenda considers leaving Beverly Hills behind and applies to a Minnesota college. She feels abandoned by her friends as they are all more consumed with their respective romantic relationships and she is single and pining for her lost love with Dylan. The love triangle between Brenda, Kelly and Dylan became a milestone in the series. The final confrontation between the three (Brenda pictured), in which Kelly and Dylan reveal their affair while Brenda was in Paris and that he has chosen Kelly, was listed by Entertainment Weekly as one of the greatest moments of television. After several months, Brenda moves past her disappointment that Dylan had moved on with Kelly, and as the group starts making plans for after graduation, Brenda makes her decision to attend college in Minnesota, leaving her friends in Beverly Hills behind. Season 4 Brenda began the fourth season in Minnesota, where she had decided to enter university. She chose to go to university in Minnesota to prove that she could make it on her own, away from her family and out from underneath Brandon's shadow and more so, to distract herself from the painful feelings she experienced after Dylan chose to be with her best friend Kelly instead of her. However, after realizing that she and her old friends from Minnesota have little in common anymore and deciding to take control of her own destiny regardless of her geographical location, she decides to return to her family in Beverly Hills. This is another big step for Brenda's character, as it's the turning point where she stops running from her mistakes and the heartbreak of her past, faces reality, and takes responsibility for creating the life she wants for herself. The Walsh parents struggle to understand the reasons behind Brenda's dropping out of Minnesota's university program and moving home, but are more concerned that Brenda is choosing not to go to university in California either, and saying that her failure to succeed in Minnesota was proof that she isn't cut out for higher education at all. Despite the character's desire to be the master of her own destiny, Brenda Walsh continues to teeter between making rational and irrational decisions, and struggles with the "all or nothing" mentality that plagues most young adolescents, ironically narrowing their opportunities at the very time they are trying to spread their wings and join the world as adults. While settling back into being home in Beverly Hills, Brenda spends the first few days of her return hanging out at the Peach Pit and cruising around town with Dylan, as he has decided not to enter university either. But after some heart to heart discussion, both Brenda and Dylan decide to give California University a chance, and they both enroll. Brenda participates in rush week with her friends Kelly, Donna and Andrea upon arriving at the university. The friends hope that by pledging the same sorority, they'll be able to maintain their close friendships during their college years. Despite wanting to maintain close friendships, Brenda isn't impressed with the non-stop party scene that pervades the sorority life. After putting her energy towards finding a job instead of pledging, and not having any luck, Brenda decides to work for her dad for some real job experience. The job experience was going well, but Brenda was frustrated that between school, work and homework, she would never find time to date. Brenda's parents set her up on a blind date with the son of one of Mr. Walsh's clients, and while she was hesitant at first to go, she and her date, Stuart, became serious very quickly, announcing their marriage engagement at the Walsh's 20th wedding anniversary only two weeks after they first met. The Walsh's did not forbid the marriage at first, but had their concerns that Brenda was being rash, as she tends to do. Brandon had serious concerns though, after Dylan told him that he had known Stuart years ago as a dealer of drugs. Once Dylan spoke to Mr. Walsh about his concerns, Mr. Walsh encouraged Dylan to convince Brenda not to marry Stuart, implying that Brenda still loved him. Because Kelly and Dylan had broken up at this point, he actually considered the possibility of getting back together with Brenda, now with Mr. Walsh's blessing. Even though Brenda and Stuart have a whirlwind romance, when she finds out that Stuart has a prenuptial agreement for her to sign prior to marrying him, Brenda gets upset and storms out. She and Dylan have coffee after running into each other at a poetry reading, and Dylan begs Brenda to end the engagement, telling her that her marriage would end any chance that they might get back together. Brenda quickly surmises that he's spoken to her father, and is furious that her family and friends would go behind her back and try to manipulate her. After confronting her father about his part in it, she packs her things and leaves to move in with Stuart at his condo. Hoping to team up with Stuart's parents and discourage their children from marrying so soon, the Walsh's invite them over for lunch, but are surprised to learn that Stuart's parents not only support the marriage plans, but have already started planning the wedding with event coordinators. Brenda and Stuart become overwhelmed and decide to elope to Las Vegas in secret, but Brenda spills the beans to Brandon and he tells their friends. Everyone books plane tickets and flies to Vegas in an effort to stop her, but knowing how hard headed she is, they decide to persuade her using reverse psychology and pretend that they are in favor of the marriage. Brenda starts to doubt her reasons for marrying Stuart and calls off the wedding. Brenda's life also took a few shots during the season. When Donna and Brenda find a puppy on the street, they learn that he escaped from an animal testing laboratory and are helpless when the puppy dies. Brenda then falls into a group of animal rights activists and participates with them in the ransacking of a number of laboratories until she is arrested (Donna decides at the last minute not to join the group). After her arrest, the only person in the group who supported her was Dylan; David Silver questioned her judgment, Andrea was angry that she had damaged laboratories that did not test animals and Kelly told her that Dylan was no longer her boyfriend and that Brenda could not go and look for help whenever she had a problem. It turned out that one of the activists was an FBI agent who offered Brenda a deal to keep her out of jail because she had not supported vandalism. As a result, all Brenda's friends apologized for their behavior towards her. During the fourth season, Brenda is interested in the drama department but it also led to problems: she spoiled her first audition and then went to the director of the play to try again and convince him. She then got the role, but a student started a rumor saying that Brenda had slept with the director to get the role. Unfortunately, this student was Steve Sanders' girlfriend, and Steve believed the rumors; the others refused, more or less, to believe Brenda when she denied the rumors. Steve understood his mistake when the student asked him to attack Brenda to make her miss rehearsals. A little later, Steve's friend tried to commit suicide, but Brenda and Steve joined forces to save her and Steve was finally compensated by following Brenda's debut on stage. The director's praise led her to accept the latter at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts (RADA) in London for a year. After Kelly and Dylan last broke up, Brenda finally learned that a relationship was possible between Kelly and Brandon and expressed her blessing. She later spent her last night with Dylan, telling him she would not be gone forever. The couple will reconcile briefly in the final scene of the fourth season, though (because of Shannen Doherty's departure) Brenda's character was removed from the script and she never returned to Beverly Hills. Conflicts with Beverly Hills 90210 staff Shannen Doherty was notorious for being late and being in conflict with staff. Tiffani-Amber Thiessen replaced Brenda Walsh as a character called Valerie Malone. After the departure Despite the fact that Brenda never appeared on the screen, she was nonetheless present during occasional story lines during the following six seasons of the series. The most significant among them is her reconciliation with Dylan, who was going to move in with her. It is assumed that they were together for most episodes of the seventh and eighth seasons of the series, as during an episode of season 8 where it is learned that Dylan's half-sister was saved from a life of prostitution and then left to live with Dylan and Brenda in London and Kelly and Brandon mentioned going to visit them for part of their honeymoon. Later, when Dylan returned in season 9, he told his friends that he and Brenda had separated two years earlier. However, it frees Dylan to resume his relationship with Kelly. In Season 5, Dylan rages against Valerie, the Walsh family friend, blaming her for wanting to imitate Brenda and not having the guts to confront the Walsh parents, as Brenda was able to do before. She will also send an announcement to Dylan at the latter's wedding. Or, in the last episode of the series illustrating the marriage of Donna and David, it is alluded to a slumber party that Brenda had organized when they were still in high school. 90210 14 years after her departure, Brenda is back in Beverly Hills. On the advice of Kelly to the new counselor, Brenda, becomes an actress and is led to direct the musical of the high school. She will have to deal with the drug problems of the high school girl who plays the lead role in the show and will help her get out of it, which will follow a mutual attachment of the latter. She will also spend a lot of time with Kelly although at times, they will recover some tensions due among others to Dylan. Kelly also learns later that Brenda has slept with Ryan, the high school English teacher, while Kelly has a lot of affection for him. But they will always be reconciled. We also learn that Brenda can not have children, who can count on the support of her friend Kelly. She will go to China and adopt a little girl. BH90210 Shannen Doherty returned to the "90210" family with her joining the cast of the new reboot "BH90210". She, like the rest of the cast, is playing a heightened version of herself. Reception The character of Brenda Walsh had a mixed reception from fans and critics. Most of the criticism for the fictional character was the result of Brenda's shift from a nice girl to that of a bad girl, which was very unpopular with both viewers and critics.UGO Networks writer, K. Thor Jensen, cited her as one of the "Meanest TV Girls," and Entertainment Weekly included her in their list of the "21 Top TV Bitches". References ^ Mitchell, Claudia; Reid-Walsh, Jacqueline (December 30, 2007). Girl Culture: An Encyclopedia : An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313084447. Retrieved August 12, 2017 – via Google Books. ^ a b "Shannen Doherty: Image RX". Ew.com. April 23, 1993. Retrieved August 12, 2017. ^ Meltzer, Marisa (December 7, 2006). "When Brenda Walsh Was Young". Slate.com. Retrieved August 12, 2017 – via Slate. ^ Cooper, Gael Fashingbauer; Bellmont, Brian (June 4, 2013). The Totally Sweet 90s: From Clear Cola to Furby, and Grunge to "Whatever", the Toys, Tastes, and Trends That Defined a Decade. Penguin. ISBN 9781101623992. Retrieved August 12, 2017 – via Google Books. ^ Fellner, Astrid M.; Hamscha, Susanne; Heissenberger, Klaus; Moos, Jennifer J* (August 12, 2017). Is It 'Cause It's Cool?: Affective Encounters with American Culture. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 9783643505538. Retrieved August 12, 2017 – via Google Books. ^ Soraya, Roberts (August 1, 2016). In My Humble Opinion: My So-Called Life. ECW Press. ISBN 9781770908826. Retrieved August 12, 2017 – via Google Books. ^ Miller, Toby (August 12, 2017). Television: Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780415255042. Retrieved August 12, 2017 – via Google Books. ^ Forman-Brunell, Miriam (June 1, 2001). Girlhood in America: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576072066. Retrieved August 12, 2017 – via Google Books. ^ "DARREN STAR, creator, 'Beverly Hills 90210'". The New York Times. August 31, 2008. Retrieved August 12, 2017. ^ Brenda Tells Jason the Truth - Beverly Hills 90210, Class of Beverly Hills (1x01), retrieved January 14, 2023 ^ "The 100 Greatest Moments In Television: 1990s". EW.com. Retrieved December 27, 2020. BEVERLY HILLS 90210: BRENDA IS BETRAYED Jan. 27, 1993. Fox's high school serial reached an angst apex in its third season, when good girl Brenda (Shannen Doherty) learned that her bad-boy boyfriend, Dylan (Luke Perry), and her best friend, Kelly (Jennie Garth), had had a fling the previous summer. The love triangle 'was a very hard sell to the network,' says former exec producer Jessica Klein, who cowrote the episode with partner Steve Wasserman. 'They were afraid we would ruin both Brenda and Kelly — and possibly Dylan.' Instead, the story exemplified how the Aaron Spelling-produced 90210 reinvented teen TV by blending modern-day problems — this episode found Brandon (Jason Priestley) addicted to gambling and David (Brian Austin Green) dealing with his dad's second divorce — with scandalously soapy plots. 'I hate you!' a scorned Brenda screamed at the shamefaced pair during the denouement. 'Never talk to me again!' The Dawson's Creek gang can only hope to reach such histrionic heights. Rank 61 ^ "Gary Busey's a Creep … Shannen Doherty, Aaron Spelling Have a Convenient Reunion … Lolita 's Not Bad…". Observer. August 3, 1998. Retrieved July 27, 2018. ^ Brown, Lauren (April 9, 2012). "Shannen Doherty Finally Reveals Her Take On the Brenda/Kelly/Dylan Love Triangle (My Inner Teenager Can't Believe It!)". Glamour.com. Retrieved August 12, 2017. ^ "SHANNEN DOHERTY, Brenda Walsh, 'Beverly Hills 90210,' '90210'". The New York Times. August 31, 2008. Retrieved August 12, 2017. ^ "Shannen Doherty talks Beverly Hills, 90210". Digitalspy.com. September 8, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2017. ^ "I got Shannen fired from 90210". News.com.au. Retrieved August 12, 2017. ^ Kovanis, Georgea (March 7, 1993). "On- and Off-Screen, "90210' Actress Shannen Doherty Is Taking Her Lumps". Tulsaworld.com. Retrieved August 12, 2017. ^ "'90210' STAR FINDS HERSELF ON THE OUTEST OF OUT LISTS". Deseretnews.com. March 1, 1993. Retrieved August 12, 2017. ^ "UP AND COMING: Tiffani-Amber Thiessen; Moving Into Shannen's Room". The New York Times. August 7, 1994. Retrieved August 12, 2017. ^ "'90210' reunion: Shannen and Jennie dish!". Ew.com. Retrieved July 27, 2018. ^ "Doherty leaving '90210' -- again". Upi.com. Retrieved July 27, 2018. ^ McKinley, E. Graham (June 7, 2011). Beverly Hills, 90210: Television, Gender, and Identity. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812200751. Retrieved August 12, 2017 – via Google Books. ^ Jefferson, Whitney (May 2, 2011). "Shannen Doherty And The "I Hate Brenda" Backlash". Jezebel.com. Retrieved August 12, 2017. ^ "The Brenda Backlash". Articles.chicagotribune.com. February 14, 1993. Retrieved August 12, 2017. ^ "No Defendas of Brenda – Vol. 39 No. 7". People. February 22, 1993. Retrieved August 12, 2017. ^ "Brenda Walsh - Meanest TV Girls - TV Girls - UGO.com". June 30, 2013. Archived from the original on June 30, 2013. Retrieved July 27, 2018. ^ "21 Top TV Bitches". Entertainment Weekly. November 16, 2009. Retrieved September 7, 2020. vteBeverly Hills, 90210Beverly Hills, 90210(1990–2000)Episodes Season 1 2 3 4 "Blind Spot" 5 6 7 8 9 10 Characters Donna Martin Dylan McKay Kelly Taylor Brandon Walsh Brenda Walsh Andrea Zuckerman Music The Unauthorized Beverly Hills, 90210 Story Melrose Place(1992–1999)Episodes Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Characters Jane Mancini Michael Mancini Matt Fielding Jake Hanson Jo Reynolds Amanda Woodward Sydney Andrews Kimberly Shaw The Unauthorized Melrose Place Story 90210(2008–2013)Episodes Season 1 "We're Not in Kansas Anymore" 2 3 4 5 Characters Naomi Clark Erin Silver Adrianna Tate-Duncan Teddy Montgomery Soundtrack 90210 Other series Models Inc. (1994–1995) Melrose Place (2009–2010) BH90210 (2019)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shannen Doherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannen_Doherty"},{"link_name":"Beverly Hills, 90210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_90210"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Soap opera characterBrenda Walsh, portrayed by Shannen Doherty, is a fictional character who was the female lead of Beverly Hills, 90210 for the first four seasons.[2][3]","title":"Brenda Walsh (Beverly Hills, 90210)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brandon Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Walsh"},{"link_name":"cultural shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_shock"},{"link_name":"West coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Kelly Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Taylor_(90210)"},{"link_name":"Dylan McKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_McKay"},{"link_name":"Donna Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Martin"},{"link_name":"Andrea Zuckerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Zuckerman"},{"link_name":"David Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Silver_(Beverly_Hills,_90210)"},{"link_name":"Steve Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Sanders_(90210)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Brenda and her twin brother, Brandon Walsh, were living in Minnesota until their father, Jim Walsh, was promoted and moved to a job in Beverly Hills in 1990. The series initially focuses on their stories and the cultural shock of living on the West coast, and their relationship with their new friends, Kelly Taylor, Dylan McKay, Donna Martin, Andrea Zuckerman, David Silver and Steve Sanders.[4][5][6][7][8][9]","title":"Conception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The early development of Brenda Walsh was focused on her feelings about moving to a new town, making new friends, and trying to fit in to the new Beverly Hills lifestyle. In the pilot episode, Brenda fantasizes about making big changes in her life, alluding to the idea that she wasn't very popular at her old school. She meets Kelly Taylor and struggles internally with impressing her and the other kids at school. Her desperation to fit in and be counted among the popular is highlighted by her sudden rule breaking and sneaking around. She gets a fake ID and gets entry to a club, where she meets a man named Jason, a lawyer in his early 20s. Brenda lies to him and pretends to be a college student, embarking on a relationship that proves to be moving too fast for her.An example of Brenda's naivete and idealistic attitude was when she disclosed her real age to Jason, thinking that he would continue dating her, in spite of the fact that she was a 16-year-old high school student. We see Brenda's youthful heartbreak and the realization that love doesn't conquer all as Jason angrily declines.[10] It's in that moment that the audience is most drawn to Brenda, as the direction for the character led us to think that an honor roll student with the loving family and good looks had it all together and lived a perfect and grown up life, even while still in high school. Her vulnerability at this point brought a touch of reality to the character that fans appreciated and helped move the season into the second episode with a larger fan base. Brenda further displays her desire for popularity with her hot and cold relationship with Andrea Zuckerman, the nerdy editor of the West Beverly High newspaper. When in front of her friends, Brenda pretends to dislike Andrea, subtly mocking her. However, in episodes where Brenda and Andrea are alone together, Brenda treats her with a grudging respect, but they would become good friends later on. This behavior is repeated with other, less popular students as well, shining a light on the magnitude of a teenager's desire to fit in and be popular. Brenda is no exception to this common theme.The main season one arc for the character of Brenda Walsh came during a series of episodes involving a surprise romance with Brandon's solitary friend, Dylan McKay, who had long been misunderstood as an outsider and bad boy. Brenda and Dylan's relationship quickly became serious in season one, after an angry dispute with his father on one of their first dates. Brenda consoled Dylan, and the two shared a passionate kiss. This scene jump-started one of the most talked about pairings at West Beverly High. Brenda's father was initially against the relationship, due to the bad reputation of Dylan's father, however, Brenda continued to date Dylan in secret.After two months of dating, Dylan wanted to have sex, but Brenda was not ready. During a trip to Palm Springs, Brenda went to meet Dylan in a hotel room but saw him with another girl and jumped to the conclusion that they had shared an intimate relationship. Showing her temper, Brenda stormed off but returned shortly thereafter, only to throw the girl out of the hotel room and confront Dylan. Brenda and Dylan quickly reconciled but not before an uncomfortable argument that ended with Brenda essentially demanding that Dylan sleep with her, since that was all he was apparently concerned about. As a result, Dylan agreed to wait until Brenda was ready, and the couple left the hotel and went to spend the rest of the holiday with their friends at David Silver's grandparent's house in Palm Springs.Despite the show's focus on the relationship between Brenda and Dylan, her character was developed in other areas as well, forming an identity separate from simply being \"Dylan's girlfriend.” In multiple episodes, Brenda proves herself to be a funny, smart, and driven young woman who cares about her friends and family and puts them first, along with her own personal goals. The character definitely has a streak of pride that shows that she isn't perfect and makes plenty of mistakes, but to keep the character relatable, the directors and writers included Brenda's vulnerable side. Episodes such as, “Its Just A Test\" show an uncertain girl who is learning about life and the struggles that take place. However, episodes such as \"The Perfect Mom\" also reveal the important impact both friends and a supportive family play in Brenda's life. Brenda's other relationships aside, the significant one she has with Dylan are prioritized in every episode, and she verbalizes this in the episode \"Sleepover,” when she communicates to her friend, Kelly, that she does not want her relationship with a boy to jeopardize their friendship.At the West Beverly High spring dance, Brenda and Dylan make the decision to have sex for the first time. As their relationship is taken to a new level, Brenda has to deal with the news that her family will be moving back to Minneapolis for her father's promotion in the season finale, Home Again.” It seems as though all the friends that she made will be left behind, and many tears are shed, as Brenda says her goodbye to her friends and ends her relationship with Dylan, fearing that long distance dating will cause Dylan to cheat while she's away. The culmination of the season comes when Brenda's father decides to stay in Beverly Hills for the sake of his family's happiness, and Brenda informs Dylan that she is \"late.”","title":"Season 1"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Season two begins with the pregnancy scare between Brenda and Dylan. Brenda has to tell her parents about the situation, when her mom finds the pregnancy test, and after struggling with the responsibilities that come with a sexual relationship, Brenda decides to end the relationship with Dylan. Brenda withdraws back to her close inner circle of friends to reclaim her identity as an individual and begins pursuing an acting class during the summer. She keeps her distance from Dylan, not trusting her ability to end their romance for good, but after he suffers a surfing injury and has to stay at the Walsh residence to recover, the two rekindle their relationship. The situation causes a struggle between Brenda and her father, as he continues to see Brenda as a little girl, even as she becomes a young woman. The change between season one Brenda and season two Brenda is that rather than trying to find her place in her new social circle, Brenda is becoming her own person and claiming her space as an adult in the Walsh family circle.\nDylan decides to move to Hawaii to live with his mother, and Brenda continues finding herself at home in Beverly Hills. They talk infrequently, and Brenda still struggles with whether she wants to end the relationship for good, and when Dylan returns from Hawaii they continue to see each other without the sexual aspect of the relationship.The second season of the series introduces new characters and begins to focus more on Brenda's twin brother, Brandon, further developing his character in the storyline. Brenda's character seems to develop on the sidelines, while she and Dylan navigate their relationship, but she isn't disregarded in the plot. In side stories throughout season two, Brenda continues to shed the naivety that defined her character in season one, and towards the end of the season, she makes decisions that do not align with what her parents want. During a fateful weekend, Brenda and Dylan abscond to Baja, Mexico, and afterward, Mr. Walsh decides to keep them from seeing each other at all. The season finale ends with a fight between Dylan and Mr. Walsh.","title":"Season 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brenda_Walsh_breakup_scene.png"}],"text":"Season three begins during the summer before Brenda's senior year of high school. After the fight between Dylan and Mr. Walsh, Brenda was forbidden from seeing Dylan, but she continues to do so in secret. When her parents find out that she's been lying to them, Brenda stands up to them and demands to have her feelings for Dylan taken seriously. She goes so far as to pack up her clothes after the fight and leave home to be with Dylan at his house. She is distraught, but is frustrated that she's been forced to hide the most important relationship in her life from her family. The cohabitation is more stressful than Brenda realized before moving in, and before long she and Dylan are fighting about everything.In an effort to cool things off, Brenda decides to go to Paris for a French immersion program in lieu of Kelly, who has taken her responsibility as a big sister very seriously and decided to stay home. Mr. Walsh and Dylan both support Brenda's summer trip to France; Mr. Walsh, as a way to get Brenda away from Dylan, and Dylan as a way to get Brenda's father off his back.\nIn Paris, Brenda focuses on exploring the sites and soaking up the French culture, deciding to hold off from calling Dylan so she doesn't get distracted. She wants to evolve as a person, and not be directed by the men in her life; her father or Dylan. \nIn Beverly Hills, Dylan and Kelly's friendship gets closer while Brenda is studying overseas. Brenda pretends to be a French native when she meets a young man named Rick, and their relationship becomes romantic. When Brenda returns home and leaves Rick behind in Paris, her relationship with Dylan gets back to normal, but even though she tells Dylan about Rick, he doesn't tell her about Kelly. When Rick suddenly shows up in Beverly Hills and runs into Brenda, Dylan discloses to Brenda that there was a girl over the summer, but doesn't tell her that it was her best friend. After a dramatic break up, Brenda starts to see Rick, and Dylan immediately goes to Kelly's. As the season three directors develop the other characters' storylines, the plot surrounding Brenda, Kelly and Dylan seems to be a natural progression for the series. The love triangle that followed Brenda's return from France quickly became a milestone in the series that helped increase her popularity and gave rise to the rumors of rivalry announced between Shannen Doherty and Jennie Garth off set. The final confrontation between Brenda, Dylan and Kelly – in which he informs Brenda about the affair and that he has chosen her best friend – was listed by Entertainment Weekly at #61 as one of the greatest moments of television of the 1990s.[11] As the tension between the three continues, Brenda considers leaving Beverly Hills behind and applies to a Minnesota college. She feels abandoned by her friends as they are all more consumed with their respective romantic relationships and she is single and pining for her lost love with Dylan.The love triangle between Brenda, Kelly and Dylan became a milestone in the series. The final confrontation between the three (Brenda pictured), in which Kelly and Dylan reveal their affair while Brenda was in Paris and that he has chosen Kelly, was listed by Entertainment Weekly as one of the greatest moments of television.After several months, Brenda moves past her disappointment that Dylan had moved on with Kelly, and as the group starts making plans for after graduation, Brenda makes her decision to attend college in Minnesota, leaving her friends in Beverly Hills behind.","title":"Season 3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Brenda began the fourth season in Minnesota, where she had decided to enter university. She chose to go to university in Minnesota to prove that she could make it on her own, away from her family and out from underneath Brandon's shadow and more so, to distract herself from the painful feelings she experienced after Dylan chose to be with her best friend Kelly instead of her. However, after realizing that she and her old friends from Minnesota have little in common anymore and deciding to take control of her own destiny regardless of her geographical location, she decides to return to her family in Beverly Hills. This is another big step for Brenda's character, as it's the turning point where she stops running from her mistakes and the heartbreak of her past, faces reality, and takes responsibility for creating the life she wants for herself.The Walsh parents struggle to understand the reasons behind Brenda's dropping out of Minnesota's university program and moving home, but are more concerned that Brenda is choosing not to go to university in California either, and saying that her failure to succeed in Minnesota was proof that she isn't cut out for higher education at all. Despite the character's desire to be the master of her own destiny, Brenda Walsh continues to teeter between making rational and irrational decisions, and struggles with the \"all or nothing\" mentality that plagues most young adolescents, ironically narrowing their opportunities at the very time they are trying to spread their wings and join the world as adults.While settling back into being home in Beverly Hills, Brenda spends the first few days of her return hanging out at the Peach Pit and cruising around town with Dylan, as he has decided not to enter university either. But after some heart to heart discussion, both Brenda and Dylan decide to give California University a chance, and they both enroll.Brenda participates in rush week with her friends Kelly, Donna and Andrea upon arriving at the university. The friends hope that by pledging the same sorority, they'll be able to maintain their close friendships during their college years. Despite wanting to maintain close friendships, Brenda isn't impressed with the non-stop party scene that pervades the sorority life. After putting her energy towards finding a job instead of pledging, and not having any luck, Brenda decides to work for her dad for some real job experience.The job experience was going well, but Brenda was frustrated that between school, work and homework, she would never find time to date. Brenda's parents set her up on a blind date with the son of one of Mr. Walsh's clients, and while she was hesitant at first to go, she and her date, Stuart, became serious very quickly, announcing their marriage engagement at the Walsh's 20th wedding anniversary only two weeks after they first met. The Walsh's did not forbid the marriage at first, but had their concerns that Brenda was being rash, as she tends to do. Brandon had serious concerns though, after Dylan told him that he had known Stuart years ago as a dealer of drugs. Once Dylan spoke to Mr. Walsh about his concerns, Mr. Walsh encouraged Dylan to convince Brenda not to marry Stuart, implying that Brenda still loved him. Because Kelly and Dylan had broken up at this point, he actually considered the possibility of getting back together with Brenda, now with Mr. Walsh's blessing.Even though Brenda and Stuart have a whirlwind romance, when she finds out that Stuart has a prenuptial agreement for her to sign prior to marrying him, Brenda gets upset and storms out.She and Dylan have coffee after running into each other at a poetry reading, and Dylan begs Brenda to end the engagement, telling her that her marriage would end any chance that they might get back together. Brenda quickly surmises that he's spoken to her father, and is furious that her family and friends would go behind her back and try to manipulate her. After confronting her father about his part in it, she packs her things and leaves to move in with Stuart at his condo. Hoping to team up with Stuart's parents and discourage their children from marrying so soon, the Walsh's invite them over for lunch, but are surprised to learn that Stuart's parents not only support the marriage plans, but have already started planning the wedding with event coordinators. Brenda and Stuart become overwhelmed and decide to elope to Las Vegas in secret, but Brenda spills the beans to Brandon and he tells their friends. Everyone books plane tickets and flies to Vegas in an effort to stop her, but knowing how hard headed she is, they decide to persuade her using reverse psychology and pretend that they are in favor of the marriage. Brenda starts to doubt her reasons for marrying Stuart and calls off the wedding.Brenda's life also took a few shots during the season. When Donna and Brenda find a puppy on the street, they learn that he escaped from an animal testing laboratory and are helpless when the puppy dies. Brenda then falls into a group of animal rights activists and participates with them in the ransacking of a number of laboratories until she is arrested (Donna decides at the last minute not to join the group). After her arrest, the only person in the group who supported her was Dylan; David Silver questioned her judgment, Andrea was angry that she had damaged laboratories that did not test animals and Kelly told her that Dylan was no longer her boyfriend and that Brenda could not go and look for help whenever she had a problem. It turned out that one of the activists was an FBI agent who offered Brenda a deal to keep her out of jail because she had not supported vandalism.As a result, all Brenda's friends apologized for their behavior towards her. During the fourth season, Brenda is interested in the drama department but it also led to problems: she spoiled her first audition and then went to the director of the play to try again and convince him. She then got the role, but a student started a rumor saying that Brenda had slept with the director to get the role. Unfortunately, this student was Steve Sanders' girlfriend, and Steve believed the rumors; the others refused, more or less, to believe Brenda when she denied the rumors. Steve understood his mistake when the student asked him to attack Brenda to make her miss rehearsals. A little later, Steve's friend tried to commit suicide, but Brenda and Steve joined forces to save her and Steve was finally compensated by following Brenda's debut on stage. The director's praise led her to accept the latter at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts (RADA) in London for a year. After Kelly and Dylan last broke up, Brenda finally learned that a relationship was possible between Kelly and Brandon and expressed her blessing. She later spent her last night with Dylan, telling him she would not be gone forever. The couple will reconcile briefly in the final scene of the fourth season, though (because of Shannen Doherty's departure) Brenda's character was removed from the script and she never returned to Beverly Hills.[12]","title":"Season 4"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Tiffani-Amber Thiessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffani-Amber_Thiessen"},{"link_name":"Valerie Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Malone"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Shannen Doherty was notorious for being late and being in conflict with staff.[13][14][15][16][17][2][18] Tiffani-Amber Thiessen replaced Brenda Walsh as a character called Valerie Malone.[19]","title":"Conflicts with Beverly Hills 90210 staff"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Despite the fact that Brenda never appeared on the screen, she was nonetheless present during occasional story lines during the following six seasons of the series. The most significant among them is her reconciliation with Dylan, who was going to move in with her. It is assumed that they were together for most episodes of the seventh and eighth seasons of the series, as during an episode of season 8 where it is learned that Dylan's half-sister was saved from a life of prostitution and then left to live with Dylan and Brenda in London and Kelly and Brandon mentioned going to visit them for part of their honeymoon. Later, when Dylan returned in season 9, he told his friends that he and Brenda had separated two years earlier. However, it frees Dylan to resume his relationship with Kelly.In Season 5, Dylan rages against Valerie, the Walsh family friend, blaming her for wanting to imitate Brenda and not having the guts to confront the Walsh parents, as Brenda was able to do before. She will also send an announcement to Dylan at the latter's wedding. Or, in the last episode of the series illustrating the marriage of Donna and David, it is alluded to a slumber party that Brenda had organized when they were still in high school.","title":"After the departure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"14 years after her departure, Brenda is back in Beverly Hills.[20][21] On the advice of Kelly to the new counselor, Brenda, becomes an actress and is led to direct the musical of the high school. She will have to deal with the drug problems of the high school girl who plays the lead role in the show and will help her get out of it, which will follow a mutual attachment of the latter. She will also spend a lot of time with Kelly although at times, they will recover some tensions due among others to Dylan. Kelly also learns later that Brenda has slept with Ryan, the high school English teacher, while Kelly has a lot of affection for him. But they will always be reconciled. We also learn that Brenda can not have children, who can count on the support of her friend Kelly. She will go to China and adopt a little girl.","title":"90210"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Shannen Doherty returned to the \"90210\" family with her joining the cast of the new reboot \"BH90210\". She, like the rest of the cast, is playing a heightened version of herself.","title":"BH90210"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"UGO Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGO_Networks"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"The character of Brenda Walsh had a mixed reception from fans and critics. Most of the criticism for the fictional character was the result of Brenda's shift from a nice girl to that of a bad girl, which was very unpopular with both viewers and critics.[22][23][24][25]UGO Networks writer, K. Thor Jensen, cited her as one of the \"Meanest TV Girls,\"[26] and Entertainment Weekly included her in their list of the \"21 Top TV Bitches\".[27]","title":"Reception"}]	[{"image_text":"The love triangle between Brenda, Kelly and Dylan became a milestone in the series. The final confrontation between the three (Brenda pictured), in which Kelly and Dylan reveal their affair while Brenda was in Paris and that he has chosen Kelly, was listed by Entertainment Weekly as one of the greatest moments of television.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/86/Brenda_Walsh_breakup_scene.png/220px-Brenda_Walsh_breakup_scene.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Mitchell, Claudia; Reid-Walsh, Jacqueline (December 30, 2007). Girl Culture: An Encyclopedia [2 Volumes]: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313084447. Retrieved August 12, 2017 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=arQy0v_PBx4C&q=brenda+walsh+90210&pg=PA180","url_text":"Girl Culture: An Encyclopedia [2 Volumes]: An Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313084447","url_text":"9780313084447"}]},{"reference":"\"Shannen Doherty: Image RX\". Ew.com. April 23, 1993. Retrieved August 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://ew.com/article/1993/04/23/shannen-doherty-image-rx/","url_text":"\"Shannen Doherty: Image RX\""}]},{"reference":"Meltzer, Marisa (December 7, 2006). \"When Brenda Walsh Was Young\". Slate.com. Retrieved August 12, 2017 – via Slate.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/dvdextras/2006/12/when_brenda_walsh_was_young.html","url_text":"\"When Brenda Walsh Was Young\""}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Gael Fashingbauer; Bellmont, Brian (June 4, 2013). The Totally Sweet 90s: From Clear Cola to Furby, and Grunge to \"Whatever\", the Toys, Tastes, and Trends That Defined a Decade. Penguin. ISBN 9781101623992. Retrieved August 12, 2017 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SaLA2b5A0ZcC&q=brenda+walsh+90210&pg=PT50","url_text":"The Totally Sweet 90s: From Clear Cola to Furby, and Grunge to \"Whatever\", the Toys, Tastes, and Trends That Defined a Decade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101623992","url_text":"9781101623992"}]},{"reference":"Fellner, Astrid M.; Hamscha, Susanne; Heissenberger, Klaus; Moos, Jennifer J* (August 12, 2017). Is It 'Cause It's Cool?: Affective Encounters with American Culture. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 9783643505538. Retrieved August 12, 2017 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2-KkAgAAQBAJ&q=brenda+&pg=PA99","url_text":"Is It 'Cause It's Cool?: Affective Encounters with American Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643505538","url_text":"9783643505538"}]},{"reference":"Soraya, Roberts (August 1, 2016). In My Humble Opinion: My So-Called Life. ECW Press. ISBN 9781770908826. Retrieved August 12, 2017 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OPIQDAAAQBAJ&q=brenda+walsh+90210&pg=PT73","url_text":"In My Humble Opinion: My So-Called Life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781770908826","url_text":"9781770908826"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Toby (August 12, 2017). Television: Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780415255042. Retrieved August 12, 2017 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VoyMl8hDKl8C&q=brenda+walsh+90210&pg=PA283","url_text":"Television: Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415255042","url_text":"9780415255042"}]},{"reference":"Forman-Brunell, Miriam (June 1, 2001). Girlhood in America: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576072066. Retrieved August 12, 2017 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R9seZ-3JCqsC&q=brenda+walsh+90210&pg=PA665","url_text":"Girlhood in America: An Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576072066","url_text":"9781576072066"}]},{"reference":"\"DARREN STAR, creator, 'Beverly Hills 90210'\". The New York Times. August 31, 2008. Retrieved August 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/31/arts/television/31star.html","url_text":"\"DARREN STAR, creator, 'Beverly Hills 90210'\""}]},{"reference":"Brenda Tells Jason the Truth - Beverly Hills 90210, Class of Beverly Hills (1x01), retrieved January 14, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VwwsGD-cZhM","url_text":"Brenda Tells Jason the Truth - Beverly Hills 90210, Class of Beverly Hills (1x01)"}]},{"reference":"\"The 100 Greatest Moments In Television: 1990s\". EW.com. Retrieved December 27, 2020. BEVERLY HILLS 90210: BRENDA IS BETRAYED Jan. 27, 1993. Fox's high school serial reached an angst apex in its third season, when good girl Brenda (Shannen Doherty) learned that her bad-boy boyfriend, Dylan (Luke Perry), and her best friend, Kelly (Jennie Garth), had had a fling the previous summer. The love triangle 'was a very hard sell to the network,' says former exec producer Jessica Klein, who cowrote the episode with partner Steve Wasserman. 'They were afraid we would ruin both Brenda and Kelly — and possibly Dylan.' Instead, the story exemplified how the Aaron Spelling-produced 90210 reinvented teen TV by blending modern-day problems — this episode found Brandon (Jason Priestley) addicted to gambling and David (Brian Austin Green) dealing with his dad's second divorce — with scandalously soapy plots. 'I hate you!' a scorned Brenda screamed at the shamefaced pair during the denouement. 'Never talk to me again!' The Dawson's Creek gang can only hope to reach such histrionic heights. Rank 61","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/article/1999/02/19/100-greatest-moments-television-1990s/","url_text":"\"The 100 Greatest Moments In Television: 1990s\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gary Busey's a Creep … Shannen Doherty, Aaron Spelling Have a Convenient Reunion … Lolita 's Not Bad…\". Observer. August 3, 1998. Retrieved July 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://observer.com/1998/08/gary-buseys-a-creep-shannen-doherty-aaron-spelling-have-a-convenient-reunion-lolita-s-not-bad/","url_text":"\"Gary Busey's a Creep … Shannen Doherty, Aaron Spelling Have a Convenient Reunion … Lolita 's Not Bad…\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer.com","url_text":"Observer"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Lauren (April 9, 2012). \"Shannen Doherty Finally Reveals Her Take On the Brenda/Kelly/Dylan Love Triangle (My Inner Teenager Can't Believe It!)\". Glamour.com. Retrieved August 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.glamour.com/story/shannen-doherty-finally-reveal","url_text":"\"Shannen Doherty Finally Reveals Her Take On the Brenda/Kelly/Dylan Love Triangle (My Inner Teenager Can't Believe It!)\""}]},{"reference":"\"SHANNEN DOHERTY, Brenda Walsh, 'Beverly Hills 90210,' '90210'\". The New York Times. August 31, 2008. Retrieved August 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/31/arts/television/31shan.html","url_text":"\"SHANNEN DOHERTY, Brenda Walsh, 'Beverly Hills 90210,' '90210'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shannen Doherty talks Beverly Hills, 90210\". Digitalspy.com. September 8, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/interviews/a594675/shannen-doherty-on-the-legacy-of-beverly-hills-90210-it-pushed-the-envelope/","url_text":"\"Shannen Doherty talks Beverly Hills, 90210\""}]},{"reference":"\"I got Shannen fired from 90210\". News.com.au. Retrieved August 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/tori-spelling-admits-to-role-in-axing-of-shannen-doherty-from-beverly-hills-90210/news-story/fa47d139096bf6cb4318a8397ee1d076","url_text":"\"I got Shannen fired from 90210\""}]},{"reference":"Kovanis, Georgea (March 7, 1993). \"On- and Off-Screen, \"90210' Actress Shannen Doherty Is Taking Her Lumps\". Tulsaworld.com. Retrieved August 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/on--and-off-screen-actress-shannen-doherty-is-taking/article_a1737f95-930b-516c-9ae5-ac7e873a592d.html","url_text":"\"On- and Off-Screen, \"90210' Actress Shannen Doherty Is Taking Her Lumps\""}]},{"reference":"\"'90210' STAR FINDS HERSELF ON THE OUTEST OF OUT LISTS\". Deseretnews.com. March 1, 1993. Retrieved August 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deseretnews.com/article/277979/90210-STAR-FINDS-HERSELF-ON-THE-OUTEST-OF-OUT-LISTS.html","url_text":"\"'90210' STAR FINDS HERSELF ON THE OUTEST OF OUT LISTS\""}]},{"reference":"\"UP AND COMING: Tiffani-Amber Thiessen; Moving Into Shannen's Room\". The New York Times. August 7, 1994. Retrieved August 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/07/arts/up-and-coming-tiffani-amber-thiessen-moving-into-shannen-s-room.html","url_text":"\"UP AND COMING: Tiffani-Amber Thiessen; Moving Into Shannen's Room\""}]},{"reference":"\"'90210' reunion: Shannen and Jennie dish!\". Ew.com. Retrieved July 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://ew.com/article/2008/08/27/90210-shannen-and-jennie-dish/","url_text":"\"'90210' reunion: Shannen and Jennie dish!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Doherty leaving '90210' -- again\". Upi.com. Retrieved July 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2008/09/11/Doherty-leaving-190210-again/UPI-72091221144282/","url_text":"\"Doherty leaving '90210' -- again\""}]},{"reference":"McKinley, E. Graham (June 7, 2011). Beverly Hills, 90210: Television, Gender, and Identity. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812200751. Retrieved August 12, 2017 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=asqbenD5je8C&q=brenda+walsh+90210&pg=PA20","url_text":"Beverly Hills, 90210: Television, Gender, and Identity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812200751","url_text":"978-0812200751"}]},{"reference":"Jefferson, Whitney (May 2, 2011). \"Shannen Doherty And The \"I Hate Brenda\" Backlash\". Jezebel.com. Retrieved August 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://jezebel.com/5797731/shannen-doherty-and-the-i-hate-brenda-backlash","url_text":"\"Shannen Doherty And The \"I Hate Brenda\" Backlash\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Brenda Backlash\". Articles.chicagotribune.com. February 14, 1993. Retrieved August 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1993-02-14/features/9303182312_1_brenda-walsh-kerin-morataya-shannen-doherty","url_text":"\"The Brenda Backlash\""}]},{"reference":"\"No Defendas of Brenda – Vol. 39 No. 7\". People. February 22, 1993. Retrieved August 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://people.com/archive/no-defendas-of-brenda-vol-39-no-7/","url_text":"\"No Defendas of Brenda – Vol. 39 No. 7\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)","url_text":"People"}]},{"reference":"\"Brenda Walsh - Meanest TV Girls - TV Girls - UGO.com\". June 30, 2013. Archived from the original on June 30, 2013. Retrieved July 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130630214214/http://www.ugo.com/tv/meanest-tv-girls-brenda-walsh","url_text":"\"Brenda Walsh - Meanest TV Girls - TV Girls - UGO.com\""},{"url":"http://www.ugo.com/tv/meanest-tv-girls-brenda-walsh","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"21 Top TV Bitches\". Entertainment Weekly. November 16, 2009. Retrieved September 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/gallery/21-top-tv-bitches","url_text":"\"21 Top TV Bitches\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=arQy0v_PBx4C&q=brenda+walsh+90210&pg=PA180","external_links_name":"Girl Culture: An Encyclopedia [2 Volumes]: An Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"http://ew.com/article/1993/04/23/shannen-doherty-image-rx/","external_links_name":"\"Shannen Doherty: Image RX\""},{"Link":"http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/dvdextras/2006/12/when_brenda_walsh_was_young.html","external_links_name":"\"When Brenda Walsh Was Young\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SaLA2b5A0ZcC&q=brenda+walsh+90210&pg=PT50","external_links_name":"The Totally Sweet 90s: From Clear Cola to Furby, and Grunge to \"Whatever\", the Toys, Tastes, and Trends That Defined a Decade"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2-KkAgAAQBAJ&q=brenda+&pg=PA99","external_links_name":"Is It 'Cause It's Cool?: Affective Encounters with American Culture"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OPIQDAAAQBAJ&q=brenda+walsh+90210&pg=PT73","external_links_name":"In My Humble Opinion: My So-Called Life"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VoyMl8hDKl8C&q=brenda+walsh+90210&pg=PA283","external_links_name":"Television: Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R9seZ-3JCqsC&q=brenda+walsh+90210&pg=PA665","external_links_name":"Girlhood in America: An Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/31/arts/television/31star.html","external_links_name":"\"DARREN STAR, creator, 'Beverly Hills 90210'\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VwwsGD-cZhM","external_links_name":"Brenda Tells Jason the Truth - Beverly Hills 90210, Class of Beverly Hills (1x01)"},{"Link":"https://ew.com/article/1999/02/19/100-greatest-moments-television-1990s/","external_links_name":"\"The 100 Greatest Moments In Television: 1990s\""},{"Link":"https://observer.com/1998/08/gary-buseys-a-creep-shannen-doherty-aaron-spelling-have-a-convenient-reunion-lolita-s-not-bad/","external_links_name":"\"Gary Busey's a Creep … Shannen Doherty, Aaron Spelling Have a Convenient Reunion … Lolita 's Not Bad…\""},{"Link":"https://www.glamour.com/story/shannen-doherty-finally-reveal","external_links_name":"\"Shannen Doherty Finally Reveals Her Take On the Brenda/Kelly/Dylan Love Triangle (My Inner Teenager Can't Believe It!)\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/31/arts/television/31shan.html","external_links_name":"\"SHANNEN DOHERTY, Brenda Walsh, 'Beverly Hills 90210,' '90210'\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/interviews/a594675/shannen-doherty-on-the-legacy-of-beverly-hills-90210-it-pushed-the-envelope/","external_links_name":"\"Shannen Doherty talks Beverly Hills, 90210\""},{"Link":"http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/tori-spelling-admits-to-role-in-axing-of-shannen-doherty-from-beverly-hills-90210/news-story/fa47d139096bf6cb4318a8397ee1d076","external_links_name":"\"I got Shannen fired from 90210\""},{"Link":"https://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/on--and-off-screen-actress-shannen-doherty-is-taking/article_a1737f95-930b-516c-9ae5-ac7e873a592d.html","external_links_name":"\"On- and Off-Screen, \"90210' Actress Shannen Doherty Is Taking Her Lumps\""},{"Link":"http://www.deseretnews.com/article/277979/90210-STAR-FINDS-HERSELF-ON-THE-OUTEST-OF-OUT-LISTS.html","external_links_name":"\"'90210' STAR FINDS HERSELF ON THE OUTEST OF OUT LISTS\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/07/arts/up-and-coming-tiffani-amber-thiessen-moving-into-shannen-s-room.html","external_links_name":"\"UP AND COMING: Tiffani-Amber Thiessen; Moving Into Shannen's Room\""},{"Link":"http://ew.com/article/2008/08/27/90210-shannen-and-jennie-dish/","external_links_name":"\"'90210' reunion: Shannen and Jennie dish!\""},{"Link":"https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2008/09/11/Doherty-leaving-190210-again/UPI-72091221144282/","external_links_name":"\"Doherty leaving '90210' -- again\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=asqbenD5je8C&q=brenda+walsh+90210&pg=PA20","external_links_name":"Beverly Hills, 90210: Television, Gender, and Identity"},{"Link":"http://jezebel.com/5797731/shannen-doherty-and-the-i-hate-brenda-backlash","external_links_name":"\"Shannen Doherty And The \"I Hate Brenda\" Backlash\""},{"Link":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1993-02-14/features/9303182312_1_brenda-walsh-kerin-morataya-shannen-doherty","external_links_name":"\"The Brenda Backlash\""},{"Link":"http://people.com/archive/no-defendas-of-brenda-vol-39-no-7/","external_links_name":"\"No Defendas of Brenda – Vol. 39 No. 7\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130630214214/http://www.ugo.com/tv/meanest-tv-girls-brenda-walsh","external_links_name":"\"Brenda Walsh - Meanest TV Girls - TV Girls - UGO.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.ugo.com/tv/meanest-tv-girls-brenda-walsh","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ew.com/gallery/21-top-tv-bitches","external_links_name":"\"21 Top TV Bitches\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Luxembourg_National_Division	1994–95 Luxembourg National Division	["1 Overview","2 League standings","3 Results","4 References"]	Football league seasonLuxembourg National DivisionSeason1994–95← 1993–94 1995–96 → The 1994–95 Luxembourg National Division was the 81st season of top level association football in Luxembourg. Overview It was performed in 12 teams, and Jeunesse Esch won the championship. League standings Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation 1 Jeunesse Esch (C) 22 15 5 2 63 17 +46 35 Qualification to UEFA Cup preliminary round 2 Grevenmacher 22 15 5 2 35 12 +23 35 Qualification to Cup Winners' Cup qualifying round 3 Avenir Beggen 22 13 4 5 64 31 +33 30 Qualification to UEFA Cup preliminary round 4 F91 Dudelange 22 10 3 9 41 37 +4 23 5 Union Luxembourg 22 8 6 8 40 30 +10 22 6 Wiltz 71 22 7 8 7 36 40 −4 22 7 Spora Luxembourg 22 7 6 9 38 36 +2 20 8 Aris Bonnevoie 22 7 5 10 39 45 −6 19 9 Pétange 22 7 5 10 30 43 −13 19 10 Red Boys Differdange 22 6 5 11 44 59 −15 17 11 Swift Hesperange (R) 22 6 4 12 33 58 −25 16 Relegation to Luxembourg Division of Honour 12 Koeppchen Wormeldange (R) 22 1 4 17 13 68 −55 6 Source: rsssf.com(C) Champions; (R) Relegated Results Home \ Away ARI AVE DUD GRE JEU KOE PÉT RBD SPO SWI UNI WIL Aris Bonnevoie 2–3 4–1 0–1 1–5 4–0 0–0 1–3 1–1 1–0 1–2 2–3 Avenir Beggen 4–0 1–1 1–1 3–2 5–0 4–1 6–0 3–1 5–1 2–3 0–0 F91 Dudelange 1–3 1–3 1–0 1–2 3–1 1–0 3–0 3–0 2–1 4–3 1–1 Grevenmacher 1–0 2–1 2–1 1–2 1–0 2–0 2–1 1–0 0–0 2–0 2–0 Jeunesse Esch 3–2 3–1 2–1 1–1 11–0 2–0 5–1 0–0 2–0 3–3 3–0 Koeppchen Wormeldange 1–3 1–3 0–7 1–1 0–2 0–2 1–1 2–4 1–2 1–0 1–1 Pétange 5–1 1–7 0–0 1–4 0–1 1–0 5–1 1–1 3–1 2–1 0–2 Red Boys Differdange 4–4 2–4 6–1 0–4 0–6 6–0 2–2 2–3 2–2 4–3 6–2 Spora Luxembourg 2–3 0–2 1–2 0–1 1–1 1–0 5–1 1–1 1–4 1–2 3–2 Swift Hesperange 3–4 2–1 3–1 2–4 0–7 2–2 2–3 2–1 1–6 0–5 3–1 Union Luxembourg 0–0 1–1 0–2 0–0 0–0 3–0 4–0 0–1 1–4 4–0 4–1 Wiltz 71 2–2 4–2 2–1 0–2 1–0 5–1 2–2 2–0 2–2 2–2 1–1 Source: Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. References Luxembourg - List of final tables (RSSSF) vteLuxembourg National Division seasons 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 vte1994–95 in European football (UEFA)Domestic leagues Albania Armenia '94 '95 Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina (Herzeg-Bosnia) Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands '94 '95 Finland '94 '95 France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '94 '95 Israel Italy Kazakhstan '94 '95 Latvia '94 '95 Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '94 '95 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia '94 '95 San Marino Scotland Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden '94 '95 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales FR Yugoslavia Domestic cups Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands '94 '95 Finland '94 '95 France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '94 '95 Israel Italy Latvia '94 '95 Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '94 '95 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales FR Yugoslavia League cups England Finland '94 '95 France Israel Northern Ireland Republic of Ireland Scotland Wales Supercups England Germany Italy UEFA competitions Champions League (Qualifying, Group stage, knockout stage, Final) Cup Winners' Cup (Final) UEFA Cup (Final) Super Cup Non-UEFA competitions Intertoto Cup	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luxembourg National Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_National_Division"},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"}],"text":"The 1994–95 Luxembourg National Division was the 81st season of top level association football in Luxembourg.","title":"1994–95 Luxembourg National Division"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeunesse Esch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeunesse_Esch"}],"text":"It was performed in 12 teams, and Jeunesse Esch won the championship.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rsssf.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/tablesl/luxhist.html"}],"text":"Source: rsssf.com(C) Champions; (R) Relegated","title":"League standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ARI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Aris_Bonnevoie"},{"link_name":"AVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Avenir_Beggen"},{"link_name":"DUD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F91_Dudelange"},{"link_name":"GRE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_Grevenmacher"},{"link_name":"JEU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeunesse_Esch"},{"link_name":"KOE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Koeppchen_Wormeldange"},{"link_name":"PÉT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_P%C3%A9tange"},{"link_name":"RBD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Red_Boys_Differdange"},{"link_name":"SPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA_Spora_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"SWI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Swift_Hesperange"},{"link_name":"UNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"WIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Wiltz_71"},{"link_name":"Aris Bonnevoie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Aris_Bonnevoie"},{"link_name":"Avenir Beggen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Avenir_Beggen"},{"link_name":"F91 Dudelange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F91_Dudelange"},{"link_name":"Grevenmacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_Grevenmacher"},{"link_name":"Jeunesse Esch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeunesse_Esch"},{"link_name":"Koeppchen Wormeldange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Koeppchen_Wormeldange"},{"link_name":"Pétange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_P%C3%A9tange"},{"link_name":"Red Boys Differdange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Red_Boys_Differdange"},{"link_name":"Spora Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA_Spora_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Swift Hesperange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Swift_Hesperange"},{"link_name":"Union Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Wiltz 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Wiltz_71"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Home \\ Away\n\nARI\n\nAVE\n\nDUD\n\nGRE\n\nJEU\n\nKOE\n\nPÉT\n\nRBD\n\nSPO\n\nSWI\n\nUNI\n\nWIL\n\n\nAris Bonnevoie\n\n\n\n2–3\n\n4–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–5\n\n4–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–3\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–2\n\n2–3\n\n\nAvenir Beggen\n\n4–0\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–2\n\n5–0\n\n4–1\n\n6–0\n\n3–1\n\n5–1\n\n2–3\n\n0–0\n\n\nF91 Dudelange\n\n1–3\n\n1–3\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n1–2\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n4–3\n\n1–1\n\n\nGrevenmacher\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n\nJeunesse Esch\n\n3–2\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n11–0\n\n2–0\n\n5–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–3\n\n3–0\n\n\nKoeppchen Wormeldange\n\n1–3\n\n1–3\n\n0–7\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–4\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n\nPétange\n\n5–1\n\n1–7\n\n0–0\n\n1–4\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n5–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–2\n\n\nRed Boys Differdange\n\n4–4\n\n2–4\n\n6–1\n\n0–4\n\n0–6\n\n6–0\n\n2–2\n\n\n\n2–3\n\n2–2\n\n4–3\n\n6–2\n\n\nSpora Luxembourg\n\n2–3\n\n0–2\n\n1–2\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n5–1\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n1–4\n\n1–2\n\n3–2\n\n\nSwift Hesperange\n\n3–4\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n2–4\n\n0–7\n\n2–2\n\n2–3\n\n2–1\n\n1–6\n\n\n\n0–5\n\n3–1\n\n\nUnion Luxembourg\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n3–0\n\n4–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–4\n\n4–0\n\n\n\n4–1\n\n\nWiltz 71\n\n2–2\n\n4–2\n\n2–1\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n5–1\n\n2–2\n\n2–0\n\n2–2\n\n2–2\n\n1–1\n\n\n\nSource: [citation needed]Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesl/luxhist.html","external_links_name":"rsssf.com"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesl/luxhist.html","external_links_name":"Luxembourg - List of final tables (RSSSF)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raag_(film)	Raag (film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","4.1 Controversy","5 Awards","6 References","7 External links"]	2014 Indian Assamese language film by Rajni Basumatary RaagTheatrical release poster of RaagDirected byRajni BasumataryWritten byRajni BasumataryScreenplay byRajni BasumataryProduced byASFFDCManna FilmsStarringAdil Hussain Zerifa Wahid Kenny Basumatary Kopil BoraCinematographyAjayan VincentEdited byRupam KalitaMusic byAvinash BaghelProductioncompanyManna FilmsRelease date 7 February 2014 (2014-02-07) CountryIndiaLanguageAssamese Raag (transl. The Rhythm of Love) is a 2014 Indian Assamese-language drama film, starring Adil Hussain and Zerifa Wahid in the lead roles. The film was directed by Rajni Basumatary and produced by Assam State Film (Finance & Development) Corporation Limited in association with Manna Films. The film was initially released on 7 February 2014 in the state of Assam and later on 7 March 2014 in selected theaters across rest of India via PVR Director's Rare. Plot Raag is set in Delhi where Radhika, a Hindustani singer, lives with her businessman husband Alok. They first met during one of Radhika's musical performances in Guwahati several years ago. Despite their different philosophies of life they fall in love with each other and get married. Due to Alok's career change, they later relocate to Delhi. Even after seven years of marriage Alok is still not ready to become a father. He starts to ignore Radhika as an individual and as an artiste. Her music that apparently made him fall in love with her has now become unappealing. Radhika meets her neighbour Iqbal, a painter. Soon they become friends. Surajeet Sahay, whose terrace Iqbal has been using as his shelter and his studio for last ten years, wants Iqbal to vacate the place. The flat was actually Iqbal's. He had to sell it to Sahay as Iqbal could not arrange money to send off his wife, Natalie (Natasha Mago), and daughter, Noor, to Prague. Iqbal had stayed back on the terrace of the flat, as he didn't want to stay away from the place that holds memories of his wife and daughter, Noor. Now Surajeet Sahay wants to sell off the flat and migrate to Canada. Radhika arranges an exhibition of Iqbal's painting to help him buy the house back. But she fails at that. Just then Partho, her childhood singer friend reappears in her life. He was secretly in love with Radhika but had let her go her way when he found out that she married Alok. With his great marketing and PR skills, Partho helps Radhika to organise another exhibition of Iqbal's painting, which deservedly turns out to be a smashing hit. Iqbal gets his house back. Partho goes back to Guwahati. Alok, on the other hand, made love without precautions and impregnates his colleague Nandini during one of their business trips outside Delhi. Radhika came to know about it. But they both (Alok and Nandini) claim that it was just an accident and that there is no emotional involvement from either side. It is a decisive moment for Radhika to choose amongst Alok, Iqbal and Partho. The script does not show the decision Radhika made and leaves it open for interpretations. Flashforwarding to five years, the film ends with Radhika and Partho singing jugalbandi on a performance stage and Iqbal and a four-year-old girl sitting among the audience and enjoying the jugalbandi. Cast Adil Hussain as Iqbal Zerifa Wahid as Radhika Kenny Basumatary as Alok Kopil Bora as Partho Natasha Mago as Natalie Saumya Agarwal as Nandini Rajni Basumatary as Socialite (cameo role) Production Raag is the directorial debut of Rajni Basumatary, who had earlier written and produced the critically acclaimed Assamese film Anurag. In an interview with The Times of India, Basumatary said that she likes to explore the complexity of human situations and that human emotions are universal, no matter where one is from. The entire film was shot in various locations in Delhi and Assam. The music of the film was scored by Chhattisgarhi musician Avinash Baghel. The music is highly influenced by Hindustani classical music. The soundtrack of the film was released on 15 January 2014 and contains 5 songs. Release The film was first released on 7 February 2014 in the Indian state of Assam, a month ahead of all India release. Later, Raag was released in selected theaters across rest of India on 7 March 2014 via PVR Director's Rare. Controversy Despite performing quite well in the box office, Raag was removed after only one week run in the theaters of Assam allegedly by the distributors of Yash Raj Films to make room for their big budget Hindi film Gunday. This led to a controversy against Bollywood movies generally trying to suppress regional films. Awards Raag won three awards at the Prag Cine Awards 2014: Best Actor Male (for Adil Hussain), Best Art Direction (for Deepti Chawla and Archana Malhotra), and Best Makeup (for Akash Gogoi). It was nominated in 9 categories: Best Film, Best Director, Best Screenplay, Best Actor Female, Best Supporting Actor Male, Best Music Direction, Best Lyrics, Best Playback Singer Female, and Best Costume Design. References ^ a b Basumatary, Rajni (17 February 2014). "I've been terribly affected by witch hunt killings for years" (Interview). Interviewed by Rashmi Sarmah. Retrieved 16 March 2014. ^ "Rajni Basumatary's new film will fill the vacumn in Assamese cinema". The Thumb Print Magazine. 26 November 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2014. ^ RAAG - Assamese Film - Full Songs - Jukebox on YouTube. (4 February 2014). Retrieved on 16 March 2014. ^ Deka, Prantik (23 December 2013). "New Assamese film 'Raag–The rhythm of love'". The Sentinel. Retrieved 16 March 2014. ^ "'Raag: the rhythm of Love' releases this month". Press Trust of India. New Delhi. 8 March 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014. ^ "'Gunday' distributors arm-twisting in Assam?". Jagaran Post. Mumbai. 19 February 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014. ^ Chatterjee, Garga (4 March 2014). "Bollywood threat to regional cinema is real". Daily News and Analysis. DNA. Retrieved 16 March 2014. ^ "Does Bollywood bulldoze regional cinema was discussed in The Thumb Print Conversations recently. A report". The Thumbprint Magazine. 17 February 2014. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014. ^ "List of Award Winners : Prag Cine Award 2014". Magical Assam. Retrieved 18 September 2020. External links Raag at IMDb Official website of the film	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Assamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_language"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Adil Hussain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adil_Hussain"},{"link_name":"Zerifa Wahid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerifa_Wahid"},{"link_name":"Rajni Basumatary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajni_Basumatary"},{"link_name":"Assam State Film (Finance & Development) Corporation Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_State_Film_(Finance_and_Development)_Corporation_Ltd."},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-raag-1"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"PVR Director's Rare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVR_Cinemas"}],"text":"Raag (transl. The Rhythm of Love) is a 2014 Indian Assamese-language drama film, starring Adil Hussain and Zerifa Wahid in the lead roles. The film was directed by Rajni Basumatary and produced by Assam State Film (Finance & Development) Corporation Limited in association with Manna Films. The film was initially released on 7 February 2014 in the state of Assam and later on 7 March 2014[1] in selected theaters across rest of India via PVR Director's Rare.","title":"Raag (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Guwahati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guwahati"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"jugalbandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugalbandi"}],"text":"Raag is set in Delhi where Radhika, a Hindustani singer, lives with her businessman husband Alok. They first met during one of Radhika's musical performances in Guwahati several years ago. Despite their different philosophies of life they fall in love with each other and get married. Due to Alok's career change, they later relocate to Delhi. Even after seven years of marriage Alok is still not ready to become a father. He starts to ignore Radhika as an individual and as an artiste. Her music that apparently made him fall in love with her has now become unappealing.Radhika meets her neighbour Iqbal, a painter. Soon they become friends. Surajeet Sahay, whose terrace Iqbal has been using as his shelter and his studio for last ten years, wants Iqbal to vacate the place. The flat was actually Iqbal's. He had to sell it to Sahay as Iqbal could not arrange money to send off his wife, Natalie (Natasha Mago), and daughter, Noor, to Prague. Iqbal had stayed back on the terrace of the flat, as he didn't want to stay away from the place that holds memories of his wife and daughter, Noor. Now Surajeet Sahay wants to sell off the flat and migrate to Canada. Radhika arranges an exhibition of Iqbal's painting to help him buy the house back. But she fails at that. Just then Partho, her childhood singer friend reappears in her life. He was secretly in love with Radhika but had let her go her way when he found out that she married Alok. With his great marketing and PR skills, Partho helps Radhika to organise another exhibition of Iqbal's painting, which deservedly turns out to be a smashing hit. Iqbal gets his house back. Partho goes back to Guwahati.Alok, on the other hand, made love without precautions and impregnates his colleague Nandini during one of their business trips outside Delhi. Radhika came to know about it. But they both (Alok and Nandini) claim that it was just an accident and that there is no emotional involvement from either side. It is a decisive moment for Radhika to choose amongst Alok, Iqbal and Partho. The script does not show the decision Radhika made and leaves it open for interpretations. Flashforwarding to five years, the film ends with Radhika and Partho singing jugalbandi on a performance stage and Iqbal and a four-year-old girl sitting among the audience and enjoying the jugalbandi.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adil Hussain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adil_Hussain"},{"link_name":"Zerifa Wahid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerifa_Wahid"},{"link_name":"Kenny Basumatary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Basumatary"},{"link_name":"Kopil Bora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopil_Bora"},{"link_name":"Rajni Basumatary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajni_Basumatary"}],"text":"Adil Hussain as Iqbal\nZerifa Wahid as Radhika\nKenny Basumatary as Alok\nKopil Bora as Partho\nNatasha Mago as Natalie\nSaumya Agarwal as Nandini\nRajni Basumatary as Socialite (cameo role)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Times of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-raag-1"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thumbprint-2"},{"link_name":"Chhattisgarhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language"},{"link_name":"Hindustani classical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Raag is the directorial debut of Rajni Basumatary, who had earlier written and produced the critically acclaimed Assamese film Anurag. In an interview with The Times of India, Basumatary said that she likes to explore the complexity of human situations and that human emotions are universal, no matter where one is from.[1] The entire film was shot in various locations in Delhi and Assam.[2]\nThe music of the film was scored by Chhattisgarhi musician Avinash Baghel. The music is highly influenced by Hindustani classical music. The soundtrack of the film was released on 15 January 2014 and contains 5 songs.[3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-senti-4"},{"link_name":"PVR Director's Rare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVR_Cinemas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pti-5"}],"text":"The film was first released on 7 February 2014 in the Indian state of Assam, a month ahead of all India release.[4] Later, Raag was released in selected theaters across rest of India on 7 March 2014 via PVR Director's Rare.[5]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam"},{"link_name":"Yash Raj Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yash_Raj_Films"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language"},{"link_name":"Gunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunday"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jagaran-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dna-7"},{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tpt-8"}],"sub_title":"Controversy","text":"Despite performing quite well in the box office, Raag was removed after only one week run in the theaters of Assam allegedly by the distributors of Yash Raj Films to make room for their big budget Hindi film Gunday.[6][7]\nThis led to a controversy against Bollywood movies generally trying to suppress regional films.[8]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prag Cine Awards 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prag_Cine_Awards_2014"},{"link_name":"Adil Hussain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adil_Hussain"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Raag won three awards at the Prag Cine Awards 2014: Best Actor Male (for Adil Hussain), Best Art Direction (for Deepti Chawla and Archana Malhotra), and Best Makeup (for Akash Gogoi). It was nominated in 9 categories: Best Film, Best Director, Best Screenplay, Best Actor Female, Best Supporting Actor Male, Best Music Direction, Best Lyrics, Best Playback Singer Female, and Best Costume Design.[9]","title":"Awards"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Basumatary, Rajni (17 February 2014). \"I've been terribly affected by witch hunt killings for years\" (Interview). Interviewed by Rashmi Sarmah. Retrieved 16 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Ive-been-terribly-affected-by-witch-hunt-killings-for-years-Rajani-Basumatary/articleshow/30546971.cms","url_text":"\"I've been terribly affected by witch hunt killings for years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rajni Basumatary's new film will fill the vacumn in Assamese cinema\". The Thumb Print Magazine. 26 November 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thethumbprintmag.com/content.php?cat=Culture%20and%20Society&content=Rhythm%20of%20love","url_text":"\"Rajni Basumatary's new film will fill the vacumn in Assamese cinema\""}]},{"reference":"Deka, Prantik (23 December 2013). \"New Assamese film 'Raag–The rhythm of love'\". The Sentinel. Retrieved 16 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday/saturday1.php?sec=16&subsec=0&ppr=3&dtP=2013-12-23","url_text":"\"New Assamese film 'Raag–The rhythm of love'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sentinel_(Gauhati)","url_text":"The Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"\"'Raag: the rhythm of Love' releases this month\". Press Trust of India. New Delhi. 8 March 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://ptinews.com/news/4481224_-Raag--the-rhythm-of-Love--releases-this-month-.html","url_text":"\"'Raag: the rhythm of Love' releases this month\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_Trust_of_India","url_text":"Press Trust of India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi","url_text":"New Delhi"}]},{"reference":"\"'Gunday' distributors arm-twisting in Assam?\". Jagaran Post. Mumbai. 19 February 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://post.jagran.com/gunday-distributors-armtwisting-in-assam-1392800872","url_text":"\"'Gunday' distributors arm-twisting in Assam?\""}]},{"reference":"Chatterjee, Garga (4 March 2014). \"Bollywood threat to regional cinema is real\". Daily News and Analysis. DNA. Retrieved 16 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-bollywood-threat-to-regional-cinema-is-real-1966636","url_text":"\"Bollywood threat to regional cinema is real\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis","url_text":"Daily News and Analysis"}]},{"reference":"\"Does Bollywood bulldoze regional cinema was discussed in The Thumb Print Conversations recently. A report\". The Thumbprint Magazine. 17 February 2014. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140316141806/http://thethumbprintmag.com/content.php?cat=Culture+and+Society&content=Conversation+on+films","url_text":"\"Does Bollywood bulldoze regional cinema was discussed in The Thumb Print Conversations recently. A report\""},{"url":"http://thethumbprintmag.com/content.php?cat=Culture+and+Society&content=Conversation+on+films","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"List of Award Winners : Prag Cine Award 2014\". Magical Assam. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.magicalassam.com/2014/03/list-of-award-winners-prag-cine-award-2014.html","url_text":"\"List of Award Winners : Prag Cine Award 2014\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Ive-been-terribly-affected-by-witch-hunt-killings-for-years-Rajani-Basumatary/articleshow/30546971.cms","external_links_name":"\"I've been terribly affected by witch hunt killings for years\""},{"Link":"http://www.thethumbprintmag.com/content.php?cat=Culture%20and%20Society&content=Rhythm%20of%20love","external_links_name":"\"Rajni Basumatary's new film will fill the vacumn in Assamese cinema\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VTbznw4wDAE","external_links_name":"RAAG - Assamese Film - Full Songs - Jukebox"},{"Link":"http://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday/saturday1.php?sec=16&subsec=0&ppr=3&dtP=2013-12-23","external_links_name":"\"New Assamese film 'Raag–The rhythm of love'\""},{"Link":"http://ptinews.com/news/4481224_-Raag--the-rhythm-of-Love--releases-this-month-.html","external_links_name":"\"'Raag: the rhythm of Love' releases this month\""},{"Link":"http://post.jagran.com/gunday-distributors-armtwisting-in-assam-1392800872","external_links_name":"\"'Gunday' distributors arm-twisting in Assam?\""},{"Link":"http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-bollywood-threat-to-regional-cinema-is-real-1966636","external_links_name":"\"Bollywood threat to regional cinema is real\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140316141806/http://thethumbprintmag.com/content.php?cat=Culture+and+Society&content=Conversation+on+films","external_links_name":"\"Does Bollywood bulldoze regional cinema was discussed in The Thumb Print Conversations recently. A report\""},{"Link":"http://thethumbprintmag.com/content.php?cat=Culture+and+Society&content=Conversation+on+films","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.magicalassam.com/2014/03/list-of-award-winners-prag-cine-award-2014.html","external_links_name":"\"List of Award Winners : Prag Cine Award 2014\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8826176/","external_links_name":"Raag"},{"Link":"http://raagthefilm.com/","external_links_name":"Official website of the film"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XS_(comics)	XS (character)	["1 Fictional character biography","2 Powers and abilities","3 Equipment","4 In other media","4.1 Television","4.2 Miscellaneous","5 References","6 External links"]	Fictional character, a superheroine in the future of the DC Comics universe Comics character XSXS, as she appeared on a splash page of Legionnaires #0 (October, 1994). Art by Jeff Moy.Publication informationPublisherDC ComicsFirst appearanceLegionnaires #0 (October 1994)Created byTom McCrawJeff MoyIn-story informationAlter egoJenni OgnatsSpeciesMetahumanTeam affiliationsLegion of Super-HeroesAbilitiesPowers: Superhuman speed, agility, reflexes, durability, and stamina Speed force aura conduit Phasing Vortex creations Accelerated healing Enhanced senses Anti-friction aura Abilities: Advanced hand-to-hand combatant and martial artist Equipment: Legion flight ring XS (Jenni Ognats) is a character appearing in media published by DC Comics, primarily as a member of the 30th–31st centuries's Legion of Super-Heroes. She is the granddaughter of Barry Allen (the second superhero known as the Flash), and cousin of Bart Allen (the second Kid Flash). Her first appearance is in Legionnaires #0 (Oct 1994). Jessica Parker Kennedy portrayed a variation of the character in the fourth, fifth, seventh, eighth and ninth seasons of The CW Arrowverse television series The Flash. Fictional character biography Despite being the granddaughter of Barry Allen (the Flash) and the daughter of Dawn Allen (one of the Tornado Twins), Jenni Ognats did not at first display any signs of super-speed. However, the Dominators, knowing her family heritage, captured her. This did not keep her out of danger, due to the long-standing feud between the Allen line and the Thawne line. As a baby, she was held hostage by President Thawne, only escaping danger when several Allens backed down. At the sight of her father Jeven Ognats of Aarok being tortured, her latent super-speed powers activated. She managed to escape with her father before stray fire from the Dominators caused their base to explode. After this, she checked herself into a laboratory to help her learn to coordinate herself at super-speed. Once she learned control, she was drafted into the Legion of Super-Heroes as the speedster XS, serving as the team's equivalent to the Flash. She eventually learned to overcome her initial fear and nervousness, while she developed crushes on Cosmic Boy and, later, M'Onel, and eventually dated Dyrk Magz. During the Legion's first trip to the 20th century, XS was separated from them. She met her cousin Bart Allen (Impulse), becoming a good friend. She revealed how she was participating in an archeological dig in the future. XS fought side by side with Impulse and other speedsters during the events of Dead Heat. Afterwards, the 27th century Flash fixed her grandfather's Cosmic Treadmill, enabling her to go home. Unfortunately, she overshot, encountering two further future incarnations of the Legion before returning. Impulse left her a goodbye note in the building that she was participating in excavating. XS was one of the Legionnaires left behind after many of her teammates were lost, causing the team to be forcefully disbanded. She traveled to Xanthu with her teammate Star Boy, where she found herself caught in a war between Xanthu and Robotica. While the two Legionnaires managed to save millions of lives by distracting Robotica long enough for the surviving Xanthians to escape off-planet, the two remained trapped there for months thereafter, until rescued by their returned teammates. XS and her version of the Legion were removed from mainstream DC continuity in the Teen Titans/Legion Special. They were revealed to be alive on in the parallel universe containing "Earth-247". The Final Crisis: Legion of 3 Worlds miniseries reveals that the Tornado Twins and their family members (including XS) originated on the same Earth as the post-Infinite Crisis version of the Legion (which was introduced in "The Lightning Saga"). Thus, continuity revisions have been made: after Barry Allen's death in Crisis on Infinite Earths, the Twins and their families became the target of Professor Zoom, who was attempting to sabotage Don Allen and Meloni Thawne's marriage. Both families escaped to Earth-247 and the Twins died soon after in unknown circumstances. Both cousins were reunited with their grandmother Iris, and both also rapidly aged to teenagers within days. Presumably, XS' rapid-aging stabilized under her own volition, as she never showed signs of it during her tenure with the Legion. XS is used by Brainiac 5 to revive her cousin, Bart Allen, culling his spirit from the Speed Force. The two then team up against Superboy-Prime. After the battle with Superboy-Prime and his Legion of Super-Villains, XS resigns from the Earth-247 Legion. Bart asks her to join him in the 21st Century, but she decides to stay in the 31st Century with the post-Infinite Crisis Legion to locate any of their surviving relatives. Her friend and teammate, Gates, also decides to stay to accompany her. Powers and abilities XS possesses Speed Force-based powers like the other members of her family (Barry Allen, Bart Allen, Wally West and Iris West II). She can run at near-light speeds, vibrate through solid matter, and even time travel and cross dimensions by altering her molecular vibrational frequencies. Equipment As a member of the Legion of Super-Heroes, XS is provided a Legion Flight Ring, which allows her to fly and protects her from the vacuum of space and other dangerous environments. In other media Television XS makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Legion of Super Heroes two-part series finale "Dark Victory". A character based on XS and Dawn Allen named Nora West-Allen appears in The Flash, portrayed by Jessica Parker Kennedy. This version is the future daughter of Barry Allen and Iris West-Allen from the year 2049 and the older sister of Bart Allen. Following cameo appearances in the crossover "Crisis on Earth-X" and the fourth season, during which she is credited as "mystery girl", she becomes a main character in the fifth season and a recurring character in the seventh, eighth, and ninth seasons. Miscellaneous XS appears in Adventures in the DC Universe #10. References ^ Cowsill, Alan; Irvine, Alex; Korte, Steve; Manning, Matt; Wiacek, Win; Wilson, Sven (2016). The DC Comics Encyclopedia: The Definitive Guide to the Characters of the DC Universe. DK Publishing. p. 334. ISBN 978-1-4654-5357-0. ^ Impulse #25 (May 1997) ^ Legion of Super Heroes Annual (vol. 4) #6 (1995) ^ Impulse #9 (December 1995) ^ Impulse #12 (March 1996) ^ Infinite Crisis #6 (May 2006) ^ a b c Final Crisis: Legion of 3 Worlds #3 (February 2009) ^ Final Crisis: Legion of 3 Worlds #4 (April 2009) ^ Final Crisis: Legion of 3 Worlds #5 (July 2009) ^ "Adventures in the DC Universe #10 - The Blobs (Issue)". Comic Vine. Retrieved June 22, 2023. External links Unofficial Biography at DCUGuide.com History & Significant Appearances at Hyperborea.org Entry at World of Black Heroes A Hero History Of XS at MajorSpoilers.com vteThe Flash Gardner Fox Harry Lampert The Flash FamilyFlash Jay Garrick Barry Allen Wally West Bart Allen Kid Flash Wally West Bart Allen Irey West Ace West Quick Jesse Chambers Johnny Chambers Reverse-Flash/Zoom Edward Clariss Eobard Thawne Hunter Zolomon Daniel West Other characters Iris West Max Mercury XS Black Flash Cobalt Blue Godspeed Savitar Supportingcharacters Chester P. Runk/Chunk David Singh Green Lantern/Kyle Rayner Elongated Man Justice League Superman Batman Wonder Woman Green Lantern/Hal Jordan Aquaman Martian Manhunter Cyborg Justice Society of America The Atom/Al Pratt Doctor Fate/Kent Nelson Green Lantern/Alan Scott Hawkman/Carter Hall Hourman/Rex Tyler Sandman/Wesley Dodds Spectre/Jim Corrigan Paul Gambi Patty Spivot Más y Menos Pied Piper Red Trinity Solovar Terrific Whatzit Tina McGee Valerie Perez Winky, Blinky, and Noddy EnemiesCore rogues gallery Abra Kadabra Doctor Alchemy/Mister Element Captain Boomerang Captain Cold Golden Glider Gorilla Grodd Heat Wave Mirror Master Pied Piper Rainbow Raider Reverse-Flash/Zoom Daniel West Eobard Thawne Hunter Zolomon Top Trickster Weather Wizard Other supervillains Big Sir Black Flash Blacksmith Blue Trinity Bug-Eyed Bandit Cicada Cobalt Blue Giganta Girder Godspeed Fiddler Johnny Quick Magenta Mongul Rag Doll Thorn Savitar Shade Shrapnel Star Sapphire Tar Pit Thinker T. O. Morrow Turtle/Turtle Man Publications Flash Comics All-Flash Comic Cavalcade The Flash DC Rebirth Flash of Two Worlds (1961) Flashpoint (Elseworlds version, 1999) The Flash: Rebirth (2009) Storylines Flashpoint (2011) Flash War (2018) Finish Line (2020) Locations Central City (Central City Police Department) Flash Museum Iron Heights Penitentiary S.T.A.R. Labs In other mediaFilm Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox (2013) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) soundtrack Barry Allen Television The Flash (1990–1991) The Flash (2014–2023) characters Barry Allen episodes Video games The Flash (1993) Justice League Heroes: The Flash (2006) Category vteLegion of Super-Heroes Otto Binder Al Plastino Mort Weisinger Incarnations 1958 team 1994 team 2004 team Founding members Cosmic Boy Lightning Lad Saturn Girl Notable members Blok Bouncing Boy Brainiac 5 Chameleon Boy Chameleon Girl Chemical Kid/Chemical King Colossal Boy Comet Queen Computo (Danielle Foccart) Dawnstar Dream Girl Earth-Man Element Lad Ferro Lad Laurel Gand Gates Invisible Kid (Lyle Norg and Jacques Foccart) Karate Kid (Val Armorr) Karate Kid (Myg) Jon Kent Khundian Legionnaires Kid Quantum Kinetix Lightning Lass/Light Lass Magno Matter-Eater Lad Mon-El Night Girl Devlin O'Ryan Phantom Girl Polar Boy Princess Projectra/Sensor Girl Sensor Shadow Lass Shrinking Violet Spider Girl/Wave Star Boy/Starman Sun Boy Timber Wolf Triplicate Girl/Duo Damsel/Duplicate Damsel Tyroc Ultra Boy White Witch Wildfire XS Special members Elastic Lad (Jimmy Olsen) Insect Queen (Lana Lang) Pete Ross Superboy (Kal-El) Superboy (Kon-El) Supergirl (Kara Zor-El) Superman Supporting characters R. J. Brande Controllers Shvaughn Erin Inferno Laurel Kent Legion Academy Legion of Substitute Heroes Antagonists Anti-Monitor Brainiac Composite Superman Computo Dark Circle Darkseid Dominators Fatal Five Emerald Empress Persuader Justice League of Earth Khunds Legion of Super-Villains Mordru Nemesis Kid Ol-Vir Ra's al Ghul Sklarian Raiders Starfinger Superboy-Prime Universo Vandal Savage World Colu Daxam Items Publications "One of Us Is a Traitor" "The Death of Ferro Lad" "The Adult Legion" "Mordru the Merciless" "Earthwar" "The Exaggerated Death of Ultra Boy" "The Great Darkness Saga" Legionnaires 3 "The Universo Project" "The Greatest Hero of Them All" "The Terra Mosaic" "End of an Era" Legion Lost (vol. 1) "The Lightning Saga" "Superman and the Legion of Super-Heroes" Final Crisis: Legion of 3 Worlds Alternate continuities Legion of Galactic Guardians 2099 Superboy's Legion Legion of Super Heroes in the 31st Century In other media TV series JLA Adventures: Trapped in Time Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Cosmic Clash Justice League vs. the Fatal Five Film Related articles Adventure Comics Atmos Dev-Em The Final Night Heroes of Lallor Interlac Invasion! Kwai L.E.G.I.O.N. Legion of Super-Pets R.E.B.E.L.S. Science Police Sodam Yat United Planets Wanderers Workforce Zero Hour: Crisis in Time DC League of Super-Pets Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Legion of Super-Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Super-Heroes"},{"link_name":"Barry Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(Barry_Allen)"},{"link_name":"Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Bart Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Allen"},{"link_name":"Kid Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Flash"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jessica Parker Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Parker_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"fourth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(season_4)"},{"link_name":"fifth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(season_5)"},{"link_name":"seventh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(season_7)"},{"link_name":"eighth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(season_8)"},{"link_name":"ninth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(season_9)"},{"link_name":"The CW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_CW"},{"link_name":"Arrowverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowverse"},{"link_name":"The Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(2014_TV_series)"}],"text":"Comics characterXS (Jenni Ognats) is a character appearing in media published by DC Comics, primarily as a member of the 30th–31st centuries's Legion of Super-Heroes. She is the granddaughter of Barry Allen (the second superhero known as the Flash), and cousin of Bart Allen (the second Kid Flash). Her first appearance is in Legionnaires #0 (Oct 1994).[1]Jessica Parker Kennedy portrayed a variation of the character in the fourth, fifth, seventh, eighth and ninth seasons of The CW Arrowverse television series The Flash.","title":"XS (character)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barry Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(Barry_Allen)"},{"link_name":"Dominators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominators_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Legion of Super-Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Super-Heroes#Rebooted_(1994%E2%80%932004)"},{"link_name":"Cosmic Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Boy"},{"link_name":"M'Onel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lar_Gand#M'Onel"},{"link_name":"Dyrk Magz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magno_(character)"},{"link_name":"Bart Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Allen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"27th century Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(comics)#John_Fox"},{"link_name":"Cosmic Treadmill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Treadmill"},{"link_name":"lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_Lost"},{"link_name":"Star Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Boy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Final Crisis: Legion of 3 Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Crisis:_Legion_of_3_Worlds"},{"link_name":"The Lightning Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lightning_Saga"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fcl3w3-7"},{"link_name":"Crisis on Infinite Earths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_on_Infinite_Earths"},{"link_name":"Professor Zoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Zoom"},{"link_name":"Meloni Thawne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meloni_Thawne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fcl3w3-7"},{"link_name":"Brainiac 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainiac_5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fcl3w3-7"},{"link_name":"Superboy-Prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superboy-Prime"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gates_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Despite being the granddaughter of Barry Allen (the Flash) and the daughter of Dawn Allen (one of the Tornado Twins), Jenni Ognats did not at first display any signs of super-speed. However, the Dominators, knowing her family heritage, captured her. This did not keep her out of danger, due to the long-standing feud between the Allen line and the Thawne line. As a baby, she was held hostage by President Thawne, only escaping danger when several Allens backed down.[2]At the sight of her father Jeven Ognats of Aarok being tortured, her latent super-speed powers activated. She managed to escape with her father before stray fire from the Dominators caused their base to explode.[3] After this, she checked herself into a laboratory to help her learn to coordinate herself at super-speed. Once she learned control, she was drafted into the Legion of Super-Heroes as the speedster XS, serving as the team's equivalent \nto the Flash. She eventually learned to overcome her initial fear and nervousness, while she developed crushes on Cosmic Boy and, later, M'Onel, and eventually dated Dyrk Magz.During the Legion's first trip to the 20th century, XS was separated from them. She met her cousin Bart Allen (Impulse), becoming a good friend.[4] She revealed how she was participating in an archeological dig in the future.[5] XS fought side by side with Impulse and other speedsters during the events of Dead Heat. Afterwards, the 27th century Flash fixed her grandfather's Cosmic Treadmill, enabling her to go home. Unfortunately, she overshot, encountering two further future incarnations of the Legion before returning. Impulse left her a goodbye note in the building that she was participating in excavating.XS was one of the Legionnaires left behind after many of her teammates were lost, causing the team to be forcefully disbanded. She traveled to Xanthu with her teammate Star Boy, where she found herself caught in a war between Xanthu and Robotica. While the two Legionnaires managed to save millions of lives by distracting Robotica long enough for the surviving Xanthians to escape off-planet, the two remained trapped there for months thereafter, until rescued by their returned teammates.XS and her version of the Legion were removed from mainstream DC continuity in the Teen Titans/Legion Special. They were revealed to be alive on in the parallel universe containing \"Earth-247\".[6]The Final Crisis: Legion of 3 Worlds miniseries reveals that the Tornado Twins and their family members (including XS) originated on the same Earth as the post-Infinite Crisis version of the Legion (which was introduced in \"The Lightning Saga\").[7] Thus, continuity revisions have been made: after Barry Allen's death in Crisis on Infinite Earths, the Twins and their families became the target of Professor Zoom, who was attempting to sabotage Don Allen and Meloni Thawne's marriage. Both families escaped to Earth-247 and the Twins died soon after in unknown circumstances. Both cousins were reunited with their grandmother Iris, and both also rapidly aged to teenagers within days. Presumably, XS' rapid-aging stabilized under her own volition, as she never showed signs of it during her tenure with the Legion.[7]XS is used by Brainiac 5 to revive her cousin, Bart Allen, culling his spirit from the Speed Force.[7] The two then team up against Superboy-Prime.[8] After the battle with Superboy-Prime and his Legion of Super-Villains, XS resigns from the Earth-247 Legion. Bart asks her to join him in the 21st Century, but she decides to stay in the 31st Century with the post-Infinite Crisis Legion to locate any of their surviving relatives. Her friend and teammate, Gates, also decides to stay to accompany her.[9]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Speed Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_Force"},{"link_name":"Wally West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_West"},{"link_name":"Iris West II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Flash_(Iris_West)"}],"text":"XS possesses Speed Force-based powers like the other members of her family (Barry Allen, Bart Allen, Wally West and Iris West II). She can run at near-light speeds, vibrate through solid matter, and even time travel and cross dimensions by altering her molecular vibrational frequencies.","title":"Powers and abilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As a member of the Legion of Super-Heroes, XS is provided a Legion Flight Ring, which allows her to fly and protects her from the vacuum of space and other dangerous environments.","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cameo appearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_appearance"},{"link_name":"Legion of Super Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Super_Heroes_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dawn Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_Allen"},{"link_name":"Nora West-Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora_West-Allen"},{"link_name":"The Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(2014_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Jessica Parker Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Parker_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Barry Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Allen_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Iris West-Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_West-Allen_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Bart Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Allen"},{"link_name":"Crisis on Earth-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_on_Earth-X"},{"link_name":"fourth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(season_4)"},{"link_name":"fifth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(season_5)"},{"link_name":"seventh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(season_7)"},{"link_name":"eighth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(season_8)"},{"link_name":"ninth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(season_9)"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"XS makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Legion of Super Heroes two-part series finale \"Dark Victory\".\nA character based on XS and Dawn Allen named Nora West-Allen appears in The Flash, portrayed by Jessica Parker Kennedy. This version is the future daughter of Barry Allen and Iris West-Allen from the year 2049 and the older sister of Bart Allen. Following cameo appearances in the crossover \"Crisis on Earth-X\" and the fourth season, during which she is credited as \"mystery girl\", she becomes a main character in the fifth season and a recurring character in the seventh, eighth, and ninth seasons.","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adventures in the DC Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_in_the_DC_Universe"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Miscellaneous","text":"XS appears in Adventures in the DC Universe #10.[10]","title":"In other media"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Cowsill, Alan; Irvine, Alex; Korte, Steve; Manning, Matt; Wiacek, Win; Wilson, Sven (2016). The DC Comics Encyclopedia: The Definitive Guide to the Characters of the DC Universe. DK Publishing. p. 334. ISBN 978-1-4654-5357-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-5357-0","url_text":"978-1-4654-5357-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Adventures in the DC Universe #10 - The Blobs (Issue)\". Comic Vine. Retrieved June 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicvine.gamespot.com/adventures-in-the-dc-universe-10-the-blobs/4000-153328/","url_text":"\"Adventures in the DC Universe #10 - The Blobs (Issue)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://comicvine.gamespot.com/adventures-in-the-dc-universe-10-the-blobs/4000-153328/","external_links_name":"\"Adventures in the DC Universe #10 - The Blobs (Issue)\""},{"Link":"http://www.dcuguide.com/who.php?name=xs","external_links_name":"Unofficial Biography"},{"Link":"http://www.hyperborea.org/flash/jenni.html","external_links_name":"History & Significant Appearances"},{"Link":"http://worldofblackheroes.com/2013/01/21/xs/","external_links_name":"Entry"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070713212026/http://www.majorspoilers.com/archives/1786.htm","external_links_name":"A Hero History Of XS"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riencourt	Riencourt	["1 Geography","2 Population","3 See also","4 References"]	Coordinates: 49°55′21″N 2°03′39″E / 49.9225°N 2.0608°E / 49.9225; 2.0608Commune in Hauts-de-France, FranceRiencourtCommuneThe church in Riencourt Coat of armsLocation of Riencourt RiencourtShow map of FranceRiencourtShow map of Hauts-de-FranceCoordinates: 49°55′21″N 2°03′39″E / 49.9225°N 2.0608°E / 49.9225; 2.0608CountryFranceRegionHauts-de-FranceDepartmentSommeArrondissementAmiensCantonAilly-sur-SommeIntercommunalityCC Somme Sud-OuestGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Gaël CauxArea110.16 km2 (3.92 sq mi)Population (2021)180 • Density18/km2 (46/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code80673 /80310Elevation28–124 m (92–407 ft) (avg. 75 m or 246 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Riencourt (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. Geography Riencourt is situated 15 miles (24 km) northwest of Amiens, on the D121 and D69 crossroads. Population Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a. 1968224— 1975213−0.72% 1982203−0.68% 1990216+0.78% 1999196−1.07% 2007165−2.13% 2012193+3.18% 2017178−1.61%Source: INSEE See also Communes of the Somme department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE Wikimedia Commons has media related to Riencourt. vteCommunes of the Somme department Abbevillesubpr Ablaincourt-Pressoir Acheux-en-Amiénois Acheux-en-Vimeu Agenville Agenvillers Aigneville Ailly-le-Haut-Clocher Ailly-sur-Noye Ailly-sur-Somme Airaines Aizecourt-le-Bas Aizecourt-le-Haut Albert Allaines Allenay Allery Allonville Amienspref Andainville Andechy Argœuves Argoules Arguel Armancourt Arquèves Arrest Arry Arvillers Assainvillers Assevillers Athies Aubercourt Aubigny Aubvillers Auchonvillers Ault Aumâtre Aumont Autheux Authie Authieule Authuille Avelesges Aveluy Avesnes-Chaussoy Ayencourt Bacouel-sur-Selle Bailleul Baizieux Balâtre Barleux Barly Bavelincourt Bayencourt Bayonvillers Bazentin Béalcourt Beaucamps-le-Jeune Beaucamps-le-Vieux Beauchamps Beaucourt-en-Santerre Beaucourt-sur-l'Ancre Beaucourt-sur-l'Hallue Beaufort-en-Santerre Beaumetz Beaumont-Hamel Beauquesne Beauval Bécordel-Bécourt Becquigny Béhen Béhencourt Bellancourt Belleuse Belloy-en-Santerre Belloy-Saint-Léonard Belloy-sur-Somme Bergicourt Bermesnil Bernâtre Bernaville Bernay-en-Ponthieu Bernes Berneuil Berny-en-Santerre Bertangles Berteaucourt-les-Dames Berteaucourt-lès-Thennes Bertrancourt Béthencourt-sur-Mer Béthencourt-sur-Somme Bettembos Bettencourt-Rivière Bettencourt-Saint-Ouen Beuvraignes Biaches Biarre Biencourt Billancourt Blangy-sous-Poix Blangy-Tronville Boisbergues Le Boisle Boismont Bonnay Bonneville Bosquel Bouchavesnes-Bergen Bouchoir Bouchon Boufflers Bougainville Bouillancourt-en-Séry Bouillancourt-la-Bataille Bouquemaison Bourdon Bourseville Boussicourt Bouttencourt Bouvaincourt-sur-Bresle Bouvincourt-en-Vermandois Bouzincourt Bovelles Boves Braches Brailly-Cornehotte Brassy Bray-lès-Mareuil Bray-sur-Somme Breilly Bresle Breuil Brévillers Brie Briquemesnil-Floxicourt Brocourt Brouchy Brucamps Brutelles Buigny-l'Abbé Buigny-lès-Gamaches Buigny-Saint-Maclou Buire-Courcelles Buire-sur-l'Ancre Bus-la-Mésière Bus-lès-Artois Bussu Bussus-Bussuel Bussy-lès-Daours Bussy-lès-Poix Buverchy Cachy Cagny Cahon Caix Cambron Camon Camps-en-Amiénois Canaples Canchy Candas Cannessières Cantigny Caours Cappy Cardonnette Le Cardonnois Carnoy-Mametz Carrépuis Cartigny Caulières Cavillon Cayeux-en-Santerre Cayeux-sur-Mer Cerisy Cerisy-Buleux Champien Chaulnes La Chaussée-Tirancourt Chaussoy-Epagny La Chavatte Chépy Chilly Chipilly Chirmont Chuignes Chuignolles Citerne Cizancourt Clairy-Saulchoix Cléry-sur-Somme Cocquerel Coigneux Coisy Colincamps Combles Condé-Folie Contalmaison Contay Conteville Contre Conty Corbie Cottenchy Coullemelle Coulonvillers Courcelette Courcelles-au-Bois Courcelles-sous-Moyencourt Courcelles-sous-Thoix Courtemanche Cramont Crécy-en-Ponthieu Crémery Cressy-Omencourt Creuse Croix-Moligneaux Croixrault Le Crotoy Crouy-Saint-Pierre Curchy Curlu Damery Dancourt-Popincourt Daours Dargnies Davenescourt Démuin Dernancourt Devise Doingt Domart-en-Ponthieu Domart-sur-la-Luce Domesmont Dominois Domléger-Longvillers Dommartin Dompierre-Becquincourt Dompierre-sur-Authie Domqueur Domvast Doudelainville Douilly Doullens Dreuil-lès-Amiens Driencourt Dromesnil Drucat Dury Eaucourt-sur-Somme L'Échelle-Saint-Aurin Éclusier-Vaux Embreville Englebelmer Ennemain Épagne-Épagnette Épaumesnil Épécamps Épehy Épénancourt Éplessier Eppeville Équancourt Équennes-Éramecourt Erches Ercheu Ercourt Ergnies Érondelle Esclainvillers Esmery-Hallon Essertaux Estrébœuf Estrées-Deniécourt Estrées-lès-Crécy Estrées-Mons Estrées-sur-Noye Étalon Ételfay Éterpigny Étinehem-Méricourt L'Étoile Étréjust Étricourt-Manancourt La Faloise Falvy Famechon Faverolles Favières Fay Ferrières Fescamps Feuillères Feuquières-en-Vimeu Fieffes-Montrelet Fienvillers Fignières Fins Flaucourt Flers Flers-sur-Noye Flesselles Fleury Flixecourt Fluy Folies Folleville Fonches-Fonchette Fontaine-le-Sec Fontaine-lès-Cappy Fontaine-sous-Montdidier Fontaine-sur-Maye Fontaine-sur-Somme Forceville Forceville-en-Vimeu Forest-l'Abbaye Forest-Montiers Fort-Mahon-Plage Fossemanant Foucaucourt-en-Santerre Foucaucourt-Hors-Nesle Fouencamps Fouilloy Fouquescourt Fourcigny Fourdrinoy Framerville-Rainecourt Framicourt Francières Franleu Franqueville Fransart Fransu Fransures Franvillers Fréchencourt Frémontiers Fresnes-Mazancourt Fresnes-Tilloloy Fresneville Fresnoy-Andainville Fresnoy-au-Val Fresnoy-en-Chaussée Fresnoy-lès-Roye Fressenneville Frettecuisse Frettemeule Friaucourt Fricamps Fricourt Frise Friville-Escarbotin Frohen-sur-Authie Froyelles Frucourt Gamaches Gapennes Gauville Gentelles Gézaincourt Ginchy Glisy Gorenflos Gorges Goyencourt Grandcourt Grand-Laviers Gratibus Grattepanche Grébault-Mesnil Grivesnes Grivillers Grouches-Luchuel Gruny Guerbigny Gueschart Gueudecourt Guignemicourt Guillaucourt Guillemont Guizancourt Guyencourt-Saulcourt Guyencourt-sur-Noye Hailles Hallencourt Hallivillers Halloy-lès-Pernois Hallu Ham Le Hamel Hamelet Hancourt Hangard Hangest-en-Santerre Hangest-sur-Somme Harbonnières Hardecourt-aux-Bois Harponville Hattencourt Hautvillers-Ouville Havernas Hébécourt Hédauville Heilly Hem-Hardinval Hem-Monacu Hénencourt Herbécourt Hérissart Herleville Herly Hervilly Hesbécourt Hescamps Heucourt-Croquoison Heudicourt Heuzecourt Hiermont Hombleux Hornoy-le-Bourg Huchenneville Humbercourt Huppy Hypercourt Ignaucourt Inval-Boiron Irles Jumel Laboissière-en-Santerre Lachapelle Lafresguimont-Saint-Martin Lahoussoye Laleu Lamaronde Lamotte-Brebière Lamotte-Buleux Lamotte-Warfusée Lanchères Lanches-Saint-Hilaire Languevoisin-Quiquery Laucourt Laviéville Lawarde-Mauger-l'Hortoy Léalvillers Lesbœufs Liancourt-Fosse Licourt Liéramont Liercourt Ligescourt Lignières Lignières-Châtelain Lignières-en-Vimeu Lihons Limeux Liomer Long Longavesnes Longpré-les-Corps-Saints Longueau Longueval Longuevillette Louvencourt Louvrechy Lucheux Machiel Machy Mailly-Maillet Mailly-Raineval Maisnières Maison-Ponthieu Maison-Roland Maizicourt Malpart Marcelcave Marché-Allouarde Marchélepot-Misery Marestmontiers Mareuil-Caubert Maricourt Marieux Marlers Marquaix Marquivillers Martainneville Matigny Maucourt Maurepas Le Mazis Méaulte Méharicourt Meigneux Le Meillard Méneslies Méréaucourt Mérélessart Méricourt-en-Vimeu Méricourt-l'Abbé Mers-les-Bains Le Mesge Mesnil-Bruntel Mesnil-Domqueur Mesnil-en-Arrouaise Mesnil-Martinsart Mesnil-Saint-Georges Mesnil-Saint-Nicaise Métigny Mézerolles Mézières-en-Santerre Miannay Millencourt Millencourt-en-Ponthieu Miraumont Mirvaux Moislains Molliens-au-Bois Molliens-Dreuil Monchy-Lagache Mons-Boubert Monsures Montagne-Fayel Montauban-de-Picardie Montdidiersubpr Montigny-les-Jongleurs Montigny-sur-l'Hallue Montonvillers Morchain Morcourt Moreuil Morisel Morlancourt Morvillers-Saint-Saturnin Mouflers Mouflières Moyencourt Moyencourt-lès-Poix Moyenneville Muille-Villette Nampont Namps-Maisnil Nampty Naours Nesle Nesle-l'Hôpital Neslette Neufmoulin Neuilly-le-Dien Neuilly-l'Hôpital Neuville-au-Bois Neuville-Coppegueule La Neuville-lès-Bray La Neuville-Sire-Bernard Neuvillette Nibas Nouvion Noyelles-en-Chaussée Noyelles-sur-Mer Nurlu Occoches Ochancourt Ô-de-Selle Offignies Offoy Oisemont Oissy Oneux Oresmaux Oust-Marest Outrebois Ovillers-la-Boisselle Pargny Parvillers-le-Quesnoy Pendé Pernois Péronnesubpr Picquigny Piennes-Onvillers Pierregot Pissy Plachy-Buyon Le Plessier-Rozainvillers Pœuilly Poix-de-Picardie Ponches-Estruval Pont-de-Metz Ponthoile Pont-Noyelles Pont-Remy Port-le-Grand Potte Poulainville Pozières Prouville Prouzel Proyart Puchevillers Punchy Puzeaux Pys Quend Querrieu Le Quesne Le Quesnel Quesnoy-le-Montant Quesnoy-sur-Airaines Quevauvillers Quiry-le-Sec Quivières Raincheval Rainneville Ramburelles Rambures Rancourt Regnière-Écluse Remaisnil Remaugies Remiencourt Rethonvillers Revelles Ribeaucourt Ribemont-sur-Ancre Riencourt Rivery Rogy Roiglise Roisel Rollot Ronssoy Rosières-en-Santerre Rouvrel Rouvroy-en-Santerre Rouy-le-Grand Rouy-le-Petit Roye Rubempré Rubescourt Rue Rumigny Saigneville Sailly-Flibeaucourt Sailly-Laurette Sailly-le-Sec Sailly-Saillisel Sains-en-Amiénois Saint-Acheul Saint-Aubin-Montenoy Saint-Aubin-Rivière Saint-Blimont Saint-Christ-Briost Sainte-Segrée Saint-Fuscien Saint-Germain-sur-Bresle Saint-Gratien Saint-Léger-lès-Authie Saint-Léger-lès-Domart Saint-Léger-sur-Bresle Saint-Mard Saint-Maulvis Saint-Maxent Saint-Ouen Saint-Quentin-en-Tourmont Saint-Quentin-la-Motte-Croix-au-Bailly Saint-Riquier Saint-Sauflieu Saint-Sauveur Saint-Vaast-en-Chaussée Saint-Valery-sur-Somme Saisseval Saleux Salouël Sancourt Saulchoy-sous-Poix Sauvillers-Mongival Saveuse Senarpont Senlis-le-Sec Sentelie Seux Sorel Sorel-en-Vimeu Soues Sourdon Soyécourt Surcamps Suzanne Tailly Talmas Templeux-la-Fosse Templeux-le-Guérard Terramesnil Tertry Thennes Thézy-Glimont Thiepval Thieulloy-l'Abbaye Thieulloy-la-Ville Thièvres Thoix Thory Tilloloy Tilloy-Floriville Tincourt-Boucly Le Titre Tœufles Tours-en-Vimeu Toutencourt Le Translay Treux Trois-Rivières Tully Ugny-l'Équipée Vadencourt Vaire-sous-Corbie Valines Varennes Vauchelles-lès-Authie Vauchelles-lès-Domart Vauchelles-les-Quesnoy Vaudricourt Vauvillers Vaux-en-Amiénois Vaux-Marquenneville Vaux-sur-Somme Vecquemont Velennes Vercourt Vergies Vermandovillers Verpillières Vers-sur-Selle La Vicogne Vignacourt Villecourt Ville-le-Marclet Villeroy Villers-aux-Érables Villers-Bocage Villers-Bretonneux Villers-Campsart Villers-Carbonnel Villers-Faucon Villers-lès-Roye Villers-sous-Ailly Villers-sur-Authie Villers-Tournelle Ville-sur-Ancre Vironchaux Vismes Vitz-sur-Authie Voyennes Vraignes-en-Vermandois Vraignes-lès-Hornoy Vrély Vron Wargnies Warloy-Baillon Warlus Warsy Warvillers Wiencourt-l'Équipée Wiry-au-Mont Woignarue Woincourt Woirel Y Yaucourt-Bussus Yonval Yvrench Yvrencheux Yzengremer Yzeux pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases: National France BnF data This Arrondissement of Amiens geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ʁjɛ̃kuʁ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Somme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somme_(department)"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Hauts-de-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauts-de-France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Hauts-de-France, FranceRiencourt (French pronunciation: [ʁjɛ̃kuʁ]) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.","title":"Riencourt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens"}],"text":"Riencourt is situated 15 miles (24 km) northwest of Amiens, on the D121 and D69 crossroads.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"}]	[]	[{"title":"Communes of the Somme department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Somme_department"}]	[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Bierman_Park	Sue Bierman Park	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 37°47′46″N 122°23′51″W / 37.796246°N 122.39759°W / 37.796246; -122.3975937°47′46″N 122°23′51″W / 37.796246°N 122.39759°W / 37.796246; -122.39759 Sue Bierman ParkSue Bierman Park with Ferry BuildingTypeMunicipal (San Francisco)LocationSan FranciscoStatusOpen all yearParkingStreet parking Sue Bierman Park, also known as Ferry Park, is a park in San Francisco, California in the Financial District. Sue Bierman Park replaced off-ramps just north of the Embarcadero Center, and next to the park Ferry Plaza was constructed in front of the San Francisco Ferry Building, which itself was remodeled into an upscale gourmet marketplace in 2003. The park is named after Sue Bierman, a San Francisco civic activist and Supervisor. References ^ "Sue Bierman Park". San Francisco Recreation & Parks Department. ^ King, John (October 15, 2011). "S.F.'s redo of Sue Bierman Park wastes opportunity". SFGate. Retrieved 2016-12-31. This San Francisco-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"37°47′46″N 122°23′51″W / 37.796246°N 122.39759°W / 37.796246; -122.39759","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sue_Bierman_Park&params=37.796246_N_122.39759_W_type:landmark_region:US-CA"},{"link_name":"park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park"},{"link_name":"San Francisco, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California"},{"link_name":"Embarcadero Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embarcadero_Center"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Ferry Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Ferry_Building"},{"link_name":"Sue Bierman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Bierman"},{"link_name":"Supervisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"37°47′46″N 122°23′51″W / 37.796246°N 122.39759°W / 37.796246; -122.39759Sue Bierman Park, also known as Ferry Park, is a park in San Francisco, California in the Financial District. Sue Bierman Park replaced off-ramps just north of the Embarcadero Center,[1] and next to the park Ferry Plaza was constructed in front of the San Francisco Ferry Building, which itself was remodeled into an upscale gourmet marketplace in 2003. The park is named after Sue Bierman, a San Francisco civic activist and Supervisor.[2]","title":"Sue Bierman Park"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Sue Bierman Park\". San Francisco Recreation & Parks Department.","urls":[{"url":"http://sfrecpark.org/destination/sue-bierman-park/","url_text":"\"Sue Bierman Park\""}]},{"reference":"King, John (October 15, 2011). \"S.F.'s redo of Sue Bierman Park wastes opportunity\". SFGate. Retrieved 2016-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/place/article/S-F-s-redo-of-Sue-Bierman-Park-wastes-opportunity-2326864.php","url_text":"\"S.F.'s redo of Sue Bierman Park wastes opportunity\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sue_Bierman_Park&params=37.796246_N_122.39759_W_type:landmark_region:US-CA","external_links_name":"37°47′46″N 122°23′51″W / 37.796246°N 122.39759°W / 37.796246; -122.39759"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sue_Bierman_Park&params=37.796246_N_122.39759_W_type:landmark_region:US-CA","external_links_name":"37°47′46″N 122°23′51″W / 37.796246°N 122.39759°W / 37.796246; -122.39759"},{"Link":"http://sfrecpark.org/destination/sue-bierman-park/","external_links_name":"\"Sue Bierman Park\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/place/article/S-F-s-redo-of-Sue-Bierman-Park-wastes-opportunity-2326864.php","external_links_name":"\"S.F.'s redo of Sue Bierman Park wastes opportunity\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sue_Bierman_Park&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Di_Lorenzo	Francesca Di Lorenzo	["1 Personal life","2 Tennis career","2.1 Amateur years","2.2 Professional career","3 Performance timeline","3.1 Singles","4 ITF Circuit finals","4.1 Singles: 6 (4 titles, 2 runner–ups)","4.2 Doubles: 10 (4 titles, 6 runner–ups)","5 References","6 External links"]	American tennis player Francesca Di LorenzoDi Lorenzo at the 2022 Wimbledon ChampionshipsCountry (sports) United StatesBorn (1997-07-22) July 22, 1997 (age 26)Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.Height5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)Turned pro2017PlaysLeft-handed (two-handed backhand)CollegeOhio State University, U.S.CoachRene MollerPrize money$761,507SinglesCareer record173–162 (51.6%)Career titles4 ITFHighest rankingNo. 118 (February 3, 2020)Current rankingNo. 493 (January 15, 2024)Grand Slam singles resultsAustralian OpenQ2 (2020, 2022)French OpenQ2 (2017, 2019, 2021)WimbledonQ2 (2019)US Open2R (2018, 2019)DoublesCareer record71–73 (49.3%)Career titles4 ITFHighest rankingNo. 178 (June 12, 2023)Current rankingNo. 276 (January 15, 2024)Grand Slam doubles resultsUS Open1R (2017, 2019)Last updated on: January 15, 2024. Francesca Di Lorenzo (Italian pronunciation: ; born July 22, 1997) is an American former tennis player. She currently assistant coach of the University of Central Florida womens tennis team. She played collegiately for the Ohio State University. On May 29, 2017, Di Lorenzo and her partner Miho Kowase won the NCAA Women's Doubles Championship. Personal life Di Lorenzo was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania but raised in Columbus, Ohio, after her family moved there when she was around the age of seven. Her parents, Carlo and Daniela Di Lorenzo, are Italian immigrants from Salerno. Carlo is a physician at Nationwide Children's Hospital in Columbus and Daniela teaches Italian at various colleges. Di Lorenzo attended New Albany High School in New Albany, Ohio. She has three siblings, and Cristina, her oldest sister, also played tennis at the collegiate level at Xavier University and graduated in 2017. Mario, her oldest brother, also has an athletic background. He won an intramural championship in the inaugural season of wheelchair basketball at Ohio State University. Di Lorenzo is fluent in Italian. As a child, she played both tennis and soccer. Tennis career Amateur years Coming out of high school, Di Lorenzo was ranked as the nation's top tennis recruit. She committed to playing collegiate tennis at Ohio State University. In her final tournament as a junior, she reached the semifinals in both the girls' singles and doubles tournaments at the 2015 US Open. As a freshman, Di Lorenzo began her season by winning the USTA/ITA National Indoor Intercollegiate Championship, claiming the Buckeyes' first national title in its program's history. She defeated Joana Eidukonytė in the championship match, and concluded the season with a 37–5 record, setting the program record for most victories in a season, and was named singles all-American. During her sophomore year with the Buckeyes, Di Lorenzo went 37-2 in singles, equaling her school record from the previous year. She also finished the year as the top-ranked women's NCAA singles player. Di Lorenzo repeated as the USTA/ITA National Indoor Champion, beating Hayley Carter in the final. She capped off her sophomore season by winning the NCAA Women's Doubles Championship with her partner, Miho Kowase. This championship was the program's first NCAA in its history. For her accomplishments during the season, Di Lorenzo was named both singles and doubles all-American. Di Lorenzo earned a wildcard into the qualifiers of the singles tournament at the 2017 US Open. There, she also received a wildcard for the main draw of the doubles tournament and made her Grand Slam debut, partnering with Allie Kiick. Professional career On 18 December 2017, Di Lorenzo announced that she would be leaving Ohio State to become a professional tennis player. She made her Grand Slam singles debut at the 2018 US Open, winning her section of the qualifying tournament with victories over Antonia Lottner, Verónica Cepede Royg, and Mona Barthel. She made it to the second round where she was defeated by No. 13 seed, Kiki Bertens. Performance timeline Key W F SF QF #R RR Q# P# DNQ A Z# PO G S B NMS NTI P NH (W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (P#) preliminary round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (Z#) Davis/Fed Cup Zonal Group (with number indication) or (PO) play-off; (G) gold, (S) silver or (B) bronze Olympic/Paralympic medal; (NMS) not a Masters tournament; (NTI) not a Tier I tournament; (P) postponed; (NH) not held; (SR) strike rate (events won / competed); (W–L) win–loss record. To avoid confusion and double counting, these charts are updated at the conclusion of a tournament or when the player's participation has ended. Only main-draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup/Billie Jean King Cup and Olympic Games are included in win–loss records. Singles Current through the 2022 Tennis in the Land. Tournaments 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 SR W–L Win% Grand Slam tournaments Australian Open A A A A Q2 Q1 Q2 0 / 0 0–0 – French Open A Q2 A Q2 Q2 Q2 Q1 0 / 0 0–0 – Wimbledon A Q1 A Q2 NH Q1 Q1 0 / 0 0–0 – US Open Q1 Q1 2R 2R 1R Q2 0 / 3 2–3 40% Win–loss 0–0 0–0 1–1 1–1 0–1 0–0 0–0 0 / 3 2–3 40% WTA 1000 Indian Wells Open A A A Q1 NH Q1 A 0 / 0 0–0 – Miami Open A A A A NH Q1 A 0 / 0 0–0 – Canadian Open A A A 2R NH A A 0 / 1 1–1 50% Cincinnati Open A A Q1 A Q1 A A 0 / 0 0–0 – Career statistics Tournaments 0 0 2 5 3 2 2 Career total: 14 Overall win–loss 0–0 0–0 1–2 2–5 0–3 1–2 0–2 0 / 14 4–14 22% Year-end ranking 346 302 166 121 143 197 $730,169 ITF Circuit finals Singles: 6 (4 titles, 2 runner–ups) Legend $60,000 tournaments $25,000 tournaments $10,000 tournaments Finals by surface Hard (3–2) Clay (1–0) Result W–L Date Tournament Tier Surface Opponent Score Win 1–0 Aug 2015 ITF Austin, United States 10,000 Hard Lauren Herring 4–6, 7–6(2), 6–2 Win 2–0 Jul 2016 ITF Winnipeg, Canada 25,000 Hard Erin Routliffe 6–4, 6–1 Loss 2–1 Jun 2017 ITF Sumter, United States 25,000 Hard Ashley Lahey 3–6, 6–7(4) Loss 2–2 Jun 2017 ITF Baton Rouge, United States 25,000 Hard Nicole Gibbs 3–6, 3–6 Win 3–2 Jan 2018 ITF Wesley Chapel, United States 25,000 Clay Whitney Osuigwe 6–2, 1–6, 6–4 Win 4–2 Nov 2019 Toronto Challenger, Canada 60,000 Hard Kirsten Flipkens 7–6(3), 6–4 Doubles: 10 (4 titles, 6 runner–ups) Legend $80,000 tournaments $60,000 tournaments $25,000 tournaments Finals by surface Hard (2–6) Clay (2–0) Result W–L Date Tournament Tier Surface Partner Opponents Score Win 1–0 Jul 2016 ITF Winnipeg, Canada 25,000 Hard Ronit Yurovsky Marie-Alexandre Leduc Charlotte Robillard-Millette 1–6, 7–5, Loss 1–1 Jun 2017 ITF Baton Rouge, U.S. 25,000 Hard Julia Elbaba Ellen Perez Luisa Stefani 3–6, 4–6 Loss 1–2 Oct 2017 Challenger de Saguenay, Canada 60,000 Hard (i) Erin Routliffe Bianca Andreescu Carol Zhao w/o Win 2–2 May 2018 Open Saint-Gaudens, France 60,000 Clay Naiktha Bains Manon Arcangioli Shérazad Reix 6–4, 1–6, Loss 2–3 Feb 2019 Rancho Santa Fe Open, U.S. 25,000 Hard Caty McNally Hayley Carter Ena Shibahara 5–7, 2–6 Loss 2–4 Jul 2019 Berkeley Tennis Challenge, U.S. 60,000 Hard Katie Swan Madison Brengle Sachia Vickery 3–6, 5–7 Loss 2–5 Oct 2020 Tennis Classic of Macon, U.S. 80,000 Hard Jamie Loeb Magdalena Fręch Katarzyna Kawa 5–7, 1–6 Win 3–5 Jan 2023 Vero Beach International Tennis Open, United States 60,000 Clay Makenna Jones Quinn Gleason Elixane Lechemia 4–6, 6–3, Win 4–5 Mar 2023 Arcadia Pro Open, United States 60,000 Hard Christina Rosca Rina Saigo Yukina Saigo 6–1, 6–1 Loss 4–6 Mar 2023 ITF Boca Raton, United States 25,000 Hard Makenna Jones Hailey Baptiste Whitney Osuigwe 2–6, 2–6 References ^ Hasselbach, Logan (28 August 2023). "FRANCESCA DI LORENZO NAMED UCF WOMEN'S TENNIS ASSISTANT COACH". ucfknights.com. Retrieved 25 January 2024. ^ a b "Women's tennis championship: Ohio State's Francesca Di Lorenzo and Miho Kowase take the doubles title". NCAA.com. May 29, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017. ^ a b Mitsch, Pat (November 4, 2016). "GET TO KNOW: OHIO STATE'S FRANCESCA DI LORENZO". usta.com. Retrieved August 16, 2017. ^ "Daniela DiLorenzo-Digaeta". Coursicle. Retrieved 1 January 2018. ^ "Francesca Di Lorenzo Bio". Ohio State Buckeyes. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2018. ^ Harwitt, Sandra (September 11, 2015). "Brimming with Italian pride, American Di Lorenzo into girls' semis". usopen.org. Retrieved August 16, 2017. ^ a b "Ohio State Bio". ohiostatebuckeyes.com. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2017. ^ Stone, Lisa (November 12, 2014). "Fall Signing Week '14: Francesca DiLorenzo Chooses Ohio State". tennisrecruiting.net. Retrieved August 16, 2017. ^ "Playing in U.S. Open juniors a big thrill for Di Lorenzo". The Times-Reporter. October 23, 2015. Retrieved August 16, 2017. ^ "CHAMPION! DI LORENZO CAPTURES NATIONAL INDOORS TITLE". ohiostatebuckeyes.com. November 15, 2015. Retrieved August 16, 2017. ^ "BUCKEYES IN THE YEAR END ITA RANKINGS". ohiostatebuckeyes.com. June 2, 2017. Archived from the original on January 24, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2017. ^ Milano, Sally (November 6, 2016). "DI LORENZO, REDLICKI CAPTURE USTA/ITA NAT'L INDOORS". usta.com. Retrieved August 16, 2017. ^ Marshall, Ashley. "Sharapova headlines US Open women's wild cards". usopen.org. Retrieved August 16, 2017. ^ "DI LORENZO BEGINS PROFESSIONAL CAREER". ohiostatebuckeyes.com. December 18, 2017. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved December 18, 2017. External links Francesca Di Lorenzo at the Women's Tennis Association Francesca Di Lorenzo at the International Tennis Federation Ohio State Buckeyes bio Archived 2018-06-15 at the Wayback Machine	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[franˈtʃeska di loˈrɛntso]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"University of Central Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCF_Knights#Tennis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"NCAA Women's Doubles Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_NCAA_Division_I_Tennis_Championships#Women's_Doubles_Championship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCAAtitle-2"}],"text":"Francesca Di Lorenzo (Italian pronunciation: [franˈtʃeska di loˈrɛntso]; born July 22, 1997) is an American former tennis player. She currently assistant coach of the University of Central Florida womens tennis team.[1]She played collegiately for the Ohio State University. On May 29, 2017, Di Lorenzo and her partner Miho Kowase won the NCAA Women's Doubles Championship.[2]","title":"Francesca Di Lorenzo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Salerno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salerno"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ustaqanda-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"New Albany High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Albany_High_School_(Ohio)"},{"link_name":"New Albany, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Albany,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ustaqanda-3"},{"link_name":"Xavier University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Di Lorenzo was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania but raised in Columbus, Ohio, after her family moved there when she was around the age of seven. Her parents, Carlo and Daniela Di Lorenzo, are Italian immigrants from Salerno.\n[3] Carlo is a physician at Nationwide Children's Hospital in Columbus and Daniela teaches Italian at various colleges.[4] Di Lorenzo attended New Albany High School in New Albany, Ohio.[3]She has three siblings, and Cristina, her oldest sister, also played tennis at the collegiate level at Xavier University and graduated in 2017.[5] Mario, her oldest brother, also has an athletic background. He won an intramural championship in the inaugural season of wheelchair basketball at Ohio State University.Di Lorenzo is fluent in Italian. As a child, she played both tennis and soccer.[6]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tennis career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osubio-7"},{"link_name":"Ohio State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2015 US Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_US_Open_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"USTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Tennis_Association"},{"link_name":"ITA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercollegiate_Tennis_Association"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Joana Eidukonytė","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joana_Eidukonyt%C4%97"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osubio-7"},{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hayley Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayley_Carter"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"NCAA Women's Doubles Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_NCAA_Division_I_Tennis_Championships#Women's_Doubles_Championship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCAAtitle-2"},{"link_name":"2017 US Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_US_Open_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usopen-13"},{"link_name":"doubles tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_doubles"},{"link_name":"Allie Kiick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allie_Kiick"}],"sub_title":"Amateur years","text":"Coming out of high school, Di Lorenzo was ranked as the nation's top tennis recruit.[7] She committed to playing collegiate tennis at Ohio State University.[8] In her final tournament as a junior, she reached the semifinals in both the girls' singles and doubles tournaments at the 2015 US Open.[9]As a freshman, Di Lorenzo began her season by winning the USTA/ITA National Indoor Intercollegiate Championship, claiming the Buckeyes' first national title in its program's history.[10] She defeated Joana Eidukonytė in the championship match, and concluded the season with a 37–5 record, setting the program record for most victories in a season, and was named singles all-American.[7]During her sophomore year with the Buckeyes, Di Lorenzo went 37-2 in singles, equaling her school record from the previous year. She also finished the year as the top-ranked women's NCAA singles player.[11] Di Lorenzo repeated as the USTA/ITA National Indoor Champion, beating Hayley Carter in the final.[12] She capped off her sophomore season by winning the NCAA Women's Doubles Championship with her partner, Miho Kowase.[2] This championship was the program's first NCAA in its history. For her accomplishments during the season, Di Lorenzo was named both singles and doubles all-American.Di Lorenzo earned a wildcard into the qualifiers of the singles tournament at the 2017 US Open.[13] There, she also received a wildcard for the main draw of the doubles tournament and made her Grand Slam debut, partnering with Allie Kiick.","title":"Tennis career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"2018 US Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_US_Open_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Antonia Lottner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonia_Lottner"},{"link_name":"Verónica Cepede Royg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ver%C3%B3nica_Cepede_Royg"},{"link_name":"Mona Barthel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Barthel"},{"link_name":"Kiki Bertens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiki_Bertens"}],"sub_title":"Professional career","text":"On 18 December 2017, Di Lorenzo announced that she would be leaving Ohio State to become a professional tennis player.[14]She made her Grand Slam singles debut at the 2018 US Open, winning her section of the qualifying tournament with victories over Antonia Lottner, Verónica Cepede Royg, and Mona Barthel. She made it to the second round where she was defeated by No. 13 seed, Kiki Bertens.","title":"Tennis career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"(W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (P#) preliminary round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (Z#) Davis/Fed Cup Zonal Group (with number indication) or (PO) play-off; (G) gold, (S) silver or (B) bronze Olympic/Paralympic medal; (NMS) not a Masters tournament; (NTI) not a Tier I tournament; (P) postponed; (NH) not held; (SR) strike rate (events won / competed); (W–L) win–loss record.To avoid confusion and double counting, these charts are updated at the conclusion of a tournament or when the player's participation has ended.Only main-draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup/Billie Jean King Cup and Olympic Games are included in win–loss records.","title":"Performance timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2022 Tennis in the Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Tennis_in_the_Land_%E2%80%93_Singles"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"Current through the 2022 Tennis in the Land.","title":"Performance timeline"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"ITF Circuit finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles: 6 (4 titles, 2 runner–ups)","title":"ITF Circuit finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Doubles: 10 (4 titles, 6 runner–ups)","title":"ITF Circuit finals"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Hasselbach, Logan (28 August 2023). \"FRANCESCA DI LORENZO NAMED UCF WOMEN'S TENNIS ASSISTANT COACH\". ucfknights.com. Retrieved 25 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ucfknights.com/news/2023/08/28/francesca-di-lorenzo-named-ucf-womens-tennis-assistant-coach","url_text":"\"FRANCESCA DI LORENZO NAMED UCF WOMEN'S TENNIS ASSISTANT COACH\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women's tennis championship: Ohio State's Francesca Di Lorenzo and Miho Kowase take the doubles title\". NCAA.com. May 29, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncaa.com/news/tennis-women/article/2017-05-29/womens-tennis-championship-ohio-states-francesca-di-lorenzo-and","url_text":"\"Women's tennis championship: Ohio State's Francesca Di Lorenzo and Miho Kowase take the doubles title\""}]},{"reference":"Mitsch, Pat (November 4, 2016). \"GET TO KNOW: OHIO STATE'S FRANCESCA DI LORENZO\". usta.com. Retrieved August 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usta.com/en/home/stay-current/national/get-to-know--francesca-di-lorenzo--ohio-state-university.html","url_text":"\"GET TO KNOW: OHIO STATE'S FRANCESCA DI LORENZO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daniela DiLorenzo-Digaeta\". Coursicle. Retrieved 1 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.coursicle.com/otterbein/professors/Daniela+DiLorenzo-Digaeta/","url_text":"\"Daniela DiLorenzo-Digaeta\""}]},{"reference":"\"Francesca Di Lorenzo Bio\". Ohio State Buckeyes. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180615020422/http://www.ohiostatebuckeyes.com/sports/w-tennis/mtt/francesca_di_lorenzo_980364.html","url_text":"\"Francesca Di Lorenzo Bio\""},{"url":"http://www.ohiostatebuckeyes.com/sports/w-tennis/mtt/francesca_di_lorenzo_980364.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Harwitt, Sandra (September 11, 2015). \"Brimming with Italian pride, American Di Lorenzo into girls' semis\". usopen.org. Retrieved August 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usopen.org/en_US/news/articles/2015-09-11/brimming_with_italian_pride_american_di_lorenzo_into_girls_semis.html?promo=rss","url_text":"\"Brimming with Italian pride, American Di Lorenzo into girls' semis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ohio State Bio\". ohiostatebuckeyes.com. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180615020422/http://www.ohiostatebuckeyes.com/sports/w-tennis/mtt/francesca_di_lorenzo_980364.html","url_text":"\"Ohio State Bio\""},{"url":"http://www.ohiostatebuckeyes.com/sports/w-tennis/mtt/francesca_di_lorenzo_980364.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stone, Lisa (November 12, 2014). \"Fall Signing Week '14: Francesca DiLorenzo Chooses Ohio State\". tennisrecruiting.net. Retrieved August 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tennisrecruiting.net/article.asp?id=2050","url_text":"\"Fall Signing Week '14: Francesca DiLorenzo Chooses Ohio State\""}]},{"reference":"\"Playing in U.S. Open juniors a big thrill for Di Lorenzo\". The Times-Reporter. October 23, 2015. Retrieved August 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timesreporter.com/article/20151023/sports/310239971","url_text":"\"Playing in U.S. Open juniors a big thrill for Di Lorenzo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times-Reporter","url_text":"The Times-Reporter"}]},{"reference":"\"CHAMPION! DI LORENZO CAPTURES NATIONAL INDOORS TITLE\". ohiostatebuckeyes.com. November 15, 2015. Retrieved August 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ohiostatebuckeyes.com/sports/w-tennis/recaps/111515aaa.html","url_text":"\"CHAMPION! DI LORENZO CAPTURES NATIONAL INDOORS TITLE\""}]},{"reference":"\"BUCKEYES IN THE YEAR END ITA RANKINGS\". ohiostatebuckeyes.com. June 2, 2017. Archived from the original on January 24, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180124224818/http://www.ohiostatebuckeyes.com/sports/w-tennis/spec-rel/060217aaa.html","url_text":"\"BUCKEYES IN THE YEAR END ITA RANKINGS\""},{"url":"http://www.ohiostatebuckeyes.com/sports/w-tennis/spec-rel/060217aaa.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Milano, Sally (November 6, 2016). \"DI LORENZO, REDLICKI CAPTURE USTA/ITA NAT'L INDOORS\". usta.com. Retrieved August 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usta.com/en/home/stay-current/national/di-lorenzo-repeats--redlicki-wins-at-usta-ita-national-indoors.html?DB_OEM_ID=9600","url_text":"\"DI LORENZO, REDLICKI CAPTURE USTA/ITA NAT'L INDOORS\""}]},{"reference":"Marshall, Ashley. \"Sharapova headlines US Open women's wild cards\". usopen.org. Retrieved August 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usopen.org/en_US/news/articles/2017-08-15/sharapova_headlines_us_open_womens_wild_cards.html?chip=1","url_text":"\"Sharapova headlines US Open women's wild cards\""}]},{"reference":"\"DI LORENZO BEGINS PROFESSIONAL CAREER\". ohiostatebuckeyes.com. December 18, 2017. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Bleau	Desmond Bleau	["1 National team statistics","1.1 International goals","2 References"]	Antigua and Barbudan footballer Desmond BleauPersonal informationDate of birth (1982-09-02) September 2, 1982 (age 41)Place of birth DominicaPosition(s) MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team NullInternational careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2000– Antigua and Barbuda 12 (1) Desmond Bleau (born September 2, 1982) is an Antigua and Barbudan football player. He played for Antigua and Barbuda national team. National team statistics Antigua and Barbuda national team Year Apps Goals 2000 2 1 2001 0 0 2002 0 0 2003 0 0 2004 2 0 2005 1 0 2006 0 0 2007 0 0 2008 4 0 2009 0 0 2010 2 0 Total 11 1 International goals Scores and results list Antigua and Barbuda's goal tally first. Goal Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1. 18 June 2000 Estadio Doroteo Guamuch Flores, Guatemala City, Guatemala Guatemala 1–4 1–8 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification References ^ "Desmond Bleau". FIFA. Retrieved 12 January 2017. Desmond Bleau at National-Football-Teams.com This biographical article relating to Antiguan and Barbudan association football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antigua and Barbudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Antigua and Barbuda national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_national_football_team"}],"text":"Desmond Bleau (born September 2, 1982) is an Antigua and Barbudan football player. He played for Antigua and Barbuda national team.","title":"Desmond Bleau"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"National team statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIFA-1"}],"sub_title":"International goals","text":"Scores and results list Antigua and Barbuda's goal tally first.[1]","title":"National team statistics"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Desmond Bleau\". FIFA. Retrieved 12 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=177629/index.html","url_text":"\"Desmond Bleau\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://m.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=177629/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Desmond Bleau\""},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/261.html","external_links_name":"Desmond Bleau"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desmond_Bleau&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharfie	Dockworker	["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Loading and unloading ships","4 By country","4.1 Australia","4.2 Japan","4.3 New Zealand","4.4 United Kingdom","4.5 United States","5 Notable dockworkers","6 In popular culture","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]	Occupation of loading and unloading ships Longshoremen on a New York dock load barrels of corn syrup onto a barge on the Hudson River. Photograph by Lewis Hine, c. 1912. Dockers load bagged cargo – MS Rothenstein (North German Lloyd), Port Sudan, 1960 A dockworker (also called a longshoreman, stevedore, or docker) is a waterfront manual laborer who is involved in loading and unloading ships. After the intermodal shipping container revolution of the 1960s, the required dockworkers declined by over 90%. Etymology The word stevedore (/ˈstiːvɪˌdɔːr/) originated in Portugal or Spain, and entered the English language through its use by sailors. It started as a phonetic spelling of estivador (Portuguese) or estibador (Spanish), meaning a man who loads ships and stows cargo, which was the original meaning of stevedore (though there is a secondary meaning of "a man who stuffs" in Spanish); compare Latin stīpāre meaning to stuff, as in to fill with stuffing. In Ancient and Modern Greek, the verb στοιβάζω (stevazo) means pile up. In Great Britain and Ireland, people who load and unload ships are usually called dockers; in Australia, they are called stevedores, dockworkers or wharfies; and, in the United States and Canada, the term longshoreman, derived from man-along-the-shore, is used. Before the extensive use of container ships and shore-based handling machinery in the United States, longshoremen referred exclusively to the dockworkers, while stevedores, in a separate trade union, worked on the ships, operating ship's cranes and moving cargo. In Canada, the term stevedore has also been used, for example, in the name of the Western Stevedoring Company, Ltd., based in Vancouver, British Columbia, in the 1950s. History Dockworkers, also known as longshoremen and stevedores, have a long and storied history that dates back to ancient times. The role of dockworkers has evolved significantly over the centuries as maritime trade has grown and modernized. Here is an overview of the history of dockworkers. Ancient times: Dockworkers have been essential to maritime trade since ancient times. The Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans all relied on dockworkers to load and unload cargo from ships at bustling port cities such as Carthage, Athens, and Ostia. These workers used manual labor and simple tools to handle goods, a practice that continued for centuries. Medieval period: In the Middle Ages, dockworkers played a crucial role in the trade networks of Europe. The Hanseatic League, a powerful trading confederation in Northern Europe, employed dockworkers to handle goods at major ports like Lübeck and Bruges. The work was physically demanding and often dangerous, as dockworkers had to lift heavy cargo without modern equipment. Industrial Revolution: The Industrial Revolution brought significant changes to the role of dockworkers. The introduction of steam-powered ships and railways revolutionized transportation, leading to increased trade volumes and the need for more efficient handling of cargo. Dockworkers organized into unions to protect their rights and improve working conditions, leading to the formation of organizations such as the International Longshoremen's Association in the United States. Containerization: The 20th century saw a major shift in the work of dockworkers with the introduction of containerization. Containers revolutionized the shipping industry by standardizing how goods were transported, leading to faster turnaround times and increased efficiency. Dockworkers adapted to this new technology by specializing in container handling and operating heavy machinery such as cranes. Modern era: Today, dockworkers play a vital role in global trade, working in ports worldwide to ensure the smooth flow of goods. They handle a wide range of cargo, from containers to bulk commodities, and are essential for the functioning of the maritime industry. Despite advancements in technology and automation, dockworkers remain an indispensable part of the supply chain. Loading and unloading ships Admiralty law History Code of Hammurabi Corpus Juris Civilis Digesta Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris Amalfian Laws Hanseatic League Features Fishing Illegal Fisheries law Maritime transport Shipping/Ferry Cargo Freight Shipbuilding Merchant marine Cargo ship Passenger ship Mortgage Registration Marine insurance Act of God Cargo Collision General average Seaworthiness Total loss Maritime security Letter of marque Drugs Piracy Pollution Smuggling Wartime prizes Contract of carriage/Charterparty Affreightment Agency Barratry Bill of lading Brokerage Chartering Consignment Demurrage Force majeure Invoice Commercial Pro forma Laytime Lien Maritime Manifest Packing list Proof of delivery Salvage Law Terms International Waybill Parties Agent Factor Freight forwarder Captain (Master) The captain goes down with the ship Carrier Charterer Freight company Manager Consignee Consignor Principal Owner Seaman Mutiny Stevedore Judiciaries Admiralty court Vice admiralty court International conventions Hague-Visby Rules Hamburg Rules Rotterdam Rules Maritime Labour Convention International Convention on Salvage United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) International piracy law SOLAS Convention MARPOL Convention Ballast Water Management Convention Anti-fouling Convention International Convention on Load Lines International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea SAR Convention Athens Convention International organizations International Maritime Organization Comité Maritime International London Maritime Arbitrators Association vte Loading and unloading ships requires knowledge of the operation of loading equipment, the proper techniques for lifting and stowing cargo, and the correct handling of hazardous materials. In addition, workers must be physically strong and able to follow orders attentively. Many longshoremen are needed to unload a ship successfully. A ship can only be at a port for a limited amount of time, so their work must be completed quickly. In earlier days before the introduction of containerization, men who loaded and unloaded ships had to tie down cargoes with rope. A type of stopper knot is called the stevedore knot. Securely tying up parcels of goods is called stevedore lashing or stevedore knotting. While loading a general cargo vessel, they use dunnage, which are pieces of wood (or nowadays sometimes strong inflatable dunnage bags) set down to keep the cargo out of any water that might be lying in the hold or are placed as shims between cargo crates for load securing. Today, the vast majority of non-bulk cargo is transported in intermodal containers. The containers arrive at a port by truck, rail, or another ship and are stacked in the port's storage area. When the vessel that will be transporting them arrives, the containers it is offloading are unloaded by a crane. The containers either leave the port by truck or rail or are stored until they are placed on another ship. Once the ship is offloaded, the containers it leaves with are brought to the dock by truck. A crane lifts the containers from the trucks onto the ship. As the containers pile up on the ship, the workers connect them to the vessel and the other already-placed containers. The jobs involved include the crane operators, the workers who connect the containers to the ship and each other, the truck drivers who transport the containers from the dock and storage area, the workers who track the containers in the storage area as they are loaded and unloaded, as well as various supervisors. Those workers at the port who handle and move the containers are likely to be considered stevedores or dockworkers. Before containerization, freight was often handled with a longshoreman’s hook, a tool which became emblematic of the profession (mainly on the west coast of the United States and Canada). Traditionally, stevedores had no fixed job but would arrive at the docks in the morning seeking employment for the day. London dockers called this practice standing on the stones, while in the United States, it was referred to as shaping up or assembling for the shape-up. Dock workers have been a prominent part of the modern labor movement. Container handling in Hong Kong – 2005 At anchor, two barges with cranes (floating derricks) at port A container is lifted from the deck. Dockworkers on the containers in the ship's hatch Strong tidal current, loading work in adverse conditions By country The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the English-speaking world and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Australia The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In Australia, the informal term "wharfie" (from wharf laborer) and the formal "waterside worker" include the variety of occupations covered in other countries by words like longshoreman or stevedore. The term "stevedore" is also sometimes used, as in the company name Patrick Stevedores. The term "docker" is also used, as in the Federated Ship Painters and Dockers Union, and is the mascot of the Fremantle Dockers in the Australian Football League. The Maritime Union of Australia has coverage of these workers and fought a substantial industrial battle in the 1998 Australian waterfront dispute to prevent the contracting out of work to non-union workers. In 1943, dockworkers in Melbourne and Sydney were deliberately exposed to mustard gas while unloading the ship Idomeneus. Many suffered death and permanent disability—all as a result of military secrecy. Japan Several dockworkers' unions exist in Japan. Agreements between two bodies, the National Federation of Dockworkers Unions of Japan and the Japan Harbor Transportation Association, govern the working conditions for dockworkers. In 1982, Japanese dockworkers refused to work with fruit treated with ethylene dibromide (EDB). New Zealand New Zealand usage is very similar to the Australian version; "waterside workers" are also known as "wharfies." The 1951 New Zealand waterfront dispute, involving New Zealand dockworkers, was the most significant and most bitter industrial dispute in the country's history. United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, the definition of a stevedore varies from port to port. In some ports, only the highly skilled master of a loading gang is referred to as a "stevedore". "Docker" is the usual general term used in the UK for a worker who loads or unloads ships and performs various other jobs required at a seaport. In some ports, a stevedore is a person who decides where cargo is stowed on a ship for safe stowage and even balance of a ship. It is not a hands-on role. It was once known to refer to those working on a ship—loading or unloading the cargo—as stevedores, while those working on the quayside were called dockers. In the ports along the Thames, stevedores load, while dockers unload (according to Michael Budge, ex docker, Tilbury and Dave Penn, ex docker, Tilbury, 1978–2018). United States Dockworkers loading a tank in Brooklyn, New York, Continental Piers, 1959 In present-day American waterfront usage, a longshoreman is usually a person or a company who manages the loading or unloading of a ship. In the early 19th century, the word was traditionally applied to black laborers or enslaved people who loaded and unloaded bales of cotton and other freight on and off riverboats. In Two Years Before the Mast (1840), the author Richard Henry Dana Jr. describes the steeving of a merchant sailing ship in 1834. This was the process of taking a mostly full hold and cramming in more material. In this case, the hold was filled with hides from the California hide trade up to four feet below the deckhead (equivalent of 'ceiling'). "Books" composed of 25–50 cattle skins folded into a bundle were prepared, and a small opening was created in the middle of one of the existing stacks. Then, the book was shoved in using a pair of thick, strong pieces of wood called steeves. The dockworkers had one end shaped like a wedge, placed into the middle of a book to shove into the stack. The other ends were pushed on through block and tackle and attached to the hull and overhead beams, which sailors hauled on. Typically one ethnic group dominated the longshoreman market in a port, usually the Irish Catholics, as seen in the 1954 film about New York On the Waterfront. In New Orleans there was a competition between the Irish and the blacks. In the Port of Baltimore, Polish Americans dominated. In the 1930s, about 80% of Baltimore's dockworkers were Polish or of Polish descent. The port of Baltimore had an international reputation of fast cargo handling credited to the well-organized gang system that was nearly free of corruption, wildcat strikes, and repeated work stoppages of its other East coast counterparts. The New York Anti-Crime Commission and the Waterfront Commission looked upon the Baltimore system as ideal for all ports. The gang system's hiring of dockworkers in Baltimore dates back to 1913 when the ILA was first formed. The Polish dockworkers began setting up the system by selecting the most skilled men to lead them. This newly formed gang would usually work for the same company, which would give priority to the gang. When there was no work within the particular company, the gang would work elsewhere or even divide to aid other groups, speeding up the work and making it more efficient. In an environment as dangerous as a busy waterfront, Baltimore's gangs always operated together as a unit because the experience let them know what each member would be doing at any given time, making a waterfront much safer. At the beginning of the Second World War, Polish predominance in the Port of Baltimore significantly diminished, as many Poles were drafted. It is common to use the terms "stevedore" and "longshoreman" interchangeably. The U.S. Congress has done so in the Ship Mortgage Act, 46 app. U.S.C. section 31301(5)(C), which designates both "crew wages" and "stevedore wages" as preferred maritime liens. The statute intended to give the wages of the seamen and dockworkers the same level of protection. Sometimes the word "stevedore" is used to mean "the man who loads and unloads a ship" as the British "docker". Today, a stevedore typically owns the equipment used in the loading or discharge operation and hires dockworkers who load and unload cargo under the direction of a stevedore superintendent. This type of work along the East Coast waterfront was characteristic of ports like New York, Boston, and Philadelphia. Today, a commercial stevedoring company also may contract with a terminal owner to manage all terminal operations. Many large container ship operators have established in-house stevedoring operations to handle cargo at terminals and to provide stevedoring services to other container carriers. One union within the AFL–CIO represents dockworkers: the International Longshoremen's Association, which represents dockworkers on the East Coast, on the Great Lakes and connected waterways and along the Gulf of Mexico. The International Longshore and Warehouse Union, which represents dockworkers along the West Coast, Hawaii, and Alaska, was formerly affiliated with the AFL–CIO but disaffiliated in 2013. Docker lashing down cargo aboard a container ship Notable dockworkers This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Former stevedores and dockworkers include: Crispus Attucks – American patriot Harry Bridges – founder of the International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) Joey Coyle – basis for the movie Money for Nothing Jack Dash – British dock workers' trade union leader Peter Fraser – Prime Minister of New Zealand (1940-1949) Danny Greene – American mobster Patrick Joseph "P.J." Kennedy – American businessman and grandfather of 35th U.S. President John F. Kennedy Tom Mann – British trade unionist and organizer of the London Dock Strike of 1889 Peter MacKay – Canadian former government minister and conservative party leader (a stevedore for two summers while a teenager) Bruce Nelson – labor historian, author of Workers on the Waterfront Benito Quinquela Martín – painter from Buenos Aires, Argentina. His works reflect the work at the docks in La Boca, a portuary district of Buenos Aires. Stan Weir – blue-collar intellectual and sociologist, founder of Singlejack Press In popular culture In 1949, reporter Malcolm Johnson was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for a 24-part investigative series titled Crime on the Waterfront, published in the New York Sun. The material from Malcolm Johnson's investigative series was fictionalized and used as a basis for the influential film On the Waterfront (1954), starring Marlon Brando as a longshoreman, and the working conditions on the docks figure significantly in the film's plot. On the Waterfront was a critical and commercial success that received twelve Academy Award nominations and won eight, including Best Picture, Best Actor for Brando, Best Supporting Actress for Eva Marie Saint, and Best Director for Elia Kazan. The American Film Institute ranked it the 8th-greatest American movie of all time in 1997 and 19th in 2007. Playwright Arthur Miller was involved in the early stages of the development of On the Waterfront; his play A View from the Bridge (1955) also deals with the troubled life of a longshoreman. In season 2 of the HBO series The Wire, which first aired in 2003, the Stevedore Union and its members working in Baltimore, particularly Frank Sobotka, figure prominently in the second season's story. The American film Kill the Irishman (2011) features Ray Stevenson as Danny Greene, head of the Longshoreman's Union. See also Transport portal 1913 Sligo Dock strike Admiralty law Battle of Ballantyne Pier (Canada) Dockers Union (disambiguation) Dunnage Federated Ship Painters and Dockers Union History of Squamish and Tsleil-Waututh longshoremen, 1863–1963 International Longshore and Warehouse Union (United States) Liverpool dockers' strike (1995–98) (UK) Mersey Docks and Harbour Company Mudlark National Union of Dock Labourers Scottish Union of Dock Labourers Teamster Weeks Marine References ^ "Dockworker". Dictionary.com. Retrieved August 27, 2023. ^ Khan, Khalil U. (15 September 2014). "Stevedoring & The Role of Stevedores in Shipping". The International Institute of Marine Surveying (IIMS). Retrieved 7 April 2021. ^ David Maclachlan (1875). A Treatise on the Law of Merchant Shipping. W. Maxwell & Son. pp. 387–. ^ "Modern Greek Verbs – στοιβάζω, στοίβαξα, στοιβάχτηκα, στοιβαγμένος – I pile up". moderngreekverbs.com. ^ "Stevedores – definition of stevedores by The Free Dictionary". TheFreeDictionary.com. ^ "America on the Move collection". Archived from the original on June 12, 2007. ^ Paul Hellyer Papers, Library and Archives Canada, MG32 B33, Vol. 251. ^ Hazzard, Shirley (2008). The Ancient Shore: Dispatches from Naples. ^ Horejs, Barbara (2003). Ports of Trade: Al Mina and Geometric Greek Pottery in the Levant. ^ Casson, Lionel (1959). The Ancient Mariners: Seafarers and Sea Fighters of the Mediterranean in Ancient Times. ^ Casson, Lionel (1994). Seafaring in Ancient Times. ^ Meier, Dirk (October 15, 2009). Seafarers, Merchants, and Pirates in the Middle Ages. ^ "The position of dockers and sailors in 1897 and the International Federation of Ship, Dock and River Workers". www.marxists.org. Retrieved 2024-02-14. ^ "Labor on the Waterfront". South Street Seaport Museum. Retrieved 2024-02-14. ^ "The ILWU Story". ILWU. Retrieved 2024-02-14. ^ Container Terminals and Cargo Systems: Design, Operations Management, and Logistics Control Issues. By Kap Hwan Kim (Editor), Hans-Otto Günther (Editor). Springer. 2007.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) ^ Marc Levinson (2006). The Box, How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger. Princeton Univ. Press. ISBN 0-691-12324-1. ^ "Uniform Containerization of Freight: Early Steps in the Evolution of an Idea". Business History Review. 43 (1): 84–87. 1969. doi:10.2307/3111989. JSTOR 3111989. S2CID 246479077. ^ Standing on the Stones BFI Film and TV Database, London Dockers (1964) ^ "shape-up". Dictionary.com. Random House Unabridged Dictionary. Retrieved 2008-05-15. ^ Blum, Howard (March 13, 1978). "The 'Shape-Up' on Piers Gives Way to 'Show- Up'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2019-10-13. ^ "British History in depth: Banners of the British Labour Movement". BBC. ^ Plunkett, Geoff (2014). Death by Mustard. Big Sky. ISBN 978-1-922132-91-8. ^ Board, United States National Labor Relations (1993). Decisions and Orders of the National Labor Relations Board. National Labor Relations Board. ^ Kawaguchi, Miki (November 2014). "Negotiations and Agreements of Labor Unions and Employers in the Industrial Sector in Japan" (PDF). 日本労働研究雑誌 (Japan Labour Research Journal). ^ Walsh, John (1982-03-26). "EDB Causes a Regulatory Ripple Effect". Science. 215 (4540): 1593. doi:10.1126/science.215.4540.1593. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17788469. ^ Fisher, James T. (2010). On the Irish Waterfront: The Crusader, the Movie, and the Soul of the Port of New York. ^ Arnesen, Eric (1994). Waterfront Workers of New Orleans: Race, Class, and Politics, 1863–1923. ^ Hollowak, Thomas L. (1996). A History of Polish Longshoremen and Their Role in the Establishment of a Union at the Port of Baltimore. Baltimore: History Press. ^ a b Delich, Helen. "Noted for Fast, Efficient Work Baltimore System of Operating is Termed Ideal for All Ports." Baltimore Sun, 1955. ^ Delich, Helen. "Ganging Up on the Water Front." Baltimore Sun, 1954. ^ MacKay, Peter (August 25, 2012). "Peter MacKay learned to appreciate Arctic life working as a stevedore". National Post. Retrieved March 13, 2023. ^ Rapf, Joanna E. (2003). On the Waterfront. Cambridge University Press. ^ Epstein, Arthur D. (1965). "A Look at A View from the Bridge". Texas Studies in Literature and Language. 7 (1): 109–122. ^ Warren, Kenneth W. (2011). "Sociology and The Wire". Critical Inquiry. 38 (1): 200–207. doi:10.1086/661649. S2CID 161316328. ^ Herbert, Daniel (2012). "'It Is What It Is': The Wire and the Politics of Anti-Allegorical Television Drama". Quarterly Review of Film and Video. 29 (3): 191–202. doi:10.1080/10509200903120047. S2CID 155014315. ^ Porrello, Rick (2011). Kill the Irishman. Simon and Schuster. Further reading Arnesen, Eric (1994). Waterfront Workers of New Orleans: Race, Class, and Politics, 1863–1923. Connolly, Michael C. (2010). Seated by the Sea: The Maritime History of Portland, Maine, and Its Irish Longshoremen. University Press of Florida. Callebert, Ralph (2017). On Durban's Docks: Zulu Workers, Rural Households, Global Labor. University of Rochester Press. Davis, Colin J. (2003). Waterfront Revolts: New York and London Dockworkers, 1946–61. Land, Isaac (2007). "Liberty on the Waterfront: American Maritime Culture in the Age of Revolution". Journal of Social History. 40 (3): 731–743. doi:10.1353/jsh.2007.0051. S2CID 143564724. Mello, William J. (2010). New York Longshoremen: Class and Power on the Docks. Nelson, Bruce (1990). Workers on the Waterfront: Seamen, Longshoremen, and Unionism in the 1930s. Parnaby, Andrew (2008). Citizen Docker: Making a New Deal on the Vancouver Waterfront, 1919–1939. Phillips, Jim (2005). "Class and Industrial Relations in Britain: The 'Long' Mid-century and the Case of Port Transport, 1920–70" (PDF). Twentieth Century British History. 16 (1): 52–73. doi:10.1093/tcbh/hwi009. Safford, Jeffrey J. (2008). "The Pacific Coast Maritime Strike of 1936: Another View". Pacific Historical Review. 77 (4): 585–615. doi:10.1525/phr.2008.77.4.585. Vaughan Wilson, Matt (2008). "The 1911 Waterfront Strikes in Glasgow: Trade Unions and Rank-and-File Militancy in the Labour Unrest of 1910–1914". International Review of Social History. 53 (2): 261–292. doi:10.1017/S0020859008003441. Velasco e Cruz, Maria Cecília (2006). "Puzzling Out Slave Origins in Rio de Janeiro Port Unionism: The 1906 Strike and the Sociedade de Resistência dos Trabalhadores em Trapiche e Café". Hispanic American Historical Review. 86 (2): 205–245. doi:10.1215/00182168-2005-002. "Longshore Workers and Their Unions". Waterfront Workers History Project. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dock workers. Look up dockworker, stevedore, longshoreman, or docker in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. "The Irish on the Docks of Portland" by Michael Connolly Authority control databases National Israel United States Japan Other NARA	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stevedores_ny_1912.jpg"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Harbor"},{"link_name":"corn syrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_syrup"},{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"Lewis Hine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Hine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hafenarbeiter_bei_der_Verladung_von_Sackgut_-_MS_Rothenstein_NDL,_Port_Sudan_1960.png"},{"link_name":"North German Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norddeutscher_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"Port Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Sudan"},{"link_name":"waterfront","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock_(maritime)"},{"link_name":"ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"intermodal shipping container","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodal_container"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-khan-2"}],"text":"Longshoremen on a New York dock load barrels of corn syrup onto a barge on the Hudson River. Photograph by Lewis Hine, c. 1912.Dockers load bagged cargo – MS Rothenstein (North German Lloyd), Port Sudan, 1960A dockworker (also called a longshoreman, stevedore, or docker) is a waterfront manual laborer who is involved in loading and unloading ships.[1]After the intermodal shipping container revolution of the 1960s, the required dockworkers declined by over 90%.[2]","title":"Dockworker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈstiːvɪˌdɔːr/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"English language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"sailors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maclachlan1875-3"},{"link_name":"phonetic spelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetic_spelling"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"trade union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"cranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The word stevedore (/ˈstiːvɪˌdɔːr/) originated in Portugal or Spain, and entered the English language through its use by sailors.[3] It started as a phonetic spelling of estivador (Portuguese) or estibador (Spanish), meaning a man who loads ships and stows cargo, which was the original meaning of stevedore (though there is a secondary meaning of \"a man who stuffs\" in Spanish); compare Latin stīpāre meaning to stuff, as in to fill with stuffing. In Ancient and Modern Greek, the verb στοιβάζω (stevazo) means pile up.[4][5] In Great Britain and Ireland, people who load and unload ships are usually called dockers; in Australia, they are called stevedores, dockworkers or wharfies; and, in the United States and Canada, the term longshoreman, derived from man-along-the-shore, is used.[6] Before the extensive use of container ships and shore-based handling machinery in the United States, longshoremen referred exclusively to the dockworkers, while stevedores, in a separate trade union, worked on the ships, operating ship's cranes and moving cargo. In Canada, the term stevedore has also been used, for example, in the name of the Western Stevedoring Company, Ltd., based in Vancouver, British Columbia, in the 1950s.[7]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia"},{"link_name":"Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_people"},{"link_name":"Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Ostia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostia_Antica"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"The Hanseatic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_League"},{"link_name":"Lübeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck"},{"link_name":"Bruges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"The Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"steam-powered ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboat"},{"link_name":"railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport"},{"link_name":"International Longshoremen's Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Longshoremen%27s_Association"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"containerization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containerization"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"global trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Dockworkers, also known as longshoremen and stevedores, have a long and storied history that dates back to ancient times. The role of dockworkers has evolved significantly over the centuries as maritime trade has grown and modernized. Here is an overview of the history of dockworkers.Ancient times: Dockworkers have been essential to maritime trade since ancient times. The Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans all relied on dockworkers to load and unload cargo from ships at bustling port cities such as Carthage, Athens, and Ostia. These workers used manual labor and simple tools to handle goods, a practice that continued for centuries.[8][9][10][11]\nMedieval period: In the Middle Ages, dockworkers played a crucial role in the trade networks of Europe. The Hanseatic League, a powerful trading confederation in Northern Europe, employed dockworkers to handle goods at major ports like Lübeck and Bruges. The work was physically demanding and often dangerous, as dockworkers had to lift heavy cargo without modern equipment.[12]\nIndustrial Revolution: The Industrial Revolution brought significant changes to the role of dockworkers. The introduction of steam-powered ships and railways revolutionized transportation, leading to increased trade volumes and the need for more efficient handling of cargo. Dockworkers organized into unions to protect their rights and improve working conditions, leading to the formation of organizations such as the International Longshoremen's Association in the United States.[13]\nContainerization: The 20th century saw a major shift in the work of dockworkers with the introduction of containerization. Containers revolutionized the shipping industry by standardizing how goods were transported, leading to faster turnaround times and increased efficiency. Dockworkers adapted to this new technology by specializing in container handling and operating heavy machinery such as cranes.[14][15]\nModern era: Today, dockworkers play a vital role in global trade, working in ports worldwide to ensure the smooth flow of goods. They handle a wide range of cargo, from containers to bulk commodities, and are essential for the functioning of the maritime industry. Despite advancements in technology and automation, dockworkers remain an indispensable part of the supply chain.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo"},{"link_name":"hazardous materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_material"},{"link_name":"containerization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containerization"},{"link_name":"stopper knot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopper_knot"},{"link_name":"stevedore knot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevedore_knot"},{"link_name":"general cargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_bulk_cargo"},{"link_name":"dunnage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunnage"},{"link_name":"dunnage bags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunnage_bag"},{"link_name":"shims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shim_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"load securing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_securing"},{"link_name":"bulk cargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_cargo"},{"link_name":"intermodal containers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodal_container"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-box-17"},{"link_name":"longshoreman’s hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longshoreman%E2%80%99s_hook"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_London"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"labor movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_movement"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_2005_auf_Reede,_zwei_Bargen_mit_Kr%C3%A4nen_an_Backbord_fest.jpg"},{"link_name":"barges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barges"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ein_Container_wird_von_Deck_gehievt.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hafenarbeiter_bei_ihrer_gef%C3%A4hrlichen_Arbeit_auf_den_Containern_in_der_Luke.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starker_Gezeitenstrom,_Ladungsarbeiten_bei_schwierigen_Arbeitsbedingungen.jpg"}],"text":"Loading and unloading ships requires knowledge of the operation of loading equipment, the proper techniques for lifting and stowing cargo, and the correct handling of hazardous materials. In addition, workers must be physically strong and able to follow orders attentively. Many longshoremen are needed to unload a ship successfully. A ship can only be at a port for a limited amount of time, so their work must be completed quickly.In earlier days before the introduction of containerization, men who loaded and unloaded ships had to tie down cargoes with rope. A type of stopper knot is called the stevedore knot. Securely tying up parcels of goods is called stevedore lashing or stevedore knotting. While loading a general cargo vessel, they use dunnage, which are pieces of wood (or nowadays sometimes strong inflatable dunnage bags) set down to keep the cargo out of any water that might be lying in the hold or are placed as shims between cargo crates for load securing.Today, the vast majority of non-bulk cargo is transported in intermodal containers.[17] The containers arrive at a port by truck, rail, or another ship and are stacked in the port's storage area. When the vessel that will be transporting them arrives, the containers it is offloading are unloaded by a crane. The containers either leave the port by truck or rail or are stored until they are placed on another ship. Once the ship is offloaded, the containers it leaves with are brought to the dock by truck. A crane lifts the containers from the trucks onto the ship. As the containers pile up on the ship, the workers connect them to the vessel and the other already-placed containers. The jobs involved include the crane operators, the workers who connect the containers to the ship and each other, the truck drivers who transport the containers from the dock and storage area, the workers who track the containers in the storage area as they are loaded and unloaded, as well as various supervisors. Those workers at the port who handle and move the containers are likely to be considered stevedores or dockworkers.Before containerization, freight was often handled with a longshoreman’s hook, a tool which became emblematic of the profession (mainly on the west coast of the United States and Canada).[18]Traditionally, stevedores had no fixed job but would arrive at the docks in the morning seeking employment for the day. London dockers called this practice standing on the stones,[19] while in the United States, it was referred to as shaping up or assembling for the shape-up.[20][21]Dock workers have been a prominent part of the modern labor movement.[22]Container handling in Hong Kong – 2005\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAt anchor, two barges with cranes (floating derricks) at port\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA container is lifted from the deck.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDockworkers on the containers in the ship's hatch\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStrong tidal current, loading work in adverse conditions","title":"Loading and unloading ships"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Patrick Stevedores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Stevedores"},{"link_name":"Federated Ship Painters and Dockers Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_Ship_Painters_and_Dockers_Union"},{"link_name":"Fremantle Dockers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle_Dockers"},{"link_name":"Australian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Maritime Union of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Union_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"1998 Australian waterfront dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Australian_waterfront_dispute"},{"link_name":"contracting out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outsourcing"},{"link_name":"non-union workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scab_worker"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"In Australia, the informal term \"wharfie\" (from wharf laborer) and the formal \"waterside worker\" include the variety of occupations covered in other countries by words like longshoreman or stevedore. The term \"stevedore\" is also sometimes used, as in the company name Patrick Stevedores. The term \"docker\" is also used, as in the Federated Ship Painters and Dockers Union, and is the mascot of the Fremantle Dockers in the Australian Football League.The Maritime Union of Australia has coverage of these workers and fought a substantial industrial battle in the 1998 Australian waterfront dispute to prevent the contracting out of work to non-union workers.In 1943, dockworkers in Melbourne and Sydney were deliberately exposed to mustard gas while unloading the ship Idomeneus. Many suffered death and permanent disability—all as a result of military secrecy.[23]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"National Federation of Dockworkers Unions of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Federation_of_Dockworkers_Unions_of_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Japan Harbor Transportation Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan_Harbor_Transportation_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"working conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_conditions"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"ethylene dibromide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene_dibromide"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Japan","text":"Several dockworkers' unions exist in Japan.[24] Agreements between two bodies, the National Federation of Dockworkers Unions of Japan and the Japan Harbor Transportation Association, govern the working conditions for dockworkers.[25] In 1982, Japanese dockworkers refused to work with fruit treated with ethylene dibromide (EDB).[26]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"1951 New Zealand waterfront dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_New_Zealand_waterfront_dispute"},{"link_name":"This paragraph needs citation(s)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"New Zealand","text":"New Zealand usage is very similar to the Australian version; \"waterside workers\" are also known as \"wharfies.\" The 1951 New Zealand waterfront dispute, involving New Zealand dockworkers, was the most significant and most bitter industrial dispute in the country's history.[This paragraph needs citation(s)]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"In the United Kingdom, the definition of a stevedore varies from port to port. In some ports, only the highly skilled master of a loading gang is referred to as a \"stevedore\". \"Docker\" is the usual general term used in the UK for a worker who loads or unloads ships and performs various other jobs required at a seaport.In some ports, a stevedore is a person who decides where cargo is stowed on a ship for safe stowage and even balance of a ship. It is not a hands-on role.[citation needed]It was once known to refer to those working on a ship—loading or unloading the cargo—as stevedores, while those working on the quayside were called dockers.In the ports along the Thames, stevedores load, while dockers unload (according to Michael Budge, ex docker, Tilbury and Dave Penn, ex docker, Tilbury, 1978–2018).[full citation needed]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_M48_Patton_tank_is_lifted_gently_aboard_TS_Nabob,_NY_-_1959.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Two Years Before the Mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Years_Before_the_Mast"},{"link_name":"Richard Henry Dana Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Henry_Dana_Jr."},{"link_name":"California hide trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_hide_trade"},{"link_name":"block and tackle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_and_tackle"},{"link_name":"On the Waterfront","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Waterfront"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Port of Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Delich_Bentley_Port_of_Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Polish Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Americans"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Waterfront Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfront_Commission_of_New_York_Harbor"},{"link_name":"ILA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Longshoremen%27s_Association"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delich,_Helen_1955-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delich,_Helen_1955-30"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"cargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo"},{"link_name":"East Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_terminal"},{"link_name":"container ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_ship"},{"link_name":"AFL–CIO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO"},{"link_name":"International Longshoremen's Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Longshoremen%27s_Association"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"International Longshore and Warehouse Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Longshore_and_Warehouse_Union"},{"link_name":"West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dockworker_lashing_a_container.jpg"},{"link_name":"container ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_ship"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"Dockworkers loading a tank in Brooklyn, New York, Continental Piers, 1959In present-day American waterfront usage, a longshoreman is usually a person or a company who manages the loading or unloading of a ship. In the early 19th century, the word was traditionally applied to black laborers or enslaved people who loaded and unloaded bales of cotton and other freight on and off riverboats. In Two Years Before the Mast (1840), the author Richard Henry Dana Jr. describes the steeving of a merchant sailing ship in 1834. This was the process of taking a mostly full hold and cramming in more material. In this case, the hold was filled with hides from the California hide trade up to four feet below the deckhead (equivalent of 'ceiling'). \"Books\" composed of 25–50 cattle skins folded into a bundle were prepared, and a small opening was created in the middle of one of the existing stacks. Then, the book was shoved in using a pair of thick, strong pieces of wood called steeves. The dockworkers had one end shaped like a wedge, placed into the middle of a book to shove into the stack. The other ends were pushed on through block and tackle and attached to the hull and overhead beams, which sailors hauled on.Typically one ethnic group dominated the longshoreman market in a port, usually the Irish Catholics, as seen in the 1954 film about New York On the Waterfront.[27] In New Orleans there was a competition between the Irish and the blacks.[28]In the Port of Baltimore, Polish Americans dominated. In the 1930s, about 80% of Baltimore's dockworkers were Polish or of Polish descent.[29] The port of Baltimore had an international reputation of fast cargo handling credited to the well-organized gang system that was nearly free of corruption, wildcat strikes, and repeated work stoppages of its other East coast counterparts. The New York Anti-Crime Commission and the Waterfront Commission looked upon the Baltimore system as ideal for all ports. The gang system's hiring of dockworkers in Baltimore dates back to 1913 when the ILA was first formed. The Polish dockworkers began setting up the system by selecting the most skilled men to lead them. This newly formed gang would usually work for the same company, which would give priority to the gang. When there was no work within the particular company, the gang would work elsewhere or even divide to aid other groups, speeding up the work and making it more efficient.[30] In an environment as dangerous as a busy waterfront, Baltimore's gangs always operated together as a unit because the experience let them know what each member would be doing at any given time, making a waterfront much safer.[31] At the beginning of the Second World War, Polish predominance in the Port of Baltimore significantly diminished, as many Poles were drafted.It is common to use the terms \"stevedore\" and \"longshoreman\" interchangeably.[30] The U.S. Congress has done so in the Ship Mortgage Act, 46 app. U.S.C. section 31301(5)(C), which designates both \"crew wages\" and \"stevedore wages\" as preferred maritime liens. The statute intended to give the wages of the seamen and dockworkers the same level of protection. Sometimes the word \"stevedore\" is used to mean \"the man who loads and unloads a ship\" as the British \"docker\".Today,[when?] a stevedore typically owns the equipment used in the loading or discharge operation and hires dockworkers who load and unload cargo under the direction of a stevedore superintendent. This type of work along the East Coast waterfront was characteristic of ports like New York, Boston, and Philadelphia.Today, a commercial stevedoring company also may contract with a terminal owner to manage all terminal operations. Many large container ship operators have established in-house stevedoring operations to handle cargo at terminals and to provide stevedoring services to other container carriers.One union within the AFL–CIO represents dockworkers: the International Longshoremen's Association, which represents dockworkers on the East Coast, on the Great Lakes and connected waterways and along the Gulf of Mexico. The International Longshore and Warehouse Union, which represents dockworkers along the West Coast, Hawaii, and Alaska, was formerly affiliated with the AFL–CIO but disaffiliated in 2013.Docker lashing down cargo aboard a container ship","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crispus Attucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crispus_Attucks"},{"link_name":"Harry Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Bridges"},{"link_name":"International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Longshore_and_Warehouse_Union_(ILWU)"},{"link_name":"Joey Coyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Coyle"},{"link_name":"Money for Nothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_for_Nothing_(1993_film)"},{"link_name":"Jack Dash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dash"},{"link_name":"Peter Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fraser"},{"link_name":"Danny Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Greene"},{"link_name":"Patrick Joseph \"P.J.\" Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Tom Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Mann"},{"link_name":"London Dock Strike of 1889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Dock_Strike_of_1889"},{"link_name":"Peter MacKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_MacKay"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Bruce Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Nelson_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Workers on the Waterfront","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Workers_on_the_Waterfront&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Benito Quinquela Martín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Quinquela_Mart%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painter"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Stan Weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Weir_(academic)"},{"link_name":"Singlejack Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singlejack_Press&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Former stevedores and dockworkers include:Crispus Attucks – American patriot\nHarry Bridges – founder of the International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU)\nJoey Coyle – basis for the movie Money for Nothing\nJack Dash – British dock workers' trade union leader\nPeter Fraser – Prime Minister of New Zealand (1940-1949)\nDanny Greene – American mobster\nPatrick Joseph \"P.J.\" Kennedy – American businessman and grandfather of 35th U.S. President John F. Kennedy\nTom Mann – British trade unionist and organizer of the London Dock Strike of 1889\nPeter MacKay – Canadian former government minister and conservative party leader (a stevedore for two summers while a teenager)[32]\nBruce Nelson – labor historian, author of Workers on the Waterfront\nBenito Quinquela Martín – painter from Buenos Aires, Argentina. His works reflect the work at the docks in La Boca, a portuary district of Buenos Aires.\nStan Weir – blue-collar intellectual and sociologist, founder of Singlejack Press","title":"Notable dockworkers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malcolm Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Johnson_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"New York Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Sun_(historical)"},{"link_name":"On the Waterfront","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Waterfront"},{"link_name":"Marlon Brando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlon_Brando"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Eva Marie Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Marie_Saint"},{"link_name":"Elia Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elia_Kazan"},{"link_name":"American Film Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Arthur Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Miller"},{"link_name":"A View from the Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_View_from_the_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"season 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wire_(season_2)"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"The Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wire_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Frank Sobotka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sobotka"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Kill the Irishman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kill_the_Irishman"},{"link_name":"Ray Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Stevenson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"In 1949, reporter Malcolm Johnson was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for a 24-part investigative series titled Crime on the Waterfront, published in the New York Sun.\nThe material from Malcolm Johnson's investigative series was fictionalized and used as a basis for the influential film On the Waterfront (1954), starring Marlon Brando as a longshoreman, and the working conditions on the docks figure significantly in the film's plot. On the Waterfront was a critical and commercial success that received twelve Academy Award nominations and won eight, including Best Picture, Best Actor for Brando, Best Supporting Actress for Eva Marie Saint, and Best Director for Elia Kazan. The American Film Institute ranked it the 8th-greatest American movie of all time in 1997 and 19th in 2007.[33]\nPlaywright Arthur Miller was involved in the early stages of the development of On the Waterfront; his play A View from the Bridge (1955) also deals with the troubled life of a longshoreman.[34]\nIn season 2 of the HBO series The Wire, which first aired in 2003, the Stevedore Union and its members working in Baltimore, particularly Frank Sobotka, figure prominently in the second season's story.[35][36]\nThe American film Kill the Irishman (2011) features Ray Stevenson as Danny Greene, head of the Longshoreman's Union.[37]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Journal of Social History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Social_History"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1353/jsh.2007.0051","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsh.2007.0051"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"143564724","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143564724"},{"link_name":"\"Class and Industrial Relations in Britain: The 'Long' Mid-century and the Case of Port Transport, 1920–70\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eprints.gla.ac.uk/6663/1/6663.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/tcbh/hwi009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Ftcbh%2Fhwi009"},{"link_name":"Pacific Historical Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Historical_Review"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1525/phr.2008.77.4.585","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1525%2Fphr.2008.77.4.585"},{"link_name":"\"The 1911 Waterfront Strikes in Glasgow: Trade Unions and Rank-and-File Militancy in the Labour Unrest of 1910–1914\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020859008003441"},{"link_name":"International Review of Social History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Review_of_Social_History"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S0020859008003441","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020859008003441"},{"link_name":"Hispanic American Historical Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_American_Historical_Review"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1215/00182168-2005-002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-2005-002"},{"link_name":"\"Longshore Workers and Their Unions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//depts.washington.edu/dock/longshore_intro.shtml"},{"link_name":"Waterfront Workers History Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfront_Workers_History_Project"}],"text":"Arnesen, Eric (1994). Waterfront Workers of New Orleans: Race, Class, and Politics, 1863–1923.\nConnolly, Michael C. (2010). Seated by the Sea: The Maritime History of Portland, Maine, and Its Irish Longshoremen. University Press of Florida.\nCallebert, Ralph (2017). On Durban's Docks: Zulu Workers, Rural Households, Global Labor. University of Rochester Press.\nDavis, Colin J. (2003). Waterfront Revolts: New York and London Dockworkers, 1946–61.\nLand, Isaac (2007). \"Liberty on the Waterfront: American Maritime Culture in the Age of Revolution\". Journal of Social History. 40 (3): 731–743. doi:10.1353/jsh.2007.0051. S2CID 143564724.\nMello, William J. (2010). New York Longshoremen: Class and Power on the Docks.\nNelson, Bruce (1990). Workers on the Waterfront: Seamen, Longshoremen, and Unionism in the 1930s.\nParnaby, Andrew (2008). Citizen Docker: Making a New Deal on the Vancouver Waterfront, 1919–1939.\nPhillips, Jim (2005). \"Class and Industrial Relations in Britain: The 'Long' Mid-century and the Case of Port Transport, 1920–70\" (PDF). Twentieth Century British History. 16 (1): 52–73. doi:10.1093/tcbh/hwi009.\nSafford, Jeffrey J. (2008). \"The Pacific Coast Maritime Strike of 1936: Another View\". Pacific Historical Review. 77 (4): 585–615. doi:10.1525/phr.2008.77.4.585.\nVaughan Wilson, Matt (2008). \"The 1911 Waterfront Strikes in Glasgow: Trade Unions and Rank-and-File Militancy in the Labour Unrest of 1910–1914\". International Review of Social History. 53 (2): 261–292. doi:10.1017/S0020859008003441.\nVelasco e Cruz, Maria Cecília (2006). \"Puzzling Out Slave Origins in Rio de Janeiro Port Unionism: The 1906 Strike and the Sociedade de Resistência dos Trabalhadores em Trapiche e Café\". Hispanic American Historical Review. 86 (2): 205–245. doi:10.1215/00182168-2005-002.\n\"Longshore Workers and Their Unions\". Waterfront Workers History Project.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Longshoremen on a New York dock load barrels of corn syrup onto a barge on the Hudson River. Photograph by Lewis Hine, c. 1912.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Stevedores_ny_1912.jpg/250px-Stevedores_ny_1912.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dockers load bagged cargo – MS Rothenstein (North German Lloyd), Port Sudan, 1960","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Hafenarbeiter_bei_der_Verladung_von_Sackgut_-_MS_Rothenstein_NDL%2C_Port_Sudan_1960.png/250px-Hafenarbeiter_bei_der_Verladung_von_Sackgut_-_MS_Rothenstein_NDL%2C_Port_Sudan_1960.png"},{"image_text":"Dockworkers loading a tank in Brooklyn, New York, Continental Piers, 1959","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_M48_Patton_tank_is_lifted_gently_aboard_TS_Nabob%2C_NY_-_1959.jpg/220px-The_M48_Patton_tank_is_lifted_gently_aboard_TS_Nabob%2C_NY_-_1959.jpg"},{"image_text":"Docker lashing down cargo aboard a container ship","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dockworker_lashing_a_container.jpg/220px-Dockworker_lashing_a_container.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg"},{"title":"Transport portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Transport"},{"title":"1913 Sligo Dock strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913_Sligo_Dock_strike"},{"title":"Admiralty law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_law"},{"title":"Battle of Ballantyne Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ballantyne_Pier"},{"title":"Dockers Union (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dockers_Union_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Dunnage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunnage"},{"title":"Federated Ship Painters and Dockers Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_Ship_Painters_and_Dockers_Union"},{"title":"History of Squamish and Tsleil-Waututh longshoremen, 1863–1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Squamish_and_Tsleil-Waututh_longshoremen,_1863%E2%80%931963"},{"title":"International Longshore and Warehouse Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Longshore_and_Warehouse_Union"},{"title":"Liverpool dockers' strike (1995–98)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_dockers%27_strike_(1995%E2%80%9398)"},{"title":"Mersey Docks and Harbour Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersey_Docks_and_Harbour_Company"},{"title":"Mudlark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudlark"},{"title":"National Union of Dock Labourers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_of_Dock_Labourers"},{"title":"Scottish Union of Dock Labourers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Union_of_Dock_Labourers"},{"title":"Teamster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teamster"},{"title":"Weeks Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeks_Marine"}]	[{"reference":"\"Dockworker\". Dictionary.com. Retrieved August 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dictionary.com/browse/dockworker","url_text":"\"Dockworker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary.com","url_text":"Dictionary.com"}]},{"reference":"Khan, Khalil U. (15 September 2014). \"Stevedoring & The Role of Stevedores in Shipping\". The International Institute of Marine Surveying (IIMS). Retrieved 7 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iims.org.uk/the-role-of-stevedores-in-shipping/","url_text":"\"Stevedoring & The Role of Stevedores in Shipping\""}]},{"reference":"David Maclachlan (1875). A Treatise on the Law of Merchant Shipping. W. 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National Labor Relations Board.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JAlX55iVgp8C&dq=dockworkers+japan&pg=PA413","url_text":"Decisions and Orders of the National Labor Relations Board"}]},{"reference":"Kawaguchi, Miki (November 2014). \"Negotiations and Agreements of Labor Unions and Employers in the Industrial Sector in Japan\" (PDF). 日本労働研究雑誌 (Japan Labour Research Journal).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jil.go.jp/english/ejournal/documents/201411.pdf","url_text":"\"Negotiations and Agreements of Labor Unions and Employers in the Industrial Sector in Japan\""}]},{"reference":"Walsh, John (1982-03-26). \"EDB Causes a Regulatory Ripple Effect\". Science. 215 (4540): 1593. doi:10.1126/science.215.4540.1593. ISSN 0036-8075. 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Waterfront Workers of New Orleans: Race, Class, and Politics, 1863–1923.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XEKLG_2zLMYC","url_text":"Waterfront Workers of New Orleans: Race, Class, and Politics, 1863–1923"}]},{"reference":"Hollowak, Thomas L. (1996). A History of Polish Longshoremen and Their Role in the Establishment of a Union at the Port of Baltimore. Baltimore: History Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"MacKay, Peter (August 25, 2012). \"Peter MacKay learned to appreciate Arctic life working as a stevedore\". National Post. 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Simon and Schuster.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Arnesen, Eric (1994). Waterfront Workers of New Orleans: Race, Class, and Politics, 1863–1923.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Connolly, Michael C. (2010). Seated by the Sea: The Maritime History of Portland, Maine, and Its Irish Longshoremen. University Press of Florida.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Davis, Colin J. (2003). Waterfront Revolts: New York and London Dockworkers, 1946–61.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Land, Isaac (2007). \"Liberty on the Waterfront: American Maritime Culture in the Age of Revolution\". Journal of Social History. 40 (3): 731–743. doi:10.1353/jsh.2007.0051. 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Twentieth Century British History. 16 (1): 52–73. doi:10.1093/tcbh/hwi009.","urls":[{"url":"http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/6663/1/6663.pdf","url_text":"\"Class and Industrial Relations in Britain: The 'Long' Mid-century and the Case of Port Transport, 1920–70\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftcbh%2Fhwi009","url_text":"10.1093/tcbh/hwi009"}]},{"reference":"Safford, Jeffrey J. (2008). \"The Pacific Coast Maritime Strike of 1936: Another View\". Pacific Historical Review. 77 (4): 585–615. doi:10.1525/phr.2008.77.4.585.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Historical_Review","url_text":"Pacific Historical Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fphr.2008.77.4.585","url_text":"10.1525/phr.2008.77.4.585"}]},{"reference":"Vaughan Wilson, Matt (2008). \"The 1911 Waterfront Strikes in Glasgow: Trade Unions and Rank-and-File Militancy in the Labour Unrest of 1910–1914\". International Review of Social History. 53 (2): 261–292. doi:10.1017/S0020859008003441.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020859008003441","url_text":"\"The 1911 Waterfront Strikes in Glasgow: Trade Unions and Rank-and-File Militancy in the Labour Unrest of 1910–1914\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Review_of_Social_History","url_text":"International Review of Social History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020859008003441","url_text":"10.1017/S0020859008003441"}]},{"reference":"Velasco e Cruz, Maria Cecília (2006). \"Puzzling Out Slave Origins in Rio de Janeiro Port Unionism: The 1906 Strike and the Sociedade de Resistência dos Trabalhadores em Trapiche e Café\". Hispanic American Historical Review. 86 (2): 205–245. doi:10.1215/00182168-2005-002.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_American_Historical_Review","url_text":"Hispanic American Historical Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-2005-002","url_text":"10.1215/00182168-2005-002"}]},{"reference":"\"Longshore Workers and Their Unions\". Waterfront Workers History Project.","urls":[{"url":"https://depts.washington.edu/dock/longshore_intro.shtml","url_text":"\"Longshore Workers and Their Unions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfront_Workers_History_Project","url_text":"Waterfront Workers History Project"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dockworker&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.dictionary.com/browse/dockworker","external_links_name":"\"Dockworker\""},{"Link":"https://www.iims.org.uk/the-role-of-stevedores-in-shipping/","external_links_name":"\"Stevedoring & The Role of Stevedores in Shipping\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8WVMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA387","external_links_name":"A Treatise on the Law of Merchant Shipping"},{"Link":"https://moderngreekverbs.com/stoibazo.html","external_links_name":"\"Modern Greek Verbs – στοιβάζω, στοίβαξα, στοιβάχτηκα, στοιβαγμένος – I pile 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