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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchback_Roller_Coaster
ZDT's Amusement Park
["1 History","2 Rides and attractions","2.1 Switchback","2.2 Other attractions","3 References"]
Coordinates: 29°34′48″N 97°58′1.2″W / 29.58000°N 97.967000°W / 29.58000; -97.967000Amusement park in Seguin, Texas ZDT's Amusement ParkPreviously known as ZDT's Amusement CenterLocationSeguin, Texas, United StatesCoordinates29°34′48″N 97°58′1.2″W / 29.58000°N 97.967000°W / 29.58000; -97.967000StatusOperatingOpenedMarch 2007OwnerDanny DonhauserOperating seasonAll yearArea10 acres (4.0 ha)AttractionsTotal13Roller coasters1Water rides3Websitewww.zdtamusement.com ZDT's Amusement Park is a 10-acre (4.0 ha) family amusement park located in Seguin, Texas. The park first opened in 2007 and has grown to feature 12 attractions, three of which are water rides, along with a video game arcade. It is open year-round with the exception of its water rides which only operate from March through September. The park opened its first roller coaster, Switchback, in 2015. History In March 2007, ZDT's Amusement Park first opened its doors to the public and featured five indoor attractions. Owners Danny and Sarah Donhauser named the park after their three children – Zac, Danielle, and Tiffany – using the first letter of each name. Multi-level go-karts were added in 2008, and Mad Raft Water Coaster, a water coaster that was the park's first water ride, opened in 2011. In late 2014, ZDT's unveiled plans to build Switchback, a wooden shuttle roller coaster that features a 104-degree overbanked turn and a record-breaking, 87-degree incline. Manufactured by The Gravity Group, the 63-foot-tall (19 m) ride drops riders 58 feet (18 m) and reaches speeds of up to 40 mph (64 km/h). The custom-designed roller coaster opened to the public on October 17, 2015. It navigates through and around various buildings and structures ending in a culminating finale element called the Grand Spike, which sends riders upward an 87-degree incline. Switchback is the first and only wooden shuttle coaster of its kind and derives its name from the 1884 Switchback Railway, considered to have been the first coaster in United States. The theme of the ride also celebrates the history of the property on which the park is built with its locomotive-themed train cars. The park grounds were once an agricultural and grocery center containing within the block of land everything from grain silos to meat processing. All of the buildings in the park were remodeled from their original purposes instead of being torn down and rebuilt. The Silo Climb, for example, is a climbing wall built on the facade of the silos that once stored the grain of local farmers. The indoor section of the GoKarts runs through the warehouses in which that grain was processed, where one can see hanging above some of the original equipment used for this process. The main building of the park was once a grocery center that would have stored and readied the finished product for sale. The walkway to the water park is built atop the old train tracks which were used to transport that product to other areas, and an original Santa Fe executive train car still sits along this walkway in part to commemorate this history. Rides and attractions SwitchbackZDT's Amusement ParkLocationZDT's Amusement ParkCoordinates29°34′49″N 97°57′59″W / 29.5802°N 97.9663°W / 29.5802; -97.9663StatusOperatingOpening dateOctober 17, 2015 (2015-10-17)General statisticsTypeWoodManufacturerThe Gravity GroupLift/launch systemChain lift hillHeight65 ft (20 m)Drop58 ft (18 m)Speed65 km/h (40 mph)Inversions0Max vertical angle87°Capacity700 riders per hourTrains2 trains with 4 cars. Riders are arranged 2 across in a single row for a total of 8 riders per train.Switchback at RCDBVideo Switchback Switchback is a wooden shuttle roller coaster. The ride first opened on October 17, 2015 at ZDT's Amusement Park in Seguin, Texas. The ride is currently the record holder for steepest wooden roller coaster at 87 degrees, as well as the first wooden shuttle coaster. Golden Ticket Awards: Best New Ride for 2016 Ranking 5 Golden Ticket Awards: Top wood Roller Coasters Year 2017 2018 2019 2022 Ranking 33 36 49 46 Other attractions Ride name Manufacturer Ride-type Family Thrill Rides Zamperla| |Mini Discovery| Maxflight Simulator Max Flight Zamperla| |Sky Tower| ThunderVolt Speedway GoKarts Multi-level Track Water Attractions Mad Raft Water Coaster Viper Launched Water Slide Viper's Tail Matt Racer Active Attractions Jungle Playground Rock Wall Silo Climb (closed in 2023) Trampoline Thing References ^ a b "Switchback Rollercoaster". ZDT's Amusement Park. Retrieved May 7, 2017. ^ a b Marden, Duane. "Switchback  (ZDT's Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. ^ Kuhn, Jessica. "ZDT's new wooden roller coaster to set world record". Seguin Gazette. Retrieved May 7, 2017. ^ "History of Roller Coasters: The Switchback Railway, America's First Roller Coaster". EntertainmentDesigner.com. October 16, 2011. Retrieved May 7, 2017. ^ Kuhn, Jessica. "ZDT's new wooden roller coaster to set world record". Seguin Gazette. Retrieved 11 December 2015. ^ "Amusement Today – Golden Ticket Awards 2016" (PDF). Amusement Today. 20 (6.2): 8. September 2016. Retrieved July 16, 2017. ^ "2017 Top 50 Wooden Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2019. ^ "2018 Top 50 Wooden Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2018. Retrieved September 10, 2019. ^ "2019 Top 50 Wood Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2019. ^ "2022 Golden Ticket Award Winners". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2022. Archived from the original on September 12, 2022. Retrieved September 10, 2019. ^ "VR2000 Roller Coaster Simulator". maxflight.com. ^ "ZDT's Amusement Park". ^ "ZDT's Amusement Park". ^ "ZDT's Amusement Park".
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The park opened its first roller coaster, Switchback, in 2015.","title":"ZDT's Amusement Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"go-karts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-kart"},{"link_name":"water coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_slide#Water_coaster"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Switchback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchback_Roller_Coaster"},{"link_name":"shuttle roller coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle_roller_coaster"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official-1"},{"link_name":"The Gravity Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gravity_Group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDB-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDB-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official-1"},{"link_name":"Switchback Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchback_Railway"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World_Record-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Switchback_Railway-4"}],"text":"In March 2007, ZDT's Amusement Park first opened its doors to the public and featured five indoor attractions. Owners Danny and Sarah Donhauser named the park after their three children – Zac, Danielle, and Tiffany – using the first letter of each name. Multi-level go-karts were added in 2008, and Mad Raft Water Coaster, a water coaster that was the park's first water ride, opened in 2011.[citation needed]In late 2014, ZDT's unveiled plans to build Switchback, a wooden shuttle roller coaster that features a 104-degree overbanked turn and a record-breaking, 87-degree incline.[1] Manufactured by The Gravity Group, the 63-foot-tall (19 m) ride drops riders 58 feet (18 m) and reaches speeds of up to 40 mph (64 km/h).[2] The custom-designed roller coaster opened to the public on October 17, 2015.[2] It navigates through and around various buildings and structures ending in a culminating finale element called the Grand Spike, which sends riders upward an 87-degree incline.[1] Switchback is the first and only wooden shuttle coaster of its kind and derives its name from the 1884 Switchback Railway, considered to have been the first coaster in United States.[3][4]The theme of the ride also celebrates the history of the property on which the park is built with its locomotive-themed train cars. The park grounds were once an agricultural and grocery center containing within the block of land everything from grain silos to meat processing. All of the buildings in the park were remodeled from their original purposes instead of being torn down and rebuilt. The Silo Climb, for example, is a climbing wall built on the facade of the silos that once stored the grain of local farmers. The indoor section of the GoKarts runs through the warehouses in which that grain was processed, where one can see hanging above some of the original equipment used for this process. The main building of the park was once a grocery center that would have stored and readied the finished product for sale. The walkway to the water park is built atop the old train tracks which were used to transport that product to other areas, and an original Santa Fe executive train car still sits along this walkway in part to commemorate this history.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rides and attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wooden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooden_roller_coaster"},{"link_name":"shuttle roller coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle_roller_coaster"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Switchback","text":"Switchback is a wooden shuttle roller coaster. The ride first opened on October 17, 2015 at ZDT's Amusement Park in Seguin, Texas. The ride is currently the record holder for steepest wooden roller coaster at 87 degrees, as well as the first wooden shuttle coaster.[5]","title":"Rides and attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Other attractions","text":"[12][13][14]","title":"Rides and attractions"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu_City_Waterfront
Kota Kinabalu City Waterfront
["1 References"]
Building in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia Kota Kinabalu City WaterfrontGeneral informationStatusUnknown StatusLocationSabahTown or cityKota KinabaluCountryMalaysiaOwnerSunsea Development Sdn BhdWebsitekkcwaterfront.com.my The Kota Kinabalu City Waterfront is a mixed development projects comprising a shopping mall (Oceanus Waterfront Mall), hotel, city-resort home and boardwalk in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. It is a waterfront revitalisation projects under the Sabah Development Corridor (SDC) as part of the efforts to transform Kota Kinabalu into a metropolitan city. Other part of the waterfront is the Jesselton Quay, Kota Kinabalu Convention City and One Jesselton Waterfront, which developed by different developers. References ^ "Kota Kinabalu City Waterfront". e-tawau. 17 April 2016. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2016. ^ "New projects to change KK's landscape". Daily Express. 13 March 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2016. vteBuildings in the Kota Kinabalu metropolitanAdministration Kota Kinabalu City Hall Kota Kinabalu Court Complex Sabah International Convention Centre Sabah State Administrative Centre Sabah State Legislative Assembly Sabah Tourism Board Sabah Trade Centre Tun Mustapha Tower Wisma Innoprise Wisma Tun Fuad Stephens Education Universiti Malaysia Sabah Healthcare Queen Elizabeth Hospital Queen Elizabeth Hospital II Gleneagles Kota Kinabalu Hospital KPJ Sabah Specialist Hospital Hotel and residence Bay 21 Jesselton Hotel Sutera Harbour Malls 1Borneo Hypermall Centre Point Sabah Imago KK Times Square Karamunsing Complex Suria Sabah Wisma Merdeka Museum Sabah Islamic Civilisation Museum Sabah Museum (headquarters) Place of worship Che Sui Khor Moral Uplifting Society Kota Kinabalu City Mosque Peak Nam Toong Temple Pu Tuo Si Temple Sacred Heart Cathedral Sabah State Mosque Transportation BRT Kota Kinabalu KK Sentral Kota Kinabalu International Airport Mixed infrastructures 1Sulaman Aeropod Grand Merdeka Jesselton Quay Jesselton Residences Karambunai Integrated Resort City Kota Kinabalu City Waterfront Kota Kinabalu Convention City One Jesselton Waterfront PacifiCity Plaza Shell Petronas Office Tower Tanjung Aru Eco Development Others Jesselton Freemason Hall Sabah Hakka Complex Sabah State Library (headquarters) Tanjung Aru Library italics indicated the project is under construction. vteMain public and private service skyscrapers and structures in SabahAdministration buildings Kota Kinabalu City Hall Kota Kinabalu Court Complex Sabah International Convention Centre State Administrative Centre State Legislative Assembly Building Sabah Tourism Board Sabah Trade Centre Sandakan Municipal Council Tawau Municipal Council Tun Mustapha Tower Wisma Innoprise Wisma Tun Fuad Stephens EducationSchool SMS Sabah Maktab Sabah Universities Universiti Malaysia Sabah UiTM Sabah Energy and water resources Babagon Dam Sabah Oil and Gas Terminal Sabah–Sarawak Gas Pipeline Tenom Pangi Dam Health careHospitalsGovernment Queen Elizabeth Hospital Queen Elizabeth Hospital II Duchess of Kent Hospital Keningau General Hospital Tawau Hospital Bukit Padang Mesra Hospital Private Damai Specialist Hospital Gleneagles Kota Kinabalu Hospital Jesselton Medical Centre KPJ Sabah Specialist Hospital Likas Specialist Hospital Rafflesia Specialist Centre Public transportationAirports Kota Kinabalu (BKI) Kudat (KUD) Lahad Datu (LDU) Sandakan (SDK) Tawau (TWU) Bus services BRT Kota Kinabalu KK Sentral Ferry terminals Jesselton Point Menumbok Ferry Terminal Tawau Ferry Terminal Rail networks Tanjung Aru Station Papar Station Beaufort Station Tenom Station Museums Agnes Keith House Keningau Heritage Museum Mat Sator Museum Pogunon Community Museum Sabah Islamic Civilisation Museum Sabah Museum (headquarters) Sandakan Heritage Museum Teck Guan Cocoa Museum Tun Sakaran Museum 3D Wonders Museum Religious buildingsChinese temples and pagodas Che Sui Khor Moral Uplifting Society Fo Guang Shan Temple Peak Nam Toong Temple Pu Tuo Si Temple Puu Jih Shih Temple Sam Sing Kung Temple Tam Kung Temple Churches Sacred Heart Cathedral St. Michael's and All Angels Church St. Michael's Church Gurdwara Gurdwara Sahib Hindu temple Thirumurugan Temple Mosques Al-Kauthar Mosque Kota Kinabalu City Mosque Sabah State Mosque Sandakan District Mosque Sandakan Jamek Mosque Shopping malls 1Borneo Hypermall Asia City Centre Point Sabah City Mall Imago KK Times Square Karamunsing Complex Suria Sabah Wawasan Plaza Wisma Merdeka Stadiums Likas Stadium Mixed infrastructures 1Sulaman Aeropod Grand Merdeka Jesselton Quay Jesselton Residences Karambunai Integrated Resort City Kota Kinabalu City Waterfront Kota Kinabalu Convention City One Jesselton Waterfront PacifiCity Plaza Shell Petronas Office Tower Tanjung Aru Eco Development Others Jesselton Freemason Hall Sabah Hakka Complex Sabah State Library (headquarters) Tanjung Aru Library italics indicated the project is under construction. vteSkyscrapers in MalaysiaCompletedKuala Lumpur AmBank Tower Berjaya Times Square Citibank Tower Dato' Onn Tower Dayabumi Complex DBKL Tower Vista Tower Exchange Square Faber Towers Four Seasons Place KL Great Eastern Tower Ilham Tower KH Tower (Promet Tower) Kuala Lumpur Tower MAS Building Maxis Tower Maybank Tower Multi Purpose Tower Merdeka 118 Pavilion Kuala Lumpur Permata Sapura Tower Petronas Towers Petronas Tower 3 Standard Chartered Tower St. Regis Hotel & Residences KL Star Residences Tabung Haji Tower Telekom Tower The FACE Platinum Suites The FACE Victory Suites The Exchange 106 The Sentral Residences The Troika The Vogue Suites One UOA Bangsar Tower UOB Tower 2 Vista Tower Vortex Tower W Hotel & Tropicana The Residence Wisma Goldhill Selangor 9 Bukit Utama MBPJ Tower Mesiniaga Tower Plaza Perangsang Tropicana Avenue Penang 8 Gurney Arte S Ascott Gurney Penang BHL Tower City Residence Gurney Paragon Komtar Mansion One Marriott Residences Penang MBf Tower Millennium Tower Muze @ PICC Setia V SUNTECH Tower The Cove The Maritime Johor Johor Bahru City Square Landmark Tower Muar Trade Centre MSC Cyberport Tower The Astaka Pahang Kuantan 188 Kedah Alor Setar Tower Maha Tower Sabah 1Borneo Hypermall Bay 21 Jesselton Residences Petronas Office Tower Plaza Shell Sabah State Administrative Centre Tun Mustapha Tower Sarawak Wisma Bapa Malaysia Wisma Sanyan Under construction Aeropod Coronation Square IBN Bukit Bintang Jesselton Quay Merdeka 118 Kota Kinabalu City Waterfront Kota Kinabalu Convention City One Jesselton Waterfront Oxley Tower PacifiCity Tanjung Aru Eco Development Construction suspended 1Sulaman Fairmont Kuala Lumpur Towers Plaza Rakyat Proposed Bandar Malaysia Iconic Tower Bandar Malaysia Landmark Tower BBCC Signature Tower KL PWTC Tower Naza Signature Tower Tower M Tradewinds Square Demolished Jaya Supermarket Pekeliling Flats Suleiman Courts Tun Razak Tower This article about a shopping mall in Malaysia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a hotel or resort in Malaysia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Sabah-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Kota Kinabalu City Waterfront\". e-tawau. 17 April 2016. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160923063534/http://www.etawau.com/Geography/Sabah/2_WestCoastDivision/KotaKinabalu/PlacesToGo/CityExcitement/Kota_Kinabalu_Waterfront.htm","url_text":"\"Kota Kinabalu City Waterfront\""},{"url":"http://www.etawau.com/Geography/Sabah/2_WestCoastDivision/KotaKinabalu/PlacesToGo/CityExcitement/Kota_Kinabalu_Waterfront.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New projects to change KK's landscape\". Daily Express. 13 March 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=97893","url_text":"\"New projects to change KK's landscape\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://kkcwaterfront.com.my/","external_links_name":"kkcwaterfront.com.my"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160923063534/http://www.etawau.com/Geography/Sabah/2_WestCoastDivision/KotaKinabalu/PlacesToGo/CityExcitement/Kota_Kinabalu_Waterfront.htm","external_links_name":"\"Kota Kinabalu City Waterfront\""},{"Link":"http://www.etawau.com/Geography/Sabah/2_WestCoastDivision/KotaKinabalu/PlacesToGo/CityExcitement/Kota_Kinabalu_Waterfront.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=97893","external_links_name":"\"New projects to change KK's landscape\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kota_Kinabalu_City_Waterfront&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kota_Kinabalu_City_Waterfront&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kota_Kinabalu_City_Waterfront&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Gent%E2%80%93Wevelgem
2021 Gent–Wevelgem
["1 Teams","2 Race summary","3 Result","4 References","5 External links"]
Cycling race For the women's race, see 2021 Gent–Wevelgem (women's race). Cycling race 2021 Gent–Wevelgem2021 UCI World Tour, race 10 of 29Event poster with previous winners Jolien D'Hoore and Mads PedersenRace detailsDates28 March 2021Stages1Distance254 km (157.8 mi)Winning time5h 45' 11"Results  Winner  Wout van Aert (BEL) (Team Jumbo–Visma)  Second  Giacomo Nizzolo (ITA) (Team Qhubeka Assos)  Third  Matteo Trentin (ITA) (UAE Team Emirates)← 2020 2022 → The 2021 Gent–Wevelgem was a road cycling classic race that took place on 28 March 2021 in Belgium. It was the 83rd edition of Gent–Wevelgem and the 10th event of the 2021 UCI World Tour. Teams Twenty-five teams were invited to the race, including all nineteen UCI WorldTeams and six UCI ProTeams. The evening before the race, the Trek–Segafredo team of defending champion Mads Pedersen withdrew, following two positive tests for COVID-19. In addition, Bora–Hansgrohe have also been prevented from starting, due to COVID-19 guidelines in Belgium. Astana–Premier Tech and Ineos Grenadiers, with six riders each, were the only teams to not enter seven riders. Ultimately, 159 riders started the race, of which only 90 finished. UCI WorldTeams AG2R Citroën Team Astana–Premier Tech Bora–Hansgrohe Cofidis Deceuninck–Quick-Step EF Education–Nippo Groupama–FDJ Ineos Grenadiers Intermarché–Wanty–Gobert Matériaux Israel Start-Up Nation Lotto–Soudal Movistar Team Team Bahrain Victorious Team BikeExchange Team DSM Team Jumbo–Visma Team Qhubeka Assos Trek–Segafredo UAE Team Emirates UCI ProTeams Alpecin–Fenix Arkéa–Samsic B&B Hotels p/b KTM Bingoal Pauwels Sauces WB Sport Vlaanderen–Baloise Total Direct Énergie Race summary Due to strong winds, some big names started attacking already with still 180 kilometres to go, with particularly Team BikeExchange pulling the peloton apart, causing a group of 21 riders to break away, namely Jack Bauer, Sam Bennett, Sven Erik Bystrøm, Sonny Colbrelli, Jasper De Buyst, Timothy Dupont, Imanol Erviti, Michał Gołaś, Stefan Küng, Jérémy Lecroq, Cyril Lemoine, Lluís Mas, Michael Matthews, Luka Mezgec, Giacomo Nizzolo, Robert Stannard, Jasha Sütterlin, Matteo Trentin, Wout van Aert, Nathan Van Hooydonck and Danny van Poppel. This group caught the four riders of the early breakaway, Daniel Arroyave, Stefan Bissegger, Yevgeniy Fedorov and Laurenz Rex, creating a group of 25 which gained up to one minute lead over the peloton. The group held the gap steady at roughly one minute for hours, but going through the hilly section, several riders in the peloton tried to bridge the gap to the lead group on their own or in small groups. In particular Deceuninck–Quick-Step who only had Sam Bennett up front, tried various times with both Davide Ballerini, Yves Lampaert and Zdeněk Štybar attacking strongly. Several times the gap was reduced to under 30 seconds, but despite all the attacks the lead group was never caught. After the last climb of the day, the Kemmelberg, after now being chased for nearly 150 kilometres, nine riders remained in the lead group with 36 kilometres to the finish: Bennett, Colbrelli, Küng, Matthews, Nizzolo, Trentin, Van Aert, Van Poppel and Van Aert's teammate Van Hooydonck. Some twenty kilometres further, a vomiting Bennett and tired van Poppel were dropped, both flustered from hanging on over the last climbs, leaving the remaining seven to sprint for the victory. Küng attacked with just 2.5k to go but was easily brought back by Van Hooydonck, who then pulled the group to the finish as a lead out for this team leader van Aert, who outsprinted the others to take his first Flemish classic win. Nizzolo and Trentin completed the podium. Behind the leading seven and just under a minute down, Dylan van Baarle and Anthony Turgis took places eight and nine after breaking away from what was left of the chasing group, while Gianni Vermeersch won the sprint of that group to take the final spot in the top-10, 1' 25" behind van Aert. Result Result Rank Rider Team Time 1  Wout van Aert (BEL) Team Jumbo–Visma 5h 45' 11" 2  Giacomo Nizzolo (ITA) Team Qhubeka Assos + 0" 3  Matteo Trentin (ITA) UAE Team Emirates + 0" 4  Sonny Colbrelli (ITA) Team Bahrain Victorious + 0" 5  Michael Matthews (AUS) Team BikeExchange + 0" 6  Stefan Küng (SUI) Groupama–FDJ + 0" 7  Nathan Van Hooydonck (BEL) Team Jumbo–Visma + 3" 8  Dylan van Baarle (NED) Ineos Grenadiers + 52" 9  Anthony Turgis (FRA) Total Direct Énergie + 54" 10  Gianni Vermeersch (BEL) Alpecin–Fenix + 1' 25" References ^ "Startlist". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 27 March 2021. ^ "Trek-Segafredo men's team out of Gent-Wevelgem". Trek–Segafredo. Trek Bicycle Corporation. 27 March 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021. ^ Ryan, Barry (28 March 2021). "Bora-Hansgrohe prevented from starting Gent-Wevelgem due to COVID-19 guidelines". Cyclingnews. Retrieved 28 March 2021. ^ a b Puddicombe, Stephen (28 March 2021). "Wout van Aert wins Gent-Wevelgem". CyclingNews. Retrieved 28 March 2021. ^ "Sterk, sterker, beresterk: Wout van Aert schittert in wervelende Gent-Wevelgem" . Sporza.be. 28 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021. External links Official website vte2021 UCI World TourRaces UAE Tour Omloop Het Nieuwsblad Strade Bianche Paris–Nice Tirreno–Adriatico Milan–San Remo Volta a Catalunya Classic Brugge–De Panne E3 Saxo Bank Classic Gent–Wevelgem Dwars door Vlaanderen Tour of Flanders Tour of the Basque Country Amstel Gold Race La Flèche Wallonne Liège–Bastogne–Liège Tour de Romandie Giro d'Italia Critérium du Dauphiné Tour de Suisse Tour de France Clásica de San Sebastián Tour de Pologne Vuelta a España Bretagne Classic Ouest–France Benelux Tour Eschborn-Frankfurt Paris–Roubaix Il Lombardia Cancelled Tour Down Under Cadel Evans Great Ocean Road Race Hamburg Cyclassics Grand Prix Cycliste de Québec Grand Prix Cycliste de Montréal Tour of Guangxi Teams AG2R Citroën Team Astana–Premier Tech Bora–Hansgrohe Cofidis Deceuninck–Quick-Step EF Education–Nippo Groupama–FDJ Ineos Grenadiers Intermarché–Wanty–Gobert Matériaux Israel Start-Up Nation Lotto–Soudal Movistar Team Team Bahrain Victorious Team BikeExchange Team DSM Team Jumbo–Visma Team Qhubeka NextHash Trek–Segafredo UAE Team Emirates List of 2021 UCI WorldTeams and riders vte Gent–Wevelgem Men's editions 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940-1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Women's editions 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 Gent–Wevelgem (women's race)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Gent%E2%80%93Wevelgem_(women%27s_race)"},{"link_name":"road cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing"},{"link_name":"classic race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_cycle_races"},{"link_name":"Gent–Wevelgem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gent%E2%80%93Wevelgem"},{"link_name":"2021 UCI World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_UCI_World_Tour"}],"text":"Cycling raceFor the women's race, see 2021 Gent–Wevelgem (women's race).Cycling raceThe 2021 Gent–Wevelgem was a road cycling classic race that took place on 28 March 2021 in Belgium. It was the 83rd edition of Gent–Wevelgem and the 10th event of the 2021 UCI World Tour.","title":"2021 Gent–Wevelgem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UCI WorldTeams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_WorldTeam"},{"link_name":"UCI ProTeams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_ProSeries"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Trek–Segafredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidl%E2%80%93Trek_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Mads Pedersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mads_Pedersen_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bora–Hansgrohe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Hansgrohe"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Astana–Premier Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana_Qazaqstan_Team"},{"link_name":"Ineos Grenadiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineos_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-result-4"},{"link_name":"AG2R Citroën Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decathlon%E2%80%93AG2R_La_Mondiale"},{"link_name":"Astana–Premier Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana_Qazaqstan_Team"},{"link_name":"Bora–Hansgrohe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Hansgrohe"},{"link_name":"Cofidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofidis_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Deceuninck–Quick-Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudal_Quick-Step"},{"link_name":"EF Education–Nippo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF_Education%E2%80%93EasyPost"},{"link_name":"Groupama–FDJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupama%E2%80%93FDJ"},{"link_name":"Ineos Grenadiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineos_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"Intermarché–Wanty–Gobert Matériaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermarch%C3%A9%E2%80%93Wanty"},{"link_name":"Israel Start-Up Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Premier_Tech"},{"link_name":"Lotto–Soudal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotto%E2%80%93Dstny"},{"link_name":"Movistar Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar_Team_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Team Bahrain Victorious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Bahrain_Victorious"},{"link_name":"Team BikeExchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Jayco%E2%80%93AlUla_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Team DSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_dsm%E2%80%93firmenich_PostNL_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Team Jumbo–Visma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visma%E2%80%93Lease_a_Bike_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Team Qhubeka Assos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Qhubeka_NextHash"},{"link_name":"Trek–Segafredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidl%E2%80%93Trek_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"UAE Team Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_Team_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Alpecin–Fenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpecin%E2%80%93Deceuninck"},{"link_name":"Arkéa–Samsic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark%C3%A9a%E2%80%93B%26B_Hotels"},{"link_name":"B&B Hotels p/b KTM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%26B_Hotels_p/b_KTM"},{"link_name":"Bingoal Pauwels Sauces WB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingoal_WB"},{"link_name":"Sport Vlaanderen–Baloise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Flanders%E2%80%93Baloise"},{"link_name":"Total Direct Énergie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_TotalEnergies"}],"text":"Twenty-five teams were invited to the race, including all nineteen UCI WorldTeams and six UCI ProTeams.[1] The evening before the race, the Trek–Segafredo team of defending champion Mads Pedersen withdrew, following two positive tests for COVID-19.[2] In addition, Bora–Hansgrohe have also been prevented from starting, due to COVID-19 guidelines in Belgium.[3] Astana–Premier Tech and Ineos Grenadiers, with six riders each, were the only teams to not enter seven riders. Ultimately, 159 riders started the race, of which only 90 finished.[4]UCI WorldTeamsAG2R Citroën Team\nAstana–Premier Tech\nBora–Hansgrohe\nCofidis\nDeceuninck–Quick-Step\nEF Education–Nippo\nGroupama–FDJ\nIneos Grenadiers\nIntermarché–Wanty–Gobert Matériaux\nIsrael Start-Up Nation\nLotto–Soudal\nMovistar Team\nTeam Bahrain Victorious\nTeam BikeExchange\nTeam DSM\nTeam Jumbo–Visma\nTeam Qhubeka Assos\nTrek–Segafredo\nUAE Team EmiratesUCI ProTeamsAlpecin–Fenix\nArkéa–Samsic\nB&B Hotels p/b KTM\nBingoal Pauwels Sauces WB\nSport Vlaanderen–Baloise\nTotal Direct Énergie","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Team BikeExchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Jayco%E2%80%93AlUla_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Jack Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Bauer_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"Sam Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Bennett_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"Sven Erik Bystrøm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_Erik_Bystr%C3%B8m"},{"link_name":"Sonny Colbrelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Colbrelli"},{"link_name":"Jasper De Buyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_De_Buyst"},{"link_name":"Timothy Dupont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Dupont"},{"link_name":"Imanol Erviti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imanol_Erviti"},{"link_name":"Michał Gołaś","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Go%C5%82a%C5%9B"},{"link_name":"Stefan Küng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_K%C3%BCng"},{"link_name":"Jérémy Lecroq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my_Lecroq"},{"link_name":"Cyril Lemoine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Lemoine"},{"link_name":"Lluís Mas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_Mas"},{"link_name":"Michael Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Matthews_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"Luka Mezgec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luka_Mezgec"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Nizzolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Nizzolo"},{"link_name":"Robert Stannard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stannard_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"Jasha Sütterlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasha_S%C3%BCtterlin"},{"link_name":"Matteo Trentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteo_Trentin"},{"link_name":"Wout van Aert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wout_van_Aert"},{"link_name":"Nathan Van Hooydonck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Van_Hooydonck"},{"link_name":"Danny van Poppel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_van_Poppel"},{"link_name":"Daniel Arroyave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Arroyave"},{"link_name":"Stefan Bissegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Bissegger"},{"link_name":"Yevgeniy Fedorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeniy_Fedorov"},{"link_name":"Laurenz Rex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurenz_Rex"},{"link_name":"Deceuninck–Quick-Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudal_Quick-Step"},{"link_name":"Davide Ballerini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davide_Ballerini"},{"link_name":"Yves Lampaert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Lampaert"},{"link_name":"Zdeněk Štybar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zden%C4%9Bk_%C5%A0tybar"},{"link_name":"Kemmelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemmelberg"},{"link_name":"Dylan van Baarle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_van_Baarle"},{"link_name":"Anthony Turgis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Turgis"},{"link_name":"Gianni Vermeersch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianni_Vermeersch"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Due to strong winds, some big names started attacking already with still 180 kilometres to go, with particularly Team BikeExchange pulling the peloton apart, causing a group of 21 riders to break away, namely Jack Bauer, Sam Bennett, Sven Erik Bystrøm, Sonny Colbrelli, Jasper De Buyst, Timothy Dupont, Imanol Erviti, Michał Gołaś, Stefan Küng, Jérémy Lecroq, Cyril Lemoine, Lluís Mas, Michael Matthews, Luka Mezgec, Giacomo Nizzolo, Robert Stannard, Jasha Sütterlin, Matteo Trentin, Wout van Aert, Nathan Van Hooydonck and Danny van Poppel. This group caught the four riders of the early breakaway, Daniel Arroyave, Stefan Bissegger, Yevgeniy Fedorov and Laurenz Rex, creating a group of 25 which gained up to one minute lead over the peloton.The group held the gap steady at roughly one minute for hours, but going through the hilly section, several riders in the peloton tried to bridge the gap to the lead group on their own or in small groups. In particular Deceuninck–Quick-Step who only had Sam Bennett up front, tried various times with both Davide Ballerini, Yves Lampaert and Zdeněk Štybar attacking strongly. Several times the gap was reduced to under 30 seconds, but despite all the attacks the lead group was never caught. After the last climb of the day, the Kemmelberg, after now being chased for nearly 150 kilometres, nine riders remained in the lead group with 36 kilometres to the finish: Bennett, Colbrelli, Küng, Matthews, Nizzolo, Trentin, Van Aert, Van Poppel and Van Aert's teammate Van Hooydonck. Some twenty kilometres further, a vomiting Bennett and tired van Poppel were dropped, both flustered from hanging on over the last climbs, leaving the remaining seven to sprint for the victory.Küng attacked with just 2.5k to go but was easily brought back by Van Hooydonck, who then pulled the group to the finish as a lead out for this team leader van Aert, who outsprinted the others to take his first Flemish classic win. Nizzolo and Trentin completed the podium.Behind the leading seven and just under a minute down, Dylan van Baarle and Anthony Turgis took places eight and nine after breaking away from what was left of the chasing group, while Gianni Vermeersch won the sprint of that group to take the final spot in the top-10, 1' 25\" behind van Aert.[5]","title":"Race summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Result"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Startlist\". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 27 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.procyclingstats.com/race/gent-wevelgem/2021/result/startlist","url_text":"\"Startlist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trek-Segafredo men's team out of Gent-Wevelgem\". Trek–Segafredo. Trek Bicycle Corporation. 27 March 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://racing.trekbikes.com/stories/trek-segafredo-men/trek-segafredo-mens-team-out-of-gent-wevelgem","url_text":"\"Trek-Segafredo men's team out of Gent-Wevelgem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidl%E2%80%93Trek_(men%27s_team)","url_text":"Trek–Segafredo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trek_Bicycle_Corporation","url_text":"Trek Bicycle Corporation"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Barry (28 March 2021). \"Bora-Hansgrohe prevented from starting Gent-Wevelgem due to COVID-19 guidelines\". Cyclingnews. Retrieved 28 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/bora-hansgrohe-prevented-from-starting-gent-wevelgem-due-to-covid-19-guidelines/","url_text":"\"Bora-Hansgrohe prevented from starting Gent-Wevelgem due to COVID-19 guidelines\""}]},{"reference":"Puddicombe, Stephen (28 March 2021). \"Wout van Aert wins Gent-Wevelgem\". CyclingNews. Retrieved 28 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/races/gent-wevelgem-2021/elite-men/results/","url_text":"\"Wout van Aert wins Gent-Wevelgem\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sterk, sterker, beresterk: Wout van Aert schittert in wervelende Gent-Wevelgem\" [Strong, stronger, strongest: Wout van Aert shines in whirlwind Gent-Wevelgem]. Sporza.be. 28 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sporza.be/nl/matches/wielrennen/gent-wevelgem/2021/gent-wevelgem-sterk-sterker-beresterk-wout-van-aert-schittert-in-wervelende-gent-wevelgem~1601635866092/","url_text":"\"Sterk, sterker, beresterk: Wout van Aert schittert in wervelende Gent-Wevelgem\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Agricultural_Show
Royal Show
["1 History","1.1 On the road from 1839 to 1902","1.2 Park Royal from 1903 to 1905","1.3 Back on the road from 1906 to 1962","1.4 Stoneleigh Park from 1963 to 2006","1.5 The 2007 show","1.6 The end","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Annual agricultural show in England (1839–2009) This article is about the agricultural show most recently held in Warwickshire, England. For agricultural shows generally, including other shows known as a "Royal Show", see Agricultural show. Logo of the last Royal Show in 2009 The Royal Show, also known as the Royal Agricultural Show, was an annual agricultural show held by the Royal Agricultural Society of England every year from 1839 to 2009. The event encompassed all aspects of farming, food and rural life - from the best of British livestock to the latest business and technological innovations in the farming industry. Over 1,000 stands, world-class livestock and equine classes attracted visitors from over 100 countries. The Royal Show gave the name Park Royal to the part of west London which once hosted the show. The Royal Agricultural Society of England had planned to make the site a permanent home for the Royal Show. It was not a success and the Society sold the land in 1907. History On the road from 1839 to 1902 Between 1839 and 1902 the Royal Show was held at various locations across the country: Year Town/City Venue Rf. 1839 Oxford 1840 Cambridge 1841 Liverpool Falkner's Fields 1842 Bristol 1843 Derby 1844 Southampton 1845 Shrewsbury 1846 Newcastle 1847 Northampton 1848 York 1849 Norwich 1850 Exeter Exhibition Fields, Whipton Barton 1851 Windsor 1852 Lewes 1853 Gloucester 1854 Lincoln 1855 Carlisle 1856 Chelmsford 1857 Salisbury 1858 Chester 1859 Warwick Warwick Racecourse 1860 Canterbury 1861 Leeds 1862 London Battersea 1863 Worcester 1864 Newcastle 1865 Plymouth 1866 Cancelled due to an outbreak of Rinderpest 1867 Bury St Edmunds 1868 Leicester 1869 Manchester 1870 Oxford Glasgow 1871 Cardiff Wolverhampton Wolverhampton Race Course 1872 Cardiff 1873 Hull 1874 Bedford 1875 Taunton 1876 Birmingham Aston Park 1877 Liverpool Newsham Park 1878 Bristol 1879 London Queen's Park 1880 Carlisle 1881 Derby 1882 Reading Palmer Park 1883 York 1884 Shrewsbury 1885 Preston 1886 Norwich 1887 Newcastle 1888 Nottingham Wollaton Park 1889 Windsor Great Park 1890 Plymouth 1891 Doncaster 1892 Warwick Castle Park 1893 Chester 1894 Cambridge 1895 Darlington 1896 Leicester 1897 Manchester 1898 Birmingham Four Oaks Park, Sutton Coldfield 1899 Maidstone 1900 York 1901 Cardiff Sophia Gardens 1902 Carlisle This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (January 2021) Park Royal from 1903 to 1905 Following the 1879 event at Queen's Park, which incurred a large financial loss due to bad weather, the Royal Agricultural Society made the decision to look for a permanent showground, in order to reduce costs and make additional income from letting the site for other events. Eventually a 102 acres (41 ha) site was leased near Twyford Abbey in West London, and given the name Park Royal by the society, a name it continues to bear. The first show was held on the site in 1903. The attendances at the 1903 show were disappointing, and even worse at the shows in the two following years. By then it was decided that the idea of a permanent show had been a mistake, and that the travelling show should resume. The show grounds were sold for industrial use in 1907. Back on the road from 1906 to 1962 Year Town/City Venue Rf. 1906 Derby Osmaston Park 1907 Lincoln West Common 1908 Newcastle 1909 Gloucester 1910 Liverpool Wavertree Playground 1911 Norwich Crown Point 1912 Doncaster 1913 Bristol 1914 Shrewsbury 1915 Nottingham Wollaton Park 1916 Manchester 1917 No show 1918 No show 1919 Cardiff Sophia Gardens 1920 Darlington 1921 Derby Osmaston Park 1922 Cambridge Trumpington 1923 Newcastle 1924 Leicester 1925 Chester 1926 Reading Caversham Park (later Henley Road Cemetery) 1927 Newport Tredegar Park 1928 Nottingham Wollaton Park 1931 Warwick Castle Park 1934 Ipswich Chantry Park 1936 Bristol Ashton Court 1937 Wolverhampton Wrottesley Park 1938 Cardiff 1939 Windsor 1947 Lincoln West Common 1948 York York Racecourse 1949 Shrewsbury 1950 Oxford 1951 Cambridge Trumpington 1952 Newton Abbot 1953 Blackpool 1954 Windsor 1955 Nottingham Wollaton Park 1956 Newcastle Town Moor 1957 Norwich Royal Norfolk Showground, Costessey 1958 Bristol 1959 Oxford 1960 Cambridge Trumpington 1961 Cambridge Trumpington 1962 Newcastle Town Moor This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (January 2021) Stoneleigh Park from 1963 to 2006 From 1963, the Royal Show was held in Stoneleigh Park (previously known as the National Agricultural Centre or NAC) near Stoneleigh in Warwickshire, England. The first show at Stoneleigh lasted four days and attracted 111,916 visitors. The 2007 show More than 140,000 visitors were expected to attend the 2007 show; however, bad weather forced the show to close early for the first time in its history. Torrential rains left the showground saturated and police and show organisers took the decision to close the show a day ahead of schedule "to ensure the safety and welfare of the public, traders and exhibitors". Two of the showground's car parks were closed on Monday evening after drivers had to be towed free. A further 30 acres (12 ha) of barley and hay fields were mown to provide additional parking on the Tuesday. The decision was described as "heartbreaking" by the Royal Agricultural Society of England. John Moverley, RASE Chief Executive, said the financial implications of the wet weather and closing the show early were being assessed. "We haven’t got exact figures, but it looks as though we are down by about 10% for the first two days on last year," he said. The end The Royal Show was again run at Stoneleigh in 2008. However, on 3 April 2009, organisers said the 2009 show would be the last. The Agricultural Buildings Show has taken over in part from the Royal Show at Stoneleigh Park. See also Royal Welsh Show largest agricultural show in Europe References ^ The Royal Show ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Miskell, Louise. "Putting on a show: the Royal Agricultural Society of England and the Victorian town, c.1840–1876" (PDF). British Agricultural History Society. Retrieved 9 January 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw "Royal Agricultural Shows". Grace's Guide. Retrieved 9 January 2021. ^ "Royal Agricultural Society: Twelfth Annual meeting and exhibition". Morning Post. 16 July 1850. ^ a b "Prizewinning sheep's wool, Royal Show, Wrottesley Park". Staffordshire Past Track. Staffordshire County Council. Retrieved 10 January 2021. ^ "The Royal Agricultural Show at Liverpool". Wrexham Guardian. 14 July 1877. Retrieved 9 January 2021 – via National Library of Wales. ^ "Queen's Park". Brent Heritage. Retrieved 10 January 2021. ^ "1882 Royal Agricultural Show". Grace's Guide. Retrieved 9 January 2021. ^ "Sophia Gardens Field". Retrieved 8 April 2021. ^ a b "Royal Agricultural Society Show". Brent Heritage. Retrieved 11 January 2021. ^ "1915 Royal Agricultural Show". Grace's Guide. Retrieved 11 January 2021. ^ "The Royal Show at Reading". Commercial Motor. 6 July 1926. Retrieved 11 January 2021. ^ Catchpole, Cyril. "film of 1934 Royal Agricultural Show". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2015. ^ Sharman, Frank. "Exhibitions Great and Small". Wolverhampton History and Heritage Website. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2012. ^ Catlow, Claire (20 November 2017). "In pictures: The Queen in Nottingham in the 1940s and 50s". Nottingham Post. Retrieved 11 January 2021. ^ a b "The Big Question: What is the Royal Show, and why is it coming to an end after 170 years?". The Independent. London. Retrieved 16 October 2012. ^ Royal Show 2007 - event report - 29/06/2007 - FarmersWeekly ^ a b Wet weather forces Royal Show to abandon final day - 03/07/2007 - FarmersWeekly ^ End of an era for Royal Show External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Royal Show. Official website Royal Show 2007 Event Report vteWarwick District towns, parishes and settlements Warwickshire County Council elections District Council elections Warwick and Leamington Constituency Towns Kenilworth Abbey End Castle End Crackley Ladyes Hill St John's Whitemoor Windy Arbour Leamington Spa Lillington Milverton Old Town Sydenham Warwick Bridge End Emscote Forbes Heathcote Myton Packmores The Cape Warwick Gates Woodloes Park Whitnash Parishes, settlements Ashow Baddesley Clinton Baginton Barford Beausale Bishops Tachbrook Blackdown Bubbenhall Budbrooke Bushwood Cubbington Eathorpe Haseley Hatton Honiley Hunningham Lapworth Leek Wootton Norton Lindsey Offchurch Old Milverton Radford Semele Rowington Sherbourne Shrewley Stoneleigh Wappenbury Wasperton Weston under Wetherley Wroxall List of parliamentary constituencies in Warwickshire List of places in Warwickshire List of civil parishes in Warwickshire
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The event encompassed all aspects of farming, food and rural life - from the best of British livestock to the latest business and technological innovations in the farming industry. Over 1,000 stands, world-class livestock and equine classes attracted visitors from over 100 countries.[1]The Royal Show gave the name Park Royal to the part of west London which once hosted the show. The Royal Agricultural Society of England had planned to make the site a permanent home for the Royal Show. 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Eventually a 102 acres (41 ha) site was leased near Twyford Abbey in West London, and given the name Park Royal by the society, a name it continues to bear. The first show was held on the site in 1903.[10]The attendances at the 1903 show were disappointing, and even worse at the shows in the two following years. By then it was decided that the idea of a permanent show had been a mistake, and that the travelling show should resume. The show grounds were sold for industrial use in 1907.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Back on the road from 1906 to 1962","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stoneleigh Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoneleigh_Park"},{"link_name":"Stoneleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoneleigh,_Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wiyswcto-16"}],"sub_title":"Stoneleigh Park from 1963 to 2006","text":"From 1963, the Royal Show was held in Stoneleigh Park (previously known as the National Agricultural Centre or NAC) near Stoneleigh in Warwickshire, England. The first show at Stoneleigh lasted four days and attracted 111,916 visitors.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-royal_show_news-18"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-royal_show_news-18"}],"sub_title":"The 2007 show","text":"More than 140,000 visitors were expected to attend the 2007 show;[17] however, bad weather forced the show to close early for the first time in its history.[18] Torrential rains left the showground saturated and police and show organisers took the decision to close the show a day ahead of schedule \"to ensure the safety and welfare of the public, traders and exhibitors\".Two of the showground's car parks were closed on Monday evening after drivers had to be towed free. A further 30 acres (12 ha) of barley and hay fields were mown to provide additional parking on the Tuesday.[citation needed]The decision was described as \"heartbreaking\" by the Royal Agricultural Society of England. John Moverley, RASE Chief Executive, said the financial implications of the wet weather and closing the show early were being assessed. \"We haven’t got exact figures, but it looks as though we are down by about 10% for the first two days on last year,\" he said.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wiyswcto-16"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"The end","text":"The Royal Show was again run at Stoneleigh in 2008. However, on 3 April 2009, organisers said the 2009 show would be the last.[16][19]The Agricultural Buildings Show has taken over in part from the Royal Show at Stoneleigh Park.[citation needed]","title":"History"}]
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[{"title":"Royal Welsh Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Welsh_Show"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Frederick_Bretherton
Russell Frederick Bretherton
["1 Career up to 1955","2 Events leading up to the Spaak Committee","3 Misrepresentation of Bretherton's views","4 Bretherton's actual views on the work of the Spaak Committee","5 Bretherton's subsequent career","6 Entomology","7 References"]
Photo of Russell Frederick Bretherton Russell Frederick Bretherton, CB (3 February 1906 – 11 January 1991), was a British economist, civil servant and amateur entomologist, particularly noted for his membership of the Spaak Committee in 1955. Career up to 1955 Born in Gloucester in 1906 and educated at Clifton College, Russell Frederick Bretherton went to Wadham College, Oxford, as a history scholar in 1923. A First in History was followed by a First in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (PPE), and the Webb Medley Scholarship, the major university award open to a budding economist. Elected a fellow of Wadham in 1928 he was Tutor in Economics until 1939. (Harold Wilson was one of his pupils.) His major work was "Public Investment and the Trade Cycle", written with F. A. Burchardt and S. G. Rutherford and published in 1941. Partly overtaken by the war the volume was nevertheless widely received as a model of its kind which would exert a salutary influence on public policy for years to come. At the start of the Second World War, Bretherton was drafted into the Ministry of Supply as a temporary Civil Servant, and pursued a Whitehall career thereafter. In 1949 he was at the centre of the sterling crisis which led to the major devaluation of the pound. In 1955 he was an Under Secretary at the Board of Trade. Events leading up to the Spaak Committee At the time of the negotiations which eventually led to the Treaty of Rome in 1957, the UK Government was opposed to propositions which involved submerging any part of its sovereignty in new European political institutions. The UK had already declined to become a member of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), and had been unenthusiastic about the proposed European Defence Community. Consequently, and contrary to many subsequent incorrect reports, the UK was not represented at the Messina Conference in June 1955. At that meeting the Benelux members of the ECSC represented at Foreign Minister level argued that: "it is necessary to work for the establishment of a united Europe by the development of common institutions, the gradual fusion of national economies, the creation of a common market and the gradual harmonisation of … social policies." At the end of the conference a committee was set up under the Chairmanship of the Belgian Foreign Minister Paul-Henri Spaak, to further these studies. The UK government was invited to join in the discussions but, given that it was not looking for a positive outcome, appointed as their representative not a politician, but a trade economist and civil servant, Russell Bretherton. Misrepresentation of Bretherton's views Bretherton soon realised that the Spaak Committee was not just trade related but was, on the contrary, highly political. However, when it eventually became clear in November 1955 that the UK could contribute nothing more to the discussions, it was subsequently alleged by a member of the French delegation, J. F. Deniau, and frequently repeated in various slightly different versions, that Bretherton, prior to leaving the meeting for the last time, declared "Gentleman, you are trying to negotiate something you will never be able to negotiate. But, if negotiated, it will not be ratified. And if ratified, it will not work. Au revoir et bonne chance." When these alleged remarks were quoted by the then President of the European Commission, Jacques Delors, in late 1991 as illustrating the current attitudes of the British Government they were widely covered in the British press, e.g. "The Bretherton syndrome of 'Britain knows best'". The alleged remarks were subsequently repeated in print, on TV and on the radio on numerous occasions, including a BBC Radio 4 series broadcast in August 2006. The Economist's Special Report on Britain in its edition of 9 November 2013 continues the misrepresentation under the heading 'Europe – Channel deep and wide' – rebutted in the letters section of the edition of 30 November 2013. Bretherton's actual views on the work of the Spaak Committee Compared with Deniau's account, the reality was quite different. Bretherton's views as the Spaak Committee progressed are set out in a series of reports which are now to be found in the National Archives at Kew. The key point, he wrote in August 1955, was: "We have, in fact, the power to guide the conclusions of this conference in almost any direction we like, but beyond a certain point we cannot exercise that power without ourselves becoming, in some measure, responsible for the results". Furthermore, as he subsequently said to Michael Charlton: "If we had been able to say that we agreed in principle, we could have got whatever kind of common Market we wanted. I have no doubt of that at all." When Michael Charlton interviewed the then President of the Board of Trade, Sir Peter Thorneycroft, he commented "...he was sent there with a brief not to commit this country to anything, which was the Cabinet's decision. One can't place any responsibility on Mr Bretherton's shoulders. He was a keen European and one of the most brilliant officials I've ever had the privilege of working with". A detailed account of these momentous events can be found in Miriam Camps' 'Britain and the European Community 1955–1963' and some have subsequently argued that the Spaak Committee was the greatest missed opportunity of the UK's post-war history. On the other hand, the views erroneously attributed to Bretherton by Deniau were a fair representation of the views of the UK Government at the time. They would not have been so frequently repeated otherwise. Bretherton's subsequent career Once the Spaak Committee had led on to the Treaty of Rome, Bretherton was with others put on to working up the European Free Trade Area (EFTA) as a counterweight to the six members of the European Economic Community. But he himself knew that EFTA was never more than a poor second best. Bretherton moved to the Treasury in 1961, and retired in 1968. Entomology Bretherton was also a distinguished amateur entomologist who published more than 200 articles in the Journal of the British Entomology and Natural History Society, of which he was President in 1967–68 and subsequently Treasurer for a number of years. His collections can be viewed at the Reading Museum and the Entomology and Natural History Society's building at Dinton Pastures Country Park. References ^ "Clifton College Register" Muirhead, J. A. O. p353: Bristol; J.W. Arrowsmith for Old Cliftonian Society; April 1948 ^ Thompson, A. F. (January 1992). "R. F. Bretherton". Wadham College Gazette. ^ a b Phelps-Brown, Sir Henry (January 1992). "R. F. Bretherton". Wadham College Gazette. ^ Nicoll, Sir William. "Bretherton, Russell Frederick (1906–1991)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. ^ Young, Hugo (1998). This Blessed Plot: Britain and Europe from Churchill to Blair. Overlook Press. pp. 71–98. ISBN 0879519398. ^ Bogdanor, Vernon. "The Decision to Seek Entry to the European Community". Retrieved 19 October 2020. ^ Deniau, Jean-François (27 October 1991). "L'Europe Interdite". Le Monde. ^ Jenkins, Peter (6 November 1991). "The Bretherton syndrome of 'Britain knows best'". The Independent. ^ "Europe: Channel deep and Wide". The Economist. 9 November 2013. ^ Bretherton, James (30 November 2013). "Britain's wasted years". The Economist. ^ Twenty documents with reference to or written by Russell Bretherton, sent by the foreign office to the National Archive, Kew, covering the period 1955 to 1958. ^ Michael Charlton: The Price of Victory, being the written version of nine 60-minute programmes broadcast on BBC Radio 3 in 1982. ^ Camps, Miriam (1964). Britain and the European Community, 1955–1963. ^ Chalmers-Hunt, J.M. (1991). "Bibliography – R.F. Bretherton". Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation. 103: 217–222. ^ Chandler, Peter (2012). "The Bretherton Collection of British and European Butterflies". The Journal of the British Entomology and Natural History Society. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Czech Republic Netherlands
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photo_of_Russell_Frederick_Bretherton.jpg"},{"link_name":"CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"Spaak Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaak_Committee"}],"text":"Photo of Russell Frederick BrethertonRussell Frederick Bretherton, CB (3 February 1906 – 11 January 1991), was a British economist, civil servant and amateur entomologist, particularly noted for his membership of the Spaak Committee in 1955.","title":"Russell Frederick Bretherton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester"},{"link_name":"Clifton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_College"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Wadham College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadham_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Philosophy, Politics, and Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy,_Politics,_and_Economics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Harold Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson"},{"link_name":"F. A. Burchardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F._A._Burchardt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"S. G. Rutherford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S._G._Rutherford&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phelps-Brown-3"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Supply"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Board of Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Trade"}],"text":"Born in Gloucester in 1906 and educated at Clifton College,[1] Russell Frederick Bretherton went to Wadham College, Oxford, as a history scholar in 1923. A First in History was followed by a First in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (PPE), and the Webb Medley Scholarship, the major university award open to a budding economist. Elected a fellow of Wadham in 1928 he was Tutor in Economics until 1939.[2] (Harold Wilson was one of his pupils.) His major work was \"Public Investment and the Trade Cycle\", written with F. A. Burchardt and S. G. Rutherford and published in 1941. Partly overtaken by the war the volume was nevertheless widely received as a model of its kind which would exert a salutary influence on public policy for years to come.[3]\nAt the start of the Second World War, Bretherton was drafted into the Ministry of Supply as a temporary Civil Servant, and pursued a Whitehall career thereafter. In 1949 he was at the centre of the sterling crisis which led to the major devaluation of the pound.[4] In 1955 he was an Under Secretary at the Board of Trade.","title":"Career up to 1955"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treaty of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"European Coal and Steel Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community"},{"link_name":"European Defence Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Defence_Community"},{"link_name":"Messina Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messina_Conference"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Paul-Henri Spaak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"At the time of the negotiations which eventually led to the Treaty of Rome in 1957, the UK Government was opposed to propositions which involved submerging any part of its sovereignty in new European political institutions. The UK had already declined to become a member of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), and had been unenthusiastic about the proposed European Defence Community.Consequently, and contrary to many subsequent incorrect reports, the UK was not represented at the Messina Conference in June 1955. At that meeting the Benelux members of the ECSC represented at Foreign Minister level argued that: \"it is necessary to work for the establishment of a united Europe by the development of common institutions, the gradual fusion of national economies, the creation of a common market and the gradual harmonisation of … social policies.\"[5] At the end of the conference a committee was set up under the Chairmanship of the Belgian Foreign Minister Paul-Henri Spaak, to further these studies. The UK government was invited to join in the discussions but, given that it was not looking for a positive outcome, appointed as their representative not a politician, but a trade economist and civil servant, Russell Bretherton.[6]","title":"Events leading up to the Spaak Committee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. F. Deniau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._F._Deniau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"Jacques Delors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Delors"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Bretherton soon realised that the Spaak Committee was not just trade related but was, on the contrary, highly political. However, when it eventually became clear in November 1955 that the UK could contribute nothing more to the discussions, it was subsequently alleged by a member of the French delegation, J. F. Deniau, and frequently repeated in various slightly different versions, that Bretherton, prior to leaving the meeting for the last time, declared \"Gentleman, you are trying to negotiate something you will never be able to negotiate. But, if negotiated, it will not be ratified. And if ratified, it will not work. Au revoir et bonne chance.\"[7] When these alleged remarks were quoted by the then President of the European Commission, Jacques Delors, in late 1991 as illustrating the current attitudes of the British Government they were widely covered in the British press, e.g. \"The Bretherton syndrome of 'Britain knows best'\".[8] The alleged remarks were subsequently repeated in print, on TV and on the radio on numerous occasions, including a BBC Radio 4 series broadcast in August 2006. The Economist's Special Report on Britain in its edition of 9 November 2013 continues the misrepresentation under the heading 'Europe – Channel deep and wide' – rebutted in the letters section of the edition of 30 November 2013.[9][10]","title":"Misrepresentation of Bretherton's views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Peter Thorneycroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft"},{"link_name":"Miriam Camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Camp"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Compared with Deniau's account, the reality was quite different. Bretherton's views as the Spaak Committee progressed are set out in a series of reports which are now to be found in the National Archives at Kew.[11] The key point, he wrote in August 1955, was: \"We have, in fact, the power to guide the conclusions of this conference in almost any direction we like, but beyond a certain point we cannot exercise that power without ourselves becoming, in some measure, responsible for the results\". Furthermore, as he subsequently said to Michael Charlton: \"If we had been able to say that we agreed in principle, we could have got whatever kind of common Market we wanted. I have no doubt of that at all.\"[12] When Michael Charlton interviewed the then President of the Board of Trade, Sir Peter Thorneycroft, he commented \"...he [Bretherton] was sent there with a brief not to commit this country to anything, which was the Cabinet's decision. One can't place any responsibility on Mr Bretherton's shoulders. He was a keen European and one of the most brilliant officials I've ever had the privilege of working with\". A detailed account of these momentous events can be found in Miriam Camps' 'Britain and the European Community 1955–1963' and some have subsequently argued that the Spaak Committee was the greatest missed opportunity of the UK's post-war history.[13]\nOn the other hand, the views erroneously attributed to Bretherton by Deniau were a fair representation of the views of the UK Government at the time. They would not have been so frequently repeated otherwise.","title":"Bretherton's actual views on the work of the Spaak Committee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Free Trade Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Area"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phelps-Brown-3"}],"text":"Once the Spaak Committee had led on to the Treaty of Rome, Bretherton was with others put on to working up the European Free Trade Area (EFTA) as a counterweight to the six members of the European Economic Community. But he himself knew that EFTA was never more than a poor second best.[3]Bretherton moved to the Treasury in 1961, and retired in 1968.","title":"Bretherton's subsequent career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Dinton Pastures Country Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinton_Pastures_Country_Park"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Bretherton was also a distinguished amateur entomologist who published more than 200 articles in the Journal of the British Entomology and Natural History Society, of which he was President in 1967–68 and subsequently Treasurer for a number of years.[14] His collections can be viewed at the Reading Museum and the Entomology and Natural History Society's building at Dinton Pastures Country Park.[15]","title":"Entomology"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packard_Fellowship_for_Science_and_Engineering
David and Lucile Packard Foundation
["1 Financials","2 Areas of funding","2.1 Conservation and Science","2.2 Population and Reproductive Health","2.3 Children, Families, and Communities","2.4 Local Grantmaking","3 Packard Fellowships for Science and Engineering","4 See also","5 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "David and Lucile Packard Foundation" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) David and Lucile Packard FoundationOrganization logoHeadquarters entranceFounded1964FounderDavid Packard and Lucile Salter PackardLocationLos Altos, CaliforniaKey peopleCarol S. Larson, President and CEODavid Orr, ChairmanRevenue (2017) $536,372,952Expenses (2017)$380,569,988Endowment$7.1 billion Endowment value as of December 31, 2014.Websitewww.packard.org The David and Lucile Packard Foundation is a private foundation that provides grants to not-for-profit organizations. It was created in 1964 by David Packard (co-founder of HP) and his wife Lucile Salter Packard. Following David Packard's death in 1996, the Foundation became the beneficiary of part of his estate. The foundation's goals, through the use of grants, are to "improve the lives of children, enable creative pursuit of science, advance reproductive health, and conserve and restore earth's natural systems." As of 2016, The David and Lucile Packard Foundation was the 20th wealthiest foundation in the United States. Financials As of December 2015, the Foundation's investment portfolio totaled $6.7 billion. General program grant awards for 2015 totaled $307 million. According to the OECD, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation provided USD 122.9 million for development in 2018, all of which was related to its grant-making activities. Areas of funding The majority of grants are distributed among four main program areas: Conservation and Science; Population and Reproductive Health; Children, Families, and Communities; and Local Grantmaking. The Foundation also deploys Mission Investments to expand the impact of grantmaking by making loans and equity investments to further programmatic goals. Conservation and Science The Conservation and Science program invests in actions and ideas that conserve and restore ecosystems while enhancing human well-being. It promotes effective management of fisheries and an end to both overfishing and destructive fishing methods. It promotes sustainability in coastal systems in three specific locations: California's coast, the Gulf of California, and the Western Pacific. It funds marine research and management for coastal-marine systems. It supports energy policy reforms and research in the United States, China, and the Amazon. The program also provides academic grants for university researchers. The foundation also funds the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, an oceanography research center, and the Center for Ocean Solutions, which brings together marine science and policy to develop solutions to the challenges facing the ocean. Population and Reproductive Health The Foundation supports programs that promote the rights of individuals to make educated decisions about family planning. The program is focused specifically (but not exclusively) on Ethiopia, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, India, and the southern United States. Children, Families, and Communities The Children, Families, and Communities program area is focused on providing early education through the Preschool for California's Children program. The program area also supports Health Insurance for all children and after-school programs for elementary and middle school students in California. Local Grantmaking The Local Grantmaking Program makes investments in the five contiguous counties of San Mateo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, San Benito and Monterey—as well as Pueblo, Colorado, the birthplace of David Packard. Packard Fellowships for Science and Engineering Established in 1988, the annual Packard Fellowship for Science and Engineering is the largest award given to young faculty in STEM fields, and is widely regarded as one of the most prestigious awards given to junior faculty members. Fellows receive an award of $875,000, distributed over five years, which has "no strings attached" and are designed to provide maximum flexibility in pursuing new scientific questions and frontiers in their fields of study. Each year, the Foundation invites the presidents of 50 universities to nominate two early-career professors each from their institutions. An advisory panel of distinguished scientists and engineers carefully reviews the nominations and selects roughly 18 Fellows to receive individual grants of $875,000, distributed over five years. Packard Fellows' work has contributed to breakthroughs like the creation of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technique, the discovery of soft tissues in dinosaur fossils, and the first-ever observation of a neutron star collision. Fellows have gone on to receive a range of accolades, including Nobel Prizes in Chemistry and Physics, the Fields Medal, the Alan T. Waterman Award, elections to the National Academies, and MacArthur, Sloan, Searle, and Guggenheim fellowships. See also David Packard Packard Humanities Institute List of wealthiest foundations David and Lucile Packard Foundation Headquarters William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, endowed by another HP cofounder. References ^ a b "David and Lucile Packard Foundation" (PDF). Candid. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2019. ^ a b "Top 100 U.S. Foundations by Asset Size" ^ a b "The David and Lucile Packard Foundation : What We Fund". Archived from the original on 2006-09-30. Retrieved 2006-03-16. ^ "David and Lucile Packard Foundation | Development Co-operation Profiles – David and Lucile Packard Foundation | OECD iLibrary". ^ "Venkataraman Wins Packard Fellowship". Columbia University. 2008. Retrieved October 15, 2018.Archived 2019-12-22 at the Wayback Machine Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"private foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_foundation"},{"link_name":"not-for-profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not-for-profit"},{"link_name":"David Packard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Packard"},{"link_name":"HP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard"},{"link_name":"grants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_(money)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-packard.org-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foundationcenter.org-2"}],"text":"The David and Lucile Packard Foundation is a private foundation that provides grants to not-for-profit organizations. It was created in 1964 by David Packard (co-founder of HP) and his wife Lucile Salter Packard. Following David Packard's death in 1996, the Foundation became the beneficiary of part of his estate.The foundation's goals, through the use of grants, are to \"improve the lives of children, enable creative pursuit of science, advance reproductive health, and conserve and restore earth's natural systems.[3]\" As of 2016, The David and Lucile Packard Foundation was the 20th wealthiest foundation in the United States.[2]","title":"David and Lucile Packard Foundation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OECD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"As of December 2015, the Foundation's investment portfolio totaled $6.7 billion. General program grant awards for 2015 totaled $307 million.According to the OECD, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation provided USD 122.9 million for development in 2018, all of which was related to its grant-making activities.[4]","title":"Financials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-packard.org-3"}],"text":"The majority of grants are distributed among four main program areas: Conservation and Science; Population and Reproductive Health; Children, Families, and Communities; and Local Grantmaking.[3] The Foundation also deploys Mission Investments to expand the impact of grantmaking by making loans and equity investments to further programmatic goals.","title":"Areas of funding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Gulf of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_California"},{"link_name":"Western Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Bay_Aquarium_Research_Institute"}],"sub_title":"Conservation and Science","text":"The Conservation and Science program invests in actions and ideas that conserve and restore ecosystems while enhancing human well-being.It promotes effective management of fisheries and an end to both overfishing and destructive fishing methods. It promotes sustainability in coastal systems in three specific locations: California's coast, the Gulf of California, and the Western Pacific. It funds marine research and management for coastal-marine systems. It supports energy policy reforms and research in the United States, China, and the Amazon. The program also provides academic grants for university researchers.The foundation also funds the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, an oceanography research center, and the Center for Ocean Solutions, which brings together marine science and policy to develop solutions to the challenges facing the ocean.","title":"Areas of funding"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Population and Reproductive Health","text":"The Foundation supports programs that promote the rights of individuals to make educated decisions about family planning. The program is focused specifically (but not exclusively) on Ethiopia, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, India, and the southern United States.","title":"Areas of funding"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Children, Families, and Communities","text":"The Children, Families, and Communities program area is focused on providing early education through the Preschool for California's Children program. The program area also supports Health Insurance for all children and after-school programs for elementary and middle school students in California.","title":"Areas of funding"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Local Grantmaking","text":"The Local Grantmaking Program makes investments in the five contiguous counties of San Mateo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, San Benito and Monterey—as well as Pueblo, Colorado, the birthplace of David Packard.","title":"Areas of funding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biography-5"},{"link_name":"CRISPR-Cas9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR"},{"link_name":"soft tissues in dinosaur fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dinosaur_specimens_with_preserved_soft_tissue"},{"link_name":"neutron star collision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_star_merger"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"Fields Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_Medal"},{"link_name":"Alan T. Waterman Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_T._Waterman_Award"},{"link_name":"National Academies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine"},{"link_name":"MacArthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program"},{"link_name":"Sloan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloan_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"Searle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searle_Scholars_Program"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship"}],"text":"Established in 1988, the annual Packard Fellowship for Science and Engineering is the largest award given to young faculty in STEM fields, and is widely regarded as one of the most prestigious awards given to junior faculty members.[5] Fellows receive an award of $875,000, distributed over five years, which has \"no strings attached\" and are designed to provide maximum flexibility in pursuing new scientific questions and frontiers in their fields of study. Each year, the Foundation invites the presidents of 50 universities to nominate two early-career professors each from their institutions. An advisory panel of distinguished scientists and engineers carefully reviews the nominations and selects roughly 18 Fellows to receive individual grants of $875,000, distributed over five years.Packard Fellows' work has contributed to breakthroughs like the creation of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technique, the discovery of soft tissues in dinosaur fossils, and the first-ever observation of a neutron star collision. Fellows have gone on to receive a range of accolades, including Nobel Prizes in Chemistry and Physics, the Fields Medal, the Alan T. Waterman Award, elections to the National Academies, and MacArthur, Sloan, Searle, and Guggenheim fellowships.","title":"Packard Fellowships for Science and Engineering"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"David and Lucile Packard Foundation\" (PDF). Candid. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://990s.foundationcenter.org/990pf_pdf_archive/942/942278431/942278431_201712_990PF.pdf","url_text":"\"David and Lucile Packard Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"\"The David and Lucile Packard Foundation : What We Fund\". Archived from the original on 2006-09-30. Retrieved 2006-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060930083414/http://www.packard.org/categoryDetails.aspx?RootCatID=3&CategoryID=3","url_text":"\"The David and Lucile Packard Foundation : What We Fund\""},{"url":"http://www.packard.org/categoryDetails.aspx?RootCatID=3&CategoryID=3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"David and Lucile Packard Foundation | Development Co-operation Profiles – David and Lucile Packard Foundation | OECD iLibrary\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org//sites/081580b5-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/5d8de3e1-en&_csp_=fcd6b6f78f50e596d3bf597cb6b3e3b5&itemIGO=oecd&itemContentType=chapter#","url_text":"\"David and Lucile Packard Foundation | Development Co-operation Profiles – David and Lucile Packard Foundation | OECD iLibrary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Venkataraman Wins Packard Fellowship\". Columbia University. 2008. Retrieved October 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://events.engineering.columbia.edu/venkataraman-wins-packard-fellowship","url_text":"\"Venkataraman Wins Packard Fellowship\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Orange_Bowl
Junior Orange Bowl
["1 History","1.1 Tennis","1.2 Golf","1.3 Other events","2 Notable Junior Orange Bowl participants","3 Mission statement","4 External links"]
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Junior Orange Bowl" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Junior Orange Bowl is a non-profit organization based in Coral Gables, Florida, that holds the Junior Orange Bowl International Youth Festival, a series of events held for the youth of South Florida and the world. The oldest and most popular event of the festival is the Junior Orange Bowl Parade in downtown Coral Gables. History Known as "The Largest International Youth Sports and Arts Festival," the Junior Orange Bowl Youth Festival blossomed in 1948 when the first Junior Orange Bowl Parade journeyed through beautiful downtown Coral Gables. This was the wonderful beginning of a festival that is totally dedicated to "Celebrating Youth". The Junior Orange Bowl has grown into a year-long youth festival, offering community, academic, and athletic events for youth and families. The first Junior Orange Bowl Queen, Sandy Wirth, was crowned in 1951 starting a tradition of shaping and mentoring young community leaders. The 9 - 14-year-old girls are judged on poise, personality and presentation. Preliminary pageants are held throughout Miami-Dade, Broward, and Monroe Counties, as one queen, two princesses, and one little sister is chosen to be the Junior Orange Bowl community ambassadors each year. The Royal Court regularly volunteers at community service projects to develop leadership and philanthropic values in addition to their duties to be present and represent the Junior Orange Bowl at festival events. Tennis Main article: Junior Orange Bowl (tennis) The sixties marked the introduction of several new events. In 1962 the Junior Orange Bowl International Tennis Championship was established for boys and girls that are 12 & 14 and under. Over the years the draw has included several great players who have gone on to gain stardom on the professional circuit. Tennis greats Chris Evert, Jimmy Connors, Mary Joe Fernandez, Monica Seles, Andre Agassi and Steffi Graf have all played in the Junior Orange Bowl tournament. Today the International Tennis Championship draws over 1,500 players from 75 countries and is widely known as one of the most respected youth tournaments in the world. Golf 1964 was the inaugural year for the International Golf Tournament, and the Girl's tournament was added in 1977. Top U.S. and foreign players 18 years and younger compete in this event which is now recognized as one of the world's most prestigious junior golf tournaments. This invitational has produced such professional stars as Andy North, Craig Stadler, Hal Sutton, Mark Calcavecchia, Bob Tway, Billy Mayfair, Willie Wood, and Jose Maria Olazabal. The Golf tournament continues to draw rising champions; Tiger Woods was the 1991 winner. Other events The early and mid-1980s saw more events added to the festival as the Junior Orange Bowl began to develop its academic programs with the Creative Writing and Photography Contests. The National Basketball Classic was added and has grown to include varsity, junior varsity, and middle school tournaments. Another addition has been the Sports Ability Games, which caters to children with physical disabilities and includes a three-day series of events. 1990 was a landmark year in the Junior Orange Bowl's history with the success of the festival's first-ever nighttime parade. Over 150,000 spectators attended this historic event. In 1993, a Pre-Parade show was added to the already exciting parade line-up. 1999 marked the emergence of the Cross Country Invitational, featuring some of South Florida's top middle and senior high school runners. The 2016 festival season featured the inaugural Robotics Competition. The first Robotics Competition to be hosted in Miami-Dade County, where 101 teams and 500 participants were a part of the event. The 2018 Festival is marked with the addition of a new International Soccer Cup. The International Soccer Cup will host soccer players ages 8–18 from local, national, and international club teams to compete in this inaugural event. The 2018 Festival Season is the 70th Anniversary of the prestigious Junior Orange Bowl. Currently, a focus is on developing educational and developmental opportunities for the students and athletes in the South Florida community. Community investments will be made to better serve the South Florida youth and tie in the great success of the competitive events for which the Junior Orange Bowl is best known. Notable Junior Orange Bowl participants Over the past 70 years, sports legends and well-known community leaders such as the following have showcased their athletic talent in Junior Orange Bowl events: Chris Evert (USA) – 1967 Junior Orange Bowl International Tennis Champion, Former WTA World No. 1, 18 Grand Slam championships, inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1995. Steffi Graf (GER) – 1981 Junior Orange Bowl International Tennis Champion, Former WTA World No. 1, 22 Grand Slam championships, inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2004. Monica Seles (USA) - 1985 Junior Orange Bowl International Tennis Champion, Former WTA World No. 1, 9 Grand Slam championships, inducted into the International Hall of Fame in 2009. Bubba Watson (USA) – 2012 Masters Champion Jonathan Vilma – Junior Orange Bowl Basketball Participant, 11-year NFL Veteran, Three NFL Pro Bowls, Super Bowl XLIV Champion. Jimmy Connors (USA) – 1964 Junior Orange Bowl International Tennis Champion, Former ATP World No. 1, eight Grand Slam Championships, inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1998. Andy Roddick (USA) – Former ATP World No.1, 2003 U.S. Open Champion. Lexi Thompson (USA) – 2010 Junior Orange Bowl International Golf Champion – Youngest woman to ever win an LPGA event. Kim Clijsters (BEL) – Former WTA World No.1, four Grand Slam championships Juan Martin del Potro (ARG) – 2002 Junior Orange Bowl International Tennis Champion, 2009 U.S. Open Champion Jose Maria Olazabal (ESP) – 1994 and 1999 Masters Champion Justine Henin (BEL) – 1996 Junior Orange Bowl International Tennis Champion, Former WTA World No.1, seven Grand Slam championships Caroline Wozniacki (DEN) – Former WTA World No.1 Andy North (USA) – Two USGA U.S. Open championships Robin Soderling (SWE) – 10 career ATP titles Hal Sutton (USA) – 1984 PGA Championship winner, 14 PGA Tour victories Mark Calcavecchia (USA) – 1989 British Open champion, 30 PGA Tour victories. Jennifer Capriati (USA) – 1987 Junior Orange Bowl International Tennis Champion, former WTA world No. 1, three Grand Slam championships. Gabriela Sabatini (ARG) – 1983 Junior Orange Bowl International Tennis Runner-Up, 1990 U.S. Open Champion, Inducted to International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2006. Tommy Haas (GER/USA) – 1992 Junior Orange Bowl International Tennis Champion, 14 ATP Titles. Mission statement The Junior Orange Bowl serves the South Florida community and the youth of the world by providing wholesome, competitive, and multicultural experiences. External links Official website
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-profit organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organization"},{"link_name":"Coral Gables, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_Gables,_Florida"},{"link_name":"South Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Florida"}],"text":"The Junior Orange Bowl is a non-profit organization based in Coral Gables, Florida, that holds the Junior Orange Bowl International Youth Festival, a series of events held for the youth of South Florida and the world. The oldest and most popular event of the festival is the Junior Orange Bowl Parade in downtown Coral Gables.","title":"Junior Orange Bowl"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Known as \"The Largest International Youth Sports and Arts Festival,\" the Junior Orange Bowl Youth Festival blossomed in 1948 when the first Junior Orange Bowl Parade journeyed through beautiful downtown Coral Gables. This was the wonderful beginning of a festival that is totally dedicated to \"Celebrating Youth\". The Junior Orange Bowl has grown into a year-long youth festival, offering community, academic, and athletic events for youth and families.The first Junior Orange Bowl Queen, Sandy Wirth, was crowned in 1951 starting a tradition of shaping and mentoring young community leaders. The 9 - 14-year-old girls are judged on poise, personality and presentation. Preliminary pageants are held throughout Miami-Dade, Broward, and Monroe Counties, as one queen, two princesses, and one little sister is chosen to be the Junior Orange Bowl community ambassadors each year. The Royal Court regularly volunteers at community service projects to develop leadership and philanthropic values in addition to their duties to be present and represent the Junior Orange Bowl at festival events.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tennis","text":"The sixties marked the introduction of several new events. In 1962 the Junior Orange Bowl International Tennis Championship was established for boys and girls that are 12 & 14 and under. Over the years the draw has included several great players who have gone on to gain stardom on the professional circuit. Tennis greats Chris Evert, Jimmy Connors, Mary Joe Fernandez, Monica Seles, Andre Agassi and Steffi Graf have all played in the Junior Orange Bowl tournament. Today the International Tennis Championship draws over 1,500 players from 75 countries and is widely known as one of the most respected youth tournaments in the world.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Golf","text":"1964 was the inaugural year for the International Golf Tournament, and the Girl's tournament was added in 1977. Top U.S. and foreign players 18 years and younger compete in this event which is now recognized as one of the world's most prestigious junior golf tournaments. This invitational has produced such professional stars as Andy North, Craig Stadler, Hal Sutton, Mark Calcavecchia, Bob Tway, Billy Mayfair, Willie Wood, and Jose Maria Olazabal. The Golf tournament continues to draw rising champions; Tiger Woods was the 1991 winner.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other events","text":"The early and mid-1980s saw more events added to the festival as the Junior Orange Bowl began to develop its academic programs with the Creative Writing and Photography Contests. The National Basketball Classic was added and has grown to include varsity, junior varsity, and middle school tournaments. Another addition has been the Sports Ability Games, which caters to children with physical disabilities and includes a three-day series of events.1990 was a landmark year in the Junior Orange Bowl's history with the success of the festival's first-ever nighttime parade. Over 150,000 spectators attended this historic event. In 1993, a Pre-Parade show was added to the already exciting parade line-up.1999 marked the emergence of the Cross Country Invitational, featuring some of South Florida's top middle and senior high school runners.The 2016 festival season featured the inaugural Robotics Competition. The first Robotics Competition to be hosted in Miami-Dade County, where 101 teams and 500 participants were a part of the event.The 2018 Festival is marked with the addition of a new International Soccer Cup. The International Soccer Cup will host soccer players ages 8–18 from local, national, and international club teams to compete in this inaugural event.The 2018 Festival Season is the 70th Anniversary of the prestigious Junior Orange Bowl. Currently, a focus is on developing educational and developmental opportunities for the students and athletes in the South Florida community. Community investments will be made to better serve the South Florida youth and tie in the great success of the competitive events for which the Junior Orange Bowl is best known.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Over the past 70 years, sports legends and well-known community leaders such as the following have showcased their athletic talent in Junior Orange Bowl events:Chris Evert (USA) – 1967 Junior Orange Bowl International Tennis Champion, Former WTA World No. 1, 18 Grand Slam championships, inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1995.Steffi Graf (GER) – 1981 Junior Orange Bowl International Tennis Champion, Former WTA World No. 1, 22 Grand Slam championships, inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2004.Monica Seles (USA) - 1985 Junior Orange Bowl International Tennis Champion, Former WTA World No. 1, 9 Grand Slam championships, inducted into the International Hall of Fame in 2009.Bubba Watson (USA) – 2012 Masters ChampionJonathan Vilma – Junior Orange Bowl Basketball Participant, 11-year NFL Veteran, Three NFL Pro Bowls, Super Bowl XLIV Champion.Jimmy Connors (USA) – 1964 Junior Orange Bowl International Tennis Champion, Former ATP World No. 1, eight Grand Slam Championships, inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1998.Andy Roddick (USA) – Former ATP World No.1, 2003 U.S. Open Champion.Lexi Thompson (USA) – 2010 Junior Orange Bowl International Golf Champion – Youngest woman to ever win an LPGA event.Kim Clijsters (BEL) – Former WTA World No.1, four Grand Slam championshipsJuan Martin del Potro (ARG) – 2002 Junior Orange Bowl International Tennis Champion, 2009 U.S. Open ChampionJose Maria Olazabal (ESP) – 1994 and 1999 Masters ChampionJustine Henin (BEL) – 1996 Junior Orange Bowl International Tennis Champion, Former WTA World No.1, seven Grand Slam championshipsCaroline Wozniacki (DEN) – Former WTA World No.1Andy North (USA) – Two USGA U.S. Open championshipsRobin Soderling (SWE) – 10 career ATP titlesHal Sutton (USA) – 1984 PGA Championship winner, 14 PGA Tour victoriesMark Calcavecchia (USA) – 1989 British Open champion, 30 PGA Tour victories.Jennifer Capriati (USA) – 1987 Junior Orange Bowl International Tennis Champion, former WTA world No. 1, three Grand Slam championships.Gabriela Sabatini (ARG) – 1983 Junior Orange Bowl International Tennis Runner-Up, 1990 U.S. Open Champion, Inducted to International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2006.Tommy Haas (GER/USA) – 1992 Junior Orange Bowl International Tennis Champion, 14 ATP Titles.","title":"Notable Junior Orange Bowl participants"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Junior Orange Bowl serves the South Florida community and the youth of the world by providing wholesome, competitive, and multicultural experiences.","title":"Mission statement"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_Pioneer_Exhibition_Game
1916 Pioneer Exhibition Game
["1 Origin","1.1 Monash's views on the value of sport","2 Planning","2.1 Participants","3 Promotion","4 The official programme","4.1 Team lists","4.2 Cartoon sketches by Australian artists","4.3 Sales","5 The football","6 Match officials","7 Third Australian Divisional Squad","7.1 The team","7.2 Squad members not selected","8 Australian Training Units Squad","8.1 The team","8.2 Squad members not selected","9 Saturday, 28 October 1916","10 The match","10.1 Player positions","10.2 First quarter","10.3 Second quarter","10.4 Third quarter","10.5 Last quarter","10.6 Post-match","10.7 Progressive and final scores","11 Profits","12 Press reports","12.1 The Australian press","12.2 The New Zealand press","12.3 The British press","12.4 The American press","12.5 The French press","13 Records of the day","13.1 News film","13.2 Team photographs","14 Frank Beaurepaire's presentation set of team photographs","15 Centenary match (2017)","16 See also","17 Footnotes","18 References","18.1 Official programme","18.2 Film","18.3 Photographs","18.4 Other references","19 External links"]
Australian Rules football charity match Australian rules football match 1916 AIF Pioneer Exhibition Game Third AustralianDivisional Team Australian Training Units Team 6.16 (52) 4.12 (36) 1 2 3 4 DIV. TEAM 0.2 (2) 2.8 (20) 0.3 (3) 4.3 (27) TR. UNITS 2.5 (17) 0.2 (2) 2.2 (14) 0.3 (3) Date28 October 1916StadiumQueen's Club, West Kensington, LondonAttendance3,000 – 6,000 (various estimates)UmpiresS.R. Gray (first half)George Barry (second half)Coin toss won byAustralian Training Units TeamKicked towardNorthern end (kicked with the wind) On Saturday 28 October 1916, the former Olympic champion swimmer and the later Lord Mayor of Melbourne, Lieutenant Frank Beaurepaire, organised an Australian Rules football match in aid of the British and the French Red Cross. Promoted as the Pioneer Exhibition Game of Australian Football in London, and "believed to be the first exhibition of Australian football in London" (de Lacy, 1949), the match was contested between two teams of Australian servicemen who were stationed in the UK — the Australian Training Units Team and the Third Australian Divisional Team — all of whom were highly skilled footballers, and the majority of whom had already played senior football in their respective states prior to their enlistment. The Third Australian Divisional team beat the Australian Training Units Team 6.16 (52) to 4.12 (36). Origin Monash during World War I The match was suggested by Sir John Monash, then in command of the 3rd Australian Division, with the complete support of Brigadier-General Sir Newton Moore, former Premier of Western Australia and, at the time, General Officer Commanding Australian Imperial Force in the United Kingdom. Both agreed that, if at all possible, the game should be played in London, rather than on the Salisbury Plain: Sir Frank Beaurepaire said today that the famous football match between the Third Divvy and the Training Units ... which is believed to be the first exhibition of Australian football in London ... held in Queen's Park, London, in 1916, would never have taken place but for the personal interest taken by the late Sir John Monash. ..."General Monash was keen on sport for the troops", said Sir Frank. "There was a very strong side in the Third Divvy at Larkhill while the Training Units were at Tidmouth . We had decided to play at Larkhill until the suggestion came from Sir John that we should play in London."He made everything possible. The organisers had an office at Horseferry Road and every difficulty was straightened out by Sir John." — The Sporting Globe, 27 August 1949. Monash's views on the value of sport Despite not being an athlete himself, Monash firmly believed in the power of sport to boost troop morale and keep his soldiers fit for war. On the evening of Saturday, 17 January 1920, for instance, in his response on behalf of the Army to the toast "The Navy and Army" at a dinner at Scott's Hotel, Melbourne, hosted by the president of the Victorian Cricket Association, Donald Mackinnon, for the visiting AIF Cricket team, Monash made his position on the value of sport unequivocally clear: "Sir John Monash, who was greeted with loud applause, said that all responsible commanders of the A.I.F. early in the war were impressed with the importance of sport, which was a powerful assistance. The Y.M.C.A. and the Australian Comforts Fund had sent liberal and adequate supplies of sporting material. (Hear, hear.) Every unit had its teams, and the keeping of the spirit of sport alive was an important factor in maintaining the . An appeal to the men that never failed was the appeal to their sportsmanship. (Hear, hear.) This was the inspiration which took them to many victories. The appeal "It's up to you to play for your side" always told. (Cheers.) The reason the Australians were recognised, as possessing the gift for keen work to a degree not exceeded by any other army in the war, was that they had the capacity for collective effort, which was due to the influence of sport in their life in Australia. (Cheers.)" — The Australasian, 24 January 1920. Planning Frank Beaurepaire (c.1924) Gerald Brosnan (1906). The two generals chose Lieutenant-Colonel C.A. Keatinge Johnson, then Commander of the A Group Training Brigade on Salisbury Plain, to be responsible for the arrangements; and, if possible, he was asked to select two first-class teams. Keatinge-Johnson directed Major C.W. St John Clarke to begin the planning. St. John-Clarke, in turn, appointed Lieutenant Frank Beaurepaire — who was in the UK at the time as a commissioner of the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA), and serving with the 3rd Division — to be responsible for the 3rd Division, and Lieutenant H. Bartram of the 2nd Brigade, to be responsible for the 1st, 2nd, 4th, and 5th Divisions. Beaurepaire and Bartram immediately set to work and established an office in London. The match took almost three months to organise. The principal organiser turns out to be Frank Beaurepaire, the Y.M.C.A. official, and former swimming writer for The Winner.To him is due the chief credit for the successful carrying out of all the innumerable details in connection with the undertaking — the getting together of the players, obtaining the necessary leave, arranging trial matches in order to get into some sort of form, the fixing on the ground, and having it marked off, arranging prices of admission, gatekeepers, etc., interviewing artists and others re programme, and the hundred and one other necessary items.That the whole affair panned out so successfully speaks well for his organising ability.But, then, we are used to expecting nothing but the best from any effort of Beaurepaire. — Gerald Brosnan, 10 January 1917. Participants The members of the team squads had been chosen on the basis of their footballing skills. "On looking through the personnel of the teams the first thing that impresses one is the number of fine exponents of Australian football — men who have shown exceptional skill on the fields here before thousands — who took part in the match.That the organisers hit on the physiological moment is evidenced by a glance at the names .Of course, there are any number of prominent footballers in the Army — enough to form a dozen or more teams — but to pick out a date on which such 36 first-class players as those who took part in the game could be brought together in London must be classed as nothing short of an inspiration.Probably not once again during the currency of the war will such a galaxy of football talent be gathered in England at the one time . . . " — Gerald Brosnan, 20 December 1916. The majority of those chosen had already played senior football in their respective states, and a number of them had also played interstate representative football: Three squad members — F.R. McGargill (New South Wales), P.J.H. Jory (Tasmania), and J.T. Cooper (Victoria) — had represented their respective States at the Second Australian National Football Carnival, in Adelaide, in August 1911. Three squad members — J. Brake, J.H. James, and W.I. Sewart — had represented Victoria in the interstate match against South Australia, at the MCG, on 6 July 1912, and three — J. Brake, J.T. Cooper, and W.I. Sewart — had represented Victoria in the return match, against South Australia, in Adelaide on 10 August 1912. Three squad members — J. Brake, J.T. Cooper, and B.M.F. Sloss — had represented Victoria in the interstate match against South Australia, in Adelaide, on 12 July 1913, and two — J.H. James and B.M.F. Sloss — had represented Victoria in the return match against South Australia at the MCG on 16 August 1913. Nine squad members — F.R. McCargill (New South Wales), J. Pugh (Tasmania), J.W. Robertson (South Australia), J. Brake, J.T. Cooper, C.H. Lilley, J.H. James, B.M.F. Sloss, (Victoria), and D. Scullin (Western Australia) — had represented their respective States at the Third Australian National Football Carnival, in Sydney, in August 1914. One squad member, J.H. James, would go on (post-war) to represent Victoria in the interstate match against South Australia, in Adelaide, on 24 July 1920. One squad member, C.L. Hoft, would go on (post-war) to represent Western Australia at the Fourth Australian National Football Carnival, in Perth, in August 1921, South Australia at the Fifth Australian National Football Carnival, in Hobart, in August 1924, and, once again, South Australia at the Sixth Australian National Football Carnival, in Melbourne, in August 1927. Despite their individual skills and expertise, those eventually chosen from the prospective squads to play on the day had not really been able to practice together as teams prior to the match. Promotion The match was promoted as the "Pioneer Exhibition Game of Australian Football in London": An Australian football match (an Australian Division v. Training Groups) will be played at Queen's Club, West Kensington, tomorrow, at 3 p.m., in aid of the British and French Red Cross Funds. The game, played by 18 players a side, will show how Australians have combined "Soccer" and Rugby. — The Times, Friday, 27 October 1916. The official programme As well as providing a clear explanation of the game, which made it easy for spectators to follow, the official printed programme provided the names and numbers for the members of each squad's extended list of "possibles" — 25 for the Third Australian Division, and 26 for the Combined Training Units — from which the 18 players for the day in each team were to be selected. Information provided in the official programme for new-to-the-game spectators A brief description ofAustralian Football (p. 5) Plan of playing field andthe position of players (p. 6) The names, numbers, and the pre-war teams of those"to be selected from" (p. 7) Team lists Will Dyson (1930s) Ruby Lindsay (c.1908) Joan and Daryl Lindsay (1925) It is obvious from the differences in references to the same individual in various parts of the programme — for instance, "Fred Lindsay" (p. 2) vs. "Dan Lindsay" (p. 10); "Cecil Hart" (p. 2) vs. "Cecil J. Hartt" (p. 4), etc. — that, rather than a written draft of the programme having been created and cross-checked against all available artistic, sporting, and military records by a single, dedicated, and well-informed official, and the cluster of pages from which the programme was subsequently constructed having been imagined and, then, realised by a single creative designer, the entire programme was a set of associated fragments, each constructed by different individuals to whom various aspects of the various tasks involved had been delegated at different times, and all of which had been hurriedly aggregated together at last moment by some other person. Consequently, the lists of squad members and match officials in the programme not only contain typographical errors (e.g., "Pubiaco" for "Subiaco"), but also some outright mis-identifications of specific individuals and/or their original football teams, all of which have been corrected and are accurately identified below — which, allowing for the changes due to differences in age, health, and physical fitness, and the consequences of their military service (such as being gassed while serving in France), are clearly those of the same individual that appears in the relevant team photograph taken on the day — except, that is, for the goal umpire "S.M Keen", the Third Division's "L. Martin, University", and "L.V. Brown, Brighton", and the Training Units' "Maxfield, Fremantle", "Bennett, Ballarat", and "McDonald, Essendon", whose respective identification-puzzles (as of June 2022) seem impossible to resolve. However, given that all of the players were serving soldiers whose stamina, current states of health (due to hepatitis, measles, meningitis, malaria, etc.), post-injury and post-wound levels of physical fitness-for-football, (post-gassing) respiratory capacities, and/or immediate demands of their military duties might make them suddenly available (or, not available) — for instance, Jack Cooper's condition had only just recovered enough from being gassed in France for him to be able to play for the Training Units team — it is not surprising that the names of two of the unexpectedly-available-on-the-day players (i.e., Alf Moore and Billy Orchard) were missing from their respective squad's list in the published programme. Cartoon sketches by Australian artists The official programme also presented a small collection of sketches by six well-known Australian artists resident in London at the time, all of whom "gave their services gratuitously": Will Dyson: William Henry Dyson (1880–1938), the husband of Ruby Lindsay. At the specific suggestion of the High Commissioner of Australia to the United Kingdom, the former Australian Prime Minister Andrew Fisher, Dyson was appointed as the first official Australian "war artist" in December 1916. Cecil L. Hartt: Cecil Lawrence Hartt (1884–1930), having enlisted in the AIF at the age of 30, he was seriously wounded in his right thigh and left ankle fighting with the Anzacs at Gallipoli on 28 August 1915. Invalided to England, he was recuperating in the Reading Military Hospital at the time of the match. He did not recover enough to resume active service, and was repatriated to Australia in June 1918, discharged as medically unfit for service in July 1918; and, in May 1930, most likely due to his on-going post-traumatic stress and the sequelae of his war injuries, he committed suicide. Fred Leist: Frederick William Leist (1873–1945), cartoonist, graphic artist, and painter; another official Australian "war artist", appointed later than Will Dyson. Ruby Lind: that is, Ruby Lindsay (1885–1919), the sister of Norman, Percy, Lionel, and Daryl Lindsay, painter, cartoonist, poster-designer, book illustrator, and the wife of Will Dyson. She died on 12 March 1919 during the Spanish flu pandemic. Dan Lindsay: that is, Daryl Ernest Lindsay (1889–1976) — N.B.: not the (otherwise) famous "Fred Lindsay" mistakenly listed as the cartoon's contributor on page 2 of the programme — the brother of Lionel, Norman, Percy, and Ruby Lindsay; the brother-in-law, and former batman of Will Dyson. Known to his friends as "Dan", he was the husband of Joan Lindsay, author of Picnic at Hanging Rock. His contribution to the programme was one of the first of his cartoons to be published, and its subject reflects the fact that, for at least four years prior to his enlistment, Lindsay had worked in remote Queensland as a jackaroo. Although famous for his later production of a wide range of watercolours and other works of art relating to soldiers and warfare, Daryl Lindsay's art made a very substantial contribution to the advancement of military reconstructive surgery with the extensive set of images he produced for Sir Harold Gillies, while serving in 1918 and 1919 as the specialist, in-house "medical artist" at the specialist military hospital at Sidcup, in Kent. Laurie Tayler: Laurence Bush Tayler (1882–1972), painter, graphic artist, and illustrator. Sketches especially drawn for the game's official programme Fred Leist(p. 3) Cecil L. Hartt(p. 4) Laurie Tayler(p. 8) Fred Leist(p. 9) Dan Lindsay(p. 10) Ruby Lind(p. 11) Will Dyson(p. 12) Sales Dan Minogue, Collingwood. No special sale price was fixed for the programmes. A staff of 80 girls, each of whom carried their allocation of programmes in a basket decorated with the green and gold colours of Australia, volunteered to dispose of them, and a prize was offered for the girl whose work netted the best returns. The winning girl handed in more than £70: " souvenir programmes, in aid of the French Red Cross funds sold like hot cakes, mainly because the sellers were pretty English girls. They did a roaring trade among the Diggers, though one more venturesome than the rest created a sensation when she walked into one of the dressing rooms at half-time and endeavoured to sell programmes to the players." — The Sporting Globe, 10 September 1930. "With donations, the game raised close on £1000 for the British and French Red Cross. One girl alone collected £70 from the sale of programmes. She must have been the young lady who, in her eagerness to collect, unwittingly blundered into our dressing-room, to retire precipitantly in blushing confusion from the midst of big, hulking soldier-footballers in varying stages of dress — and undress!" — Dan Minogue's (1937) recollection of the match. The football Two hand-stitched footballs were made for the match by Corporal C.C. McMullen, who had been a leatherworker at Henry Fordham's football factory in Sydney Road, Brunswick, prior to his enlistment in the First AIF. The Fordham footballs — i.e., contrasted with the "Sherrin" footballs (see the football held by Dan Minogue in the image above) that had been (c.1902) especially designed to facilitate the stab-kicking of the Collingwood footballers — were being used in the West Australian Goldfields League as early as 1907. Also, Fordham footballs were the official ball for the Victorian Football Association (VFA) for fourteen years in the 1920s and 1930s. The balls that McMullen made for the match were marked "The AIF Ball" on one side, and "Match II" on the other. One of the balls is currently (as of June 2022) on display at the Dandenong/Cranbourne Sub Branch of the RSL. "Match II" (see the football held by Gerald Brosnan, in the image above, and by the George Barry, the umpire, in both team photographs) was a generic descriptor, used by Fordham, Ross Faulkner, the Melbourne Sports Depot, and other football manufacturers, to identify Australian Rules footballs that were of such quality that they could be used in First XVIII VFL matches. Match officials Field umpires: S.R. Gray (first half of the match), squatting, at the extreme right of the front row in the Divisional Team photograph, and George Barry (second half of the match), second umpire from the left, holding the ball, in the front row of each photograph. Boundary Umpires: Thomas Sinton Hewitt (replacing the programme's A.A. Barker), third umpire from the left in the front row of each photograph. and E.J. "Eddie" Watt, umpire at left in the front row of each photograph (wounded in action 7 June 1917). Goal Umpires: Lieutenant A.E. Olsson, and S.M. Keen. Third Australian Divisional Squad Third Divisional Team: 28 October 1916 (H.16689).Back Row (players only), left to right:     C.L. Hoft; W.H. Orchard; L. Martin; L.E. Lee;     J.Brake; J.H. James; C.B. Willis; L.P. Little;     J.F. Foy.Middle Row, left to right:     H.M. Moyes; C.H. Lilley; B.M.F. Sloss (c);    F. Beaurepaire; D.T. Minogue; J. Pugh;     P.J.H. Jory.Front Row (players and umpires, kneeling and squatting), left to right:    E.J. Watt; W.I. Sewart; G. Barry; T.S. Hewitt;     B.H. Mills; E.J. Alley; S.R. Gray. The Divisional Team played in the blue guernsey which had been made in London especially for the match, that had a large white map of Australia (minus Tasmania) on the centre of its front, and in white shorts. The team The eighteen players that took the field were: E.J. "Ted" Alley (Williamstown, formerly South Melbourne), player cross-legged at the hard right of the front row. Frank Beaurepaire, team manager, the man in uniform, middle of middle row. J. "Jack" Brake (Melbourne, formerly University), fifth player from left, back row. J.F. "Jim" Foy (Perth), player at extreme right, back row. He was killed in action, near Armentières, Northern France, on 14 March 1917. C.L. "Cyril" Hoft (Perth), player at the extreme left, back row. J.H. "Hughie" James (Richmond), fourth player from right, back row. P.J.H. "Percy" Jory (St Kilda), at right of middle row, with Carl Willis' hands on his shoulders. L.E. "Les" Lee (Richmond & Williamstown), fourth player from left, back row. Killed in action during the Battle of Messines (1917) on 8 June 1917. C.H. "Charlie" Lilley (Melbourne), second from left, middle row. L.P. "Leo" Little (University), second from right, back row. L. Martin (University), third player from left, back row. B.H. "Ben" Mills (Northcote), second player from the right, front row. D.T. "Dan" Minogue (Collingwood), team vice-captain, seated at right of Frank Beaurepaire, middle row. H.M. "Harry" Moyes (St Kilda), player at the extreme left of the middle row. W.H. "Billy" Orchard (Geelong), second from left, in back row. J. "James" Pugh (City), second from right, in middle row. Killed in action, in France, on 28 January 1917. W.I. "Bill" Sewart (Essendon), first player from left, front row. B.M.F. "Bruce" Sloss (South Melbourne), team captain, seated at left of Frank Beaurepaire, middle row. Killed in action at Armentières, Northern France, on 4 January 1917. C.J. "Carl" Willis (University, and South Melbourne), third from right, back row; died of "pleurisy and pneumonia, accentuated by the effects of gas" at the age of 37. Squad members not selected Eight of those listed in the official programme as members of the Third Division's squad; who, although "selected to go to London and hold themselves in readiness if required to play" (Minogue & Millar, 1937), did not take the field that day: L.V. Brown (Brighton). O.R. Brown (Collingwood Districts). E.J. "Ted" Busbridge (Williamstown). Wounded in action in France on 11 April 1917, he was captured and spent the remainder of the war as a prisoner of war in Germany. T.J. "Tim" Collins (Melbourne). A.E. Ollson (Kenilworth), who served as one of the match's two goal umpires (see above). J.W. Robertson (Port Adelaide). L.C. "Les" Turner (Essendon Association, Prahran, and South Melbourne). J.W. "Jack" Watt (Geelong). Australian Training Units Squad Training Units Team: 28 October 1916 (H.16688).Back Row (players only), left to right:     G.B. Bower; T.P. Hosking; C. Donaldson;     A.M. Moore; E.F. Beames; J.T. Cooper;     D. Scullin; S.C. Martin; H.C. Kerley;     O.R. Armstrong.Middle Row, left to right:     P.G. Trotter;  — ; C.J. Perry (c); A. Jackson;     H.J. Boyd.Front Row (players and umpires, kneeling), left to right:     T. Paine; E.J. Watt; G. Barry; T.S. Hewitt;  — ;     I. Cesari. The Training Units played in the red guernsey which had been made in London especially for the match, that had a large white kangaroo on its left breast, and in white shorts. The team The eighteen players that took the field were: O.R. "Ossy" Armstrong (Geelong), far right, back row. He was captured by the Germans on 11 April 1917, and was a prisoner of war. E.F. "Ernest" Beames (Norwood), fifth player from left, back row. G.B. "George" Bower (South Melbourne), player at the extreme left, back row. H.J. "Hugh" Boyd (University/South Bendigo), extreme right, centre row. I. "Italo" Cesari (Dromana, Peninsular Association), player kneeling at far right. J.T. "Jack" Cooper (Fitzroy), vice-captain, fifth from right, back row. Killed in action during the Battle of Passchendaele on 20 September 1917. C. "Clyde" Donaldson (Essendon), third player from left, top row. T.P. "Phil" Hosking (Melbourne), second player from left, back row. Wounded twice in action: gassed (July 1918); gunshot wounds to thigh (fractured femur, etc., August 1918). A. "Alf" Jackson (Essendon), second from right, middle row. H.C. "Harry" Kerley (Collingwood), second from right, back row. S.C "Stan" Martin (University), third from right, back row. Killed in action at Bullecourt, France on 3 May 1917. Maxfield (Fremantle). McDonald (Essendon). A.M. "Mac" Moore (Norwood), fourth player from left, back row. T. "Thomas" Paine (Union Football Club, Northam, Tasmania), player at left, front row. Wounded twice in action: gunshot wounds to hand (June 1917); gunshot wounds to head (September 1917). Chaplain-Captain C.J. "Charlie" Perry (Norwood), third from left, middle row, team captain. D.F. "Dan" Scullin (Mines Rovers), fourth from right, back row, killed in action, in France, on 26 September 1917. P.G. "Percy" Trotter (East Fremantle), at extreme left, middle row. Squad members not selected Eight of those listed in the official programme as members of the Training Group's squad; who, although "selected to go to London and hold themselves in readiness if required to play" (Minogue & Millar, 1937), did not take the field that day: A.J. Andrews (Goldfields). Bennett (Ballarat). William "Roy" Drummond (Port Adelaide). F.R. "Freddy" McGargill (N.S.W.). C.R. Murphy (N. Queensland). P. Newsome (Ballarat). R.W. "Dick" Rowe (Ballarat), as a member of the AIF's 6th Battalion Rowe was one of those who landed at Anzac Cove on 25 April 1915. P.S. "Phil" Stott (Latrobe), as a member of the AIF's 12th Battalion Stott was one of those who landed at Anzac Cove on 25 April 1915; he was wounded in action three times (at Gallipoli on 26 April 1915, in France on 10 April 1917, and in France on 19 September 1918). Saturday, 28 October 1916 The game was played at Queen's Club, West Kensington, on the cold, bleak, overcast, and windy late-Autumn afternoon of Saturday, 28 October 1916, before a crowd that was estimated at 3,000, by many, 5,000, by some, and as many as 6,000 by others. There's no doubt that the considerably smaller-than-expected crowd — almost exclusively limited to those expressly invited to the match, and those Australian servicemen who took advantage of the leave that Monash had granted them on the day — was entirely due to the consequences of the inclement weather. A very strong goal-to-goal wind favoured one end of the ground, and the playing field itself was the wrong shape and the wrong size: it was considerably shorter and narrower than the sorts of field the players were accustomed to playing upon back in Australia — it measured at 120 yards (110 m) wide and 180 yards (165 m) long — and this significant reduction in the overall available playing area contributed to somewhat more congested play, at times, than usual. The match began at 3PM local time. It was played over four 20-minute quarters — and, over and above those 80 minutes of elapsed playing time, the three additional breaks between the quarters meant that on such a gloomy day (sunset was at 4.42 PM) the final minutes of the match were played in very, very poor light conditions. The match The Third Australian Divisional Team was the pre-match favourite; at the time of the match they were in much better shape, mainly because, unlike those of the First, Second, Fourth, and Fifth Divisions, the soldiers of the Third Division were the only ones who had not yet seen any active overseas service. The Divisional team beat the Australian Training Units Team 6.16 (52) to 4.12 (36). Player positions According to the records supplied to Vic Johnson by Italo Cesari in 1954, the Training Units players' positions were: Australian Training Units Team: 28 October 1916. Backs: H.J. Boyd D. Scullin McDonald   Half-Backs: J.T. Cooper C.J. Perry (c) E.F. Beames   Centres: S.C. Martin G.B. Bower T. Paine   Half-Forwards: H.C. Kerley T.S. Hosking A.M. Moore   Forwards: Maxfield A. Jackson O.R. Armstrong   Followers: C. Donaldson I. Cesari P.G. Trotter   First quarter The two captains met in the centre of the ground. The Training Unit's captain, Charlie Perry, won the toss, and chose to kick with the wind to the northern end of the ground. The match started off at a brisk, enthusiastic pace, with both sides competing strongly and, to the spectator's delight, displaying the game's characteristic "high marking and long kicking". Although the Training Units team had the advantage of the strong wind, its inaccurate kicking resulted in just two goals (and 5 behinds), whilst the Divisional team was restricted to a score of two behinds — mainly due to the outstanding efforts of the training Unit's Percy Trotter and Clyde Donaldson. Second quarter Kicking with the strong wind, with Jack Brake, Hughie James, and Les Lee "marking magnificently", and with Cyril Hoft "sparkling" on the wing, the even-less-accurate Divisional team could only kick two goals (and 8 behinds), whilst the Training Units team was restricted to just 2 behinds. Percy Jory kicked a goal with a drop-kick. At half-time, the Divisional team was leading by 3 points. Third quarter The third quarter was considered to be "the best of the match". It was notable for the play moving rapidly backwards-and-forwards up and down the ground — the "play rocked to and fro in a buzzing, tense atmosphere", thrilling the crowd (who were "on their toes, roaring the players on") with the "strong ruck clashes", the "swift passing", the "long drop-kicking", and the "finger-tip marks" — and with the backlines of each team dominating their forward opponents. The Training Units team, which had kicked two goals (and 2 behinds) to the Divisional team's 2 behinds, had a lead of 8 points at the three-quarter time interval. Last quarter As the match progressed it was becoming increasingly obvious that the match fitness of the players (or the absence thereof), and not just the strong wind favouring one end of the ground, would play a large part in the final result of the match (Richardson, 2016, p. 171). Kicking with the wind, and in "a particularly fierce last quarter" that was "full of fire and color " in which "both sides striving mightily", with "their military blood up, the 36 men played with fanatical fervor ", Les Lee, Hughie James, and Dan Minogue gained ascendancy in the ruck, and the Divisional team drew away from the tiring Training Units team, scoring four goals (and 3 behinds) to 3 behinds, and winning the match by 16 points. Post-match In 1937, Dan Minogue recalled that, "the match was played on a Saturday afternoon. The soldiers who had taken part in it had leave in London till Sunday night. This they celebrated in true Digger style." Progressive and final scores Team 1 2 3 Final Third AustralianDivisional Team 0.2 (2) 2.10 (22) 2.13 (25) 6.16 (52) Australian TrainingUnits Team 2.5 (17) 2.7 (19) 4.9 (33) 4.12 (36) Goals: Divisional: Moyes (2), Willis (2), Jory (1), and Lee (1). Training Units: Moore (1), Paine (1), Maxfield (1), and Armstrong (1). Best Players: Divisional: James, Moyes, Willis, Brake, Minogue, Alley, Lilley, Little, Mills, Foy, and Lee. Training Units: Perry, Trotter, Cooper, Bower, Kerley, Paine, Armstrong, Martin, and Scullin. Profits The admission charges to the match were 1/-, 2/6 and 10/-. The profits of the match — which included a donation of £5/5/- from Lord Stanfordham, the private secretary to King George, and a donation from the former Governor-General of Australia, Lord Denman — and the proceeds from the sales of programmes eventually came to £1000, all of which went to the British and Red Cross Societies. Press reports The Refereefront page, 12 May 1915 Overall, the accurate, interesting, and matter-of-fact press reports of the exhibition match (collectively) provided a strong and long-overdue contrast to what Richardson usefully identifies (at 2016, p. 307) as the "misguided mythology" that was ever so firmly embedded in the questionable characterisation — echoing the widely quoted sentiments of Henry Newbolt's poem Vitaï Lampada — made early in the war, of the Australian "digger" as a fierce footballer playing on another field. See, for instance: The poem by George Shand (1863–1926), the Victorian lawn-tennis identity: "The Sportsmen's Brigade", at The Referee, (Wednesday, 13 January 1915), p.16. Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett's article "A Race of Athletes", written at Gallipoli, and reprinted at The Bendigonian, (Thursday, 13 May 1915), p.14. The article "Deeds that Thrill by our Athletes and Sportsmen: Rushes of the Football Field Repeated with the Bayonet Against the Turks: Australasians who have played the Part Hero ", at The Referee, (Wednesday, 12 May 1915), p.1. The headline references to how "Players of our National games heed Imperial Summon to Grandest Game of all—Bearing Arms", at The Referee, (Wednesday, 12 May 1915), p.16. The article ""Going into Battle is like Great Football Rush", says a Soldier: Invalided Home, Private Anderson tells of Colonial Sporting Grit in War", at The Referee, (Wednesday, 12 May 1915), p.16. There were also the extraordinary claims, made in some quarters, that the footballers who had enlisted were somehow more robust and less likely to be injured than their non-footballer comrades; and Brosnan's remarks, made a year later, in relation to the manner in which the footballer's sporting background contributed to their value as a recruit, reflected similar views: "Whether footballers or the authorities controlling the game in Victoria could not do more towards "Winning the War" than they are doing is a matter about which opinions differ, but that they have done their share in providing recruits is beyond doubt. After all, this is only what it should be. Owing to the training necessary to become an expert (and everyone aspires to be an expert), and the physical fitness and endurance required to take part in a game of football, our players should, and, from letters received, do, make the best soldiers. From all sides one hears glowing accounts of their discipline, ability to do long marches, and quickness and resource in dangers and difficulties. This is exactly what one would expect, but unfortunately these very qualities place them in positions of the greatest danger, and day by day the footballers' death roll grows until by now it assumes alarming proportions." — Gerald Brosnan, The Winner, 28 February 1917. The match reports spoke of a hotly contested game of Australian football that was, without doubt, being enjoyed beyond measure by those who played on that special day when, just for a moment, they were elite footballers once again (albeit serving with the AIF at the time) — and, inescapably, many of whom would either die later or sustain lifelong injury, debilitating mental issues, and/or the ongoing physical sequelae of medical conditions (such as respiratory distress due to having been gassed) connected with their fight against a real enemy. Beyond this, the match had quite a different significance for various sorts of individuals. Some treated it as just an event, others saw it as a sporting contest, many "imperial" Britons viewed it as a fascinating exhibition of an unusual and different "colonial" pastime — an obvious parallel to the (later) for-general-interest-only presentation of a demonstration sport, such as Basque pelota, at an Olympic Games — and, for most Australians, it was far more than just a social match: given the skill, experience, and background of those selected to play on the day, and the overall strength of the two teams, they afforded the match a status of at least the equal of an interstate representative game, if not an ANFC Carnival match. Jack Forrest and Bruce Andrew tossing the coin, Hyde Park, 8 January 1944. The various press reports also reflected a wide range of different motivations. From one perspective (shared by Gerald Brosnan), the exhibition match of Australian football brought to mind the (abandoned) pre-war proposals by former St Kilda footballer and coach Jim Smith for a 25-match tour of the world — commencing with the Panama–Pacific International Exposition, in San Francisco, California, in March 1915 and, from thence, across America, and on to England, France and South Africa — with a squad of 45 Victorian footballers, to advertise and promote the Australian game; and, further, the 1916 match seemed to suggest the reasonable possibility of the game's successful promotion in the UK and overseas once the war was over. However, it was not until the match between the RAAF and HMAS Shropshire, at Hyde Park, London, organised by ex-Collinwood footballer and later ANFC secretary Bruce Andrew, that a second exhibition match was held in the UK. A third match, contested between RAAF HQ (captain, Bruce Andrew) and the RAAF's No.10 (Sunderland) Squadron (captain, Jack Forrest), took place, soon after, at Hyde Park on 8 January 1944. The Australian press In late September 1916, it was announced in the Australian press that "General Monash has granted a holiday for an exhibition of Australian football arranged to take place in London, early in October". A week before the match, the Australian press noted that, "Australian soldiers are introducing Australian football into Britain. Strong teams have been formed at Salisbury and London, and an exhibition game will be played in London on the 28th, when it is expected that Royalty will be present." Several days later, the press noted that, "Members of the competing teams in the Australian (football match, to be held on Saturday, are all senior players, and many have taken part in interstate matches. The captain of the third division team is Lieutenant B. Sloss, of South Melbourne, and the captain of the training groups team is Captain W.H. Perry, of Norwood (S.A.)". Following the match, although a number of brief reports of the event were published immediately after the match, such as, "An Australian football match was played on the Queens Club ground, London, on Saturday, between teams representing the Australian 3rd Division, and the Australian trainees at Salisbury Plain. The former won, scoring 6 goals 16 behinds to 4 goals 12 behinds", the small number that did provide a match report, only supplied (at the most) a two paragraph description of the match itself, and failed to supply any detailed list of participants. In his own brief report for The Winner on the match in the week following the match (1 November 1916), which was, to a considerable extent, embellished by the pre-match correspondence he had already received relating to the match's participants, Gerald Brosnan lamented the lack of relevant information in the cable reports, and observed that " details by mail will be anxiously awaited". Ten weeks later (20 December 1916), Brosnan's second article not only contained a detailed first-person account of the events of the day from The Winner's London-based correspondent, E.A. Bland, but, also, Bland's description of first-time spectators' impressions of Australian football. Observing that, notwithstanding the significant fact "that these were scratch teams which had few chances of getting together", the presence of "such a galaxy of stars" meant that "the individual play was at times brilliant and spectacular", and recording that he, Bland, as a first-time spectator, came away from the match with the strong impression that the game "was faster than either Soccer or Rugger", he also reported that "the "high marking" which seemed to be the feature of the game which attracted most attention was extraordinarily good". Brosnan's article, which supplied a photograph of each team (i.e., , and ), also included extensive extracts taken directly from the four major British sporting papers, Sporting Life, The Sportsman, The Times, and The Weekly Despatch. In his final article on the match (10 January 1917), published three weeks later, and unique in the level of match detail it contained (it also published three photographs taken at the game), Brosnan explained that "later details of the match, contained in letters from players, and from spectators, have since arrived, and will no doubt prove of interest to the great number of football followers as well as to the general body of sports-loving public here". The New Zealand press The reports that appeared in the New Zealand press took the form of brief, simple news items. The British press Although number of brief excerpts from the reports in Sporting Life, 'The Sportsman, The Times, and The Weekly Despatch were published from time to time in the Australian press — i.e., rather than being offered as sports reports of the match, they were presented as examples of the amusing British descriptions of Australian football — it seems that Brosnan's second (20 December 1916) article was the only place at which the relevant sections of all four of the British articles were published in the Australian press. The contents of an entirely different fifth article (apparently written on 29 October 1916), taken from The Referee of London, was published in The (Emerald Hill) Record of 6 January 1917. The British reports concentrated on the match as an event, rather than a contest; and were, thus, devoid of the normal sorts of descriptions of the patterns of play, the performance of prominent individuals, particular match incidents, and the progression of the scores. With the reasonable intention of providing their British readers with some sense of the experience they had missed in person, the reports described the similarities and differences between the Australian game and those their readers already knew: rugby union, rugby league, and soccer — the pitch upon with it was played, the layout of its goal-posts, its requisite skills, its rules, its scores, its four quarters, the standard player positions, the level of athleticism demanded of its players, etc. Consequently, they tended to focus on the absence of the "off-side" rule, kicking long drop-kicks, and kicking long and accurate place-kicks. Also, unique features of the game, such as the stab-kick, high marks, bouncing the ball on the run, and being able to kick in any direction were stressed: and, in particular, the (to the British) extraordinary spectator practice, displayed on the day to some considerable extent by the Australians present: that of barracking. "Those who had the good fortune to witness the match will be in agreement that it is a most exhilarating and exciting pastime, and it is played at such a pace throughout that it is unquestionably the fastest outdoor game, with the exception of lacrosse. With eighteen players on each side, each watched by an opponent, the chances for open, speedy exchanges would appear to be limited, but in practice the reverse is the case, for with no offside for players to worry about, with a ground width of some 120 yards, affording plenty of scope for manœuvring, with free kicks taken without a moment's time being wasted, with players permitted to run ten yards with the ball before bouncing it, and then bouncing it while going at full speed, with the right to knock-off, punt, or drop-kick in any direction, and without scrums, and the whistle seldom being heard, it will be understood that the Australian code lends itself to speed work. . . .The ball, it should be mentioned, is slightly larger than the Rugby ball, but similar in shape, with the ends more flattened. Some of the players showed wonderful control, in their punches, and also in their kicking, but more noticeable, perhaps, than either was the high marking, players leaping in the air to make a fair catch from a pass, and this entitled them to a kick in any direction. Then, again, some of the long kicking to players on the same side was wonderfully accurate, while the pace at which the ball travelled about the field was at times almost bewildering."        Sporting Life, reprinted in The Winner of 20 December 1916. "Long kicking and marking are two of the distinctive features. When the ball is caught from a clean kick of over ten yards the player is entitled to a free kick in any direction. If the angle is favorable he tries to drop or punt a goal, but if badly placed he endeavors to kick to a fellow player. There is much keen competition in jumping in the air to make a catch, and in this phase are very expert. The game is very fast, very open, very spectacular, and needs plenty of stamina and pace. The ruck men and rovers are required to be up and doing all the time, and on account of the strain they are changed and given fixed positions every quarter. There is also plenty of work for the field umpire who requires to be very quick to keep up with the play.        The Sportsman, reprinted in The Winner of 20 December 1916. "One thing that is clearly apparent is the enormous amount of skill which is required, while physical fitness is also essential. There can be no doubt of it being a game of high value from an athletic point of view. As a spectacle, much can be said in its favor, for the fluctuations are rapid, brought about by the nimbleness, versatility, and dexterity of the players. . . . Pace is an important essential, but a still greater feature is high marking and long kicking. It is no unusual thing for several players to spring between 4ft. and 5ft. in the air to catch the ball from a kick over ten yards, which constitutes a mark and entitles the successful player to a free kick. Drop-kicking and place kicking are further salient points, and these reach a remarkably high standard for accuracy and length. There is great art in bouncing the ball while travelling at full speed, and also the stab jack passing, which is tantamount to short passing methods in the Association game ."        The Referee of London, reprinted in The (Emerald Hill) Record of 6 January 1917. "Football — Australian fashion — drew a big crowd to Queen's Club yesterday afternoon, when a team chosen from the Third Division beat the representatives of the Combined Training Groups by 52 points to 36.It was the first time that the fast Australian game had ever been played by skilled exponents in London, and the onlookers could be readily grouped in two classes.There were the partisans in slouched bats over hard-bitten Anzac faces, who had come to "barrack" for or against the "Fighting Third", the only Anzac Division which has not yet seen active service.There were also curious sportsmen and sportswomen of all kinds, who had come out to get a glimpse of the game of which so much has been written here at one time and another. . . .The section of the spectators unfamiliar with the Australian game agreed that it was fast rather than exciting, and had more admiration for the splendid condition of the men, their untiring energy through a long and trying game, and the huge drop kicks, of which they all seemed capable, than for the game itself as a rival to Rugby."        Weekly Despatch, reprinted in The Winner of 20 December 1916. The spectators were also treated to their first exhibition of Australian "barracking". This barracking is a cheerful running comment, absolutely without prejudice, on the players, the spectators, the referee, the line umpires, and lastly the game itself. On Saturday it was mostly concerned with references to the military history of the teams engaged. When a catch was missed, for instance, a shrill and penetrating voice inquired of the abashed player "D'you think it's a bomb? It's not, it's a ball." On one side there was a colonel playing among the backs and the captain of the other side was a chaplain, and a popular one, to judge by the cheery advice that he got from the privates on the line and in the stand."        The Times of London, reprinted in The Winner of 20 December 1916. Australian Warriors and Sportsmen.(From Excelsior, 20 November 1916.) The American press On 19 November 1916, the New York Times published a photograph, taken during the match, of a large pack of players contesting for a mark. The French press On 20 November 1916 the French newspaper, "The Excelsior" , published a version of a photograph (a different photograph from that published in the New York Times) that had been taken during the match of a large pack of players contesting for a mark, under the title "Les Australiens guerriers et sportifs" ('The Australian Warriors and Sportsmen'). Records of the day News film A film () was taken at the match. A remastered and colourised version () of the original film was released in 2019. Team photographs Two official photographs were taken of each team prior to the match by the same photographer. Third Divisional Team : In the collection of the Australian War Memorial. : In the collection of the Australian Sports Museum (reprinted at and ). Training Units Team : In the collection of the Australian War Memorial. : In the collection of the Australian Sports Museum (reprinted at ). Frank Beaurepaire's presentation set of team photographs In celebration of the match, Frank Beaurepaire commissioned a souvenir set of the team photographs — displaying and — which he donated to the Collingwood football Club; and, as of June 2022, there is no evidence that any other football club received a similar souvenir set of photographs from Beaurepaire. "Writing from the Y.M.C.A.'s quarters at 21 Bartholomew road, London, to Mr E. Copeland, secretary of Collingwood F.C., Frank Beaurepaire says: "Knowing of the fine collection of football and other photos, trophies, etc., that you have at Victoria Park, and being reminded of by association here, with Dan Minogue, I thought you would like to have copies of the teams which recently played in London on 28/10/16, for Red Cross. It was, as you are probably aware, a pioneer game of first class Australian football, and went off well indeed. Crowd 4000 to 5000, Profit £260 or so. I had the honor of suggesting the game, and arranging much of the detail, particularly in the early stages. You will see me seated in uniform next to Dan Minogue, Vice-Captain, and Bruce Sloss, Captain. Third Division won by 6 goals 16 behinds, to 4 goals 12 behinds. If Dan has not sent you a souvenir programme so that you may list the names I shall have, I hope, the pleasure of doing so, on my return to Australia in the distant future, all going well . . ." – The Winner, 31 January 1917. The mounting boards of the souvenir sets were decorated with a British Union Jack and an Australian Red Ensign, with "Australian Football in London. Pioneer Exhibition Game. At Queen's Club, West Kensington. Saturday 28 Oct. 1916" at their head, and "Organizer of Match & Donor of Photos to Club Lieut. Frank Beaurepaire" at their feet. They were mounted especially for presentation by the Allan Studio, of 318 Smith Street, Collingwood. Centenary match (2017) On Saturday, 6 May 2017, at West London's Chiswick Rugby Club, the 1916 Pioneer match was commemorated, when the two 2016 AFL London Grand Final teams — West London Wildcats (premiers) and Wandsworth Demons (runners-up) — played each other in the opening round of the 2017 competition; with the West London Wildcats wearing navy blue guernseys featuring a large white map of Australia (with Tasmania included), and the Wandsworth Demons wearing red guernseys featuring a large white kangaroo. See also 1916 VFL season Australian rules football exhibition matches List of Victorian Football League players who died on active service Australian rules football during the World Wars Footnotes ^ There's an implication, within Hector de Lacy's 1938 interview with Hughie James (de Lacy, H.A., "Hughie James Comes Home and Talks of Some Great Men in a Great Game", The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 30 April 1938), p.8), that the notion of such a match might have been suggested to Monash by his own soldiers (i.e., rather than the reverse). ^ Australian Imperial Force: Appointments, Promotions, etc.: Australian Imperial Force Depots in United Kingdom: Head-Quarters, Commonwealth of Australia Gazette, No.66, (Thursday, 3 May 1917), p.980. ^ a b c d e McMullen (1939). ^ Frank Beaurepaire's 1949 reminiscences at de Lacy (1949). ^ " was not something that Monash was particularly interested in or good at. In fact, he lacked any ball sense or hand-eye coordination. Unlike many of his troops, Monash never boxed, shot or played football as a boy. And, as an adult, he was only a reasonable runner, a fair shot and a mediocre horseman. But he understood Australians' "instinct for sport and adventure"." (Richardson, 2016, p.142). ^ A.I.F. Team Entertained: The Influence of Sport, The Argus, (Monday, 19 January 1920), p.7. ^ C.J. Willis, a participant in the 1916 football match was also a member of that AIF cricket team (see team photographs at: File:AIF_Cricket_XI_(AWM_D00685).jpg, and The (Melbourne) Herald, (Saturday, 10 January 1920), p.2, and Table Talk, (Thursday, 15 January 1920), p.15); and in the match, played at the MCG, 16–19 January 1920, Willis scored 111 runs (see: J.W., "Cricket: Victoria v. A.I.F. Team", The Australasian, (Saturday, 24 January 1920), pp.18-19). ^ The Influence of Sport, The Australasian, (Saturday, 24 January 1920), p.19. ^ As well as being a highly respected sports journalist, Gerald Brosnan (1877–1965) had an extensive Aussie Rules career as both footballer and coach: VFA footballer (Geelong, 1894; Essendon, 1895); Ballarat Football League footballer (Ballarat, 1896–1899); and VFL footballer (Fitzroy, 1900–1909); VFL Premiership winner (Fitzroy, 1904, 1905); Captain, VFL representative team (vs. Western Australia, 1904); and VFL coach (University, 1910–1912, 1914; and Melbourne, 1920). ^ Clarence Arnold Keatinge Johnson (1870–1937). First World War Embarkation Roll: Major Clarence Arnold Keatinge Johnson, in the collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Lieutenant-Colonel Clarence Arnold Johnson, in the collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Lieutenant-Colonel Clarence Arnold Keatinge Johnson, National Archives of Australia. ^ Cyril Wilberforce St John Clarke (1876–1965). First World War Embarkation Roll: Major Cyril Wilberforce St. John Clarke, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Major Cyril Wilberforce Clarke, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Major Cyril Wilberforce Clarke, National Archives of Australia. ^ Y.M.C.A. and Soldiers: Work in English Camps, The Argus, (Saturday, 9 September 1916), p.17. ^ Harold Bartram (1880–1957). Richardson (2016), pp.144–145. First World War Embarkation Roll: Second Lieutenant Harold Bartram, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Lieutenant Harold Bartram, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Lieutenant Harold Bartram, National Archives of Australia; Deaths: Bartram, The Age, (Saturday, 26 January 1957), p.19. ^ a b c d e f Brosnan (1917a). ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Brosnan (1916b). ^ Interstate Football Carnival, The (Adelaide) Chronicle, (Saturday, 12 August 1911), p.31. ^ Inter-State Football: The Teams, The Age, (Saturday, 6 July 1912), p.18. ^ Football, The (Adelaide) Saturday Mail, (Saturday, 10 August 1912), p.1. ^ Football, The (Adelaide) Daily Herald, (Saturday, 12 July 1913), p.7. ^ Football: The Interstate Match, The Argus, (Saturday, 16 August 1913), p.16. ^ In Brosnan's opinion (1916b), if the number of Collingwood players had not been restricted by the players-by-team criteria, D. Minogue would also have been included in the 1914 Carnival team. ^ The Football Carnival, The Farmer and Settler, (Friday, 14 August 1914), p.4. ^ Football: Victoria v. South Australia, The (Adelaide) Observer, (Saturday, 31 July 1920), p.13. ^ Football Carnival, The West Australian, (Thursday, 11 August 1921), p.7. ^ Carnival Football, The (Port Pirie) Recorder, (Tuesday, 12 August 1924), p.3. ^ South Australian Team for Interstate Football Carnival, The (Adelaide) Register, (Thursday, 4 August 1927), p.10; South Australians Win, The (Adelaide) News, (Wednesday, 17 August 1927), p.1. ^ Football: "The Times", The W.A. Record, (Saturday, 6 January, 1917), p.9. ^ Although it was, most certainly, the first exhibition match played in London, there had been two earlier Australian Rules matches between teams of enlisted men (which included Charlie Morley, from Essendon, and George Francis "Chitter" Brown, of East Fremantle) in October 1915 and January 1916 in Kent: 'No.4 Siege Brigade', "Australian Football on British Soil (Letter to the Editor)", The Age, (11 May 1935), p.5. ^ Anon, 1916a. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o (1916). ^ a b c File:Names and Numbers of Players (1916 Pioneer Game).tif. ^ Wherever possible, direct links have been supplied to entirely different photographs — i.e., "photographs", rather than the somewhat fanciful and artistic images presented on the cigarette cards of the era (compare, for instance, the "artistic" cigarette card image of Bill Sewart at File:Bill Sewart.jpg, with his "real life" photographs at (second player from right, second back row) File:Essendon_fc_1912.jpg and at (first player from left, front row) File:Detail of Third Australian Division Football Team (28 October 1916).tif ^ At the time, while Dan Minogue (at Anon, 1916g) observed that meeting up with the "numerous other footballers" ("all of looking well") prior to the match "was just like old times", he also noted that they all seemed to be "rather on the big side for football". ^ Collins (2016). ^ 'Camofleur', "Musketeers of Brush and Pencil with the A.I.F.: Art Under Fire: The Battlefield as Studio", The (Melbourne) Herald, (1 February 1919), p. 4. ^ See: AIF records relating to the grant of the temporary and honorary rank of Lieutenant to Will Dyson in December 1916 held by the National Archives of Australia. ^ Hunter, Claire (2020), "'I'll never draw a line except to show war as the filthy business it is", Australian War Memorial, 28 April, 2020, and Lieutenant William Henry Dyson, Australian War Memorial). ^ First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Cecil Lawrence Hartt (569), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Private Cecil Lawrence Hartt (569), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Private Cecil Lawrence Hartt (569), National Archives of Australia; Foyle, Lindsay, "Cecil Lawrence Hartt", Australian Cartoonists Association. ^ Lieutenant Fred Leist, Australian War Memorial. ^ Unlike all of his (otherwise) official records (e.g., birth records at Victorian Birth, Deaths, and Marriages, Australian Dictionary of Biography, etc.), which have him as "Ernest Daryl Lindsay", all of his military records have him as "Daryl Ernest Lindsay" (First World War Embarkation Roll: Driver Daryl Ernest Lindsay (10883), collection of the Australian War Memorial, First World War Nominal Roll: Lieutenant Daryl Ernest Lindsay, collection of the Australian War Memorial, First World War Service Record Lieutenant Daryl Ernest Lindsay, National Archives of Australia, etc.). ^ "Fred Lindsay" was the nom de guerre of Bendigo-born, and Wesley College educated Holman James (1874–1946), brother of the Australian author Winifred James (1876–1941) (see: O'Neill, Sally (1983) "James, Winifred Llewellyn (1876–1941)", Australian Dictionary of Biography), veteran of the Boer War (see: Boer War Nominal Roll: Company Sergeant Major Holman James (543), Third Bushman's Contingent collection of the Australian War Memorial and Boer War Dossier: Company Sergeant Major Holman James (543), National Archives of Australia) who, at the time of the football match, was world-famous as "Fred Lindsay" the stockwhip wielding showman (see: Fred Lindsay the Australian Whip Cracker (1909 Poster), A Master of the Whip: Versatile Mr. Fred Lindsay, The (Adelaide) Observer, (Saturday, 15 February 1908), p.51, Plucky Rescue by Australian, The (Hobart) Daily Post, (Thursday, 15 September 1910), p.4, Fred Lindsay: "The Man with the Whip": Australian who has scored in Britain, The (Sydney) Sun, (Saturday, 4 February 1911), p.6, Romance of a Stockwhip: Life History of Colonel Holman James, (Friday, 18 January 1935), p.3, Former Melbourne stockwhip showman dies, The Argus, (Saturday, 1946), p.3, etc.) ^ Daryl Lindsay: Artist and Writer, National Museum of Australia, (Watercolour, by Daryl Lindsay, of Private Thomas on admission, from the collection of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons), etc. ^ Lawrence , Design & Art Australia Online.] Laurence Bush Tayler was born in the U.K. at West Ham, in Essex on 22 April 1882, and he died in the U.K. at Hampstead, in Middlesex on 23 July 1972. ^ At the end of his extended and exceptional VFL career, Daniel Thomas Minogue (1891– 1961) had played in 180 senior games for three different VFL teams over 16 seasons (1911–1926), and had been the senior coach of five different VFL clubs over 23 seasons (1920–1942). ^ Sharland (1930). ^ a b c d e f g Minogue & Millard (1937). ^ Claude Cecil McMullen (1893–1960). World War One Service Record: Corporal Claude Cecil McMullen (3350), National Archives of Australia; Deaths, McMullen, The Age, (Monday, 20 June 1960), p.16. On 23 June 1916, McMullen attended the opening of the Strand, London's, YMCA "hut" and, whilst there, he was served with a cup of coffee by Queen Alexandra (see: Our Sportsmen at the Front: Life in Egypt and England: Queen Alexandra, The Winner, (Wednesday, 23 August 1916), p.9). ^ Our Sportsmen at the Front: Life in Egypt and England: Making Footballs, The Winner, (Wednesday, 23 August 1916), p.9. ^ "'The Stab Kick' — A Football Development", The Argus, (Monday 27 June 1910), p.6. ^ Football: Goldfields Football League, The (Boulder) Evening Star, (Tuesday, 18 June 1907), p.4. ^ Fordham Footballs, The Sporting Globe, (Wednesday, 24 April 1940), p.13. ^ Historic Football, The Winner, (Wednesday, 23 May 1917), p.7, de Lacy, H.A., "Football Roll Call brings back Memories", The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 20 August 1949), p.11: Richardson (2016, p.304), notes that the "distinctive jumpers" mentioned by McMullen, were lost after McMullen's death. ^ The AIF Ball, collection of the Dandenong/Cranbourne RSL Sub Branch, victoriancollections.net.au. ^ See, for example, Riley, Michael, "The Same Game, A Different Ball", Boyles Football Photos, 10 November 2013. ^ a b Richardson (2016), p.156. ^ Stanley Roy Gray (1892–1955); photograph at Stanley Roy Gray (13408, 118477), at Virtual War Memorial Australia. First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Stanley Roy Gray (13408), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Private Stanley Roy Gray (13408), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Private Stanley Roy Gray (13408), National Archives of Australia; Second World War Nominal Roll: Pilot Officer Stanley Roy Gray (118477), Department of Veterans ' Affairs. His Service Record indicates that, at the time of the match, he held the rank of corporal. He was an experienced central-umpire who had been appointed to the umpires' panel of the South Australian Football League in 1915 (see: The League, The (Adelaide) Register, (Wednesday, 28 April 1915), p.4; Industrial Colony: Mr. S.R. Gray to be Manager: Begins Duty Saturday, The (Adelaide) News, (Monday, 16 June 1930), p.5). ^ Barry was an experienced central-umpire. He had been trained in West Australia by Ivo Crapp (Football, The Black Range Courier and Sandstone Observer, (Thursday, 22 June 1911), p.2). He umpired with the New South Wales Australian Football League's First Grade in 1915, and was central-umpire for the League's Grand Final between Paddington and Newtown on Saturday, 10 September 1915 (On the Ball, The Sydney Sportsman, (Wednesday, 15 September 1915), p.7) — in 1916, the Sydney Sportsman referred to him as "the king of umpires here last season" (see: The Sydney Sportsman, (Wednesday, 3 May 1916, p.3). ^ Having had his earlier application to enlist (in Australia) rejected, and although not holding any military position (of any kind, with any branch, of any service, with any country) at the time of the match, Barry was in the UK specifically in order to (unsuccessfully) pursue a career in military aviation, and (by default) in civil aviation (see: Richardson (2016), pp.24–33, 115–117, 156–157, 298; (News Item), The Sydney Morning Herald, (Saturday, 8 January 1916), p.17.; Australian Rules, The Saturday Referee and The Arrow, (Saturday, 13 May 1916), p.1; The Dare Devil Australian, The Sydney Sportsaman, (Wednesday, 11 July 1917), p.6; Australian Rules, The Arrow, (Saturday, 14 July 1917), p.2, etc.). ^ Most likely Alfred Alexander Barker (1883–1937): First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Alfred Alexander Barker (25), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Private Alfred Alexander Barker (25A), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Private Alfred Alexander Barker (25A), National Archives of Australia; Deaths, The Age, (Friday, 8 January 1937), p.1 — who, according to his Service Record, enlisted on 14 March 1916, left Australia on 27 May 1916 with the 10th Australian Machine Gun Company, arrived in the UK on 18 July 1916, and proceeded on to overseas service in France on 22 November 1916. ^ Thomas Sinton Hewitt (1887–1976); second from left, in middle row, in photograph at AIF athletics team (D00674), collection of the Australian War Memorial. Richardson (2016), pp.100–101, 145–146, 283–284, 291–294, 297. First World War Embarkation Roll: Sergeant Thomas Sinton Hewitt (129), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Sergeant Thomas Sinton Hewitt (129), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Sergeant Thomas Sinton Hewitt (129), National Archives of Australia. Hewitt, had never acted as a boundary umpire before this match. He was the pre-war captain of the Malvern Harriers Athletic Club (and also, from this, a club-mate of Percy Cerutty), and a well-performed long distance runner (Holmesby & Main (1996), p.49); he represented Australia, running under the name of "Sinton Hewitt", in both the marathon (finishing 30th, in 3h 3m 27s) and the 10,000 metres (finishing tenth in his heat, time unknown) at the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp, Belgium (Australian Olympic Committee Statistics: Sinton Hewitt (Athletics)). ^ Edward James Watt (1891–1921). First World War Embarkation Roll: Gunner Edward James Watt (20112), collection of the Australian War Menmorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Corporal Edward James Watt (MM) (20112), collection of the Australian War Memorial; Honours and Awards (Military Medal): Corporal Edward James Watt (MM) (20112), Australian War Memorial; On Honor's Roll: Heroic Deeds have Echoes on Steps of Parliament: Battle-Scarred Veterans receive Nation's Homage: Military Medal: 20112, Cpl. Edward James Watt, The (Melbourne) Herald, Thursday, 25 April 1918), p.8; First World War Service Record: Corporal Edward James Watt (MM) (20112), collection of the Australian War Memorial. He died at the Caulfield Military Hospital on 7 June 1921 (Deaths: Watt, The Argus, (Thursday, 9 June 1921), p.1). Watt was an experienced central-umpire with the Victorian Junior Football Association (the predecessor to the VFL Reserve Grade); and, on two separate occasions in 1915, players had been suspended for extended periods for striking him during a match: (a) Victorian Junior Association, The Argus, (Monday, 21 June 1915), p.12 and With the Juniors, The Winner, (Wednesday, 16 June 1915), p.7; and (b) Victorian Junior Association, The (Emerald Hill) Record, Saturday, 17 July 1915), p.3 and Junior Gossip: Drastic Sentences for Offending Players, The Winner, (Wednesday, 4 August 1915), p.6. ^ a b Alexander Emil Olsson (1890–1961). Played amateur football for the Kenilworth Football Club in the South Australian Amateur Football League (SAAFL) (see, for instance: Football: Amateur League: Kenilworth versus University, The (Adelaide) Express and Telegraph, (Monday, 15 June 1914), p.1). World War One Embarkation Roll: Lieutenant Alexander Emil Olsson, collection of the Australian War Memorial; World War One Nominal Roll: Lieutenant Alexander Emil Olsson, collection of the Australian War Memorial; World War One Service Record: Lieutenant Alexander Emil Olsson, National Archives of Australia; World War Two Nominal Roll: Private Alexander Emil Olsson (S69766), Department of Veterans' Affairs; World War Two Service Record: Private Alexander Emil Olsson (S60766), National Archives of Australia; "Cheer Ups" at Yorketown, The (Yorketown) Pioneer, (Saturday, 18 December 1915), p.2; Courage of 20 S.A. People Recognised; Humane Society Awards: Bronze Medals, The (Adelaide) Mail, (Saturday, 19 November 1938), p.2. ^ Unable to identify this individual any further. Given the preceding use of "Lieutenant" for Olsson, possibly the "S.M.", here (i.e., at Brosnan, 1916b), in relation to "Keen", refers to a rank of Sergeant-Major? ^ Detail of . ^ See: ASM, and Haby, 2015. ^ The 25 members of the squad that were listed in the programme had been jointly chosen by Brake and Sloss, the squad's officially appointed selectors (Richardson, 2016, p.154). ^ Edwin John Alley (1881–1949); photograph at The Williamstown Football Team, The Leader, (Saturday, 20 June 1908), p.27. Richardson (2016, p.162). Listed in the programme and on the photograph mount as "R. Alley Williamstown". First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Edwin John Alley (135), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Private Edwin John Alley (135), collection of the Australian War Memorial; Private Edwin John Alley (135), National Archives of Australia; Ted Alley, at australianfootball.com; AFL Statistics: Ned Alley; Ted Alley, at The VFA Project. ^ Francis Joseph Edmund de Beaurepaire (1891–1956), generally known as "Frank Beaurepaire", Olympic swimmer (1908, 1920, 1924), Lord Mayor of Melbourne (1940–1942), knighted in 1942 (Francis Joseph Edmund BEAUREPAIRE, at Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Canberra), and member of the Victorian Legislative Council (1942–1952). First World War Records: Frank. J.E. de Beaurepaire, YMCA Representative, National Archives of Australia; at the time of the match he was serving in the UK with the Australian 3rd. Division as a commissioner of the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) (see: Y.M.C.A. and Soldiers: Work in English Camps, The Argus, (Saturday, 9 September 1916), p.17). ^ Listed in programme as "J. Brake University", and on photograph mount as "Lt. J. Brake University". When the University team withdrew from the VFL competition at the end of the 1914 season, Brake (along with Claude Bryan, Jack Doubleday, Dick Gibbs, Roy Park, and Percy Rodriguez) was given a full clearance to transfer from University to Melbourne at the beginning of the 1915 season. He played in 10 senior games for Melbourne in 1915 (see: Exit University – Football League Retirement, The Argus, (Saturday, 17 October 1914), p.20, Melbourne: University Stars Join, The Herald, (Friday, 16 April 1915), p.3, "University", at Demonwiki, and Jack Brake, at DemonWiki). ^ John Brake (1890–1970); photograph at Studio portrait of Second Lieutenant John Brake, collection of the Australian War Memorial. Richardson (2016, pp.64, 117, 161, 169, etc.). World War One Nominal Roll: Second Lieutenant John Brake, collection of the Australian War Memorial; World War One Embarkation Roll: Second Lieutenant John Brake, collection of the Australian War Memorial; World War Two Nominal Roll: John Brake (V52492), Department of Veterans' Affairs; World War One Service Record: Second Lieutenant John Brake, combined with World War Two Service Record: Major John Brake (V52492), National Archives of Australia; Jack Brake, at AFL Tables; Jack Brake, at australianfootball.com. ^ James Francis Foy (1892–1917); photograph at W.A. Soldiers Who Have Done Their Bit, The (Perth) Sunday Times, (Sunday, 29 April 1917), p.6. Listed in the programme and on photograph mount as "J. Foy Perth". Richardson (2016), pp.117–119, 139–140, 161, 188–192, 247, 297. First World War Embarkation Roll: Sergeant James Francis Foy (809), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Sergeant James Francis Foy (809), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Sergeant James Francis Foy (809), National Archives of Australia; Roll of Honour: Sergeant James Francis Foy (809), Australian War Memorial; Lest We Forget — East Perth FC: First World War, eastperthfc.com.au; W.A. Soldiers who have done their Bit, The (Perth) Sunday Times, (Sunday, 29 April 1917), p.6; Australian Red Cross Wounded and Missing Enquiry Bureau files, 1914–18 War: 1DRL/0428: 809 Sergeant James Francis Foy, 44th Battalion (w.r.t. initial declaration of "missing in action"), collection of the Australian War Memorial. ^ Cyril Louis Hoft (1896–1949); photograph at Glenelg, The (Adelaide) Chronicle, (Saturday, 9 July 1927), p.40, third from right, middle row. Richardson (2016, pp.119, 148, 161, 169). First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Cyril Louis Hoft (785), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Private Cyril Louis Hoft (785), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Private Cyril Louis Hoft (785), National Archives of Australia; Cyril Hoft, at australianfootball.com. ^ a b On the way to fight the Huns, The Winner, (Wednesday, 18 October 1916), p.8. ^ John Hugh James (1890–1967): photographs at Picture Victoria; at File:Richmond_fc_1920.jpg, third from left, back row; and at File:Richmond_fc_1921.jpg, second from left, middle row. Hogan, (1996, pp.110–111); Richardson (2016, pp.103–104, 264–266, etc.). First World War Embarkation Roll: Lance-Sergeant John Hugh James (223), collection of the Australian War Memorial; Honours and Awards (Military Cross): Lieutenant John Hugh James, Australian War Memorial; Honours and Awards (Bar to Military Cross): Lieutenant John Hugh James, Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Lieutenant John Hugh James (MC + DSO ; First World War Service Record: Lieutenant John Hugh James (MC and Bar), National Archives of Australia; AFL Statistics: Hughie James; Hughie James, at australianfootball.com. ^ Percival James Hector Jory (1888–1964); photograph at Tasmania (team photograph), The (Adelaide) Chronicle, (Saturday, 12 August 1911), p.31, third player from left, back row. Richardson (2016, pp.147, 168–169, 170, 304). First World War Embarkation Roll: Gunner Percival James Hector Jory (19992), collection of the Australian War Memorial; World War One Nominal Roll: Quartermaster Sergeant Percival James Jory (19992), collection of the Australian War Memorial; World War One Service Record: Quartermaster Sergeant Percival James Hector Jory (19992), National Archives of Australia; Football Champion: Private Percy Jory, The Winner, (Wednesday, 1 November 1916), p.8; AFL Statistics: Percy Jory; Percy Jory, at australianfootball.com. ^ Leslie Edward Lee (1894–1917); photograph at Studio portrait of 224 Private Leslie Edward Lee, collection of the Australian War Memorial. Main & Allen (2002), pp.101–105; Richardson (2016), p.104. First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Leslie Edward Lee (224), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Private Leslie Edward Lee (224), collection of the Australian War Memorial; Roll of Honour: Private Leslie Edward Lee (224), Australian War Memorial; Australian Red Cross Wounded and Missing Enquiry Bureau files, 1914–18 War: 1DRL/0428: 224 Private Leslie Edward Lee, 10th Machine Gun Company, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Private Leslie Edward Lee (224), National Archives of Australia; Les Lee, at AFL Tables; Les Lee, at australianfootball.com; L.E. Lee, at The VFA Project. ^ In the considered, well-informed, and experienced opinion of his team-mate of the day, the future AFL Hall of Famer, Dan Minogue — expressed 20 years later, having (by then) played in 180 VFL matches, having played with, and been captain of three VFL teams, and having coached four VFL teams — Lee (unknown to Minogue prior to the match) was by far the best and most impressive player on that day; marking "magnificently", Lee was the "Star" of the match:"The star of that unforgettable match in London 21 years ago was young Lee, the unknown Richmond lad. He was only a boy, but he was of the Jack Dyer build and spirit. And could he play! He was a champion in the ruck that day of days. Unfortunately, he was killed in action later." (Minogue & Millard, 1937) ^ Charles Harold Lilley (1892–1982); photograph at An All-Round Sport, The Winner, (Wednesday, 29 November 1916), p.8, and at Demonwiki. Richardson (2016, p.161). First World War Embarkation Roll: Gunner Charles Harold Lilley (19632), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Bombardier Charles Harold Lilley (19632), collection of the Australian War Memorial; Bombardier Charles Harold Lilley (19632), National Archives of Australia; AFL Statistics: Charlie Lilley; Charlie Lilley, at australianfootball.com; Charlie Lilley, at Demonwiki. ^ He played for University in 1912 and 1913. In 1914, as a member of the Commonwealth Public Service, he moved to Canberra (on 17 October 1914, "L.P. Little, late of Melbourne University, and of football fame, won the 120 yards hurdle, the high jump, and the 440 yards championship of the territory (open to all comers)" (Patriotic Sports Meeting, Canberra, Table Talk, (Thursday, 29 October 1914), p.31). He was not linked with Melbourne Football Club until 1919 (on his return to Australia from active service): Leo Little, at Demonwiki. He enlisted in the First AIF in Melbourne, in January 1916 (thus, the "Melbourne" in the programme). ^ Leopold Paul Little (1892–1956); photograph at Leo Paul Little, ACT Memorial: detail of second from left, fourth row from top, at Postcard: "Our Queanbeyan Boys", No.3 (P01061.003), collection of the Australian War Memorial. Richardson (2016), pp.64–65, 166. First World War Embarkation Roll: Sergeant Leo Paul Little (315), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Lieutenant Leo Paul Little (M.C.), collection of the Australian War Memorial; Honours and Awards (Military Cross): Lieutenant Leo Paul Little, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Lieutenant Leo Paul Little, National Archives of Australia; "Little, _Ports11", at The VFA Project; AFL Statistics: Leo Little; Leo Little, at australianfootball.com. ^ Identified in the Division team photograph as "L. Martin", third player from left, back row, without any further particulars supplied in the associated article by Minogue & Millard (1937). ^ Unable to identify this individual any further. A thorough search of UOM, 1926 failed to identify this individual as either a one-time student of the Melbourne University who served in the war, or as one who servd and died on active service. (Whomsoever it might be, it is not the ex-Geelong footballer Len Martin, who was physically in Geelong, and acting as a field-umpire in a local competition at the time of the match.) ^ Player at the extreme left of Football in England: High Mark by Lieut. Sloss, The Winner, (Wednesday, 10 January 1917), p.4. ^ Mistakenly listed in the programme and on the photograph mount as "B.H. Mills Brunswick". Also mistakenly identified by Main & Allen (2002, p.115), as one Benjamin Mills who (a) played for Brunswick before his enlistment, and (b) would play for Northcote after the war.The VFA records clearly show that this particular Mills, a wingman — his Service Record shows that he was 5ft 2+1⁄2 in (159 cm), and 115 lbs (52 kg) on enlistment — only played for Northcote (a) recruited from Prahran Juniors in April 1914, (b) playing 22 games for Northcote in 1914 and 1915, and (c) playing 29 games for Northcote in 1919 and 1920 (see his playing record at The VFA Project).It was, obviously, an entirely different Mills who played with Brunswick between 1909 and 1913, and for Williamstown in 1915 (see G. "Doc" Mills, The VFA Project), especially, given that, on one occasion, both B. Mills and G. Mills played for their respective teams (Northcote and Williamstown), at different locations, at the same time, on the same day (Saturday, 22 May 1915) — see: "Northcote v. Essendon" and "Footscray v. Williamstown" at Football: Association, The (Melbourne) Herald, (Saturday, 22 May 1915), p.3. ^ Benjamin Hastie Mills (1895–1968). First World War Embarkation Roll: Benjamin Hastie Mills (166), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Company Quartermaster Sergeant, Benjamin Hartie ; First World War Service Record: Company Quartermaster Sergeant, Benjamin Hastie Mills (166), National Archives of Australia. ^ Daniel Thomas Minogue (1891–1961); photograph at Daniel Thomas Minogue, at Discovering Anzacs. Richardson, 2016, pp.111–113, 148, 172, etc.). Mistakenly listed in the programme as "D. Minoque Collingwood". First World War Embarkation Roll: Gunner Daniel Thomas Minogue (24559), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Gunner Daniel Thomas Minogue (24559), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Gunner Daniel Thomas Minogue (24559), National Archives of Australia; AFL Statistics: Dan Minogue; Dan Minogue, at australianfootball.com; Dan Minogue's coaching record, at AFL Tables. ^ Harold Milne Moyes (1896–1968); (post-war) photographs at The Melbourne Herald, (Saturday, 21 May 1921), p.6, The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 26 September 1925), p.6, and File:Harry_Moyes_1926.jpg. Richardson (2016, pp.169, 304). First World War Embarkation Roll: Sapper Harold Milne Moyes (10993), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Sapper Harold Milne Moyes (10993), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Sapper Harold Milne Moyes (10993), National Archives of Australia; Harry Moyes, at AFL Tables; Harry Moyes, at australianfootball.com; Sharland, "Jumbo", "H. Moyes, Brainy and Cool Forward: Digger Who Had Bullet in His Back, The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 26 September 1925), p.6. ^ William Henry Orchard (1888–1965); photograph at Studio portrait of Captain William Henry Orchard (P04368.001), collection of the Australian War Memorial. Richardson (2016, p.165). Absent from programme; listed on the photograph mount as "Lt. W. Orchard Geelong". First World War Embarkation Roll: Lieutenant William Henry Orchard, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Captain William Henry Orchard (MC), collection of the Australian War Memorial; Honours and Awards (Military Cross): Captain William Henry Orchard, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Captain William Henry Orchard (MC), National Archives of Australia; AFL Statistics: Billy Orchard; Billy Orchard, at australianfootball.com. ^ James Pugh (1886–1917); photograph at Athlete plays great game, The (Melbourne) Herald, (Monday, 4 June 1917), p.1.. Listed in the programme and on the photograph mount as "J. Pugh Launceston". The eldest in his family, two of his brothers also served overseas in the First AIF: Sapper John David Pugh (2523), and Private Victor Albert Pugh (2381). James (known as "Jim") Pugh enlisted in Launceston. City, the club he played for in the Northern Tasmanian Football Association, was based in Launceston. He was the Club's vice captain in 1914 (About People, The (Launceston) Examiner, (Friday, 1 May 1914), p.5.) ("It was the unanimous opinion of those who witnessed the North and South match, at Launceston, that the palm had to be accorded to Pugh, of the Northern team. The "Northern Flyer", as he is termed, put up a brilliant performance. His dashes round the wing were exhilarating, and aroused great enthusiasm." — Play and Players, The (Melbourne) Herald, (Friday 17 July 1914), p.5.). He was part of the Tasmanian team at the 1914 ANFC Carnival in Sydney. He was also a prominent athlete (see: Roll of Honour, The (Launceston) Examiner, (Thursday, 31 May 1917), p.6). Richardson (2016, pp.10–11, 115, 161, 186–188, 247). First World War Embarkation Roll: Sergeant James Pugh (253), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Sergeant James Pugh (253), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Sergeant James Pugh (253), National Archives of Australia; Roll of Honour: Sergeant James Pugh (253), Australian War Memorial. ^ William Isaac Sewart (1881–1928); photograph at File:Essendon_fc_1912.jpg, second player from right, second back row. Richardson (2016, p.162). First World War Embarkation Roll: Private William Isaac Sewart (307), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Private William Isaac Sewart (307), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record:Private William Isaac Sewart (307), National Archives of Australia; AFL Statistics: Bill Sewart; Bill Sewart, at australianfootball.com. ^ Bruce Moses Farquhar Sloss (1889–1917); photograph at Studio portrait of Second Lieutenant Bruce Moses Farquhar Sloss, collection of the Australian War Memorial; Main & Allen, (2002, pp.179–183); Football in England: High Mark by Lieut. Sloss, The Winner, (Wednesday, 10 January 1917), p.4. Richardson (2016, pp.43–50, 79–80, 87–89, 247, etc.). First World War Embarkation Roll: Second Lieutenant Bruce Sloss, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Lieutenant Bruce Sloss, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Lieutenant Bruce Sloss, National Archives of Australia; Roll of Honour: Lieutenant Bruce Moses Farquhar Sloss, Australian War Memorial ; AFL Statistics: Bruce Sloss; Bruce Sloss, at australianfootball.com. ^ A.I.F. Cricketer's death, The (Lismore) Northern Star, (Saturday, 11 May 1930), p.6. ^ Carl Bleackley Willis (1893–1930); photographs at third from left, middle row, at File:Melbourne_University's_Inter-Varsity_Team_(Adelaide_1914).tiff, and Group portrait of members of the AIF Cricket Eleven (D00685), collection of the Australian War Memorial. Richardson (2016, 50–52, 106–107, 301–304, etc.). First World War Embarkation Roll: Lance-Corporal Carl Bleackley Willis (346), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Captain Carl Bleackley Willis, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Captain Carl Bleackley Willis, National Archives of Australia; AFL Statistics: Carl Willis; Carl Willis, at australianfootball.com. ^ Unable to identify this individual any further. Identified as "a local junior", one "J. Brown" was a last minute inclusion, at half-forward flank, in a Brighton (VFA) team in 1912 (Football: Brighton v. Prahran: Brighton's Lucky Escape, The (Brighton) Southern Cross, (Saturday, 24 August 1912), p.9). ^ The Collingwood District Football Club, competed in the Metropolitan Junior Football Association and would, later, become the Collingwood Reserves: Collingwood District Football Club, at Collingwood Forever. ^ Oswald Robert Brown (1889–1971). His Service Record (pp.22–23) indicates that, through the A.I.F. Educational Scheme he received a training course in "vocal studies"; and that, in the course's three months, he had "made considerable progress" — and, for many years post-war, Electoral Roll records show his occupation as "chorister". First World War Embarkation Roll: Corporal Oswald Robert Brown (43), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Embarkation Roll: Lieutenant Oswald Robert Brown, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Lieutenant Oswald Robert Brown, National Archives of Australia. ^ Edward James Busbridge (1892–1967). First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Edward James Busbridge (3686), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Sergeant Edward James Busbridge (3686), collection of the Australian War Memorial; Australian Red Cross Wounded and Missing Enquiry Bureau files, 1914–18 War: 1DRL/0428: 3686 Sergeant Edward James Busbridge (3686), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Sergeant Edward James Busbridge (3686), National Archives of Australia; Edward J. "Ted" Busbridge, The VFA Project. ^ Timothy James Collins (1889–1971). Tim Collins, at AFL Tables; Tim Collins, at Demonwiki; First World War Embarkation Roll: Company Quartermaster Sergeant Timothy James Collins (74), in the collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Lieutenant Timothy James Collins, in the collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Lieutenant Timothy James Collins, National Archives of Australia. ^ John William Robertson (1892–1982); studio portrait at Studio portrait of members of 31st Battery, 8th Field Artillery Brigade (P11373.001), collection of the Australian War Memorial. First World War Embarkation Roll, Gunner John William Robertson (20007), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll, Sergeant John William Robertson (20007), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record, Sergeant John William Robertson (20007), National Archives of Australia; John Robertson, at australianfootball.com. ^ Leslie Charles Turner (1891–1971). First World War Embarkation Roll: Quartermaster Sergeant Leslie Charles Turner (10), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Embarkation Roll: Company Quartermaster Sergeant Leslie Charles Turner (10), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Company Quartermaster Sergeant Leslie Charles Turner (10), National Archives of Australia; Leslie G. ; "Turner, _Pra14", at The VFA Project; Les Turner, at AFL Tables; Les Turner, at australian football.com. ^ John Watherston Watt (1890–1964). First World War Embarkation Roll: Mechanical Transport Driver John Watherston Watt (11950), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Driver John Watherston Watt (11950), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Driver John Watherston Watt (11950), National Archives of Australia; Jack Watt, at AFL Tables; Jack Watt, at australianfootball.com. ^ Detail of . ^ That 1916 Match, The (Adelaide) News, (Saturday, 25 September 1954), p.15. ^ Oswald Robert Armstrong (1892–1958); for photograph see Gartland (2020). First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Oswald Robert Armstrong (5972), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Record: Oswald Robert Armstrong (5972), collection of the Australian War Memorial; Australian Red Cross Wounded and Missing Files, 1914–18 War: 1DRL/0428: 5972 Private Oswald Robert Armstrong: 14th Battalion, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Oswald Robert Armstrong (5972), National Archives of Australia; Ossy Armstrong, at VFL Tables; Ossy Armstrong, at australianfootball.com. ^ Ernest Frederick Beames (1891–1976); photograph at Redlegs Museum. Brother of the Norwood footballer, George Darling Beames (1889–1967): George Beames, at Redlegs Museum, and First World War Nominal Roll: Sergeant George Darling Beames (875), collection of the Australian War Memorial. Richardson (2016, p.160). First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Ernest Frederick Beames (1830), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Corporal Ernest Frederick Beames (1830), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Corporal Ernest Frederick Beames (1830), collection of the National Archives of Australia. ^ George Buxton Bower (1884–1964); photographs: second from left, front row, in File:1909_South_Melbourne_Football_Club.jpg, centre of second row, at Group portrait of officers of the 60th Battalion (C01871), collection of the Australian War Memorial; and third from left, back row, in Group portrait of officers of the 60th Battalion (E01426), collection of the Australian War Memorial. Richardson (2016, p.160). Listed in the programmem and on the photograph mount as "J. Bower S. Melb". First World War Embarkation Roll: Private George Buxton Bower (1446), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Lieutenant George Buxton Bower (1446), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Lieutenant George Buxton Bower (1446), National Archives of Australia; AFL Statistics: George Bower; George Bower, at australianfootball.com. ^ Hugh Julian Boyd (1886–1960); photograph at Awarded the Military Cross, The Bendigonian, (Thursday, 17 January 1918), p.15. Listed in the programme and on photograph mount as "H. Boyd", with no team given. First World War Embarkation Roll: Lieutenant Hugh Julian Boyd, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Lieutenant Hugh Julian Boyd (M.C.), collection of the Australian War Memorial; Honours and Awards (Recommendation): Lieutenant Hugh Julian Boyd, collection of the Australian War Memorial; Honours and Awards: Lieutenant Hugh Julian Boyd, collection of the Australian War Memorial; Australian WWI Acts of Valour: Military Cross: Boyd, Hugh Julian, ww1valour.weebly.com; First World War Service Record: Lieutenant Hugh Julian Boyd, MC, National Archives of Australia; AFL Statistics: Hugh Boyd; Hugh Boyd, at australianfootball.com. ^ Italo Cesari (1983–1973): photograph at Studio portrait of 4070 Private Italo Cesari, collection of the Australian War Memorial (DASEY1232). Richardson (2016, pp.160, 304). First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Italo Cesari (4070), collection of the Australian War Memorial, First World War Nominal Roll: Private Halo , First World War Service Record: Private Italo Cesari (4070), National Archives of Australia. ^ Listed in the programme and on the photograph mount as "A.C. Cesavi Association" — prior to his enlistment he was playing for the Dromana Football Club, in the Peninsula Football Association; and, on his return from overseas service, he continued to play football, and played with Geelong's Second XVIII for three seasons — see Gartland, 2020; also, the reminiscences of his son at Vincent Cesari (Vince or Caesar), Australians at War Film Archive, 14 May 2003. ^ According to the AFL Umpires Association's records, Italo Cesari officiated, as the central-umpire, in three senior VFL games in 1927; and, in the same year, identified as "a former Dromana footballer", he "gave a great exhibition" as the central-umpire in the Peninsular Football Association's Semi-Final (Anon, 1927). Later, he was a trainer at the South Melbourne Football Club (Johnson, 1954; and South Melbourne Football Club—Trainers and Staff 1954, at Boyles Football Photos). ^ John Thomas Cooper (1889–1917); photographs at A Victorian Trio, The (Adelaide) Evening Journal, (Friday, 9 August 1912), p.1, and second from right, seated, second row at File:Fitzroy_fc_1913.jpg. Main & Allen (2002, pp.39–42); Richardson (2016, pp.119–120, 233–237, 247, etc.). Footballers in Action: Jack Cooper, The Winner, (Wednesday, 6 December 1916), p.8; First World War Embarkation Roll: Private John Thomas Cooper (4753), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Lance-Corporal John Thomas Cooper (4753), collection of the Australian War Memorial; Roll of Honour: John Thomas Cooper (4753), Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Lance-Corporal John Thomas Cooper (4753), National Archives of Australia; Jack Cooper, at AFL Tables; Jack Cooper, at australianfootball.com. ^ Clyde Donaldson (1894–1979); photographs at The Sporting Globe, (Wednesday, 27 June 1923), p.1, and player at extreme right, back row, at File:Essendon_fc_1923.jpg. Richardson (2016), pp.102–103, 160, 166–168. Listed in programme and on the photograph mount as "J. Donaldson Essendon". First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Clyde Donaldson (251), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Private Clyde Donaldson (251), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Private Clyde Donaldson (251), National Archives of Australia; Clyde Donaldson, at AFL Tables; Clyde Donaldson, at australianfootball.com. ^ Thornton Randall Philip Hosking (1894–1949); photograph at "No.12041, Thornton Hosking, 12-10-1911", Gaol Description and Entrance Books, 1818–1930, New South Wales, Australia, at ancestry.com.au (subscription only). Listed in the programme, and on the mount of the presentation photographs as "J. Hoskins Melbourne" (Two decades later, Dan Minogue refers to him as "Jim Hockins (Melbourne)" (Minogue & Millard, 1937).) (Deaths: Hosking, The Argus, (Monday, 8 August 1949), p.11): First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Thornton Phillip ; First World War Nominal Roll: Corporal Thornton Philip Hosking (4137), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Corporal Thornton Philip Hosking (4137), National Archives of Australia; Phil Hosking, at australianfootball.com; Phil Hosking, at AFL Tables; Phil Hosking at Demonwiki. ^ Alfred Jackson (1887–1964); photographs at Group portrait of officers of the 7th Battalion on the Aegean island of Lemnos (C01190), collection of the Australian War Memorial, and Volunteers of Essendon and Flemington, 1914–1918, Captain A. Jackson, empirecall.pbworks.com. Listed in the programme as "Lt. Col. Jackson", and on the photograph mount as "Lt. Col. Jackson S. Australia". First World War Embarkation Roll: Captain Alfred Jackson, collection of the Australian War Memorial; Honours and Awards (Order of the British Empire): Lieutenant Colonel Alfred Jackson, Australian War Memorial; Service "Timeline": Lieutenant Colonel Alfred Jackson, Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Lt. Col. Alfred Jackson (O.B.E.), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Lieutenant Colonel Alfred Jackson )BE), National Archives of Australia; Alf Jackson, at AFL Tables; Fred Jackson, at australianfootball.com. ^ Henry Charles Kerley (1894–1987); photograph at Coburg (VFA) Team, The Weekly Times, (Saturday, 27 April 1919), p.43, centre of middle row. Richardson (2016, pp.159, 166). Listed in the programme as "P. Kerly Collingwood", and on the photograph mount as "H. Kerly Collingwood". World War One Embarkation Roll: Private Henry Charles Kerley (1687), Australian War Memorial; World War One Nominal Roll: Private Henry Charles Kerley (1687), Australian War Memorial; World War One Service Record: Private Henry Charles Kerley (1687), National Archives of Australia; AFL Statistics: Harry Kerley; Harry Kerley, at australianfootball.com; Harry Kerley, at The VFA Project; Harry Kerley, at Collingwood Forever. ^ Stanley Carlton Martin (1889–1917); photograph at , between pages 30 and 31. , p.30; Main & Allen (2002), pp.114–115; Richardson (2016, pp.37–41, 159, 162, 202–209, 247). First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Stanley Carlton Martin (4488), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Private Stanley Careton ; First World War Service Record: Corporal Stanley Carlton Martin (4488), National Archives of Australia; Australian War Memorial Roll of Honour: Corporal Stanley Carlton Martin (4488), Australian War Memorial; AFL Statistics: Stan Martin; Stan Martin, at australianfootball.com. ^ Listed in the programme as "Maxfield Fremantle", on the photograph mount as "— Malfield Fremantle", and by Brosnan (1916b) as "E. Maxfield", of Fremantle" (N.B. none of the four "E. Maxfields" that enlisted in the First AIF — Charles Ernest Maxfield (1845), killed in action on 24 March 1915, Edwin Ernest Maxfield (140), repatriated to Australia in November 1915, George Edgar Maxfield (4043), serving in France at the time of the match, and William Eric Maxfield (2849), enlisted on 9 October 1916, had not yet left Australia — could possibly have played in the match. ^ Despite modern assertions (e.g., Hogan, 1996, p.135), there is no contemporary evidence available (i.e., as at 7 June 2022) that supports claims that the future Richmond footballer Jim "Snowy" Maxfield (service no.1693; 22 years, 5 months, 5 ft 4+1⁄4 in (163 cm), fair complexion, fair hair, and blue eyes, on enlistment) is the "Maxfield" that took part in the exhibition match; and, in particular, there are no independent images of "Snowy" Maxfield in existence that in any way suggest a likeness between the real "Snowy" Maxwell and any individual in the photograph (or the newsreel) of that team on the day. ^ Listed in the programme as "McDonald Essendon", and on the photograph mount as "— McDonald Essendon". Unable to identify further; no initials or given name provided; could have been any of four McDonalds who played for Essendon in the VFL between 1905 and 1912 — or, even, it might refer to another individual who might have played for Essendon Town / Essendon "A" in the VFA. In support of this view, Maplestone, (1996), p.90 speaks of Clyde Donaldson, Bill Sewart, and Bruce Sloss as Essendon-connected players who took part in this match, but does not speak of anyone called McDonald. ^ Alfred McLaren Moore (1890–1968); photograph at: PRG 280/1/21/224, collection of the State Library of South Australia (fifth player from right). Absent from the programme; listed on the photograph mount as "H. Moore S. Australia". First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Alfred McLaren Moore (642), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Lieutenant Alfred McLaren Moore (642), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Lieutenant Alfred McLaren Moore (642), National Archives of Australia; A Gumeracha Volunteer, The (Adelaide) Register, (Tuesday, 23 March 1915), p.8; Redlegs Museum: War Veterans: World War 1. ^ Listed in the programme as "T.A. Paine Northam", and on the photograph mount as "T. Paine Northam"; with "Northam" indicating Northam, Western Australia. ^ Thomas Paine (1894–1979). His brother, Stephen, also served in the First AIF: First World War Nominal Roll: Private Stephen Paine (5167), collection of the Australian War Memorial. First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Thomas Paine (5656), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Private Thomas Paine (5656), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Private Thomas Paine (5656), National Archives of Australia; Local and General News, The Northam Advertiser, (Wednesday, 1 November 1916), p.2; Football: Association Competition: Toodyay v. Unions, The Northam Advertiser, (Wednesday, 15 May 1912), p.4. ^ Charles Julius Perry (1888–1961); photograph at Charles Julius Perry, at Virtual War Memorial Australia. At the time of the match Perry had played 58 senior games with Norwood Football Club; and in 1915, he finished first in a three-way tie for the SAFL's best and fairest award, the Magarey Medal (Charles Perry, at australianfootball.com). Richardson (2016, pp.56–62, 114–115, 159–160, etc.). Charles Julius Perry enlisted as a Methodist Chaplain on 16 November 1915: First World War Embarkation Roll: Chaplain 4th Class Charles Julius Perry, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Chaplain Charles Julius Perry, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Chaplain-Major Charles Julius Perry, National Archives of Australia. ^ Although the 1903 Kalgoorlie/Boulder electoral rolls have him as Daniel Scullion, and although all of the press reports and official programmes of the 1914 ANFC Carnival, in Sydney, in which he was a participant (see: The National Game: Goldfields Footballers for the East, The Westralian Worker, (Friday, 31 July 1914), p.6, etc.) have him as D. Scullion (which also explains the reference to "Scullion", rather than "Scullin" at ), this individual is not "Daniel Scullion (service no.4209)" (see: Sergeant Daniel Scullion, Australian War Memorial). He is Daniel Scullin (service no.1996) (see: Australian War Memorial Roll of Honour); and, by the time of the 1917 federal election, he was listed in the Kalgoorlie/Boulder electoral rolls as Daniel Scullin. ^ Daniel Scullin (1891–1917); photograph at Three Soldier Sons of Mr. and Mrs. D. Scullin, of 214 Pirie Street, Boulder, Camp Chronicle: The Soldier's Paper, (Thursday, 7 June 1917), p.7. Two of his younger brothers, John Joseph Scullin (1893–1916), and Patrick Scullin (1895–1917), also served in the First AIF. All three were killed in action: Private John Joseph Scullin (767), on 29 July 1916 (see: Australian War Memorial Roll of Honour), Private Patrick Scullin (4958), on 26 September 1917 (see: Australian War Memorial Roll of Honour), and Private Daniel Scullin (1996), himself, also on 26 September 1917 (see: Australian War Memorial Roll of Honour). Richardson (2016, pp.3–4, 120–121, 160, 162, 239–242, 247). First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Daniel Scullin (1996), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Private Daniel Scullin (1996), collection of the Australian War Memorial; Australian Red Cross Wounded and Missing Enquiry Bureau files, 1914–18 War: 1DRL/0428: 1996 Private Daniel Scullin, 51st Battalion, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Private Daniel Scullin (1996), National Archives of Australia. ^ An Incident in the Game: Running with the Ball, The Winner, (Wednesday, 10 January 1917), p.4. ^ Percival George Trotter (1883–1959); photograph at Butler (2017). Richardson (2016, pp.15–20, 166, 167, 171, 174). Listed in programme and on photograph mount as "P.C. Trotter Fremantle". First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Percy George Trotter (5791), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Private Percy George Trotter (5791), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Private Perry He played 109 games for Fitzroy in the VFL (1901–1906), 32 games for Essendon in the VFA (1907–1908), and 59 games for East Fremantle in the WAFL (1910–1919): AFL Statistics: Percy Trotter; Percy Trotter, at australianfootball.com; Percy Trotter, at The VFA Project. ^ Alfred James Andrews (1893–1949). Private A.J. Andrews, The Camperdown Chronicle, (Thursday, 14 June 1917), p.4; First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Alfred James Andrews (1990), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Private Alfred James Andrews (1990), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Private Alfred James Andrews (1990), collection of the Australian War Memorial. ^ Unable to identify this individual any further. ^ William Roy Sharp Drummond (1890–1966). The grandfather of Olympic basketballer Phil Smyth, and recipient of the Military Medal (see: Rucci, M., "Port Adelaide uncovers story of premiership winner who became military hero", The (Adelaide) Advertiser, Thursday, 24 April 2014; Recommendation for Award of Military Medal, collection of the Australian War Memorial; Military Medal: 4th Military District: "No.277, Lance-Corporal W.R.S. Drummond, 43rd Battalion", Commonwealth of Australia Gazette, no.23, (Wednesday, 12 February 1919), p.272). First World War Embarkation Roll: Private William Roy Sharp Drummond (277), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Lance-Sergeant William Roy Drummond "MM" (277), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Lance-Sergeant William Roy Sharp Drummond (277), National Archives of Australia. ^ Frederick Ray McGargill (1892–1958) changed his name, post-war, to Frederick Ray Blackeby (see: Service Record, and Funeral Notice: Blackeby, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Saturday, 20 December 1958), p.48). World War One Embarkation Roll: Corporal Frederick Ray McCargill , World War One Nominal Roll: Corporal Frederick Ray McGargill (2191), collection of the Australian War Memorial, World War One Service Record: Corporal Frederick Ray McGargill (2191), National Archives of Australia. McGargill played club football for the Sydney Football Club, represented the Sydney Football League on four occasions, and represented New South Wales on six occasions pre-war, and one occasion, post-war (see: Frederick Roy McGargill, New South Wales Australian Football History Society). ^ Clarence Robert Murphy (1887–1965) Penong Patriotism, The West Coast Sentinel, (Friday, 11 September 1914), p.2; First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Clarence Robert Murphy (518), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Captain Clarence Robert Murphy, OBE (518), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Captain Clarence Robert Murphy, OBE (518), National Archives of Australia. ^ Possibly the same as Honoring Soldiers: Houghton, The (Adelaide) Advertiser, (Tuesday, 2 May 1916), p.8 (identified as "Private J. Newsome") and Peace Day in the Country: Houghton, The (Adelaide) Chronicle, (Saturday, 26 July 1919), p.12 (Identified as "Trooper P. Newsome"). ^ Richard Warren Rowe (1891–1971). First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Richard Warren Rowe (9), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Private Richard Warren Rowe (9), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Private Richard Warren Rowe (9), National Archives of Australia. ^ Most likely, the "N.S.W." in the programme is a mistaken reference to "North-West Coast" (Football: North-Western Union: Latrobe defeats Ulverstone: An Exciting Finish, The (Formby) North West Post, 25 May 1914), p.4; Football: Today's Matches: South Tasmania v. North-West Coast, The (Hobart) Mercury, (Monday, 8 June 1914), p.8. ^ Philip Schofield Stott (1889–1964). First World War Embarkation Roll: Corporal Philip Schofield Stott (1092), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Embarkation Roll: Corporal Philip Schofield Stott (R1092), collection of the Australian War Memorial; Honours and Awards (Recommendation): Sergeant Philip Schofield Stott (1092), Australian War Memorial; Honours and Awards: Sergeant Philip Schofield Stott (1092), Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Lieutenant Phili ; World War One Service Record: Lieutnant Philip Schofield Stott DCM, National Archives of Australia; Football: Wesley Vale Reforms, The (Burnie) Advocate, Tuesday, 22 March 1921), p.4. ^ See: . ^ Anon (1916e); (1916f). ^ The official invitation of "Mrs. C.W. St John Clarke" to the match is held by the Australian Sports Museum (see: Invitation to Australian Football Exhibition Game, 28 Oct 1916 (Registration No.1988.2011.2)). ^ Although some of the pre-match press reports hinted that "Royalty" would attend, and although some (e.g. Dan Minogue, at Minogue & Millard, 1937) later suggested — suggestions that were based entirely on the 1916 press reports, rather than any of their own, direct, physical observations at Queen's Club on the day of the match — that both the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VIII) and his third cousin, the former King Manuel II of Portugal, the match's organiser, Frank Beaurepaire, was adamant (de Lacy, 1949) that (on the grounds that if the Prince of Wales had, indeed, "been present we would have had to make some arrangements to receive him"), he was not there at all; and, further, Nick Richardson's meticulous research (2016, p.164) has revealed that the Prince of Wales was not only not at the match, but was, at the time of the match, overseas (in France). ^ Anon, 1916b. ^ For instance, the observation that, "with 36 men on the field the ball was nearly always the centre of a big cluster of players, and the various moves in the play were not easy to follow", by The Winner's London-based correspondent, E.A. Bland, writing on 2 November 1916 (at Brosnan, 1916b). ^ The Times of London, reprinted in The Winner of 20 December 1916 (Bosnan, 1916b). ^ See: . ^ The Weekly Despatch, cited at Brosnan (1916b). ^ J.W. (1916); Anon (1916c). ^ The description that follows has been constructed from an amalgamation of all of the published press reports and participant-player reminiscences; and all of the "quotes" come from Dan Minogue's reminiscences at Minogue & Millard (1937). ^ Johnson (1954). ^ Anon. (1916d). ^ "Mr. Ashmead Bartlett was aboard a warship with the 500 Australians who formed the covering party for the landing at Gaba Tepe" at dawn on 25 April 1915 (The Landing at Gabatepe, The Bendigo Advertiser, (Saturday, 8 May 1915), p.9. ^ Also, see the republication of Ashmead-Bartlett's complete article at How the World heard the First Story of Anzac, The (Melbourne) Herald, (Friday, 25 April 1930), p.4. ^ The complete article and/or sections of it were reprinted, often more than once in the same publication, in a wide range of daily and weekly newspapers (Blackburn, 2016, pp.10–11). ^ As Richardson observes, "despite all the mock heroic sentiments, sportsmen were not invincible creatures who could outrun bullets and survive shrapnel" (2016, pp.66–67). It is a matter of record, for instance, that the rugby union footballers Edward Larkin and Blair Swannell, and the Australian Rules footballers, Rupert Balfe, of Brunswick and University, Alan Cordner, of Geelong and Collingwood, Claude Crowl, of St Kilda, Charlie Fincher, of South Melbourne, Fen McDonald, of Carlton and Melbourne, and Joe Pearce, of Melbourne, were all killed in action at Anzac Cove on 25 April 1915. ^ For instance, a year after the landings at Anzac Cove, "Half-Back", the Western Mail's football correspondent claimed that, when compared with their counterpart non-footballers, "very few of our League footballers have been invalided home, and this speaks well for their hardness in withstanding the rigors of the Gallipoli campaign" (The Western Mail, Friday, 28 April 1916, p36). ^ Brosnan (1917b). ^ Further along in that same article, Brosnan defends his stress on "the footballer" as the most suitable and desirable recruit: "I do not intend to institute comparisons with other sports re the percentage of players who have enlisted. In the first place, as I said before, it would be impossible to give, with any idea of accuracy, the number of footballers who have gone, and in the second, as nearly every player takes part in some other game during the summer, such as rowing, athletics, cricket, tennis, baseball, etc., he is naturally claimed by these as their own. Besides, when at a rough estimate three quarters of the Australian army is composed of sportsmen, each separate branch has done and no doubt will continue to do, their part, irrespective of what the others are doing." ^ According to Cullen (2015, p.109) of the 750 enlisted men who had played at least one First XVIII game of VFL football, 94 of them were killed (the current Wikipedia list of VFL players who died on active service in World War I has the number at 96). ^ Such as: Football for Fighters, The Poverty Bay Herald, (Wednesday, 15 November 1916), p.6. ^ Such as The Winner's London-based correspondent, E.A. Bland, at Brosnan (1916b). ^ Such as The Sportsman's reporter, at Brosnan (1916b). ^ As Brosnan (1916b) noted, "The English public had read a good deal of the large crowds which witness football matches in Australia (Victoria in particular), and, this being the first occasion on which two really expert teams had been pitted against one another on English soil, a fair amount of interest was aroused, especially amongst those who, being Rugger or Soccer enthusiasts, wished to compare our game with their own." ^ Such as Brosnan (1916a, 1916b, and 1917a). ^ Football: Proposed World Tour, The Argus, (Friday, 5 June 1914), p.12, "Rambler", "Proposed World's Tour by Australian Footballers", The Referee, (Wednesday, 17 June 1914), p.1, World Football Tour: Limited Company to be Formed, The Argus, (Wednesday, 15 July 1914), p.18, Exhibition Footballers: Proposed World Tour: Meeting of Supporters, The Age, (Wednesday, 15 July 1914), p.15, "Amateur", "Football Gossip", The Leader, (Saturday, 18 July 1914), p.20, Proposed World's Tour, The W.A. Sportsman, (Friday, 31 July 1914), p.5 ^ For more on Aussie Rules in the USA, see Cheffers & Narleski (2003, passim). ^ Spotlight on Sportsmen: Football, Guinea Gold, (Wednesday, 3 March 1943), p.3, Andrew, Bruce, "Staging our Game in England: Wanted Lord's—Got Hyde Park", The Sporting Globe, (Saturday. 26 May 1945), p.5. ^ UK0899: Team photograph, collection of the Australian War Memorial. ^ Hyde Park echoes to Football Barrack, The Barrier Miner, (Wednesday, 12 January 1944), p.2. ^ Australians in England, The Maitland Weekly Mercury, (Saturday, 30 September 1916), p.12, quoting from a United Press cable. ^ Australian Football: Soldiers Play in England, The Bendigonian, (Friday, 20 October 1916), p.5, quoting from a United Press cable. ^ Australian Football: Exhibition by Anzacs, The Bendigo Independent, (Thursday, 26 October 1916), p.5, quoting from a United Press cable. ^ Australian Football: Match in London: Great Interest Displayed, The Mount Alexander Mail, (Monday, 30 October 1916), p.4, quoting directly from a United Press cable. ^ For instance, Help for Red Cross: Soldiers' Football Match, The (Adelaide) Register, (Monday, 30 October 1916), p.4. ^ Brosnan (1916a). ^ Ernest Alfred Bland (1885–1956), described by Brosnan (1916b) as "one of the leading sporting writers in England", was considered to be an expert on rowing, and horse racing. He was the chairman of the London Press Club in 1946. Apparently Bland's report, dated 2 November 1916, was the only eye-witness account from a sporting writer published anywhere in Australia. ^ For instance, Football for Fighters, The Poverty Bay Herald, (Wednesday, 15 November 1916), p.6. ^ a b c d e Anon (1917). ^ In the manner in which Aussie Rules à la VFL was played at the time, the three "followers" were on the ball (i.e., they were "followers" because they followed the play whenever it went), for the entire quarter and, then, were replaced by their counterparts (who had played in the "fixed position" of, say, back-pocket) for the entire next quarter. ^ "An Exciting Moment in the Grand Challenge Football Match Between Anzac Teams, Made up from Australian Battalions Now Stationed in London. Played on the Queen's Club Grounds", The New York Times, (Sunday, 19 November 1916), p.RPA5. ^ "Les Australiens guerriers et sportifs ('The Australian Warriors and Sportsmen')", Excelsior, (Monday, 20 November 1916), p.12. The caption to the photograph, mistakenly identifies the sport as "rugby":"C'est au cours d'un match de rugby dispute récemment en Angleterre, entre deux équipes de soldats australiens (ANZAC), qu'a été pris cet instantané curieux. On sait que nos allies ont qualifé du nom d'Anzac les contingents australiens et zélandais qui prirent un si brilliante part aux affaires des Dardinelles." ('It was during a rugby match played recently in England, between two teams of Australian soldiers (ANZAC), that this curious snapshot was taken. We know that our allies gave the name of Anzac to the Australian and Zealand contingents who took such a brilliant part in the affairs of the Dardinelles.') ^ Two stills from the news film appear at Holmesby & Main, (1996), p.49. ^ Collins (2019). ^ A photograph of the Collingwood Football Club's mounted set appears at Ross (1996, p.89). ^ McFarlane, Glenn, "Eric Copeland", Collingwood Forever. ^ Our Sportsmen at the Front: Footballers in Action: Frank Beaurepaire, The Winner, (Wednesday, 31 January 19170, p.8. ^ Ross (1996), p.89. ^ Collins (2017). References Official programme : Pioneer Exhibition Game Australian Football: in aid of British and French Red Cross Societies: 3rd Australian Division v. Australian Training Units at Queen's Club, West Kensington, on Saturday, October 28th, 1916, at 3pm, Wightman & Co., (London), 1916. Film : Australian Football (Pathé Newsreel, 1916) on YouTube : Australian Football (Pathé Newsreel, 1916), remastered and colourised version (2019) on YouTube Photographs : Organised by Australian Olympic swimmer Lieutenant Frank Beaurepaire, etc., in the collection of the Australian War Memorial (Accession number: H16689). : Photograph of Third Australian Division football team in London, 28 Oct 1916, in the collection of the Australian Sports Museum (Registration number: 1991.2529.4). : Well-known players at Queen's Club: The Winners — The Third Australian Divisional Team, The Winner, (Wednesday, 20 December 1916), p.7. : "Checker" Hughes Tells an Anzac Day Story, The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 25 April 1953), p.4. : Organised by Australian Olympic swimmer Lieutenant Frank Beaurepaire, etc., in the collection of the Australian War Memorial (Accession number: H16688). : Photograph of Australian football team in London, 28 Oct 1916, in the collection of the Australian Sports Museum (Registration number: 1991.2529.5). : Beaten, but not Disgraced: The Defeated Team — Australian Training Units, The Winner, (Wednesday, 20 December 1916), p.7. Other references Allen, David G. (2000), "The ANZAC match in London in 1916", The Yorker, No.25, (Autumn 2000), Melbourne Cricket Club. Anon. (1916a), "News in Brief", The Times, Issue 41309, (Friday, 27 October 1916), p. 15, column B. Anon. (1916b), "Australian Football: Novel Match At Queen's Club", The Times, Issue 41311, (Monday, 30 October 1916), p. 11, column C. Anon. (1916c), "Anzacs at Football: Londoners Delighted", The Geraldton Guardian, (Thursday, 2 November 1916), p.1. Anon. (1916d), "Soldiers at Play: Football in England: Adelaide Men Engaged", The (Adelaide) Chronicle, (Saturday, 4 November 1916d), p.41. Anon, (1916e), "Cribbings & Criticisms", The (Melbourne) Sporting Judge, (Saturday, 4 November 1916), p.1. Anon., (1916f), "General Cable News", The Kalgoorlie Western Argus, (Tuesday, 7 November 1916), p.33. Anon., (1916g), "Interesting Letters from Footballers: The King Inspects Australians", The Winner, (Wednesday, 29 November 1916), p.8. Anon. (1917) "Australian Football: New Game for England: Keen Contest at Queen's Club", The (Emerald Hill) Record, (Saturday, 6 January 1917), p.2. Anon. (1927), "Peninsula Semi-Final", The Weekly Times, (Saturday, 3 September 1927), p.93. : Football jumper, Australian Training Units v 3rd Australian Divisional match – London, 28 October 1916, Australian Gallery of Sport and Olympic Museum. Atkinson, G. (1982) Everything you ever wanted to know about Australian rules football but couldn't be bothered asking, The Five Mile Press: Melbourne. ISBN 0 86788 009 0. Blackburn, Kevin (2016), War, Sport and the Anzac Tradition, London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978--1137-48760-5 Brosnan, G. (1916a), "Australian Football played in London: 'Great Game by Anzacs' ", The Winner, (Wednesday, 1 November 1916), p.9. Brosnan, G. (1916b), "Australian Football at Queen's Club, London: Exhibition Game by Anzacs draws Large Crowd: English Critics' Opinions Generally Favorable Brosnan, G. (1917a), "Australian Football in London: Exhibition Game provides Fine Advertisement: Later details respecting Players", The Winner, (Wednesday, 10 January 1917), p.4. Brosnan, G. (1917b), "Footballer's Efforts to Win the Great War: A Fine Record", The Winner, (Wednesday, 28 February 1917), p.4. Butler, Steve (2017), "Haydn Bunton Jr accepts elevation of his father to WA Football Hall of Fame in emotional final event at Subiaco Oval", The West Australian, Monday, 27 November 2017. Cheffers, John & Narleski, G. (2003), The Story of USfooty, Lexington, MA: Lexington Press, 2003. ISBN 0-9744403-0-2 Collins, Ben (2016), "100 years ago today, Diggers played a "slashing" match in London", afl.com.au, 28 October 2016. Collins, Ben (2017), "Pioneer London game to be celebrated 100 years on", afl.com.au, 5 May 2017. Collins, Ben (2019), "October, 1916, London: Why soldiers played Australian footy in a time of crisis", afl.com.au, 16 August 2019. Cullen, Barbara (2015), Harder than Football: League Players at War, Richmond: Slattery Media Group. ISBN 978-0-9923-7914-8 de Lacy, H.A. (1949), "Sir John Monash played big hand", The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 27 August 1949), p.5. , DWR:1916:10: Daily Weather Reports: 1st October to 31st October 1916, Meteorological Office, London. Gartland, Bob. "Almanac Footy History: Ossie not Charlie – in search of a player". Footy Almanac. Retrieved 24 April 2020. Haby, Peter (2015), "Dan Minogue's 1916 Guernsey", Hawthorn Football Club, 19 August 2015. Hogan P: The Tigers Of Old, Richmond FC, (Melbourne), 1996. ISBN 0-646-18748-1 Holmesby, R. & Main, J., This Football Century: "The Greatest Game of All", Wilkinson Books, (Melbourne), 1996. ISBN 1-86350-222-X J.W., "Football: The Anzacs in London", The Australasian, (Saturday, 4 November 1916), p.26. Johnson, V. (1954), "That 1916 Match, The (Adelaide) News, (Saturday, 25 September 1954), p.15. Main, J. & Allen, D., Fallen — The Ultimate Heroes: Footballers Who Never Returned From War, Crown Content, (Melbourne), 2002. ISBN 1-74095-010-0 Maplestone, M., Flying Higher: History of the Essendon Football Club 1872–1996, Essendon Football Club, (Melbourne), 1996. ISBN 0-959-1740-2-8 McMullen, C., "Diggers Show London Australian Football: Raise £1000 for Red Cross", The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 28 October 1939), p.5. Minogue, D. & Millard, P.J., "Famous A.I.F. Match in London: Unknown Richmond Lad was the Star", The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 21 August 1937), p.8. Richardson, N. (2016), The Game of Their Lives, Pan Macmillan Australia: Sydney. ISBN 978-1-7435-3666-7 Ross, J. (ed), 100 Years of Australian Football 1897–1996: The Complete Story of the AFL, All the Big Stories, All the Great Pictures, All the Champions, Every AFL Season Reported, Viking, (Ringwood), 1996. ISBN 0-670-86814-0 Sharland, W.S. "Jumbo", "When Diggers Astonished London: Spirited Exhibition Match by Great Players", The Sporting Globe, (Wednesday, 10 September 1930), p.8. Sunrise and Sunset Times at London, United Kingdom, October 1916, sunrisesunset.com. , Record of Active Service of Teachers, Graduates, Undergraduates, Officers and Servants in the European War, 1914–1918, University of Melbourne, (Melbourne), 1926. External links Sport and War ABC radio transcript (19 April 2002) vteAustralian rules footballLeagues andcompetitionsNational AFL AFLW Second-tier SANFL SANFLW VFL VFLW WAFL WAFLW Junior AFL Under 18 Championships AFL Women's Under 18 Championships Talent League Boys Talent League Girls Other AFL Canberra AFLC Women's Northern Territory Football League Adelaide Footy League NTFL Women's Queensland Australian Football League QAFL Women's AFL Sydney AFLS Women's Tasmanian State League TSL Women's Defunct AFL reserves NEAFL History Australian rules football during the World Wars History of the VFL/AFL Interstate football Marn Grook Origins Schism (1938–1949) Variations AFLX Comparison with Gaelic football Footy 9s International rules football Lightning football Rec footy Superules Geography Australian rules football in Australia Countries playing Australian rules football Tournaments Australian Football International Cup Awards Australian Football Hall of Fame Brownlow Medal Club best and fairest Magarey Medal Sandover Medal Related articles After-the-siren kicks Banner Barassi Line Families Fantasy football Footy tipping Guernsey In popular culture Kick-to-kick Mascot Manor Oldest clubs Oldest competitions Terms and jargon Trading cards
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord Mayor of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Melbourne#Lord_mayors_(1902%E2%80%931980)"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Frank Beaurepaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Beaurepaire"},{"link_name":"Australian Rules football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Rules_football"},{"link_name":"Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement"}],"text":"Australian Rules football charity matchAustralian rules football matchOn Saturday 28 October 1916, the former Olympic champion swimmer and the later Lord Mayor of Melbourne, Lieutenant Frank Beaurepaire, organised an Australian Rules football match in aid of the British and the French Red Cross.Promoted as the Pioneer Exhibition Game of Australian Football in London, and \"believed to be the first exhibition of Australian football in London\" (de Lacy, 1949), the match was contested between two teams of Australian servicemen who were stationed in the UK — the Australian Training Units Team and the Third Australian Divisional Team — all of whom were highly skilled footballers, and the majority of whom had already played senior football in their respective states prior to their enlistment.The Third Australian Divisional team beat the Australian Training Units Team 6.16 (52) to 4.12 (36).","title":"1916 Pioneer Exhibition Game"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:6230649_Monash_group_portrait_Captains_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sir John Monash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Monash"},{"link_name":"3rd Australian Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Division_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Brigadier-General Sir Newton Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_Moore"},{"link_name":"Premier of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Australian Imperial Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Australian_Imperial_Force"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Salisbury Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury_Plain#Military_use"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McMullen-3"},{"link_name":"Sir Frank Beaurepaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Beaurepaire"},{"link_name":"Larkhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larkhill"},{"link_name":"Tidworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidworth"},{"link_name":"Horseferry Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseferry_Road"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Monash during World War IThe match was suggested by Sir John Monash, then in command of the 3rd Australian Division,[1] with the complete support of Brigadier-General Sir Newton Moore, former Premier of Western Australia and, at the time, General Officer Commanding Australian Imperial Force in the United Kingdom.[2] Both agreed that, if at all possible, the game should be played in London, rather than on the Salisbury Plain:[3]Sir Frank Beaurepaire said today that the famous football match between the Third Divvy and the Training Units ... which is believed to be the first exhibition of Australian football in London ... held in Queen's Park, London, in 1916, would never have taken place but for the personal interest taken by the late Sir John Monash. ...\"General Monash was keen on sport for the troops\", said Sir Frank. \"There was a very strong side in the Third Divvy at Larkhill while the Training Units were at Tidmouth [sic] [viz., Tidworth]. We had decided to play at Larkhill until the suggestion came from Sir John that we should play in London.\"He made everything possible. The organisers had an office at Horseferry Road [viz., AIF Headquarters] and every difficulty was straightened out by Sir John.\" — The Sporting Globe, 27 August 1949.[4]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Donald Mackinnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Mackinnon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Monash's views on the value of sport","text":"Despite not being an athlete himself,[5] Monash firmly believed in the power of sport to boost troop morale and keep his soldiers fit for war.On the evening of Saturday, 17 January 1920, for instance, in his response on behalf of the Army to the toast \"The Navy and Army\" at a dinner at Scott's Hotel, Melbourne, hosted by the president of the Victorian Cricket Association, Donald Mackinnon, for the visiting AIF Cricket team,[6][7] Monash made his position on the value of sport unequivocally clear:\"Sir John Monash, who was greeted with loud applause, said that all responsible commanders of the A.I.F. early in the war were impressed with the importance of sport, which was a powerful assistance. The Y.M.C.A. and the Australian Comforts Fund had sent liberal and adequate supplies of sporting material. (Hear, hear.) Every unit had its teams, and the keeping of the spirit of sport alive was an important factor in maintaining the [morale]. An appeal to the men that never failed was the appeal to their sportsmanship. (Hear, hear.) This was the inspiration which took them to many victories. The appeal \"It's up to you to play for your side\" always told. (Cheers.) The reason the Australians were recognised, as possessing the gift for keen work to a degree not exceeded by any other army in the war, was that they had the capacity for collective effort, which was due to the influence of sport in their life in Australia. (Cheers.)\" — The Australasian, 24 January 1920.[8]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frank_Beaurepaire_LCCN2014717304.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gerald_Brosnan_1906.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gerald Brosnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Brosnan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-Colonel C.A. Keatinge Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._A._Keatinge_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McMullen-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YMCA"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"3rd Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Division_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Division_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Division_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Division_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"5th Divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Division_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McMullen-3"},{"link_name":"Gerald Brosnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Brosnan"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BROS1917a-14"}],"text":"Frank Beaurepaire (c.1924)Gerald Brosnan (1906).[9]The two generals chose Lieutenant-Colonel C.A. Keatinge Johnson,[10] then Commander of the A Group Training Brigade on Salisbury Plain, to be responsible for the arrangements; and, if possible, he was asked to select two first-class teams.[3]Keatinge-Johnson directed Major C.W. St John Clarke to begin the planning.[11]St. John-Clarke, in turn, appointed Lieutenant Frank Beaurepaire — who was in the UK at the time as a commissioner of the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA),[12] and serving with the 3rd Division — to be responsible for the 3rd Division, and Lieutenant H. Bartram of the 2nd Brigade,[13] to be responsible for the 1st, 2nd, 4th, and 5th Divisions. Beaurepaire and Bartram immediately set to work and established an office in London. The match took almost three months to organise.[3]The principal organiser [of the event] turns out to be Frank Beaurepaire, the Y.M.C.A. official, and former swimming writer for The Winner.To him is due the chief credit for the successful carrying out of all the innumerable details in connection with the undertaking — the getting together of the players, obtaining the necessary leave, arranging trial matches in order to get into some sort of form, the fixing on the ground, and having it marked off, arranging prices of admission, gatekeepers, etc., interviewing artists and others re programme, and the hundred and one other necessary items.That the whole affair panned out so successfully speaks well for his organising ability.But, then, we are used to expecting nothing but the best from any effort of Beaurepaire. — Gerald Brosnan, 10 January 1917.[14]","title":"Planning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BROS1916b-15"},{"link_name":"Second Australian National Football Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911_Adelaide_Carnival"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"J.W. Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robertson_(Australian_footballer,_born_1892)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Third Australian National Football Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914_Sydney_Carnival"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Fourth Australian National Football Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_Perth_Carnival"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Fifth Australian National Football Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Hobart_Carnival"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Sixth Australian National Football Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927_Melbourne_Carnival"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Participants","text":"The members of the team squads had been chosen on the basis of their footballing skills.\"On looking through the personnel of the teams the first thing that impresses one is the number of fine exponents of Australian football — men who have shown exceptional skill on the fields here [in Australia] before thousands — who took part in the match.That the organisers hit on the physiological [sic] moment is evidenced by a glance at the names [of the players that took part].Of course, there are any number of prominent footballers in the Army — enough to form a dozen or more teams — but to pick out a date on which such 36 first-class players as those who took part in the game could be brought together in London must be classed as nothing short of an inspiration.Probably not once again during the currency of the war will such a galaxy of football talent be gathered in England at the one time . . . \" — Gerald Brosnan, 20 December 1916.[15]The majority of those chosen had already played senior football in their respective states, and a number of them had also played interstate representative football:Three squad members — F.R. McGargill (New South Wales), P.J.H. Jory (Tasmania), and J.T. Cooper (Victoria) — had represented their respective States at the Second Australian National Football Carnival, in Adelaide, in August 1911.[16]\nThree squad members — J. Brake, J.H. James, and W.I. Sewart — had represented Victoria in the interstate match against South Australia, at the MCG, on 6 July 1912,[17] and three — J. Brake, J.T. Cooper, and W.I. Sewart — had represented Victoria in the return match, against South Australia, in Adelaide on 10 August 1912.[18]\nThree squad members — J. Brake, J.T. Cooper, and B.M.F. Sloss — had represented Victoria in the interstate match against South Australia, in Adelaide, on 12 July 1913,[19] and two — J.H. James and B.M.F. Sloss — had represented Victoria in the return match against South Australia at the MCG on 16 August 1913.[20]\nNine squad members — F.R. McCargill (New South Wales), J. Pugh (Tasmania), J.W. Robertson (South Australia), J. Brake, J.T. Cooper, C.H. Lilley, J.H. James, B.M.F. Sloss, (Victoria),[21] and D. Scullin (Western Australia) — had represented their respective States at the Third Australian National Football Carnival, in Sydney, in August 1914.[22]\nOne squad member, J.H. James, would go on (post-war) to represent Victoria in the interstate match against South Australia, in Adelaide, on 24 July 1920.[23]\nOne squad member, C.L. Hoft, would go on (post-war) to represent Western Australia at the Fourth Australian National Football Carnival, in Perth, in August 1921,[24] South Australia at the Fifth Australian National Football Carnival, in Hobart, in August 1924,[25] and, once again, South Australia at the Sixth Australian National Football Carnival, in Melbourne, in August 1927.[26]Despite their individual skills and expertise, those eventually chosen from the prospective squads to play on the day had not really been able to practice together as teams prior to the match.[27]","title":"Planning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"The match was promoted as the \"Pioneer Exhibition Game of Australian Football in London\":[28]An Australian football match (an Australian Division v. Training Groups) will be played at Queen's Club, West Kensington, tomorrow, at 3 p.m., in aid of the British and French Red Cross Funds. The game, played by 18 players a side, will show how Australians have combined \"Soccer\" and Rugby. — The Times, Friday, 27 October 1916.[29]","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OPR-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brief_Description_of_Australian_Football_(1916_Pioneer_Game).tif"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OPR-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Position_of_players_on_the_field_(1916_Pioneer_Game).tif"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OPR-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Names_and_Numbers_of_Players_(1916_Pioneer_Game).tif"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OPR-30"}],"text":"As well as providing a clear explanation of the game, which made it easy for spectators to follow, the official printed programme[30] provided the names and numbers for the members of each squad's extended list of \"possibles\" — 25 for the Third Australian Division, and 26 for the Combined Training Units — from which the 18 players for the day in each team were to be selected.Information provided in the official programme for new-to-the-game spectators\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA brief description ofAustralian Football (p. 5)[30]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPlan of playing field andthe position of players (p. 6)[30]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe names, numbers, and the pre-war teams of those\"to be selected from\" (p. 7)[30]","title":"The official programme"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Will_Dyson_at_his_printing_press.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruby_Lindsay,_artist_-_portrait,_ca._1908_(crop).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joan_and_Daryl_Lindsay.jpg"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OPR-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NNP-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NNP-31"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1916_Pioneer_Exhibition_Game&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NNP-31"}],"sub_title":"Team lists","text":"Will Dyson (1930s)Ruby Lindsay (c.1908)Joan and Daryl Lindsay (1925)It is obvious from the differences in references to the same individual in various parts of the programme[30] — for instance, \"Fred Lindsay\" (p. 2) vs. \"Dan Lindsay\" (p. 10); \"Cecil Hart\" (p. 2) vs. \"Cecil J. Hartt\" (p. 4), etc. — that, rather than a written draft of the programme having been created and cross-checked against all available artistic, sporting, and military records by a single, dedicated, and well-informed official, and the cluster of pages from which the programme was subsequently constructed having been imagined and, then, realised by a single creative designer, the entire programme was a set of associated fragments, each constructed by different individuals to whom various aspects of the various tasks involved had been delegated at different times, and all of which had been hurriedly aggregated together at last moment by some other person.Consequently, the lists of squad members and match officials in the programme[31] not only contain typographical errors (e.g., \"Pubiaco\" for \"Subiaco\"), but also some outright mis-identifications of specific individuals and/or their original football teams, all of which have been corrected and are accurately identified below[32] — which, allowing for the changes due to differences in age, health, and physical fitness, and the consequences of their military service (such as being gassed while serving in France), are clearly those of the same individual that appears in the relevant team photograph taken on the day — except, that is, for the goal umpire \"S.M Keen\", the Third Division's [13] \"L. Martin, University\", and [23] \"L.V. Brown, Brighton\", and the Training Units' [14] \"Maxfield, Fremantle\", [19] \"Bennett, Ballarat\", and [21] \"McDonald, Essendon\",[31] whose respective identification-puzzles (as of June 2022[update]) seem impossible to resolve.However, given that all of the players were serving soldiers whose stamina, current states of health (due to hepatitis, measles, meningitis, malaria, etc.), post-injury and post-wound levels of physical fitness-for-football,[33] (post-gassing) respiratory capacities, and/or immediate demands of their military duties might make them suddenly available (or, not available) — for instance, Jack Cooper's condition had only just recovered enough from being gassed in France for him to be able to play for the Training Units team[34] — it is not surprising that the names of two of the unexpectedly-available-on-the-day players (i.e., Alf Moore and Billy Orchard) were missing from their respective squad's list in the published programme.[31]","title":"The official programme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OPR-30"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BROS1917a-14"},{"link_name":"Will Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Dyson"},{"link_name":"High Commissioner of Australia to the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_high_commissioners_of_Australia_to_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Andrew Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fisher"},{"link_name":"official Australian \"war artist\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_artist#First_World_War"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Cecil L. Hartt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Hartt"},{"link_name":"Gallipoli on 28 August 1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign#August_offensive"},{"link_name":"Reading Military Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Hospital#History"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Fred Leist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Leist"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Ruby Lind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Lindsay"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lindsay"},{"link_name":"Percy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Lindsay"},{"link_name":"Lionel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Lindsay"},{"link_name":"Spanish flu pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Dan Lindsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Lindsay"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(military)"},{"link_name":"Joan Lindsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Lindsay"},{"link_name":"Picnic at Hanging Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picnic_at_Hanging_Rock_(novel)"},{"link_name":"jackaroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackaroo_(trainee)"},{"link_name":"Sir Harold Gillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Gillies"},{"link_name":"specialist military hospital at Sidcup, in Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frognal_House#Hospital_and_modern_use"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fred_Leist_(cartoon_for_1916_Pioneer_Exhibition_Game_programme).tif"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OPR-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cecil_L_Hartt_(cartoons_for_1916_Pioneer_Exhibition_Game_programme).tif"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OPR-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laurie_Tayler_(cartoon_for_1916_Pioneer_Exhibition_Game_programme).tif"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OPR-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fred_Leist_(second_cartoon_for_1916_Pioneer_Exhibition_Game_programme).tif"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OPR-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dan_Lindsay_A.A.S.C._(cartoon_for_1916_Pioneer_Exhibition_Game_programme).tif"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OPR-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruby_Lind_(cartoon_for_1916_Pioneer_Exhibition_Game_programme).tif"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OPR-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Will_Dyson_(cartoon_for_1916_Pioneer_Exhibition_Game_programme).tif"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OPR-30"}],"sub_title":"Cartoon sketches by Australian artists","text":"The official programme[30] also presented a small collection of sketches by six well-known Australian artists resident in London at the time,[35] all of whom \"gave their services gratuitously\":[14]Will Dyson: William Henry Dyson (1880–1938), the husband of Ruby Lindsay. At the specific suggestion of the High Commissioner of Australia to the United Kingdom, the former Australian Prime Minister Andrew Fisher, Dyson was appointed as the first official Australian \"war artist\" in December 1916.[36][37]\nCecil L. Hartt: Cecil Lawrence Hartt (1884–1930), having enlisted in the AIF at the age of 30, he was seriously wounded in his right thigh and left ankle fighting with the Anzacs at Gallipoli on 28 August 1915. Invalided to England, he was recuperating in the Reading Military Hospital at the time of the match. He did not recover enough to resume active service, and was repatriated to Australia in June 1918, discharged as medically unfit for service in July 1918; and, in May 1930, most likely due to his on-going post-traumatic stress and the sequelae of his war injuries, he committed suicide.[38]\nFred Leist: Frederick William Leist (1873–1945), cartoonist, graphic artist, and painter; another official Australian \"war artist\", appointed later than Will Dyson.[39]\nRuby Lind: that is, Ruby Lindsay (1885–1919), the sister of Norman, Percy, Lionel, and Daryl Lindsay, painter, cartoonist, poster-designer, book illustrator, and the wife of Will Dyson. She died on 12 March 1919 during the Spanish flu pandemic.\nDan Lindsay: that is, Daryl Ernest Lindsay (1889–1976)[40] — N.B.: not the (otherwise) famous \"Fred Lindsay\" mistakenly listed as the cartoon's contributor on page 2 of the programme[41] — the brother of Lionel, Norman, Percy, and Ruby Lindsay; the brother-in-law, and former batman of Will Dyson. Known to his friends as \"Dan\", he was the husband of Joan Lindsay, author of Picnic at Hanging Rock. His contribution to the programme was one of the first of his cartoons to be published, and its subject reflects the fact that, for at least four years prior to his enlistment, Lindsay had worked in remote Queensland as a jackaroo.\nAlthough famous for his later production of a wide range of watercolours and other works of art relating to soldiers and warfare, Daryl Lindsay's art made a very substantial contribution to the advancement of military reconstructive surgery with the extensive set of images he produced for Sir Harold Gillies, while serving in 1918 and 1919 as the specialist, in-house \"medical artist\" at the specialist military hospital at Sidcup, in Kent.[42]\nLaurie Tayler: Laurence Bush Tayler (1882–1972), painter, graphic artist, and illustrator.[43]Sketches especially drawn for the game's official programme\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFred Leist(p. 3)[30]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCecil L. Hartt(p. 4)[30]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLaurie Tayler(p. 8)[30]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFred Leist(p. 9)[30]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDan Lindsay(p. 10)[30]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRuby Lind(p. 11)[30]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWill Dyson(p. 12)[30]","title":"The official programme"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dan_Minogue_1911-1916.jpg"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BROS1917a-14"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McMullen-3"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MIN&MILL-46"}],"sub_title":"Sales","text":"Dan Minogue, Collingwood.[44]No special sale price was fixed for the programmes. A staff of 80 girls, each of whom carried their allocation of programmes in a basket decorated with the green and gold colours of Australia,[14] volunteered to dispose of them, and a prize was offered for the girl whose work netted the best returns. The winning girl handed in more than £70:[3]\"[The] souvenir programmes, in aid of the French Red Cross funds sold like hot cakes, mainly because the sellers were pretty English girls. They did a roaring trade among the Diggers, though one more venturesome than the rest created a sensation when she walked into one of the dressing rooms at half-time and endeavoured to sell programmes to the players.\" — The Sporting Globe, 10 September 1930.[45]\n\"With donations, the game raised close on £1000 for the British and French Red Cross. One girl alone collected £70 from the sale of programmes. She must have been the young lady who, in her eagerness to collect, unwittingly blundered into our dressing-room, to retire precipitantly in blushing confusion from the midst of big, hulking soldier-footballers in varying stages of dress — and undress!\" — Dan Minogue's (1937) recollection of the match.[46]","title":"The official programme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BROS1916b-15"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"leatherworker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherworker"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1916_Pioneer_Exhibition_Game&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"Two hand-stitched footballs were made for the match by Corporal C.C. McMullen,[15][47] who had been a leatherworker at Henry Fordham's football factory in Sydney Road, Brunswick,[48] prior to his enlistment in the First AIF. The Fordham footballs — i.e., contrasted with the \"Sherrin\" footballs (see the football held by Dan Minogue in the image above) that had been (c.1902) especially designed to facilitate the stab-kicking of the Collingwood footballers[49] — were being used in the West Australian Goldfields League as early as 1907.[50] Also, Fordham footballs were the official ball for the Victorian Football Association (VFA) for fourteen years in the 1920s and 1930s.[51]The balls that McMullen made for the match were marked \"The AIF Ball\" on one side, and \"Match II\" on the other.[52] One of the balls is currently (as of June 2022[update]) on display at the Dandenong/Cranbourne Sub Branch of the RSL.[53]\"Match II\" (see the football held by Gerald Brosnan, in the image above, and by the George Barry, the umpire, in both team photographs) was a generic descriptor, used by Fordham, Ross Faulkner, the Melbourne Sports Depot, and other football manufacturers, to identify Australian Rules footballs that were of such quality that they could be used in First XVIII VFL matches.[54]","title":"The football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UMPS-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UMPS-55"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sinton Hewitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinton_Hewitt"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nla.gov.au-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"Field umpires: S.R. Gray (first half of the match),[55] squatting, at the extreme right of the front row in the Divisional Team photograph,[56] and George Barry (second half of the match),[55] second umpire from the left, holding the ball, in the front row of each photograph.[57][58]\nBoundary Umpires: Thomas Sinton Hewitt (replacing the programme's A.A. Barker),[59] third umpire from the left in the front row of each photograph.[60] and E.J. \"Eddie\" Watt, umpire at left in the front row of each photograph (wounded in action 7 June 1917).[61]\nGoal Umpires: Lieutenant A.E. Olsson,[62] and S.M. Keen.[63]","title":"Match officials"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detail_of_Third_Australian_Division_Football_Team_(28_October_1916).tif"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"text":"Third Divisional Team: 28 October 1916 (H.16689).[64]Back Row (players only), left to right:    [12] C.L. Hoft; [–] W.H. Orchard; [13] L. Martin; [11] L.E. Lee;    [2] J.Brake; [15] J.H. James; [4] C.B. Willis; [5] L.P. Little;    [19] J.F. Foy.Middle Row, left to right:    [8] H.M. Moyes; [1] C.H. Lilley; [1] B.M.F. Sloss (c);    F. Beaurepaire; [3] D.T. Minogue; [7] J. Pugh;     [9] P.J.H. Jory.Front Row (players and umpires, kneeling and squatting), left to right:    E.J. Watt; [6] W.I. Sewart; G. Barry; T.S. Hewitt;    [17] B.H. Mills; [9] E.J. Alley; S.R. Gray.The Divisional Team played in the blue guernsey which had been made in London especially for the match, that had a large white map of Australia (minus Tasmania) on the centre of its front, and in white shorts.[65][66]","title":"Third Australian Divisional Squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E.J. \"Ted\" Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Alley"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Frank Beaurepaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Beaurepaire"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"J. \"Jack\" Brake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Brake"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"J.F. \"Jim\" Foy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Foy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Armentières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenti%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"C.L. \"Cyril\" Hoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Hoft"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"J.H. \"Hughie\" James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_James_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HUN-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"P.J.H. \"Percy\" Jory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Jory"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"L.E. \"Les\" Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Lee"},{"link_name":"Battle of Messines (1917)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Messines_(1917)"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"C.H. \"Charlie\" Lilley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Lilley"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"L.P. \"Leo\" Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Little"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"B.H. \"Ben\" Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben_Mills_(Australian_footballer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"D.T. \"Dan\" Minogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Minogue"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"H.M. \"Harry\" Moyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Moyes"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"W.H. \"Billy\" Orchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Orchard"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"J. \"James\" Pugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Pugh_(Australian_footballer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"W.I. \"Bill\" Sewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Sewart"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HUN-73"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"B.M.F. \"Bruce\" Sloss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Sloss"},{"link_name":"Armentières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenti%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"C.J. \"Carl\" Willis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Willis_(Australian_sportsman)"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"}],"sub_title":"The team","text":"The eighteen players that took the field were:E.J. \"Ted\" Alley [14] (Williamstown, formerly South Melbourne), player cross-legged at the hard right of the front row.[67]\nFrank Beaurepaire, team manager, the man in uniform, middle of middle row.[68]\nJ. \"Jack\" Brake [2] (Melbourne, formerly University),[69] fifth player from left, back row.[70]\nJ.F. \"Jim\" Foy [19] (Perth), player at extreme right, back row. He was killed in action, near Armentières, Northern France, on 14 March 1917.[71]\nC.L. \"Cyril\" Hoft [12] (Perth), player at the extreme left, back row.[72]\nJ.H. \"Hughie\" James [15] (Richmond),[73] fourth player from right, back row.[74]\nP.J.H. \"Percy\" Jory [9] (St Kilda), at right of middle row, with Carl Willis' hands on his shoulders.[75]\nL.E. \"Les\" Lee [11] (Richmond & Williamstown), fourth player from left, back row. Killed in action during the Battle of Messines (1917) on 8 June 1917.[76][77]\nC.H. \"Charlie\" Lilley [10] (Melbourne), second from left, middle row.[78]\nL.P. \"Leo\" Little [5] (University),[79] second from right, back row.[80]\nL. Martin [13] (University), third player from left, back row.[81][82]\nB.H. \"Ben\" Mills [17] (Northcote),[83][84] second player from the right, front row.[85]\nD.T. \"Dan\" Minogue [3] (Collingwood), team vice-captain, seated at right of Frank Beaurepaire, middle row.[86]\nH.M. \"Harry\" Moyes [8] (St Kilda), player at the extreme left of the middle row.[87]\nW.H. \"Billy\" Orchard [–] (Geelong), second from left, in back row.[88]\nJ. \"James\" Pugh [7] (City), second from right, in middle row. Killed in action, in France, on 28 January 1917.[89]\nW.I. \"Bill\" Sewart [6] (Essendon),[73] first player from left, front row.[90]\nB.M.F. \"Bruce\" Sloss [1] (South Melbourne), team captain, seated at left of Frank Beaurepaire, middle row. Killed in action at Armentières, Northern France, on 4 January 1917.[91]\nC.J. \"Carl\" Willis [4] (University, and South Melbourne), third from right, back row; died of \"pleurisy and pneumonia, accentuated by the effects of [First World War] gas\"[92] at the age of 37.[93]","title":"Third Australian Divisional Squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OPR-30"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"T.J. \"Tim\" Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Collins_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nla.gov.au-62"},{"link_name":"J.W. Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robertson_(Australian_footballer,_born_1892)"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"L.C. \"Les\" Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Turner_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"J.W. \"Jack\" Watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Watt_(footballer,_born_1890)"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"}],"sub_title":"Squad members not selected","text":"Eight of those listed in the official programme as members of the Third Division's squad;[30] who, although \"selected to go to London and hold themselves in readiness if required to play\" (Minogue & Millar, 1937), did not take the field that day:L.V. Brown [23] (Brighton).[94]\nO.R. Brown [21] (Collingwood Districts).[95][96]\nE.J. \"Ted\" Busbridge [22] (Williamstown). Wounded in action in France on 11 April 1917, he was captured and spent the remainder of the war as a prisoner of war in Germany.[97]\nT.J. \"Tim\" Collins [24] (Melbourne).[98]\nA.E. Ollson [25] (Kenilworth), who served as one of the match's two goal umpires (see above).[62]\nJ.W. Robertson [18] (Port Adelaide).[99]\nL.C. \"Les\" Turner [20] (Essendon Association, Prahran, and South Melbourne).[100]\nJ.W. \"Jack\" Watt [16] (Geelong).[101]","title":"Third Australian Divisional Squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australian_Training_Units_Football_Team_(28_October_1916).tif"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"}],"text":"Training Units Team: 28 October 1916 (H.16688).[102]Back Row (players only), left to right:    [18] G.B. Bower; [6] T.P. Hosking; [4] C. Donaldson;    [–] A.M. Moore; [16] E.F. Beames; [2] J.T. Cooper;    [11] D. Scullin; [7] S.C. Martin; [5] H.C. Kerley;    [10] O.R. Armstrong.Middle Row, left to right:    [3] P.G. Trotter;  — ; [1] C.J. Perry (c); [22] A. Jackson;    [8] H.J. Boyd.Front Row (players and umpires, kneeling), left to right:    [15] T. Paine; E.J. Watt; G. Barry; T.S. Hewitt;  — ;    [9] I. Cesari.The Training Units played in the red guernsey which had been made in London especially for the match, that had a large white kangaroo on its left breast, and in white shorts.","title":"Australian Training Units Squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"O.R. \"Ossy\" Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossy_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"E.F. \"Ernest\" Beames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Beames&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"G.B. \"George\" Bower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bower_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"H.J. \"Hugh\" Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Boyd_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"I. \"Italo\" Cesari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italo_Cesari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"J.T. \"Jack\" Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Cooper_(Australian_rules_footballer,_born_1889)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Passchendaele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"C. \"Clyde\" Donaldson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Donaldson"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"T.P. \"Phil\" Hosking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Hosking"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"A. \"Alf\" Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"H.C. \"Harry\" Kerley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Kerley"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"S.C \"Stan\" Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Martin"},{"link_name":"Bullecourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullecourt"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"A.M. \"Mac\" Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alf_Moore_(footballer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"T. \"Thomas\" Paine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Paine_(footballer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Chaplain-Captain C.J. \"Charlie\" Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Perry_(Australian_rules_footballer)"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"D.F. \"Dan\" Scullin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan_Scullin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"P.G. \"Percy\" Trotter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Trotter"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"}],"sub_title":"The team","text":"The eighteen players that took the field were:[103]O.R. \"Ossy\" Armstrong [10] (Geelong), far right, back row. He was captured by the Germans on 11 April 1917, and was a prisoner of war.[104]\nE.F. \"Ernest\" Beames [16] (Norwood), fifth player from left, back row.[105]\nG.B. \"George\" Bower [18] (South Melbourne), player at the extreme left, back row.[106]\nH.J. \"Hugh\" Boyd [8] (University/South Bendigo), extreme right, centre row.[107]\nI. \"Italo\" Cesari [9] (Dromana, Peninsular Association), player kneeling at far right.[108][109][110]\nJ.T. \"Jack\" Cooper [2] (Fitzroy), vice-captain, fifth from right, back row. Killed in action during the Battle of Passchendaele on 20 September 1917.[111]\nC. \"Clyde\" Donaldson [4] (Essendon), third player from left, top row.[112]\nT.P. \"Phil\" Hosking [6] (Melbourne), second player from left, back row. Wounded twice in action: gassed (July 1918); gunshot wounds to thigh (fractured femur, etc., August 1918).[113]\nA. \"Alf\" Jackson [22] (Essendon), second from right, middle row.[114]\nH.C. \"Harry\" Kerley [5] (Collingwood), second from right, back row.[115]\nS.C \"Stan\" Martin [7] (University), third from right, back row. Killed in action at Bullecourt, France on 3 May 1917.[116]\nMaxfield [14] (Fremantle).[117][118]\nMcDonald [21] (Essendon).[119]\nA.M. \"Mac\" Moore [–] (Norwood), fourth player from left, back row.[120]\nT. \"Thomas\" Paine [15] (Union Football Club, Northam, Tasmania),[121] player at left, front row. Wounded twice in action: gunshot wounds to hand (June 1917); gunshot wounds to head (September 1917).[122]\nChaplain-Captain C.J. \"Charlie\" Perry [1] (Norwood), third from left, middle row, team captain.[123]\nD.F. \"Dan\" Scullin [11] (Mines Rovers), fourth from right, back row, killed in action, in France, on 26 September 1917.[124][125]\nP.G. \"Percy\" Trotter [3] (East Fremantle),[126] at extreme left, middle row.[127]","title":"Australian Training Units Squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OPR-30"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unable-129"},{"link_name":"William \"Roy\" Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Drummond_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"AIF's 6th Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Battalion_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"who landed at Anzac Cove on 25 April 1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_at_Anzac_Cove"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"AIF's 12th Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Battalion_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"who landed at Anzac Cove on 25 April 1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_at_Anzac_Cove"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"}],"sub_title":"Squad members not selected","text":"Eight of those listed in the official programme as members of the Training Group's squad;[30] who, although \"selected to go to London and hold themselves in readiness if required to play\" (Minogue & Millar, 1937), did not take the field that day:A.J. Andrews [17] (Goldfields).[128]\nBennett [19] (Ballarat).[129]\nWilliam \"Roy\" Drummond [20] (Port Adelaide).[130]\nF.R. \"Freddy\" McGargill [23] (N.S.W.).[131]\nC.R. Murphy [25] (N. Queensland).[132]\nP. Newsome [24] (Ballarat).[133]\nR.W. \"Dick\" Rowe [26] (Ballarat), as a member of the AIF's 6th Battalion Rowe was one of those who landed at Anzac Cove on 25 April 1915.[134]\nP.S. \"Phil\" Stott [12] (Latrobe),[135] as a member of the AIF's 12th Battalion Stott was one of those who landed at Anzac Cove on 25 April 1915; he was wounded in action three times (at Gallipoli on 26 April 1915, in France on 10 April 1917, and in France on 19 September 1918).[136]","title":"Australian Training Units Squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen's Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Club"},{"link_name":"West Kensington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kensington,_London"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BROS1917a-14"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MIN&MILL-46"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"}],"text":"The game was played at Queen's Club, West Kensington, on the cold, bleak, overcast, and windy late-Autumn afternoon of Saturday, 28 October 1916,[137] before a crowd that was estimated at 3,000, by many,[138] 5,000, by some,[14] and as many as 6,000 by others.[46] There's no doubt that the considerably smaller-than-expected crowd — almost exclusively limited to those expressly invited to the match,[139] and those Australian servicemen who took advantage of the leave that Monash had granted them on the day — was entirely due to the consequences of the inclement weather.[140]A very strong goal-to-goal wind favoured one end of the ground, and the playing field itself was the wrong shape and the wrong size: it was considerably shorter and narrower than the sorts of field the players were accustomed to playing upon back in Australia — it measured at 120 yards (110 m) wide and 180 yards (165 m) long[141] — and this significant reduction in the overall available playing area contributed to somewhat more congested play, at times, than usual.[142]The match began at 3PM local time. It was played over four 20-minute quarters[143] — and, over and above those 80 minutes of elapsed playing time, the three additional breaks between the quarters meant that on such a gloomy day (sunset was at 4.42 PM)[144] the final minutes of the match were played in very, very poor light conditions.","title":"Saturday, 28 October 1916"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"}],"text":"The Third Australian Divisional Team was the pre-match favourite; at the time of the match they were in much better shape, mainly because, unlike those of the First, Second, Fourth, and Fifth Divisions, the soldiers of the Third Division were the only ones who had not yet seen any active overseas service.[145] The Divisional team beat the Australian Training Units Team 6.16 (52) to 4.12 (36).[146][147]","title":"The match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"}],"sub_title":"Player positions","text":"According to the records supplied to Vic Johnson by Italo Cesari in 1954, the Training Units players' positions were:[148]","title":"The match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MIN&MILL-46"}],"sub_title":"First quarter","text":"The two captains met in the centre of the ground. The Training Unit's captain, Charlie Perry, won the toss, and chose to kick with the wind to the northern end of the ground. The match started off at a brisk, enthusiastic pace, with both sides competing strongly and, to the spectator's delight, displaying the game's characteristic \"high marking and long kicking\". Although the Training Units team had the advantage of the strong wind, its inaccurate kicking resulted in just two goals (and 5 behinds), whilst the Divisional team was restricted to a score of two behinds — mainly due to the outstanding efforts of the training Unit's Percy Trotter and Clyde Donaldson.[46]","title":"The match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MIN&MILL-46"}],"sub_title":"Second quarter","text":"Kicking with the strong wind, with Jack Brake, Hughie James, and Les Lee \"marking magnificently\", and with Cyril Hoft \"sparkling\" on the wing, the even-less-accurate Divisional team could only kick two goals (and 8 behinds), whilst the Training Units team was restricted to just 2 behinds. Percy Jory kicked a goal with a drop-kick. At half-time, the Divisional team was leading by 3 points.[46]","title":"The match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MIN&MILL-46"}],"sub_title":"Third quarter","text":"The third quarter was considered to be \"the best of the match\". It was notable for the play moving rapidly backwards-and-forwards up and down the ground — the \"play rocked to and fro in a buzzing, tense atmosphere\", thrilling the crowd (who were \"on their toes, roaring the players on\") with the \"strong ruck clashes\", the \"swift passing\", the \"long drop-kicking\", and the \"finger-tip marks\" — and with the backlines of each team dominating their forward opponents. The Training Units team, which had kicked two goals (and 2 behinds) to the Divisional team's 2 behinds, had a lead of 8 points at the three-quarter time interval.[46]","title":"The match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MIN&MILL-46"}],"sub_title":"Last quarter","text":"As the match progressed it was becoming increasingly obvious that the match fitness of the players (or the absence thereof), and not just the strong wind favouring one end of the ground, would play a large part in the final result of the match (Richardson, 2016, p. 171). Kicking with the wind, and in \"a particularly fierce last quarter\" that was \"full of fire and color [sic]\" in which \"both sides [were] striving mightily\", with \"their military blood up, the 36 men played with fanatical fervor [sic]\", Les Lee, Hughie James, and Dan Minogue gained ascendancy in the ruck, and the Divisional team drew away from the tiring Training Units team, scoring four goals (and 3 behinds) to 3 behinds, and winning the match by 16 points.[46]","title":"The match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MIN&MILL-46"}],"sub_title":"Post-match","text":"In 1937, Dan Minogue recalled that, \"the match was played on a Saturday afternoon. The soldiers who had taken part in it had leave in London till Sunday night. This they celebrated in true Digger style.\"[46]","title":"The match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BROS1917a-14"}],"sub_title":"Progressive and final scores","text":"Goals:[149]\nDivisional: Moyes (2), Willis (2), Jory (1), and Lee (1).\nTraining Units: Moore (1), Paine (1), Maxfield (1), and Armstrong (1).\nBest Players:[14]\nDivisional: James, Moyes, Willis, Brake, Minogue, Alley, Lilley, Little, Mills, Foy, and Lee.\nTraining Units: Perry, Trotter, Cooper, Bower, Kerley, Paine, Armstrong, Martin, and Scullin.","title":"The match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord Stanfordham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Bigge,_1st_Baron_Stamfordham"},{"link_name":"private secretary to King George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Secretary_to_the_Sovereign"},{"link_name":"Governor-General of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Lord Denman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Denman,_3rd_Baron_Denman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McMullen-3"}],"text":"The admission charges to the match were 1/-, 2/6 and 10/-. The profits of the match — which included a donation of £5/5/- from Lord Stanfordham, the private secretary to King George, and a donation from the former Governor-General of Australia, Lord Denman — and the proceeds from the sales of programmes eventually came to £1000, all of which went to the British and Red Cross Societies.[3]","title":"Profits"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:THE_REFEREE_page_1_(Wednesday,_12_May_1915).tif"},{"link_name":"The Refereefront page, 12 May 1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/12824193"},{"link_name":"Vitaï Lampada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Newbolt#%22Vita%C3%AF_Lampada%22"},{"link_name":"The Referee, (Wednesday, 13 January 1915), p.16.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article129343963"},{"link_name":"Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Ashmead-Bartlett"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"The Bendigonian, (Thursday, 13 May 1915), p.14.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article90786627"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"The Referee, (Wednesday, 12 May 1915), p.1.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-page12824193"},{"link_name":"The Referee, (Wednesday, 12 May 1915), p.16.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/12824372"},{"link_name":"The Referee, (Wednesday, 12 May 1915), p.16.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article129346090"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"demonstration sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstration_sport"},{"link_name":"Basque pelota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_pelota"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"interstate representative game, if not an ANFC Carnival match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_matches_in_Australian_rules_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toss_of_the_coin_(Hyde_Park_1944).jpeg"},{"link_name":"Jim Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Smith_(Australian_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Panama–Pacific International Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93Pacific_International_Exposition"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London"},{"link_name":"Bruce Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Andrew"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"}],"text":"The Refereefront page, 12 May 1915Overall, the accurate, interesting, and matter-of-fact press reports of the exhibition match (collectively) provided a strong and long-overdue contrast to what Richardson usefully identifies (at 2016, p. 307) as the \"misguided mythology\" that was ever so firmly embedded in the questionable characterisation — echoing the widely quoted sentiments of Henry Newbolt's poem Vitaï Lampada — made early in the war, of the Australian \"digger\" as a fierce footballer playing on another field. See, for instance:The poem by George Shand (1863–1926), the Victorian lawn-tennis identity: \"The Sportsmen's Brigade\", at The Referee, (Wednesday, 13 January 1915), p.16.\nEllis Ashmead-Bartlett's article \"A Race of Athletes\", written at Gallipoli,[150] and reprinted at The Bendigonian, (Thursday, 13 May 1915), p.14.[151][152]\nThe article \"Deeds that Thrill by our Athletes and Sportsmen: Rushes of the Football Field Repeated with the Bayonet Against the Turks: Australasians who have played the Part Hero \", at The Referee, (Wednesday, 12 May 1915), p.1.\nThe headline references to how \"Players of our National games heed Imperial Summon to Grandest Game of all—Bearing Arms\", at The Referee, (Wednesday, 12 May 1915), p.16.\nThe article \"\"Going into Battle is like Great Football Rush\", says a Soldier: Invalided Home, Private Anderson tells of Colonial Sporting Grit in War\", at The Referee, (Wednesday, 12 May 1915), p.16.[153]There were also the extraordinary claims, made in some quarters, that the footballers who had enlisted were somehow more robust and less likely to be injured than their non-footballer comrades;[154] and Brosnan's remarks, made a year later, in relation to the manner in which the footballer's sporting background contributed to their value as a recruit, reflected similar views:\"Whether footballers or the authorities controlling the game in Victoria could not do more towards \"Winning the War\" than they are doing is a matter about which opinions differ, but that they have done their share in providing recruits is beyond doubt. After all, this is only what it should be. Owing to the training necessary to become an expert (and everyone aspires to be an expert), and the physical fitness and endurance required to take part in a game of football, our players should, and, from letters received, do, make the best soldiers. From all sides one hears glowing accounts of their discipline, ability to do long marches, and quickness and resource in dangers and difficulties. This is exactly what one would expect, but unfortunately these very qualities place them in positions of the greatest danger, and day by day the footballers' death roll grows until by now it assumes alarming proportions.\" — Gerald Brosnan, The Winner, 28 February 1917.[155][156]The match reports spoke of a hotly contested game of Australian football that was, without doubt, being enjoyed beyond measure by those who played on that special day when, just for a moment, they were elite footballers once again (albeit serving with the AIF at the time) — and, inescapably, many of whom would either die later or sustain lifelong injury, debilitating mental issues, and/or the ongoing physical sequelae of medical conditions (such as respiratory distress due to having been gassed) connected with their fight against a real enemy.[157]Beyond this, the match had quite a different significance for various sorts of individuals. Some treated it as just an event,[158] others saw it as a sporting contest,[159] many \"imperial\" Britons viewed it as a fascinating exhibition of an unusual and different \"colonial\" pastime[160] — an obvious parallel to the (later) for-general-interest-only presentation of a demonstration sport, such as Basque pelota, at an Olympic Games[161] — and, for most Australians,[162] it was far more than just a social match: given the skill, experience, and background of those selected to play on the day, and the overall strength of the two teams, they afforded the match a status of at least the equal of an interstate representative game, if not an ANFC Carnival match.Jack Forrest and Bruce Andrew tossing the coin, Hyde Park, 8 January 1944.The various press reports also reflected a wide range of different motivations. From one perspective (shared by Gerald Brosnan), the exhibition match of Australian football brought to mind the (abandoned) pre-war proposals by former St Kilda footballer and coach Jim Smith for a 25-match tour of the world — commencing with the Panama–Pacific International Exposition, in San Francisco, California, in March 1915 and, from thence, across America, and on to England, France and South Africa — with a squad of 45 Victorian footballers, to advertise and promote the Australian game;[163][164] and, further, the 1916 match seemed to suggest the reasonable possibility of the game's successful promotion in the UK and overseas once the war was over. However, it was not until the match between the RAAF and HMAS Shropshire, at Hyde Park, London, organised by ex-Collinwood footballer and later ANFC secretary Bruce Andrew, that a second exhibition match was held in the UK.[165] A third match, contested between RAAF HQ (captain, Bruce Andrew) and the RAAF's No.10 (Sunderland) Squadron (captain, Jack Forrest),[166] took place, soon after, at Hyde Park on 8 January 1944.[167]","title":"Press reports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BROS1916a-173"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BROS1916b-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BROS1916b-15"},{"link_name":"Sporting Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_Life_(British_newspaper)"},{"link_name":"The Sportsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sportsman_(1865_newspaper)"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"The Weekly Despatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Dispatch"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BROS1916b-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BROS1917a-14"}],"sub_title":"The Australian press","text":"In late September 1916, it was announced in the Australian press that \"General Monash has granted a holiday [to his troops] for an exhibition of Australian football arranged to take place in London, early in October\".[168] A week before the match, the Australian press noted that, \"Australian soldiers are introducing Australian football into Britain. Strong teams have been formed at Salisbury and London, and an exhibition game will be played in London on the 28th, when it is expected that Royalty will be present.\"[169] Several days later, the press noted that, \"Members of the competing teams in the Australian (football match, to be held on Saturday, are all senior players, and many have taken part in interstate matches. The captain of the third division team is Lieutenant B. Sloss, of South Melbourne, and the captain of the training groups team is Captain W.H. Perry, of Norwood (S.A.)\".[170]Following the match, although a number of brief reports of the event were published immediately after the match, such as,\"An Australian football match was played on the Queens Club ground, London, on Saturday, between teams representing the Australian 3rd Division, and the Australian trainees at Salisbury Plain. The former won, scoring 6 goals 16 behinds to 4 goals 12 behinds\",[171]the small number that did provide a match report, only supplied (at the most) a two paragraph description of the match itself, and failed to supply any detailed list of participants.[172]In his own brief report for The Winner on the match in the week following the match (1 November 1916), which was, to a considerable extent, embellished by the pre-match correspondence he had already received relating to the match's participants, Gerald Brosnan lamented the lack of relevant information in the cable reports, and observed that \"[further] details by mail will be anxiously awaited\".[173]Ten weeks later (20 December 1916), Brosnan's second article not only contained a detailed first-person account of the events of the day from The Winner's London-based correspondent, E.A. Bland,[174] but, also, Bland's description of first-time spectators' impressions of Australian football.[15] Observing that, notwithstanding the significant fact \"that these were scratch teams which had few chances of getting together\", the presence of \"such a galaxy of stars\" meant that \"the individual play was at times brilliant and spectacular\", and recording that he, Bland, as a first-time spectator, came away from the match with the strong impression that the game \"was faster than either Soccer or Rugger\", he also reported that \"the \"high marking\" which seemed to be the feature of the game which attracted most [spectator] attention was extraordinarily good\".[15] Brosnan's article, which supplied a photograph of each team (i.e., [ADP.3], and [TUP.3]), also included extensive extracts taken directly from the four major British sporting papers, Sporting Life, The Sportsman, The Times, and The Weekly Despatch.[15]In his final article on the match (10 January 1917), published three weeks later, and unique in the level of match detail it contained (it also published three photographs taken at the game), Brosnan explained that \"later details of the match, contained in letters from players, and from spectators, have since arrived, and will no doubt prove of interest to the great number of football followers as well as to the general body of sports-loving public here\".[14]","title":"Press reports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"}],"sub_title":"The New Zealand press","text":"The reports that appeared in the New Zealand press took the form of brief, simple news items.[175]","title":"Press reports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BROS1916b-15"},{"link_name":"The Referee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Referee"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMHILL-176"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BROS1916b-15"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMHILL-176"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BROS1916b-15"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMHILL-176"},{"link_name":"\"off-side\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offside_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BROS1916b-15"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMHILL-176"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BROS1916b-15"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BROS1916b-15"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMHILL-176"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BROS1916b-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BROS1916b-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1916_Pioneer_Exhibition_Game_(%22Excelsior%22,_20_November_1916,_p.12).tif"}],"sub_title":"The British press","text":"Although number of brief excerpts from the reports in Sporting Life, 'The Sportsman, The Times, and The Weekly Despatch were published from time to time in the Australian press — i.e., rather than being offered as sports reports of the match, they were presented as examples of the amusing British descriptions of Australian football — it seems that Brosnan's second (20 December 1916) article[15] was the only place at which the relevant sections of all four of the British articles were published in the Australian press. The contents of an entirely different fifth article (apparently written on 29 October 1916), taken from The Referee of London, was published in The (Emerald Hill) Record of 6 January 1917.[176]The British reports concentrated on the match as an event, rather than a contest; and were, thus, devoid of the normal sorts of descriptions of the patterns of play, the performance of prominent individuals, particular match incidents, and the progression of the scores.[15][176]With the reasonable intention of providing their British readers with some sense of the experience they had missed in person, the reports described the similarities and differences between the Australian game and those their readers already knew: rugby union, rugby league, and soccer — the pitch upon with it was played, the layout of its goal-posts, its requisite skills, its rules, its scores, its four quarters, the standard player positions, the level of athleticism demanded of its players, etc.[15][176]Consequently, they tended to focus on the absence of the \"off-side\" rule, kicking long drop-kicks, and kicking long and accurate place-kicks. Also, unique features of the game, such as the stab-kick, high marks, bouncing the ball on the run, and being able to kick in any direction were stressed: and, in particular, the (to the British) extraordinary spectator practice, displayed on the day to some considerable extent by the Australians present: that of barracking.[15][176]\"Those who had the good fortune to witness the match will be in agreement that it is a most exhilarating and exciting pastime, and it is played at such a pace throughout that it is unquestionably the fastest outdoor game, with the exception of lacrosse. With eighteen players on each side, each watched by an opponent, the chances for open, speedy exchanges would appear to be limited, but in practice the reverse is the case, for with no offside for players to worry about, with a ground width of some 120 yards, affording plenty of scope for manœuvring, with free kicks taken without a moment's time being wasted, with players permitted to run ten yards with the ball before bouncing it, and then bouncing it while going at full speed, with the right to knock-off, punt, or drop-kick in any direction, and without scrums, and the whistle seldom being heard, it will be understood that the Australian code lends itself to speed work. . . .The ball, it should be mentioned, is slightly larger than the Rugby ball, but similar in shape, with the ends more flattened. Some of the players showed wonderful control, in their punches, and also in their kicking, but more noticeable, perhaps, than either was the high marking, players leaping in the air to make a fair catch from a pass, and this entitled them to a kick in any direction. Then, again, some of the long kicking to players on the same side was wonderfully accurate, while the pace at which the ball travelled about the field was at times almost bewildering.\"        Sporting Life, reprinted in The Winner of 20 December 1916.[15]\n\"Long kicking and marking are two of the distinctive features. When the ball is caught from a clean kick of over ten yards the player is entitled to a free kick in any direction. If the angle is favorable he tries to drop or punt a goal, but if badly placed he endeavors to kick to a fellow player. There is much keen competition in jumping in the air to make a catch, and in this phase are very expert. The game is very fast, very open, very spectacular, and needs plenty of stamina and pace. The ruck men and rovers are required to be up and doing all the time, and on account of the strain they are changed and given fixed positions every quarter.[177] There is also plenty of work for the field umpire who requires to be very quick to keep up with the play.        The Sportsman, reprinted in The Winner of 20 December 1916.[15]\n\"One thing that is clearly apparent is the enormous amount of skill which is required, while physical fitness is also essential. There can be no doubt of it being a game of high value from an athletic point of view. As a spectacle, much can be said in its favor, for the fluctuations are rapid, brought about by the nimbleness, versatility, and dexterity of the players. . . . Pace is an important essential, but a still greater feature is high marking and long kicking. It is no unusual thing for several players to spring between 4ft. and 5ft. in the air to catch the ball from a kick over ten yards, which constitutes a mark and entitles the successful player to a free kick. Drop-kicking and place kicking are further salient points, and these reach a remarkably high standard for accuracy and length. There is great art in bouncing the ball while travelling at full speed, and also the stab jack passing, which is tantamount to short passing methods in the Association game [viz., soccer].\"        The Referee of London, reprinted in The (Emerald Hill) Record of 6 January 1917.[176]\n\"Football — Australian fashion — drew a big crowd to Queen's Club yesterday afternoon, when a team chosen from the Third Division beat the representatives of the Combined Training Groups by 52 points to 36.It was the first time that the fast Australian game had ever been played by skilled exponents in London, and the onlookers could be readily grouped in two classes.There were the partisans in slouched bats over hard-bitten Anzac faces, who had come to \"barrack\" for or against the \"Fighting Third\", the only Anzac Division which has not yet seen active service.There were also curious sportsmen and sportswomen of all kinds, who had come out to get a glimpse of the game of which so much has been written here at one time and another. . . .The section of the spectators unfamiliar with the Australian game agreed that it was fast rather than exciting, and had more admiration for the splendid condition of the men, their untiring energy through a long and trying game, and the huge drop kicks, of which they all seemed capable, than for the game itself as a rival to Rugby.\"        Weekly Despatch, reprinted in The Winner of 20 December 1916.[15]\nThe spectators were also treated to their first exhibition of Australian \"barracking\". This barracking is a cheerful running comment, absolutely without prejudice, on the players, the spectators, the referee, the line umpires, and lastly the game itself. On Saturday it was mostly concerned with references to the military history of the teams engaged. When a catch was missed, for instance, a shrill and penetrating voice inquired of the abashed player \"D'you think it's a bomb? It's not, it's a ball.\" On one side there was a colonel playing among the backs and the captain of the other side was a chaplain, and a popular one, to judge by the cheery advice that he got from the privates on the line and in the stand.\"        The Times of London, reprinted in The Winner of 20 December 1916.[15]Australian Warriors and Sportsmen.(From Excelsior, 20 November 1916.)","title":"Press reports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"}],"sub_title":"The American press","text":"On 19 November 1916, the New York Times published a photograph, taken during the match, of a large pack of players contesting for a mark.[178]","title":"Press reports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Excelsior\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%22The_Excelsior%22&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excelsior_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"}],"sub_title":"The French press","text":"On 20 November 1916 the French newspaper, \"The Excelsior\" [fr], published a version of a photograph (a different photograph from that published in the New York Times) that had been taken during the match of a large pack of players contesting for a mark, under the title \"Les Australiens guerriers et sportifs\" ('The Australian Warriors and Sportsmen').[179]","title":"Press reports"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Records of the day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"}],"sub_title":"News film","text":"A film ([NR.1]) was taken at the match.[180] A remastered and colourised version ([NR.2]) of the original film was released in 2019.[181]","title":"Records of the day"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Team photographs","text":"Two official photographs were taken of each team prior to the match by the same photographer.Third Divisional Team\n[ADP.1]: In the collection of the Australian War Memorial.\n[ADP.2]: In the collection of the Australian Sports Museum (reprinted at [ADP.3] and [ADP.4]).\nTraining Units Team\n[TUP.1]: In the collection of the Australian War Memorial.\n[TUP.2]: In the collection of the Australian Sports Museum (reprinted at [TUP.3]).","title":"Records of the day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1916_Pioneer_Exhibition_Game&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"British Union Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Flag"},{"link_name":"Australian Red Ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_ensign#Australia"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"}],"text":"In celebration of the match, Frank Beaurepaire commissioned a souvenir set of the team photographs — displaying [TUP.2] and [ADP.2] — which he donated to the Collingwood football Club;[182] and, as of June 2022[update], there is no evidence that any other football club received a similar souvenir set of photographs from Beaurepaire.\"Writing from the Y.M.C.A.'s quarters at 21 Bartholomew road, London, to Mr E. Copeland,[183] secretary of Collingwood F.C., Frank Beaurepaire says: \"Knowing of the fine collection of football and other photos, trophies, etc., that you have at Victoria Park, and being reminded of [same] by association here, with Dan Minogue, I thought you would like to have copies of the teams which recently played in London on 28/10/16, for Red Cross. It was, as you are probably aware, a pioneer game of first class Australian football, and went off well indeed. Crowd 4000 to 5000, Profit £260 or so. I had the honor of suggesting the game, and arranging much of the detail, particularly in the early stages. You will see me seated in uniform next to Dan Minogue, Vice-Captain, and Bruce Sloss, Captain. Third Division won by 6 goals 16 behinds, to 4 goals 12 behinds. If Dan has not sent you a souvenir programme so that you may list the names I shall have, I hope, the pleasure of doing so, on my return to Australia in the distant future, all going well . . .\" – The Winner, 31 January 1917.[184]The mounting boards of the souvenir sets were decorated with a British Union Jack and an Australian Red Ensign, with \"Australian Football in London. Pioneer Exhibition Game. At Queen's Club, West Kensington. Saturday 28 Oct. 1916\" at their head, and \"Organizer of Match & Donor of Photos to Club Lieut. Frank Beaurepaire\" at their feet. They were mounted especially for presentation by the Allan Studio, of 318 Smith Street, Collingwood.[185]","title":"Frank Beaurepaire's presentation set of team photographs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AFL London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_London"},{"link_name":"West London Wildcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_London_Wildcats"},{"link_name":"Wandsworth Demons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandsworth_Demons"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"}],"text":"On Saturday, 6 May 2017, at West London's Chiswick Rugby Club, the 1916 Pioneer match was commemorated, when the two 2016 AFL London Grand Final teams — West London Wildcats (premiers) and Wandsworth Demons (runners-up) — played each other in the opening round of the 2017 competition; with the West London Wildcats wearing navy blue guernseys featuring a large white map of Australia (with Tasmania included), and the Wandsworth Demons wearing red guernseys featuring a large white kangaroo.[186]","title":"Centenary match (2017)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Hector de Lacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_de_Lacy"},{"link_name":"Hughie James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_James_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"de Lacy, H.A., \"Hughie James Comes Home and Talks of Some Great Men in a Great Game\", The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 30 April 1938), p.8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article180860308"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Australian Imperial Force: Appointments, Promotions, etc.: Australian Imperial Force Depots in United Kingdom: Head-Quarters, Commonwealth of Australia Gazette, No.66, (Thursday, 3 May 1917), p.980.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article232453606"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McMullen_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McMullen_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McMullen_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McMullen_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McMullen_3-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"A.I.F. Team Entertained: The Influence of Sport, The Argus, (Monday, 19 January 1920), p.7.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article146473702"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"File:AIF_Cricket_XI_(AWM_D00685).jpg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AIF_Cricket_XI_(AWM_D00685).jpg"},{"link_name":"The (Melbourne) Herald, (Saturday, 10 January 1920), p.2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article242171147"},{"link_name":"Table Talk, (Thursday, 15 January 1920), p.15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article146473702"},{"link_name":"18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article140235427"},{"link_name":"19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-page11770547"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"The Influence of Sport, The Australasian, (Saturday, 24 January 1920), p.19.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article140235473"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"First World War Embarkation Roll: Major Clarence Arnold Keatinge Johnson, in the collection of the Australian War Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/awm-media/collection/RCDIG1067009/large/5366521.JPG"},{"link_name":"First World War Nominal Roll: Lieutenant-Colonel Clarence Arnold Johnson, in the collection of the Australian War Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/awm-media/collection/RCDIG1068911/large/5359632.JPG"},{"link_name":"First World War Service Record: Lieutenant-Colonel Clarence Arnold Keatinge Johnson, National Archives of Australia.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/NAAMedia/ViewPDF.aspx?B=1825157&D=D"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"First World War Embarkation Roll: Major Cyril Wilberforce St. John Clarke, collection of the Australian War Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/awm-media/collection/RCDIG1067009/large/5366523.JPG"},{"link_name":"First World War Nominal Roll: Major Cyril Wilberforce Clarke, collection of the Australian War Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/awm-media/collection/RCDIG1068949/large/5365233.JPG"},{"link_name":"First World War Service Record: Major Cyril Wilberforce Clarke, National Archives of 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National Archives of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/NAAMedia/ViewPDF.aspx?B=3055020&D=D"},{"link_name":"Deaths: Bartram, The Age, (Saturday, 26 January 1957), 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Football Carnival, The (Adelaide) Chronicle, (Saturday, 12 August 1911), p.31.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article88691036"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Inter-State Football: The Teams, The Age, (Saturday, 6 July 1912), p.18.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article196251382"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Football, The (Adelaide) Saturday Mail, (Saturday, 10 August 1912), p.1.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article245005592"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Football, The (Adelaide) Daily Herald, (Saturday, 12 July 1913), p.7.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article105583397"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Football: The Interstate Match, The Argus, (Saturday, 16 August 1913), p.16.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article7257275"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"The Football Carnival, The Farmer and Settler, (Friday, 14 August 1914), p.4.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article116702424"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Football: Victoria v. South Australia, The (Adelaide) Observer, (Saturday, 31 July 1920), p.13.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article165907159"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Football Carnival, The West Australian, (Thursday, 11 August 1921), p.7.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article28000324"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"Carnival Football, The (Port Pirie) Recorder, (Tuesday, 12 August 1924), p.3.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article96104206"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"South Australian Team for Interstate Football Carnival, The (Adelaide) Register, (Thursday, 4 August 1927), p.10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/55037909"},{"link_name":"South Australians Win, The (Adelaide) News, (Wednesday, 17 August 1927), p.1.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article129178883"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Football: \"The Times\", The W.A. Record, (Saturday, 6 January, 1917), p.9.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-page23069003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Charlie Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Morley"},{"link_name":"'No.4 Siege Brigade', \"Australian Football on British Soil (Letter to the Editor)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204345085"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OPR_30-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OPR_30-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OPR_30-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OPR_30-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OPR_30-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OPR_30-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OPR_30-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OPR_30-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OPR_30-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OPR_30-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OPR_30-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OPR_30-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OPR_30-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OPR_30-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OPR_30-14"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NNP_31-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NNP_31-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NNP_31-2"},{"link_name":"File:Names and Numbers of Players (1916 Pioneer Game).tif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Names_and_Numbers_of_Players_(1916_Pioneer_Game).tif"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"File:Bill Sewart.jpg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bill_Sewart.jpg"},{"link_name":"File:Essendon_fc_1912.jpg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Essendon_fc_1912.jpg"},{"link_name":"File:Detail of Third Australian Division Football Team (28 October 1916).tif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detail_of_Third_Australian_Division_Football_Team_(28_October_1916).tif"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"\"Musketeers of Brush and Pencil with the A.I.F.: Art Under Fire: The Battlefield as Studio\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article242664776"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"AIF records relating to the grant of the temporary and honorary rank of Lieutenant to Will Dyson in December 1916 held by the National Archives of Australia.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/NAAMedia/ViewPDF.aspx?B=3531351&D=D"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"Hunter, Claire (2020), \"'I'll never draw a line except to show war as the filthy business it is\", Australian War Memorial, 28 April, 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.awm.gov.au/articles/blog/official-war-artist-will-dyson"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant William Henry Dyson, Australian War Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.awm.gov.au/collection/P11030813"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Cecil Lawrence Hartt (569), collection of the Australian War Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/awm-media/collection/RCDIG1067560/large/5372503.JPG"},{"link_name":"First World War Nominal Roll: Private Cecil Lawrence Hartt (569), collection of the Australian War Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/awm-media/collection/RCDIG1068907/large/5359013.JPG"},{"link_name":"First World War Service Record: Private Cecil Lawrence Hartt (569), National Archives of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/NAAMedia/ViewPDF.aspx?B=4735862&D=D"},{"link_name":"Foyle, Lindsay, \"Cecil Lawrence Hartt\", Australian Cartoonists Association.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cartoonists.org.au/stanleys/halloffame/hartt_cec"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Fred Leist, Australian War 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Soldiers Who Have Done Their Bit, The (Perth) Sunday Times, (Sunday, 29 April 1917), p.6.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-page4365706"},{"link_name":"First World War Embarkation Roll: Sergeant James Francis Foy (809), collection of the Australian War Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.awm.gov.au/nominalrolls/ww1/embarkation/person.asp?p=334157"},{"link_name":"First World War Nominal Roll: Sergeant James Francis Foy (809), collection of the Australian War Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/awm-media/collection/RCDIG1068901/large/5358182.JPG"},{"link_name":"First World War Service Record: Sergeant James Francis Foy (809), National Archives of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/NAAMedia/ViewPDF.aspx?B=4033090&D=D"},{"link_name":"Roll of Honour: Sergeant James Francis Foy (809), Australian War Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.awm.gov.au/collection/R1733445"},{"link_name":"Lest We Forget — East Perth FC: First World War, eastperthfc.com.au","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.eastperthfc.com.au/history/lest-we-forget"},{"link_name":"W.A. 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McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fen_McDonald"},{"link_name":"Joe Pearce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Pearce_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"killed in action at Anzac Cove on 25 April 1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_military_personnel_killed_at_Anzac_Cove_on_25_April_1915"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-154"},{"link_name":"The Western Mail, Friday, 28 April 1916, p36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37437847"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-155"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-156"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-157"},{"link_name":"VFL players who died on active service in World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Victorian_Football_League_players_who_died_on_active_service#World_War_I"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-158"},{"link_name":"Football for Fighters, The Poverty Bay Herald, (Wednesday, 15 November 1916), p.6.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/PBH19161115.2.41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-159"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-160"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-161"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-162"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-163"},{"link_name":"Football: Proposed World Tour, The Argus, (Friday, 5 June 1914), p.12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article7286362"},{"link_name":"\"Rambler\", \"Proposed World's Tour by Australian Footballers\", The Referee, (Wednesday, 17 June 1914), p.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article120282263"},{"link_name":"World Football Tour: Limited Company to be Formed, The Argus, (Wednesday, 15 July 1914), p.18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article10796336"},{"link_name":"Exhibition Footballers: Proposed World Tour: Meeting of Supporters, The Age, (Wednesday, 15 July 1914), p.15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article198641324"},{"link_name":"\"Amateur\", \"Football Gossip\", The Leader, (Saturday, 18 July 1914), p.20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article92033642"},{"link_name":"Proposed World's Tour, The W.A. Sportsman, (Friday, 31 July 1914), p.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210909008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-164"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-165"},{"link_name":"Spotlight on Sportsmen: Football, Guinea Gold, (Wednesday, 3 March 1943), p.3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article250538639"},{"link_name":"Andrew, Bruce, \"Staging our Game in England: Wanted Lord's—Got Hyde Park\", The Sporting Globe, (Saturday. 26 May 1945), p.5.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article189780625"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-166"},{"link_name":"UK0899: Team photograph, collection of the Australian War Memorial.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.awm.gov.au/collection/C257156"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-167"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park echoes to Football Barrack, The Barrier Miner, (Wednesday, 12 January 1944), p.2.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49556601"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-168"},{"link_name":"Australians in England, The Maitland Weekly Mercury, (Saturday, 30 September 1916), p.12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article128033945"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-169"},{"link_name":"Australian Football: Soldiers Play in England, The Bendigonian, (Friday, 20 October 1916), p.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article219793032"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-170"},{"link_name":"Australian Football: Exhibition by Anzacs, The Bendigo Independent, (Thursday, 26 October 1916), p.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article219794804"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-171"},{"link_name":"Australian Football: Match in London: Great Interest Displayed, The Mount Alexander Mail, (Monday, 30 October 1916), p.4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article119639106"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-172"},{"link_name":"Help for Red Cross: Soldiers' Football Match, The (Adelaide) Register, (Monday, 30 October 1916), p.4.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59915887"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BROS1916a_173-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-174"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-175"},{"link_name":"Football for Fighters, The Poverty Bay Herald, (Wednesday, 15 November 1916), p.6.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/PBH19161115.2.41"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EMHILL_176-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EMHILL_176-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EMHILL_176-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EMHILL_176-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EMHILL_176-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-177"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-178"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-179"},{"link_name":"\"Les Australiens guerriers et sportifs ('The Australian Warriors and Sportsmen')\", Excelsior, (Monday, 20 November 1916), p.12.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k4606564r/f11.item"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-180"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-181"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-182"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-183"},{"link_name":"McFarlane, Glenn, \"Eric Copeland\", Collingwood Forever.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//forever.collingwoodfc.com.au/ernest-copeland"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-184"},{"link_name":"Our Sportsmen at the Front: Footballers in Action: Frank Beaurepaire, The Winner, (Wednesday, 31 January 19170, p.8.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article154547456"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-185"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-186"}],"text":"^ There's an implication, within Hector de Lacy's 1938 interview with Hughie James (de Lacy, H.A., \"Hughie James Comes Home and Talks of Some Great Men in a Great Game\", The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 30 April 1938), p.8), that the notion of such a match might have been suggested to Monash by his own soldiers (i.e., rather than the reverse).\n\n^ Australian Imperial Force: Appointments, Promotions, etc.: Australian Imperial Force Depots in United Kingdom: Head-Quarters, Commonwealth of Australia Gazette, No.66, (Thursday, 3 May 1917), p.980.\n\n^ a b c d e McMullen (1939).\n\n^ Frank Beaurepaire's 1949 reminiscences at de Lacy (1949).\n\n^ \"[Sport] was not something that Monash was particularly interested in or good at. In fact, he lacked any ball sense or hand-eye coordination. Unlike many of his troops, Monash never boxed, shot or played football as a boy. And, as an adult, he was only a reasonable runner, a fair shot and a mediocre horseman. But he understood Australians' \"instinct for sport and adventure\".\" (Richardson, 2016, p.142).\n\n^ A.I.F. Team Entertained: The Influence of Sport, The Argus, (Monday, 19 January 1920), p.7.\n\n^ C.J. Willis, a participant in the 1916 football match was also a member of that AIF cricket team (see team photographs at: File:AIF_Cricket_XI_(AWM_D00685).jpg, and The (Melbourne) Herald, (Saturday, 10 January 1920), p.2, and Table Talk, (Thursday, 15 January 1920), p.15); and in the match, played at the MCG, 16–19 January 1920, Willis scored 111 runs (see: J.W., \"Cricket: Victoria v. A.I.F. Team\", The Australasian, (Saturday, 24 January 1920), pp.18-19).\n\n^ The Influence of Sport, The Australasian, (Saturday, 24 January 1920), p.19.\n\n^ As well as being a highly respected sports journalist, Gerald Brosnan (1877–1965) had an extensive Aussie Rules career as both footballer and coach: VFA footballer (Geelong, 1894; Essendon, 1895); Ballarat Football League footballer (Ballarat, 1896–1899); and VFL footballer (Fitzroy, 1900–1909); VFL Premiership winner (Fitzroy, 1904, 1905); Captain, VFL representative team (vs. Western Australia, 1904); and VFL coach (University, 1910–1912, 1914; and Melbourne, 1920).\n\n^ Clarence Arnold Keatinge Johnson (1870–1937). First World War Embarkation Roll: Major Clarence Arnold Keatinge Johnson, in the collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Lieutenant-Colonel Clarence Arnold Johnson, in the collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Lieutenant-Colonel Clarence Arnold Keatinge Johnson, National Archives of Australia.\n\n^ Cyril Wilberforce St John Clarke (1876–1965). First World War Embarkation Roll: Major Cyril Wilberforce St. John Clarke, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Major Cyril Wilberforce Clarke, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Major Cyril Wilberforce Clarke, National Archives of Australia.\n\n^ Y.M.C.A. and Soldiers: Work in English Camps, The Argus, (Saturday, 9 September 1916), p.17.\n\n^ Harold Bartram (1880–1957). Richardson (2016), pp.144–145. First World War Embarkation Roll: Second Lieutenant Harold Bartram, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Lieutenant Harold Bartram, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Lieutenant Harold Bartram, National Archives of Australia; Deaths: Bartram, The Age, (Saturday, 26 January 1957), p.19.\n\n^ a b c d e f Brosnan (1917a).\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Brosnan (1916b).\n\n^ Interstate Football Carnival, The (Adelaide) Chronicle, (Saturday, 12 August 1911), p.31.\n\n^ Inter-State Football: The Teams, The Age, (Saturday, 6 July 1912), p.18.\n\n^ Football, The (Adelaide) Saturday Mail, (Saturday, 10 August 1912), p.1.\n\n^ Football, The (Adelaide) Daily Herald, (Saturday, 12 July 1913), p.7.\n\n^ Football: The Interstate Match, The Argus, (Saturday, 16 August 1913), p.16.\n\n^ In Brosnan's opinion (1916b), if the number of Collingwood players had not been restricted by the players-by-team criteria, D. Minogue would also have been included in the 1914 Carnival team.\n\n^ The Football Carnival, The Farmer and Settler, (Friday, 14 August 1914), p.4.\n\n^ Football: Victoria v. South Australia, The (Adelaide) Observer, (Saturday, 31 July 1920), p.13.\n\n^ Football Carnival, The West Australian, (Thursday, 11 August 1921), p.7.\n\n^ Carnival Football, The (Port Pirie) Recorder, (Tuesday, 12 August 1924), p.3.\n\n^ South Australian Team for Interstate Football Carnival, The (Adelaide) Register, (Thursday, 4 August 1927), p.10; South Australians Win, The (Adelaide) News, (Wednesday, 17 August 1927), p.1.\n\n^ Football: \"The Times\", The W.A. Record, (Saturday, 6 January, 1917), p.9.\n\n^ Although it was, most certainly, the first exhibition match played in London, there had been two earlier Australian Rules matches between teams of enlisted men (which included Charlie Morley, from Essendon, and George Francis \"Chitter\" Brown, of East Fremantle) in October 1915 and January 1916 in Kent: 'No.4 Siege Brigade', \"Australian Football on British Soil (Letter to the Editor)\", The Age, (11 May 1935), p.5.\n\n^ Anon, 1916a.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o [OPR.1] (1916).\n\n^ a b c File:Names and Numbers of Players (1916 Pioneer Game).tif.\n\n^ Wherever possible, direct links have been supplied to entirely different photographs — i.e., \"photographs\", rather than the somewhat fanciful and artistic images presented on the cigarette cards of the era (compare, for instance, the \"artistic\" cigarette card image of Bill Sewart at File:Bill Sewart.jpg, with his \"real life\" photographs at (second player from right, second back row) File:Essendon_fc_1912.jpg and at (first player from left, front row) File:Detail of Third Australian Division Football Team (28 October 1916).tif\n\n^ At the time, while Dan Minogue (at Anon, 1916g) observed that meeting up with the \"numerous other footballers\" (\"all of [whom were] looking well\") prior to the match \"was just like old times\", he also noted that they all seemed to be \"rather on the big side for football\".\n\n^ Collins (2016).\n\n^ 'Camofleur', \"Musketeers of Brush and Pencil with the A.I.F.: Art Under Fire: The Battlefield as Studio\", The (Melbourne) Herald, (1 February 1919), p. 4.\n\n^ See: AIF records relating to the grant of the temporary and honorary rank of Lieutenant to Will Dyson in December 1916 held by the National Archives of Australia.\n\n^ Hunter, Claire (2020), \"'I'll never draw a line except to show war as the filthy business it is\", Australian War Memorial, 28 April, 2020, and Lieutenant William Henry Dyson, Australian War Memorial).\n\n^ First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Cecil Lawrence Hartt (569), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Private Cecil Lawrence Hartt (569), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Private Cecil Lawrence Hartt (569), National Archives of Australia; Foyle, Lindsay, \"Cecil Lawrence Hartt\", Australian Cartoonists Association.\n\n^ Lieutenant Fred Leist, Australian War Memorial.\n\n^ Unlike all of his (otherwise) official records (e.g., birth records at Victorian Birth, Deaths, and Marriages, Australian Dictionary of Biography, etc.), which have him as \"Ernest Daryl Lindsay\", all of his military records have him as \"Daryl Ernest Lindsay\" (First World War Embarkation Roll: Driver Daryl Ernest Lindsay (10883), collection of the Australian War Memorial, First World War Nominal Roll: Lieutenant Daryl Ernest Lindsay, collection of the Australian War Memorial, First World War Service Record Lieutenant Daryl Ernest Lindsay, National Archives of Australia, etc.).\n\n^ \"Fred Lindsay\" was the nom de guerre of Bendigo-born, and Wesley College educated Holman James (1874–1946), brother of the Australian author Winifred James (1876–1941) (see: O'Neill, Sally (1983) \"James, Winifred Llewellyn (1876–1941)\", Australian Dictionary of Biography), veteran of the Boer War (see: Boer War Nominal Roll: Company Sergeant Major Holman James (543), Third Bushman's Contingent collection of the Australian War Memorial and Boer War Dossier: Company Sergeant Major Holman James (543), National Archives of Australia) who, at the time of the football match, was world-famous as \"Fred Lindsay\" the stockwhip wielding showman (see: Fred Lindsay the Australian Whip Cracker (1909 Poster), A Master of the Whip: Versatile Mr. Fred Lindsay, The (Adelaide) Observer, (Saturday, 15 February 1908), p.51, Plucky Rescue by Australian, The (Hobart) Daily Post, (Thursday, 15 September 1910), p.4, Fred Lindsay: \"The Man with the Whip\": Australian who has scored in Britain, The (Sydney) Sun, (Saturday, 4 February 1911), p.6, Romance of a Stockwhip: Life History of Colonel Holman James, (Friday, 18 January 1935), p.3, Former Melbourne stockwhip showman dies, The Argus, (Saturday, 1946), p.3, etc.)\n\n^ Daryl Lindsay: Artist and Writer, National Museum of Australia, (Watercolour, by Daryl Lindsay, of Private Thomas on admission, from the collection of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons), etc.\n\n^ Lawrence [sic B. Tayler b.1873 [sic], Design & Art Australia Online.] Laurence Bush Tayler was born in the U.K. at West Ham, in Essex on 22 April 1882, and he died in the U.K. at Hampstead, in Middlesex on 23 July 1972.\n\n^ At the end of his extended and exceptional VFL career, Daniel Thomas Minogue (1891– 1961) had played in 180 senior games for three different VFL teams over 16 seasons (1911–1926), and had been the senior coach of five different VFL clubs over 23 seasons (1920–1942).\n\n^ Sharland (1930).\n\n^ a b c d e f g Minogue & Millard (1937).\n\n^ Claude Cecil McMullen (1893–1960). World War One Service Record: Corporal Claude Cecil McMullen (3350), National Archives of Australia; Deaths, McMullen, The Age, (Monday, 20 June 1960), p.16. On 23 June 1916, McMullen attended the opening of the Strand, London's, YMCA \"hut\" and, whilst there, he was served with a cup of coffee by Queen Alexandra (see: Our Sportsmen at the Front: Life in Egypt and England: Queen Alexandra, The Winner, (Wednesday, 23 August 1916), p.9).\n\n^ Our Sportsmen at the Front: Life in Egypt and England: Making Footballs, The Winner, (Wednesday, 23 August 1916), p.9.\n\n^ \"'The Stab Kick' — A Football Development\", The Argus, (Monday 27 June 1910), p.6.\n\n^ Football: Goldfields Football League, The (Boulder) Evening Star, (Tuesday, 18 June 1907), p.4.\n\n^ Fordham Footballs, The Sporting Globe, (Wednesday, 24 April 1940), p.13.\n\n^ Historic Football, The Winner, (Wednesday, 23 May 1917), p.7, de Lacy, H.A., \"Football Roll Call brings back Memories\", The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 20 August 1949), p.11: Richardson (2016, p.304), notes that the \"distinctive jumpers\" mentioned by McMullen, were lost after McMullen's death.\n\n^ The AIF Ball, collection of the Dandenong/Cranbourne RSL Sub Branch, victoriancollections.net.au.\n\n^ See, for example, Riley, Michael, \"The Same Game, A Different Ball\", Boyles Football Photos, 10 November 2013.\n\n^ a b Richardson (2016), p.156.\n\n^ Stanley Roy Gray (1892–1955); photograph at Stanley Roy Gray (13408, 118477), at Virtual War Memorial Australia. First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Stanley Roy Gray (13408), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Private Stanley Roy Gray (13408), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Private Stanley Roy Gray (13408), National Archives of Australia; Second World War Nominal Roll: Pilot Officer Stanley Roy Gray (118477), Department of Veterans ' Affairs. His Service Record indicates that, at the time of the match, he held the rank of corporal. He was an experienced central-umpire who had been appointed to the umpires' panel of the South Australian Football League in 1915 (see: The League, The (Adelaide) Register, (Wednesday, 28 April 1915), p.4; Industrial Colony: Mr. S.R. Gray to be Manager: Begins Duty Saturday, The (Adelaide) News, (Monday, 16 June 1930), p.5).\n\n^ Barry was an experienced central-umpire. He had been trained in West Australia by Ivo Crapp (Football, The Black Range Courier and Sandstone Observer, (Thursday, 22 June 1911), p.2). He umpired with the New South Wales Australian Football League's First Grade in 1915, and was central-umpire for the League's Grand Final between Paddington and Newtown on Saturday, 10 September 1915 (On the Ball, The Sydney Sportsman, (Wednesday, 15 September 1915), p.7) — in 1916, the Sydney Sportsman referred to him as \"the king of umpires here [in Sydney] last season\" (see: The Sydney Sportsman, (Wednesday, 3 May 1916, p.3).\n\n^ Having had his earlier application to enlist (in Australia) rejected, and although not holding any military position (of any kind, with any branch, of any service, with any country) at the time of the match, Barry was in the UK specifically in order to (unsuccessfully) pursue a career in military aviation, and (by default) in civil aviation (see: Richardson (2016), pp.24–33, 115–117, 156–157, 298; (News Item), The Sydney Morning Herald, (Saturday, 8 January 1916), p.17.; Australian Rules, The Saturday Referee and The Arrow, (Saturday, 13 May 1916), p.1; The Dare Devil Australian, The Sydney Sportsaman, (Wednesday, 11 July 1917), p.6; Australian Rules, The Arrow, (Saturday, 14 July 1917), p.2, etc.).\n\n^ Most likely Alfred Alexander Barker (1883–1937): \nFirst World War Embarkation Roll: Private Alfred Alexander Barker (25), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Private Alfred Alexander Barker (25A), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Private Alfred Alexander Barker (25A), National Archives of Australia; Deaths, The Age, (Friday, 8 January 1937), p.1 — who, according to his Service Record, enlisted on 14 March 1916, left Australia on 27 May 1916 with the 10th Australian Machine Gun Company, arrived in the UK on 18 July 1916, and proceeded on to overseas service in France on 22 November 1916.\n\n^ Thomas Sinton Hewitt (1887–1976); second from left, in middle row, in photograph at AIF athletics team (D00674), collection of the Australian War Memorial. Richardson (2016), pp.100–101, 145–146, 283–284, 291–294, 297. First World War Embarkation Roll: Sergeant Thomas Sinton Hewitt (129), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Sergeant Thomas Sinton Hewitt (129), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Sergeant Thomas Sinton Hewitt (129), National Archives of Australia. Hewitt, had never acted as a boundary umpire before this match. He was the pre-war captain of the Malvern Harriers Athletic Club (and also, from this, a club-mate of Percy Cerutty), and a well-performed long distance runner (Holmesby & Main (1996), p.49); he represented Australia, running under the name of \"Sinton Hewitt\", in both the marathon (finishing 30th, in 3h 3m 27s) and the 10,000 metres (finishing tenth in his heat, time unknown) at the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp, Belgium (Australian Olympic Committee Statistics: Sinton Hewitt (Athletics)).\n\n^ Edward James Watt (1891–1921). First World War Embarkation Roll: Gunner Edward James Watt (20112), collection of the Australian War Menmorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Corporal Edward James Watt (MM) (20112), collection of the Australian War Memorial; Honours and Awards (Military Medal): Corporal Edward James Watt (MM) (20112), Australian War Memorial; On Honor's Roll: Heroic Deeds have Echoes on Steps of Parliament: Battle-Scarred Veterans receive Nation's Homage: Military Medal: 20112, Cpl. Edward James Watt, The (Melbourne) Herald, Thursday, 25 April 1918), p.8; First World War Service Record: Corporal Edward James Watt (MM) (20112), collection of the Australian War Memorial. He died at the Caulfield Military Hospital on 7 June 1921 (Deaths: Watt, The Argus, (Thursday, 9 June 1921), p.1). Watt was an experienced central-umpire with the Victorian Junior Football Association (the predecessor to the VFL Reserve Grade); and, on two separate occasions in 1915, players had been suspended for extended periods for striking him during a match: (a) Victorian Junior Association, The Argus, (Monday, 21 June 1915), p.12 and With the Juniors, The Winner, (Wednesday, 16 June 1915), p.7; and (b) Victorian Junior Association, The (Emerald Hill) Record, Saturday, 17 July 1915), p.3 and Junior Gossip: Drastic Sentences for Offending Players, The Winner, (Wednesday, 4 August 1915), p.6.\n\n^ a b Alexander Emil Olsson (1890–1961). Played amateur football for the Kenilworth Football Club in the South Australian Amateur Football League (SAAFL) (see, for instance: Football: Amateur League: Kenilworth versus University, The (Adelaide) Express and Telegraph, (Monday, 15 June 1914), p.1). World War One Embarkation Roll: Lieutenant Alexander Emil Olsson, collection of the Australian War Memorial; World War One Nominal Roll: Lieutenant Alexander Emil Olsson, collection of the Australian War Memorial; World War One Service Record: Lieutenant Alexander Emil Olsson, National Archives of Australia; World War Two Nominal Roll: Private Alexander Emil Olsson (S69766), Department of Veterans' Affairs; World War Two Service Record: Private Alexander Emil Olsson (S60766), National Archives of Australia; \"Cheer Ups\" at Yorketown, The (Yorketown) Pioneer, (Saturday, 18 December 1915), p.2; Courage of 20 S.A. People Recognised; Humane Society Awards: Bronze Medals, The (Adelaide) Mail, (Saturday, 19 November 1938), p.2.\n\n^ Unable to identify this individual any further. Given the preceding use of \"Lieutenant\" for Olsson, possibly the \"S.M.\", here (i.e., at Brosnan, 1916b), in relation to \"Keen\", refers to a rank of Sergeant-Major?\n\n^ Detail of [ADP.1].\n\n^ See: ASM, and Haby, 2015.\n\n^ The 25 members of the squad that were listed in the programme had been jointly chosen by Brake and Sloss, the squad's officially appointed selectors (Richardson, 2016, p.154).\n\n^ Edwin John Alley (1881–1949); photograph at The Williamstown Football Team, The Leader, (Saturday, 20 June 1908), p.27. Richardson (2016, p.162). Listed in the programme and on the photograph mount as \"R. Alley Williamstown\". First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Edwin John Alley (135), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Private Edwin John Alley (135), collection of the Australian War Memorial; Private Edwin John Alley (135), National Archives of Australia; Ted Alley, at australianfootball.com; AFL Statistics: Ned Alley; Ted Alley, at The VFA Project.\n\n^ Francis Joseph Edmund de Beaurepaire (1891–1956), generally known as \"Frank Beaurepaire\", Olympic swimmer (1908, 1920, 1924), Lord Mayor of Melbourne (1940–1942), knighted in 1942 (Francis Joseph Edmund BEAUREPAIRE, at Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Canberra), and member of the Victorian Legislative Council (1942–1952). First World War Records: Frank. J.E. de Beaurepaire, YMCA Representative, National Archives of Australia; at the time of the match he was serving in the UK with the Australian 3rd. Division as a commissioner of the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) (see: Y.M.C.A. and Soldiers: Work in English Camps, The Argus, (Saturday, 9 September 1916), p.17).\n\n^ Listed in programme as \"J. Brake University\", and on photograph mount as \"Lt. J. Brake University\". When the University team withdrew from the VFL competition at the end of the 1914 season, Brake (along with Claude Bryan, Jack Doubleday, Dick Gibbs, Roy Park, and Percy Rodriguez) was given a full clearance to transfer from University to Melbourne at the beginning of the 1915 season. He played in 10 senior games for Melbourne in 1915 (see: Exit University – Football League Retirement, The Argus, (Saturday, 17 October 1914), p.20, Melbourne: University Stars Join, The Herald, (Friday, 16 April 1915), p.3, \"University\", at Demonwiki, and Jack Brake, at DemonWiki).\n\n^ John Brake (1890–1970); photograph at Studio portrait of Second Lieutenant John Brake, collection of the Australian War Memorial. Richardson (2016, pp.64, 117, 161, 169, etc.). World War One Nominal Roll: Second Lieutenant John Brake, collection of the Australian War Memorial; World War One Embarkation Roll: Second Lieutenant John Brake, collection of the Australian War Memorial; World War Two Nominal Roll: John Brake (V52492), Department of Veterans' Affairs; World War One Service Record: Second Lieutenant John Brake, combined with World War Two Service Record: Major John Brake (V52492), National Archives of Australia; Jack Brake, at AFL Tables; Jack Brake, at australianfootball.com.\n\n^ James Francis Foy (1892–1917); photograph at W.A. Soldiers Who Have Done Their Bit, The (Perth) Sunday Times, (Sunday, 29 April 1917), p.6. Listed in the programme and on photograph mount as \"J. Foy Perth\". Richardson (2016), pp.117–119, 139–140, 161, 188–192, 247, 297. First World War Embarkation Roll: Sergeant James Francis Foy (809), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Sergeant James Francis Foy (809), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Sergeant James Francis Foy (809), National Archives of Australia; Roll of Honour: Sergeant James Francis Foy (809), Australian War Memorial; Lest We Forget — East Perth FC: First World War, eastperthfc.com.au; W.A. Soldiers who have done their Bit, The (Perth) Sunday Times, (Sunday, 29 April 1917), p.6; Australian Red Cross Wounded and Missing Enquiry Bureau files, 1914–18 War: 1DRL/0428: 809 Sergeant James Francis Foy, 44th Battalion (w.r.t. initial declaration of \"missing in action\"), collection of the Australian War Memorial.\n\n^ Cyril Louis Hoft (1896–1949); photograph at Glenelg, The (Adelaide) Chronicle, (Saturday, 9 July 1927), p.40, third from right, middle row. Richardson (2016, pp.119, 148, 161, 169). First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Cyril Louis Hoft (785), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Private Cyril Louis Hoft (785), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Private Cyril Louis Hoft (785), National Archives of Australia; Cyril Hoft, at australianfootball.com.\n\n^ a b On the way to fight the Huns, The Winner, (Wednesday, 18 October 1916), p.8.\n\n^ John Hugh James (1890–1967): photographs at Picture Victoria; at File:Richmond_fc_1920.jpg, third from left, back row; and at File:Richmond_fc_1921.jpg, second from left, middle row. Hogan, (1996, pp.110–111); Richardson (2016, pp.103–104, 264–266, etc.). First World War Embarkation Roll: Lance-Sergeant John Hugh James (223), collection of the Australian War Memorial; Honours and Awards (Military Cross): Lieutenant John Hugh James, Australian War Memorial; Honours and Awards (Bar to Military Cross): Lieutenant John Hugh James, Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Lieutenant John Hugh James (MC + DSO [sic), collection of the Australian War Memorial]; First World War Service Record: Lieutenant John Hugh James (MC and Bar), National Archives of Australia; AFL Statistics: Hughie James; Hughie James, at australianfootball.com.\n\n^ Percival James Hector Jory (1888–1964); photograph at Tasmania (team photograph), The (Adelaide) Chronicle, (Saturday, 12 August 1911), p.31, third player from left, back row. Richardson (2016, pp.147, 168–169, 170, 304). First World War Embarkation Roll: Gunner Percival James Hector Jory (19992), collection of the Australian War Memorial; World War One Nominal Roll: Quartermaster Sergeant Percival James Jory (19992), collection of the Australian War Memorial; World War One Service Record: Quartermaster Sergeant Percival James Hector Jory (19992), National Archives of Australia; Football Champion: Private Percy Jory, The Winner, (Wednesday, 1 November 1916), p.8; AFL Statistics: Percy Jory; Percy Jory, at australianfootball.com.\n\n^ Leslie Edward Lee (1894–1917); photograph at Studio portrait of 224 Private Leslie Edward Lee, collection of the Australian War Memorial. Main & Allen (2002), pp.101–105; Richardson (2016), p.104. First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Leslie Edward Lee (224), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Private Leslie Edward Lee (224), collection of the Australian War Memorial; Roll of Honour: Private Leslie Edward Lee (224), Australian War Memorial; Australian Red Cross Wounded and Missing Enquiry Bureau files, 1914–18 War: 1DRL/0428: 224 Private Leslie Edward Lee, 10th Machine Gun Company, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Private Leslie Edward Lee (224), National Archives of Australia; Les Lee, at AFL Tables; Les Lee, at australianfootball.com; L.E. Lee, at The VFA Project.\n\n^ In the considered, well-informed, and experienced opinion of his team-mate of the day, the future AFL Hall of Famer, Dan Minogue — expressed 20 years later, having (by then) played in 180 VFL matches, having played with, and been captain of three VFL teams, and having coached four VFL teams — Lee (unknown to Minogue prior to the match) was by far the best and most impressive player on that day; marking \"magnificently\", Lee was the \"Star\" of the match:\"The star of that unforgettable match in London 21 years ago was young Lee, the unknown Richmond lad. He was only a boy, but he was of the Jack Dyer build and spirit. And could he play! He was a champion in the ruck that day of days. Unfortunately, he was killed in action later.\" (Minogue & Millard, 1937)\n\n^ Charles Harold Lilley (1892–1982); photograph at An All-Round Sport, The Winner, (Wednesday, 29 November 1916), p.8, and at Demonwiki. Richardson (2016, p.161). First World War Embarkation Roll: Gunner Charles Harold Lilley (19632), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Bombardier Charles Harold Lilley (19632), collection of the Australian War Memorial; Bombardier Charles Harold Lilley (19632), National Archives of Australia; AFL Statistics: Charlie Lilley; Charlie Lilley, at australianfootball.com; Charlie Lilley, at Demonwiki.\n\n^ He played for University in 1912 and 1913. In 1914, as a member of the Commonwealth Public Service, he moved to Canberra (on 17 October 1914, \"L.P. Little, late of Melbourne University, and of football fame, won the 120 yards hurdle, the high jump, and the 440 yards championship of the territory (open to all comers)\" (Patriotic Sports Meeting, Canberra, Table Talk, (Thursday, 29 October 1914), p.31). He was not linked with Melbourne Football Club until 1919 (on his return to Australia from active service): Leo Little, at Demonwiki. He enlisted in the First AIF in Melbourne, in January 1916 (thus, the \"Melbourne\" in the programme).\n\n^ Leopold Paul Little (1892–1956); photograph at Leo Paul Little, ACT Memorial: detail of second from left, fourth row from top, at Postcard: \"Our Queanbeyan Boys\", No.3 (P01061.003), collection of the Australian War Memorial. Richardson (2016), pp.64–65, 166. First World War Embarkation Roll: Sergeant Leo Paul Little (315), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Lieutenant Leo Paul Little (M.C.), collection of the Australian War Memorial; Honours and Awards (Military Cross): Lieutenant Leo Paul Little, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Lieutenant Leo Paul Little, National Archives of Australia; \"Little, _Ports11\", at The VFA Project; AFL Statistics: Leo Little; Leo Little, at australianfootball.com.\n\n^ Identified in the Division team photograph as \"L. Martin\", third player from left, back row, without any further particulars supplied in the associated article by Minogue & Millard (1937).\n\n^ Unable to identify this individual any further. A thorough search of UOM, 1926 failed to identify this individual as either a one-time student of the Melbourne University who served in the war, or as one who servd and died on active service. (Whomsoever it might be, it is not the ex-Geelong footballer Len Martin, who was physically in Geelong, and acting as a field-umpire in a local competition at the time of the match.)\n\n^ Player at the extreme left of Football in England: High Mark by Lieut. Sloss, The Winner, (Wednesday, 10 January 1917), p.4.\n\n^ Mistakenly listed in the programme and on the photograph mount as \"B.H. Mills Brunswick\". Also mistakenly identified by Main & Allen (2002, p.115), as one Benjamin Mills who (a) played for Brunswick before his enlistment, and (b) would play for Northcote after the war.The VFA records clearly show that this particular Mills, a wingman — his Service Record shows that he was 5ft 2+1⁄2 in (159 cm), and 115 lbs (52 kg) on enlistment — only played for Northcote (a) recruited from Prahran Juniors in April 1914, (b) playing 22 games for Northcote in 1914 and 1915, and (c) playing 29 games for Northcote in 1919 and 1920 (see his playing record at The VFA Project).It was, obviously, an entirely different Mills who played with Brunswick between 1909 and 1913, and for Williamstown in 1915 (see G. \"Doc\" Mills, The VFA Project), especially, given that, on one occasion, both B. Mills and G. Mills played for their respective teams (Northcote and Williamstown), at different locations, at the same time, on the same day (Saturday, 22 May 1915) — see: \"Northcote v. Essendon\" and \"Footscray v. Williamstown\" at Football: Association, The (Melbourne) Herald, (Saturday, 22 May 1915), p.3.\n\n^ Benjamin Hastie Mills (1895–1968). First World War Embarkation Roll: Benjamin Hastie Mills (166), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Company Quartermaster Sergeant, Benjamin Hartie [sic Mills (166), collection of the Australian War Memorial]; First World War Service Record: Company Quartermaster Sergeant, Benjamin Hastie Mills (166), National Archives of Australia.\n\n^ Daniel Thomas Minogue (1891–1961); photograph at Daniel Thomas Minogue, at Discovering Anzacs. Richardson, 2016, pp.111–113, 148, 172, etc.). Mistakenly listed in the programme as \"D. Minoque Collingwood\". First World War Embarkation Roll: Gunner Daniel Thomas Minogue (24559), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Gunner Daniel Thomas Minogue (24559), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Gunner Daniel Thomas Minogue (24559), National Archives of Australia; AFL Statistics: Dan Minogue; Dan Minogue, at australianfootball.com; Dan Minogue's coaching record, at AFL Tables.\n\n^ Harold Milne Moyes (1896–1968); (post-war) photographs at The Melbourne Herald, (Saturday, 21 May 1921), p.6, The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 26 September 1925), p.6, and File:Harry_Moyes_1926.jpg. Richardson (2016, pp.169, 304). First World War Embarkation Roll: Sapper Harold Milne Moyes (10993), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Sapper Harold Milne Moyes (10993), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Sapper Harold Milne Moyes (10993), National Archives of Australia; Harry Moyes, at AFL Tables; Harry Moyes, at australianfootball.com; Sharland, \"Jumbo\", \"H. Moyes, Brainy and Cool Forward: Digger Who Had Bullet in His Back, The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 26 September 1925), p.6.\n\n^ William Henry Orchard (1888–1965); photograph at Studio portrait of Captain William Henry Orchard (P04368.001), collection of the Australian War Memorial. Richardson (2016, p.165).\nAbsent from programme; listed on the photograph mount as \"Lt. W. Orchard Geelong\". First World War Embarkation Roll: Lieutenant William Henry Orchard, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Captain William Henry Orchard (MC), collection of the Australian War Memorial; Honours and Awards (Military Cross): Captain William Henry Orchard, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Captain William Henry Orchard (MC), National Archives of Australia; AFL Statistics: Billy Orchard; Billy Orchard, at australianfootball.com.\n\n^ James Pugh (1886–1917); photograph at Athlete plays great game, The (Melbourne) Herald, (Monday, 4 June 1917), p.1.. Listed in the programme and on the photograph mount as \"J. Pugh Launceston\". The eldest in his family, two of his brothers also served overseas in the First AIF: Sapper John David Pugh (2523), and Private Victor Albert Pugh (2381). James (known as \"Jim\") Pugh enlisted in Launceston. City, the club he played for in the Northern Tasmanian Football Association, was based in Launceston. He was the Club's vice captain in 1914 (About People, The (Launceston) Examiner, (Friday, 1 May 1914), p.5.) (\"It was the unanimous opinion of those who witnessed the North and South match, at Launceston, that the palm had to be accorded to Pugh, of the Northern team. The \"Northern Flyer\", as he is termed, put up a brilliant performance. His dashes round the wing were exhilarating, and aroused great enthusiasm.\" — Play and Players, The (Melbourne) Herald, (Friday 17 July 1914), p.5.). He was part of the Tasmanian team at the 1914 ANFC Carnival in Sydney. He was also a prominent athlete (see: Roll of Honour, The (Launceston) Examiner, (Thursday, 31 May 1917), p.6). Richardson (2016, pp.10–11, 115, 161, 186–188, 247). First World War Embarkation Roll: Sergeant James Pugh (253), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Sergeant James Pugh (253), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Sergeant James Pugh (253), National Archives of Australia; Roll of Honour: Sergeant James Pugh (253), Australian War Memorial.\n\n^ William Isaac Sewart (1881–1928); photograph at File:Essendon_fc_1912.jpg, second player from right, second back row. Richardson (2016, p.162). First World War Embarkation Roll: Private William Isaac Sewart (307), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Private William Isaac Sewart (307), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record:Private William Isaac Sewart (307), National Archives of Australia; AFL Statistics: Bill Sewart; Bill Sewart, at australianfootball.com.\n\n^ Bruce Moses Farquhar Sloss (1889–1917); photograph at Studio portrait of Second Lieutenant Bruce Moses Farquhar Sloss, collection of the Australian War Memorial; Main & Allen, (2002, pp.179–183); Football in England: High Mark by Lieut. Sloss, The Winner, (Wednesday, 10 January 1917), p.4. Richardson (2016, pp.43–50, 79–80, 87–89, 247, etc.). First World War Embarkation Roll: Second Lieutenant Bruce Sloss, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Lieutenant Bruce Sloss, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Lieutenant Bruce Sloss, National Archives of Australia; Roll of Honour: Lieutenant Bruce Moses Farquhar Sloss, Australian War Memorial ; AFL Statistics: Bruce Sloss; Bruce Sloss, at australianfootball.com.\n\n^ A.I.F. Cricketer's death, The (Lismore) Northern Star, (Saturday, 11 May 1930), p.6.\n\n^ Carl Bleackley Willis (1893–1930); photographs at third from left, middle row, at File:Melbourne_University's_Inter-Varsity_Team_(Adelaide_1914).tiff, and Group portrait of members of the AIF Cricket Eleven (D00685), collection of the Australian War Memorial. Richardson (2016, 50–52, 106–107, 301–304, etc.). First World War Embarkation Roll: Lance-Corporal Carl Bleackley Willis (346), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Captain Carl Bleackley Willis, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Captain Carl Bleackley Willis, National Archives of Australia; AFL Statistics: Carl Willis; Carl Willis, at australianfootball.com.\n\n^ Unable to identify this individual any further. Identified as \"a local junior\", one \"J. Brown\" was a last minute inclusion, at half-forward flank, in a Brighton (VFA) team in 1912 (Football: Brighton v. Prahran: Brighton's Lucky Escape, The (Brighton) Southern Cross, (Saturday, 24 August 1912), p.9).\n\n^ The Collingwood District Football Club, competed in the Metropolitan Junior Football Association and would, later, become the Collingwood Reserves: Collingwood District Football Club, at Collingwood Forever.\n\n^ Oswald Robert Brown (1889–1971). His Service Record (pp.22–23) indicates that, through the A.I.F. Educational Scheme he received a training course in \"vocal studies\"; and that, in the course's three months, he had \"made considerable progress\" — and, for many years post-war, Electoral Roll records show his occupation as \"chorister\". First World War Embarkation Roll: Corporal Oswald Robert Brown (43), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Embarkation Roll: Lieutenant Oswald Robert Brown, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Lieutenant Oswald Robert Brown, National Archives of Australia.\n\n^ Edward James Busbridge (1892–1967). First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Edward James Busbridge (3686), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Sergeant Edward James Busbridge (3686), collection of the Australian War Memorial; Australian Red Cross Wounded and Missing Enquiry Bureau files, 1914–18 War: 1DRL/0428: 3686 Sergeant Edward James Busbridge (3686), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Sergeant Edward James Busbridge (3686), National Archives of Australia; Edward J. \"Ted\" Busbridge, The VFA Project.\n\n^ Timothy James Collins (1889–1971). Tim Collins, at AFL Tables; Tim Collins, at Demonwiki; First World War Embarkation Roll: Company Quartermaster Sergeant Timothy James Collins (74), in the collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Lieutenant Timothy James Collins, in the collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Lieutenant Timothy James Collins, National Archives of Australia.\n\n^ John William Robertson (1892–1982); studio portrait at Studio portrait of members of 31st Battery, 8th Field Artillery Brigade (P11373.001), collection of the Australian War Memorial. First World War Embarkation Roll, Gunner John William Robertson (20007), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll, Sergeant John William Robertson (20007), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record, Sergeant John William Robertson (20007), National Archives of Australia; John Robertson, at australianfootball.com.\n\n^ Leslie Charles Turner (1891–1971). First World War Embarkation Roll: Quartermaster Sergeant Leslie Charles Turner (10), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Embarkation Roll: Company Quartermaster Sergeant Leslie Charles Turner (10), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Company Quartermaster Sergeant Leslie Charles Turner (10), National Archives of Australia; Leslie G. [sic Turner, at The VFA Project]; \"Turner, _Pra14\", at The VFA Project; Les Turner, at AFL Tables; Les Turner, at australian football.com.\n\n^ John Watherston Watt (1890–1964).\nFirst World War Embarkation Roll: Mechanical Transport Driver John Watherston Watt (11950), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Driver John Watherston Watt (11950), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Driver John Watherston Watt (11950), National Archives of Australia; Jack Watt, at AFL Tables; Jack Watt, at australianfootball.com.\n\n^ Detail of [TUP.1].\n\n^ That 1916 Match, The (Adelaide) News, (Saturday, 25 September 1954), p.15.\n\n^ Oswald Robert Armstrong (1892–1958); for photograph see Gartland (2020). First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Oswald Robert Armstrong (5972), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Record: Oswald Robert Armstrong (5972), collection of the Australian War Memorial; Australian Red Cross Wounded and Missing Files, 1914–18 War: 1DRL/0428: 5972 Private Oswald Robert Armstrong: 14th Battalion, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Oswald Robert Armstrong (5972), National Archives of Australia; Ossy Armstrong, at VFL Tables; Ossy Armstrong, at australianfootball.com.\n\n^ Ernest Frederick Beames (1891–1976); photograph at Redlegs Museum. Brother of the Norwood footballer, George Darling Beames (1889–1967): George Beames, at Redlegs Museum, and First World War Nominal Roll: Sergeant George Darling Beames (875), collection of the Australian War Memorial. Richardson (2016, p.160). First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Ernest Frederick Beames (1830), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Corporal Ernest Frederick Beames (1830), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Corporal Ernest Frederick Beames (1830), collection of the National Archives of Australia.\n\n^ George Buxton Bower (1884–1964); photographs: second from left, front row, in File:1909_South_Melbourne_Football_Club.jpg, centre of second row, at Group portrait of officers of the 60th Battalion (C01871), collection of the Australian War Memorial; and third from left, back row, in Group portrait of officers of the 60th Battalion (E01426), collection of the Australian War Memorial. Richardson (2016, p.160). Listed in the programmem and on the photograph mount as \"J. [sic] Bower S. Melb\". First World War Embarkation Roll: Private George Buxton Bower (1446), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Lieutenant George Buxton Bower (1446), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Lieutenant George Buxton Bower (1446), National Archives of Australia; AFL Statistics: George Bower; George Bower, at australianfootball.com.\n\n^ Hugh Julian Boyd (1886–1960); photograph at Awarded the Military Cross, The Bendigonian, (Thursday, 17 January 1918), p.15. Listed in the programme and on photograph mount as \"H. Boyd\", with no team given. First World War Embarkation Roll: Lieutenant Hugh Julian Boyd, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Lieutenant Hugh Julian Boyd (M.C.), collection of the Australian War Memorial; Honours and Awards (Recommendation): Lieutenant Hugh Julian Boyd, collection of the Australian War Memorial; Honours and Awards: Lieutenant Hugh Julian Boyd, collection of the Australian War Memorial; Australian WWI Acts of Valour: Military Cross: Boyd, Hugh Julian, ww1valour.weebly.com; First World War Service Record: Lieutenant Hugh Julian Boyd, MC, National Archives of Australia; AFL Statistics: Hugh Boyd; Hugh Boyd, at australianfootball.com.\n\n^ Italo Cesari (1983–1973): photograph at Studio portrait of 4070 Private Italo Cesari, collection of the Australian War Memorial (DASEY1232). Richardson (2016, pp.160, 304). First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Italo Cesari (4070), collection of the Australian War Memorial, First World War Nominal Roll: Private Halo [sic Cesari (4070), collection of the Australian War Memorial], First World War Service Record: Private Italo Cesari (4070), National Archives of Australia.\n\n^ Listed in the programme and on the photograph mount as \"A.C. Cesavi Association\" — prior to his enlistment he was playing for the Dromana Football Club, in the Peninsula Football Association; and, on his return from overseas service, he continued to play football, and played with Geelong's Second XVIII for three seasons — see Gartland, 2020; also, the reminiscences of his son at Vincent Cesari (Vince or Caesar), Australians at War Film Archive, 14 May 2003.\n\n^ According to the AFL Umpires Association's records, Italo Cesari officiated, as the central-umpire, in three senior VFL games in 1927; and, in the same year, identified as \"a former Dromana footballer\", he \"gave a great exhibition\" as the central-umpire in the Peninsular Football Association's Semi-Final (Anon, 1927). Later, he was a trainer at the South Melbourne Football Club (Johnson, 1954; and South Melbourne Football Club—Trainers and Staff 1954, at Boyles Football Photos).\n\n^ John Thomas Cooper (1889–1917); photographs at A Victorian Trio, The (Adelaide) Evening Journal, (Friday, 9 August 1912), p.1, and second from right, seated, second row at File:Fitzroy_fc_1913.jpg. Main & Allen (2002, pp.39–42); Richardson (2016, pp.119–120, 233–237, 247, etc.). Footballers in Action: Jack Cooper, The Winner, (Wednesday, 6 December 1916), p.8; First World War Embarkation Roll: Private John Thomas Cooper (4753), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Lance-Corporal John Thomas Cooper (4753), collection of the Australian War Memorial; Roll of Honour: John Thomas Cooper (4753), Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Lance-Corporal John Thomas Cooper (4753), National Archives of Australia; Jack Cooper, at AFL Tables; Jack Cooper, at australianfootball.com.\n\n^ Clyde Donaldson (1894–1979); photographs at The Sporting Globe, (Wednesday, 27 June 1923), p.1, and player at extreme right, back row, at File:Essendon_fc_1923.jpg. Richardson (2016), pp.102–103, 160, 166–168. Listed in programme and on the photograph mount as \"J. Donaldson Essendon\". First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Clyde Donaldson (251), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Private Clyde Donaldson (251), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Private Clyde Donaldson (251), National Archives of Australia; Clyde Donaldson, at AFL Tables; Clyde Donaldson, at australianfootball.com.\n\n^ Thornton Randall Philip Hosking (1894–1949); photograph at \"No.12041, Thornton Hosking, 12-10-1911\", Gaol Description and Entrance Books, 1818–1930, New South Wales, Australia, at ancestry.com.au (subscription only). Listed in the programme, and on the mount of the presentation photographs as \"J. Hoskins Melbourne\" (Two decades later, Dan Minogue refers to him as \"Jim Hockins (Melbourne)\" (Minogue & Millard, 1937).) (Deaths: Hosking, The Argus, (Monday, 8 August 1949), p.11): First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Thornton Phillip [sic Hosking (4137), collection of the Australian War Memorial]; First World War Nominal Roll: Corporal Thornton Philip Hosking (4137), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Corporal Thornton Philip Hosking (4137), National Archives of Australia; Phil Hosking, at australianfootball.com; Phil Hosking, at AFL Tables; Phil Hosking at Demonwiki.\n\n^ Alfred Jackson (1887–1964); photographs at Group portrait of officers of the 7th Battalion on the Aegean island of Lemnos (C01190), collection of the Australian War Memorial, and Volunteers of Essendon and Flemington, 1914–1918, Captain A. Jackson, empirecall.pbworks.com. Listed in the programme as \"Lt. Col. Jackson\", and on the photograph mount as \"Lt. Col. Jackson S. Australia\". First World War Embarkation Roll: Captain Alfred Jackson, collection of the Australian War Memorial; Honours and Awards (Order of the British Empire): Lieutenant Colonel Alfred Jackson, Australian War Memorial; Service \"Timeline\": Lieutenant Colonel Alfred Jackson, Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Lt. Col. Alfred Jackson (O.B.E.), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Lieutenant Colonel Alfred Jackson )BE), National Archives of Australia; Alf Jackson, at AFL Tables; Fred Jackson, at australianfootball.com.\n\n^ Henry Charles Kerley (1894–1987); photograph at Coburg (VFA) Team, The Weekly Times, (Saturday, 27 April 1919), p.43, centre of middle row. Richardson (2016, pp.159, 166). Listed in the programme as \"P. Kerly Collingwood\", and on the photograph mount as \"H. Kerly Collingwood\". World War One Embarkation Roll: Private Henry Charles Kerley (1687), Australian War Memorial; World War One Nominal Roll: Private Henry Charles Kerley (1687), Australian War Memorial; World War One Service Record: Private Henry Charles Kerley (1687), National Archives of Australia; AFL Statistics: Harry Kerley; Harry Kerley, at australianfootball.com; Harry Kerley, at The VFA Project; Harry Kerley, at Collingwood Forever.\n\n^ Stanley Carlton Martin (1889–1917); photograph at [UOM, 1926], between pages 30 and 31. [UOM, 1926], p.30; Main & Allen (2002), pp.114–115; Richardson (2016, pp.37–41, 159, 162, 202–209, 247). First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Stanley Carlton Martin (4488), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Private Stanley Careton [sic Martin (4488), collection of the Australian War Memorial]; First World War Service Record: Corporal Stanley Carlton Martin (4488), National Archives of Australia; Australian War Memorial Roll of Honour: Corporal Stanley Carlton Martin (4488), Australian War Memorial; AFL Statistics: Stan Martin; Stan Martin, at australianfootball.com.\n\n^ Listed in the programme as \"Maxfield Fremantle\", on the photograph mount as \"— Malfield Fremantle\", and by Brosnan (1916b) as \"E. Maxfield\", of Fremantle\" (N.B. none of the four \"E. Maxfields\" that enlisted in the First AIF — Charles Ernest Maxfield (1845), killed in action on 24 March 1915, Edwin Ernest Maxfield (140), repatriated to Australia in November 1915, George Edgar Maxfield (4043), serving in France at the time of the match, and William Eric Maxfield (2849), enlisted on 9 October 1916, had not yet left Australia — could possibly have played in the match.\n\n^ Despite modern assertions (e.g., Hogan, 1996, p.135), there is no contemporary evidence available (i.e., as at 7 June 2022) that supports claims that the future Richmond footballer Jim \"Snowy\" Maxfield (service no.1693; 22 years, 5 months, 5 ft 4+1⁄4 in (163 cm), fair complexion, fair hair, and blue eyes, on enlistment) is the \"Maxfield\" that took part in the exhibition match; and, in particular, there are no independent images of \"Snowy\" Maxfield in existence that in any way suggest a likeness between the real \"Snowy\" Maxwell and any individual in the photograph (or the newsreel) of that team on the day.\n\n^ Listed in the programme as \"McDonald Essendon\", and on the photograph mount as \"— McDonald Essendon\". Unable to identify further; no initials or given name provided; could have been any of four McDonalds who played for Essendon in the VFL between 1905 and 1912 — or, even, it might refer to another individual who might have played for Essendon Town / Essendon \"A\" in the VFA. In support of this view, Maplestone, (1996), p.90 speaks of Clyde Donaldson, Bill Sewart, and Bruce Sloss as Essendon-connected players who took part in this match, but does not speak of anyone called McDonald.\n\n^ Alfred McLaren Moore (1890–1968); photograph at: PRG 280/1/21/224, collection of the State Library of South Australia (fifth player from right). Absent from the programme; listed on the photograph mount as \"H. Moore S. Australia\". First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Alfred McLaren Moore (642), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Lieutenant Alfred McLaren Moore (642), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Lieutenant Alfred McLaren Moore (642), National Archives of Australia; A Gumeracha Volunteer, The (Adelaide) Register, (Tuesday, 23 March 1915), p.8; Redlegs Museum: War Veterans: World War 1.\n\n^ Listed in the programme as \"T.A. Paine Northam\", and on the photograph mount as \"T. Paine Northam\"; with \"Northam\" indicating Northam, Western Australia.\n\n^ Thomas Paine (1894–1979). His brother, Stephen, also served in the First AIF: First World War Nominal Roll: Private Stephen Paine (5167), collection of the Australian War Memorial. First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Thomas Paine (5656), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Private Thomas Paine (5656), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Private Thomas Paine (5656), National Archives of Australia; Local and General News, The Northam Advertiser, (Wednesday, 1 November 1916), p.2; Football: Association Competition: Toodyay v. Unions, The Northam Advertiser, (Wednesday, 15 May 1912), p.4.\n\n^ Charles Julius Perry (1888–1961); photograph at Charles Julius Perry, at Virtual War Memorial Australia. At the time of the match Perry had played 58 senior games with Norwood Football Club; and in 1915, he finished first in a three-way tie for the SAFL's best and fairest award, the Magarey Medal (Charles Perry, at australianfootball.com). Richardson (2016, pp.56–62, 114–115, 159–160, etc.). Charles Julius Perry enlisted as a Methodist Chaplain on 16 November 1915: First World War Embarkation Roll: Chaplain 4th Class Charles Julius Perry, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Chaplain Charles Julius Perry, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Chaplain-Major Charles Julius Perry, National Archives of Australia.\n\n^ Although the 1903 Kalgoorlie/Boulder electoral rolls have him as Daniel Scullion, and although all of the press reports and official programmes of the 1914 ANFC Carnival, in Sydney, in which he was a participant (see: The National Game: Goldfields Footballers for the East, The Westralian Worker, (Friday, 31 July 1914), p.6, etc.) have him as D. Scullion (which also explains the reference to \"Scullion\", rather than \"Scullin\" at [TUP.3]), this individual is not \"Daniel Scullion (service no.4209)\" (see: Sergeant Daniel Scullion, Australian War Memorial). He is Daniel Scullin (service no.1996) (see: Australian War Memorial Roll of Honour); and, by the time of the 1917 federal election, he was listed in the Kalgoorlie/Boulder electoral rolls as Daniel Scullin.\n\n^ Daniel Scullin (1891–1917); photograph at Three Soldier Sons of Mr. and Mrs. D. Scullin, of 214 Pirie Street, Boulder, Camp Chronicle: The Soldier's Paper, (Thursday, 7 June 1917), p.7. Two of his younger brothers, John Joseph Scullin (1893–1916), and Patrick Scullin (1895–1917), also served in the First AIF. All three were killed in action: Private John Joseph Scullin (767), on 29 July 1916 (see: Australian War Memorial Roll of Honour), Private Patrick Scullin (4958), on 26 September 1917 (see: Australian War Memorial Roll of Honour), and Private Daniel Scullin (1996), himself, also on 26 September 1917 (see: Australian War Memorial Roll of Honour). Richardson (2016, pp.3–4, 120–121, 160, 162, 239–242, 247). First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Daniel Scullin (1996), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Private Daniel Scullin (1996), collection of the Australian War Memorial; Australian Red Cross Wounded and Missing Enquiry Bureau files, 1914–18 War: 1DRL/0428: 1996 Private Daniel Scullin, 51st Battalion, collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Private Daniel Scullin (1996), National Archives of Australia.\n\n^ An Incident in the Game: Running with the Ball, The Winner, (Wednesday, 10 January 1917), p.4.\n\n^ Percival George Trotter (1883–1959); photograph at Butler (2017). Richardson (2016, pp.15–20, 166, 167, 171, 174). Listed in programme and on photograph mount as \"P.C. [sic] Trotter Fremantle\". First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Percy George Trotter (5791), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Private Percy George Trotter (5791), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Private Perry [sic George Trotter (5791), National Archives of Australia.] He played 109 games for Fitzroy in the VFL (1901–1906), 32 games for Essendon in the VFA (1907–1908), and 59 games for East Fremantle in the WAFL (1910–1919): AFL Statistics: Percy Trotter; Percy Trotter, at australianfootball.com; Percy Trotter, at The VFA Project.\n\n^ Alfred James Andrews (1893–1949). Private A.J. Andrews, The Camperdown Chronicle, (Thursday, 14 June 1917), p.4; First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Alfred James Andrews (1990), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Private Alfred James Andrews (1990), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Private Alfred James Andrews (1990), collection of the Australian War Memorial.\n\n^ Unable to identify this individual any further.\n\n^ William Roy Sharp Drummond (1890–1966). The grandfather of Olympic basketballer Phil Smyth, and recipient of the Military Medal (see: Rucci, M., \"Port Adelaide uncovers story of premiership winner who became military hero\", The (Adelaide) Advertiser, Thursday, 24 April 2014; Recommendation for Award of Military Medal, collection of the Australian War Memorial; Military Medal: 4th Military District: \"No.277, Lance-Corporal W.R.S. Drummond, 43rd Battalion\", Commonwealth of Australia Gazette, no.23, (Wednesday, 12 February 1919), p.272). First World War Embarkation Roll: Private William Roy Sharp Drummond (277), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Lance-Sergeant William Roy Drummond \"MM\" (277), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Lance-Sergeant William Roy Sharp Drummond (277), National Archives of Australia.\n\n^ Frederick Ray McGargill (1892–1958) changed his name, post-war, to Frederick Ray Blackeby (see: Service Record, and Funeral Notice: Blackeby, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Saturday, 20 December 1958), p.48). World War One Embarkation Roll: Corporal Frederick Ray McCargill [sic (2191), collection of the Australian War Memorial], World War One Nominal Roll: Corporal Frederick Ray McGargill (2191), collection of the Australian War Memorial, World War One Service Record: Corporal Frederick Ray McGargill (2191), National Archives of Australia. McGargill played club football for the Sydney Football Club, represented the Sydney Football League on four occasions, and represented New South Wales on six occasions pre-war, and one occasion, post-war (see: Frederick Roy McGargill, New South Wales Australian Football History Society).\n\n^ Clarence Robert Murphy (1887–1965) Penong Patriotism, The West Coast Sentinel, (Friday, 11 September 1914), p.2; First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Clarence Robert Murphy (518), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Captain Clarence Robert Murphy, OBE (518), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Captain Clarence Robert Murphy, OBE (518), National Archives of Australia.\n\n^ Possibly the same as Honoring Soldiers: Houghton, The (Adelaide) Advertiser, (Tuesday, 2 May 1916), p.8 (identified as \"Private J. Newsome\") and Peace Day in the Country: Houghton, The (Adelaide) Chronicle, (Saturday, 26 July 1919), p.12 (Identified as \"Trooper P. Newsome\").\n\n^ Richard Warren Rowe (1891–1971). First World War Embarkation Roll: Private Richard Warren Rowe (9), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Private Richard Warren Rowe (9), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Service Record: Private Richard Warren Rowe (9), National Archives of Australia.\n\n^ Most likely, the \"N.S.W.\" in the programme is a mistaken reference to \"North-West Coast\" (Football: North-Western Union: Latrobe defeats Ulverstone: An Exciting Finish, The (Formby) North West Post, 25 May 1914), p.4; Football: Today's Matches: South Tasmania v. North-West Coast, The (Hobart) Mercury, (Monday, 8 June 1914), p.8.\n\n^ Philip Schofield Stott (1889–1964). First World War Embarkation Roll: Corporal Philip Schofield Stott (1092), collection of the Australian War Memorial; First World War Embarkation Roll: Corporal Philip Schofield Stott (R1092), collection of the Australian War Memorial; Honours and Awards (Recommendation): Sergeant Philip Schofield Stott (1092), Australian War Memorial; Honours and Awards: Sergeant Philip Schofield Stott (1092), Australian War Memorial; First World War Nominal Roll: Lieutenant Phili [sic Schofield Stott (DCM), collection of the Australian War Memorial]; World War One Service Record: Lieutnant Philip Schofield Stott DCM, National Archives of Australia; Football: Wesley Vale Reforms, The (Burnie) Advocate, Tuesday, 22 March 1921), p.4.\n\n^ See: [DWR.10].\n\n^ Anon (1916e); (1916f).\n\n^ The official invitation of \"Mrs. C.W. St John Clarke\" to the match is held by the Australian Sports Museum (see: Invitation to Australian Football Exhibition Game, 28 Oct 1916 (Registration No.1988.2011.2)).\n\n^ Although some of the pre-match press reports hinted that \"Royalty\" would attend, and although some (e.g. Dan Minogue, at Minogue & Millard, 1937) later suggested — suggestions that were based entirely on the 1916 press reports, rather than any of their own, direct, physical observations at Queen's Club on the day of the match — that both the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VIII) and his third cousin, the former King Manuel II of Portugal, the match's organiser, Frank Beaurepaire, was adamant (de Lacy, 1949) that (on the grounds that if the Prince of Wales had, indeed, \"been present [at the match] we would have had to make some arrangements to receive him\"), he was not there at all; and, further, Nick Richardson's meticulous research (2016, p.164) has revealed that the Prince of Wales was not only not at the match, but was, at the time of the match, overseas (in France).\n\n^ Anon, 1916b.\n\n^ For instance, the observation that, \"with 36 men on the [restricted] field the ball was nearly always the centre of a big cluster of players, and the various moves in the play were [as a consequence] not easy to follow\", by The Winner's London-based correspondent, E.A. Bland, writing on 2 November 1916 (at Brosnan, 1916b).\n\n^ The Times of London, reprinted in The Winner of 20 December 1916 (Bosnan, 1916b).\n\n^ See: [SRSS].\n\n^ The Weekly Despatch, cited at Brosnan (1916b).\n\n^ J.W. (1916); Anon (1916c).\n\n^ The description that follows has been constructed from an amalgamation of all of the published press reports and participant-player reminiscences; and all of the \"quotes\" come from Dan Minogue's reminiscences at Minogue & Millard (1937).\n\n^ Johnson (1954).\n\n^ Anon. (1916d).\n\n^ \"Mr. Ashmead Bartlett was aboard a warship with the 500 Australians who formed the covering party for the landing at Gaba Tepe\" at dawn on 25 April 1915 (The Landing at Gabatepe, The Bendigo Advertiser, (Saturday, 8 May 1915), p.9.\n\n^ Also, see the republication of Ashmead-Bartlett's complete article at How the World heard the First Story of Anzac, The (Melbourne) Herald, (Friday, 25 April 1930), p.4.\n\n^ The complete article and/or sections of it were reprinted, often more than once in the same publication, in a wide range of daily and weekly newspapers (Blackburn, 2016, pp.10–11).\n\n^ As Richardson observes, \"despite all the mock heroic sentiments, sportsmen were not invincible creatures who could outrun bullets and survive shrapnel\" (2016, pp.66–67). It is a matter of record, for instance, that the rugby union footballers Edward Larkin and Blair Swannell, and the Australian Rules footballers, Rupert Balfe, of Brunswick and University, Alan Cordner, of Geelong and Collingwood, Claude Crowl, of St Kilda, Charlie Fincher, of South Melbourne, Fen McDonald, of Carlton and Melbourne, and Joe Pearce, of Melbourne, were all killed in action at Anzac Cove on 25 April 1915.\n\n^ For instance, a year after the landings at Anzac Cove, \"Half-Back\", the Western Mail's football correspondent claimed that, when compared with their counterpart non-footballers, \"very few of our League footballers have been invalided home, and this speaks well for their hardness in withstanding the rigors [sic] of the Gallipoli campaign\" (The Western Mail, Friday, 28 April 1916, p36).\n\n^ Brosnan (1917b).\n\n^ Further along in that same article, Brosnan defends his stress on \"the footballer\" as the most suitable and desirable recruit:\n\"I do not intend to institute comparisons with other sports re the percentage of players who have enlisted. In the first place, as I said before, it would be impossible to give, with any idea of accuracy, the number of footballers who have gone, and in the second, as nearly every player takes part in some other game during the summer, such as rowing, athletics, cricket, tennis, baseball, etc., he is naturally claimed by these as their own. Besides, when at a rough estimate three quarters of the Australian army is composed of sportsmen, each separate branch has done and no doubt will continue to do, their part, irrespective of what the others are doing.\"\n\n^ According to Cullen (2015, p.109) of the 750 enlisted men who had played at least one First XVIII game of VFL football, 94 of them were killed (the current Wikipedia list of VFL players who died on active service in World War I has the number at 96).\n\n^ Such as: Football for Fighters, The Poverty Bay Herald, (Wednesday, 15 November 1916), p.6.\n\n^ Such as The Winner's London-based correspondent, E.A. Bland, at Brosnan (1916b).\n\n^ Such as The Sportsman's reporter, at Brosnan (1916b).\n\n^ As Brosnan (1916b) noted, \"The English public had read a good deal of the large crowds which witness football matches in Australia (Victoria in particular), and, this being the first occasion on which two really expert teams had been pitted against one another on English soil, a fair amount of interest was aroused, especially amongst those who, being Rugger or Soccer enthusiasts, wished to compare our game with their own.\"\n\n^ Such as Brosnan (1916a, 1916b, and 1917a).\n\n^ Football: Proposed World Tour, The Argus, (Friday, 5 June 1914), p.12, \"Rambler\", \"Proposed World's Tour by Australian Footballers\", The Referee, (Wednesday, 17 June 1914), p.1, World Football Tour: Limited Company to be Formed, The Argus, (Wednesday, 15 July 1914), p.18, Exhibition Footballers: Proposed World Tour: Meeting of Supporters, The Age, (Wednesday, 15 July 1914), p.15, \"Amateur\", \"Football Gossip\", The Leader, (Saturday, 18 July 1914), p.20, Proposed World's Tour, The W.A. Sportsman, (Friday, 31 July 1914), p.5\n\n^ For more on Aussie Rules in the USA, see Cheffers & Narleski (2003, passim).\n\n^ Spotlight on Sportsmen: Football, Guinea Gold, (Wednesday, 3 March 1943), p.3, Andrew, Bruce, \"Staging our Game in England: Wanted Lord's—Got Hyde Park\", The Sporting Globe, (Saturday. 26 May 1945), p.5.\n\n^ UK0899: Team photograph, collection of the Australian War Memorial.\n\n^ Hyde Park echoes to Football Barrack, The Barrier Miner, (Wednesday, 12 January 1944), p.2.\n\n^ Australians in England, The Maitland Weekly Mercury, (Saturday, 30 September 1916), p.12, quoting from a United Press cable.\n\n^ Australian Football: Soldiers Play in England, The Bendigonian, (Friday, 20 October 1916), p.5, quoting from a United Press cable.\n\n^ Australian Football: Exhibition by Anzacs, The Bendigo Independent, (Thursday, 26 October 1916), p.5, quoting from a United Press cable.\n\n^ Australian Football: Match in London: Great Interest Displayed, The Mount Alexander Mail, (Monday, 30 October 1916), p.4, quoting directly from a United Press cable.\n\n^ For instance, Help for Red Cross: Soldiers' Football Match, The (Adelaide) Register, (Monday, 30 October 1916), p.4.\n\n^ Brosnan (1916a).\n\n^ Ernest Alfred Bland (1885–1956), described by Brosnan (1916b) as \"one of the leading sporting writers in England\", was considered to be an expert on rowing, and horse racing. He was the chairman of the London Press Club in 1946. Apparently Bland's report, dated 2 November 1916, was the only eye-witness account from a sporting writer published anywhere in Australia.\n\n^ For instance, Football for Fighters, The Poverty Bay Herald, (Wednesday, 15 November 1916), p.6.\n\n^ a b c d e Anon (1917).\n\n^ In the manner in which Aussie Rules à la VFL was played at the time, the three \"followers\" were on the ball (i.e., they were \"followers\" because they followed the play whenever it went), for the entire quarter and, then, were replaced by their counterparts (who had played in the \"fixed position\" of, say, back-pocket) for the entire next quarter.\n\n^ \"An Exciting Moment in the Grand Challenge Football Match Between Anzac Teams, Made up from Australian Battalions Now Stationed in London. Played on the Queen's Club Grounds\", The New York Times, (Sunday, 19 November 1916), p.RPA5.\n\n^ \"Les Australiens guerriers et sportifs ('The Australian Warriors and Sportsmen')\", Excelsior, (Monday, 20 November 1916), p.12. The caption to the photograph, mistakenly identifies the sport as \"rugby\":\"C'est au cours d'un match de rugby dispute récemment en Angleterre, entre deux équipes de soldats australiens (ANZAC), qu'a été pris cet instantané curieux. On sait que nos allies ont qualifé du nom d'Anzac les contingents australiens et zélandais qui prirent un si brilliante part aux affaires des Dardinelles.\" ('It was during a rugby match played recently in England, between two teams of Australian soldiers (ANZAC), that this curious snapshot was taken. We know that our allies gave the name of Anzac to the Australian and [New] Zealand contingents who took such a brilliant part in the affairs of the Dardinelles.')\n\n^ Two stills from the news film appear at Holmesby & Main, (1996), p.49.\n\n^ Collins (2019).\n\n^ A photograph of the Collingwood Football Club's mounted set appears at Ross (1996, p.89).\n\n^ McFarlane, Glenn, \"Eric Copeland\", Collingwood Forever.\n\n^ Our Sportsmen at the Front: Footballers in Action: Frank Beaurepaire, The Winner, (Wednesday, 31 January 19170, p.8.\n\n^ Ross (1996), p.89.\n\n^ Collins (2017).","title":"Footnotes"}]
[{"image_text":"Monash during World War I","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/6230649_Monash_group_portrait_Captains_cropped.jpg/220px-6230649_Monash_group_portrait_Captains_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Frank Beaurepaire (c.1924)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Frank_Beaurepaire_LCCN2014717304.jpg/220px-Frank_Beaurepaire_LCCN2014717304.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gerald Brosnan (1906).[9]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gerald_Brosnan_1906.jpg/220px-Gerald_Brosnan_1906.jpg"},{"image_text":"Will Dyson (1930s)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Will_Dyson_at_his_printing_press.jpg/220px-Will_Dyson_at_his_printing_press.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ruby Lindsay (c.1908)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ruby_Lindsay%2C_artist_-_portrait%2C_ca._1908_%28crop%29.jpg/220px-Ruby_Lindsay%2C_artist_-_portrait%2C_ca._1908_%28crop%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Joan and Daryl Lindsay (1925)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Joan_and_Daryl_Lindsay.jpg/220px-Joan_and_Daryl_Lindsay.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dan Minogue, Collingwood.[44]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Dan_Minogue_1911-1916.jpg/220px-Dan_Minogue_1911-1916.jpg"},{"image_text":"Third Divisional Team: 28 October 1916 (H.16689).[64]Back Row (players only), left to right:    [12] C.L. Hoft; [–] W.H. Orchard; [13] L. Martin; [11] L.E. Lee;    [2] J.Brake; [15] J.H. James; [4] C.B. Willis; [5] L.P. Little;    [19] J.F. Foy.Middle Row, left to right:    [8] H.M. Moyes; [1] C.H. Lilley; [1] B.M.F. Sloss (c);    F. Beaurepaire; [3] D.T. Minogue; [7] J. Pugh;     [9] P.J.H. Jory.Front Row (players and umpires, kneeling and squatting), left to right:    E.J. Watt; [6] W.I. Sewart; G. Barry; T.S. Hewitt;    [17] B.H. Mills; [9] E.J. Alley; S.R. Gray.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Detail_of_Third_Australian_Division_Football_Team_%2828_October_1916%29.tif/lossless-page1-330px-Detail_of_Third_Australian_Division_Football_Team_%2828_October_1916%29.tif.png"},{"image_text":"Training Units Team: 28 October 1916 (H.16688).[102]Back Row (players only), left to right:    [18] G.B. Bower; [6] T.P. Hosking; [4] C. Donaldson;    [–] A.M. Moore; [16] E.F. Beames; [2] J.T. Cooper;    [11] D. Scullin; [7] S.C. Martin; [5] H.C. Kerley;    [10] O.R. Armstrong.Middle Row, left to right:    [3] P.G. Trotter;  — ; [1] C.J. Perry (c); [22] A. Jackson;    [8] H.J. Boyd.Front Row (players and umpires, kneeling), left to right:    [15] T. Paine; E.J. Watt; G. Barry; T.S. Hewitt;  — ;    [9] I. Cesari.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Australian_Training_Units_Football_Team_%2828_October_1916%29.tif/lossless-page1-330px-Australian_Training_Units_Football_Team_%2828_October_1916%29.tif.png"},{"image_text":"The Refereefront page, 12 May 1915","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/THE_REFEREE_page_1_%28Wednesday%2C_12_May_1915%29.tif/lossless-page1-220px-THE_REFEREE_page_1_%28Wednesday%2C_12_May_1915%29.tif.png"},{"image_text":"Jack Forrest and Bruce Andrew tossing the coin, Hyde Park, 8 January 1944.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Toss_of_the_coin_%28Hyde_Park_1944%29.jpeg/220px-Toss_of_the_coin_%28Hyde_Park_1944%29.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Australian Warriors and Sportsmen.(From Excelsior, 20 November 1916.)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/1916_Pioneer_Exhibition_Game_%28%22Excelsior%22%2C_20_November_1916%2C_p.12%29.tif/lossless-page1-220px-1916_Pioneer_Exhibition_Game_%28%22Excelsior%22%2C_20_November_1916%2C_p.12%29.tif.png"}]
[{"title":"1916 VFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_VFL_season#Notable_events"},{"title":"Australian rules football exhibition matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football_exhibition_matches"},{"title":"List of Victorian Football League players who died on active service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Victorian_Football_League_players_who_died_on_active_service"},{"title":"Australian rules football during the World Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football_during_the_World_Wars"}]
[{"reference":"Gartland, Bob. \"Almanac Footy History: Ossie not Charlie – in search of a player\". Footy Almanac. Retrieved 24 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.footyalmanac.com.au/ossie-not-charlie-in-search-of-a-player/?mc_cid=5fc7424fdd&mc_eid=9efbe00c78","url_text":"\"Almanac Footy History: Ossie not Charlie – in search of a player\""}]}]
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North-West Coast, The (Hobart) Mercury, (Monday, 8 June 1914), p.8."},{"Link":"https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/awm-media/collection/RCDIG1067397/large/5369594.JPG","external_links_name":"First World War Embarkation Roll: Corporal Philip Schofield Stott (1092), collection of the Australian War Memorial"},{"Link":"https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/awm-media/collection/RCDIG1067487/large/5371264.JPG","external_links_name":"First World War Embarkation Roll: Corporal Philip Schofield Stott (R1092), collection of the Australian War Memorial"},{"Link":"https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/R1617535","external_links_name":"Honours and Awards (Recommendation): Sergeant Philip Schofield Stott (1092), Australian War Memorial"},{"Link":"https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/R1521333","external_links_name":"Honours and Awards: Sergeant Philip Schofield Stott (1092), Australian War Memorial"},{"Link":"https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/R2244812","external_links_name":"First World War Nominal Roll: Lieutenant Phili [sic"},{"Link":"https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/NAAMedia/ViewPDF.aspx?B=8095181&D=D","external_links_name":"World War One Service Record: Lieutnant Philip Schofield Stott DCM, National Archives of Australia"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66641652","external_links_name":"Football: Wesley Vale Reforms, The (Burnie) Advocate, Tuesday, 22 March 1921), p.4."},{"Link":"https://collection.australiansportsmuseum.org.au/objects/3777/invitation-to-australian-football-exhibition-game-28-oct-1916","external_links_name":"Invitation to Australian Football Exhibition Game, 28 Oct 1916 (Registration No.1988.2011.2)"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article89963164","external_links_name":"The Landing at Gabatepe, The Bendigo Advertiser, (Saturday, 8 May 1915), p.9."},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article244864444","external_links_name":"How the World heard the First Story of Anzac, The (Melbourne) Herald, (Friday, 25 April 1930), p.4."},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37437847","external_links_name":"The Western Mail, Friday, 28 April 1916, p36"},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/PBH19161115.2.41","external_links_name":"Football for Fighters, The Poverty Bay Herald, (Wednesday, 15 November 1916), p.6."},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article7286362","external_links_name":"Football: Proposed World Tour, The Argus, (Friday, 5 June 1914), p.12"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article120282263","external_links_name":"\"Rambler\", \"Proposed World's Tour by Australian Footballers\", The Referee, (Wednesday, 17 June 1914), p.1"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article10796336","external_links_name":"World Football Tour: Limited Company to be Formed, The Argus, (Wednesday, 15 July 1914), p.18"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article198641324","external_links_name":"Exhibition Footballers: Proposed World Tour: Meeting of Supporters, The Age, (Wednesday, 15 July 1914), p.15"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article92033642","external_links_name":"\"Amateur\", \"Football Gossip\", The Leader, (Saturday, 18 July 1914), p.20"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210909008","external_links_name":"Proposed World's Tour, The W.A. Sportsman, (Friday, 31 July 1914), p.5"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article250538639","external_links_name":"Spotlight on Sportsmen: Football, Guinea Gold, (Wednesday, 3 March 1943), p.3"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article189780625","external_links_name":"Andrew, Bruce, \"Staging our Game in England: Wanted Lord's—Got Hyde Park\", The Sporting Globe, (Saturday. 26 May 1945), p.5."},{"Link":"https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C257156","external_links_name":"UK0899: Team photograph, collection of the Australian War Memorial."},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49556601","external_links_name":"Hyde Park echoes to Football Barrack, The Barrier Miner, (Wednesday, 12 January 1944), p.2."},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article128033945","external_links_name":"Australians in England, The Maitland Weekly Mercury, (Saturday, 30 September 1916), p.12"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article219793032","external_links_name":"Australian Football: Soldiers Play in England, The Bendigonian, (Friday, 20 October 1916), p.5"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article219794804","external_links_name":"Australian Football: Exhibition by Anzacs, The Bendigo Independent, (Thursday, 26 October 1916), p.5"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article119639106","external_links_name":"Australian Football: Match in London: Great Interest Displayed, The Mount Alexander Mail, (Monday, 30 October 1916), p.4"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59915887","external_links_name":"Help for Red Cross: Soldiers' Football Match, The (Adelaide) Register, (Monday, 30 October 1916), p.4."},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/PBH19161115.2.41","external_links_name":"Football for Fighters, The Poverty Bay Herald, (Wednesday, 15 November 1916), p.6."},{"Link":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k4606564r/f11.item","external_links_name":"\"Les Australiens guerriers et sportifs ('The Australian Warriors and Sportsmen')\", Excelsior, (Monday, 20 November 1916), p.12."},{"Link":"https://forever.collingwoodfc.com.au/ernest-copeland","external_links_name":"McFarlane, Glenn, \"Eric Copeland\", Collingwood Forever."},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article154547456","external_links_name":"Our Sportsmen at the Front: Footballers in Action: Frank Beaurepaire, The Winner, (Wednesday, 31 January 19170, p.8."},{"Link":"http://purl.slwa.wa.gov.au/slwa_b1874692_13.pdf?agree","external_links_name":"Pioneer Exhibition Game Australian Football: in aid of British and French Red Cross Societies: 3rd Australian Division v. Australian Training Units at Queen's Club, West Kensington, on Saturday, October 28th, 1916, at 3pm, Wightman & Co., (London), 1916."},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LuUjgJHLgdg","external_links_name":"Australian Football (Pathé Newsreel, 1916)"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B88dBgC01YA","external_links_name":"Australian Football (Pathé Newsreel, 1916), remastered and colourised version (2019)"},{"Link":"https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C382783","external_links_name":"Organised by Australian Olympic swimmer Lieutenant Frank Beaurepaire, etc., in the collection of the Australian War Memorial (Accession number: H16689)."},{"Link":"https://collection.australiansportsmuseum.org.au/objects/6023/photograph-of-third-australian-division-football-team-in-london-28-oct-1916","external_links_name":"Photograph of Third Australian Division football team in London, 28 Oct 1916, in the collection of the Australian Sports Museum (Registration number: 1991.2529.4)."},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article154553891","external_links_name":"Well-known players at Queen's Club: The Winners — The Third Australian Divisional Team, The Winner, (Wednesday, 20 December 1916), p.7."},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/20753553","external_links_name":"\"Checker\" Hughes Tells an Anzac Day Story, The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 25 April 1953), p.4."},{"Link":"https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C382770","external_links_name":"Organised by Australian Olympic swimmer Lieutenant Frank Beaurepaire, etc., in the collection of the Australian War Memorial (Accession number: H16688"},{"Link":"https://collection.australiansportsmuseum.org.au/objects/6024/photograph-of-australian-football-team-in-london-28-oct-1916","external_links_name":"Photograph of Australian football team in London, 28 Oct 1916, in the collection of the Australian Sports Museum (Registration number: 1991.2529.5)."},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article154553909","external_links_name":"Beaten, but not Disgraced: The Defeated Team — Australian Training Units, The Winner, (Wednesday, 20 December 1916), p.7."},{"Link":"http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20080222230832/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/21303/20010807-0000/www.mcc.org.au/Yorker/yorker25/news_four.htm","external_links_name":"Allen, David G. (2000), \"The ANZAC match in London in 1916\", The Yorker, No.25, (Autumn 2000), Melbourne Cricket Club."},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/66666734","external_links_name":"Anon. (1916c), \"Anzacs at Football: Londoners Delighted\", The Geraldton Guardian, (Thursday, 2 November 1916), p.1."},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/87526572","external_links_name":"Anon. (1916d), \"Soldiers at Play: Football in England: Adelaide Men Engaged\", The (Adelaide) Chronicle, (Saturday, 4 November 1916d), p.41."},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/154796249","external_links_name":"Anon, (1916e), \"Cribbings & Criticisms\", The (Melbourne) Sporting Judge, (Saturday, 4 November 1916), p.1."},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/33609979","external_links_name":"Anon., (1916f), \"General Cable News\", The Kalgoorlie Western Argus, (Tuesday, 7 November 1916), p.33."},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article154552964","external_links_name":"Anon., (1916g), \"Interesting Letters from Footballers: The King Inspects Australians\", The Winner, (Wednesday, 29 November 1916), p.8."},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75013244","external_links_name":"Anon. (1917) \"Australian Football: New Game for England: Keen Contest at Queen's Club\", The (Emerald Hill) Record, (Saturday, 6 January 1917), p.2."},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article222818666","external_links_name":"Anon. (1927), \"Peninsula Semi-Final\", The Weekly Times, (Saturday, 3 September 1927), p.93."},{"Link":"https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/football-jumper-australian-training-units-v-3rd-australian-divisional-match-london-28-october-1916/pwFpvUuWFA-s0w?hl=en","external_links_name":"Football jumper, Australian Training Units v 3rd Australian Divisional match – London, 28 October 1916, Australian Gallery of Sport and Olympic Museum."},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article154554477","external_links_name":"Brosnan, G. (1916a), \"Australian Football played in London: 'Great Game by Anzacs' \", The Winner, (Wednesday, 1 November 1916), p.9."},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page17853859","external_links_name":"Brosnan, G. (1916b), \"Australian Football at Queen's Club, London: Exhibition Game by Anzacs draws Large Crowd: English Critics' Opinions Generally Favorable [sic"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article154547063","external_links_name":"Brosnan, G. (1917a), \"Australian Football in London: Exhibition Game provides Fine Advertisement: Later details respecting Players\", The Winner, (Wednesday, 10 January 1917), p.4."},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article154546929","external_links_name":"Brosnan, G. (1917b), \"Footballer's Efforts to Win the Great War: A Fine Record\", The Winner, (Wednesday, 28 February 1917), p.4."},{"Link":"https://thewest.com.au/sport/afl/haydn-bunton-jr-accepts-elevation-of-his-father-to-wa-football-hall-of-fame-in-emotional-final-event-at-subiaco-oval-ng-b88671811z","external_links_name":"Butler, Steve (2017), \"Haydn Bunton Jr accepts elevation of his father to WA Football Hall of Fame in emotional final event at Subiaco Oval\", The West Australian, Monday, 27 November 2017."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4jToLjGJ_ysC","external_links_name":"Cheffers, John & Narleski, G. (2003), The Story of USfooty, Lexington, MA: Lexington Press, 2003."},{"Link":"https://www.afl.com.au/news/149651/100-years-ago-today-diggers-played-a-slashing-match-in-london","external_links_name":"Collins, Ben (2016), \"100 years ago today, Diggers played a \"slashing\" match in London\", afl.com.au, 28 October 2016."},{"Link":"https://www.afl.com.au/news/48521/pioneer-london-game-to-be-celebrated-100-years-on","external_links_name":"Collins, Ben (2017), \"Pioneer London game to be celebrated 100 years on\", afl.com.au, 5 May 2017."},{"Link":"https://www.afl.com.au/news/72200/october-1916-london-why-soldiers-played-australian-footy-in-a-time-of-crisis","external_links_name":"Collins, Ben (2019), \"October, 1916, London: Why soldiers played Australian footy in a time of crisis\", afl.com.au, 16 August 2019."},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article178164239","external_links_name":"\"Sir John Monash played big hand\", The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 27 August 1949), p.5."},{"Link":"https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/download/file/IO_5c2ed5af-1b99-473f-a29e-b53e2a07c56b","external_links_name":"DWR:1916:10: Daily Weather Reports: 1st October to 31st October 1916, Meteorological Office, London."},{"Link":"https://www.footyalmanac.com.au/ossie-not-charlie-in-search-of-a-player/?mc_cid=5fc7424fdd&mc_eid=9efbe00c78","external_links_name":"\"Almanac Footy History: Ossie not Charlie – in search of a player\""},{"Link":"https://www.hawthornfc.com.au/news/443437/dan-minogues-1916-guernsey","external_links_name":"Haby, Peter (2015), \"Dan Minogue's 1916 Guernsey\", Hawthorn Football Club, 19 August 2015."},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/140701497","external_links_name":"J.W., \"Football: The Anzacs in London\", The Australasian, (Saturday, 4 November 1916), p.26."},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/130985976","external_links_name":"Johnson, V. (1954), \"That 1916 Match, The (Adelaide) News, (Saturday, 25 September 1954), p.15."},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article180250745","external_links_name":"McMullen, C., \"Diggers Show London Australian Football: Raise £1000 for Red Cross\", The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 28 October 1939), p.5."},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/20729032","external_links_name":"Minogue, D. & Millard, P.J., \"Famous A.I.F. Match in London: Unknown Richmond Lad was the Star\", The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 21 August 1937), p.8."},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article182995221","external_links_name":"\"When Diggers Astonished London: Spirited Exhibition Match by Great Players\", The Sporting Globe, (Wednesday, 10 September 1930), p.8."},{"Link":"http://www.sunrisesunset.com/calendar.asp?comb_city_info=London%2C%20United%20Kingdom;0;51.5;0;2&month=10&year=1916&time_type=1&want_twi_civ=1&want_mrms=1&want_mphase=1&wadj=1","external_links_name":"Sunrise and Sunset Times at London, United Kingdom, October 1916, sunrisesunset.com."},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b744566&view=1up&seq=1&skin=2021","external_links_name":"Record of Active Service of Teachers, Graduates, Undergraduates, Officers and Servants in the European War, 1914–1918, University of Melbourne, (Melbourne), 1926."},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/sportsfactor/lest-we-forget---sport-and-war/3509520","external_links_name":"Sport and War"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Sutherland_(cyclist)
Hector Sutherland (cyclist)
["1 References","2 External links"]
Australian cyclist Hector SutherlandPersonal informationFull nameHector SutherlandBorn(1930-03-06)6 March 1930Died26 April 2011(2011-04-26) (aged 81)Hastings, Victoria, AustraliaTeam informationRoleRider Hector John Sutherland (6 March 1930 – 26 April 2011) was an Australian racing cyclist. He finished in second place in the Australian National Road Race Championships in 1953 and 1954. He won a gold medal in men's road race event at the 1950 Commonwealth Games. References ^ "Hector John Sutherland". Greyscale Territory. Retrieved 11 May 2014. ^ "Hector Sutherland". Cycling Archives. Retrieved 11 May 2014. ^ "1950 Commonwealth Games". All Down Under. Retrieved 11 May 2014. External links Hector Sutherland at Cycling Archives Hector Sutherland at the Commonwealth Games Federation (archived) vteRiders on Malvern Star Joyce Barry Ian Browne Lionel Cox Pat Hawkins Don Kirkham Richard Lamb Tony Marchant Ern Milliken Ossie Nicholson Hubert Opperman Sid Patterson Billie Samuel Edna Sayers Eddie Smith Hefty Stuart Hector Sutherland Frankie Thomas Valda Unthank Authority control databases VIAF This biographical article relating to Australian cycling is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sof%C3%ADa_Lama
Sofía Lama
["1 Life","2 Filmography","3 References","4 External links"]
Mexican actress of Greek descent (born 1987) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Lama and the second or maternal family name is Stamatiades. Sofía LamaLama (center) in 2018 along with other actorsBornSofía Lama Stamatiades (1987-06-09) 9 June 1987 (age 37)Puebla, MexicoOccupationActressYears active1993–present Sofía Lama (Spanish pronunciation: ; born Sofía Lama Stamatiades on June 9, 1987, in Puebla, Mexico) is a Mexican actress of Greek descent. Life Sofia Lama was born in Puebla, Mexico, a state in the center of Mexico. She started acting at the age of 11 and was the star of several TV shows for children including Disney Club with Disney Channel Mexico. At the age of 18 Sofia moved to Mexico City. She starred in the musical "Grease" playing "Frenchie" and toured successfully throughout Mexico. She continued her passion for theater and had lead roles in several plays in Mexico City such as "Las Arpias" & "El ultimo Aliento". Sofia also studied film for 3 years at the Estudios Cinematograficos INIDI. She took acting classes with Adriana Barraza (Oscar nominated for BABEL) and studied with Juan Carlos Corazza (Spain). Sofia worked consistently in Mexican television before getting the opportunity to travel to Miami and begin her career in the U.S. Hispanic Market. With now over 12 Series Regular credits under her belt, Sofia has become one of the most well known faces in both Latin America and the U.S. Hispanic Market. Her series with NBC Universal/Telemundo include Pecados ajenos, Sin senos no hay paraíso, La casa de al lado & Dueños del paraíso (where she starred opposite Kate Del Castillo & Adriana Barraza) have aired in more than 100 countries worldwide and streamed on Netflix. One of Sofia's most important roles was "Alicia Gonzalez" in the acclaimed and popular Univision series "Eva Luna". Its finale drew more than 9.1 million viewers in the U.S. and she became one of the most popular young actresses in the Latin Market. Sofia had the lead role of "Fernanda" in the 2015 film "Desde El Mas Alla" which she also produced. The film was a critical success and toured in film festivals in Mexico. That same year she played 'Vanessa' in the romantic comedy "Enamorandome de Abril". In 2016 she played "Elizabeth Cardenas", one of the series regulars on "Eva La Trailera" for NBC Universal/Telemundo. In 2017 she will star in the Fox International/Telemexico series "Guerra De Idolos". The story revolves around the death of a regional Mexican music idol and showcases the lives of those who manage and control the Latin music business in the U.S. Filmography This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Sofía Lama" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Film roles Year Title Roles Notes 2010 Más sabe el diablo: El primer golpe Young Esperanza Salvador 2015 Enamorándome de Abril Vanessa 2017 Desde el más allá Fernanda Television roles Year Title Roles Notes 1993 El peñón del amaranto Child Amaranta 2004 Soñarás Huesitos 2004 La vida es una canción Marisol 3 episodes 2007 Lo que la gente cuenta Unknown role Episode: "La monja" 2007–2008 Pecados ajenos Gloria Mercenario 163 episodes 2008 Decisiones Nora Episode: "Al ataque" 2008–2009 Sin senos no hay paraíso Julieta Riva Palas 56 episodes 2009 Más sabe el diablo Young Esperanza Salvador Episode: "Sentencia divina" 2009 Vidas cruzadas Lucy 2010 Eva Luna Alicia González 108 episodes 2011–2012 La casa de al lado Hilda González 158 episodes 2012 Mia Mundo Stef Episode: "Listen to Your Heart" 2012–2013 Rosa diamante Andrea Fernández 2012 Lado B Maya Television film 2013 Descarri-lados Ivonne 2013 Dama y obrero Mireya Gómez 2015 Dueños del paraíso Silvana Cardona 38 episodes 2016 Eva la trailera Elizabeth "Betty" Cárdenas 68 episodes 2017 Guerra de ídolos Gilda Solar 53 episodes 2017 Designated Survivor Gloria Menez Episode: "Equilibrium" 2018 Chicago PD Marcella Gomez Episode: "Chasing Monsters" 2018 Ncis Los Angeles Ella Juanega Season 10 Episode "Asesinos" 2019 Queen of the South Emilia Season 4, 4 episodes 2020-2021 100 Dias Para Enamorarnos Aurora 72 episodes References ^ a b c d "Sofía Lama profile on Esmas". 2.esmas.com (in Spanish). Esmas.com. Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2018. External links Sofía Lama at IMDb This article about a Mexican actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S21_(California)
California county routes in zone S
["1 S1","2 S2","3 S3","4 S4","5 S5","6 S6","7 S7","8 S8","9 S9","10 S10","11 S11","12 S12","13 S13","14 S14","15 S15","16 S16","17 S17","18 S18","19 S19","20 S20","21 S21","22 S22","23 S24","24 S25","25 S26","26 S27","27 S28","28 S29","29 S30","30 S31","31 S32","32 S33","33 S34","34 S78","35 S80","36 See also","37 References"]
Overview of California county routes in zone S This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "California county routes in zone S" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) California county routes in zone SExample of a California county route shieldHighway namesCountyCounty Route X (CR X) or Route XSystem links County routes in California There are 34 routes assigned to the "S" zone of the California Route Marker Program, which designates county routes in California. The "S" zone includes county highways in Imperial, Orange, Riverside, San Diego, and Santa Barbara counties. S1 County Road S1LocationSan Diego CountyTouristroutes Sunrise Scenic Byway County Route S1 (CR S1), also known as Sunrise Highway for a portion of its length, is a 34.08 mi (54.85 km) long county highway located entirely in San Diego County, California, United States. It begins at State Route 94 near Barrett and moves northward across Interstate 8, just west of the Laguna Summit. This segment is also known as Buckman Springs Road. North of I-8, it is the Sunrise Scenic Byway, a National Forest Scenic Byway. Route description Buckman Springs Road and Old Highway 80 The route begins at SR 94 near Barrett not far from the Mexican border. From there, it heads northward along Buckman Springs Road. Soon afterwards, it enters the Cleveland National Forest. When the road reaches Interstate 8, while Buckman Springs Road continues northeastward across the freeway, CR S1 continues in a northwest direction along Old Highway 80, the original alignment of U.S. Route 80 in California. It then closely parallels I-8 for several miles. Upon crossing the freeway at Laguna Junction, CR S1 separates from Old Highway 80 and becomes Sunrise Scenic Byway. Bridge over Interstate 8 From Interstate 8, it begins its ascent into the Laguna Mountains. The route here was built along a cliff overlooking Pine Valley to its west. Around here, the vegetation still consists of chaparral and sagebrush. As the route gains elevation through Cleveland National Forest, the route becomes more heavily forested. Around here, numerous campgrounds dot the side of the road. There is a picnic area overlooking Anza-Borrego Desert State Park near the Burnt Rancheria Campground, which is often said to deeply contrast the forest scenery along the route. Upon passing the settlement of Mount Laguna, the vegetation along the route mostly consists of dead trees devastated by the 2003 Cedar Fire. As the route approaches its north end at State Route 79, Lake Cuyamaca is visible. The north terminus is located just north of Cuyamaca Rancho State Park where it meets SR 79. History CR S1 Near Al Bahr Shrine Camp The route was established by the county in the year 1959, where the entire route was designated as it is now. No major numbering or routing changes occurred throughout its history. The northern segment of the route was also established as a Scenic Byway in 1959. Map Bridge over Cottonwood Creek Buckman Springs Rd. and Old Highway 80 Bridge over Interstate 8 Near Al Bahr Shrine Camp California Riding and Hiking Trail Junction with California Route 79 Major intersections The entire route is in San Diego County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes ​ SR 94 – Manzanita, Campo, San DiegoSouthern terminus ​Buckman Springs Road north (to I-8), Old Highway 80 eastFormer US 80 east; north end of Buckman Springs Road on CR S1; south end of Old Highway 80 on CR S1 ​ I-8 – El Centro, San DiegoInterchange; I-8 exit 47 ​Old Highway 80 west – Pine ValleyFormer US 80 west; north end of Old Highway 80 on CR S1; south end of Sunrise Highway ​ SR 79 to I-8 – Julian, Cuyamaca, Lake CuyamacaNorthern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi S2 County Road S2LocationSan Diego – Imperial CountiesExisted1970–present This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2015) County Route S2 (CR S2) is a county highway in the U.S. state of California. It runs for 65 miles (105 km), north–south, in Imperial County and San Diego County. CR S2 is the third longest county route in California and is almost exclusively a two-lane rural road. It largely follows the route of the former Southern Emigrant Trail and Butterfield Overland Mail. Route description Street signs on Highway S2 San Felipe Road north of Scissors Crossing Starting at mile marker zero, the highway begins at a junction with State Route 79 near the community of Warner Springs. As it descends southeast toward the desert floor it becomes San Felipe Road until it crosses State Route 78 at Scissors Crossing in Shelter Valley (formerly called Earthquake Valley). South of SR 78, the name of the highway changes to the Great Southern Overland Stage Route of 1849, then further south, it forks at a remote junction with the historic dirt road to become to Sweeney Pass Road. East of the San Diego/Imperial County Line of this segment is also called Imperial Highway. The highway runs south through an interchange with Interstate 8 then ends at a junction with State Route 98 near Ocotillo. Images from County Route S2 Agua Caliente Springs, desert landscape and CR S2 going south, in the Anza-Borrego Desert State Park. Borrego Springs and the surrounding desert as seen from the descent near the Montezuma Valley Road lookout. Scissors crossing seen from the north, along the Pacific Crest Trail. Shelter Valley California Fire Department and Community Center on CR S2. Warner's Ranch, Ranch House, San Felipe Road (CR S2), Warner Springs. Major intersections CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes Imperial​ SR 98 to I-8 west – CalexicoSouthern terminus Ocotillo I-8 – El Centro, San DiegoInterchange; I-8 exit 89 CR S80 east (Evan Hewes Highway) – Coyote Wells, Plaster CityFormer US 80 Imperial–San Diegocounty line​North end of Imperial Highway; south end of Sweeny Pass Road San Diego​Great Southern Overland Stage Route of 1849 southNorth end of Sweeny Pass Road; south end of Great Southern Overland Stage Route of 1849 on CR S2 ​ SR 78 west – Julian, OceansideSouth end of SR 78 overlap; north end of Great Southern Overland Stage Route of 1849 ​ SR 78 east to SR 86 – BrawleyNorth end of SR 78 overlap; south end of San Felipe Road ​ CR S22 (Montezuma Valley Road) – Ranchita, Borrego SpringsWestern terminus of CR S22 ​ SR 79 – Warner Springs, Santa YsabelNorthern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus S3 County Road S3LocationSan Diego County This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2010) County Route S3 (CR S3) is a county highway in San Diego County, California, United States. It begins at a junction with State Route 78 and runs roughly north over Yaqui Pass to Borrego Springs, bearing the name Yaqui Pass Road. It turns left onto Deep Well Trail and left again onto Borrego Springs Road. It ends at a junction with County Route S22 at a large roundabout known as Christmas Circle. Its total length is 12.1 miles (19.5 km). There is one call box on this highway, located at Yaqui Pass summit. The highway is part of the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail Auto Tour Route. Junction with State Route 78 Yaqui Pass Road CR S3 west of Yaqui Pass Yaqui Pass on CR S3 Major intersections The entire route is in San Diego County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes ​ SR 78 – Julian, OceansideSouthern terminus ​Yaqui Pass Road north – Borrego Valley AirportNorth end of Yaqui Pass Road on CR S3; south end of Deep Well Trail ​ Borrego Springs Road south to SR 78 eastNorth end of Deep Well Trail; south end of Borrego Springs Road on CR S3 Borrego Springs CR S22 (Christmas Circle, Palm Canyon Drive) – Borrego Valley Airport, Salton SeaRoundabout; northern terminus; road continues north as Borrego Springs Road 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi S4 County Road S4Poway RoadLocationSan Diego County This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2010) County Route S4 (CR S4) is a road in San Diego County, California, United States, in the northern city limits of San Diego and in the city of Poway. United States. The route is traversed entirely by Poway Road from Interstate 15 east to State Route 67. The route's western terminus is at I-15, where the road continues west as Rancho Penasquitos Boulevard, traverses across SR 56, and finally ends as Carmel Mountain Road. Eastward, the road traverses through the city of Poway as Poway Road and has its east end at SR 67. Within Poway, it is one of the busiest streets in the city. The route was established in 1959. Major intersections The entire route is in San Diego County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes San Diego I-15 (Escondido Freeway)Interchange; western terminus; I-15 exit 18; road continues west as Rancho Penasquitos Boulevard Sabre Springs Parkway PowayPomerado Road Community Road CR S5 (Espola Road) – Escondido, Lake PowaySouthern terminus of CR S5 SR 67 – Lakeside, El Cajon, RamonaEastern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi S5 County Road S5LocationSan Diego County This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2010) County Route S5 (CR S5) is a road in San Diego County, California, United States, in Poway and San Diego. It runs from its southern end at Poway Road (County Route S4) in Poway to its northern end at Interstate 15 in San Diego. Route description The road's south end is at Poway Road (CR S4) in Poway. It winds north through Poway as Espola Road and then turns slightly west, ending at Interstate 15 as Rancho Bernardo Road (which continues past I-15). The route was established in 1959. Major intersections The entire route is in San Diego County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Poway CR S4 (Poway Road)Southern terminus Twin Peaks Road Chabad WayNorth end of Espola Road; south end of Rancho Bernardo Road San DiegoPomerado Road Bernardo Center Drive I-15 (Escondido Freeway)Interchange; northern terminus; I-15 exit 24; road continues west as Rancho Bernardo Road 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi S6 County Road S6LocationSan Diego County This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2010) County Route S6 (CR S6) is a county highway in San Diego County, California, United States. It connects Del Mar with Palomar Mountain across San Diego County. It is one of a few San Diego county routes with a discontinuity in its routing. Highway ends at Palomar Observatory Route description CR S6 starts at CR S21 in Del Mar as Via de la Valle. It crosses Interstate 5 and meets with CR S8 in Rancho Santa Fe at the intersection of Via de la Valle and Paseo Delicias. At El Camino Del Norte, the name changes to Del Dios Highway, past the community of Del Dios and into Escondido. In Escondido, CR S6 runs along West and East Valley Parkways, to Valley Center Road through Valley Center. CR S6 ends at State Route 76. About four miles (6.4 km) east on SR 76, CR S6 begins again as South Grade Road, which winds northward on Palomar Mountain. It intersects with CR S7, then continues north until it ends at the Palomar Observatory. S6 in Escondido The route was defined in 1959. Major intersections The entire route is in San Diego County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Solana Beach–Del Mar line CR S21 (Highway 101, Camino Del Mar)Western terminus; former US 101; road continues west as Border Avenue Jimmy Durante Boulevard, Valley Avenue – Del Mar Fairgrounds, Del Mar Racetrack San Diego I-5 (San Diego Freeway) – San DiegoInterchange; I-5 exit 36 San Andres Drive El Camino Real south El Camino Real north Rancho Santa FeCalzada del Bosque Via de Santa Fe south Via de Santa Fe north – Rancho Santa Fe CR S8 (Paseo Delicias south) – Solana Beach, EncinitasEastern terminus of CR S8; north end of Via de la Valle; south end of Paseo Delicias on CR S6 La Valle Plateada, El Montevideo El Camino Del NorteNorth end of Paseo Delicias; south end of Del Dios Highway ​Via Rancho Parkway EscondidoNorth end of Del Dios Highway; south end of Valley Parkway Citracado Parkway Auto Park Way I-15 (Escondido Freeway)Interchange; I-15 exit 31 Tuilp AvenueLeft exit westbound only interchange; at-grade intersection eastbound; no left turn from Tulip Avenue to CR S6 west; CR S6 east transitions onto Grand Avenue; west end of one-way couplet Grand AvenueLeft exit eastbound only interchange; CR S6 east transitions onto 2nd Avenue I-15 BL (Centre City Parkway)Former US 395 Broadway To Grand Avenue (2nd Avenue)Interchange; eastbound exit and entrance; CR S6 east transitions onto Valley Boulevard Grand Avenue Hickory StreetEast end of one-way couplet; CR S6 east transitions onto Valley Parkway SR 78 (Ash Street) Rose Street Midway Drive Citrus Avenue Bear Valley Parkway El Norte Parkway, Hidden Trails Road Lake Wohlford RoadEast end of Valley Parkway; west end of Valley Center Road Valley CenterWoods Valley Road Lilac Road Cole Grade Road – Pauma Valley North Lake Wohlford Road, Thundernut Lane – San Pasqual Indian Reservation, Lake Wohlford Rincon SR 76 west – Pauma, Pauma Indian Reservation, Pala Indian ReservationWest end of SR 76 overlap; east end of Valley Center Road ​ SR 76 east – Lake HenshawEast end of SR 76 overlap; west end of South Grade Road ​ CR S7 (East Grade Road) / Summit Circle – Lake HenshawWest end of CR S7 overlap; east end of South Grade Road; west end of East Grade Road on CR S6 ​ CR S7 (State Park Road) – Palomar State ParkEast end of CR S7 overlap and East Grade Road; west end of Canfield Road ​Palomar ObservatoryEastern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus      Incomplete access S7 County Road S7LocationSan Diego County This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2010) County Route S7 (CR S7) is a county highway in San Diego County, California, United States, that provides access to Palomar Mountain. Route description CR S7's western terminus is at State Route 76 east of Pauma Valley, California. It begins as a dirt road known as the Nate Harrison Grade. Then it returns to pavement as it ascends Palomar Mountain and meets San Diego County Route S6. It enters Palomar Mountain State Park. Then, it descends to end at SR 76 near Lake Henshaw. Nate Harrison Grade is not signed as County Route S7, but it is a logical westward extension of the signed portion. With a 10% grade, it was the only road to the top of Palomar Mountain until the 1940s, when East Grade Road ("Highway to the Stars") was built for the construction of the Palomar Observatory. The road was formerly known as "Nigger Nate Road", named after Nate Harrison, an early African-American homesteader. The name was changed in 1956 at the request of the NAACP. On a small turnout is a monument to Gregory Pacheco and a good view to the north. According to a plaque at the monument, pictured below, Gregory Pacheco was a firefighter who died in the La Jolla Fire in 1999. The descent on the eastern side of Palomar Mountain offers panoramic views of Lake Henshaw. East end on Highway 76 Lake Henshaw from lookout on County Highway S7 Gregory Pacheco monument Gregory Pacheco monument West end at entrance to Palomar Mountain State Park Major intersections The entire route is in San Diego County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes ​Palomar Mountain State ParkWestern terminus; road continues into the park, then connects with the Nate Harrison Grade ​ CR S6 east (Canfield Road) – Palomar ObservatoryWest end of CR S6 overlap; east end of State Park Road; west end of East Grade Road ​ CR S6 west (South Grade Road) / Summit Circle – Escondido, OceansideEast end of CR S6 overlap ​ SR 76Eastern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus S8 County Road S8LocationSolana Beach–Rancho Santa FeLength5.3 mi (8.5 km)Existed1959–present County Route S8 (CR S8) is a county highway, mostly along Lomas Santa Fe Drive and Linea Del Cielo, in San Diego County, California, United States. Its western end is CR S21 (locally signed as "Highway 101") in Solana Beach and its eastern end is at Via De La Valle in Rancho Santa Fe. Route description The route begins in Solana Beach at Old Highway 101. It winds eastward through San Diego County, crossing through Solana Beach and unincorporated San Diego County, and ends at Via De La Valle (CR S6) in Rancho Santa Fe. The last portion of the county road passes through Rancho Santa Fe on Paseo Delicias. Major intersections The entire route is in San Diego County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Solana Beach0.00.0 CR S21 (Highway 101)Western terminus; historic and former US 101; road continues west as Plaza Street 1.01.6 I-5 (San Diego Freeway) – San Diego, Los AngelesInterchange; I-5 exit 37 ​3.04.8El Camino Real Rancho Santa FeLa FlorestaEast end of Lomas Santa Fe Drive; west end of Linea Del Cielo 5.38.5 CR S9 west (La Granada) – EncinitasEastern terminus of CR S9 5.58.9 CR S6 (Via De La Valle, Paseo Delicias) – Del Dios, EscondidoEastern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi S9 County Road S9LocationEncinitas–Rancho Santa FeLength6.5 mi (10.5 km)Existed1959–present This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2010) County Route S9 (CR S9), mostly known as Encinitas Boulevard, is a road in San Diego County, California, United States. Its west end is at CR S21 (Coast Highway 101) in Encinitas and its east end is at Paseo Delicias (CR S6) in Rancho Santa Fe. Once outside Encinitas, the county route follows portions of Rancho Santa Fe Road, La Bajada, Los Morros, and La Granada, before terminating at Paseo Delicias. Major intersections The entire route is in San Diego County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Encinitas0.00.0 CR S21 (Coast Highway 101)Western terminus; historic and former US 101; road continues west as B Street 0.40.64 I-5 (San Diego Freeway)Interchange; I-5 exit 41B 2.23.5 CR S10 north (Rancho Santa Fe Road)Southern terminus of CR S10 3.76.0 CR S11 north (El Camino Real)Southern terminus of CR S11 ​4.06.4El MirloEast end of Encinitas Boulevard; west end of La Bajada ​4.57.2Los Morros eastEast end of La Bajada; west end of Los Morros on CR S9 ​4.97.9Los Morros westEast end of Los Morros on CR S9; west end of La Granada Rancho Santa Fe6.510.5 CR S8 (Paseo Delicias) – Escondido, Solana BeachEastern terminus; road continues as La Granada 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi S10 County Road S10Rancho Santa Fe RoadLocationEncinitas–San MarcosLength9.7 mi (15.6 km)Existed1959–present County Route S10 (CR S10), known entirely as Rancho Santa Fe Road, is a road in San Diego County, California, United States, that runs through the North County region of San Diego County. Route description CR S10 begins at Encinitas Boulevard in Encinitas, heading in a generally northward direction. It enters Carlsbad and turns eastward. This road travels into San Marcos and passes near the unincorporated area of Lake San Marcos. (The entire run of the road past Carlsbad is located in parts of the incorporated city of San Marcos; often, at this point, the incorporated portions only follow the road, leaving unincorporated islands nearby). Rancho Santa Fe Road intersects with San Marcos Boulevard and continues northward. There is a junction with State Route 78. A short distance north, Rancho Santa Fe ends at County Route S14 (which changes names from Santa Fe Avenue to Mission Road at the intersection). Major intersections The entire route is in San Diego County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Encinitas0.00.0 CR S9 (Encinitas Boulevard, Rancho Santa Fe Road)Southern terminus; road continues south as Manchester Avenue San Marcos8.012.9 CR S12 (San Marcos Boulevard) 9.415.1 SR 78 (Ronald Packard Parkway)Interchange; SR 78 exit 11A 9.715.6 CR S14 (Mission Road, Santa Fe Avenue)Northern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi S11 County Road S11El Camino RealLocationEncinitas–OceansideLength11.6 mi (18.7 km)Existed1959–present County Route S11 (CR S11), known entirely as El Camino Real, is a county route in San Diego County, California, United States. It runs through the North County region in San Diego County, from Encinitas Boulevard (County Route S9) in Encinitas to State Route 78 in Oceanside. As its street name implies, it is part of the 600-mile (965-kilometer) commemorative route connecting the 21 Spanish missions in California (formerly Alta California). Route description CR S11's southern terminus is Encinitas Boulevard (CR S9) in Encinitas. It continues northward through Encinitas, intersecting with Lecuadia Boulevard/Olivenhain Road, which leads to CR S10 (Rancho Santa Fe Road) east of this intersection. After this point, it enters Carlsbad, where it intersects with Palomar Airport Road (CR S12). It continues northward through Carlsbad, ending at State Route 78 in Oceanside. Note that El Camino Real continues for several miles beyond both termini. It extends southward through Encinitas until it reaches San Elijo Lagoon and ends at Manchester Avenue. An unconnected road further east also called El Camino Real starts at the San Elijo Lagoon and continues south for several miles until Carmel Mountain Road. Northward in Oceanside, El Camino Real passes under State Route 76 and ends just north at Douglas Drive. Major intersections The entire route is in San Diego County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Encinitas0.00.0 El Camino Real south to I-5Continuation beyond CR S9 0.00.0 CR S9 (Encinitas Boulevard)Southern terminus 1.52.4Leucadia Boulevard, Olivenhain Road Carlsbad2.84.5La Costa Avenue 4.06.4Aviara Parkway, Alga Road 4.67.4Poinsettia Lane 6.19.8 CR S12 (Palomar Airport Road) 7.512.1College Boulevard 8.413.5Cannon Road 9.415.1Tamarack Avenue 10.817.4Carlsbad Village Drive Oceanside11.618.7 SR 78 (Ronald Packard Parkway)Interchange; northern terminus; SR 78 exit 2; road continues north as El Camino Real 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi S12 County Road S12LocationSan Diego CountyLength15.51 mi (24.96 km)Existed1961–present This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2010) County Route S12 (CR S12), also known as Palomar Airport Road, San Marcos Boulevard, Twin Oaks Valley Road, and Deer Springs Road, is a county highway in San Diego County, California, United States. It runs through the North County region of San Diego County from Carlsbad Boulevard (County Route S21) in Carlsbad to Interstate 15 near Hidden Meadows. Route description CR S12's western terminus is at Carlsbad Boulevard (CR S21) in Carlsbad. Almost immediately after it begins, CR S12 (this portion of which is called Palomar Airport Road) intersects with Interstate 5. It passes Legoland California and continues eastward, passing its namesake, McClellan–Palomar Airport. It intersects with El Camino Real (CR S11) before running through a number of industrial and business parks. Eventually, CR S12 enters San Marcos, where it becomes San Marcos Boulevard after an intersection with Business Park Drive. San Marcos Boulevard intersects Rancho Santa Fe Road (CR S10) and continues eastward, crossing State Route 78. Shortly thereafter, San Marcos Boulevard intersects with Twin Oaks Valley Road, which assumes the S12 designation after this junction. Shortly after becoming CR S12, Twin Oaks Valley Road passes over Mission Road (CR S14) without actually intersecting it, then continues to the northern city limits of San Marcos. At the edge of the city, Twin Oaks Valley Road narrows into a private road, and CR S12 bears right to become Deer Springs Road, which continues northward through unincorporated land. Eventually the road turns east, and CR S12 ends at an interchange with Interstate 15, though the road itself continues as Mountain Meadow Road through Hidden Meadows. The route was established in 1961. Major intersections The entire route is in San Diego County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Carlsbad CR S21 (Carlsbad Boulevard)Interchange; western terminus; former US 101 Avenida Encinas I-5 (San Diego Freeway) – San Diego, Los AngelesInterchange; I-5 exit 47 Paseo Del Norte Flower FieldsInterchange; westbound exit only College Boulevard, Aviara Parkway CR S11 (El Camino Real) El Fuerte Street Melrose Drive – Leo Carrillo Park Carlsbad–San Marcos lineEast end of Palomar Airport Road; west end of San Marcos Boulevard San Marcos CR S10 (Rancho Santa Fe Road) Las Posas Road, McMahr Road SR 78 (Ronald Packard Parkway)Interchange; SR 78 exit 12 San Marcos Boulevard east, Twin Oaks Valley Road southEast end of San Marcos Boulevard on CR S12; west end of Twin Oaks Valley Road on CR S12; connects to Mission Road (CR S14); serves California State University San Marcos Borden Road Buena Creek Road North Twin Oaks Valley RoadEast end of Twin Oaks Valley Road; west end of Deer Springs Road ​ I-15 (Escondido Freeway) – San Diego, RiversideInterchange; eastern terminus; I-15 exit 37 ​Deer Springs Road to Mountain Meadow Road – Hidden MeadowsContinuation beyond I-15 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Incomplete access S13 County Road S13LocationSan Diego County This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2010) County Route S13 (CR S13), also known as Vista Village Drive, East Vista Way, and Mission Road, is a county highway in San Diego County, California, United States, that runs through the North County region of San Diego County. It is distinctive for having a three-mile (5 km) discontinuity in Bonsall. Route description CR S13's southern terminus is at State Route 78 in Vista, where the street is known as Vista Village Drive. This section of CR S13 is the northern boundary of the newly renovated downtown area of Vista, and in this area the road intersects with Santa Fe Avenue, which is CR S14. Shortly afterwards, the road's name changes to East Vista Way, and continues northward outside the city limits into the unincorporated community of Bonsall. CR S13 is unusual in that, according to official legislation, its route is discontinuous. In Bonsall, East Vista Way meets State Route 76 and, from this point, loses its status as CR S13. Nearly three miles northeast on SR 76, CR S13 begins again, continuing northward, but as South Mission Road. Mission Road cuts north through Bonsall and passes the neighborhoods of San Luis Rey Heights and Winterwarm before entering Fallbrook. In Fallbrook, South Mission Road splits off into South Main Avenue, which carries the S13 signage. These two streets run parallel to each other for several blocks; East Fallbrook Road (SR S15) begins at Mission and intersects Main. After a short distance, Mission turns east, intersecting Main; Mission then continues as S13. CR S13 continues eastward, ending at an interchange with Interstate 15. Almost all of S13, except for later realigned portions, is an old alignment of U.S. Route 395, and Historic Route signs are posted in unincorporated areas. The route was established in 1968. Major intersections The entire route is in San Diego County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Vista SR 78 (Ronald Packard Parkway)Interchange; southern terminus; SR 78 east exit 6B, west exit 6; road continues south as Vista Village Drive to Hacienda Drive West Vista Way CR S14 (Santa Fe Avenue) – Downtown Vista Civic Center Drive, Hillside TerraceSouth end of Vista Village Drive; north end of East Vista Way Vale Terrace Drive, Anza Avenue Foothill Drive, Bobier Drive ​ Gopher Canyon Road to I-15 ​ SR 76 west / Old River Road – OceansideSouth end of SR 76 overlap; north end of East Vista Way ​ SR 76 east (Pala Road) to I-15North end of SR 76 overlap; south end of South Mission Road FallbrookAmmunition Road CR S15 (Fallbrook Street)Western terminus of CR S15 Hill StreetNorth end of South Mission Road; south end of West Mission Road Pico Avenue to De Luz Road Main AvenueNorth end of West Mission Road; south end of East Mission Road ​Stage Coach Lane ​ Old Highway 395 to CR S15 (Reche Road)Former US 395 south ​ I-15 (Escondido Freeway)Interchange; eastern terminus; I-15 exit 51 ​Mission Road to Old Highway 395Continuation beyond I-15; former US 395 north 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus S14 County Road S14LocationSan Diego County This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2010) S14 in Vista County Route S14 (CR S14), also known as Santa Fe Avenue, Mission Road, and Mission Avenue, is a county highway in San Diego County, California, United States, that runs through the North County region of San Diego County. It runs from State Route 76 in Oceanside to Centre City Parkway in Escondido. Route description CR S14's western terminus is at State Route 76 in Oceanside, where it is known as North Santa Fe Avenue. It travels into Vista, becoming South Santa Fe Avenue before intersecting with County Route S13, or Vista Village Drive, in downtown Vista. At this point it begins to run parallel to State Route 78, which it does until its terminus. Santa Fe travels into western San Marcos, where it intersects with County Route S10 (Rancho Santa Fe Road); it is at this intersection that Santa Fe becomes Mission Road. Mission continues through San Marcos, passing under Twin Oaks Valley Road (County Route S12) without an intersection. In eastern San Marcos, Mission Road crosses State Route 78 without an interchange and becomes Mission Avenue. Shortly afterward, it enters Escondido, where it crosses Interstate 15, again with no interchange. Shortly after this point, the freeway portion of SR 78 ends and that route turns right onto Broadway, but CR S14's eastern terminus is at Centre City Parkway, a few blocks short from Broadway. CR S14 east of CR S13, except for later realigned portions, is an old alignment of U.S. Route 395, and Historic Route signs are posted in unincorporated areas. The route was established in 1968. Major intersections The entire route is in San Diego County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Oceanside SR 76Western terminus; road continues as Santa Fe Avenue to Via Manos Mesa Drive Melrose Drive VistaBobier Drive CR S13 (Vista Village Drive) Civic Center Drive Mar Vista Drive ​Robelini Drive ​Buena Creek Road San Marcos CR S10 (Rancho Santa Fe Road)Northern terminus of CR S10; east end of Santa Fe Avenue; west end of Mission Road Las Posas Road Knoll Road San Marcos Boulevard, Woodward Street Woodland Parkway Bennett Avenue, Rancheros Drive EscondidoAuto Park Way Andreasen DriveEast end of Mission Road; west end of Mission Avenue Rock Springs Road I-15 BL (Centre City Parkway) to SR 78 westEastern terminus; road continues as Mission Avenue 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi S15 County Road S15LocationSan Diego County This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2010) County Route S15 (CR S15) is a county highway in San Diego County, California, United States. It runs from County Route S13 (Mission Road) in Fallbrook to Old Highway 395. Route description CR S15's western terminus is at CR S13, also known as Mission Road, in Fallbrook. It begins as East Fallbrook Street. At the intersection with South Stage Coach Lane, CR S15 continues south to the intersection with Reche Road, at which point CR S15 again heads east. CR S15 continues east as Reche Road until it reaches its eastern terminus at the intersection with Old Highway 395, adjacent to Interstate 15. The route was established in 1959. Major intersections The entire route is in San Diego County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Fallbrook CR S13 (Mission Road)Western terminus; road continues west as Fallbrook Street Fallbrook Street east, Stage Coach Lane northEast end of Fallbrook Street on CR S15; west end of Stage Coach Lane on CR S15 Stage Coach Lane south, Reche Road westEast end of Stage Coach Lane on CR S15; west end of Reche Road on CR S15 ​ Old Highway 395 to I-15Eastern terminus; former US 395 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi S16 County Road S16LocationSan Diego – Riverside Counties This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2010) County Route S16 (CR S16), also known as Pala-Temecula Road, Pala Road, and Pechanga Parkway, is a county highway in San Diego and Riverside counties in California, United States. It runs from its south end at State Route 76 on the Pala Indian Reservation to its north end at State Route 79 (Temecula Parkway) in Temecula. Route description The route's southern terminus is at SR 76 on the Pala Indian Reservation, in the San Luis Rey River Valley, near the community of Pala. It twists through a short but rugged and steep mountain range and continues northward as Pala-Temecula Road through rural San Diego County. When it crosses the Riverside County line and enters the Pechanga Indian Reservation, it becomes Pala Road. Shortly thereafter, County Route S16 widens to four lanes as it reaches the city limits of Temecula, where it becomes Pechanga Parkway. Near the Pechanga Resort & Casino, Pechanga Parkway becomes a six-lane arterial road and continues along several large suburban neighborhoods before ending at a T intersection with SR 79 (Temecula Parkway). The portion of County Route S16 known as Pechanga Parkway, as well as the portion of SR 79 known as Temecula Parkway, are unsigned because the City of Temecula maintains jurisdiction over both segments. The route was established in 1959. Major intersections CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes San DiegoPala SR 76Southern terminus Apapas RoadNorth end of Pala Mission Road on CR S16; south end of Pala Temecula Road; SR 76 west is via a right turn on Pala Mission Road; SR 76 east is via a left turn on Pala Mission Road San Diego–Riversidecounty line​Poco Tropical RoadNorth end of Pala Temecula Road; south end of Pala Road RiversideTemeculaPechanga RoadNorth end of Pala Road; south end of Pechanga Parkway Wolf Valley Road, Via Eduardo Rainbow Canyon RoadFormer US 395 south SR 79 (Temecula Parkway) to I-15Northern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi S17 County Road S17LocationSan Diego County This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2010) County Route S17 (CR S17) is a county highway in San Diego County, California, United States. It runs from Interstate 5 in Chula Vista to Interstate 8 in El Cajon. The route consists of portions of several roads passing through the cities of Chula Vista and El Cajon, and the unincorporated communities of Bonita, Spring Valley, and Rancho San Diego. County Route S17 roughly parallels State Route 54 from Interstate 5 east to State Route 125, running along E Street, Bonita Road, Sweetwater Road, South Worthington Street, and Paradise Valley Road. The route then shares the same alignment as State Route 54, from State Route 125 northeast to the El Cajon city limit, running along Jamacha Boulevard, Campo Road, and Jamacha Road. Within El Cajon, CR S17 shares the same alignment as the former State Route 54, continuing north to Interstate 8 along Jamacha Road and 2nd Street. The portions of County Route S17 within the cities of Chula Vista and El Cajon are no longer signed. The portions of the route within Bonita and Spring Valley are signed. However, all signs in Rancho San Diego (along Campo and Jamacha Roads) appear to have been removed except for the one heading east coming from the terminus of the freeway portion of State Route 94. In El Cajon city limits, the route is signed with Business Route 54. The route was established in 1964. Major intersections The entire route is in San Diego County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Chula Vista I-5 (San Diego Freeway) to SR 54 eastInterchange; western terminus; I-5 exit 8B; road continues as E Street to Bay Boulevard Broadway Fourth Avenue – Civic Center Third Avenue – Downtown Second Avenue Bonita Road west, East Flower StreetEast end of E Street; west end of Bonita Road on CR S17 I-805 (Jacob Dekema Freeway)Interchange; I-805 north exit 7, south exit 7C Willow Street, Old Orchard Lane Otay Lakes Road BonitaCentral Avenue San Miguel Road Sweetwater Road west, Simbar Road (private road)East end of Bonita Road; west end of Sweetwater Road on CR S17 La PresaEast end of Sweetwater Road on CR S17; west end of Worthington Street Worthington Street north, Paradise Valley Road westEast end of Worthington Street on CR S17; west end of Paradise Valley Road on CR S17 Elkelton Boulevard, Elkelton Place to SR 125 north SR 54 west (South Bay Freeway, SR 125 south) / Sweetwater RoadInterchange; SR 125 north exit 12; east end of Paradise Valley Road; west end of Jamacha Boulevard Spring ValleySweetwater Springs Boulevard SR 94 west (Campo Road) – San DiegoWest end of SR 94 overlap and Campo Road on CR S17; east end of Jamacha Boulevard SR 94 east (Campo Road) – Jamul Indian Village, CampoEast end of SR 94 overlap and Campo Road on CR S17; west end of SR 54 (eastern section) overlap and Jamacha Road Rancho San DiegoWillow Glen Drive – Jamul, Harbison Canyon Chase Avenue El CajonEast end of SR 54 (eastern section) overlap; west end of SR 54 BR overlap Washington Avenue East Main StreetFormer US 80; east end of Jamacha Road; west end of 2nd Street on CR S17 I-8 – El Centro, San DiegoInterchange; eastern terminus; I-8 exit 19; east end of SR 54 BR overlap; road continues as 2nd Street 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus S18 County Road S18LocationOrange CountyLength29.05 mi (46.75 km)Existed1970–present County Route S18 (CR S18) is a county highway in Orange County, California, United States. The route follows El Toro Road and Santiago Canyon Road which proceeds in a boomerang-like pattern from State Route 133 in Laguna Beach to State Route 55 near Orange. CR S18 traverses as a loop around the urban areas of Orange County and cuts through the Santa Ana Mountains. The road is one of four county routes in Orange County that are signed in areas nearby the route, such as southbound Interstate 5 and southbound State Route 133. It is also noted to be the longest county route in Orange County and is the only major route that allows motorists to drive through, in, and out of the Santa Ana Mountains. El Toro Road near Portola Hills looking eastward towards Santiago Canyon The Santiago Canyon Road portion of CR S18 in the Santa Ana Mountains is planned to become designated as an official scenic highway as part of the State Scenic Highway System. This makes it the second highway to become designated as a scenic road in Orange County, California, despite the impact from the Santiago Fire as part of the wildfires in October 2007. Narrowed trail that connects to the old El Toro Road and passes under the current road Major intersections The entire route is in Orange County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Laguna Beach0.000.00 SR 133 (Laguna Canyon Road) – Laguna Beach, Irvine Aliso Viejo0.801.29 SR 73 Toll (San Joaquin Hills Toll Road) – Long Beach, San DiegoInterchange; SR 73 north exit 6, south exit 7 1.452.33Aliso Creek Road Laguna Woods3.034.88Moulton Parkway Laguna Woods–Lake Forest line4.146.66 I-5 (San Diego Freeway) – Los Angeles, San DiegoEl Toro Interchange; I-5 exit 91; former US 101 Lake Forest6.3510.22Trabuco Road 8.7514.08Santa Margarita Parkway, Portola Parkway ​11.5318.56 CR S19 east (Live Oak Canyon Road) – Trabuco Canyon, Coto de Caza ​Silverado Canyon Road – Silverado Canyon, Black Star Canyon ​22.8236.73 SR 241 Toll / SR 261 Toll south (Eastern Toll Road) – Riverside, Irvine, South CountyInterchange Orange23.8338.35 CR S25 west (Chapman Avenue) / Jamboree Road 29.0546.75 SR 55 (Costa Mesa Freeway) – Newport Beach, RiversideInterchange; SR 55 exit 15 29.0546.75Katella AvenueContinuation beyond SR 55 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi S19 County Road S19LocationOrange CountyLength3.3 mi (5.3 km)Existed1961–present This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2010) County Route S19 (CR S19) is a county highway in the U.S. state of California in Orange County. The route follows Live Oak Canyon Road from O'Neill Park to El Toro Road (S18) to Trabuco Canyon. County Route S19 is notorious for many fatal accidents that have occurred in the recent years since 2000, and many lost lives due to such accidents. The route was established in 1961. Major intersections The entire route is in Orange County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Lake Forest0.00.0 CR S18 (Santiago Canyon Road, El Toro Road) – Laguna Beach, OrangeWestern terminus ​0.50.80Ranch Road 1.11.8Hamilton Trail 1.32.1Hunky Dory Lane 1.42.3Lambrose Canyon Road 1.72.7Canyon Creek Drive 1.82.9Shelter Canyon Road 2.03.2Monastery Road 3.35.3O'Neill Regional ParkEastern terminus; road continues as Trabuco Canyon Road 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi S20 County Road S20LocationSanta Barbara CountyExisted?–1988 This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2010) County Route S20 (CR S20) was a county highway in the U.S. state of California. As the only county route in Santa Barbara County at the time, it was merged with State Route 1 in 1988, rerouting SR 1 from Harris Grade Road to the former county route leading into Vandenberg Air Force Base. S21 County Road S21LocationSan Diego–OceansideLength25.0 mi (40.2 km)Existed1968–present County Route S21 (CR S21) is a south–north running road serving the coastal communities of northern San Diego County, California, United States, running from San Diego in the south to Oceanside in the north. The route is signed in many places as "Historic Route 101" with the official Historic U.S. 101 shields. CR S21 follows the prior alignment of U.S. Route 101 through this region. The route is also called "Coast Highway" in some places as well. This route was originally designated in 1968 and is 24.74 miles (39.82 km) long. Historic US 101 Route description County Route S21 begins at Interstate 5 in the north of San Diego as Genesee Avenue. After proceeding west-northwest for 3/4 mile (1.2 km) it intersects Torrey Pines Road and continues north with that name, providing access to the Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve. The road then travels north into Del Mar, where it is renamed "Camino Del Mar". While in Del Mar the route passes both the historic Del Mar Racetrack and through the historic downtown of Del Mar. In Solana Beach the route moves closer to the coast. Along this stretch, it is named "Highway 101" and the city has signed the route along its length with faux U.S. Highway shields that resemble the official U.S. 101 shields in use today along with the state issued Historic 101 shield. While to the north in Encinitas the route's name becomes "Coast Highway 101" also in homage to the old U.S. Route. In Carlsbad it becomes "Carlsbad Boulevard”. The route is named "Coast Highway" in Oceanside, and comes to an end at Interstate 5 just south of Camp Pendleton. The section of this road between La Costa Avenue and Palomar Airport Road was once known as the Oceanside-Carlsbad Freeway. The majority of the route from the Del Mar city limits to State Route 76 in Oceanside is signed as Historic U.S. 101, and is also an unsigned Business Route Interstate 5. Major intersections The entire route is in San Diego County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes San Diego0.00.0 I-5 (San Diego Freeway) / Genesee Avenue southInterchange; southern terminus; I-5 exit 29 3.76.0Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve Del Mar6.210.0 Jimmy Durante Boulevard to I-5 – FairgroundsInterchange; northbound exit and southbound entrance Del Mar–Solana Beach line7.411.9 CR S6 east (Via de la Valle) – Rancho Santa Fe, EscondidoWestern terminus of CR S6 Solana Beach8.213.2 CR S8 east (Lomas Santa Fe Drive)Western terminus of CR S8 Encinitas12.420.0 CR S9 east (Encinitas Boulevard)Western terminus of CR S9 Carlsbad17.928.8 CR S12 east (Palomar Airport Road)Interchange; western terminus of CR S12 Oceanside21.935.2 Vista Way to SR 78 eastAccess to SR 78 via eastbound Vista Way 24.339.1 SR 76 east (San Luis Rey Mission Expressway) to I-5Western terminus of SR 76 25.040.2 I-5 (San Diego Freeway) / Harbor DriveInterchange; northern terminus; I-5 exit 54C 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Incomplete access S22 County Road S22LocationSan Diego – Imperial Counties This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2010) County Route S22 (CR S22) is a county highway in San Diego and Imperial counties in California, United States. It runs from San Felipe Road (County Route S2) west of Ranchita to State Route 86 in Salton City. The route is known as Montezuma Valley Road, Palm Canyon Drive, Christmas Circle, Peg Leg Road, and Borrego Salton Sea Way. Route description The route begins at a junction with County Route S2 (San Felipe Road) in San Diego County and runs eastward as Montezuma Valley Road through the rural community of Ranchita. It enters Anza-Borrego Desert State Park and then descends for approximately 12 miles (19 km) to the desert community of Borrego Springs, offering magnificent views of the Borrego Valley as it winds steeply down Montezuma Grade. As it enters Borrego Springs, the highway turns right onto Palm Canyon Drive. In the middle of Borrego Springs, it passes through Christmas Circle, the only large traffic circle in San Diego County. It continues east, turns north onto Peg Leg Road, and turns east again onto Borrego Salton Sea Way. CR S22 enters Imperial County, runs through Anza-Borrego Desert State Park again and ends at a junction with State Route 86 in Salton City, a community on the shore of the Salton Sea. The route was established in 1968. Major intersections CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes San Diego​ CR S2 (San Felipe Road) to SR 78 / SR 79 – Santa YsabelWestern terminus Borrego SpringsPalm Canyon Drive west, Hoberg Road – Anza-Borrego Park HeadquartersEast end of Montezuma Valley Road; west end of Palm Canyon Drive (first segment) on CR S22 East end of Palm Canyon Drive (first segment) on CR S22; west end of Christmas Circle on CR S22 CR S3 south (Borrego Springs Road) – JulianRoundabout; northern terminus of CR S3 East end of Christmas Circle on CR S22; west end of Palm Canyon Drive (second segment) on CR S22 ​Borrego Valley Road – Julian ​Old Springs RoadEast end of Palm Canyon Drive (second segment); west end of Peg Leg Road ​Henderson Canyon RoadEast end of Peg Leg Road; west end of Borrego Salton Sea Way ImperialSalton City SR 86 – El Centro, IndioEastern terminus; road continues as South Marina Drive 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi S24 County Road S24LocationImperial County County Route S24 (CR S24) is a county highway in southeast Imperial County, California, United States. It is north of, across the Colorado River and adjacent to Yuma, Arizona, serving the community of Winterhaven. The southern two-thirds of the route travels through the Quechan Indian Tribal lands of the Fort Yuma Indian Reservation. Route description Route S24 and the Colorado River on right. The route begins from Winterhaven, adjacent to the eastern exit of Interstate 8 at Winterhaven. The route travels northeast through portions of eastern Winterhaven, then immediately turns north through farmland, for 2.8 miles (5 km); (the continuation north exiting this route accesses the southern Chocolate Mountains, the western perimeter of the Little Picacho Wilderness, and Picacho State Recreation Area, a dirt road, sometimes rugged, wash-boarded and difficult). The route turns east 3.5 miles (6 km) past Ross Corner, then north, east, then north on a newly paved stretch through farmland in the Bard area for 1.5 miles (2 km). The final turn east is through farmland for 1.3 miles (2 km) then a northeast stretch along the western shoreline of the Colorado River, Laguna Dam and a terminus at the 1.1 mi (1.8 km) turn-off to Imperial Dam; the river stretch is about 8.0 miles (13 km), and seasonally has osprey, phainopepla, Abert's towhee, belted kingfisher, double-crested cormorant, and everpresent Gambel's quail, plus numerous other bird species, including the water birds. Of note, the osprey have snag perches along the river route, and can be seen eating fish on pole tops, towers, etc. The terminus at the Laguna Dam turn-off transitions into the extension westwards in southwest Arizona from U.S. 95 in Arizona, westwards on Imperial Dam Road of Yuma County, Arizona and the US Army Yuma Proving Ground. No traffic lights occur on the route. Only one stop sign is encountered while traveling north to south; that one 4-way stop is encountered at about 1.7 miles north of Winterhaven. 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south of the Imperial Dam entrance, the Ferguson Lake Road and the Senator Wash access exits to the northwest. The eastern access points to the Little Picacho Wilderness can be found along the northern sections of Ferguson Lake Road (a sometimes rugged, wash-boarded dirt road). The route was established in 1970. CR S24 serves as a second access route to the Yuma Proving Ground, and also to the main housing and administration center of YPG. The route is also the main access to the housing facilities in the Imperial Dam region, administered by the Bureau of Land Management; the Imperial Dam housing region is on the Arizona side of the Colorado River. Major intersections The entire route is in Imperial County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes ​ I-8 BL (Winterhaven Drive)Southern terminus; former US 80 west; connects to I-8 ​Quechan RoadFormer US 80 east ​Picacho Road northNorth end of Picacho Road on CR S24; south end of Ross Road ​Ross Road eastNorth end of Ross Road on CR S24; south end of Bard Road ​Colby Road westNorth end of Bard Road; south end of Colby Road on CR S24 ​Colby Road eastNorth end of Colby Road on CR S24; south end of York Road ​York Road northNorth end of York Road on CR S24; south end of 11th Street ​Levee RoadNorth end of 11th Street; south end of Imperial Dam Road ​California–Arizona state lineNorthern terminus; road continues into Arizona as Imperial Dam Road 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi S25 County Road S25LocationOrange CountyLength4.5 mi (7.2 km)Existed1970–present County Route S25 (CR S25), commonly known as Chapman Avenue, is a 4.5 mile stretch of road in Orange, California, United States, that primarily travels east-west. The western terminus of the route is at an interchange with State Route 55, which leads to the remainder of Chapman Avenue, a street that bisects Old Towne Orange and travels all the way to the Anaheim Resort district. The eastern terminus is in the more rural Orange Park Acres neighborhood near Santiago Canyon College and connects to County Route S18, known as Santiago Canyon Road. CR S25 was formerly a part of LRN 182, a route designated in 1933. Major intersections The entire route is in Orange County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Orange0.00.0Chapman AvenueContinuation beyond SR 55 0.00.0 SR 55 (Costa Mesa Freeway) to SR 22 – Newport Beach, AnaheimWestern terminus; access to SR 22 via SR 55 south 0.91.4Prospect Street ​1.372.20Esplanade Street Orange1.62.6Hewes Street 2.23.5Crawford Canyon Road, Cannon Street 3.86.1Newport Boulevard 4.57.2 CR S18 north (Jamboree Road)Eastern terminus; serves Irvine Park 4.57.2 CR S18 south (Santiago Canyon Road) to SR 241 Toll / SR 261 Toll – Irvine, Laguna BeachContinuation beyond Jamboree Road, access to SR 241 and SR 261 toll roads via CR S-18 south 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi S26 County Road S26LocationImperial County This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2010) County Route S26 (CR S26) is a county highway in Imperial County, California, United States. It runs from State Route 78 / State Route 86 in Westmorland to State Route 115 northeast of Brawley. Portions of the route are known as Borats Road, Kalin Road and Rutherford Road. Major intersections The entire route is in Imperial County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Westmorland SR 78 / SR 86 (East Main Street)Western terminus; former US 99 ​Borats Road east, Kalin Road southEast end of Borats Road on CR S26; west end of Kalin Road on CR S26 ​Kalin Road northEast end of Kalin Road on CR S26; west end of Rutherford Road ​ SR 111 ​ SR 115 – Holtville, CalipatriaEastern terminus; road continues east as Rutherford Road 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi S27 County Road S27LocationImperial County This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2010) County Route S27 (CR S27) is a county highway in Imperial County, California, United States. It runs from Forrester Road (CR S30) to Highline Road (CR S33). Most of the route is known as Keystone Road, with a small portion of McConnell Road connecting the two segments of Keystone Road. Major intersections The entire route is in Imperial County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes ​ CR S30 (Forrester Road)Western terminus ​ SR 86Former US 99 ​ CR S31 (Dogwood Road) ​Old Highway 111Former SR 111 ​ SR 111 – Imperial, Brawley ​McConnell Road southEast end of Keystone Road (first segment); west end of McConnell Road on CR S27 ​McConnell Road northEast end of McConnell Road on CR S27; west end of Keystone Road (second segment) ​ SR 115 ​ CR S32 (Holt Road) ​ CR S33 (Highline Road)Eastern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi S28 County Road S28LocationImperial County This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2010) County Route S28 (CR S28) is a county highway in Imperial County, California, United States. It runs from Forrester Road (CR S30) to Holt Road (CR S32). Most of the route is known as Worthington Road, while the portion within the city of Imperial is known as Barioni Boulevard. Major intersections The entire route is in Imperial County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes ​ CR S30 (Forrester Road)Western terminus; road continues west as Worthington Road ImperialEast end of Worthington Road (first segment); west end of Barioni Boulevard SR 86Former US 99 ​East end of Barioni Boulevard; west end of Worthington Road (second segment) ​ CR S31 (Dogwood Road) ​Old Highway 111Former SR 111 ​ SR 111 – Calexico, Brawley ​ SR 115 ​ CR S32 (Holt Road)Eastern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi S29 County Road S29Drew RoadLocationImperial County This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2010) County Route S29 (CR S29), known entirely as Drew Road, is a county highway in Imperial County, California, United States. It runs from State Route 98 west of Mount Signal and north of the U.S.-Mexico border to Evan Hewes Highway (CR S80) in Seeley. Major intersections The entire route is in Imperial County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes ​ SR 98Southern terminus ​ I-8 – El Centro, San DiegoInterchange; I-8 exit 107 Seeley CR S80 (Evan Hewes Highway) – Naval Air Facility El CentroNorthern terminus; former US 80; road continues north as Haskell Road 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi S30 County Road S30LocationImperial County This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2010) County Route S30 (CR S30) is a county highway in Imperial County, California, United States. It runs from State Route 98 in Mount Signal, north of the U.S.-Mexico border, to Sorenson Avenue (State Route 111) in Calipatria. The route is known as Brockman Road, McCabe Road, Forrester Road, Center Street in Westmorland, Walker Road, Gentry Road, Eddins Road, and Main Street in Calipatria. Major intersections The entire route is in Imperial County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Mount Signal SR 98Southern terminus; road continues south as Brockman Road ​Brockman Road north, McCabe Road westNorth end of Brockman Road on CR S30; south end of McCabe Road on CR S30 ​McCabe Road east, Forrester Road southNorth end of McCabe Road on CR S30; south end of Forrester Road (first segment) on CR S30 ​ I-8 – El Centro, San DiegoInterchange; I-8 exit 111 ​ CR S80 (Evan Hewes Highway) – El Centro, NAF El CentroFormer US 80 ​ CR S28 (Worthington Road) – Imperial ​ CR S27 (Keystone Road) WestmorlandBaughman RoadNorth end of Forrester Road (first segment); south end of South Center Street SR 78 / SR 86 (Main Street) – Brawley, IndioNorth end of South Center Street; south end of North Center Street 8th StreetNorth end of North Center Street; south end of Forrester Road (second segment) ​Walker Road westNorth end of Forrester Road (second segment); south end of Walker Road on CR S30 ​Walker Road eastNorth end of Walker Road on CR S30; south end of Gentry Road ​Gentry Road north, Eddins Road westNorth end of Gentry Road on CR S30; south end of Eddins Road on CR S30 CalipatriaLyerly RoadNorth end of Eddins Road; south end of Main Street SR 111 (Sorenson Avenue)Northern terminus SR 115 south (Main Street) – HoltvilleContinuation beyond SR 111 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi S31 County Road S31LocationImperial County This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2010) County Route S31 (CR S31) is a county highway in Imperial County, California, United States. It runs from State Route 98 near Calexico, north of the U.S.-Mexico border, to Main Street (former State Route 78) in Brawley. Most of the route is known as Dogwood Road (although it is sometimes signed as Dogwood Avenue in El Centro). In Brawley, it is known as Imperial Avenue and Plaza Street. Major intersections The entire route is in Imperial County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes ​ SR 98 (Birch Street)Southern terminus Heber SR 86 (Heber Road)Former US 99 El CentroDanenberg Drive I-8Interchange; I-8 exit 116 CR S80 (Main Street)Former US 80 ImperialAten Road ​ CR S28 (Worthington Road) ​ CR S27 (Keystone Road) BrawleyNorth end of Dogwood Road; south end of South Imperial Avenue K Street North end of South Imperial Avenue; south end of South Plaza Street Main StreetNorthern terminus; former SR 78; road continues north as North Plaza Street 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi S32 County Road S32LocationImperial County This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2010) County Route S32 (CR S32) is a county highway in Imperial County, California, United States. It runs from Interstate 8 and State Route 7 south of Holtville to State Route 78 east of Brawley. The route is known as Orchard Road, Holt Road, and small segments of Gonder Road and Butters Road. In Holtville, it is known as Cedar Avenue and Holt Avenue. Major intersections The entire route is in Imperial County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes ​ SR 7 southContinuation beyond I-8 ​ I-8 – San Diego, YumaInterchange; southern terminus; I-8 exit 125 Holtville4th StreetNorth end of Orchard Road; south end of Cedar Avenue SR 115 north (5th Street) / Cedar Avenue northSouth end of SR 115 overlap; former US 80 west; north end of Cedar Avenue on CR S32 SR 115 south (5th Street) / Holt Avenue southNorth end of SR 115 overlap; former US 80 east; south end of Holt Avenue on CR S32 Underwood RoadNorth end of Holt Avenue; south end of Holt Road ​ CR S28 west (Worthington Road) ​ CR S27 (Keystone Road) ​Gonder Road westNorth end of Holt Road; south end of Gonder Road on CR S32 ​Gonder Road eastNorth end of Gonder Road on CR S32; south end of Butters Road ​ SR 78 – Blythe, BrawleyNorthern terminus; road continues north as Butters Road 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus S33 County Road S33LocationImperial County This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2010) County Route S33 (CR S33) is a county highway in Imperial County, California, United States. It runs from State Route 98 east of Bonds Corner, north of the U.S.-Mexico border, to State Route 78 east of Brawley. The route is known as Bonesteele Road, Kumberg Road, Miller Road, Kavanaugh Road, Highline Road, Gonder Road, and Green Road. Major intersections The entire route is in Imperial County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes ​ SR 98Southern terminus ​Kumberg Road westNorth end of Bonesteele Road; south end of Kumberg Road on CR S33 ​Kumberg Road eastNorth end of Kumberg Road on CR S33; south end of Miller Road ​Verde School Road ​ SR 115Former US 80 ​Kavanaugh Road eastNorth end of Miller Road; south end of Kavanaugh Road on CR S33 ​Kavanaugh Road westNorth end of Kavanaugh Road on CR S33; south end of Highline Road ​ CR S27 west (Keystone Road) ​Highline Road north, Gonder Road eastNorth end of Highline Road on CR S33; south end of Gonder Road on CR S33 ​Gonder Road westNorth end of Gonder Road on CR S33; south end of Green Road ​ SR 78Northern terminus; road continues north as Green Road 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi S34 County Road S34Ogilby RoadLocationImperial County This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2010) County Route S34 (CR S34), known entirely as Ogilby Road, is a county highway in Imperial County, California, United States. It runs from Interstate 8 near Felicity and west of Yuma, Arizona to the State Route 78 portion between Blythe and Brawley. Located in the Yuma Desert and close to the Algodones Dunes, the road also goes through the ghost town of Ogilby. Major intersections The entire route is in Imperial County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes ​ I-8 – Yuma, El CentroInterchange; southern terminus; I-8 exit 159; road continues south as Ogilby Road ​Frontage RoadFormer US 80 ​ SR 78 – Palo Verde, GlamisNorthern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi S78 County Road S78LocationImperial CountyExisted?–? This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2010) County Route S78 (CR S78) was a county highway in Imperial County, California, United States. It is the former routing of the present-day State Route 78 portion between the south junction of State Route 115 and the small community of Palo Verde. S80 See also: U.S. Route 80 in California County Road S80LocationImperial CountyLength34.46 mi (55.46 km) County Route S80 (CR S80) is a county highway in Imperial County, California, United States. It was once a portion of U.S. Route 80, which no longer enters the state. CR S80 travels through Imperial County for 34.46 miles (55.46 km) to the vicinity of the Colorado River near Yuma, Arizona. Most of the route is known as Evan Hewes Highway, while the portion of the route within El Centro is known as Adams Avenue, 4th Street, and Main Street. Route description S80 looking west at the SR 86 split in El Centro CR S80 begins in the west at the junction of CR S2 (Imperial Highway) as the Evan Hewes Highway roughly paralleling the routing of Interstate 8. This portion of the highway travels 25 miles (40 km) east through Plaster City, Dixieland and Seeley to El Centro. In downtown El Centro, CR S80 becomes Adams Avenue. At Imperial Avenue, CR S80 junctions with State Route 86 from the north and Business Loop I-8 from the south. The roads run concurrent down Adams Avenue, and all three turn south along 4th Street. CR S80 then turns to the east along Main Street which takes it out of El Centro while SR 86 and Business I-8 continue south. Outside of El Centro after its junction with CR S31 (Dogwood Road), CR S80 resumes the designation of Evan Hewes Highway. CR S80 also intersects State Route 111 along this stretch. S80 continues east until it reaches its terminus at the junction with State Route 115. State Route 115 continues along the Evan Hewes Highway and old U.S. Route 80. History U.S. Route 80 was deleted from California legislatively in 1964, though it would be another ten years before all the U.S. Highway signage was removed from the route. CR S80 was defined in 1973 shortly before the last Route 80 signs had been taken down. In 2006, the California legislature, as part of concurrent resolution ACR 123, made the former Route 80, including County Route S80, an official historic route. For the short distance CR S80 runs concurrent with SR 86, it is part of the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail. This trail runs along the route Juan Bautista de Anza took along his expedition into California from 1775–76. Major intersections The entire route is in Imperial County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes OcotilloEvan Hewes HighwayContinuation beyond CR S2; former US 80 west CR S2 (Imperial Highway) to SR 78Western terminus; connects to I-8 ​ Dunaway Road to I-8 Seeley CR S29 (Drew Road) to I-8 / Haskell RoadNorthern terminus of CR S29 ​ CR S30 (Forrester Road) to I-8 – Westmorland El CentroEast end of Evan Hewes Highway (first segment); west end of Adams Avenue La Brucherie Road SR 86 north / I-8 BL west (Imperial Avenue) to I-8 – Brawley, Los Angeles, San DiegoWest end of SR 86 / I-8 Bus. overlap; former US 99 north 8th Street Adams Avenue eastEast end of Adams Avenue on CR S80; west end of 4th Street on CR S80 SR 86 south / I-8 BL east (4th Street) / Main Street west – Calexico, San DiegoEast end of SR 86 / I-8 Bus. overlap and 4th Street on CR S80; west end of Main Street on CR S80; former US 99 south CR S31 (Dogwood Avenue) Gillett StreetEast end of Main Street; west end of Evan Hewes Highway (second segment) ​Old Highway 111Former SR 111 ​ SR 111 to I-8 – Calexico, Brawley ​Bowker Road ​ SR 115 (Evan Hewes Highway)Eastern terminus; former US 80 east 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus See also California Roads portal References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd Faigin, Daniel. "County Routes 'S'". California Highways. Retrieved January 29, 2010. ^ USDA Forest Service. "Sunrise Scenic Byway". Retrieved April 25, 2010. ^ a b US Department of Transportation. "Sunrise Scenic Byway Overview". Archived from the original on April 14, 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2010. ^ Google maps (Map). Google. Retrieved April 25, 2010. ^ AA Roads. "California @ AARoads – California "S" County Routes (S-1 to S-5)". Retrieved April 25, 2010. ^ a b c d Faigin, Daniel P. "County Routes "S" – County Route S18". cahighways.org. Retrieved May 16, 2008. ^ Federal Highway Administration. "History of Scenic Road Programs". Retrieved April 25, 2010. ^ Lindsay, Diana; Lindsay, Lowell (February 2009). "Trip 6A". The Anza-Borrego Desert Region: A Guide to the State Park and Adjacent Areas of the Western Colorado Desert. Wilderness Press. ^ David Ross (2007). "Making the Grade: Nate's Road Has Stories to Tell". Valley Roadrunner. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009. Retrieved February 27, 2010. ^ "Nathan "Nigger Nate" Harrison (1823–1920)". San Diego Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 2, 2007. Retrieved January 15, 2007. ^ "Nigger Hill in Mariposa County, California". CaliforniaMaps.org. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved July 14, 2007. ^ "Nigger Slough in Los Angeles County, California". CaliforniaMaps.org. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved July 14, 2007. ^ "Nigger Valley in San Diego County, California". CaliforniaMaps.org. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved July 14, 2007. ^ "Nigger Canyon in San Diego County, California". CaliforniaMaps.org. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved July 14, 2007. ^ a b Google (January 10, 2020). "County Route S8" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 10, 2020. ^ a b c Google (January 10, 2020). "County Route S9" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 10, 2020. ^ a b Google (January 10, 2020). "County Route S10" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 10, 2020. ^ a b Google (January 10, 2020). "County Route S11" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 10, 2020. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference https://www.cahighways.org/CR-S12.html was invoked but never defined (see the help page). ^ The Road Atlas (Map). Rand McNally. 2006. p. 29. ^ "Photo of CR S18 from I-5 Southbound". aaroads.com. Archived from the original on November 6, 2005. Retrieved May 17, 2008. ^ "Photo of CR S18 from SR 133 Southbound". aaroads.com. Archived from the original on February 21, 2006. Retrieved May 17, 2008. ^ Bushnell, Bill (April 11, 1993). "Orange County". Archived from the original on August 28, 2008. Retrieved May 18, 2008. ^ Yahoo Maps street maps. Accessed December 2007 via ACME Mapper ^ a b c "County Sign Route S19". California Highways. Retrieved January 16, 2021. ^ Eades, Mark. "The five top stories for 2006 in the Canyons". Orange County Register. Retrieved December 26, 2006. ^ Google (January 1, 2021). "County Route S19" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ a b c Google (January 10, 2020). "County Route S21" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 10, 2020. ^ a b c "County Sign Route S25". California Highways. Retrieved January 16, 2021. ^ "E. Chapman Avenue". Google Maps. Retrieved January 16, 2021. ^ Google (January 16, 2021). "County Route S25" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 16, 2021. ^ California State Legislature. "ACR 123 Assembly Concurrent Resolution." Official California Legislative Information. Legislative Council of California. August 16, 2006. Retrieved March 23, 2008. vteCounty routes in California by zone A C E G J N R S other
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county routes in California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_routes_in_California"},{"link_name":"Imperial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Riverside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_County,_California"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County,_California"}],"text":"There are 34 routes assigned to the \"S\" zone of the California Route Marker Program, which designates county routes in California. The \"S\" zone includes county highways in Imperial, Orange, Riverside, San Diego, and Santa Barbara counties.","title":"California county routes in zone S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_highway"},{"link_name":"San Diego County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_94"},{"link_name":"Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barrett,_San_Diego_County,_California&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Interstate 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_8_in_California"},{"link_name":"Laguna Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Summit"},{"link_name":"National Forest Scenic Byway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Forest_Scenic_Byway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sunrisehwy-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandiegocountys1photob.jpg"},{"link_name":"SR 94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_94"},{"link_name":"Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barrett,_San_Diego_County,_California&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Cleveland National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Interstate 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_8"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80"},{"link_name":"I-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lindsay-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandiegocountys1photoc.jpg"},{"link_name":"Interstate 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_8_in_California"},{"link_name":"Pine Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Valley,_California"},{"link_name":"chaparral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral"},{"link_name":"sagebrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagebrush"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaroads-5"},{"link_name":"Cleveland National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Anza-Borrego Desert State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anza-Borrego_Desert_State_Park"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sunrisehwy-3"},{"link_name":"Mount Laguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Laguna,_California"},{"link_name":"Cedar Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Fire_(2003)"},{"link_name":"State Route 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_79"},{"link_name":"Lake Cuyamaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Cuyamaca"},{"link_name":"Cuyamaca Rancho State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyamaca_Rancho_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandiegocountys1photod.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CaHighways-S18-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FHWA-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandiegocountys1map.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandiegos1photoa.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandiegocountys1photob.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandiegocountys1photoc.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandiegocountys1photod.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandiegocountys1photoe.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandiegocountys1photof.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Diego County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"}],"text":"County Route S1 (CR S1), also known as Sunrise Highway for a portion of its length, is a 34.08 mi (54.85 km) long county highway located entirely in San Diego County, California, United States. It begins at State Route 94 near Barrett and moves northward across Interstate 8, just west of the Laguna Summit. This segment is also known as Buckman Springs Road. North of I-8, it is the Sunrise Scenic Byway, a National Forest Scenic Byway.[2][3]Route descriptionBuckman Springs Road and Old Highway 80The route begins at SR 94 near Barrett not far from the Mexican border. From there, it heads northward along Buckman Springs Road. Soon afterwards, it enters the Cleveland National Forest. When the road reaches Interstate 8, while Buckman Springs Road continues northeastward across the freeway, CR S1 continues in a northwest direction along Old Highway 80, the original alignment of U.S. Route 80 in California. It then closely parallels I-8 for several miles. Upon crossing the freeway at Laguna Junction, CR S1 separates from Old Highway 80 and becomes Sunrise Scenic Byway.[4]Bridge over Interstate 8From Interstate 8, it begins its ascent into the Laguna Mountains. The route here was built along a cliff overlooking Pine Valley to its west. Around here, the vegetation still consists of chaparral and sagebrush.[5] As the route gains elevation through Cleveland National Forest, the route becomes more heavily forested. Around here, numerous campgrounds dot the side of the road. There is a picnic area overlooking Anza-Borrego Desert State Park near the Burnt Rancheria Campground, which is often said to deeply contrast the forest scenery along the route.[3] Upon passing the settlement of Mount Laguna, the vegetation along the route mostly consists of dead trees devastated by the 2003 Cedar Fire.As the route approaches its north end at State Route 79, Lake Cuyamaca is visible. The north terminus is located just north of Cuyamaca Rancho State Park where it meets SR 79.HistoryCR S1 Near Al Bahr Shrine CampThe route was established by the county in the year 1959, where the entire route was designated as it is now. No major numbering or routing changes occurred throughout its history.[6] The northern segment of the route was also established as a Scenic Byway in 1959.[7]Map\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBridge over Cottonwood Creek\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBuckman Springs Rd. and Old Highway 80\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBridge over Interstate 8\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNear Al Bahr Shrine Camp\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCalifornia Riding and Hiking Trail\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJunction with California Route 79Major intersectionsThe entire route is in San Diego County.","title":"S1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_highway"},{"link_name":"Imperial County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"},{"link_name":"San Diego County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Southern Emigrant Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Emigrant_Trail"},{"link_name":"Butterfield Overland Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfield_Overland_Mail"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Highways2signs.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanfeliperoad1.jpg"},{"link_name":"State Route 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_79"},{"link_name":"State Route 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_78"},{"link_name":"Shelter Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelter_Valley,_California"},{"link_name":"Earthquake Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_Valley"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gmaps-8"},{"link_name":"Interstate 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_8#California"},{"link_name":"State Route 98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_98"},{"link_name":"Ocotillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocotillo,_California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anza_Borrego_Agua_Caliente.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anza-Borrego Desert State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anza-Borrego_Desert_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Borrego_Springs,_California_as_seen_from_County_Route_S2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Borrego Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrego_Springs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shelter_Valley_as_seen_from_the_Pacific_Crest_Trail_north_of_the_community.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pacific Crest Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Crest_Trail"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shelter_Valley_California_Fire_Department_and_Community_Center_(2011).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Warner%27s_Ranch_(WEST_ELEVATION_OF_RANCH_HOUSE).jpg"},{"link_name":"Warner's Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner%27s_Ranch"},{"link_name":"Warner Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Springs,_California"}],"text":"County Route S2 (CR S2) is a county highway in the U.S. state of California. It runs for 65 miles (105 km), north–south, in Imperial County and San Diego County. CR S2 is the third longest county route in California and is almost exclusively a two-lane rural road. It largely follows the route of the former Southern Emigrant Trail and Butterfield Overland Mail.Route descriptionStreet signs on Highway S2San Felipe Road north of Scissors CrossingStarting at mile marker zero, the highway begins at a junction with State Route 79 near the community of Warner Springs. As it descends southeast toward the desert floor it becomes San Felipe Road until it crosses State Route 78 at Scissors Crossing in Shelter Valley (formerly called Earthquake Valley).[8] South of SR 78, the name of the highway changes to the Great Southern Overland Stage Route of 1849, then further south, it forks at a remote junction with the historic dirt road to become to Sweeney Pass Road. East of the San Diego/Imperial County Line of this segment is also called Imperial Highway. The highway runs south through an interchange with Interstate 8 then ends at a junction with State Route 98 near Ocotillo.Images from County Route S2\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAgua Caliente Springs, desert landscape and CR S2 going south, in the Anza-Borrego Desert State Park.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBorrego Springs and the surrounding desert as seen from the descent near the Montezuma Valley Road lookout.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tScissors crossing seen from the north, along the Pacific Crest Trail.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShelter Valley California Fire Department and Community Center on CR S2.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWarner's Ranch, Ranch House, San Felipe Road (CR S2), Warner Springs.Major intersections","title":"S2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_highway"},{"link_name":"San Diego County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_78"},{"link_name":"Borrego Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrego_Springs,_California"},{"link_name":"County Route S22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S22"},{"link_name":"roundabout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundabout"},{"link_name":"Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Bautista_de_Anza_National_Historic_Trail"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SD-CR-S3_CA-78_junction.jpg"},{"link_name":"State Route 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_78"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yaqui_Pass_Road.png"},{"link_name":"CR S3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S3_(California)"},{"link_name":"Yaqui Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqui_Pass,_California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yaqui_Pass.png"},{"link_name":"Yaqui Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqui_Pass,_California"},{"link_name":"CR S3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S3_(California)"},{"link_name":"San Diego County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"}],"text":"County Route S3 (CR S3) is a county highway in San Diego County, California, United States. It begins at a junction with State Route 78 and runs roughly north over Yaqui Pass to Borrego Springs, bearing the name Yaqui Pass Road. It turns left onto Deep Well Trail and left again onto Borrego Springs Road. It ends at a junction with County Route S22 at a large roundabout known as Christmas Circle. Its total length is 12.1 miles (19.5 km).There is one call box on this highway, located at Yaqui Pass summit.The highway is part of the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail Auto Tour Route.Junction with State Route 78\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tYaqui Pass Road CR S3 west of Yaqui Pass\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tYaqui Pass on CR S3Major intersectionsThe entire route is in San Diego County.","title":"S3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Diego County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Poway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poway,_California"},{"link_name":"Interstate 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_15_in_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_67"},{"link_name":"I-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_15_in_California"},{"link_name":"SR 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_56"},{"link_name":"Poway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poway,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_67"},{"link_name":"San Diego County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"}],"text":"County Route S4 (CR S4) is a road in San Diego County, California, United States, in the northern city limits of San Diego and in the city of Poway. United States. The route is traversed entirely by Poway Road from Interstate 15 east to State Route 67.The route's western terminus is at I-15, where the road continues west as Rancho Penasquitos Boulevard, traverses across SR 56, and finally ends as Carmel Mountain Road. Eastward, the road traverses through the city of Poway as Poway Road and has its east end at SR 67. Within Poway, it is one of the busiest streets in the city.The route was established in 1959.Major intersectionsThe entire route is in San Diego County.","title":"S4"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Diego County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Poway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poway,_California"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"County Route S4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S4_(California)"},{"link_name":"Interstate 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_15_in_California"},{"link_name":"San Diego County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"}],"text":"County Route S5 (CR S5) is a road in San Diego County, California, United States, in Poway and San Diego. It runs from its southern end at Poway Road (County Route S4) in Poway to its northern end at Interstate 15 in San Diego.Route descriptionThe road's south end is at Poway Road (CR S4) in Poway. It winds north through Poway as Espola Road and then turns slightly west, ending at Interstate 15 as Rancho Bernardo Road (which continues past I-15).The route was established in 1959.Major intersectionsThe entire route is in San Diego County.","title":"S5"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_highway"},{"link_name":"San Diego County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Del Mar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Mar,_California"},{"link_name":"Palomar Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palomar_Mountain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Californias6palomar.jpg"},{"link_name":"CR S21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S21_(California)"},{"link_name":"Interstate 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_in_California"},{"link_name":"CR S8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S8_(California)"},{"link_name":"Rancho Santa Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Santa_Fe,_California"},{"link_name":"Escondido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escondido,_California"},{"link_name":"Valley Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Center,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_76"},{"link_name":"Palomar Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palomar_Mountain"},{"link_name":"CR S7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S7_(California)"},{"link_name":"Palomar Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palomar_Observatory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Californias6escondido.gif"},{"link_name":"San Diego County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"}],"text":"County Route S6 (CR S6) is a county highway in San Diego County, California, United States. It connects Del Mar with Palomar Mountain across San Diego County. It is one of a few San Diego county routes with a discontinuity in its routing.Highway ends at Palomar ObservatoryRoute descriptionCR S6 starts at CR S21 in Del Mar as Via de la Valle. It crosses Interstate 5 and meets with CR S8 in Rancho Santa Fe at the intersection of Via de la Valle and Paseo Delicias. At El Camino Del Norte, the name changes to Del Dios Highway, past the community of Del Dios and into Escondido.In Escondido, CR S6 runs along West and East Valley Parkways, to Valley Center Road through Valley Center. CR S6 ends at State Route 76.About four miles (6.4 km) east on SR 76, CR S6 begins again as South Grade Road, which winds northward on Palomar Mountain. It intersects with CR S7, then continues north until it ends at the Palomar Observatory.S6 in EscondidoThe route was defined in 1959.Major intersectionsThe entire route is in San Diego County.","title":"S6"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_highway"},{"link_name":"San Diego County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Palomar Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palomar_Mountain"},{"link_name":"State Route 76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_76"},{"link_name":"Pauma Valley, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauma_Valley,_California"},{"link_name":"San Diego County Route S6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County_Route_S6"},{"link_name":"Palomar Mountain State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palomar_Mountain_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Lake Henshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Henshaw"},{"link_name":"Palomar Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palomar_Observatory"},{"link_name":"homesteader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_principle"},{"link_name":"NAACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Lake Henshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Henshaw"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandiegocountys7d.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lakehenshaw_lookout.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandiegocountys7b.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandiegocountys7c.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandiegocountys7a.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Diego County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"}],"text":"County Route S7 (CR S7) is a county highway in San Diego County, California, United States, that provides access to Palomar Mountain.Route descriptionCR S7's western terminus is at State Route 76 east of Pauma Valley, California. It begins as a dirt road known as the Nate Harrison Grade. Then it returns to pavement as it ascends Palomar Mountain and meets San Diego County Route S6. It enters Palomar Mountain State Park. Then, it descends to end at SR 76 near Lake Henshaw.Nate Harrison Grade is not signed as County Route S7, but it is a logical westward extension of the signed portion. With a 10% grade, it was the only road to the top of Palomar Mountain until the 1940s, when East Grade Road (\"Highway to the Stars\") was built for the construction of the Palomar Observatory. The road was formerly known as \"Nigger Nate Road\", named after Nate Harrison, an early African-American homesteader. The name was changed in 1956 at the request of the NAACP.[9][10][11][12][13][14]On a small turnout is a monument to Gregory Pacheco and a good view to the north. According to a plaque at the monument, pictured below, Gregory Pacheco was a firefighter who died in the La Jolla Fire in 1999. The descent on the eastern side of Palomar Mountain offers panoramic views of Lake Henshaw.East end on Highway 76\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLake Henshaw from lookout on County Highway S7\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGregory Pacheco monument\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGregory Pacheco monument\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWest end at entrance to Palomar Mountain State ParkMajor intersectionsThe entire route is in San Diego County.","title":"S7"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_highway"},{"link_name":"San Diego County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"CR S21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S21_(California)"},{"link_name":"Solana Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solana_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"Rancho Santa Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Santa_Fe,_California"},{"link_name":"Old Highway 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S21_(California)"},{"link_name":"San Diego County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Solana Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solana_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"Via De La Valle (CR S6)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S6_(California)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-googlemaps-s8-15"},{"link_name":"San Diego County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"}],"text":"County Route S8 (CR S8) is a county highway, mostly along Lomas Santa Fe Drive and Linea Del Cielo, in San Diego County, California, United States. Its western end is CR S21 (locally signed as \"Highway 101\") in Solana Beach and its eastern end is at Via De La Valle in Rancho Santa Fe.Route descriptionThe route begins in Solana Beach at Old Highway 101. It winds eastward through San Diego County, crossing through Solana Beach and unincorporated San Diego County, and ends at Via De La Valle (CR S6) in Rancho Santa Fe. The last portion of the county road passes through Rancho Santa Fe on Paseo Delicias.[15]Major intersectionsThe entire route is in San Diego County.","title":"S8"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Diego County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"CR S21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S21_(California)"},{"link_name":"Encinitas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encinitas,_California"},{"link_name":"Paseo Delicias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S6_(California)"},{"link_name":"Rancho Santa Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Santa_Fe,_California"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-googlemaps-s9-16"},{"link_name":"San Diego County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"}],"text":"County Route S9 (CR S9), mostly known as Encinitas Boulevard, is a road in San Diego County, California, United States. Its west end is at CR S21 (Coast Highway 101) in Encinitas and its east end is at Paseo Delicias (CR S6) in Rancho Santa Fe.Once outside Encinitas, the county route follows portions of Rancho Santa Fe Road, La Bajada, Los Morros, and La Granada, before terminating at Paseo Delicias.[16]Major intersectionsThe entire route is in San Diego County.","title":"S9"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Diego County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"North County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Encinitas Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S9_(California)"},{"link_name":"Encinitas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encinitas,_California"},{"link_name":"San Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marcos,_California"},{"link_name":"Lake San Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_San_Marcos,_California"},{"link_name":"San Marcos Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S12_(California)"},{"link_name":"State Route 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_78"},{"link_name":"County Route S14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S14_(California)"},{"link_name":"San Diego County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"}],"text":"County Route S10 (CR S10), known entirely as Rancho Santa Fe Road, is a road in San Diego County, California, United States, that runs through the North County region of San Diego County.Route descriptionCR S10 begins at Encinitas Boulevard in Encinitas, heading in a generally northward direction. It enters Carlsbad and turns eastward. This road travels into San Marcos and passes near the unincorporated area of Lake San Marcos. (The entire run of the road past Carlsbad is located in parts of the incorporated city of San Marcos; often, at this point, the incorporated portions only follow the road, leaving unincorporated islands nearby). Rancho Santa Fe Road intersects with San Marcos Boulevard and continues northward. There is a junction with State Route 78. A short distance north, Rancho Santa Fe ends at County Route S14 (which changes names from Santa Fe Avenue to Mission Road at the intersection).Major intersectionsThe entire route is in San Diego County.","title":"S10"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"El Camino Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Camino_Real_(California)"},{"link_name":"county route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_route"},{"link_name":"San Diego County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"North County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"County Route S9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S9_(California)"},{"link_name":"Encinitas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encinitas,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_78"},{"link_name":"Oceanside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanside,_California"},{"link_name":"Spanish missions in California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California"},{"link_name":"Alta California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_California"},{"link_name":"CR S9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S9_(California)"},{"link_name":"Encinitas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encinitas,_California"},{"link_name":"CR S10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S10_(California)"},{"link_name":"CR S12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S12_(California)"},{"link_name":"State Route 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_78"},{"link_name":"Oceanside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanside,_California"},{"link_name":"San Elijo Lagoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Elijo_Lagoon"},{"link_name":"State Route 76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_76"},{"link_name":"San Diego County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"}],"text":"County Route S11 (CR S11), known entirely as El Camino Real, is a county route in San Diego County, California, United States. It runs through the North County region in San Diego County, from Encinitas Boulevard (County Route S9) in Encinitas to State Route 78 in Oceanside. As its street name implies, it is part of the 600-mile (965-kilometer) commemorative route connecting the 21 Spanish missions in California (formerly Alta California).Route descriptionCR S11's southern terminus is Encinitas Boulevard (CR S9) in Encinitas. It continues northward through Encinitas, intersecting with Lecuadia Boulevard/Olivenhain Road, which leads to CR S10 (Rancho Santa Fe Road) east of this intersection. After this point, it enters Carlsbad, where it intersects with Palomar Airport Road (CR S12). It continues northward through Carlsbad, ending at State Route 78 in Oceanside.Note that El Camino Real continues for several miles beyond both termini. It extends southward through Encinitas until it reaches San Elijo Lagoon and ends at Manchester Avenue. An unconnected road further east also called El Camino Real starts at the San Elijo Lagoon and continues south for several miles until Carmel Mountain Road. Northward in Oceanside, El Camino Real passes under State Route 76 and ends just north at Douglas Drive.Major intersectionsThe entire route is in San Diego County.","title":"S11"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_highway"},{"link_name":"San Diego County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"North County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"County Route S21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S21_(California)"},{"link_name":"Carlsbad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlsbad,_California"},{"link_name":"Interstate 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_15_in_California"},{"link_name":"Hidden Meadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_Meadows,_California"},{"link_name":"CR S21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S21_(California)"},{"link_name":"Carlsbad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlsbad,_California"},{"link_name":"Interstate 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_in_California"},{"link_name":"Legoland California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legoland_California"},{"link_name":"McClellan–Palomar Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McClellan%E2%80%93Palomar_Airport"},{"link_name":"El Camino Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Camino_Real_(California)"},{"link_name":"CR S11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S11_(California)"},{"link_name":"San Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marcos,_California"},{"link_name":"CR S10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S10_(California)"},{"link_name":"State Route 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_78"},{"link_name":"CR S14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S14_(California)"},{"link_name":"Interstate 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_15_in_California"},{"link_name":"Hidden Meadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_Meadows,_California"},{"link_name":"San Diego County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"}],"text":"County Route S12 (CR S12), also known as Palomar Airport Road, San Marcos Boulevard, Twin Oaks Valley Road, and Deer Springs Road, is a county highway in San Diego County, California, United States. It runs through the North County region of San Diego County from Carlsbad Boulevard (County Route S21) in Carlsbad to Interstate 15 near Hidden Meadows.Route descriptionCR S12's western terminus is at Carlsbad Boulevard (CR S21) in Carlsbad. Almost immediately after it begins, CR S12 (this portion of which is called Palomar Airport Road) intersects with Interstate 5. It passes Legoland California and continues eastward, passing its namesake, McClellan–Palomar Airport. It intersects with El Camino Real (CR S11) before running through a number of industrial and business parks. Eventually, CR S12 enters San Marcos, where it becomes San Marcos Boulevard after an intersection with Business Park Drive. San Marcos Boulevard intersects Rancho Santa Fe Road (CR S10) and continues eastward, crossing State Route 78. Shortly thereafter, San Marcos Boulevard intersects with Twin Oaks Valley Road, which assumes the S12 designation after this junction. Shortly after becoming CR S12, Twin Oaks Valley Road passes over Mission Road (CR S14) without actually intersecting it, then continues to the northern city limits of San Marcos. At the edge of the city, Twin Oaks Valley Road narrows into a private road, and CR S12 bears right to become Deer Springs Road, which continues northward through unincorporated land. Eventually the road turns east, and CR S12 ends at an interchange with Interstate 15, though the road itself continues as Mountain Meadow Road through Hidden Meadows.The route was established in 1961.Major intersectionsThe entire route is in San Diego County.","title":"S12"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_highway"},{"link_name":"San Diego County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"North County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Bonsall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonsall,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_78"},{"link_name":"Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vista,_California"},{"link_name":"CR S14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S14_(California)"},{"link_name":"Bonsall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonsall,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_76"},{"link_name":"San Luis Rey Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Luis_Rey_Heights,_California&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Winterwarm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winterwarm,_California&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fallbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallbrook,_California"},{"link_name":"SR S15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S15_(California)"},{"link_name":"Interstate 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_15_(California)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 395","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_395"},{"link_name":"San Diego County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"}],"text":"County Route S13 (CR S13), also known as Vista Village Drive, East Vista Way, and Mission Road, is a county highway in San Diego County, California, United States, that runs through the North County region of San Diego County. It is distinctive for having a three-mile (5 km) discontinuity in Bonsall.Route descriptionCR S13's southern terminus is at State Route 78 in Vista, where the street is known as Vista Village Drive. This section of CR S13 is the northern boundary of the newly renovated downtown area of Vista, and in this area the road intersects with Santa Fe Avenue, which is CR S14. Shortly afterwards, the road's name changes to East Vista Way, and continues northward outside the city limits into the unincorporated community of Bonsall.CR S13 is unusual in that, according to official legislation, its route is discontinuous. In Bonsall, East Vista Way meets State Route 76 and, from this point, loses its status as CR S13. Nearly three miles northeast on SR 76, CR S13 begins again, continuing northward, but as South Mission Road.Mission Road cuts north through Bonsall and passes the neighborhoods of San Luis Rey Heights and Winterwarm before entering Fallbrook. In Fallbrook, South Mission Road splits off into South Main Avenue, which carries the S13 signage. These two streets run parallel to each other for several blocks; East Fallbrook Road (SR S15) begins at Mission and intersects Main. After a short distance, Mission turns east, intersecting Main; Mission then continues as S13. CR S13 continues eastward, ending at an interchange with Interstate 15.Almost all of S13, except for later realigned portions, is an old alignment of U.S. Route 395, and Historic Route signs are posted in unincorporated areas.The route was established in 1968.Major intersectionsThe entire route is in San Diego County.","title":"S13"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_South_Santa_Fe.jpg"},{"link_name":"county highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_highway"},{"link_name":"San Diego County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"North County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_76"},{"link_name":"Oceanside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanside,_California"},{"link_name":"Escondido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escondido,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_76"},{"link_name":"Oceanside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanside,_California"},{"link_name":"Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vista,_California"},{"link_name":"County Route S13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S13_(California)"},{"link_name":"State Route 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_78"},{"link_name":"San Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marcos,_California"},{"link_name":"County Route S10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S10_(California)"},{"link_name":"County Route S12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S12_(California)"},{"link_name":"Escondido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escondido,_California"},{"link_name":"Interstate 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_15_(California)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 395","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_395"},{"link_name":"San Diego County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"}],"text":"S14 in VistaCounty Route S14 (CR S14), also known as Santa Fe Avenue, Mission Road, and Mission Avenue, is a county highway in San Diego County, California, United States, that runs through the North County region of San Diego County. It runs from State Route 76 in Oceanside to Centre City Parkway in Escondido.Route descriptionCR S14's western terminus is at State Route 76 in Oceanside, where it is known as North Santa Fe Avenue. It travels into Vista, becoming South Santa Fe Avenue before intersecting with County Route S13, or Vista Village Drive, in downtown Vista. At this point it begins to run parallel to State Route 78, which it does until its terminus. Santa Fe travels into western San Marcos, where it intersects with County Route S10 (Rancho Santa Fe Road); it is at this intersection that Santa Fe becomes Mission Road. Mission continues through San Marcos, passing under Twin Oaks Valley Road (County Route S12) without an intersection. In eastern San Marcos, Mission Road crosses State Route 78 without an interchange and becomes Mission Avenue. Shortly afterward, it enters Escondido, where it crosses Interstate 15, again with no interchange. Shortly after this point, the freeway portion of SR 78 ends and that route turns right onto Broadway, but CR S14's eastern terminus is at Centre City Parkway, a few blocks short from Broadway.CR S14 east of CR S13, except for later realigned portions, is an old alignment of U.S. Route 395, and Historic Route signs are posted in unincorporated areas.The route was established in 1968.Major intersectionsThe entire route is in San Diego County.","title":"S14"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_highway"},{"link_name":"San Diego County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"County Route S13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S13_(California)"},{"link_name":"Fallbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallbrook,_California"},{"link_name":"Fallbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallbrook,_California"},{"link_name":"San Diego County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"}],"text":"County Route S15 (CR S15) is a county highway in San Diego County, California, United States. It runs from County Route S13 (Mission Road) in Fallbrook to Old Highway 395.Route descriptionCR S15's western terminus is at CR S13, also known as Mission Road, in Fallbrook. It begins as East Fallbrook Street. At the intersection with South Stage Coach Lane, CR S15 continues south to the intersection with Reche Road, at which point CR S15 again heads east. CR S15 continues east as Reche Road until it reaches its eastern terminus at the intersection with Old Highway 395, adjacent to Interstate 15.The route was established in 1959.Major intersectionsThe entire route is in San Diego County.","title":"S15"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_highway"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Riverside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_County,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_76"},{"link_name":"Pala Indian Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala_Indian_Reservation"},{"link_name":"State Route 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_79"},{"link_name":"Temecula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temecula,_California"},{"link_name":"Pala Indian Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala_Indian_Reservation"},{"link_name":"Pala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala,_California"},{"link_name":"San Diego County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Riverside County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Pechanga Indian Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechanga_Indian_Reservation"},{"link_name":"Temecula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temecula,_California"},{"link_name":"Pechanga Resort & Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechanga_Resort_%26_Casino"}],"text":"County Route S16 (CR S16), also known as Pala-Temecula Road, Pala Road, and Pechanga Parkway, is a county highway in San Diego and Riverside counties in California, United States. It runs from its south end at State Route 76 on the Pala Indian Reservation to its north end at State Route 79 (Temecula Parkway) in Temecula.Route descriptionThe route's southern terminus is at SR 76 on the Pala Indian Reservation, in the San Luis Rey River Valley, near the community of Pala. It twists through a short but rugged and steep mountain range and continues northward as Pala-Temecula Road through rural San Diego County.When it crosses the Riverside County line and enters the Pechanga Indian Reservation, it becomes Pala Road. Shortly thereafter, County Route S16 widens to four lanes as it reaches the city limits of Temecula, where it becomes Pechanga Parkway. Near the Pechanga Resort & Casino, Pechanga Parkway becomes a six-lane arterial road and continues along several large suburban neighborhoods before ending at a T intersection with SR 79 (Temecula Parkway). The portion of County Route S16 known as Pechanga Parkway, as well as the portion of SR 79 known as Temecula Parkway, are unsigned because the City of Temecula maintains jurisdiction over both segments.The route was established in 1959.Major intersections","title":"S16"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_highway"},{"link_name":"San Diego County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Interstate 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_in_California"},{"link_name":"Chula Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chula_Vista,_California"},{"link_name":"Interstate 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_8"},{"link_name":"El Cajon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cajon,_California"},{"link_name":"Bonita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonita,_California"},{"link_name":"Spring Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Valley,_San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Rancho San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_54"},{"link_name":"Interstate 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_in_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 125","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_125"},{"link_name":"Interstate 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_8_(California)"},{"link_name":"State Route 94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_94"},{"link_name":"San Diego County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"}],"text":"County Route S17 (CR S17) is a county highway in San Diego County, California, United States. It runs from Interstate 5 in Chula Vista to Interstate 8 in El Cajon. The route consists of portions of several roads passing through the cities of Chula Vista and El Cajon, and the unincorporated communities of Bonita, Spring Valley, and Rancho San Diego.County Route S17 roughly parallels State Route 54 from Interstate 5 east to State Route 125, running along E Street, Bonita Road, Sweetwater Road, South Worthington Street, and Paradise Valley Road. The route then shares the same alignment as State Route 54, from State Route 125 northeast to the El Cajon city limit, running along Jamacha Boulevard, Campo Road, and Jamacha Road. Within El Cajon, CR S17 shares the same alignment as the former State Route 54, continuing north to Interstate 8 along Jamacha Road and 2nd Street.The portions of County Route S17 within the cities of Chula Vista and El Cajon are no longer signed. The portions of the route within Bonita and Spring Valley are signed. However, all signs in Rancho San Diego (along Campo and Jamacha Roads) appear to have been removed except for the one heading east coming from the terminus of the freeway portion of State Route 94. In El Cajon city limits, the route is signed with Business Route 54.The route was established in 1964.Major intersectionsThe entire route is in San Diego County.","title":"S17"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_highway"},{"link_name":"Orange County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_California"},{"link_name":"boomerang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomerang"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmcn-20"},{"link_name":"State Route 133","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_133"},{"link_name":"Laguna Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Beach"},{"link_name":"State Route 55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_55"},{"link_name":"Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange,_California"},{"link_name":"Santa Ana Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Interstate 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_(California)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"State Route 133","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_133"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:El_Toro_Road.jpg"},{"link_name":"State Scenic Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Scenic_Highway_System_(California)"},{"link_name":"Orange County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Santiago Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Fire"},{"link_name":"wildfires in October 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2007_California_wildfires"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_El_Toro_Road_Underpass.jpg"},{"link_name":"Orange County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_California"}],"text":"County Route S18 (CR S18) is a county highway in Orange County, California, United States. The route follows El Toro Road and Santiago Canyon Road which proceeds in a boomerang-like pattern[20] from State Route 133 in Laguna Beach to State Route 55 near Orange. CR S18 traverses as a loop around the urban areas of Orange County and cuts through the Santa Ana Mountains. The road is one of four county routes in Orange County that are signed in areas nearby the route, such as southbound Interstate 5[21] and southbound State Route 133.[22] It is also noted to be the longest county route in Orange County and is the only major route that allows motorists to drive through, in, and out of the Santa Ana Mountains.[23]El Toro Road near Portola Hills looking eastward towards Santiago CanyonThe Santiago Canyon Road portion of CR S18 in the Santa Ana Mountains is planned to become designated as an official scenic highway as part of the State Scenic Highway System. This makes it the second highway to become designated as a scenic road in Orange County, California, despite the impact from the Santiago Fire as part of the wildfires in October 2007.[citation needed]Narrowed trail that connects to the old El Toro Road and passes under the current roadMajor intersectionsThe entire route is in Orange County.","title":"S18"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_highway"},{"link_name":"Orange County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Live Oak Canyon Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Oak_Canyon_Road"},{"link_name":"El Toro Road (S18)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S18_(California)"},{"link_name":"Trabuco Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabuco_Canyon,_California"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s19-25"},{"link_name":"Orange County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_California"}],"text":"County Route S19 (CR S19) is a county highway in the U.S. state of California in Orange County. The route follows Live Oak Canyon Road from O'Neill Park to El Toro Road (S18) to Trabuco Canyon.County Route S19 is notorious for many fatal accidents that have occurred in the recent years since 2000, and many lost lives due to such accidents.[26]The route was established in 1961.[25]Major intersectionsThe entire route is in Orange County.","title":"S19"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_highway"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"Vandenberg Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base"}],"text":"County Route S20 (CR S20) was a county highway in the U.S. state of California. As the only county route in Santa Barbara County at the time, it was merged with State Route 1 in 1988, rerouting SR 1 from Harris Grade Road to the former county route leading into Vandenberg Air Force Base.","title":"S20"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Diego County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Oceanside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanside,_California"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_101_in_California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_101_(CA_historic).svg"},{"link_name":"Interstate 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_(California)"},{"link_name":"Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrey_Pines_State_Natural_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Del Mar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Mar,_California"},{"link_name":"Del Mar Racetrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Mar_Racetrack"},{"link_name":"Solana Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solana_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"U.S. 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._101"},{"link_name":"Encinitas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encinitas,_California"},{"link_name":"Carlsbad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlsbad,_California"},{"link_name":"Interstate 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_(California)"},{"link_name":"Camp Pendleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Pendleton"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-googlemaps-s21-28"},{"link_name":"Oceanside-Carlsbad Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gbcnet.com/ushighways/US101/carlsbad_fwy.html"},{"link_name":"State Route 76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_76"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"San Diego County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"}],"text":"County Route S21 (CR S21) is a south–north running road serving the coastal communities of northern San Diego County, California, United States, running from San Diego in the south to Oceanside in the north. The route is signed in many places as \"Historic Route 101\" with the official Historic U.S. 101 shields. CR S21 follows the prior alignment of U.S. Route 101 through this region. The route is also called \"Coast Highway\" in some places as well. This route was originally designated in 1968 and is 24.74 miles (39.82 km) long.Historic US 101Route descriptionCounty Route S21 begins at Interstate 5 in the north of San Diego as Genesee Avenue. After proceeding west-northwest for 3/4 mile (1.2 km) it intersects Torrey Pines Road and continues north with that name, providing access to the Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve. The road then travels north into Del Mar, where it is renamed \"Camino Del Mar\". While in Del Mar the route passes both the historic Del Mar Racetrack and through the historic downtown of Del Mar. In Solana Beach the route moves closer to the coast. Along this stretch, it is named \"Highway 101\" and the city has signed the route along its length with faux U.S. Highway shields that resemble the official U.S. 101 shields in use today along with the state issued Historic 101 shield. While to the north in Encinitas the route's name becomes \"Coast Highway 101\" also in homage to the old U.S. Route. In Carlsbad it becomes \"Carlsbad Boulevard”. The route is named \"Coast Highway\" in Oceanside, and comes to an end at Interstate 5 just south of Camp Pendleton.[28]The section of this road between La Costa Avenue and Palomar Airport Road was once known as the Oceanside-Carlsbad Freeway. The majority of the route from the Del Mar city limits to State Route 76 in Oceanside is signed as Historic U.S. 101, and is also an unsigned Business Route Interstate 5.[citation needed]Major intersectionsThe entire route is in San Diego County.","title":"S21"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_highway"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Imperial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"},{"link_name":"County Route S2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S2_(California)"},{"link_name":"Ranchita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchita,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_86"},{"link_name":"Salton City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salton_City,_California"},{"link_name":"County Route S2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S2_(California)"},{"link_name":"Ranchita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchita,_California"},{"link_name":"Anza-Borrego Desert State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anza-Borrego_Desert_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Borrego Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrego_Springs,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_86"},{"link_name":"Salton City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salton_City,_California"},{"link_name":"Salton Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salton_Sea"}],"text":"County Route S22 (CR S22) is a county highway in San Diego and Imperial counties in California, United States. It runs from San Felipe Road (County Route S2) west of Ranchita to State Route 86 in Salton City. The route is known as Montezuma Valley Road, Palm Canyon Drive, Christmas Circle, Peg Leg Road, and Borrego Salton Sea Way.Route descriptionThe route begins at a junction with County Route S2 (San Felipe Road) in San Diego County and runs eastward as Montezuma Valley Road through the rural community of Ranchita. It enters Anza-Borrego Desert State Park and then descends for approximately 12 miles (19 km) to the desert community of Borrego Springs, offering magnificent views of the Borrego Valley as it winds steeply down Montezuma Grade.As it enters Borrego Springs, the highway turns right onto Palm Canyon Drive. In the middle of Borrego Springs, it passes through Christmas Circle, the only large traffic circle in San Diego County.It continues east, turns north onto Peg Leg Road, and turns east again onto Borrego Salton Sea Way. CR S22 enters Imperial County, runs through Anza-Borrego Desert State Park again and ends at a junction with State Route 86 in Salton City, a community on the shore of the Salton Sea.The route was established in 1968.Major intersections","title":"S22"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_highway"},{"link_name":"Imperial County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River"},{"link_name":"Yuma, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Winterhaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterhaven,_California"},{"link_name":"Quechan Indian Tribal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechan"},{"link_name":"Fort Yuma Indian Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Yuma_Indian_Reservation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LagunaDiversionDam01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River"},{"link_name":"Winterhaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterhaven,_California"},{"link_name":"Interstate 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_8"},{"link_name":"Chocolate Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Little Picacho Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Picacho_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Picacho State Recreation Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picacho_State_Recreation_Area"},{"link_name":"Bard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard,_California"},{"link_name":"Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River"},{"link_name":"Laguna Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Dam"},{"link_name":"Imperial Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Dam"},{"link_name":"osprey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey"},{"link_name":"phainopepla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phainopepla"},{"link_name":"Abert's towhee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abert%27s_towhee"},{"link_name":"belted kingfisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belted_kingfisher"},{"link_name":"double-crested cormorant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-crested_cormorant"},{"link_name":"Gambel's quail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambel%27s_quail"},{"link_name":"water birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_bird"},{"link_name":"snag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snag_(ecology)"},{"link_name":"U.S. 95 in Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._95"},{"link_name":"Yuma County, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuma_County,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army"},{"link_name":"Yuma Proving Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuma_Proving_Ground"},{"link_name":"4-way stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-way_stop"},{"link_name":"Little Picacho Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Picacho_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Yuma Proving Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuma_Proving_Ground"},{"link_name":"administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Land Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management"},{"link_name":"Imperial County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"}],"text":"County Route S24 (CR S24) is a county highway in southeast Imperial County, California, United States. It is north of, across the Colorado River and adjacent to Yuma, Arizona, serving the community of Winterhaven. The southern two-thirds of the route travels through the Quechan Indian Tribal lands of the Fort Yuma Indian Reservation.Route descriptionRoute S24 and the Colorado River on right.The route begins from Winterhaven, adjacent to the eastern exit of Interstate 8 at Winterhaven. The route travels northeast through portions of eastern Winterhaven, then immediately turns north through farmland, for 2.8 miles (5 km); (the continuation north exiting this route accesses the southern Chocolate Mountains, the western perimeter of the Little Picacho Wilderness, and Picacho State Recreation Area, a dirt road, sometimes rugged, wash-boarded and difficult). The route turns east 3.5 miles (6 km) past Ross Corner, then north, east, then north on a newly paved stretch through farmland in the Bard area for 1.5 miles (2 km). The final turn east is through farmland for 1.3 miles (2 km) then a northeast stretch along the western shoreline of the Colorado River, Laguna Dam and a terminus at the 1.1 mi (1.8 km) turn-off to Imperial Dam; the river stretch is about 8.0 miles (13 km), and seasonally has osprey, phainopepla, Abert's towhee, belted kingfisher, double-crested cormorant, and everpresent Gambel's quail, plus numerous other bird species, including the water birds. Of note, the osprey have snag perches along the river route, and can be seen eating fish on pole tops, towers, etc.The terminus at the Laguna Dam turn-off transitions into the extension westwards in southwest Arizona from U.S. 95 in Arizona, westwards on Imperial Dam Road of Yuma County, Arizona and the US Army Yuma Proving Ground.No traffic lights occur on the route. Only one stop sign is encountered while traveling north to south; that one 4-way stop is encountered at about 1.7 miles north of Winterhaven. 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south of the Imperial Dam entrance, the Ferguson Lake Road and the Senator Wash access exits to the northwest. The eastern access points to the Little Picacho Wilderness can be found along the northern sections of Ferguson Lake Road (a sometimes rugged, wash-boarded dirt road).The route was established in 1970.CR S24 serves as a second access route to the Yuma Proving Ground, and also to the main housing and administration center of YPG. The route is also the main access to the housing facilities in the Imperial Dam region, administered by the Bureau of Land Management; the Imperial Dam housing region is on the Arizona side of the Colorado River.Major intersectionsThe entire route is in Imperial County.","title":"S24"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orange, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_55"},{"link_name":"Old Towne Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Towne,_Orange_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Anaheim Resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaheim_Resort"},{"link_name":"Orange Park Acres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Park_Acres,_California"},{"link_name":"Santiago Canyon College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Canyon_College"},{"link_name":"LRN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_route"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ca25-29"},{"link_name":"Orange County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_California"}],"text":"County Route S25 (CR S25), commonly known as Chapman Avenue, is a 4.5 mile stretch of road in Orange, California, United States, that primarily travels east-west. The western terminus of the route is at an interchange with State Route 55, which leads to the remainder of Chapman Avenue, a street that bisects Old Towne Orange and travels all the way to the Anaheim Resort district. The eastern terminus is in the more rural Orange Park Acres neighborhood near Santiago Canyon College and connects to County Route S18, known as Santiago Canyon Road.CR S25 was formerly a part of LRN 182, a route designated in 1933.[29]Major intersectionsThe entire route is in Orange County.","title":"S25"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_highway"},{"link_name":"Imperial County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_78"},{"link_name":"State Route 86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_86"},{"link_name":"Westmorland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmorland,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 115","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_115"},{"link_name":"Brawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brawley,_California"},{"link_name":"Imperial County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"}],"text":"County Route S26 (CR S26) is a county highway in Imperial County, California, United States. It runs from State Route 78 / State Route 86 in Westmorland to State Route 115 northeast of Brawley. Portions of the route are known as Borats Road, Kalin Road and Rutherford Road.Major intersectionsThe entire route is in Imperial County.","title":"S26"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_highway"},{"link_name":"Imperial County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"},{"link_name":"CR S30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S30_(California)"},{"link_name":"CR S33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S33_(California)"},{"link_name":"Imperial County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"}],"text":"County Route S27 (CR S27) is a county highway in Imperial County, California, United States. It runs from Forrester Road (CR S30) to Highline Road (CR S33). Most of the route is known as Keystone Road, with a small portion of McConnell Road connecting the two segments of Keystone Road.Major intersectionsThe entire route is in Imperial County.","title":"S27"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_highway"},{"link_name":"Imperial County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"},{"link_name":"CR S30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S30_(California)"},{"link_name":"CR S32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S32_(California)"},{"link_name":"Imperial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial,_California"},{"link_name":"Imperial County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"}],"text":"County Route S28 (CR S28) is a county highway in Imperial County, California, United States. It runs from Forrester Road (CR S30) to Holt Road (CR S32). Most of the route is known as Worthington Road, while the portion within the city of Imperial is known as Barioni Boulevard.Major intersectionsThe entire route is in Imperial County.","title":"S28"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_highway"},{"link_name":"Imperial County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_98"},{"link_name":"Mount Signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Signal,_California"},{"link_name":"U.S.-Mexico border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border"},{"link_name":"CR S80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S80_(California)"},{"link_name":"Seeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeley,_California"},{"link_name":"Imperial County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"}],"text":"County Route S29 (CR S29), known entirely as Drew Road, is a county highway in Imperial County, California, United States. It runs from State Route 98 west of Mount Signal and north of the U.S.-Mexico border to Evan Hewes Highway (CR S80) in Seeley.Major intersectionsThe entire route is in Imperial County.","title":"S29"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_highway"},{"link_name":"Imperial County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_98"},{"link_name":"Mount Signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Signal,_California"},{"link_name":"U.S.-Mexico border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border"},{"link_name":"State Route 111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_111"},{"link_name":"Calipatria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calipatria,_California"},{"link_name":"Westmorland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmorland,_California"},{"link_name":"Imperial County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"}],"text":"County Route S30 (CR S30) is a county highway in Imperial County, California, United States. It runs from State Route 98 in Mount Signal, north of the U.S.-Mexico border, to Sorenson Avenue (State Route 111) in Calipatria. The route is known as Brockman Road, McCabe Road, Forrester Road, Center Street in Westmorland, Walker Road, Gentry Road, Eddins Road, and Main Street in Calipatria.Major intersectionsThe entire route is in Imperial County.","title":"S30"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_highway"},{"link_name":"Imperial County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_98"},{"link_name":"Calexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calexico,_California"},{"link_name":"U.S.-Mexico border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border"},{"link_name":"State Route 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_78"},{"link_name":"Brawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brawley,_California"},{"link_name":"El Centro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Centro,_California"},{"link_name":"Imperial County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"}],"text":"County Route S31 (CR S31) is a county highway in Imperial County, California, United States. It runs from State Route 98 near Calexico, north of the U.S.-Mexico border, to Main Street (former State Route 78) in Brawley. Most of the route is known as Dogwood Road (although it is sometimes signed as Dogwood Avenue in El Centro). In Brawley, it is known as Imperial Avenue and Plaza Street.Major intersectionsThe entire route is in Imperial County.","title":"S31"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_highway"},{"link_name":"Imperial County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Interstate 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_8"},{"link_name":"State Route 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_7"},{"link_name":"Holtville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holtville,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_78"},{"link_name":"Brawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brawley,_California"},{"link_name":"Imperial County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"}],"text":"County Route S32 (CR S32) is a county highway in Imperial County, California, United States. It runs from Interstate 8 and State Route 7 south of Holtville to State Route 78 east of Brawley. The route is known as Orchard Road, Holt Road, and small segments of Gonder Road and Butters Road. In Holtville, it is known as Cedar Avenue and Holt Avenue.Major intersectionsThe entire route is in Imperial County.","title":"S32"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_highway"},{"link_name":"Imperial County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_98"},{"link_name":"Bonds Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonds_Corner,_California"},{"link_name":"U.S.-Mexico border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border"},{"link_name":"State Route 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_78"},{"link_name":"Brawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brawley,_California"},{"link_name":"Imperial County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"}],"text":"County Route S33 (CR S33) is a county highway in Imperial County, California, United States. It runs from State Route 98 east of Bonds Corner, north of the U.S.-Mexico border, to State Route 78 east of Brawley. The route is known as Bonesteele Road, Kumberg Road, Miller Road, Kavanaugh Road, Highline Road, Gonder Road, and Green Road.Major intersectionsThe entire route is in Imperial County.","title":"S33"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_highway"},{"link_name":"Imperial County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Interstate 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_8"},{"link_name":"Felicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicity,_California"},{"link_name":"Yuma, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"State Route 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_78"},{"link_name":"Blythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blythe,_California"},{"link_name":"Brawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brawley,_California"},{"link_name":"Yuma Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuma_Desert"},{"link_name":"Algodones Dunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algodones_Dunes"},{"link_name":"ghost town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_town"},{"link_name":"Ogilby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogilby,_California"},{"link_name":"Imperial County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"}],"text":"County Route S34 (CR S34), known entirely as Ogilby Road, is a county highway in Imperial County, California, United States. It runs from Interstate 8 near Felicity and west of Yuma, Arizona to the State Route 78 portion between Blythe and Brawley. Located in the Yuma Desert and close to the Algodones Dunes, the road also goes through the ghost town of Ogilby.Major intersectionsThe entire route is in Imperial County.","title":"S34"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_highway"},{"link_name":"Imperial County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_78"},{"link_name":"State Route 115","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_115"},{"link_name":"Palo Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Verde,_California"}],"text":"County Route S78 (CR S78) was a county highway in Imperial County, California, United States. It is the former routing of the present-day State Route 78 portion between the south junction of State Route 115 and the small community of Palo Verde.","title":"S78"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Route 80 in California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_California"},{"link_name":"county highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_highway"},{"link_name":"Imperial County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_California"},{"link_name":"Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River"},{"link_name":"Yuma, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"El Centro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Centro,_California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S80ElCentro.jpg"},{"link_name":"SR 86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_86"},{"link_name":"CR S2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S2_(California)"},{"link_name":"Interstate 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_8"},{"link_name":"Plaster City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaster_City,_California"},{"link_name":"Dixieland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixieland,_California"},{"link_name":"Seeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeley,_California"},{"link_name":"El Centro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Centro,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_86"},{"link_name":"Business Loop I-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_8#El_Centro_business_loop"},{"link_name":"CR S31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S31_(California)"},{"link_name":"State Route 111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_111"},{"link_name":"State Route 115","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_115"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Numbered_Highways"},{"link_name":"California legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"concurrent resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_resolution"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Bautista_de_Anza_National_Historic_Trail"},{"link_name":"Juan Bautista de Anza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Bautista_de_Anza"},{"link_name":"Imperial County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"}],"text":"See also: U.S. Route 80 in CaliforniaCounty Route S80 (CR S80) is a county highway in Imperial County, California, United States. It was once a portion of U.S. Route 80, which no longer enters the state. CR S80 travels through Imperial County for 34.46 miles (55.46 km) to the vicinity of the Colorado River near Yuma, Arizona. Most of the route is known as Evan Hewes Highway, while the portion of the route within El Centro is known as Adams Avenue, 4th Street, and Main Street.Route descriptionS80 looking west at the SR 86 split in El CentroCR S80 begins in the west at the junction of CR S2 (Imperial Highway) as the Evan Hewes Highway roughly paralleling the routing of Interstate 8. This portion of the highway travels 25 miles (40 km) east through Plaster City, Dixieland and Seeley to El Centro.In downtown El Centro, CR S80 becomes Adams Avenue. At Imperial Avenue, CR S80 junctions with State Route 86 from the north and Business Loop I-8 from the south. The roads run concurrent down Adams Avenue, and all three turn south along 4th Street. CR S80 then turns to the east along Main Street which takes it out of El Centro while SR 86 and Business I-8 continue south. Outside of El Centro after its junction with CR S31 (Dogwood Road), CR S80 resumes the designation of Evan Hewes Highway. CR S80 also intersects State Route 111 along this stretch. S80 continues east until it reaches its terminus at the junction with State Route 115. State Route 115 continues along the Evan Hewes Highway and old U.S. Route 80.HistoryU.S. Route 80 was deleted from California legislatively in 1964, though it would be another ten years before all the U.S. Highway signage was removed from the route. CR S80 was defined in 1973 shortly before the last Route 80 signs had been taken down.In 2006, the California legislature, as part of concurrent resolution ACR 123, made the former Route 80, including County Route S80, an official historic route.[32]For the short distance CR S80 runs concurrent with SR 86, it is part of the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail. This trail runs along the route Juan Bautista de Anza took along his expedition into California from 1775–76.Major intersectionsThe entire route is in Imperial County.","title":"S80"}]
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[{"title":"California Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:California_Roads"}]
[{"reference":"Faigin, Daniel. \"County Routes 'S'\". California Highways. Retrieved January 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://cahighways.org/countys.html","url_text":"\"County Routes 'S'\""}]},{"reference":"USDA Forest Service. \"Sunrise Scenic Byway\". Retrieved April 25, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/cleveland/recreation/byways/sunrisebyway.shtml","url_text":"\"Sunrise Scenic Byway\""}]},{"reference":"US Department of Transportation. \"Sunrise Scenic Byway Overview\". Archived from the original on April 14, 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130414121558/http://www.byways.org/explore/byways/2170/stories/56870","url_text":"\"Sunrise Scenic Byway Overview\""},{"url":"http://www.byways.org/explore/byways/2170/stories/56870","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Google maps (Map). Google. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Island_North
Vancouver Island North
["1 Geography","2 History","2.1 Members of Parliament","3 Election results","3.1 2011","3.2 2008","3.3 2006","3.4 2004","3.5 2000","3.6 1997","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Notes","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 50°16′N 126°58′W / 50.27°N 126.96°W / 50.27; -126.96Former electoral district in British Columbia, Canada Vancouver Island North British Columbia electoral districtVancouver Island North in relation to other British Columbia federal electoral districtsDefunct federal electoral districtLegislatureHouse of CommonsDistrict created1996District abolished2013First contested1997Last contested2011District webpageprofile, mapDemographicsPopulation (2011)118,374Electors (2011)89,063Area (km²)49,144.61Census subdivision(s)Campbell River, Comox, Courtenay, Port Hardy, Cumberland, Port McNeill, Comox-Strathcona A (Baynes Sound), Comox-Strathcona B (Lazo North), Comox-Strathcona C (Puntledge/Black Creek), Comox-Strathcona D (Oyster Bay - Buttle Lake) Vancouver Island North is a former federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1997 to 2015. Geography The district included the Regional Districts of Comox Valley, Strathcona, Mount Waddington and the southern half of Central Coast excluding Calvert Island and Hunter Island. These regional districts include the towns of Campbell River, Comox, Courtenay, Port Alice, Port McNeill, Port Hardy, Alert Bay, Quadra Island, Denman Island and Hornby Island. History The electoral district was created in 1996 from Comox—Alberni and North Island—Powell River ridings. The 2012 electoral redistribution dissolved the riding into the new ridings of North Island—Powell River and Courtenay—Alberni for the 2015 election. Members of Parliament This riding elected the following members of Parliament: Parliament Years Member Party Riding created from Comox—Alberniand North Island—Powell River 36th  1997–2000     John Duncan Reform  2000–2000     Alliance 37th  2000–2003  2003–2004     Conservative 38th  2004–2006 39th  2006–2008     Catherine J. Bell New Democratic 40th  2008–2011     John Duncan Conservative 41st  2011–2015 Riding dissolved into North Island—Powell Riverand Courtenay—Alberni Election results 2011 2011 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative John Duncan 27,206 46.11 +0.33 New Democratic Ronna-Rae Leonard 25,379 43.01 +1.64 Liberal Mike Holland 3,039 5.15 +0.95 Green Sue Moen 3,018 5.11 -2.90 Independent Jason Draper 304 0.52 -0.12 Marxist–Leninist Frank Martin 57 0.10 – Total valid votes/Expense limit 59,003 99.68 Total rejected ballots 187 0.32 +0.03 Turnout 59,190 65.49 +0.92 Eligible voters 90,374 Conservative hold Swing -0.65 2008 2008 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures Conservative John Duncan 26,166 45.78 +5.17 $76,173 New Democratic Catherine J. Bell 23,681 41.43 -0.29 $80,622 Green Philip Stone 4,563 7.98 +3.14 $12,309 Liberal Geoff Fleischer 2,391 4.18 -8.65 $2,026 Independent Jason Draper 361 0.63 – Total valid votes/Expense limit 57,162 100.0     $171,130 Conservative gain from New Democratic Swing +2.73 2006 2006 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures New Democratic Catherine J. Bell 23,561 41.72 +7.23 $80,265 Conservative John Duncan 22,931 40.61 +5.20 $91,651 Liberal Jim Mitchell 7,243 12.83 -8.62 $28,226 Green Michael Mascall 2,735 4.84 -3.58 $8,685 Total valid votes 56,470 100.0   New Democratic gain from Conservative Swing +1.02 Nomination contests New Democratic Party Candidate Residence August 14, 2005 Catherine J. Bell Cumberland X 2004 2004 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures Conservative John Duncan 18,733 35.41 -15.62 $47,274 New Democratic Catherine J. Bell 18,250 34.49 +22.78 $43,372 Liberal Noor Ahmed 11,352 21.45 -3.39 $78,890 Green Pam Munroe 4,456 8.42 +3.22 $26,376 Marxist–Leninist Jack East 111 0.20 +0.02 Total valid votes 52,902 100.0   Total rejected ballots 136 0.26 +0.01 Turnout 53,038 65.79 +1.31 Conservative hold Swing -19.20 Change for the Conservatives is based on the combined total of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservatives. Nomination contests Conservative Party of Canada Candidate Residence February 28 John Duncan Campbell River X New Democratic Party Candidate Residence March 7 Catherine J. Bell Cumberland X Erik Eriksson Courtenay Monica Judd Campbell River Liberal Party of Canada Candidate Residence February 22 Nooral Ahmed Courtenay X David Lewis Gold River Don Smith Campbell River 2000 2000 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures Alliance John Duncan 24,844 51.03 +3.49 $42,203 Liberal Daniel P. Smith 12,092 24.84 +3.92 $52,728 New Democratic Alex Turner 5,701 11.71 -11.57 $10,377 Progressive Conservative David R. Tingley 2,997 6.15 +2.71 $33 Green Pam Munroe 2,532 5.20 +1.95 $6,295 Independent John Krell 216 0.44 – Natural Law Nancy More 205 0.42 -0.03 Marxist–Leninist Jack East 92 0.18 – $90 Total valid votes 48,679 100.0   Total rejected ballots 131 0.27 -0.07 Turnout 48,810 64.48 +0.12 Alliance hold Swing -0.22 Change for the Canadian Alliance is based on the 1997 results of the Reform Party. 1997 1997 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes % Expenditures Reform John Duncan 22,769 47.54 $31,625 New Democratic Gilbert Popovich 11,152 23.28 $60,126 Liberal David Durrant 10,024 20.92 $14,397 Progressive Conservative Dave Tingley 1,650 3.44 $3,659 Green Hazel Lennox 1,559 3.25 Christian Heritage John Krell 522 1.08 $2,001 Natural Law Nancy More 218 0.45 Total valid votes 47,894 100.0   Total rejected ballots 161 0.34 Turnout 48,055 64.36 This riding was created from Comox—Alberni and North Island—Powell River, both of which elected a Reform candidate in the previous election. John Duncan was the incumbent from North Island—Powell River. See also List of Canadian federal electoral districts Historical federal electoral districts of Canada References "Vancouver Island North (Code 59031) Census Profile". 2011 census. Government of Canada - Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2011-03-06. Library of Parliament Riding Profile Expenditures – 2004 Expenditures – 2000 Expenditures – 1997 Notes ^ Statistics Canada: 2012 ^ Statistics Canada: 2012 External links Parliament of Canada Politwitter Project Democracy Pundit's Guide StatsCan District Profile vteFederal ridings on Vancouver IslandGreen Saanich—Gulf Islands New Democratic Courtenay—Alberni Cowichan—Malahat—Langford Esquimalt—Saanich—Sooke Nanaimo—Ladysmith North Island—Powell River Victoria vteList of federal ridings in British ColumbiaBritish Columbia Interior Cariboo—Prince George Central Okanagan—Similkameen—Nicola Kamloops—Thompson—Cariboo Kelowna—Lake Country Kootenay—Columbia North Okanagan—Shuswap Prince George—Peace River—Northern Rockies Skeena—Bulkley Valley South Okanagan—West Kootenay Fraser Valley andthe Southern Lower Mainland Abbotsford Chilliwack—Hope Cloverdale—Langley City Delta Fleetwood—Port Kells Langley—Aldergrove Mission—Matsqui—Fraser Canyon Pitt Meadows—Maple Ridge Richmond Centre South Surrey—White Rock Steveston—Richmond East Surrey Centre Surrey—Newton Vancouver andthe Northern Lower Mainland Burnaby North—Seymour Burnaby South Coquitlam—Port Coquitlam New Westminster—Burnaby North Vancouver Port Moody—Coquitlam Vancouver Centre Vancouver East Vancouver Granville Vancouver Kingsway Vancouver Quadra Vancouver South West Vancouver—Sunshine Coast—Sea to Sky Country Vancouver Island Courtenay—Alberni Cowichan—Malahat—Langford Esquimalt—Saanich—Sooke Nanaimo—Ladysmith North Island—Powell River Saanich—Gulf Islands Victoria 50°16′N 126°58′W / 50.27°N 126.96°W / 50.27; -126.96
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinall
Spinall
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Early career","2.2 2015-2018; Debut album, Dreams, and Iyanu","2.3 2019-2022: Beyoncé Presents: Making The Gift, and The Recording Academy","2.4 2023-present; Top Boy album","3 Discography","3.1 Albums","3.2 Selected singles","4 Videography","5 Tours and performances","6 Awards and nominations","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Nigerian disc jockey SPINALLSpinall performing in 2024.BornOluseye Desmond SodamolaLagos State, NigeriaCitizenshipNigeriaAlma materTenstrings Music Institute Olabisi Onabanjo UniversityOccupation(s)Record producer Media Personality Disc jockey songwriterYears active2003–presentTitleRecord ExecutiveMusical careerGenresAfroPop, hip hop, r&b, EDMInstrument(s)MixerLabelsTheCAP Music Atlantic Records UK Warner Chappell Music UKEpic Records Musical artistWebsitespinall.com Oluseye Desmond Sodamola, professionally known as Spinall (styize as SPINALL; formerly DJ Spinall), is a Nigerian disc jockey, record producer, and songwriter. He has released six studio albums and collaborated with artists that have included Wizkid, Tiwa Savage, Asake among others. He has won numerous awards for his work, including All Africa Music Awards and The Beatz Awards. He is also the first Nigerian disc jockey to play at festivals such as Coachella, SXSW, and Glastonbury. Spinall is the founder of TheCAPMusic, a music label he launched in 2014. He also created a style edge to his outfit known as TheCAP, tracing his roots back to his culture. Early life and education Sodamola was born in Lagos and he is the third of five siblings. He attained his primary and secondary school education in Lagos State, then moved to Ogun State, to study Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Olabisi Onabanjo University, where he received his BSc degree. He also studied at Tenstrings Music Institute. Spinall's first musical experience as a kid, was listening to some vinyl records being played by his parents and according to him "In the morning my dad would wake up, and open the drawers, and start playing some Fela Kuti, and King Sunny Adé records". This shaped him and fueled his passion for music after watching a DJ he hired to play in high school. Career Early career Official Trademark of SPINALL Sodamola first gained prominence in 2004, while working as a radio DJ at Raypower 100.5 FM, Spinall studied at Tenstrings Music Institute. He later joined Industry Nite where he promoted underground talents at the weekly platform. In 2014, he launched TheCAPMusic, a record label/management company. In the following year, he signed producers to the TheCAPMusic. Top Boy as he is popularly called, released his first hit single "GbaGbe E" in 2014 featuring Burna Boy. He has collaborated with other acts such as; 2Baba, Wizkid, Wande Coal, Davido, Mr Eazi, Tiwa Savage, Kizz Daniel, and many more. 2015-2018; Debut album, Dreams, and Iyanu Spinall's debut album My Story: The Album (2015) with breakthrough singles "Oluwa", "Gba Gbe E;", and "Money". In the following year, on 10 October 2016, DJ Spinall released his second album titled TEN. The album features Davido, Sauti Sol, Mr Eazi, among others, with lead singles "Package" featuring Davido & "Ohema" featuring Mr Eazi. His third studio albums, Dreams was released on 8 October 2017 with singles "Opoju", "Calm Down", and "Gimme Luv". On 26 October 2018, he released his 4th studio album Iyanu. The album features two lead singles including "Nowo", OkayAfrica refers to as one of 15 biggest Nigerian songs of 2018 featuring Wizkid, which also peaked on MTV Base Official Naija Top 10 Countdown and "Baba" featuring Kizz Daniel, which made it to MTV Base Top 20 Hottest Naija tracks of 2018. On 11 December 2020, he released his 5th studio album Grace, under TheCAP Music with 5 self-produced songs. The album features the top-six songs, "Dis Love" featuring Wizkid & Tiwa Savage, "Sere" featuring Fireboy DML, "Pressure" featuring Dice Ailes, "Everytime" featuring Kranium, "Tonight" featuring Omah Lay, and "EDI" featuring Reminisce. In 2015, Spinall became the first African DJ to perform at the SXSW festival in Austin, Texas, with other supporting acts to join Spinall on stage including; Davido, Sarkodie, R2Bees with host Eddie Kadi. He is also the first Nigerian DJ to tour 5 cities in United States, including New York City, Miami, Houston, Austin, and Washington, D.C. In 2017, he was the official DJ for BET Awards in Los Angeles, California. The award was aired across the globe, which also gained him worldwide attention as a Disc Jockey pioneering Afrobeat to the world. On 21 April 2019, Spinall became the first Nigerian DJ to headline a show at XOYO in London and the first Nigerian DJ to perform at the Glastonbury Festival on 29 June 2019. He signed a deal with Guinness Nigeria as Smirnoff brand ambassador in 2015 and renewed the contract in 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019. His third studio album Dreams was released independently by TheCAP Music on 8 October 2017. The album featured guest appearances from Niniola, Wurld, Ycee, Wizkid, Simi, Mr Eazi, Harrysong, Davido, Wande Coal, Reekado Banks, and Olamide. The album lead singles include: "Opoju" featuring Wizkid, "Calm Down" featuring Mr Eazi, and "Gimme Luv" featuring Olamide. On 18 November 2017, Spinall announced Party Of Your Dreams album launch on 26 November at Grand Ballroom of Oriental Hotel, Victoria Island, Lagos and in 2018, Spinall announced the second edition of Party of Your Dreams in Lagos on 7 December 2018, with supporting DJs; DJ Big N, DJ Consequence, DJ Enimoney, DJ Lambo, and more to play at the event. In 2019, Sodamola had his first UK headline concert in London tagged Party of Your Dreams on 21 April 2019 at XOYO!. On 24 October 2018, DJ Spinall shared featured acts and producers on his fourth studio album Iyanu. Guests on the album are Wizkid, Kizz Daniel, Davido, Burna Boy, Tekno, Nonso Amadi, Wurld, Dotman, and more. The album was exclusively produced by DJ Spinall and co-produced by Killertunes, CKAY, Nonso Amadi, Benie Macaulay and Stg. The album lead singles include: "Nowo" featuring Wizkid and "Baba" featuring Kizz Daniel. The album was released independently by TheCAP Music on 26 October 2018. On 11 September 2018, He signed international major deal with Atlantic Records UK and a publishing deal with Warner Chappell Music UK. He also became a brand ambassador for Pepsi Nigeria. 2019-2022: Beyoncé Presents: Making The Gift, and The Recording Academy Main article: Beyoncé Presents: Making The Gift File:DJ Spinall at shody rocks party in 2019. In 2019, Beyoncé released an hour-long documentary special entitled Beyoncé Presents: Making The Gift. The television film was shot in Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, and United States. The documentary aired on ABC, where DJ Spinall appeared and spoke about the album The Lion King: The Gift, the basis of the documentary. In 2019, he became the first Nigerian DJ to perform in the history of the Glastonbury Festival. In 2020, Spinall was among the 2,300 music executive inductees into The Recording Academy's class of 2020, alongside Bankulli, Lil Nas X, Gunna, Victoria Monét, Juls, among others for the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards. On 26 July 2020, Spinall spoke about The Grammy Award at This Sunday show with DJ Cuppy on Africa Now Radio via Apple Music. He was also among several celebrities such as D'banj, Praiz and Olisa to attend an exclusive party hosted by MTN for the data-bundled music service MusicTour. On 13 May 2022, Spinall released "PALAZZO", featuring Asake, and co-written by Olamide. On 22 May 2022, it debuted at number 6 on the UK Afrobeats Singles chart, and reached number 4. On 23 May 2022, it debuted at number 2 on the Nigeria TurnTable Top 50 chart. On 25 May 2022, it debuted at number 6 on the Billboard U.S. Afrobeats Songs. On 11 July 2022, it debuted on the newly launched TurnTable Top 100, an expansion of the Top 50, at number 5. On 13 July 2022, following the initial launch of the Nigeria TurnTable Top Radio Songs chart, it debut at number 7, and number 4 at the Nigeria TurnTable Top Streaming Songs chart. In 2022, Spinall opened for Bruno Mars on tour in Australia and DJed for Jay-Z at his Oscars after party. He was also the closing act for the 2022 MTV Europe Music Awards. 2023-present; Top Boy album On 13 February 2023, Spinall shared the official art cover to his sixth studio album on his various social media. According to Bomi Anifowose from African Folder, DJ Spinall's Top Boy album borrows a rich collage of African sounds mingling with Western music elements such as synths and electronic chordophones, certifying the body of work as yet another successful sonic experiment. In 2023, he signed with Epic Records and released his new single "Loju" feating Wizkid. He had previously collaborated with Wizkid on the singles "Nowo," "Opoju," and "Dis Love" (featuring Tiwa Savage). Spinall played numerous festivals in 2023, including Camp Flog Gnaw Carnival and Listen Out. He is also the first Afrobeats DJ to perform at Coachella, playing the festival in 2024. Discography Albums Album Title Album Details My Story: The Album Released: 28 October 2015 Label: TheCAP Music Formats: Digital download Ten Released: 10 October 2016 Label: TheCAP Music Formats: Digital download, CD Dreams Released: 8 October 2017 Label: TheCAP Music Formats: Digital download, CD Iyanu Released: 26 October 2018 Label: TheCAP Music Formats: Digital download, CD Grace Released: 11 December 2020 Label: TheCAP Music Formats: Digital download, CD Top Boy Released: 17 February 2023 Label: TheCAP Music Formats: Digital download, CD Selected singles "Oluwa" (feat. M.I Abaga) (2014) "Excuse Me" (feat. Timaya) (2015) "Attendance" (feat. Olamide) (2015) "No Sorrow" (feat. Pheelz) (2015) "Package" (feat. Davido and Del B) (2016) "Ohema" (feat. Mr Eazi) (2016) "Pepe Dem" (feat. Yemi Alade) 2017 "Nowo" (feat. Wizkid) (2018) "Baba" (feat. Kiss Daniel) (2018) "Omoge" (feat. Dotman) (2018) "What Do You See?" (feat Kojo Funds) (2019) "Dis Love" (feat Wizkid & Tiwa Savage) (2019) "When it comes to you Remix" (feat Sean Paul & DJ Spinall ft Tiwa Savage) (2019) "EDI" (feat Reminisce) (2019) "Pressure" (feat Dice Ailes) (2020) "Everytime" (feat Kranium) (2020) "Tonight" (feat Omah Lay) (2020) "Sere" (feat Fireboy DML) (2020) "Cloud 9" (feat Adekunle Gold) (2021) "PALAZZO" (with. Asake) (2022) "Bunda" (with. Kemuel & Olamide) (2023) "Loju" (feat Wizkid) (2023) "Psalm 23" (Spinall & Teni) (2024) Videography Year Title Director Ref 2014 "Gba Gbe E" featuring Burna Boy Duks 2015 "Oluwa" featuring M.I Abaga, Byno AJE Filmworks "Excuse Me" featuring Timaya "No Sorrow" featuring Pheelz EOVisuals 2016 "Package" featuring Davido, Del'B Ndvdual Pictures "Money" featuring 2Baba, Wande Coal UA. Images "Ohema" featuring Mr Eazi 2017 "Gimme Luv" featuring Olamide Mattmax "Ojukokoro" featuring Niniola Adams Gud "Olowo" featuring Davido, Wande Coal "On The Low" featuring YCEE HG2 Filmworks 2018 "Nowo" featuring Wizkid Director Q "Baba" featuring Kizz Daniel "Omoge" featuring Dotman Mex 2019 "What Do You See" featuring Kojo Funds Meji Alabi "Dis Love" featuring Wizkid, Tiwa Savage "Pepe Dem" featuring Yemi Alade Paul Gambit "EDI" featuring Reminisce TG Omori 2020 "Everytime" featuring Kranium Dalia Dias 2021 "Sere" featuring Fireboy DML 2022 "Cloud 9" featuring Adekunle Gold Dammy Twitch "Palazzo" featuring Asake TG Omori Tours and performances On August 4, 2018, Sodamola began his TheCAPUS Tour 3.0 in Washington, D.C. The tour included Washington, D.C., Minnesota, New York City, Miami, Toronto, Dallas, Atlanta, Indiana and Jacksonville, Florida. He has also performed in other shows and events which include: One Lagos Brand Launch (2016) One Africa Music Fest New York (2017) BET Awards 2017 Official DJ (2017) Mixmag New York Gig (2017) MixMag "The LAB" New York (2018) Africa All Star Music Fest Toronto (2018) One Africa Music Fest, London (2018) One Africa Music Fest, Dubai (2019) Glastonbury Festival (2019) Ends Festival (2019) Afro Nation, Portugal (2019) Afro Nation, Ghana (2019) Awards and nominations Year Awards ceremony Award description(s) Recipient Results Ref 2013 Nigeria Entertainment Awards World DJ Himself Nominated 2014 Nigeria Entertainment Awards World DJ Himself Won Islander International Awards Best Nigerian DJ Himself Won Nigerian Broadcasters Merit Awards Best Nigeria VDJ Himself (Channel O) Won 2015 Nigeria Entertainment Awards Male Disc Jockey of the Year Himself Nominated City People Entertainment Awards DJ Of The Year Himself Nominated 2016 The Beatz Awards Best DJ Male Himself Won City People Entertainment Awards DJ Of The Year Himself Won Nigeria Entertainment Awards Disk Jockey Collaboration of the Year "Pepe Dem" (featuring Yemi Alade) Nominated 2017 The Beatz Awards Best DJ Male Himself Won City People Entertainment Awards DJ Of The Year Himself Won Nigeria Entertainment Awards Best Disc Jockey Himself Nominated Africa Muzik Magazine Awards & Music Festival (AFRIMMA) Best DJ Africa Himself Won 2018 The Beatz Awards Best DJ Male Himself Won All Africa Music Awards Best DJ Africa Himself Nominated Best African Collaboration "Nowo" (featuring. Wizkid) Nominated Best Male Artist in Western Africa "Nowo" (featuring. Wizkid) Nominated Africa Muzik Magazine Awards & Music Festival (AFRIMMA) Best Collaboration "Nowo" (featuring. Wizkid) Nominated Best Dj Africa Himself Won Abryans Style and Fashion Awards Most Stylish Male Celebrity of the Year Himself Nominated Soundcity MVP Awards Festival African DJ of the Year Himself Nominated 2019 Himself Won The Beatz Awards Best DJ Male Himself Won Africa Muzik Magazine Awards & Music Festival (AFRIMA) Best DJ Africa Himself Won 2020 Africa Muzik Magazine Awards & Music Festival Best DJ Africa Himself Nominated 2021 Africa Muzik Magazine Awards & Music Festival Best DJ Africa Himself Nominated The Beatz Awards Male DJ of the Year Himself Won African Entertainment Awards USA Best DJ Himself Nominated All Africa Music Awards Best African DJ Himself Nominated See also List of Nigerian DJs References ^ "DJ Spinall, Ajebutter 22 are a year older today". Pulse Nigeria. 2 June 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2020. ^ Kool, C. J. "Colourful Radio". Colourful Radio. Retrieved 15 January 2020. ^ "Educational Background – DJ Spinall". Nigerian Entertainment Today – Nigeria's Number 1 Entertainment Daily. 29 July 2016. Archived from the original on 1 August 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016. ^ "Alumni | Tenstrings Music Institute". Retrieved 12 April 2023. ^ "The Artist Is Present: DJ Spinall Wants to Push Afrobeats to the World, Without Forgetting the Culture". OkayAfrica. 9 June 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ "DJ Spinall speaks to Pulse on his journey, losing out at the SMWA's and meeting Killertunes". Pulse Nigeria. 21 March 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2020. ^ "Alumni | Tenstrings Music Institute". Retrieved 12 April 2023. ^ Magazine, Tush (25 November 2015). "DJ SPINALL: Spinning Around the World". Tush Magazine. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ "DJ Spinall speaks to Pulse on his journey, losing out at the SMWA's and meeting Killertunes". Pulse Nigeria. 21 March 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ S, Deji (5 June 2014). "New Video: DJ Spinall Feat. Burna Boy – Gba Gbe è". BellaNaija. Retrieved 16 January 2020. ^ "Album Review: DJ Spinall – My Story". 360Nobs. 9 August 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ "Religion and science inspired my new "Ten" album". Pulse Nigeria. 11 October 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ "DJ Spinall Features Top Nigerian Artistes For Third Album 'Dreams'". The Guardia. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ "DJ Spinall Drops Tracklist For "Iyanu" Album". P.M. News. 24 October 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ "The 15 Best Nigerian Songs of the Year So Far". OkayAfrica. 21 June 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2020. ^ "Official Naija Top 10 Countdown". Saturday Magazine. Retrieved 16 January 2020. ^ "MTV Base Top 20 Hottest Naija Tracks of 2018". Information Nigeria. Retrieved 16 January 2020. ^ "DJ Spinall drops Star-Studded Album "Grace" featuring Tiwa Savage, Minz & Omah Lay". BellaNaija. 11 December 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2021. ^ "DJ Spinall's 'Grace' feels like a playlist ". Pulse Nigeria. 17 December 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2021. ^ "Here's the Star-Studded Tracklist for DJ Spinall's forthcoming Album "Grace"". BellaNaija. 7 December 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2021. ^ "Photos of African stars at SXSWest Africa, Texas". Pulse Nigeria. 25 March 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ "'DJ Spinall' Official DJ For BET International Awards 2017". Channels Television. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ "Complex Sessions 033: DJ Spinall". Complex. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ "DJ Spinall to perform at Glastonbury festival today". The Guardian. 29 June 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2019. ^ "DJ Spinall Becomes A Smirnoff Brand Ambassador". 17 June 2015. Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016. ^ "DJ SPINALL RENEWS CONTRACT WITH SMIRNOFF". 23 July 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016. ^ "#PartyOfYourDreams: We've got the Juice on how you can attend DJ Spinall's Album Launch Party". BellaNaija. 18 November 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2020. ^ Idowu, Tomi (3 December 2018). "Your Definitive Event Guide to Christmas 2018 in Lagos". The Culture Custodian. Retrieved 15 January 2020. ^ "DJ Spinall Presents: Party Of Your Dreams, London – Notjustok". NotJustOk. 24 February 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2020. ^ "DJ Spinall Drops Tracklist For "Iyanu" Album". P.M. News. 24 October 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2020. ^ "DJ Spinall's New Album 'Iyanu' Is Here". OkayAfrica. 26 October 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2020. ^ "DJ Spinall Signs Deal With Atlantic Records, UK". Nigerian Entertainment Today. 11 September 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2018. ^ "Amber Davis Promoted to Head of A&R at Warner Chappell Music U.K." Billboard. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ "Pepsi Signs DJ Cuppy, DJ Spinall, DJ Xclusive, DJ Obi As Ambassadors – INFORMATION NIGERIA". INFORMATION NIGERIA. 20 March 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2018. ^ "Watch "Beyoncé Presents: Making The Gift" | ABC Updates". ABC. Retrieved 16 January 2020. ^ "Beyoncé Making The Gift – Documentary 2019". Retrieved 16 January 2020 – via YouTube. ^ "Spinall first Nigerian DJ to perform at the Glastonbury Festival". PM News Nigeria. ^ "Nigeria: Bankulli, DJ Spinall join Recording Academy". Music In Africa. 15 July 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2021. ^ Gitau, Susan (29 July 2020). "Apple Music's Africa Now Radio With Cuppy Features DJ Spinall This Sunday". Africa.com. Retrieved 5 February 2021. ^ "D'Banj, DJ Spinall, Praiz, Olisa, others turned up for MTN's MusicTime". Vanguard News. 11 January 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2021. ^ "Official Afrobeats Chart Top 20". www.officialcharts.com. Retrieved 15 July 2022. ^ "TurnTable Top 50: Asake, Burna Boy & More Lead The Charge This Week". The NATIVE. 24 May 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022. ^ "Asake leads the debut edition of the TurnTable Top 100". The NATIVE. 14 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022. ^ "TurnTable Charts Top Radio Songs". www.turntablecharts.com. Retrieved 15 July 2022. ^ "TurnTable Charts Top Streaming Songs". www.turntablecharts.com. Retrieved 15 July 2022. ^ Mamo, Heran. "Nigerian DJ/Producer Spinall Signs With Epic Records". Billboard. ^ Yongo, Sughnen. "Burna Boy, Nasty C and DJ Spinall Shine At The MTV EMA Awards". Okay Africa. ^ "Top Boy By Spinall: A Supersonic Opera Of A Top DJ". African Folder. Retrieved 24 February 2023. ^ Laketu, Adedayo. "Spinall, Nigerian DJ/Producer, Joins Epic Records and Releases New Single Featuring Wizkid". OK Africa. ^ Helfand, Raphael. "Tyler, the Creator announces Camp Flog Gnaw 2023 lineup". The Fader. ^ Singh, Surej. "Listen Out 2023 shares line-up featuring Skrillex, Ice Spice, Lil Uzi Vert, Metro Boomin and more". NME. ^ Onikoyi, Ayo. "Coachella announces Spinall as first Afrobeats DJ to perform at Festival". Vanguard. ^ Akan, Joey. "DJ Spinall: disc jockey plans for third compilation album "Dreams"". Retrieved 5 September 2017. ^ Anzia, Daniel. "Spinall Drops New Anthem, Psalm 23". Nigerian Guardian. Retrieved 8 April 2024. ^ "DJ Spinall – On A Low ft. Ycee  » tooXclusive". tooXclusive. 8 November 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2019. ^ "VIDEO: DJ Spinall & Wizkid – Nowo -". 26 February 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2019. ^ "VIDEO: DJ Spinall ft. Kizz Daniel – Baba -". 23 May 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2019. ^ "VIDEO: DJ Spinall – Omoge ft. Dotman -". 6 November 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2019. ^ "VIDEO: DJ Spinall ft. Kojo Funds – What Do You See – Notjustok". Latest Naija Nigerian Music, Songs & Video – Notjustok. 28 February 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019. ^ "New Music/Video: DJ Spinall Feat. Wizkid & Tiwa Savage – Dis Love". Rhythm 93.7 FM Lagos. Retrieved 18 January 2020. ^ Kamunya, Mercy (26 September 2019). "DJ Spinall - Pepe Dem featuring Nigerian songtress Yemi Alade". Legit.ng. Retrieved 5 February 2021. ^ Okafor, Tokunbo (19 August 2020). "DJ Spinall - Edi: The catchy tune that you cannot resist". Legit.ng. Retrieved 5 February 2021. ^ "New Video: DJ Spinall feat. Kranium – Everytime". BellaNaija. 26 July 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2021. ^ "New Video: DJ Spinall feat. Fireboy DML – Sere". BellaNaija. 21 January 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021. ^ "LISTEN: Spinall and Adekunle Gold Deliver New Single 'Cloud 9'". NotjustOk. 3 December 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2022. ^ BellaNaija.com (14 May 2022). "DJ Spinall & Asake's "Palazzo" Is A Certified Party Starter". BellaNaija. Retrieved 30 May 2022. ^ "DJ SPINALL set to commence US & Canada Tour – Olori Supergal". Olori Supergal. 13 July 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2018. ^ Adesanya, Adedayo. "One Lagos Brand Launch Bar Beach Day 2". Retrieved 2 August 2016. ^ Akan, Joey. "DJ Spinall: Disc jockey thinks One Africa Music Fest was wrongly reported, he is the wrong one". Pulse Ghana. Retrieved 27 September 2018. ^ "'DJ Spinall' Official DJ For BET International Awards 2017 • Channels Television". Channels TV. 23 June 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2018. ^ Mix, Pulse. "DJ Spinall, DJ Tgarbs to perform at New York's The Lab NYC gig". Pulse Nigeria. Retrieved 27 September 2018. ^ "DJ Spinall in The Lab NYC". Mixmag. Retrieved 31 May 2019. ^ Mawuli, David. "Yemi Alade, Alikiba Falz others for Africa All Star Music Fest". Pulse Ghana. Retrieved 27 September 2018. ^ "Why are all Nigerian artists in Dubai? ". Pulse Nigeria. 14 November 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2020. ^ "DJ Spinall to perform at Glastonbury festival today". The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News. 29 June 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2019. ^ "Nea Awards 2013 Full Nominees List". Notjustok. ^ "NEA Awards 2014 Winners List". Tooxclusive. ^ "He has been nominated and won". Tooxclusive. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. ^ "Winners at Nigerian Broadcasters Merit Awards (NBMA) 2014". Jaguda. ^ "NEA Awards 2015 nominees List". The Net. ^ "NotJustOk, Mavins, YBNL Nominated for City People Entertainment Awards 2015". Notjustok. ^ "Thank You BellaNaijarians; We Won at the Beatz Awards 2.0! Kiss Daniel, DJ Cuppy, Cobhams Asuquo & More also Emerge Winners – See Full List". BellaNaija. 20 December 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2020. ^ "Full List Of Winners at 2016 City People Entertainment Awards – Nigerian Entertainment Today – Nigeria's Top Website for News, Gossip, Comedy, Videos, Blogs, Events, Weddings, Nollywood, Celebs, Scoop and Games". Nigerian Entertainment Today. 26 July 2016. Archived from the original on 8 December 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2017. ^ "FULL nominee list for 2016 Nigerian Entertainment Awards (NEA) – Nigerian Entertainment Today – Nigeria's Top Website for News, Gossip, Comedy, Videos, Blogs, Events, Weddings, Nollywood, Celebs, Scoop and Games". Nigerian Entertainment Today. 17 June 2016. Archived from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017. ^ Solanke, Abiola. "NEA 2016: Adekunle Gold, Olamide, Kiss Daniel, others win big". Pulse Nigeria. Retrieved 5 September 2017. ^ "2017 Beatz Awards! Soundcity Africa is Best Entertainment TV / Radio Station Brand!". Soundcity TV. Retrieved 18 January 2020. ^ "#CPMA2017: Full List Of Winners at the City People Music Awards | City People Magazine". City People Magazine. 7 August 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017. ^ Solanke, Abiola. "Wizkid, Tekno, Davido nominated for Best Single NEA 2017". Pulse Nigeria. Retrieved 5 September 2017. ^ "AFRIMMA 2017 WINNERS – AFRIMMA". Africa Muzik Magazine Awards & Music Festival. Retrieved 27 September 2018. ^ "Johnny Drille, DJ Cuppy, DJ Spinall, Killertunes win top awards at #TheBeatzAwards 2018 (PHOTOS) » YNaija". YNaija. 22 November 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2020. ^ "FULL LIST: Simi, Nasty C among top contenders as AFRIMA unveils nominees". TheCable Lifestyle. 29 August 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2018. ^ "2018 Nominees – AFRIMMA". African Muzik Magazine Awards. Archived from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2018. ^ "Most Stylish Male Celebrity of the Year". Abryanz Style and Fashion Awards. Retrieved 17 January 2019. ^ "Full list of winners at the 2018 SOUNDCITY MVP awards – Premium Times Nigeria". Premium Times. 6 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ "Burna Boy, Tiwa Savage, Rema, Teni & More Win Big at 2020 Soundcity MVP Awards". OkayAfrica. 13 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ "Thank You BellaNaijarians! We WON at The Beatz Awards 2019 & So Did Kel P Vibes, Johnny Drille | See Full List". BellaNaija. 26 November 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2020. ^ "Here are the 2019 AFRIMMA Nominees". OkayAfrica. 7 August 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ "Here Are All of the Winners at the 2019 AFRIMMA Awards". OkayAfrica. 28 October 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ "African Muzik Magazine Awards 2020: All the winners". Music In Africa. 16 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2021. ^ "Here's the Full List of Nominees For The Beatz Awards 2021". BellaNaija. 29 October 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021. ^ "All Africa Music Awards 2021: All the nominees". Music In Africa. 23 September 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021. External links Official website Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wizkid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizkid"},{"link_name":"Tiwa Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwa_Savage"},{"link_name":"Asake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asake"},{"link_name":"All Africa Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Africa_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"The Beatz Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatz_Awards"},{"link_name":"Coachella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachella_(festival)"},{"link_name":"SXSW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_by_Southwest"},{"link_name":"Glastonbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Oluseye Desmond Sodamola, professionally known as Spinall (styize as SPINALL; formerly DJ Spinall), is a Nigerian disc jockey, record producer, and songwriter. He has released six studio albums and collaborated with artists that have included Wizkid, Tiwa Savage, Asake among others. He has won numerous awards for his work, including All Africa Music Awards and The Beatz Awards. He is also the first Nigerian disc jockey to play at festivals such as Coachella, SXSW, and Glastonbury.Spinall is the founder of TheCAPMusic, a music label he launched in 2014. He also created a style edge to his outfit known as TheCAP, tracing his roots back to his culture.[1]","title":"Spinall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lagos State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos_State"},{"link_name":"Ogun State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogun_State"},{"link_name":"Electrical and Electronics Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering"},{"link_name":"Olabisi Onabanjo University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olabisi_Onabanjo_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Tenstrings Music Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenstrings_Music_Institute"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Fela Kuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fela_Kuti"},{"link_name":"King Sunny Adé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Sunny_Ad%C3%A9"}],"text":"Sodamola was born in Lagos and he is the third[2] of five siblings. He attained his primary and secondary school education in Lagos State, then moved to Ogun State, to study Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Olabisi Onabanjo University,[3] where he received his BSc degree. He also studied at Tenstrings Music Institute.[4]Spinall's first musical experience[5] as a kid, was listening to some vinyl records being played by his parents and according to him \"In the morning my dad would wake up, and open the drawers, and start playing some Fela Kuti, and King Sunny Adé records\". This shaped him and fueled his passion for music after watching a DJ he hired to play in high school.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SPINALL_logo.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Raypower 100.5 FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raypower_100.5_FM"},{"link_name":"Tenstrings Music Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenstrings_Music_Institute"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Burna Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burna_Boy"},{"link_name":"2Baba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Baba"},{"link_name":"Wizkid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizkid"},{"link_name":"Wande Coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wande_Coal"},{"link_name":"Davido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davido"},{"link_name":"Mr Eazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Eazi"},{"link_name":"Tiwa Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwa_Savage"},{"link_name":"Kizz Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizz_Daniel"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"Official Trademark of SPINALLSodamola first gained prominence in 2004, while working[6] as a radio DJ at Raypower 100.5 FM, Spinall studied at Tenstrings Music Institute.[7] He later joined Industry Nite[8] where he promoted underground talents at the weekly platform.In 2014, he launched TheCAPMusic, a record label/management company. In the following year, he signed producers[9] to the TheCAPMusic. Top Boy as he is popularly called, released his first hit single \"GbaGbe E\"[10] in 2014 featuring Burna Boy. He has collaborated with other acts such as; 2Baba, Wizkid, Wande Coal, Davido, Mr Eazi, Tiwa Savage, Kizz Daniel, and many more.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Davido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davido"},{"link_name":"Sauti Sol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauti_Sol"},{"link_name":"Mr Eazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Eazi"},{"link_name":"Mr Eazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Eazi"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"OkayAfrica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OkayAfrica"},{"link_name":"Wizkid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizkid"},{"link_name":"MTV Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Base_(Africa)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Kizz Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizz_Daniel"},{"link_name":"MTV Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Base_(Africa)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Wizkid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizkid"},{"link_name":"Tiwa Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwa_Savage"},{"link_name":"Fireboy DML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireboy_DML"},{"link_name":"Dice Ailes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dice_Ailes"},{"link_name":"Kranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kranium"},{"link_name":"Omah Lay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omah_Lay"},{"link_name":"Reminisce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reminisce_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"SXSW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SXSW"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Davido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davido"},{"link_name":"Sarkodie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkodie_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"R2Bees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R2Bees"},{"link_name":"Eddie Kadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Kadi"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"BET Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET_Awards_2017"},{"link_name":"Afrobeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrobeat"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"XOYO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XOYO"},{"link_name":"Glastonbury Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Guinness Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Smirnoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smirnoff"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Niniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niniola"},{"link_name":"Wurld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurld_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Ycee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ycee"},{"link_name":"Wizkid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizkid"},{"link_name":"Simi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simi_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Mr Eazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Eazi"},{"link_name":"Harrysong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrysong"},{"link_name":"Davido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davido"},{"link_name":"Wande Coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wande_Coal"},{"link_name":"Reekado Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reekado_Banks"},{"link_name":"Olamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olamide"},{"link_name":"Wizkid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizkid"},{"link_name":"Mr Eazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Eazi"},{"link_name":"Olamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olamide"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Victoria Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Island,_Lagos"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos"},{"link_name":"DJ Big N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Big_N"},{"link_name":"DJ Enimoney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Enimoney"},{"link_name":"DJ Lambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Lambo"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"XOYO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XOYO"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Wizkid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizkid"},{"link_name":"Kizz Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizz_Daniel"},{"link_name":"Davido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davido"},{"link_name":"Burna Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burna_Boy"},{"link_name":"Tekno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekno_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Nonso Amadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonso_Amadi"},{"link_name":"Wurld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurld_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Dotman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotman"},{"link_name":"Killertunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killertunes"},{"link_name":"Nonso Amadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonso_Amadi"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Wizkid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizkid"},{"link_name":"Kizz Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizz_Daniel"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Records UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records_UK"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Pepsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepsi"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"2015-2018; Debut album, Dreams, and Iyanu","text":"Spinall's debut album My Story: The Album[11] (2015) with breakthrough singles \"Oluwa\", \"Gba Gbe E;\", and \"Money\". In the following year, on 10 October 2016, DJ Spinall released his second album titled TEN.[12] The album features Davido, Sauti Sol, Mr Eazi, among others, with lead singles \"Package\" featuring Davido & \"Ohema\" featuring Mr Eazi. His third studio albums, Dreams[13] was released on 8 October 2017 with singles \"Opoju\", \"Calm Down\", and \"Gimme Luv\". On 26 October 2018, he released his 4th studio album Iyanu.[14] The album features two lead singles including \"Nowo\",[15] OkayAfrica refers to as one of 15 biggest Nigerian songs of 2018 featuring Wizkid, which also peaked on MTV Base Official Naija Top 10 Countdown[16] and \"Baba\" featuring Kizz Daniel, which made it to MTV Base Top 20 Hottest Naija[17] tracks of 2018. On 11 December 2020, he released his 5th studio album Grace,[18] under TheCAP Music[19] with 5 self-produced songs.[20] The album features the top-six songs, \"Dis Love\" featuring Wizkid & Tiwa Savage, \"Sere\" featuring Fireboy DML, \"Pressure\" featuring Dice Ailes, \"Everytime\" featuring Kranium, \"Tonight\" featuring Omah Lay, and \"EDI\" featuring Reminisce.In 2015, Spinall became the first African DJ to perform at the SXSW festival[21] in Austin, Texas, with other supporting acts to join Spinall on stage including; Davido, Sarkodie, R2Bees with host Eddie Kadi. He is also the first Nigerian DJ to tour 5 cities in United States, including New York City, Miami, Houston, Austin, and Washington, D.C. In 2017, he was the official DJ[22] for BET Awards in Los Angeles, California. The award was aired across the globe, which also gained him worldwide attention as a Disc Jockey pioneering Afrobeat to the world. On 21 April 2019, Spinall became the first Nigerian DJ to headline[23] a show at XOYO in London and the first Nigerian DJ to perform at the Glastonbury Festival[24] on 29 June 2019. He signed a deal with Guinness Nigeria as Smirnoff[25] brand ambassador in 2015 and renewed the contract[26] in 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019.His third studio album Dreams was released independently by TheCAP Music on 8 October 2017. The album featured guest appearances from Niniola, Wurld, Ycee, Wizkid, Simi, Mr Eazi, Harrysong, Davido, Wande Coal, Reekado Banks, and Olamide. The album lead singles include: \"Opoju\" featuring Wizkid, \"Calm Down\" featuring Mr Eazi, and \"Gimme Luv\" featuring Olamide. On 18 November 2017, Spinall announced Party Of Your Dreams album launch[27] on 26 November at Grand Ballroom of Oriental Hotel, Victoria Island, Lagos and in 2018, Spinall announced the second edition of Party of Your Dreams[28] in Lagos on 7 December 2018, with supporting DJs; DJ Big N, DJ Consequence, DJ Enimoney, DJ Lambo, and more to play at the event. In 2019, Sodamola had his first UK headline concert in London tagged Party of Your Dreams[29] on 21 April 2019 at XOYO!.On 24 October 2018, DJ Spinall shared featured acts and producers on his fourth studio album Iyanu.[30] Guests on the album are Wizkid, Kizz Daniel, Davido, Burna Boy, Tekno, Nonso Amadi, Wurld, Dotman, and more. The album was exclusively produced by DJ Spinall and co-produced by Killertunes, CKAY, Nonso Amadi, Benie Macaulay and Stg. The album lead singles[31] include: \"Nowo\" featuring Wizkid and \"Baba\" featuring Kizz Daniel. The album was released independently by TheCAP Music on 26 October 2018.On 11 September 2018, He signed international major deal with Atlantic Records UK[32] and a publishing deal with Warner Chappell Music UK.[33] He also became a brand ambassador for Pepsi Nigeria.[34]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DJ_Spinall_at_shody_rocks_party_in_2019,_UNIBEN.jpg"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé Presents: Making The Gift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_Presents:_Making_The_Gift"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"The Lion King: The Gift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King:_The_Gift"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Glastonbury Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"The Recording Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Recording_Academy"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Lil Nas X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Nas_X"},{"link_name":"Gunna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunna_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Victoria Monét","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Mon%C3%A9t"},{"link_name":"Juls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juls"},{"link_name":"63rd Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/63rd_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"The Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"DJ Cuppy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Cuppy"},{"link_name":"Apple Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music"},{"link_name":"D'banj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27banj"},{"link_name":"Praiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praiz"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"PALAZZO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PALAZZO"},{"link_name":"Asake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asake"},{"link_name":"Olamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olamide"},{"link_name":"UK Afrobeats Singles chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Afrobeats_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"TurnTable Top 50 chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TurnTable_Top_50_chart"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Billboard U.S. Afrobeats Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_U.S._Afrobeats_Songs"},{"link_name":"TurnTable Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TurnTable_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Bruno Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Mars"},{"link_name":"Jay-Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay-Z"},{"link_name":"Oscars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/95th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BillOscar-46"},{"link_name":"2022 MTV Europe Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_MTV_Europe_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"2019-2022: Beyoncé Presents: Making The Gift, and The Recording Academy","text":"File:DJ Spinall at shody rocks party in 2019.In 2019, Beyoncé released an hour-long documentary special entitled Beyoncé Presents: Making The Gift.[35] The television film was shot in Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, and United States. The documentary aired on ABC, where DJ Spinall appeared and spoke about the album The Lion King: The Gift, the basis of the documentary.[36] In 2019, he became the first Nigerian DJ to perform in the history of the Glastonbury Festival.[37]In 2020, Spinall was among the 2,300 music executive inductees into The Recording Academy's[38] class of 2020, alongside Bankulli, Lil Nas X, Gunna, Victoria Monét, Juls, among others for the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards. On 26 July 2020, Spinall spoke about The Grammy Award at This Sunday[39] show with DJ Cuppy on Africa Now Radio via Apple Music. He was also among several celebrities such as D'banj, Praiz and Olisa to attend an exclusive party hosted by MTN for the data-bundled music service MusicTour.[40]On 13 May 2022, Spinall released \"PALAZZO\", featuring Asake, and co-written by Olamide. On 22 May 2022, it debuted at number 6 on the UK Afrobeats Singles chart, and reached number 4.[41] On 23 May 2022, it debuted at number 2 on the Nigeria TurnTable Top 50 chart.[42] On 25 May 2022, it debuted at number 6 on the Billboard U.S. Afrobeats Songs. On 11 July 2022, it debuted on the newly launched TurnTable Top 100, an expansion of the Top 50, at number 5.[43] On 13 July 2022, following the initial launch of the Nigeria TurnTable Top Radio Songs chart, it debut at number 7,[44] and number 4 at the Nigeria TurnTable Top Streaming Songs chart.[45]In 2022, Spinall opened for Bruno Mars on tour in Australia and DJed for Jay-Z at his Oscars after party.[46] He was also the closing act for the 2022 MTV Europe Music Awards.[47]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"African Folder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_Folder&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Wizkid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizkid"},{"link_name":"Tiwa Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwa_Savage"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OKAfrica-49"},{"link_name":"Camp Flog Gnaw Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Flog_Gnaw_Carnival"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Listen Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listen_Out"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Coachella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachella_(festival)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"2023-present; Top Boy album","text":"On 13 February 2023, Spinall shared the official art cover to his sixth studio album on his various social media. According to Bomi Anifowose from African Folder, DJ Spinall's Top Boy album borrows a rich collage of African sounds mingling with Western music elements such as synths and electronic chordophones, certifying the body of work as yet another successful sonic experiment.[48] In 2023, he signed with Epic Records and released his new single \"Loju\" feating Wizkid. He had previously collaborated with Wizkid on the singles \"Nowo,\" \"Opoju,\" and \"Dis Love\" (featuring Tiwa Savage).[49]Spinall played numerous festivals in 2023, including Camp Flog Gnaw Carnival[50] and Listen Out.[51] He is also the first Afrobeats DJ to perform at Coachella, playing the festival in 2024.[52]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M.I Abaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.I_Abaga"},{"link_name":"Timaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timaya"},{"link_name":"Olamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olamide"},{"link_name":"Pheelz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheelz"},{"link_name":"Davido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davido"},{"link_name":"Del B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_B"},{"link_name":"Mr Eazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Eazi"},{"link_name":"Yemi Alade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemi_Alade"},{"link_name":"Wizkid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizkid"},{"link_name":"Kiss Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizz_Daniel"},{"link_name":"Dotman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotman"},{"link_name":"Kojo Funds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojo_Funds"},{"link_name":"\"Dis Love\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAcXCdMiuEo"},{"link_name":"Wizkid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizkid"},{"link_name":"Tiwa Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwa_Savage"},{"link_name":"\"When it comes to you Remix\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//seanpaul.lnk.to/TIWASAVAGEXDJSPINALL"},{"link_name":"Sean Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Paul"},{"link_name":"Reminisce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reminisce_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Dice Ailes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dice_Ailes"},{"link_name":"Kranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kranium"},{"link_name":"Omah Lay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omah_Lay"},{"link_name":"Fireboy DML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireboy_DML"},{"link_name":"Adekunle Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adekunle_Gold"},{"link_name":"PALAZZO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PALAZZO"},{"link_name":"Asake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asake"},{"link_name":"Olamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olamide"},{"link_name":"Wizkid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizkid"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Teni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teni_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Selected singles","text":"\"Oluwa\" (feat. M.I Abaga) (2014)\n\"Excuse Me\" (feat. Timaya) (2015)\n\"Attendance\" (feat. Olamide) (2015)\n\"No Sorrow\" (feat. Pheelz) (2015)\n\"Package\" (feat. Davido and Del B) (2016)\n\"Ohema\" (feat. Mr Eazi) (2016)\n\"Pepe Dem\" (feat. Yemi Alade) 2017\n\"Nowo\" (feat. Wizkid) (2018)\n\"Baba\" (feat. Kiss Daniel) (2018)\n\"Omoge\" (feat. Dotman) (2018)\n\"What Do You See?\" (feat Kojo Funds) (2019)\n\"Dis Love\" (feat Wizkid & Tiwa Savage) (2019)\n\"When it comes to you Remix\" (feat Sean Paul & DJ Spinall ft Tiwa Savage) (2019)\n\"EDI\" (feat Reminisce) (2019)\n\"Pressure\" (feat Dice Ailes) (2020)\n\"Everytime\" (feat Kranium) (2020)\n\"Tonight\" (feat Omah Lay) (2020)\n\"Sere\" (feat Fireboy DML) (2020)\n\"Cloud 9\" (feat Adekunle Gold) (2021)\n\"PALAZZO\" (with. Asake) (2022)\n\"Bunda\" (with. Kemuel & Olamide) (2023)\n\"Loju\" (feat Wizkid) (2023)[citation needed]\n\"Psalm 23\" (Spinall & Teni) (2024)[54]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Videography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"BET Awards 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET_Awards_2017"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Mixmag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixmag"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/06/10/the-ends-festival-showcases-dj-spinall-at-londons-lloyd-park/"},{"link_name":"Afro Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro_Nation"},{"link_name":"Afro Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro_Nation"}],"text":"On August 4, 2018, Sodamola began his TheCAPUS Tour 3.0 in Washington, D.C. The tour included Washington, D.C., Minnesota, New York City, Miami, Toronto, Dallas, Atlanta, Indiana and Jacksonville, Florida.[67] He has also performed in other shows and events which include:One Lagos Brand Launch (2016)[68]\nOne Africa Music Fest New York (2017)[69]\nBET Awards 2017 Official DJ (2017)[70]\nMixmag New York Gig (2017)[71]\nMixMag \"The LAB\" New York (2018)[72]\nAfrica All Star Music Fest Toronto (2018)[73]\nOne Africa Music Fest, London (2018)\nOne Africa Music Fest, Dubai (2019)[74]\nGlastonbury Festival (2019)[75]\nEnds Festival (2019) [1]\nAfro Nation, Portugal (2019)\nAfro Nation, Ghana (2019)","title":"Tours and performances"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]
[{"image_text":"Official Trademark of SPINALL","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/SPINALL_logo.jpg/220px-SPINALL_logo.jpg"},{"image_text":"File:DJ Spinall at shody rocks party in 2019.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/DJ_Spinall_at_shody_rocks_party_in_2019%2C_UNIBEN.jpg/220px-DJ_Spinall_at_shody_rocks_party_in_2019%2C_UNIBEN.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of Nigerian DJs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_DJs"}]
[{"reference":"\"DJ Spinall, Ajebutter 22 are a year older today\". Pulse Nigeria. 2 June 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/celebrity-birthday-dj-spinall-ajebutter-22-are-a-year-older-today/yg2ess9","url_text":"\"DJ Spinall, Ajebutter 22 are a year older today\""}]},{"reference":"Kool, C. J. \"Colourful Radio\". Colourful Radio. Retrieved 15 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.colourfulradio.com/content/guest/39587","url_text":"\"Colourful Radio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colourful_Radio","url_text":"Colourful Radio"}]},{"reference":"\"Educational Background – DJ Spinall\". Nigerian Entertainment Today – Nigeria's Number 1 Entertainment Daily. 29 July 2016. Archived from the original on 1 August 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160801083437/http://thenet.ng/2016/07/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-nigerias-fast-rising-jockey-dj-spinall/","url_text":"\"Educational Background – DJ Spinall\""},{"url":"http://thenet.ng/2016/07/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-nigerias-fast-rising-jockey-dj-spinall/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alumni | Tenstrings Music Institute\". Retrieved 12 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tenstrings.org/alumni/","url_text":"\"Alumni | Tenstrings Music Institute\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Artist Is Present: DJ Spinall Wants to Push Afrobeats to the World, Without Forgetting the Culture\". OkayAfrica. 9 June 2017. 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Retrieved 12 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tenstrings.org/alumni/","url_text":"\"Alumni | Tenstrings Music Institute\""}]},{"reference":"Magazine, Tush (25 November 2015). \"DJ SPINALL: Spinning Around the World\". Tush Magazine. Retrieved 14 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://tushmagazine.com.ng/dj-spinall-spinning-around-the-world/","url_text":"\"DJ SPINALL: Spinning Around the World\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tush_Magazine","url_text":"Tush Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"DJ Spinall speaks to Pulse on his journey, losing out at the SMWA's and meeting Killertunes\". Pulse Nigeria. 21 March 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/dj-spinall-on-wizkid-losing-out-on-smvas-and-career-pulse-exclusive-interview/m3c981m","url_text":"\"DJ Spinall speaks to Pulse on his journey, losing out at the SMWA's and meeting Killertunes\""}]},{"reference":"S, Deji (5 June 2014). \"New Video: DJ Spinall Feat. 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Ycee [New Video] » tooXclusive\""},{"Link":"https://notjustok.com/videos/video-dj-spinall-wizkid-nowo/","external_links_name":"\"VIDEO: DJ Spinall & Wizkid – Nowo -\""},{"Link":"https://notjustok.com/videos/video-dj-spinall-ft-kizz-daniel-baba/","external_links_name":"\"VIDEO: DJ Spinall ft. Kizz Daniel – Baba -\""},{"Link":"https://notjustok.com/videos/video-dj-spinall-omoge-ft-dotman/","external_links_name":"\"VIDEO: DJ Spinall – Omoge ft. Dotman -\""},{"Link":"https://notjustok.com/videos/video-dj-spinall-ft-kojo-funds-what-do-you-see/","external_links_name":"\"VIDEO: DJ Spinall ft. Kojo Funds – What Do You See – Notjustok\""},{"Link":"https://rhythm937.com/new-music-video-dj-spinall-feat-wizkid-tiwa-savage-dis-love/","external_links_name":"\"New Music/Video: DJ Spinall Feat. 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Fireboy DML – Sere\""},{"Link":"https://notjustok.com/mp3-songs/spinall-adekunle-gold-cloud-9/","external_links_name":"\"LISTEN: Spinall and Adekunle Gold Deliver New Single 'Cloud 9'\""},{"Link":"https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/05/dj-spinall-asake-palazzo/","external_links_name":"\"DJ Spinall & Asake's \"Palazzo\" Is A Certified Party Starter\""},{"Link":"https://olorisupergal.com/2018/07/13/dj-spinall-set-to-commence-us-canada-tour/","external_links_name":"\"DJ SPINALL set to commence US & Canada Tour – Olori Supergal\""},{"Link":"http://pulse.ng/events/one-lagos-brand-launch-bar-beach-day-2-id5321762.html","external_links_name":"\"One Lagos Brand Launch Bar Beach Day 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.pulse.ng/buzz/dj-spinall-disc-jockey-thinks-one-africa-music-fest-was-wrongly-reported-he-is-the-wrong-one-id6730745.html","external_links_name":"\"DJ Spinall: Disc jockey thinks One Africa Music Fest was wrongly reported, he is the wrong one\""},{"Link":"https://www.channelstv.com/2017/06/23/dj-spinall-official-dj-bet-international-awards-2017/","external_links_name":"\"'DJ Spinall' Official DJ For BET International Awards 2017 • Channels Television\""},{"Link":"https://www.pulse.ng/gist/dj-spinall-dj-tgarbs-to-perform-at-new-yorks-the-lab-nyc-gig-id6594102.html","external_links_name":"\"DJ Spinall, DJ Tgarbs to perform at New York's The Lab NYC gig\""},{"Link":"https://mixmag.net/read/dj-spinall-in-the-lab-nyc-dj-lab","external_links_name":"\"DJ Spinall in The Lab NYC\""},{"Link":"https://www.pulse.com.gh/lifestyle/events/yemi-alade-alikiba-falz-others-for-africa-all-star-music-fest-id8672556.html","external_links_name":"\"Yemi Alade, Alikiba Falz others for Africa All Star Music Fest\""},{"Link":"https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/here-is-why-davido-wizkid-burna-boy-teni-are-in-dubai/xylb5fy","external_links_name":"\"Why are all Nigerian artists in Dubai? [Explainer]\""},{"Link":"https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/dj-spinall-to-perform-at-glastonbury-festival-today/","external_links_name":"\"DJ Spinall to perform at Glastonbury festival today\""},{"Link":"http://notjustok.com/2013/06/02/nigerian-entertainment-awards-2013-view-full-nominees-list/","external_links_name":"\"Nea Awards 2013 Full Nominees List\""},{"Link":"http://tooxclusive.com/news/nea-awards-2014-winners-list/","external_links_name":"\"NEA Awards 2014 Winners List\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150816120130/http://djspinall.com/about/","external_links_name":"\"He has been nominated and won\""},{"Link":"http://djspinall.com/about/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://jaguda.com/2014/11/16/winners-nigerian-broadcasters-merit-awards-nbma-2014/","external_links_name":"\"Winners at Nigerian Broadcasters Merit Awards (NBMA) 2014\""},{"Link":"http://thenet.ng/2015/06/full-list-of-nominees-for-nigerian-entertainment-awards-2015/","external_links_name":"\"NEA Awards 2015 nominees List\""},{"Link":"http://notjustok.com/2015/07/14/notjustok-mavins-ybnl-nominated-for-city-people-entertainment-awards-2015/","external_links_name":"\"NotJustOk, Mavins, YBNL Nominated for City People Entertainment Awards 2015\""},{"Link":"https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/12/thank-you-bellanaijarians-we-won-at-the-beatz-awards-2-0-kiss-daniel-dj-cuppy-cobhams-asuquo-more-also-emerge-winners-see-full-list/","external_links_name":"\"Thank You BellaNaijarians; We Won at the Beatz Awards 2.0! Kiss Daniel, DJ Cuppy, Cobhams Asuquo & More also Emerge Winners – See Full List\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161208102412/http://thenet.ng/2016/07/full-list-of-winners-at-2016-city-people-entertainment-awards/","external_links_name":"\"Full List Of Winners at 2016 City People Entertainment Awards – Nigerian Entertainment Today – Nigeria's Top Website for News, Gossip, Comedy, Videos, Blogs, Events, Weddings, Nollywood, Celebs, Scoop and Games\""},{"Link":"http://thenet.ng/2016/07/full-list-of-winners-at-2016-city-people-entertainment-awards/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170102011347/http://thenet.ng/2016/06/full-nominee-list-for-2016-nigerian-entertainment-awards-nea/","external_links_name":"\"FULL nominee list for 2016 Nigerian Entertainment Awards (NEA) – Nigerian Entertainment Today – Nigeria's Top Website for News, Gossip, Comedy, Videos, Blogs, Events, Weddings, Nollywood, Celebs, Scoop and Games\""},{"Link":"http://thenet.ng/2016/06/full-nominee-list-for-2016-nigerian-entertainment-awards-nea/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.pulse.ng/buzz/nea-2016-adekunle-gold-olamide-kiss-daniel-others-win-big-id5460429.html","external_links_name":"\"NEA 2016: Adekunle Gold, Olamide, Kiss Daniel, others win big\""},{"Link":"https://soundcity.tv/news/2017-beatz-awards-soundcity-africa-is-best-entertainment-tv-radio-station-brand/","external_links_name":"\"2017 Beatz Awards! Soundcity Africa is Best Entertainment TV / Radio Station Brand!\""},{"Link":"http://www.citypeopleonline.com/cpma2017-full-list-winners-city-people-music-awards/","external_links_name":"\"#CPMA2017: Full List Of Winners at the City People Music Awards | City People Magazine\""},{"Link":"http://www.pulse.ng/buzz/wizkid-tekno-davido-nominated-for-best-single-nea-2017-id6960379.html","external_links_name":"\"Wizkid, Tekno, Davido nominated for Best Single NEA 2017\""},{"Link":"http://afrimma.com/afirimma2017nomination-polls/","external_links_name":"\"AFRIMMA 2017 WINNERS – AFRIMMA\""},{"Link":"https://ynaija.com/johnny-drille-dj-cuppy-dj-spinall-killertunes-take-top-awards-at-thebeatzawards-2018/","external_links_name":"\"Johnny Drille, DJ Cuppy, DJ Spinall, Killertunes win top awards at #TheBeatzAwards 2018 (PHOTOS) » YNaija\""},{"Link":"https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/full-list-afrima-nominees-for-2018/","external_links_name":"\"FULL LIST: Simi, Nasty C among top contenders as AFRIMA unveils nominees\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180926170427/http://afrimma.com/2018-nominees/","external_links_name":"\"2018 Nominees – AFRIMMA\""},{"Link":"http://afrimma.com/2018-nominees/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://abryanzstyleandfashionawards.com/most-stylish-male-celebrity-of-the-year/","external_links_name":"\"Most Stylish Male Celebrity of the Year\""},{"Link":"https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/music/304307-full-list-of-winners-at-the-2019-soundcity-mvp-awards.html","external_links_name":"\"Full list of winners at the 2018 SOUNDCITY MVP awards – Premium Times Nigeria\""},{"Link":"https://www.okayafrica.com/full-list-of-2020-soundcity-mvp-award-winners-nigerian-music/","external_links_name":"\"Burna Boy, Tiwa Savage, Rema, Teni & More Win Big at 2020 Soundcity MVP Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/11/beatz-awards-2019-winners/","external_links_name":"\"Thank You BellaNaijarians! We WON at The Beatz Awards 2019 & So Did Kel P Vibes, Johnny Drille | See Full List\""},{"Link":"https://www.okayafrica.com/here-are-the-2019-afrimma-nominees-burna-boy-wizkid/","external_links_name":"\"Here are the 2019 AFRIMMA Nominees\""},{"Link":"https://www.okayafrica.com/afrimma-2019-awards-winners-list/","external_links_name":"\"Here Are All of the Winners at the 2019 AFRIMMA Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/african-muzik-magazine-awards-2020-all-winners","external_links_name":"\"African Muzik Magazine Awards 2020: All the winners\""},{"Link":"https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/10/heres-the-full-list-of-nominees-for-the-beatz-awards-2021/","external_links_name":"\"Here's the Full List of Nominees For The Beatz Awards 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/all-africa-music-awards-2021-all-nominees","external_links_name":"\"All Africa Music Awards 2021: All the nominees\""},{"Link":"https://spinall.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/cbbd8643-19cf-4a01-b258-d21f2d1b2461","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJK_G%C3%BCtersloh
FC Gütersloh
["1 History","2 Rivalries","3 Honours","4 Current squad","5 Notable players","6 Gallery","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°53′30″N 8°23′18″E / 51.89167°N 8.38833°E / 51.89167; 8.38833German association football club Football clubFC GüterslohFull nameFußball-Club Gütersloh e.V.Founded2000; 24 years ago (2000)GroundHeidewaldstadionCapacity8,400ChairmanHeiner Kollmeyer Hans-Hermann Kirschner Helmut DelkerManagerOnkel SerhadLeagueRegionalliga West2022–23Oberliga Westfalen, 1st of 18 (promoted) Home colours Away colours FC Gütersloh is a German association football club based in Gütersloh, North Rhine-Westphalia. History The club was formed in 1978 out of the merger of the football sides of Sport Vereinigung Arminia Gütersloh and Deutsche Jugendkraft Gütersloh in the hopes that the new club would be more successful than its un-storied predecessors. The union was a bit of a surprise because of some ill-will that had existed between the clubs going back to Arminia's refusal to share their stadium facility with DJK, and so make it possible for them to play in the Regionalliga in the late 1960s. Both sides had bounced back and forth between the second and third division through the late 1960s and into the 1970s. After their merger they settled down as a mid-table Amateur Oberliga Westfalen (III) club, with a couple of poor seasons leading to relegation to Verbandsliga Westfalen (IV), but always followed by immediate promotion. The club managed to play their way into the 2. Bundesliga in 1996, on the strength of a Regionalliga West/Südwest title, for a three-year stay, but in 1999 were crushed by their 7 million DM debt. The club was dissolved by a court and all its results for the season annulled. The club was re-organized in 2000 and took up play in the Oberliga Westfalen (IV). In January 2010, it was announced that plans were in the works for a merger with SC Wiedenbrück 2000, but the proposal failed. On 27 October 2013, the Gütersloh side suffered a record defeat losing 5:8 to SpVgg Erkenschwick: the 13 goals scored matched the total of a 1985–86 match that saw DJK Hellweg Lütgendortmund down Sportfreunde Siegen 7:6. In 2014, the club was overshadowed by rumours of around its precarious financial situation and the prospect voluntary withdrawal from play. New merger talks took place with SC Wiedenbruck and SC Verl, but these ended when the club avoided bankruptcy in October 2014 under new management. Since 2012 the club played in the tier five Oberliga Westfalen. After repeated financial troubles, the club filed for insolvency in January 2017, and despite all efforts to secure funding through donations and sponsorship, announced the dissolution and liquidation of assets by the end of May 2017. Surprisingly, new sponsors were presented on 26 May, which pledged to finance operations for the next three years. The insolvency filing is to be cancelled. Rivalries FC Gütersloh followers share a heartfelt rivalry with nearby SC Verl whose supporters tease the "big city club" over its inconsistent performance and financial woes. In turn, FCG look down on the "village club". Honours The club's honours: Regionalliga West/Südwest Champions: 1996 Oberliga Westfalen Champions: 1984, 1995 Westfalenliga – Group 1 Champions: 1991 Westphalia Cup Winners: 2023 Current squad As of 1 February 2024 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 4 DF  GER Lars Beuckmann 5 MF  GER André Kording 6 DF  GER Julian Schauerte 7 MF  GER Ilias Illig 8 MF  GER Allan Firmino Dantas 9 FW  GER Felix Heim 10 FW  GER Matthias Haeder 11 FW  GER Lennard Rolf 12 GK  GER Tim Matuschewsky 13 GK  GER Jarno Peters 15 DF  GER Marcel Lücke 16 MF  GER Tim Manstein 17 MF  GER Nico Buckmaier 18 MF  CZE Patrik Twardzik No. Pos. Nation Player 19 FW  GER Kevin Freiberger 22 FW  GER Markus Esko 23 DF  MOZ Jeffrey Obst 24 DF  GER Pascal Widdecke 25 FW  GER Vincent Ocansey 26 DF  GHA Philimon Tawiah 27 MF  GER Aleksandar Kandic 28 GK  POL Daniel Szczepankiewicz 29 DF  GER Joel Cilgin 30 DF  MNE Armin Pjetrovic 31 MF  GER Hendrik Lohmar 36 DF  GER Leo Weichert 37 FW  LVA Grigorijs Degtjarevs 53 FW  GER Eduard Probst (on loan from SC Verl) Notable players Main category: FC Gütersloh players Kemal Halat Gallery FCG supporters Heidewaldstadion Behind the stands References ^ Grüne, Hardy (2001). Enzyklopädie des deutschen Ligafußballs 7. Vereinslexikon. Kassel: Agon-Sportverlag. ISBN 9783897841475. ^ SCW 2000 und FCG 2000 starten Fusionsgespräche ^ "FCG-Insolvenz steht unmittelbar bevor". Archived from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2017. ^ "Rettung gescheitert: FCG wird aufgelöst". Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2017. ^ "FC Gütersloh in letzter Sekunde gerettet". Archived from the original on 30 May 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017. ^ "Kader der ersten". fcguetersloh.de. Retrieved 22 August 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to FC Gütersloh 2000. Official website (in German) Abseits Guide to German Soccer 51°53′30″N 8°23′18″E / 51.89167°N 8.38833°E / 51.89167; 8.38833 vteRegionalliga West (IV) – 2024–25 clubs 1. FC Bocholt Türkspor Dortmund MSV Duisburg 1. FC Düren Fortuna Düsseldorf II FC Gütersloh Eintracht Hohkeppel 1. FC Köln II Fortuna Köln Sportfreunde Lotte Borussia Mönchengladbach II Rot-Weiß Oberhausen Paderborn 07 II SV Rödinghausen Schalke 04 II KFC Uerdingen SC Wiedenbrück Wuppertaler SV vte2. BundesligaSeasons 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 2024–25 clubs Eintracht Braunschweig Darmstadt 98 Fortuna Düsseldorf SV Elversberg Greuther Fürth Hamburger SV Hannover 96 Hertha BSC 1. FC Kaiserslautern Karlsruher SC 1. FC Köln 1. FC Magdeburg Preußen Münster 1. FC Nürnberg SC Paderborn Jahn Regensburg Schalke 04 SSV Ulm 1846 Former clubs2. Bundesliga (1981–present) Alemannia Aachen VfR Aalen Rot Weiss Ahlen Viktoria Aschaffenburg Erzgebirge Aue FC Augsburg SV Babelsberg 03 SpVgg Bayreuth Blau-Weiß 90 Berlin Tennis Borussia Berlin Union Berlin Arminia Bielefeld VfL Bochum Stahl Brandenburg Werder Bremen Wacker Burghausen VfR Bürstadt SC Charlottenburg Chemnitzer FC Energie Cottbus Dynamo Dresden MSV Duisburg Rot-Weiß Erfurt Rot-Weiss Essen Eintracht Frankfurt FSV Frankfurt Freiburger FC SC Freiburg FC Gütersloh Hallescher FC TSV Havelse 1. FC Heidenheim 1899 Hoffenheim FC Homburg FC Ingolstadt Carl Zeiss Jena Hessen Kassel Holstein Kiel TuS Koblenz Fortuna Köln RB Leipzig VfB Leipzig VfB Lübeck 1. FSV Mainz 05 Waldhof Mannheim SV Meppen Borussia Mönchengladbach TSV 1860 Munich Kickers Offenbach Rot-Weiß Oberhausen VfB Oldenburg VfL Osnabrück FC Remscheid SSV Reutlingen Hansa Rostock 1. FC Saarbrücken FSV Salmrohr SV Sandhausen TuS Schloß Neuhaus 1. FC Schweinfurt 05 Sportfreunde Siegen Union Solingen FC St. Pauli VfB Stuttgart Stuttgarter Kickers Eintracht Trier KFC Uerdingen 05 SpVgg Unterhaching Wattenscheid 09 Wehen Wiesbaden VfL Wolfsburg Wormatia Worms Wuppertaler SV Würzburger Kickers FSV Zwickau 2. Bundesliga Nord (1974–1981) HSV Barmbek-Uhlenhorst Wacker 04 Berlin 1. FC Bocholt Bonner SC OSC Bremerhaven Borussia Dortmund SpVgg Erkenschwick Schwarz-Weiß Essen 1. SC Göttingen 05 DJK Gütersloh Arminia Hannover OSV Hannover SC Herford Westfalia Herne Viktoria Köln Bayer Leverkusen Rot-Weiß Lüdenscheid 1. FC Mülheim Spandauer SV DSC Wanne-Eickel Olympia Wilhelmshaven 2. Bundesliga Süd (1974–1981) Eintracht Bad Kreuznach KSV Baunatal VfB Eppingen FC Hanau 93 VfR Heilbronn Bayern Hof ESV Ingolstadt MTV Ingolstadt VfR Mannheim Borussia Neunkirchen FK Pirmasens BSV 07 Schwenningen Röchling Völklingen Würzburger FV Clubs Introduction Promotion to 2. Bundesliga Promotion to Bundesliga Top scorers
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German association football club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Gütersloh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCtersloh"}],"text":"German association football clubFootball clubFC Gütersloh is a German association football club based in Gütersloh, North Rhine-Westphalia.","title":"FC Gütersloh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sport Vereinigung Arminia Gütersloh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sport_Vereinigung_Arminia_G%C3%BCtersloh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Jugendkraft Gütersloh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deutsche_Jugendkraft_G%C3%BCtersloh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Verbandsliga Westfalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbandsliga_Westfalen"},{"link_name":"2. Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga West/Südwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_West/S%C3%BCdwest"},{"link_name":"Oberliga Westfalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_Westfalen"},{"link_name":"SC Wiedenbrück 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Wiedenbr%C3%BCck_2000"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"SpVgg Erkenschwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpVgg_Erkenschwick"},{"link_name":"Sportfreunde Siegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportfreunde_Siegen"},{"link_name":"SC Verl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Verl"},{"link_name":"Oberliga Westfalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_Westfalen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The club was formed in 1978 out of the merger of the football sides of Sport Vereinigung Arminia Gütersloh and Deutsche Jugendkraft Gütersloh in the hopes that the new club would be more successful than its un-storied predecessors. The union was a bit of a surprise because of some ill-will that had existed between the clubs going back to Arminia's refusal to share their stadium facility with DJK, and so make it possible for them to play in the Regionalliga in the late 1960s.[1]Both sides had bounced back and forth between the second and third division through the late 1960s and into the 1970s. After their merger they settled down as a mid-table Amateur Oberliga Westfalen (III) club, with a couple of poor seasons leading to relegation to Verbandsliga Westfalen (IV), but always followed by immediate promotion. The club managed to play their way into the 2. Bundesliga in 1996, on the strength of a Regionalliga West/Südwest title, for a three-year stay, but in 1999 were crushed by their 7 million DM debt. The club was dissolved by a court and all its results for the season annulled.The club was re-organized in 2000 and took up play in the Oberliga Westfalen (IV). In January 2010, it was announced that plans were in the works for a merger with SC Wiedenbrück 2000, but the proposal failed.[2] On 27 October 2013, the Gütersloh side suffered a record defeat losing 5:8 to SpVgg Erkenschwick: the 13 goals scored matched the total of a 1985–86 match that saw DJK Hellweg Lütgendortmund down Sportfreunde Siegen 7:6. In 2014, the club was overshadowed by rumours of around its precarious financial situation and the prospect voluntary withdrawal from play. New merger talks took place with SC Wiedenbruck and SC Verl, but these ended when the club avoided bankruptcy in October 2014 under new management.Since 2012 the club played in the tier five Oberliga Westfalen.After repeated financial troubles, the club filed for insolvency in January 2017,[3] and despite all efforts to secure funding through donations and sponsorship, announced the dissolution and liquidation of assets by the end of May 2017.[4]Surprisingly, new sponsors were presented on 26 May, which pledged to finance operations for the next three years. The insolvency filing is to be cancelled.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SC Verl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Verl"}],"text":"FC Gütersloh followers share a heartfelt rivalry with nearby SC Verl whose supporters tease the \"big city club\" over its inconsistent performance and financial woes. In turn, FCG look down on the \"village club\".","title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Regionalliga West/Südwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_West/S%C3%BCdwest"},{"link_name":"Oberliga Westfalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_Westfalen"},{"link_name":"Westfalenliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfalenliga"},{"link_name":"Westphalia Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westphalia_Cup"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Verbandspokal"}],"text":"The club's honours:Regionalliga West/Südwest\nChampions: 1996\nOberliga Westfalen\nChampions: 1984, 1995\nWestfalenliga – Group 1\nChampions: 1991\nWestphalia Cup\nWinners: 2023","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"text":"As of 1 February 2024[6]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FC Gütersloh players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:FC_G%C3%BCtersloh_players"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Kemal Halat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemal_Halat"}],"text":"Main category: FC Gütersloh playersKemal Halat","title":"Notable players"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heidewald_02_Guetersloh.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heidewald_01_Guetersloh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Heidewaldstadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidewaldstadion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heidewald-rueckseite.jpg"}],"text":"FCG supporters\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHeidewaldstadion\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBehind the stands","title":"Gallery"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danneel_Harris
Danneel Ackles
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television","5 References","6 External links"]
American actress Not to be confused with Danielle Harris. Danneel AcklesAckles in 2018BornElta Danneel Graul (1979-03-18) March 18, 1979 (age 45)Lafayette, Louisiana, U.S.Other namesDanneel HarrisDanneel GraulOccupationActressYears active1999–presentSpouse Jensen Ackles ​ ​(m. 2010)​Children3 Danneel Ackles (née Elta Danneel Graul; March 18, 1979), credited professionally before 2012 as Danneel Harris, is an American actress. She played the role of Shannon McBain on the American daytime soap opera One Life to Live and Rachel Gatina on the WB/CW television drama series One Tree Hill. Early life Elta Danneel Graul was born in Lafayette, Louisiana and raised in nearby Eunice, a small town in St. Landry Parish. Her father Edward E. Graul Jr. is a practicing ophthalmologist and her mother Deborah Graul works as an interior designer. She was named after her great-grandmother. Her first name is Elta, but she goes by her middle name, Danneel, professionally. The name "Danneel" was inspired by Danneel Street in New Orleans. She moved to Los Angeles to pursue a modeling career. Career Before she landed her first acting role, Harris worked as a model with such companies as Big Sexy Hair and Juicy Jeans. She first appeared in a television commercial. In 2003, Harris landed her first role on the ABC soap opera television series One Life to Live as Shannon McBain, a student attending the fictional Llanview University. Harris relocated to New York for the role, and left the series in December 2004. Harris has since gone on to appear in shows such as JAG, Charmed, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, What I Like About You, NCIS, and Joey. Harris's first film role was in the short film The Plight of Clownana. In 2005, Harris began a major recurring role in the third season of The WB/CW television drama series One Tree Hill. Harris portrayed the role of Rachel Gatina, a bad girl who creates havoc for the residents of Tree Hill and returned to her role as a series regular for the show's fourth season. However, in season five Harris only reprises the role of Rachel in two episodes due to the seasons format change. In June 2009, Harris was confirmed to reprise the role of Rachel in the series seventh season over the course of seven episodes. Harris was in-talks to return for the series eighth season, but, due to scheduling conflicts, these plans never materialized. In January 2007, Harris was the female lead in the New Line Cinema Comedy film Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay, the sequel to the 2004 film Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle. Filming took place in Shreveport, Louisiana, that same month. The film was released in April 2008 to mostly negative reviews (with aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes giving it an average of 53%), despite the film grossing over $43,439,123 worldwide. Harris reprised the role of Vanessa Fanning in the third and final installment of the trilogy, A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas, which was released in November 2011. In both 2009 and 2010, Harris had small supporting roles in the films Fired Up! and The Back-up Plan. Harris in 2011 In May 2009, Harris was cast in the Screen Gems Thriller film The Roommate. The film, also starring Leighton Meester and Cam Gigandet, centers on a college freshman whose roommate has a violent obsession with her. Harris portrays Irene Crew, a high-profile fashion designer. The film was shot on location at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, and suffered numerous push-backs for unknown reasons. The film was eventually released in February 2011 to a $15.6 million opening weekend despite negative reviews from critics and went on to gross over $40 million worldwide. In September 2009, Harris appeared in the sitcom television series pilot Friends with Benefits, which was picked up by NBC. It was originally set to air as a midseason replacement during the 2010–11 television season, but was delayed until August 2011. Harris took on the role of Sara Maxwell, a doctor desperate to find the right guy. The series premiered to a low 2.34 million viewers and to mixed reviews from critics. The series was not renewed. In June 2012, Harris, now going by the professional name Danneel Ackles, was brought in for a recurring role in the second season of the TV Land series Retired at 35. In December 2017 it was announced that Ackles had been cast in the recurring role of Sister Jo in thirteenth season of The CW television series Supernatural. She appeared in a Lifetime television film, The Christmas Contract (2018), alongside former One Tree Hill co-stars Hilarie Burton, Robert Buckley, Tyler Hilton and Antwon Tanner. More recently, Jensen and Danneel Ackles formed Chaos Machine Productions with a deal at Warner Bros. Television. Personal life Harris became engaged to Supernatural actor Jensen Ackles in November 2009 and the couple married on May 15, 2010, in Dallas, Texas. It was announced on January 7, 2013, that the couple were expecting their first child together. Their daughter was born in May 2013. On August 10, 2016, the couple announced that they were expecting twins together, later in the year. Their twins, a son and a daughter, were born in December 2016. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 2004 The Plight of Clownana Dildo Man's Fan Short film; as Danneel Graul 2005 Rule Number One April Short film 2007 Ten Inch Hero Platisha 'Tish' Madison 2008 Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay Vanessa Fanning 2008 Harold & Kumar Go to Amsterdam Vanessa Fanning Short film 2008 Extreme Movie Melissa 2009 Still Waiting... Sherry Direct-to-video 2009 Fired Up! Bianca 2010 The Back-up Plan Olivia 2011 The Roommate Irene Crew 2011 A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas Vanessa Fanning 2012 Mardi Gras: Spring Break Erica 2014 TSA America: Suspicious Bulges Christine Short film Television Year Title Role Notes 1999–2004 One Life to Live Shannon McBain Contract role; 68 episodes 2004 What I Like About You Kate 4 episodes (season 2) 2004 Joey London / Katie Harper 3 episodes 2005 Charmed New Paige Matthews Episode: "Something Wicca This Way Goes" 2005 JAG Cammie Cresswell Episodes: "Straits of Malacca", "Death at the Mosque" 2005–2010 One Tree Hill Rachel Gatina Recurring role (seasons 3, 5, 7); main role (season 4); 52 episodes 2007 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Shasta McCloud Episode: "A La Cart" 2008 Free Radio Danneel Harris Episode: "Lance Gets a Bodyguard" 2008 How I Met Your Mother Nora Zinman Episode: "Shelter Island" 2009 NCIS Jessica Shore Episode: "Love & War" 2009 Trust Me Jessica Episode: "All Hell the Victors" 2009 CSI: Miami Abby Dawson Episode: "Sink or Swim" 2011 Friends with Benefits Sara Maxwell Main role 2012 Retired at 35 Jenn Harris 3 episodes (season 2) 2012 Naughty or Nice Jill Rhodes Television film 2013 How to Live with Your Parents... Olivia Episodes: "How to Fix Up Your Ex", "How to Live with Your Parents for the Rest of Your Life" 2014 Baby Boot Camp Julia Television film 2018–2020 Supernatural Sister Jo / Anael Recurring role (seasons 13–15); 5 episodes 2018 The Christmas Contract Naomi Television film References ^ a b "Jensen Ackles and Danneel Harris Wedding". Celebrity Bride Guide. May 15, 2010. Archived from the original on July 30, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2013. ^ a b c d "Danneel Ackles – Biography". TVGuide.com. Retrieved December 2, 2017. ^ a b "Danneel Harris". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2017. ^ "One Tree Hill: Danneel Harris' Return Confirmed". Buddytv.com. June 29, 2009. Archived from the original on December 25, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2012. ^ Adalian, Josef (February 24, 2011). "NBC Pretty Much Cancels Three Shows Before They Premiere". New York Magazine – Vulture. Retrieved December 2, 2017. ^ "11 Board Harold & Kumar 2". ComingSoon.net. January 31, 2007. Archived from the original on February 2, 2007. Retrieved October 1, 2012. ^ "Danneel Harris Is the Latest Roommate | Horror Movie, DVD, & Book Reviews, News, Interviews at Dread Central". Dread Central. June 1, 2009. Retrieved October 1, 2012. ^ "Search: the roommate". Onlocationvacations.com. Archived from the original on July 31, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2012. ^ "The Roommate (2011)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved October 1, 2012. ^ "NBC Picks Up Friends with Benefits". MovieWeb. February 17, 2010. Archived from the original on May 20, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2012. ^ Ausiello, Michael (May 14, 2010). "Breaking: NBC picks up four new series". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on May 17, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2010. ^ "NBC Unveils 2010–11 Primetime Schedule Accented by Five New Comedies, Seven New Dramas and New Alternative Program" (Press release). NBC. May 16, 2010. Retrieved December 2, 2017 – via The Futon Critic. ^ "Friday Final Broadcast Ratings for August 5, 2011 – No Adults 18–49 Adjustments for Originals – Ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on August 17, 2011. Retrieved October 1, 2012. ^ "First look: 'One Tree Hill' star Danneel Ackles on 'Retired at 35' Season 2". Zap2it. June 22, 2012. Archived from the original on June 24, 2012. Retrieved October 1, 2012. ^ a b Turchiano, Danielle (December 1, 2017). "'Supernatural' Casts Danneel Ackles in Recurring Role (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved December 2, 2017. ^ a b Petski, Nellie; Andreeva, Denise (June 13, 2018). "'One Tree Hill' Alums To Star In Lifetime Holiday Movie 'The Christmas Contract'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 23, 2018. ^ a b "Lifetime Just Announced Its Newest Christmas Movie, and You're Going to Love the Cast". Country Living. June 13, 2018. Retrieved August 23, 2018. ^ Turchiano, Danielle (October 8, 2020). "Jensen Ackles and Danneel Ackles Ink Overall Deal at Warner Bros. Television Group". Variety. Retrieved October 9, 2020. ^ Abrams, Natalie (November 9, 2009). "Jensen Ackles and Danneel Harris Are Engaged". TV Guide. Retrieved January 11, 2010. ^ Oh, Eunice (May 16, 2010). "CW Stars Jensen Ackles and Danneel Harris Tie the Knot". People Magazine. Retrieved May 16, 2010. ^ "Baby on the Way for Jensen Ackles". People. January 7, 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2015. ^ Johnson, Zach (June 7, 2013). "Jensen Ackles and Danneel Harris Welcome Daughter Justice Jay "JJ" Ackles". Us Weekly. Retrieved June 7, 2013. ^ "Twins on the Way for Jensen and Danneel Harris Ackles: A Boy and a Girl!". People. August 10, 2016. ^ Drysdale, Jennifer (December 3, 2016). "'Supernatural' Star Jensen Ackles and Wife Danneel Harris Welcome Twins -- Find Out Their Unique Names!". ET Online. Retrieved December 2, 2017. External links Danneel Ackles at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 WorldCat National Spain Germany United States Korea
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She played the role of Shannon McBain on the American daytime soap opera One Life to Live and Rachel Gatina on the WB/CW television drama series One Tree Hill.","title":"Danneel Ackles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lafayette, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVGuide-bio-2"},{"link_name":"Eunice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunice,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"St. Landry Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Landry_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVGuide-bio-2"}],"text":"Elta Danneel Graul was born in Lafayette, Louisiana[2] and raised in nearby Eunice, a small town in St. Landry Parish. Her father Edward E. Graul Jr. is a practicing ophthalmologist and her mother Deborah Graul works as an interior designer. She was named after her great-grandmother. Her first name is Elta, but she goes by her middle name, Danneel, professionally. The name \"Danneel\" was inspired by Danneel Street in New Orleans.[citation needed] She moved to Los Angeles to pursue a modeling career.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Shannon McBain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_McBain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVGuide-bio-2"},{"link_name":"JAG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAG_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Charmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmed"},{"link_name":"CSI: Crime Scene Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSI:_Crime_Scene_Investigation"},{"link_name":"What I Like About You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_I_Like_About_You_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"NCIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCIS_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Joey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hollywood.com-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The WB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_WB"},{"link_name":"CW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_CW"},{"link_name":"One Tree Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Tree_Hill_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Rachel Gatina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Gatina"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"New Line Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Line_Cinema"},{"link_name":"Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_%26_Kumar_Escape_from_Guantanamo_Bay"},{"link_name":"Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_%26_Kumar_Go_to_White_Castle"},{"link_name":"Shreveport, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Very_Harold_%26_Kumar_3D_Christmas"},{"link_name":"Fired Up!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fired_Up!"},{"link_name":"The Back-up Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Back-up_Plan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Danneel_Harris_Sept._2011_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Screen Gems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Gems"},{"link_name":"The Roommate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roommate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Leighton Meester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leighton_Meester"},{"link_name":"Cam Gigandet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_Gigandet"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Friends with Benefits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_With_Benefits_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"TV Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Land"},{"link_name":"Retired at 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retired_at_35"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Supernatural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SN-S13-15"},{"link_name":"Lifetime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifetime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Hilarie Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilarie_Burton"},{"link_name":"Robert Buckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Buckley"},{"link_name":"Tyler Hilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Hilton"},{"link_name":"Antwon Tanner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwon_Tanner"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christmas-Contract1-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christmas-Contract2-17"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Television_Studios"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Before she landed her first acting role, Harris worked as a model with such companies as Big Sexy Hair and Juicy Jeans. She first appeared in a television commercial. In 2003, Harris landed her first role on the ABC soap opera television series One Life to Live as Shannon McBain, a student attending the fictional Llanview University. Harris relocated to New York for the role,[2] and left the series in December 2004. Harris has since gone on to appear in shows such as JAG, Charmed, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, What I Like About You, NCIS, and Joey.[3] Harris's first film role was in the short film The Plight of Clownana.[citation needed]In 2005, Harris began a major recurring role in the third season of The WB/CW television drama series One Tree Hill. Harris portrayed the role of Rachel Gatina, a bad girl who creates havoc for the residents of Tree Hill and returned to her role as a series regular for the show's fourth season. However, in season five Harris only reprises the role of Rachel in two episodes due to the seasons format change. In June 2009, Harris was confirmed to reprise the role of Rachel in the series seventh season over the course of seven episodes.[4] Harris was in-talks to return for the series eighth season, but, due to scheduling conflicts, these plans never materialized.[5]In January 2007, Harris was the female lead in the New Line Cinema Comedy film Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay, the sequel to the 2004 film Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle. Filming took place in Shreveport, Louisiana, that same month.[6] The film was released in April 2008 to mostly negative reviews (with aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes giving it an average of 53%), despite the film grossing over $43,439,123 worldwide. Harris reprised the role of Vanessa Fanning in the third and final installment of the trilogy, A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas, which was released in November 2011. In both 2009 and 2010, Harris had small supporting roles in the films Fired Up! and The Back-up Plan.Harris in 2011In May 2009, Harris was cast in the Screen Gems Thriller film The Roommate.[7] The film, also starring Leighton Meester and Cam Gigandet, centers on a college freshman whose roommate has a violent obsession with her. Harris portrays Irene Crew, a high-profile fashion designer. The film was shot on location at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, and suffered numerous push-backs for unknown reasons.[8] The film was eventually released in February 2011 to a $15.6 million opening weekend despite negative reviews from critics and went on to gross over $40 million worldwide.[9]In September 2009, Harris appeared in the sitcom television series pilot Friends with Benefits, which was picked up by NBC.[10] It was originally set to air as a midseason replacement during the 2010–11 television season, but was delayed until August 2011.[11][12] Harris took on the role of Sara Maxwell, a doctor desperate to find the right guy. The series premiered to a low 2.34 million viewers[13] and to mixed reviews from critics. The series was not renewed.In June 2012, Harris, now going by the professional name Danneel Ackles, was brought in for a recurring role in the second season of the TV Land series Retired at 35.[14] In December 2017 it was announced that Ackles had been cast in the recurring role of Sister Jo in thirteenth season of The CW television series Supernatural.[15] She appeared in a Lifetime television film, The Christmas Contract (2018), alongside former One Tree Hill co-stars Hilarie Burton, Robert Buckley, Tyler Hilton and Antwon Tanner.[16][17] More recently, Jensen and Danneel Ackles formed Chaos Machine Productions with a deal at Warner Bros. Television.[18]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supernatural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Jensen Ackles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jensen_Ackles"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbgweds-1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Harris became engaged to Supernatural actor Jensen Ackles in November 2009[19] and the couple married on May 15, 2010, in Dallas, Texas.[1][20] It was announced on January 7, 2013, that the couple were expecting their first child together.[21] Their daughter was born in May 2013.[22] On August 10, 2016, the couple announced that they were expecting twins together, later in the year.[23] Their twins, a son and a daughter, were born in December 2016.[24]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}]
[{"image_text":"Harris in 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Danneel_Harris_Sept._2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Danneel_Harris_Sept._2011_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Jensen Ackles and Danneel Harris Wedding\". Celebrity Bride Guide. May 15, 2010. Archived from the original on July 30, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130730015424/http://www.celebritybrideguide.com/jensen-ackles-and-danneel-harris-wedding/","url_text":"\"Jensen Ackles and Danneel Harris Wedding\""},{"url":"http://www.celebritybrideguide.com/jensen-ackles-and-danneel-harris-wedding/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Danneel Ackles – Biography\". TVGuide.com. Retrieved December 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/danneel-ackles/bio/324828/","url_text":"\"Danneel Ackles – Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Danneel Harris\". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2017. 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Retrieved October 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/31951/danielle-harris-latest-roommate","url_text":"\"Danneel Harris Is the Latest Roommate | Horror Movie, DVD, & Book Reviews, News, Interviews at Dread Central\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search: the roommate\". Onlocationvacations.com. Archived from the original on July 31, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180731062251/https://onlocationvacations.com/index.php?s=the+roommate","url_text":"\"Search: the roommate\""},{"url":"http://www.onlocationvacations.com/index.php?s=the+roommate","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Roommate (2011)\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved October 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=roommate10.htm","url_text":"\"The Roommate (2011)\""}]},{"reference":"\"NBC Picks Up Friends with Benefits\". MovieWeb. February 17, 2010. Archived from the original on May 20, 2013. 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Retrieved December 2, 2017 – via The Futon Critic.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2010/05/16/nbc-unveils-2010-2011-primetime-schedule/20100516nbc01/","url_text":"\"NBC Unveils 2010–11 Primetime Schedule Accented by Five New Comedies, Seven New Dramas and New Alternative Program\""}]},{"reference":"\"Friday Final Broadcast Ratings for August 5, 2011 – No Adults 18–49 Adjustments for Originals – Ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on August 17, 2011. 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Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2018/06/one-tree-hill-alums-star-lifetime-holiday-movie-the-christmas-contract-hilarie-burton-1202409088/","url_text":"\"'One Tree Hill' Alums To Star In Lifetime Holiday Movie 'The Christmas Contract'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lifetime Just Announced Its Newest Christmas Movie, and You're Going to Love the Cast\". Country Living. June 13, 2018. Retrieved August 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.countryliving.com/life/entertainment/a21347699/the-christmas-contract-lifetime-movie/","url_text":"\"Lifetime Just Announced Its Newest Christmas Movie, and You're Going to Love the Cast\""}]},{"reference":"Turchiano, Danielle (October 8, 2020). \"Jensen Ackles and Danneel Ackles Ink Overall Deal at Warner Bros. Television Group\". Variety. Retrieved October 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/jensen-ackles-danneel-ackles-warner-bros-overall-deal-chaos-machine-productions-1234798234/","url_text":"\"Jensen Ackles and Danneel Ackles Ink Overall Deal at Warner Bros. Television Group\""}]},{"reference":"Abrams, Natalie (November 9, 2009). \"Jensen Ackles and Danneel Harris Are Engaged\". TV Guide. Retrieved January 11, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/News/Jensen-Ackles-Engaged-1011811.aspx","url_text":"\"Jensen Ackles and Danneel Harris Are Engaged\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide","url_text":"TV Guide"}]},{"reference":"Oh, Eunice (May 16, 2010). \"CW Stars Jensen Ackles and Danneel Harris Tie the Knot\". People Magazine. Retrieved May 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20369633,00.html","url_text":"\"CW Stars Jensen Ackles and Danneel Harris Tie the Knot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Magazine","url_text":"People Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"Baby on the Way for Jensen Ackles\". People. January 7, 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/parents/supernatural-jensen-ackles-expecting-first-child/","url_text":"\"Baby on the Way for Jensen Ackles\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Zach (June 7, 2013). \"Jensen Ackles and Danneel Harris Welcome Daughter Justice Jay \"JJ\" Ackles\". Us Weekly. Retrieved June 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-moms/news/jensen-ackles-and-danneel-harris-welcome-daughter-justice-jay-201376","url_text":"\"Jensen Ackles and Danneel Harris Welcome Daughter Justice Jay \"JJ\" Ackles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us_Weekly","url_text":"Us Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"Twins on the Way for Jensen and Danneel Harris Ackles: A Boy and a Girl!\". People. August 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/parents/jensen-ackles-danneel-harris-pregnant-expecting-twins-son-daughter/","url_text":"\"Twins on the Way for Jensen and Danneel Harris Ackles: A Boy and a Girl!\""}]},{"reference":"Drysdale, Jennifer (December 3, 2016). \"'Supernatural' Star Jensen Ackles and Wife Danneel Harris Welcome Twins -- Find Out Their Unique Names!\". ET Online. Retrieved December 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etonline.com/news/204191_supernatural_star_jensen_ackles_and_wife_danneel_harris_welcome_twins_find_out_their_unique_names/","url_text":"\"'Supernatural' Star Jensen Ackles and Wife Danneel Harris Welcome Twins -- Find Out Their Unique Names!\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelia_Bloomer_Book_List
Rise: A Feminist Book Project
["1 History","2 Criteria","3 Impact","4 Honorees","5 References","6 External links"]
ALA feminist book list Rise: A Feminist Book Project, formerly known as the Amelia Bloomer Project and compiled by the American Library Association, is an annual list of books with significant feminist content that are intended for readers from birth to age 18. The Amelia Bloomer Project was started in 2002 and continued annually until the name change in 2020. Rise is unique from other book lists in that it selects books based on content. Researchers, librarians, and educators have used the list to recognize and select books with feminist content for young people. History The American Library Association's Feminist Task Force (FTF) of the Social Responsibilities Round Table initiated an annual curation of the top feminist books in 2002 to promote "quality feminist literature for young readers". The FTF chose to name the project after Amelia Bloomer, "an American writer and newspaper editor who campaigned for temperance, women's rights, and dress reform." In 2020, the FTF decided to rename the annual book list to Rise: A Feminist Book Project. The name change came after the FTF learned that Amelia Bloomer "refused to speak against the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850". The committee stated that "librarians and libraries must work to correct social problems and inequities with particular attention to intersectionality, feminism, and deliberate anti-racism". This belief prompted the 2020 name change. Criteria The judges consider both fiction and nonfictional, as well as illustrated books that have been published in the previous 18 months. Every year, books are judged based on three main criteria: Significant feminist content Directed toward readers between ages 0 to 18 Literary and artistic merit The books selected for the project fall into six categories based on target audience and genre: Early Readers Fiction and Nonfiction, Middle Grade Fiction and Nonfiction, and Young Adult Fiction and Nonfiction. Impact In 2016, Kimberly Campbell Kinnaird selected 27 historical fiction novels from the Amelia Bloomer Project to "examine authenticity and empowerment" using "Boreen's three stages of historical authenticity (1999) and Brown and St. Clair's three levels of female empowerment (2002)". Kinnaird's study found the books highly correlated with "female protagonists’ authenticity and empowerment." The books included female characters that acted "courageously within society’s bounds," defied "society for personal ambition," and acted "as a catalyst for change." Honorees The American Library Association's Feminist Task Force of the Social Responsibilities Round Table selects books annually for Rise: A Feminist Book Project in six categories based on target audience and genre: Early Readers Fiction and Nonfiction, Middle Grade Fiction and Nonfiction, and Young Adult Fiction and Nonfiction. The following lists the top ten books between 2013 and 2021. Before 2013, the Feminist Task Force did not select the top ten books. RISE: Top Ten (2013-2021) Year Audience Genre Title Author 2013 Early Readers Nonfiction In the Bag!: Margaret Knight Wraps It Up Monica Kulling, illus. by David Parkins Heart on Fire: Susan B. Anthony Votes for President Ann Malaspina, illus. by Steve James Dolores Huerta: A Hero to Migrant Workers Sarah E. Warren with Robert Casilla (Illus.) Young Adult Fiction Womanthology: Heroic Various Code Name Verity Elizabeth Wein Nonfiction King Peggy: An American Secretary, Her Royal Destiny, and the Inspiring Story of How She Changed an African Village Peggielene Bartels and Eleanor Herman Rookie Yearbook One Tavi Gevinson (editor) Grace and Grit: My Fight for Equal Pay and Fairness at Goodyear and Beyond Lilly Ledbetter with Lanier Scott Isom A Little F’d Up: Why Feminism Is Not a Dirty Word Julie Zeilinger 2014 Early Readers Nonfiction Global Baby Girls Global Fund for Children Flying Solo: How Ruth Elder Soared into America’s Heart Julie Cummins, illus. by Malene R. Laugesen Brave Girl: Clara and the Shirtwaist Makers’ Strike of 1909 Michelle Markel with Melissa Sweet (Illus.) Middle Grade Profiles: Freedom Heroines Frieda Wishinsky Young Adult However Long the Night: Molly Melching's Journey to Help Millions of African Women and Girls Triumph Aimee Molloy Double Victory: How African American Women Broke Race and Gender Barriers to Help Win World War II Cheryl Mullenbach The Good Girls Revolt: How the Women of Newsweek Sued Their Bosses and Changed the Workplace Lynn Povich I am Malala: The Girl Who Stood Up for Education and Was Shot by the Taliban Malala Yousafzai with Christina Lamb What Will It Take to Make a Woman President? Marianne Schnall Rookie Yearbook Two Tavi Gevinson (editor) 2015 Early Readers Fiction A Pair of Twins Kavitha Mandana, illus. by Nayantara Surendranath Nonfiction Every Day is Malala Day Rosemary McCarney with Plan International Middle Grade Fiction Hidden Donna Jo Napoli Nonfiction A Woman in the House (and Senate): How Women Came to the United States Congress, Broke Down Barriers, and Changed the Country Ilene Cooper, illus. by Elizabeth Baddeley Because I Am A Girl: I Can Change the World Rosemary McCarney with Plan International I Am Malala: How One Girl Stood Up for Education and Changed the World: Young Readers Edition Malala Yousafzai with Patricia McCormick Young Adult Fiction My Notorious Life Katy Manning Tomboy: A Graphic Memoir Liz Prince Ms. Marvel: No Normal G. Willow Wilson, illus. by Adrian Alphona Nonfiction Sally Ride: America's First Woman in Space Lynn Sherr 2016 Early Readers Fiction Drum Dream Girl: How One Girl’s Courage Changed Music Margarita Engle, illus. by Rafael López Nonfiction Swing Sisters: The Story of the International Sweethearts of Rhythm Karen Deans, illus. by Joe Cepeda Middle Grade Voice of Freedom: Fannie Lou Hamer: The Spirit of the Civil Rights Movement Carole Boston Weatherford, illus. by Ekua Holmes Sally Ride: A Photobiography of America’s Pioneering Woman in Space Tam O'Shaughnessy Young Adult Fiction The Boston Girl Anita Diamant Devoted Jennifer Mathieu Nonfiction We Should All Be Feminists Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Notorious RBG: The Life and Times of Ruth Bader Ginsburg Irin Carmon and Shana Knizhnik The Born Frees: Writing with the Girls of Gugulethu Kimberly Burge and Lynn Sherr African American Women: Photographs from the National Museum of African American History and Culture 2017 Early Readers Nonfiction I Dissent: Ruth Bader Ginsburg Makes Her Mark Debbie Levy, illus. by Elizabethe Baddeley Ada Lovelace, Poet of Science: The First Computer Programmer Diane Stanley, illus. by Jessie Hartland Young Adult Fiction Burn Baby Burn Meg Medina Exit, Pursueda Bear E. K. Johnston The Lie Tree Frances Hardinge Nonfiction Balcony on the Moon Ibtisam Barakat Becoming Unbecoming Una Take It As a Compliment Maria Stoian Trainwreck: The Women We Love to Hate, Mock, and Fear… and Why Sady Doyle We Believe You: Survivors of Campus Sexual Assault Speak Out Annie E. Clark and Andrea L. Pino 2018 Early Readers Fiction Hand Over Hand Alma Fullerton, illus. by Renné Benoit Nonfiction Malala's Magic Pencil Malala Yousafzai, illus. by Kerascoët Shark Lady: The True Story of How Eugenie Clark Became the Ocean's Most Fearless Scientist Jess Keating, illus. by Marta Alvarez Miguens Middle Grade Fiction Ahimsa Supriya Kelkar Young Adult Noteworthy Riley Redgate Piecing Me Together Renée Watson Saints and Misfits S.K. Ali The One Hundred Nights of Hero Isabel Greenberg Nonfiction #NotYourPrincess: Voices of Native American Women Lisa Charleyboy and Mary Beth Leatherdale (editors) Girl Rising: Changing the World One Girl at a Time Tanya Lee Stone 2019 Early Readers Fiction Sugar and Snails Sarah Tsiang with Sonja Wimmer Middle Grade Crush Svetlana Chmakova Amal Unbound Aisha Saeed Young Adult The Poet X Elizabeth Acevedo Speak: The Graphic Novel Laurie Halse Anderson, illus. by Emily Carroll Damsel Elana K. Arnold As the Crow Flies Melanie Gillman Learning to Breathe Janice Lynn Mather Blood Water Paint Joy McCullough Naondel Maria Turtschaninoff 2020 Early Readers Fiction A Boy Like You Frank Murphy, illus. by Kayla Harren At the Mountain's Base Traci Sorell with Weshoyot Alvitre The Proudest Blue: A Story of Hijab and Family Ibtihaj Muhammad, illus. by S.K. Ali and Hatem Aly Nonfiction Rise! From Caged Bird to Poet of the People, Maya Angelou Bethany Hegedus, illus. by Tonya Engel What Do You Do With a Voice Like That? The Story of Extraordinary Congresswoman Barbara Jordan Chris Barton, illus. by Ekua Holmes Young Adult Fiction Forward Me Back to You Mitali Perkins Surviving the City, Vol. 1 Tasha Spillett and Natasha Donovan Thirteen Doorways, Wolves Behind Them All Laura Ruby We Set the Dark on Fire Tehlor Kay Mejia Nonfiction Shout Laurie Halse Anderson 2021 Early Readers Nonfiction Consent (For Kids!): Boundaries, Respect, and Being in Charge of You Rachel Brian It Began With a Page: How Gyo Fujikawa Drew the Way Kyo Maclear, illus. by Julie Morstad Ritu Weds Chandni Ameya Narvankar Ruth Objects: The Life of Ruth Bader Ginsburg Doreen Rappaport, illus. by Eric Velasquez Young Adult Fiction Clap When You Land Elizabeth Acevedo Red Hood Elana K. Arnold Every Body Looking Candice Iloh Nonfiction Say Her Name Zetta Elliot Know My Name: A Memoir Chanel Miller 2022 Early Readers Fiction Laxmi’s Mooch Shelly Anand, illus. by Nabi H. Ali The Big Bath House Kyo Maclear, illus by Gracey Zhang Nonfiction Bodies are Cool Tyler Feder Young Adult Fiction Firekeeper’s Daughter Angeline Boulley Last Night at the Telegraph Club Malinda Lo Sistersong Lucy Holland So Many Beginnings: A Little Women Remix Bethany C. Morrow Nonfiction Disability Visibility: First-Person Stories from the Twenty-First Century Alice Wong If I Go Missing Brianna Jonnie with Nahanni Shingoose and Neal Shannacappo (art) Somebody’s Daughter Ashley C. Ford References ^ a b c "The Amelia Bloomer Book List | Awards & Grants". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2021-04-22. ^ a b Meadows, Rebecca. "Children's Books: Amelia Bloomer Book List". UCF Research Guides. University of Central Florida. Archived from the original on 2021-05-27. Retrieved 2021-05-27. ^ a b Law, Jennie S.; McCoy, Maureen; Olshewsky, Beth; Semifero, Angela (Spring 2012). "All About Amelia: The Amelia Bloomer Project". Young Adult Library Services: 4–6 – via EBSCOhost. ^ Schulte-Cooper, Laura (Fall 2015). "Awards that Celebrate Diversity in Children's Literature". Children & Libraries. 13 (3): 34–35. doi:10.5860/cal.13n3.34 – via ProQuest. ^ Buehler, Jennifer; Plumb, Daria; Walsh, Jennifer (2013). "Young Adult Literature Book Awards: A Guide for Newcomers to the Field". The ALAN Review. 40 (3). doi:10.21061/alan.v40i3.a.18. ISSN 1547-741X. Archived from the original on 2021-10-28. Retrieved 2021-10-28. ^ Landers, Alyson. "Children's Social Justice Literature | Learning to Give". Learning to Give. Archived from the original on 2021-10-28. Retrieved 2021-10-28. ^ McElhannon, Sherry; Rogers, Jessica (2016). "Professional Development and Classroom Resources for the Urban Elementary Literacy Educator". In Scott, Lakia M.; Purdum-Cassidy, Barbara (eds.). Culturally Affirming Literacy Practices for Urban Elementary Students. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 163–190. ^ Bennett, Susan V.; Gunn, AnnMarie Alberton; Peterson, Barbara J. (2021). "Access to Multicultural Children's Literature During COVID-19". The Reading Teacher. 74 (6): 785–796. doi:10.1002/trtr.2003. ISSN 1936-2714. PMC 8250665. PMID 34230696. ^ Rowland-Storm, Cuthbert (2018). "Creating an Appealing and Usable Library of High-Quality Diverse Nonfiction Texts". In Yenika-Agbaw, Vivian S.; Hudock, Laura Anne; McKoy Lowery, Ruth (eds.). Exploring Nonfiction Literacies: Innovative Practices in Classrooms. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 9781475843439. ^ Tieger, Kelly (May 2015). If I Had an F: A Feminist Picture Book for Boys (MSEd thesis). Bank Street College of Education. Archived from the original on 2021-10-28. Retrieved 2021-10-28. ^ Kogut, Ashlynn; D’Aveta, Laura; Tabacaru, Simona (2021-05-06). "Assessment of Acquisition Methods for a Juvenile Literature Collection at a Research University". Collection Management. 47 (2–3): 87–100. doi:10.1080/01462679.2021.1919270. ISSN 0146-2679. S2CID 236593541. Archived from the original on 2023-02-21. Retrieved 2021-11-11. ^ a b c Jarnagin, Briana (2020-01-28). "2020 Rise: A Feminist Book Project committee introduces new name and top ten feminist books for young readers". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2021-04-21. ^ a b Feminist Task Force (2021-02-10). "2021 Rise: A Feminist Book Project List". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2021-04-21. ^ a b c Kinnaird, Kimberly Campbell (2016-05-30). Authenticity and empowerment: Female role models in historical fiction from the Amelia Bloomer Project (PhD dissertation). Texas Women's University. hdl:11274/10012. Archived from the original on 2023-02-21. Retrieved 2021-07-07. ^ Feminist Task Force (2017-01-13). "2013 Amelia Bloomer List". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 2021-01-17. Retrieved 2021-04-30. ^ Amundsen, John L. (2014-01-28). "2014 Amelia Bloomer List highlights feminist books for young readers". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 2021-04-30. Retrieved 2021-04-29. ^ Feminist Task Force (2017-01-13). "2015 Amelia Bloomer List". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 2021-04-29. Retrieved 2021-04-29. ^ Feminist Task Force (2017-01-13). "2016 Amelia Bloomer List". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 2020-06-16. Retrieved 2021-04-29. ^ a b Roy, Leila (2016-02-05). "Inspiring Young Feminists: The Amelia Bloomer List". BOOK RIOT. Archived from the original on 2022-01-22. Retrieved 2022-01-22. ^ Feminist Task Force (2017-01-25). "2017 Amelia Bloomer List". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 2021-04-23. Retrieved 2021-04-29. ^ Feminist Task Force (2018-02-14). "2018 Amelia Bloomer List". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2021-04-29. ^ Feminist Task Force (2019-02-01). "2019 Amelia Bloomer List". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 2021-04-25. Retrieved 2021-04-29. ^ Jarnagin, Briana (2020-01-28). "2020 Rise: A Feminist Book Project committee introduces new name and top ten feminist books for young readers". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 2021-04-24. Retrieved 2021-04-29. ^ Yorio, Kara (2020-02-18). "2020 Rise: A Feminist Booklist for Young Readers". School Library Journal. Archived from the original on 2022-02-02. Retrieved 2022-02-02. ^ Feminist Task Force (2021-02-10). "2021 Rise: A Feminist Book Project List". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 2021-04-24. Retrieved 2021-04-29. ^ SLJ Staff (2021-04-22). "2021 RISE Book Project Announces Top 10 Feminist Titles for Young Readers and More | News Bites". School Library Journal. Archived from the original on 2022-02-02. Retrieved 2022-02-02. ^ Chapman, Monica (2022-02-01). "2022 Rise Book Project presents Top Ten feminist books for young readers". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 2022-02-02. Retrieved 2022-02-02. External links Rise: A Feminist Book Project for Ages 0-18 official website vteAmerican Library AssociationFounders Justin Winsor Charles Ammi Cutter Samuel S. Green James L. Whitney Melvil Dewey Fred B. Perkins Thomas W. Bicknell Notable divisions American Association of School Librarians (AASL) Association for Library Collections and Technical Services (ALCTS) Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC) Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) Association of Specialized and Cooperative Library Agencies (ASCLA) Library Information Technology Association (LITA) Public Library Association (PLA) Reference and User Services Association (RUSA) Young Adult Library Services Association (YALSA) Magazines and journals American Libraries Booklist Children and Libraries Choice College & Research Libraries College & Research Libraries News Public Libraries Reference and User Services Quarterly Young Adult Library Services Literary awards and honorsBooks for adults Boyd Brody Andrew Carnegie Dartmouth Gleason library history Stonewall For children and young adults Arbuthnot Batchelder Belpré Caldecott Carnegie (video) Geisel King Legacy Newbery Odyssey (audio) Schneider Sibert Stonewall Excellence in Nonfiction Edwards Morris Printz Book lists ALA Notable Books Alex Awards Amazing YA Audiobooks Best YA Books Great Graphic Novels for Teens Outstanding Academic Title Popular YA Paperbacks Quick Picks Rainbow List Outstanding Reference Sources Rise: A Feminist Book Project Related Presidents of the ALA ALA accredited library schools Banned Books Week Freedom to Read Foundation Library Bill of Rights Rainbow Round Table Black Caucus United States v. American Library Ass'n
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Library Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Library_Association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"excessive citations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations"}],"text":"Rise: A Feminist Book Project, formerly known as the Amelia Bloomer Project and compiled by the American Library Association, is an annual list of books with significant feminist content that are intended for readers from birth to age 18.[1][2] The Amelia Bloomer Project was started in 2002 and continued annually until the name change in 2020. Rise is unique from other book lists in that it selects books based on content.[3]Researchers, librarians, and educators have used the list to recognize and select books with feminist content for young people.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][excessive citations]","title":"Rise: A Feminist Book Project"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Library Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Library_Association"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"}],"text":"The American Library Association's Feminist Task Force (FTF) of the Social Responsibilities Round Table initiated an annual curation of the top feminist books in 2002 to promote \"quality feminist literature for young readers\".[12] The FTF chose to name the project after Amelia Bloomer, \"an American writer and newspaper editor who campaigned for temperance, women's rights, and dress reform.\"[3]In 2020, the FTF decided to rename the annual book list to Rise: A Feminist Book Project. The name change came after the FTF learned that Amelia Bloomer \"refused to speak against the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850\".[12] The committee stated that \"librarians and libraries must work to correct social problems and inequities with particular attention to intersectionality, feminism, and deliberate anti-racism\".[12] This belief prompted the 2020 name change.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-2"}],"text":"The judges consider both fiction and nonfictional, as well as illustrated books that have been published in the previous 18 months.[1]Every year, books are judged based on three main criteria:[1]Significant feminist content\nDirected toward readers between ages 0 to 18\nLiterary and artistic meritThe books selected for the project fall into six categories based on target audience and genre: Early Readers Fiction and Nonfiction, Middle Grade Fiction and Nonfiction, and Young Adult Fiction and Nonfiction.[13][2]","title":"Criteria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"}],"text":"In 2016, Kimberly Campbell Kinnaird selected 27 historical fiction novels from the Amelia Bloomer Project to \"examine authenticity and empowerment\" using \"Boreen's three stages of historical authenticity (1999) and Brown and St. Clair's three levels of female empowerment (2002)\".[14] Kinnaird's study found the books highly correlated with \"female protagonists’ authenticity and empowerment.\"[14] The books included female characters that acted \"courageously within society’s bounds,\" defied \"society for personal ambition,\" and acted \"as a catalyst for change.\"[14]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Library Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Library_Association"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"}],"text":"The American Library Association's Feminist Task Force of the Social Responsibilities Round Table selects books annually for Rise: A Feminist Book Project in six categories based on target audience and genre: Early Readers Fiction and Nonfiction, Middle Grade Fiction and Nonfiction, and Young Adult Fiction and Nonfiction.[13]The following lists the top ten books between 2013 and 2021. Before 2013, the Feminist Task Force did not select the top ten books.","title":"Honorees"}]
[]
null
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Retrieved 2021-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://guides.ucf.edu/c.php?g=851147&p=7646986","url_text":"\"Children's Books: Amelia Bloomer Book List\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210527121904/https://guides.ucf.edu/c.php?g=851147&p=7646986","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Law, Jennie S.; McCoy, Maureen; Olshewsky, Beth; Semifero, Angela (Spring 2012). \"All About Amelia: The Amelia Bloomer Project\". Young Adult Library Services: 4–6 – via EBSCOhost.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Schulte-Cooper, Laura (Fall 2015). \"Awards that Celebrate Diversity in Children's Literature\". Children & Libraries. 13 (3): 34–35. doi:10.5860/cal.13n3.34 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/openview/7af557327017348c54b8e19669b8220b%5d","url_text":"\"Awards that Celebrate Diversity in Children's Literature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5860%2Fcal.13n3.34","url_text":"10.5860/cal.13n3.34"}]},{"reference":"Buehler, Jennifer; Plumb, Daria; Walsh, Jennifer (2013). \"Young Adult Literature Book Awards: A Guide for Newcomers to the Field\". The ALAN Review. 40 (3). doi:10.21061/alan.v40i3.a.18. ISSN 1547-741X. Archived from the original on 2021-10-28. Retrieved 2021-10-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/ALAN/v40n3/buehler.html","url_text":"\"Young Adult Literature Book Awards: A Guide for Newcomers to the Field\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.21061%2Falan.v40i3.a.18","url_text":"10.21061/alan.v40i3.a.18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1547-741X","url_text":"1547-741X"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211028020520/https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/ALAN/v40n3/buehler.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Landers, Alyson. \"Children's Social Justice Literature | Learning to Give\". Learning to Give. Archived from the original on 2021-10-28. 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PMID 34230696.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8250665","url_text":"\"Access to Multicultural Children's Literature During COVID-19\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Ftrtr.2003","url_text":"10.1002/trtr.2003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1936-2714","url_text":"1936-2714"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8250665","url_text":"8250665"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34230696","url_text":"34230696"}]},{"reference":"Rowland-Storm, Cuthbert (2018). \"Creating an Appealing and Usable Library of High-Quality Diverse Nonfiction Texts\". In Yenika-Agbaw, Vivian S.; Hudock, Laura Anne; McKoy Lowery, Ruth (eds.). Exploring Nonfiction Literacies: Innovative Practices in Classrooms. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 9781475843439.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781475843439","url_text":"9781475843439"}]},{"reference":"Tieger, Kelly (May 2015). If I Had an F: A Feminist Picture Book for Boys (MSEd thesis). Bank Street College of Education. Archived from the original on 2021-10-28. Retrieved 2021-10-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://educate.bankstreet.edu/independent-studies/154","url_text":"If I Had an F: A Feminist Picture Book for Boys"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211028020535/https://educate.bankstreet.edu/independent-studies/154/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kogut, Ashlynn; D’Aveta, Laura; Tabacaru, Simona (2021-05-06). \"Assessment of Acquisition Methods for a Juvenile Literature Collection at a Research University\". Collection Management. 47 (2–3): 87–100. doi:10.1080/01462679.2021.1919270. ISSN 0146-2679. S2CID 236593541. Archived from the original on 2023-02-21. 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American Library Association. Archived from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2021-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ala.org/news/2019/1/rise-feminist-titles-2020","url_text":"\"2020 Rise: A Feminist Book Project committee introduces new name and top ten feminist books for young readers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210422001645/http://www.ala.org/news/2019/1/rise-feminist-titles-2020","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Feminist Task Force (2021-02-10). \"2021 Rise: A Feminist Book Project List\". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2021-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ala.org/rt/2021-rise-feminist-book-project-list","url_text":"\"2021 Rise: A Feminist Book Project List\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210422001714/http://www.ala.org/rt/2021-rise-feminist-book-project-list","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kinnaird, Kimberly Campbell (2016-05-30). 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Retrieved 2021-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ala.org/rt/srrt/2013-amelia-bloomer-list","url_text":"\"2013 Amelia Bloomer List\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210117211537/http://www.ala.org/rt/srrt/2013-amelia-bloomer-list","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Amundsen, John L. (2014-01-28). \"2014 Amelia Bloomer List highlights feminist books for young readers\". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 2021-04-30. Retrieved 2021-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2014/01/2014-amelia-bloomer-list-highlights-feminist-books-young-readers","url_text":"\"2014 Amelia Bloomer List highlights feminist books for young readers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210430001836/http://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2014/01/2014-amelia-bloomer-list-highlights-feminist-books-young-readers","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Feminist Task Force (2017-01-13). \"2015 Amelia Bloomer List\". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 2021-04-29. Retrieved 2021-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ala.org/rt/srrt/2015-amelia-bloomer-list","url_text":"\"2015 Amelia Bloomer List\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210429214907/http://www.ala.org/rt/srrt/2015-amelia-bloomer-list","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Feminist Task Force (2017-01-13). \"2016 Amelia Bloomer List\". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 2020-06-16. Retrieved 2021-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ala.org/rt/srrt/2016-amelia-bloomer-list","url_text":"\"2016 Amelia Bloomer List\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200616211928/http://www.ala.org/rt/srrt/2016-amelia-bloomer-list","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Roy, Leila (2016-02-05). \"Inspiring Young Feminists: The Amelia Bloomer List\". BOOK RIOT. Archived from the original on 2022-01-22. Retrieved 2022-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://bookriot.com/inspiring-young-feminists-amelia-bloomer-list/","url_text":"\"Inspiring Young Feminists: The Amelia Bloomer List\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220122142342/https://bookriot.com/inspiring-young-feminists-amelia-bloomer-list/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Feminist Task Force (2017-01-25). \"2017 Amelia Bloomer List\". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 2021-04-23. Retrieved 2021-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ala.org/rt/srrt/2017-amelia-bloomer-list","url_text":"\"2017 Amelia Bloomer List\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210423144020/http://www.ala.org/rt/srrt/2017-amelia-bloomer-list","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Feminist Task Force (2018-02-14). \"2018 Amelia Bloomer List\". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2021-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ala.org/rt/srrt/2018-amelia-bloomer-list","url_text":"\"2018 Amelia Bloomer List\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210422010431/http://www.ala.org/rt/srrt/2018-amelia-bloomer-list","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Feminist Task Force (2019-02-01). \"2019 Amelia Bloomer List\". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 2021-04-25. Retrieved 2021-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ala.org/rt/srrt/2019-amelia-bloomer-list","url_text":"\"2019 Amelia Bloomer List\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210425115332/http://www.ala.org/rt/srrt/2019-amelia-bloomer-list","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jarnagin, Briana (2020-01-28). \"2020 Rise: A Feminist Book Project committee introduces new name and top ten feminist books for young readers\". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 2021-04-24. Retrieved 2021-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ala.org/news/2019/1/rise-feminist-titles-2020","url_text":"\"2020 Rise: A Feminist Book Project committee introduces new name and top ten feminist books for young readers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210424195427/http://www.ala.org/news/2019/1/rise-feminist-titles-2020","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Yorio, Kara (2020-02-18). \"2020 Rise: A Feminist Booklist for Young Readers\". School Library Journal. Archived from the original on 2022-02-02. Retrieved 2022-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slj.com/?detailStory=2020-rise-a-feminist-booklist-for-young-readers","url_text":"\"2020 Rise: A Feminist Booklist for Young Readers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220202002826/https://www.slj.com/?detailStory=2020-rise-a-feminist-booklist-for-young-readers","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Feminist Task Force (2021-02-10). \"2021 Rise: A Feminist Book Project List\". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 2021-04-24. Retrieved 2021-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ala.org/rt/2021-rise-feminist-book-project-list","url_text":"\"2021 Rise: A Feminist Book Project List\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210424195528/http://www.ala.org/rt/2021-rise-feminist-book-project-list","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"SLJ Staff (2021-04-22). \"2021 RISE Book Project Announces Top 10 Feminist Titles for Young Readers and More | News Bites\". School Library Journal. Archived from the original on 2022-02-02. Retrieved 2022-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slj.com/?detailStory=2021-RISE-book-project-announces-top-10-feminist-titles-for-young-readers-news-bites","url_text":"\"2021 RISE Book Project Announces Top 10 Feminist Titles for Young Readers and More | News Bites\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220202002828/https://www.slj.com/?detailStory=2021-RISE-book-project-announces-top-10-feminist-titles-for-young-readers-news-bites","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chapman, Monica (2022-02-01). \"2022 Rise Book Project presents Top Ten feminist books for young readers\". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 2022-02-02. Retrieved 2022-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2022/02/2022-rise-book-project-presents-top-ten-feminist-books-young-readers","url_text":"\"2022 Rise Book Project presents Top Ten feminist books for young readers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220202002324/https://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2022/02/2022-rise-book-project-presents-top-ten-feminist-books-young-readers","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Ho-chul
Kim Ho-chul
["1 Clubs","2 Honours","3 References"]
South Korean volleyball player and coach Kim Ho-chulPersonal informationFull nameKim Ho-chulNationalitySouth KoreanBorn (1955-11-13) November 13, 1955 (age 68)Milyang, Gyeongsangnam-doHeight1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)Weight68 kg (150 lb)College / UniversityHanyang UniversityCoaching information Previous teams coachedYearsTeams1995–19961996–19981998–20002000–20032003–20112012–20132013–20152017-20192021-Maxicono ParmaSisley TrevisoPorto RavennaAdria TriesteCheonan Hyundai CapitalSeoul Rush & CashCheonan Hyundai CapitalSouth Korea menHwaseong IBK Altos Volleyball informationPositionSetterCareer YearsTeams 1978–19811981–19831983–19871987–19901990–1995 GS Maxicono Parma Hyundai Sisley Treviso Schio SportNational team 1975–1988 South Korea Honours Representing  South Korea Men's volleyball Asian Games 1978 Bangkok Team 1986 Seoul Team Universiade 1979 Mexico City Team 1977 Sofia Team Last updated: April 29, 2015 In this Korean name, the family name is Kim. Kim Ho-Chul (Korean: 김호철; born November 13, 1955) is a former volleyball player and head coach from South Korea. Kim was nicknamed magico, for his fantastic playing as a setter when he was a player in Italy. He contributed to South Korea men's national volleyball team as a setter from 1975 to 1988, and also won a gold medal in the Asian Games as a head coach in 2006. He competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics and the 1988 Summer Olympics. He joined the Skywalkers as coach in November 2003 and led his team the champion of South Korean Volleyball Championship twice. Clubs Player Years League Club 1980–1981 Korea A GS Communications Corporation 1981–1984 Serie A1 Maxicono Parma 1984–1987 Korea A Hyundai Motor Service 1987–1988 Serie A2 Sisley Treviso 1988–1990 Serie A1 1990–1992 Serie A2 Schio Sport 1992–1995 Serie A1 Coach Years League Club 1995–1996 Serie A1 Maxicono Parma 1996–1998 Serie A1 Sisley Treviso 1998–2000 Serie A1 Porto Ravenna 2001–2003 Serie A2 Trieste 2003–2011 V-League Cheonan Hyundai Capital Skywalkers 2012–2013 V-League Seoul Rush and Cash Dream Six 2003–2015 V-League Cheonan Hyundai Capital Skywalkers Honours 1978 Asian Games Bangkok — Gold medal 1979 Summer Universiad Mexico — Gold medal 1986 Winter League of South Korea — MVP 1981, 1983, 1984 Italian Volleyball League — Best Player Awards 2005-2006 V-League — Best Head-coach Award 2006 Asian Games Doha — Gold medal 2006-2007 V-League — Best Head-coach Award References ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Kim Ho-chul Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2019. ^ Coach Kim to Stay With SkyWalkers Once Again This biographical article relating to volleyball in South Korea is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_name"},{"link_name":"Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_(Korean_name)"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"South Korea men's national volleyball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_men%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"1984 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1988 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SportsRef-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In this Korean name, the family name is Kim.Kim Ho-Chul (Korean: 김호철; born November 13, 1955) is a former volleyball player and head coach from South Korea. Kim was nicknamed magico, for his fantastic playing as a setter when he was a player in Italy. He contributed to South Korea men's national volleyball team as a setter from 1975 to 1988, and also won a gold medal in the Asian Games as a head coach in 2006. He competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics and the 1988 Summer Olympics.[1]He joined the Skywalkers as coach in November 2003 and led his team the champion of South Korean Volleyball Championship twice.[2]","title":"Kim Ho-chul"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Clubs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1978 Asian Games Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1978_Asian_Games_Bangkok&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1979 Summer Universiad Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1979_Summer_Universiad_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2005-2006 V-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2005-2006_V-League&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2006 Asian Games Doha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_2006"},{"link_name":"2006-2007 V-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006-2007_V-League&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"1978 Asian Games Bangkok — Gold medal\n1979 Summer Universiad Mexico — Gold medal\n1986 Winter League of South Korea — MVP\n1981, 1983, 1984 Italian Volleyball League — Best Player Awards\n2005-2006 V-League — Best Head-coach Award\n2006 Asian Games Doha — Gold medal\n2006-2007 V-League — Best Head-coach Award","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Kim Ho-chul Olympic Results\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417233842/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ki/kim-ho-cheol-1.html","url_text":"\"Kim Ho-chul Olympic Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ki/kim-ho-cheol-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mahovlich
Pete Mahovlich
["1 Early life","2 Playing career","3 Post-playing career","4 Career statistics","4.1 Regular season and playoffs","4.2 International","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Canadian ice hockey player (born 1946) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Pete Mahovlich" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ice hockey player Pete Mahovlich Mahovlich in 2008Born (1946-10-10) October 10, 1946 (age 77)Timmins, Ontario, CanadaHeight 6 ft 5 in (196 cm)Weight 210 lb (95 kg; 15 st 0 lb)Position CentreShot LeftPlayed for Detroit Red WingsMontreal CanadiensPittsburgh PenguinsNational team  CanadaNHL draft 2nd overall, 1963Detroit Red WingsPlaying career 1965–1982 Peter Joseph Mahovlich (born October 10, 1946) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player, coach and executive. Known in his playing years as "Little M", as his older brother Frank was the "Big M", Mahovlich played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with several clubs, including the Montreal Canadiens, where he played with his brother and was a member of four Stanley Cup championship teams. Early life Mahovlich played as a first baseman on his high school baseball team, beating out Gord Kirke for the position. Like his brother Frank, Peter attended St. Michael's College School in Toronto (1961-63) where he played on their Junior B Hockey team. Playing career Mahovlich was drafted second overall by the Detroit Red Wings in the 1963 NHL amateur draft. He played for the National Hockey League's Detroit Red Wings twice, Montreal Canadiens, Pittsburgh Penguins, the Ontario Hockey Association's Hamilton Red Wings, the AHL's Pittsburgh Hornets, Montreal Voyageurs, Adirondack Red Wings, the Central Hockey League's Fort Worth Wings and the IHL's Toledo Goaldiggers. Mahovlich was an important contributor to the Canadiens' cup-winning teams of 1971, 1973, 1976, and 1977, before eventually being traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins. He enjoyed a breakout season in 1970–71, scoring 35 goals in the regular season and another 10 in the playoffs as the Canadiens won the championship. His best year came in 1974–75 when he racked up 117 points as part of a deep forward corps that included the likes of Guy Lafleur, Jacques Lemaire, Yvan Cournoyer, Steve Shutt and Bob Gainey. He hit the 100-point mark again the following year, finishing with 105. Immensely popular as a Pittsburgh Penguin, cheers of "Pete, Pete" were common when Mahovlich made one of his end-to-end dashes up ice. He was characterized as easy-going, joyful, and a party-goer in Ken Dryden's book The Game. In his 16-year NHL career, Mahovlich totalled 288 goals and 485 assists for 773 points in 884 games. Internationally, he was a member of the 1972 Summit Series, in which he scored a memorable shorthanded goal in Game 2 of the series. He also played on the 1976 Canada Cup team. Post-playing career After his retirement, Mahovlich was head coach of the Toledo Goaldiggers, IHL Colorado Rangers (co-coach), Denver Rangers, CHL Fort Worth Fire, and the AHL Cape Breton Oilers. He is also the brother of former Canadian Senator and former hockey star Frank Mahovlich. The two were teammates on the Red Wings from 1967 to 1969 and on the Canadiens from 1971 to 1974. Mahovlich was a scout for the Edmonton Oilers from 1995 to 1997 before joining the Tampa Bay Lightning and then the Atlanta Thrashers. He is currently a pro scout for the Florida Panthers. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs Regular season Playoffs Season Team League GP G A Pts PIM GP G A Pts PIM 1963–64 Hamilton Red Wings OHA 54 20 27 47 67 — — — — — 1964–65 Hamilton Red Wings OHA 55 20 35 55 88 — — — — — 1965–66 Hamilton Red Wings OHA 46 14 22 36 121 4 0 0 0 2 1965–66 Detroit Red Wings NHL 3 0 1 1 0 — — — — — 1966–67 Detroit Red Wings NHL 34 1 3 4 16 — — — — — 1966–67 Pittsburgh Hornets AHL 18 4 7 11 37 9 0 0 0 2 1967–68 Detroit Red Wings NHL 15 6 4 10 13 — — — — — 1967–68 Fort Worth Wings CPHL 42 20 14 34 103 — — — — — 1968–69 Detroit Red Wings NHL 30 2 2 4 21 — — — — — 1968–69 Fort Worth Wings CHL 34 19 17 36 54 — — — — — 1969–70 Montreal Canadiens NHL 36 9 8 17 51 — — — — — 1969–70 Montreal Voyageurs AHL 31 21 19 40 77 — — — — — 1970–71 Montreal Canadiens NHL 78 35 26 61 181 20 10 6 16 43 1971–72 Montreal Canadiens NHL 75 35 32 67 103 6 0 2 2 12 1972–73 Montreal Canadiens NHL 61 21 38 59 49 17 4 9 13 22 1973–74 Montreal Canadiens NHL 78 36 37 73 122 6 2 1 3 4 1974–75 Montreal Canadiens NHL 80 35 82 117 64 11 6 10 16 10 1975–76 Montreal Canadiens NHL 80 34 71 105 76 13 4 8 12 24 1976–77 Montreal Canadiens NHL 76 15 47 62 45 13 4 5 9 19 1977–78 Montreal Canadiens NHL 17 3 5 8 6 — — — — — 1977–78 Pittsburgh Penguins NHL 57 25 36 61 37 — — — — — 1978–79 Pittsburgh Penguins NHL 60 14 39 53 39 2 0 1 1 0 1979–80 Detroit Red Wings NHL 80 16 50 66 69 — — — — — 1980–81 Detroit Red Wings NHL 24 1 4 5 26 — — — — — 1980–81 Adirondack Red Wings AHL 37 18 18 36 49 18 1 18 19 23 1981–82 Adirondack Red Wings AHL 80 22 45 67 71 4 2 1 3 2 1985–86 Toledo Goaldiggers IHL 23 4 10 14 50 — — — — — NHL totals 884 288 485 773 916 88 30 42 72 134 International Year Team Event   GP G A Pts PIM 1972 Canada SS 7 1 1 2 4 1976 Canada CC 7 1 4 5 5 Senior totals 14 2 5 7 9 See also List of family relations in the NHL References ^ Livesey, Bruce (2006-01-25). "The champs' champion". Canadian Lawyer Magazine. Retrieved 2019-05-02. External links Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or The Internet Hockey Database Preceded byNone Detroit Red Wings first round draft pick 1963 Succeeded byClaude Gauthier
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Mahovlich"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Montreal Canadiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cup"}],"text":"Ice hockey playerPeter Joseph Mahovlich (born October 10, 1946) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player, coach and executive. Known in his playing years as \"Little M\", as his older brother Frank was the \"Big M\", Mahovlich played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with several clubs, including the Montreal Canadiens, where he played with his brother and was a member of four Stanley Cup championship teams.","title":"Pete Mahovlich"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_baseman"},{"link_name":"Gord Kirke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gord_Kirke"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Livesey-1"}],"text":"Mahovlich played as a first baseman on his high school baseball team, beating out Gord Kirke for the position.[1] Like his brother Frank, Peter attended St. Michael's College School in Toronto (1961-63) where he played on their Junior B Hockey team.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Detroit Red Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings"},{"link_name":"1963 NHL amateur draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_NHL_amateur_draft"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Montreal Canadiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins"},{"link_name":"Ontario Hockey Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Hockey_Association"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Red Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Red_Wings"},{"link_name":"AHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Hornets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Hornets"},{"link_name":"Montreal Voyageurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Voyageurs"},{"link_name":"Adirondack Red Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Red_Wings"},{"link_name":"Central Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Professional_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Fort Worth Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth_Wings"},{"link_name":"IHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Hockey_League_(1945%E2%80%932001)"},{"link_name":"Toledo Goaldiggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_Goaldiggers"},{"link_name":"Guy Lafleur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Lafleur"},{"link_name":"Jacques Lemaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Lemaire"},{"link_name":"Yvan Cournoyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvan_Cournoyer"},{"link_name":"Steve Shutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Shutt"},{"link_name":"Bob Gainey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Gainey"},{"link_name":"Ken Dryden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Dryden"},{"link_name":"The Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Game_(Ken_Dryden)"},{"link_name":"NHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"1972 Summit Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Summit_Series"},{"link_name":"1976 Canada Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Canada_Cup"}],"text":"Mahovlich was drafted second overall by the Detroit Red Wings in the 1963 NHL amateur draft. He played for the National Hockey League's Detroit Red Wings twice, Montreal Canadiens, Pittsburgh Penguins, the Ontario Hockey Association's Hamilton Red Wings, the AHL's Pittsburgh Hornets, Montreal Voyageurs, Adirondack Red Wings, the Central Hockey League's Fort Worth Wings and the IHL's Toledo Goaldiggers.Mahovlich was an important contributor to the Canadiens' cup-winning teams of 1971, 1973, 1976, and 1977, before eventually being traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins. He enjoyed a breakout season in 1970–71, scoring 35 goals in the regular season and another 10 in the playoffs as the Canadiens won the championship. His best year came in 1974–75 when he racked up 117 points as part of a deep forward corps that included the likes of Guy Lafleur, Jacques Lemaire, Yvan Cournoyer, Steve Shutt and Bob Gainey. He hit the 100-point mark again the following year, finishing with 105.Immensely popular as a Pittsburgh Penguin, cheers of \"Pete, Pete\" were common when Mahovlich made one of his end-to-end dashes up ice. He was characterized as easy-going, joyful, and a party-goer in Ken Dryden's book The Game.In his 16-year NHL career, Mahovlich totalled 288 goals and 485 assists for 773 points in 884 games. Internationally, he was a member of the 1972 Summit Series, in which he scored a memorable shorthanded goal in Game 2 of the series. He also played on the 1976 Canada Cup team.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denver Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Fort Worth Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth_Fire"},{"link_name":"Cape Breton Oilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Breton_Oilers"},{"link_name":"Canadian Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Frank Mahovlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Mahovlich"},{"link_name":"Edmonton Oilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Thrashers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Thrashers"},{"link_name":"Florida Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Panthers"}],"text":"After his retirement, Mahovlich was head coach of the Toledo Goaldiggers, IHL Colorado Rangers (co-coach), Denver Rangers, CHL Fort Worth Fire, and the AHL Cape Breton Oilers. He is also the brother of former Canadian Senator and former hockey star Frank Mahovlich. The two were teammates on the Red Wings from 1967 to 1969 and on the Canadiens from 1971 to 1974.Mahovlich was a scout for the Edmonton Oilers from 1995 to 1997 before joining the Tampa Bay Lightning and then the Atlanta Thrashers. He is currently a pro scout for the Florida Panthers.","title":"Post-playing career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season and playoffs","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","title":"Career statistics"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of family relations in the NHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_family_relations_in_the_NHL"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osifekunde
Osifekunde
["1 Early life","2 Victim of the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade","3 Meeting with Pascal d'Avezac-Macaya in Paris","4 References"]
Life mask of Osifekunde commissioned by Pascal d'Avezac-Macaya around 1838 Osifekunde of Ijebu (born c. 1795) was an Ijebu man whose documented narrative, as a victim of The Trans Atlantic Slave Trade, serves as one of the earliest Western records of Yoruba land. Early life Osifekunde was from Epe, Ijebu Ode but was born in Makun, a suburb of Sagamu in about 1795. His father was Adde Sonlou, an Ijebu warrior who fled Makun as a result of a skirmish resulting in the death of another warrior. In addition to time in Epe as a result of his father Sonlou's asylum, Osifekunde spent time in the Kingdom of Benin. Osifekunde's grandfather was Ochi-Wo who held the office of Ladeke. Victim of the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Osifekunde was about 20 years old (approximately 1810) when Ijaw pirates captured him in the Niger Delta lagoon and sold him to Brazilian slave merchants. Meeting with Pascal d'Avezac-Macaya in Paris About 20 years after Osifekunde was forcibly transferred to Brazil, he accompanied his master (one Mr. Navarre) to Paris where he was employed as a servant and went by the names 'Joaquim' and 'Joseph'. In Paris he happened upon Pascal d'Avezac-Macaya, an ethnographer and vice-president of the Société Ethnologique de Paris, who had a keen interest in Africa. Pascal d'Avesac-Macaya interviewed Osifekunde (in pidgin Portuguese since Osifekunde spoke little or no French at the time) for weeks and Osifekunde's recollection of Ijebu Ode and Lagos (published by Pascal d'Avezac-Macay in 1845) became an important addition to European knowledge of the Guinea Coast. Pascal d'Avesac-Macaya arranged for Osifekunde to move to Sierra Leone (then a British colony established as a home for captives liberated by the West Africa Squadron) but Osifekunde didn't take the offer and according to P.C. Lloyd "preferred servitude under his former master in Brazil, where he could be with his own son". There are no accounts of Osifekunde after his chance encounter with Pascal d'Avezac-Macaya. Seemingly frustrated by the transient nature of his encounter with Osifekunde, Pascal d'Avezac-Macay wrote: Let me bring these disconnected pages to a close, a hasty collection of incomplete data drawn from an unexpected source and one that too soon became silent. Especially during my work of coordination I have become conscious of many important gaps that remain to be filled; but I no longer have Osifekunde to answer my questions, and I can only offer the results of our long and often fruitless conversations. References ^ a b Lovejoy, Paul (2007). Civilian Casualties in the Context of the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. In:Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Africa by Laband. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 32–33. ISBN 9780313335402. ^ Curtin, Phillip D. (1967). Africa remembered; narratives by West Africans from the era of the slave trade. University of Wisconsin Press, 1967. p. 7. ISBN 9780299042844. ^ a b c Lloyd, P.C. Osifekunde of Ijebu. In Curtin. Africa remembered; narratives by West Africans from the era of the slave trade. Ed. University of Wisconsin Press, 1967. pp. 217–288. ^ I. A. Akinjogbin (1998). War and Peace in Yorubaland, 1793-1893. Heinemann Educational Books (Nigeria), (University of Michigan). p. 488. ISBN 9789781294976. ^ John Laband (2007). Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Africa: From Slavery Days to Rwandan Genocide Daily Life Through History. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313335402. vteSlave narratives Slave Narrative Collection Individualsby continentof enslavementAfrica Robert Adams (c. 1790–?) Marcus Berg (1714-1761) Francis Bok (b. 1979) Isaac Brassard (1620–1702) Felice Caronni (1747–1815) James Leander Cathcart (1767–1843) Ólafur Egilsson (1564–1639) Petro Kilekwa (late 19th c.) Elizabeth Marsh (1735–1785) Maria ter Meetelen (1704–?) Mende Nazer (b. 1982) Hark Olufs (1708–1754) Thomas Pellow (1705–?) Joseph Pitts (1663 – c. 1735) Guðríður Símonardóttir (1598–1682) Antoine Qaurtier (1632–1702) Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang (1660–1736) Johann Georg Wolffgang (1644–1744) Asia Brigitta Scherzenfeldt (1684–1736) Europe Lovisa von Burghausen (1698–1733) Olaudah Equiano (c. 1745 Nigeria – 31 March 1797 Eng) Ukawsaw Gronniosaw (c. 1705 Bornu – 1775 Eng) Jean Marteilhe (1684-1777) Roustam Raza (1783–1845) Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino (1792 – fl. 1828) Ottoman Empire Johann Schiltberger Konstantin Mihailović George of Hungary North America:Canada Marie-Joseph Angélique (c. 1710 Portugal – 1734 Montreal) John R. Jewitt (1783 England – 1821 United States) North America:Caribbean Juan Francisco Manzano (1797–1854, Cuba) Esteban Montejo (1860–1965, Cuba) Mary Prince (c. 1788 Bermuda – after 1833) Venerable Pierre Toussaint (1766 Saint-Dominque – June 30, 1853 NY) Marcos Xiorro (c. 1819 – ???, Puerto Rico) North America:United States Sam Aleckson Jordan Anderson William J. Anderson Jared Maurice Arter Solomon Bayley Polly Berry Henry Bibb Leonard Black James Bradley (1834) Henry "Box" Brown John Brown William Wells Brown Peter Bruner (1845 KY – 1938 OH) Ellen and William Craft Hannah Crafts Lucinda Davis Noah Davis Lucy Delaney Ayuba Suleiman Diallo Frederick Douglass Kate Drumgoold Jordan Winston Early (1814 – after 1894) Sarah Jane Woodson Early Peter Fossett (1815 Monticello–1901) David George Moses Grandy William Green (19th century MD) William Grimes Josiah Henson Fountain Hughes (1848/1854 VA – 1957) Omar ibn Said John Andrew Jackson Harriet Jacobs Thomas James John Jea Paul Jennings (1799–1874) Elizabeth Keckley Boston King Lunsford Lane J. Vance Lewis Jermain Wesley Loguen James Mars (1790–1880) Solomon Northup Greensbury Washington Offley John Parker (1827 VA – 1900) William Parker James Robert Moses Roper William Henry Singleton James Lindsay Smith Venture Smith Austin Steward (1793 VA – 1860) Venerable Pierre Toussaint (1766 Saint-Dominque – 1853 NY) Harriet Tubman Wallace Turnage Bethany Veney Booker T. Washington Wallace Willis (19th century Indian Territory) Harriet E. Wilson Zamba Zembola (b. c. 1780 Congo) South America Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua (1845–1847, Brazil) Miguel de Buría (? Puerto Rico – 1555 Venezuela) Osifekunde (c. 1795 Nigeria – ? Brazil) Non-fiction books The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789) The Narrative of Robert Adams (1816) American Slavery as It Is (1839) Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845) The Life of Josiah Henson (1849) Twelve Years a Slave (1853) My Bondage and My Freedom (1855) Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861) The Underground Railroad Records (1872) Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (1881) Up from Slavery (1901) Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States (1936–38) The Peculiar Institution (1956) The Slave Community (1972) Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo" (2018) Fiction/novels Oroonoko (1688) Sab (1841) Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) The Heroic Slave (1852) Clotel (1853) The Bondwoman's Narrative (c. 1853 – c. 1861) Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp (1856) Our Nig (1859) Jubilee (1966) The Confessions of Nat Turner (1967) Roots: The Saga of an American Family (1976) Underground to Canada (1977) Kindred (1979) Dessa Rose (1986) Beloved (1987) Middle Passage (1990) Queen: The Story of an American Family (1993) Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons (1996) Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade (2001) Walk Through Darkness (2002) The Known World (2003) Unburnable (2006) The Book of Negroes (2007) The Underground Railroad (2016) Young adult books Amos Fortune, Free Man (1951) I, Juan de Pareja (1965) Copper Sun (2006) Essays "To a Southern Slaveholder" (1848) A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1853) Plays The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom (1858) The Octoroon (1859) Omar (2022) Documentaries Unchained Memories (2003) Frederick Douglass and the White Negro (2008) Related Abolitionism in the United States African-American literature Anti-Tom novels Atlantic slave trade Captivity narrative Caribbean literature Films featuring slavery Slavery in the United States Songs of the Underground Railroad Treatment of slaves in the United States List of last surviving American enslaved people Book of Negroes (1783) Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book (1847) Slave-Trading in the Old South (1931) Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon (2008) Slave Songs of the United States (1867) Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery (2002) The Hemingses of Monticello (2008)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lovejoy-1"},{"link_name":"Ijebu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijebu_people"},{"link_name":"The Trans Atlantic Slave Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Slave_Trade"},{"link_name":"Yoruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Curtin-2"}],"text":"Osifekunde of Ijebu (born c. 1795[1]) was an Ijebu man whose documented narrative, as a victim of The Trans Atlantic Slave Trade, serves as one of the earliest Western records of Yoruba land.[2]","title":"Osifekunde"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ijebu Ode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijebu_Ode"},{"link_name":"Sagamu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagamu"},{"link_name":"office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_chieftaincy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lloyd-3"}],"text":"Osifekunde was from Epe, Ijebu Ode but was born in Makun, a suburb of Sagamu in about 1795. His father was Adde Sonlou, an Ijebu warrior who fled Makun as a result of a skirmish resulting in the death of another warrior. In addition to time in Epe as a result of his father Sonlou's asylum, Osifekunde spent time in the Kingdom of Benin. Osifekunde's grandfather was Ochi-Wo who held the office of Ladeke.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ijaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijaw_people"},{"link_name":"Niger Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Delta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lovejoy-1"}],"text":"Osifekunde was about 20 years old (approximately 1810) when Ijaw pirates captured him in the Niger Delta lagoon and sold him to Brazilian slave merchants.[1]","title":"Victim of the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Pascal d'Avezac-Macaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Armand_d%27Avezac_de_Castera-Macaya"},{"link_name":"Société Ethnologique de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Ethnologique_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lloyd-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"West Africa Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lloyd-3"}],"text":"About 20 years after Osifekunde was forcibly transferred to Brazil, he accompanied his master (one Mr. Navarre) to Paris where he was employed as a servant and went by the names 'Joaquim' and 'Joseph'. In Paris he happened upon Pascal d'Avezac-Macaya, an ethnographer and vice-president of the Société Ethnologique de Paris, who had a keen interest in Africa. Pascal d'Avesac-Macaya interviewed Osifekunde (in pidgin Portuguese since Osifekunde spoke little or no French at the time) for weeks and Osifekunde's recollection of Ijebu Ode and Lagos (published by Pascal d'Avezac-Macay in 1845) became an important addition to European knowledge of the Guinea Coast.[3][4]Pascal d'Avesac-Macaya arranged for Osifekunde to move to Sierra Leone (then a British colony established as a home for captives liberated by the West Africa Squadron) but Osifekunde didn't take the offer and according to P.C. Lloyd \"preferred servitude under his former master in Brazil, where he could be with his own son\".[5] There are no accounts of Osifekunde after his chance encounter with Pascal d'Avezac-Macaya.\nSeemingly frustrated by the transient nature of his encounter with Osifekunde, Pascal d'Avezac-Macay wrote:Let me bring these disconnected pages to a close, a hasty collection of incomplete data drawn from an unexpected source [Osifekunde] and one that too soon became silent. Especially during my work of coordination I have become conscious of many important gaps that remain to be filled; but I no longer have Osifekunde to answer my questions, and I can only offer the results of our long and often fruitless conversations.[3]","title":"Meeting with Pascal d'Avezac-Macaya in Paris"}]
[{"image_text":"Life mask of Osifekunde commissioned by Pascal d'Avezac-Macaya around 1838","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Osifekunde.jpg/220px-Osifekunde.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Lovejoy, Paul (2007). Civilian Casualties in the Context of the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. In:Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Africa by Laband. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 32–33. ISBN 9780313335402.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313335402","url_text":"9780313335402"}]},{"reference":"Curtin, Phillip D. (1967). Africa remembered; narratives by West Africans from the era of the slave trade. University of Wisconsin Press, 1967. p. 7. ISBN 9780299042844.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KPNyAAAAMAAJ&q=osifekunde","url_text":"Africa remembered; narratives by West Africans from the era of the slave trade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299042844","url_text":"9780299042844"}]},{"reference":"Lloyd, P.C. Osifekunde of Ijebu. In Curtin. Africa remembered; narratives by West Africans from the era of the slave trade. Ed. University of Wisconsin Press, 1967. pp. 217–288.","urls":[]},{"reference":"I. A. Akinjogbin (1998). War and Peace in Yorubaland, 1793-1893. Heinemann Educational Books (Nigeria), (University of Michigan). p. 488. ISBN 9789781294976.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=51V0AAAAMAAJ","url_text":"War and Peace in Yorubaland, 1793-1893"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789781294976","url_text":"9789781294976"}]},{"reference":"John Laband (2007). Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Africa: From Slavery Days to Rwandan Genocide Daily Life Through History. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313335402.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Laband","url_text":"John Laband"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CoJ8U5gftYUC&q=osifekunde&pg=PA33","url_text":"Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Africa: From Slavery Days to Rwandan Genocide Daily Life Through History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313335402","url_text":"9780313335402"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Klimov
Ivan Klimov
["1 References"]
Soviet politician Ivan KlimovИван КлимовPersonal detailsBorn(1903-09-10)10 September 1903Kostyukovka, Gomelsky Uyezd, Mogilev Governorate, Russian EmpireDied9 October 1991(1991-10-09) (aged 88)Minsk, BelarusAwards Ivan Frolovich Klimov (Belarusian: Іва́н Фро́лавіч Клі́маў, Russian: Иван Фролович Климов; 10 September 1903 – 9 October 1991) was a Soviet politician. He was the First Secretary of the Baranavichy Voblast Committee of the Communist Party from 1952 to 1953. I.F. Klimov was born in 1903 in the Kostykovka village in Gomel region. Member of Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). From 1915 to 1922 he worked on the Asipovichy-Slutsk railway and on water transport in Gomel. In 1931 he graduated from Belorussian Communist University. He participated in the Liberation campaign of the Red Army in Western Belarus, he worked in the interim administration of Vileyka Voblast, and later as the first secretary of Vileika regional party committee. During the Great Patriotic War he was the first secretary of the regional party committee of the Communist Party of Belarus, Secretary of Tashkent Regional Party Committee, Secretary of the Operational Group of Minsk Regional Committee of the CP(b)B, the first Secretary of Vileika underground Party Regional Committee. In the post-war years, for 30 years, he was in the leading position: the first Secretary of Vileika regional party committee, the first secretary of the Baranovichi regional party committee, a deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers of BSSR, a deputy chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of BSSR/ a delegate to many congresses of the Communist party of Soviet Union. He was awarded 2 Orders of Lenin, 2 Orders of October Revolution, Order of Friendship of Peoples, Order of the Red Banner, 2 Orders of the Red Banner of Labour and 8 medals. He is the author of the books «People of the Narachansky Territory», «Partisans of Vileishchyna». He died in 1991, at the age of 88. References ^ "Belarus Administrative Divisions". vtePolitical office-holders in Belarus since 1918Belarusian People's Republic (1918–1919) Sierada Losik* Krečeŭski Belarus portalFirst Secretary of the Communist Party of the Byelorussian SSR (1919–1991) Knorin Osatkin-Vladimirsky Krinitsky Goloded Knorin Gamarnik Gey Gikalo Sharangovich Yakovlev* Volkov Ponomarenko Gusarov Patolichev Mazurov Masherov Kiselyov Slyunkov Sokolov Malofeyev Chairman of the Supreme Council of Belarus (1991–1994) Shushkevich Kuznetsov* Hryb / President of Belarus (since 1994) Lukashenko (since 1994; disputed since 2020) Tsikhanouskaya (disputed since 2020) * acting † contested This article about a Soviet politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Belarusian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Baranavichy Voblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baranavichy_Voblast"},{"link_name":"Committee of the Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kostykovka village in Gomel region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasciuko%C5%ADka"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Asipovichy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asipovichy"},{"link_name":"Slutsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slutsk"},{"link_name":"Gomel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomel"},{"link_name":"Liberation campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Vileyka Voblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vileyka_Voblast"},{"link_name":"Great Patriotic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Tashkent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent_Region"},{"link_name":"Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk_Region"},{"link_name":"CP(b)B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Byelorussia"},{"link_name":"underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_resistance_during_World_War_II"}],"text":"Ivan Frolovich Klimov (Belarusian: Іва́н Фро́лавіч Клі́маў, Russian: Иван Фролович Климов; 10 September 1903 – 9 October 1991) was a Soviet politician. He was the First Secretary of the Baranavichy Voblast Committee of the Communist Party from 1952 to 1953.[1]I.F. Klimov was born in 1903 in the Kostykovka village in Gomel region. Member of Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU).From 1915 to 1922 he worked on the Asipovichy-Slutsk railway and on water transport in Gomel. In 1931 he graduated from Belorussian Communist University. He participated in the Liberation campaign of the Red Army in Western Belarus, he worked in the interim administration of Vileyka Voblast, and later as the first secretary of Vileika regional party committee.During the Great Patriotic War he was the first secretary of the regional party committee of the Communist Party of Belarus, Secretary of Tashkent Regional Party Committee, Secretary of the Operational Group of Minsk Regional Committee of the CP(b)B, the first Secretary of Vileika underground Party Regional Committee.In the post-war years, for 30 years, he was in the leading position: the first Secretary of Vileika regional party committee, the first secretary of the Baranovichi regional party committee, a deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers of BSSR, a deputy chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of BSSR/ a delegate to many congresses of the Communist party of Soviet Union.He was awarded 2 Orders of Lenin, 2 Orders of October Revolution, Order of Friendship of Peoples, Order of the Red Banner, 2 Orders of the Red Banner of Labour and 8 medals.He is the author of the books «People of the Narachansky Territory», «Partisans of Vileishchyna».He died in 1991, at the age of 88.","title":"Ivan Klimov"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Scriven
Michael Scriven
["1 Biography","2 Scholarly contributions","3 Awards","4 Listings","5 Major publications","6 Scriven number","7 Notes","8 External links"]
Australian academic philosopher (1928–2023) Michael ScrivenBorn28 March 1928EnglandDied23 August 2023(2023-08-23) (aged 95)California, USAKnown forTheory and practice of evaluation Michael John Scriven (/ˈskrɪvən/; 28 March 1928 – 28 August 2023) was a British-born Australian polymath and academic philosopher, best known for his contributions to the theory and practice of evaluation. Biography Scriven was born in the UK and grew up in Melbourne, Australia. He held BSc (1948) and MS (1950) degrees in mathematics from the University of Melbourne, where he was in residence at Trinity College from 1946, winning an entrance scholarship. He then completed a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Oxford (1956). Scriven was a president of the American Educational Research Association and the American Evaluation Association. He was also an editor and co-founder of the Journal of MultiDisciplinary Evaluation/. He was latterly a distinguished professor at Claremont Graduate University in California. He spent most of his career in the United States. He became a full Professor at the age of 32. His major appointments were: Swarthmore College (Assistant Professor, 1956–60) Indiana University (Professor of Philosophy, 1960–1966) University of California, Berkeley (Professor of Philosophy and later of Education 1966–78) University of San Francisco (Professor, 1978–82) University of Western Australia (Professor of Education 1982–89) Pacific Graduate School of Psychology (1989–1992) Western Michigan University (1994–95, 2004–07) Claremont Graduate University (1997–2002 and 2007–) University of Auckland (Professor of Evaluation 2003–4) Scholarly contributions Scriven made significant contributions in the fields of philosophy, psychology, critical thinking, mathematics, and, most notably, evaluation theory and the establishment of evaluation as a transdiscipline. In 1971, he called for the replacement of 'goal achievement' in evaluation with the evaluation of whether a programme is able to meet the needs of its intended beneficiaries. "It seemed to me, in short, that consideration and evaluation of goals was an unnecessary but also a possibly contaminating step. I began to work on an alternative approach – simply, the evaluation of actual effects against (typically) a profile of demonstrated needs in this region of education." (1972, p.1) Scriven's work in education influenced the work of many scholars, including that of Robert E. Stake, Ernest R. House, Benjamin Bloom, and Gene V Glass. He wrote over 400 scholarly publications and served on the editorial review boards of 42 journals. Awards Scriven received numerous awards, including: Lazarfeld Prize, awarded by the American Evaluation Association for outstanding research contributions to the field of evaluation (1986) Donald Campbell Award of the Policy Studies Association (citation reads "...as an outstanding methodological innovator in public policy studies") (1996) Wilbert J. McKeachie award for lifetime contribution to the study of faculty evaluation and development, awarded by the Special Interest Group on Faculty Evaluation and Development of the American Educational Research Association (1996+) Honorary Fellow of the American Education Research Association (AERA) for lifetime contributions to education research (1996+) Jason Millman award for lifetime contribution to evaluation, awarded by CREATE (Coalition for Research and Evaluation on Teacher Education) (1996+) Robert Ingle award for outstanding service to the American Evaluation Association (1996+) Award for Lifetime Contribution to the Teaching of Philosophy, American Association of Teachers of Philosophy, Toledo, Ohio (2004) Member, Academy of Social Sciences in Australia Honorary Member, Phi Beta Kappa, Theta chapter of Michigan (2006) D.Ed. (Honoris causa) University of Melbourne (2013) Festschrift volume: S. Donaldson (Ed.) (2013) The future of evaluation in society: A tribute to Michael Scriven. Information Age Publishing. Listings Who's Who in America Who's Who in Australia American Men of Education International Scholars Directory, The Writers Directory Directory of American Scholars Dictionary of International Biography Major publications Moncrieff, W. & Scriven, M. (1956). The gas turbine in automobile design. Minnesota. Privately published. Feigl, H., & Scriven, M. (eds.) (1956). The foundations of science and the concepts of psychology and psychoanalysis. Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 1. University of Minnesota. Feigl, H., Maxwell, G., & Scriven, M. (eds.) (1958). Concepts, theories, and the mind-body problem. Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 2. University of Minnesota. Feigl, H., Maxwell, G., & Scriven, M. (eds.) (1962). Scientific explanation, space, and time. Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 3. University of Minnesota. Scriven, M. (1964). Computers and comprehension. RAND monograph. Scriven, M. (1965). Applied logic: An introduction to scientific method. Behavioral Research Laboratories. Scriven, M. (1966, reprinted). Primary philosophy. McGraw-Hill. Moore, W., & Scriven, M. (eds.) (1966). Collected papers of Eugene R. Wigner. Indiana University. Scriven, M. (ed.) (1966). Morality. Social Science Education Consortium. Tyler, R. W., Gagne, R. M., & Scriven, M. (Eds.). 1967. Perspectives of Curriculum Evaluation. American Educational Research Association Monograph Series on Curriculum Evaluation, Vol. 1. Rand McNally. Scriven, M. (1970). Philosophy of science. NETCHE. Scriven, M. (1974). Evaluation: A study guide for educational administrators. Nova University. Scriven, M. (1976). Reasoning. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-055882-5 Scriven, M. & Roth, J. (1977, reprinted).Evaluation thesaurus. EdgePress and Sage. Davis, B., Thomas, S. & Scriven, M. (1981). The evaluation of composition instruction. EdgePress (for the Carnegie Corporation). Scriven, M. (1981). The logic of evaluation. EdgePress. Manus, S. & Scriven, M. (1982). How to buy a word processor: Electronic typewriters, personal computers, and dedicated systems. Alfred Publishing Company. Scriven, M. (1987). Word magic: Evaluating and selecting word processing. Wadsworth and van Nostrand. Scriven, M. (1987). Theory and practice of evaluation. EdgePress. McConney, A., Scriven, M., Stronge, J., Stufflebeam, D., & Webster, W. (1995). Toward a unified model: The foundations of educational personnel evaluation. Center for Research on Educational Accountability and Teacher Evaluation. Madaus, G., Scriven,M., & Stufflebeam, D. (Eds.). (1983).Evaluation Models.Kluwer-Nijhoff Publishing. Scriven, M. (1991). Evaluation Thesaurus. Sage. Scriven, M. (1993). Hard won lessons in program evaluation. Jossey-Bass. Fisher, A. & Scriven, M. (1997). Critical thinking: Its definition and assessment. UK: Centre for Research in Critical Thinking, and EdgePress. Donaldson, S.I. & Scriven, M. (Eds.). (2003). Evaluating social programs and problems: Visions for the new millennium. Erlbaum. Coryn C.L.S. and M. Scriven (eds.) (2008). Reforming the Evaluation of Research: New Directions for Evaluation, Number 118. Jossey-Bass. Scriven number In 2012, an article published in the Journal of MultiDisciplinary Evaluation posed the necessity of a Scriven number. Similar to an Erdős number, a Scriven number describes a person's degree of separation from Dr. Scriven through published collaborations directly with him or with others who have collaborated with him. Michael Scriven holds the unique Scriven number of 0 while any persons publishing directly with him hold a Scriven number of 1. In addition, those who have published with those individuals who have directly published with Dr. Scriven hold a Scriven number of 2. This algorithmic format continues indefinitely. For those published with multiple papers with paths to Dr. Scriven, the shortest path will serve as the Scriven number. This type of number is hypothesized to help centralize the field of evaluation. Notes ^ a b E. Jane Davidson (2005). Evaluation Methodology Basics. Sage. p. xiii. ...the pioneering work of Scriven on the conceptualization of evaluation's unique logic and methodology has provided a solid theoretical foundation for what I have attempted here... ^ "Passings: Michael Scriven, Influential Professor in the Field of Evaluation ·Claremont Graduate University". 31 August 2023. ^ "Salvete, 1946", The Fleur-de-Lys, Dec. 1946, p. 50. ^ "Honoris Causa Degree Citation: Michael Scriven" (PDF). University Secretary. University of Melbourne. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2014. ^ "Michael Scriven". Division of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences. Claremont Graduate University. Retrieved 20 August 2014. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Roy, Abhik; Hobson, Kristin A (2012). "What's in a Scriven Number?". Journal of MultiDisciplinary Evaluation. 8 (19): 41–45. doi:10.56645/jmde.v8i19.372. ISSN 1556-8180. External links "The Scriven Project". The Journal of MultiDisciplinary Evaluation. Retrieved 20 August 2014.. Hosts several videos and lectures, as well as dozens of papers. "Scriven collection". Educational offices Preceded byJames Popham President of the American Educational Research Association 1978-1979 Succeeded byEllis B. Page Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Latvia Netherlands Poland Academics PhilPeople People Trove Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈskrɪvən/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davidson-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Michael John Scriven (/ˈskrɪvən/; 28 March 1928 – 28 August 2023) was a British-born Australian polymath and academic philosopher, best known for his contributions to the theory and practice of evaluation.[1][2]","title":"Michael Scriven"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Trinity College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_(University_of_Melbourne)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Melbourne-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Claremont-5"},{"link_name":"American Educational Research Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Educational_Research_Association"},{"link_name":"American Evaluation Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Evaluation_Association"},{"link_name":"Claremont Graduate University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claremont_Graduate_University"}],"text":"Scriven was born in the UK and grew up in Melbourne, Australia. He held BSc (1948) and MS (1950) degrees in mathematics from the University of Melbourne, where he was in residence at Trinity College from 1946, winning an entrance scholarship.[3] He then completed a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Oxford (1956).[4][5]Scriven was a president of the American Educational Research Association and the American Evaluation Association. He was also an editor and co-founder of the Journal of MultiDisciplinary Evaluation/. He was latterly a distinguished professor at Claremont Graduate University in California.He spent most of his career in the United States. He became a full Professor at the age of 32. His major appointments were:Swarthmore College (Assistant Professor, 1956–60)\nIndiana University (Professor of Philosophy, 1960–1966)\nUniversity of California, Berkeley (Professor of Philosophy and later of Education 1966–78)\nUniversity of San Francisco (Professor, 1978–82)\nUniversity of Western Australia (Professor of Education 1982–89)\nPacific Graduate School of Psychology (1989–1992)\nWestern Michigan University (1994–95, 2004–07)\nClaremont Graduate University (1997–2002 and 2007–)\nUniversity of Auckland (Professor of Evaluation 2003–4)","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"critical thinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking"},{"link_name":"evaluation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davidson-1"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Stake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Stake"},{"link_name":"Ernest R. House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_R._House"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Bloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Bloom"},{"link_name":"Gene V Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_V_Glass"}],"text":"Scriven made significant contributions in the fields of philosophy, psychology, critical thinking, mathematics, and, most notably, evaluation theory and the establishment of evaluation as a transdiscipline.[1] In 1971, he called for the replacement of 'goal achievement' in evaluation with the evaluation of whether a programme is able to meet the needs of its intended beneficiaries. \"It seemed to me, in short, that consideration and evaluation of goals was an unnecessary but also a possibly contaminating step. I began to work on an alternative approach – simply, the evaluation of actual effects against (typically) a profile of demonstrated needs in this region of education.\" (1972, p.1)Scriven's work in education influenced the work of many scholars, including that of Robert E. Stake, Ernest R. House, Benjamin Bloom, and Gene V Glass.He wrote over 400 scholarly publications and served on the editorial review boards of 42 journals.","title":"Scholarly contributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phi Beta Kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa"},{"link_name":"University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Scriven received numerous awards, including:Lazarfeld Prize, awarded by the American Evaluation Association for outstanding research contributions to the field of evaluation (1986)\nDonald Campbell Award of the Policy Studies Association (citation reads \"...as an outstanding methodological innovator in public policy studies\") (1996)\nWilbert J. McKeachie award for lifetime contribution to the study of faculty evaluation and development, awarded by the Special Interest Group on Faculty Evaluation and Development of the American Educational Research Association (1996+)\nHonorary Fellow of the American Education Research Association (AERA) for lifetime contributions to education research (1996+)\nJason Millman award for lifetime contribution to evaluation, awarded by CREATE (Coalition for Research and Evaluation on Teacher Education) (1996+)\nRobert Ingle award for outstanding service to the American Evaluation Association (1996+)\nAward for Lifetime Contribution to the Teaching of Philosophy, American Association of Teachers of Philosophy, Toledo, Ohio (2004)\nMember, Academy of Social Sciences in Australia\nHonorary Member, Phi Beta Kappa, Theta chapter of Michigan (2006)\nD.Ed. (Honoris causa) University of Melbourne (2013)[6]\nFestschrift volume: S. Donaldson (Ed.) (2013) The future of evaluation in society: A tribute to Michael Scriven. Information Age Publishing.","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Who's Who in America\nWho's Who in Australia\nAmerican Men of Education\nInternational Scholars Directory, The Writers Directory\nDirectory of American Scholars\nDictionary of International Biography","title":"Listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Feigl, H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Feigl"},{"link_name":"Feigl, H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Feigl"},{"link_name":"Feigl, H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Feigl"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-07-055882-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-055882-5"}],"text":"Moncrieff, W. & Scriven, M. (1956). The gas turbine in automobile design. Minnesota. Privately published.\nFeigl, H., & Scriven, M. (eds.) (1956). The foundations of science and the concepts of psychology and psychoanalysis. Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 1. University of Minnesota.\nFeigl, H., Maxwell, G., & Scriven, M. (eds.) (1958). Concepts, theories, and the mind-body problem. Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 2. University of Minnesota.\nFeigl, H., Maxwell, G., & Scriven, M. (eds.) (1962). Scientific explanation, space, and time. Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 3. University of Minnesota.\nScriven, M. (1964). Computers and comprehension. RAND monograph.\nScriven, M. (1965). Applied logic: An introduction to scientific method. Behavioral Research Laboratories.\nScriven, M. (1966, reprinted). Primary philosophy. McGraw-Hill.\nMoore, W., & Scriven, M. (eds.) (1966). Collected papers of Eugene R. Wigner. Indiana University.\nScriven, M. (ed.) (1966). Morality. Social Science Education Consortium.\nTyler, R. W., Gagne, R. M., & Scriven, M. (Eds.). 1967. Perspectives of Curriculum Evaluation. American Educational Research Association Monograph Series on Curriculum Evaluation, Vol. 1. Rand McNally.\nScriven, M. (1970). Philosophy of science. NETCHE.\nScriven, M. (1974). Evaluation: A study guide for educational administrators. Nova University.\nScriven, M. (1976). Reasoning. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-055882-5\nScriven, M. & Roth, J. (1977, reprinted).Evaluation thesaurus. EdgePress and Sage.\nDavis, B., Thomas, S. & Scriven, M. (1981). The evaluation of composition instruction. EdgePress (for the Carnegie Corporation).\nScriven, M. (1981). The logic of evaluation. EdgePress.\nManus, S. & Scriven, M. (1982). How to buy a word processor: Electronic typewriters, personal computers, and dedicated systems. Alfred Publishing Company.\nScriven, M. (1987). Word magic: Evaluating and selecting word processing. Wadsworth and van Nostrand.\nScriven, M. (1987). Theory and practice of evaluation. EdgePress.\nMcConney, A., Scriven, M., Stronge, J., Stufflebeam, D., & Webster, W. (1995). Toward a unified model: The foundations of educational personnel evaluation. Center for Research on Educational Accountability and Teacher Evaluation.\nMadaus, G., Scriven,M., & Stufflebeam, D. (Eds.). (1983).Evaluation Models.Kluwer-Nijhoff Publishing.\nScriven, M. (1991). Evaluation Thesaurus. Sage.\nScriven, M. (1993). Hard won lessons in program evaluation. Jossey-Bass.\nFisher, A. & Scriven, M. (1997). Critical thinking: Its definition and assessment. UK: Centre for Research in Critical Thinking, and EdgePress.\nDonaldson, S.I. & Scriven, M. (Eds.). (2003). Evaluating social programs and problems: Visions for the new millennium. Erlbaum.\nCoryn C.L.S. and M. Scriven (eds.) (2008). Reforming the Evaluation of Research: New Directions for Evaluation, Number 118. Jossey-Bass.","title":"Major publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Erdős number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd%C5%91s_number"},{"link_name":"algorithmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm"},{"link_name":"shortest path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortest_path"},{"link_name":"evaluation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluation"}],"text":"In 2012, an article published in the Journal of MultiDisciplinary Evaluation[7] posed the necessity of a Scriven number. Similar to an Erdős number, a Scriven number describes a person's degree of separation from Dr. Scriven through published collaborations directly with him or with others who have collaborated with him. Michael Scriven holds the unique Scriven number of 0 while any persons publishing directly with him hold a Scriven number of 1. In addition, those who have published with those individuals who have directly published with Dr. Scriven hold a Scriven number of 2. This algorithmic format continues indefinitely. For those published with multiple papers with paths to Dr. Scriven, the shortest path will serve as the Scriven number. This type of number is hypothesized to help centralize the field of evaluation.","title":"Scriven number"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Davidson_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Davidson_1-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Passings: Michael Scriven, Influential Professor in the Field of Evaluation ·Claremont Graduate University\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cgu.edu/news/2023/08/passings-michael-scriven-influential-professor-in-the-field-of-evaluation/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"The Fleur-de-Lys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.trinity.unimelb.edu.au/media/docs/Fleur-de-Lys-1946-Oct-d4b3d02f-86d1-42e7-bf05-cfc1686df21f-0.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Melbourne_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Honoris Causa Degree Citation: Michael Scriven\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140110080202/http://www.unimelb.edu.au/unisec/calendar/honcausa/citation/scriven.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unimelb.edu.au/unisec/calendar/honcausa/citation/scriven.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Claremont_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"Michael Scriven\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cgu.edu/pages/4745.asp"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Archived copy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140110080202/http://www.unimelb.edu.au/unisec/calendar/honcausa/citation/scriven.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unimelb.edu.au/unisec/calendar/honcausa/citation/scriven.pdf"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"What's in a Scriven Number?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//journals.sfu.ca/jmde/index.php/jmde_1/article/view/372/358"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.56645/jmde.v8i19.372","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.56645%2Fjmde.v8i19.372"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1556-8180","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1556-8180"}],"text":"^ a b E. Jane Davidson (2005). Evaluation Methodology Basics. Sage. p. xiii. ...the pioneering work of Scriven on the conceptualization of evaluation's unique logic and methodology has provided a solid theoretical foundation for what I have attempted here...\n\n^ \"Passings: Michael Scriven, Influential Professor in the Field of Evaluation ·Claremont Graduate University\". 31 August 2023.\n\n^ \"Salvete, 1946\", The Fleur-de-Lys, Dec. 1946, p. 50.\n\n^ \"Honoris Causa Degree Citation: Michael Scriven\" (PDF). University Secretary. University of Melbourne. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2014.\n\n^ \"Michael Scriven\". Division of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences. Claremont Graduate University. Retrieved 20 August 2014.\n\n^ \"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)\n\n^ Roy, Abhik; Hobson, Kristin A (2012). \"What's in a Scriven Number?\". Journal of MultiDisciplinary Evaluation. 8 (19): 41–45. doi:10.56645/jmde.v8i19.372. ISSN 1556-8180.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"E. Jane Davidson (2005). Evaluation Methodology Basics. Sage. p. xiii. ...the pioneering work of Scriven on the conceptualization of evaluation's unique logic and methodology has provided a solid theoretical foundation for what I have attempted here...","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Passings: Michael Scriven, Influential Professor in the Field of Evaluation ·Claremont Graduate University\". 31 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cgu.edu/news/2023/08/passings-michael-scriven-influential-professor-in-the-field-of-evaluation/","url_text":"\"Passings: Michael Scriven, Influential Professor in the Field of Evaluation ·Claremont Graduate University\""}]},{"reference":"\"Honoris Causa Degree Citation: Michael Scriven\" (PDF). University Secretary. University of Melbourne. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140110080202/http://www.unimelb.edu.au/unisec/calendar/honcausa/citation/scriven.pdf","url_text":"\"Honoris Causa Degree Citation: Michael Scriven\""},{"url":"http://www.unimelb.edu.au/unisec/calendar/honcausa/citation/scriven.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Scriven\". Division of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences. Claremont Graduate University. Retrieved 20 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cgu.edu/pages/4745.asp","url_text":"\"Michael Scriven\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140110080202/http://www.unimelb.edu.au/unisec/calendar/honcausa/citation/scriven.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.unimelb.edu.au/unisec/calendar/honcausa/citation/scriven.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Roy, Abhik; Hobson, Kristin A (2012). \"What's in a Scriven Number?\". Journal of MultiDisciplinary Evaluation. 8 (19): 41–45. doi:10.56645/jmde.v8i19.372. ISSN 1556-8180.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.sfu.ca/jmde/index.php/jmde_1/article/view/372/358","url_text":"\"What's in a Scriven Number?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.56645%2Fjmde.v8i19.372","url_text":"10.56645/jmde.v8i19.372"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1556-8180","url_text":"1556-8180"}]},{"reference":"\"The Scriven Project\". The Journal of MultiDisciplinary Evaluation. Retrieved 20 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://scrivenproject.com/","url_text":"\"The Scriven Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scriven collection\".","urls":[{"url":"https://digitised-collections.unimelb.edu.au/collections/d646bc72-9ea5-5b0f-bc53-6b3df7d554c5?spc.sf=dc.date.available&spc.sd=DESC","url_text":"\"Scriven collection\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_African_Esports
Confederation of African Esports
["1 Members","2 History","3 Structure","4 History of the emblem","5 Official Test matches","6 Continental Championships","7 Presidents","8 References","9 External links"]
Governing body of esports in Africa This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (April 2021) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Confederation of African Esports" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Confederation of African EsportsAbbreviationCAESFormation14 December 2008; 15 years ago (2008-12-14)TypeSports FederationLegal statusAssociationPurposeControlling body for esports in AfricaHeadquartersGermiston, South AfricaMembership 5 member National federationsOfficial language EnglishPresidentMrs. Amanda PakadeVolunteers 6Websitehttps://www.facebook.com/ConfederationofAfricaneSports/ The Confederation of African Esports (CAES) is the governing body of Esports in Africa. Members So far, there are 5 member nations in CAES. Nation Organization  Egypt  Namibia NeSA  Nigeria NeSF  South Africa MSSA  Tunisia TUNeSF History The Confederation of African Esports was formally constituted on 14 June 2007. Structure Confederation of African Esports, like other sports confederations, is constituted as a voluntary association. The highest authority of the CAES is the Annual General Meeting, which holds all Committees accountable for their actions. The management board deals with the day-to-day operations of CAES and overseas the different Boards of Control. History of the emblem In 2008, the logo included the mind sports logo. The mind sports logo was dropped in 2013 in favour of the wording 'CAES'. Official Test matches The following test matches were held: Year Date Countries Title played Result 2020 29 April 2020  Namibia,  South Africa DotA 2 0 - 2 2018 23 June 2018  Namibia,  South Africa Tekken 7 (Male), Tekken 7 (Female), FIFA'18 0 - 2, 0 - 1, 1 - 1 2018 17 March 2018  Ghana,  South Africa FIFA'18 and Tekken 7 3 - 1, 2 - 2 2017 16 September 2017  Tunisia,  South Africa League of Legends 2 - 0 2017 30 July 2017  Namibia,  South Africa FIFA '17 1–0 2016 9 October 2016  Egypt,  South Africa HearthStone 1-1 2016 6 February 2016  Ghana,  South Africa FIFA'16 5–1 2015 14 August 2015  Algeria,  South Africa CounterStrike: GO 1–0 2015 14 August 2015  Libya,  South Africa CounterStrike: GO 1–0 2015 13 August 2015  Tunisia,  South Africa CounterStrike: GO 1–0 2015 13 August 2015  Egypt,  South Africa CounterStrike: GO 1–0 2015 27 March 2015  South Africa,  Zimbabwe FIFA '15 2–0 2014 25 October 2014  Namibia,  South Africa Dota 2 0–2 2014 8 August 2014  Egypt,  South Africa DotA 2 2–0 2013 31 July 2013  Romania,  South Africa DotA 2 1–0 2010 8 December 2010  Namibia,  South Africa FIFA '10 0–2 2010 8 December 2010  Namibia,  South Africa Call of Duty 4 0–1 Continental Championships Year host venue titles played YouTube coverage 2008  South Africa (MSSA) University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa DotA, Counter-Strike 1.6 African Continentals e-Sports Championship 2008 Presidents CAES has had the following Presidents from the period of 2008 up to the present: Year President Country 2021 Amanda Kwaza  South Africa 2019 - 2020 Ahmed Cheikhrouhou  Tunisia 2013 - 2018 Mohammed Saad  Egypt 2007 - 2012 Colin Webster  South Africa References ^ "Esports South Africa, and other games : Change is in the air..." Esports South Africa, and other games. 15 April 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2024. ^ "eSports South Africa to face Ghana in FIFA '16 Test match (News: 01 Feb 2016)". February 2016. External links Esports Tournaments HIP2B2 Africon Dota Champs split up SK, CS and DotA South African Promo Tour Spawn returns SK Spawn substitui tentpole African Continental Computer Championships http://mybroadband.co.za/vb/showthread.php/149038-Protea-Gaming-Team-vs-SK http://gaming.do.co.za/articles/news/dota_protea_gamers_face_uphill_task.htm http://mybroadband.co.za/nephp/3977.html http://www.team-aaa.com/news-12805-tous-0-africon_accueillait_sk.html http://egmr.net/2009/03/bravado-gaming-interviews-snow-from-the-old-sk-dota-team/ http://egmr.net/2009/12/question-of-the-day-your-most-memorable-gaming-moment/ vteEsports and competitive video gaming Games Leagues and tournaments Players Cheating Fighting Capcom Cup CEO Evolution Championship Series Killer Instinct World Cup Super Smash Bros. Apex The Big House Genesis Smash World Tour Super Smash Con MOBA Dota 2 Pro Circuit The International League of Legends World Championship Mid-Season Invitational Champions Korea Championship Series EMEA Championship Pro League Pacific Championship Series Vietnam Championship Series other Mobile Legends: Bang Bang Mid Season Cup World Championship Smite World Championship Real-time strategy StarCraft StarCraft II Global League Warcraft III championships Shooter Apex Legends Global Series Call of Duty Championship League Counter-Strike BLAST Premier ESL Pro League Flashpoint Majors Fortnite World Cup Overwatch Apex Champions Series Contenders League World Cup QuakeCon Six Invitational Valorant Champions Tour PUBG Mobile Sports eFootball.Open eSailing World Championship FIA-Certified Gran Turismo Championships FIFAe World Cup FIFAe Nations Cup Formula One Esports Series Formula E: Accelerate iRacing eNASCAR Coca-Cola iRacing Series eNASCAR iRacing Pro Invitational Series EuroNASCAR Esports Series INDYCAR iRacing Challenge NBA 2K League Rocket League Championship Series eRacing 2017 Vegas eRace Other genres Classic Tetris World Championship Hearthstone Pokémon World Championships Multi-genre Asian Games Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games DreamHack ELeague ESEA League ESL Intel Extreme Masters Esports World Convention Major League Gaming list of National Championships Nintendo World Championships Campus Challenge Olympic Esports Series Southeast Asian Games Twin Galaxies World Cyber Games World Electronic Sports Games World Series of Video Games Governing bodies Amazon University Esports Armenian Esports Federation Asian Electronic Sports Federation Bangladesh Youth Development & Electronic Sports Association British Esports Esports Integrity Commission Esports World Federation International Esports Federation Korea e-Sports Association National Association of Collegiate Esports Professional Esports Association Saudi Esports Federation Tespa Thailand E-Sports Federation Russian eSports Federation World Esports Association Defunct organizations Championship Gaming Series Cyberathlete Professional League eGames G7 Teams MBCGame StarCraft League Ongamenet Starleague Professional Gamers League Tougeki – Super Battle Opera United Kingdom eSports Association World e-Sports Games World League eSport Bundesliga XLEAGUE.TV Years 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Category vteSports governing bodies in South Africa (RSA)Summer Olympic sports Aquatics Diving swimming synchronized swimming water polo Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Golf Men Women Gymnastics Handball Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing Rugby sevens Sailing Shooting Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball inc. beach volleyball Weightlifting Wrestling Winter Olympic sports Biathlon Bobsleigh & skeleton Curling Skating figure speed short track Ice hockey Luge Skiing alpine cross-country Nordic combined freestyle jumping Snowboarding Other IOC recognised sports Air sports Parachuting Hang-gliding and paragliding Auto racing Bandy Baseball Boules Bowling Bridge Chess Cricket Cue sports Dance sport Floorball Karate Korfball Lifesaving Motorcycle racing Mountaineering and climbing Netball Orienteering Pelota vasca Polo Powerboating Racquetball Roller sport Rugby Softball Sport climbing Squash Sumo Surfing Tug of war Underwater sports Water ski Wushu Others sports Australian rules football Bowls Horse racing Mind sports Rugby league Soaring Miscellaneous South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee South African Deaf Sports Federation University Sports South Africa South Africa portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Esports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esports"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"}],"text":"The Confederation of African Esports (CAES) is the governing body of Esports in Africa.","title":"Confederation of African Esports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"So far, there are 5 member nations in CAES.[1]","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Confederation of African Esports was formally constituted on 14 June 2007.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"voluntary association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_association"}],"text":"Confederation of African Esports, like other sports confederations, is constituted as a voluntary association.The highest authority of the CAES is the Annual General Meeting, which holds all Committees accountable for their actions.The management board deals with the day-to-day operations of CAES and overseas the different Boards of Control.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In 2008, the logo included the mind sports logo. The mind sports logo was dropped in 2013 in favour of the wording 'CAES'.","title":"History of the emblem"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following test matches were held:","title":"Official Test matches"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Continental Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"CAES has had the following Presidents from the period of 2008 up to the present:","title":"Presidents"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Late_Than_Never_(Anderson_Ponty_Band_album)
Better Late Than Never (Anderson Ponty Band album)
["1 Overview","2 Releases","3 Tours","4 Tracks","4.1 CD","4.2 Bonus DVD","5 Personnel","6 Complete setlist of the show in Aspen","7 References","8 External links"]
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for music. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Better Late Than Never" Anderson Ponty Band album – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2015 live album by Anderson Ponty Band (Jon Anderson & Jean-Luc Ponty)Better Late Than NeverLive album by Anderson Ponty Band (Jon Anderson & Jean-Luc Ponty)Released25 September 2015Recorded20 September 2014 VenueWheeler Opera House, Aspen, Colorado, United StatesGenreProgressive rockLength60.57 (CD) + 65 min (DVD) LabelLiaison Records / earMUSIC VerycordsAnderson Ponty Band (Jon Anderson & Jean-Luc Ponty) chronology The Living Tree in Concert Part One(2011) Better Late Than Never(2015) Invention of Knowledge(2016) Better Late Than Never is a live album by the Anderson Ponty Band, released in September 2015. Overview The Anderson Ponty Band is a progressive rock band formed in summer 2014, centred around the French violinist Jean-Luc Ponty and the British singer/songwriter and founding member of Yes, Jon Anderson. Ponty was approached by Jon Anderson with the idea of working together in the 1980s, but the idea did not come to fruition until about 30 years later. when the project was put up on Kickstarter and was successfully funded by August 2014. Better Late Than Never was largely recorded during the band's debut concert on 20 September 2014 at the Wheeler Opera House in Aspen, Colorado, but the released recording also includes studio embellishments and overdubs. It presents new musical compositions, rearrangements of classic Yes hits such as "Owner of a Lonely Heart", "Roundabout" and "Wonderous Stories", as well as Ponty compositions with lyrics written by Anderson such as "Infinite Mirage" (based on Enigmatic Ocean's "Mirage") and "Listening with Me" (based on A Taste for Passion's "Stay with Me"). The band's original line-up, which played at Aspen, included the bass guitarist Baron Browne, the drummer Rayford Griffin, the keyboardist Wally Minko and the guitarist Jamie Dunlap. By January 2015, Dunlap had left the band and Ponty's guitarist, Jamie Glaser, subsequently overdubbed all of Dunlap's original parts for the album. Releases Better Late Than Never is a double disc Digipak including the 14-track audio CD, an hour-long 10-song performance bonus DVD (including artist interviews) and a 20-page booklet with complete song lyrics. A videography documenting the making of Better Late Than Never was due to be released along with videos and performances. Tours In support of the new release, a North America tour named the "Better Late Than Never" tour was scheduled: a 17-date autumn 2015 leg began on 23 October 2015 in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, and ended on 21 November 2015 in Scottsdale, Arizona. An 18-date spring 2016 leg followed, from 28 April 2016 in Tucson, Arizona, to 27 May 2016 in Québec City. Tracks CD No.TitleLength1."Intro"1:172."One in the Rhythm of Hope"4:343."A for Aria"3:224."Owner of a Lonely Heart"5:045."Listening with Me"5:396."Time and a Word"5:307."Infinite Mirage"3:488."Soul Eternal"4:589."Wonderous Stories"4:0110."And You and I"3:0011."Renaissance of the Sun"6:3612."Roundabout"5:2713."I See you Messenger"3:5014."New New World"3:46 Bonus DVD No.TitleLength1."Intro" 2."One in the Rhythm of Hope" 3."A for Aria" 4."Owner of a Lonely Heart" 5."Listening with Me" 6."Time and a Word" 7."Infinite Mirage" 8."Soul Eternal" 9."Wonderous Stories" 10."Renaissance of the Sun" 11."Roundabout"  Personnel Jon Anderson – lead vocals, acoustic guitars Jean-Luc Ponty – violin Jamie Glaser – guitars (Jamie Dunlap was part of the original line-up of APB and thus performed live on 20 September 2014 at the Wheeler Opera House, Aspen, Colorado, but, by January 2015, he had left the band and had been replaced by Ponty's guitarist Jamie Glaser who, as a result, overdubbed all Dunlap's parts on the present live album) Wally Minko – keyboards, piano Baron Browne – bass guitar Rayford Griffin – drums and percussion Complete setlist of the show in Aspen The album tracks are in bold. Part 1: "Intro" → "One In The Rhythm of Hope" (2015) "A for Aria" (2015) "Yours Is No Disgrace" (1971/not yet published) "Listening With Me" (2015) "Time and A Word" (1970/2015) "Jig" (not yet published) "Infinite Mirage" (2015) "Soul Eternal" (2015) "I See You Messenger" (2015) "Owner of a Lonely Heart" (1983/2015) Part 2: "New Country" (1976/not yet published) "Wonderous Stories" (1977/2015) "Long Distance Runaround" (1971/not yet published) "Renaissance of the Sun" (1976/2015) "Enigmatic Ocean Parts 1 & 2" (incl. drums solo) (1977/not yet published) "New New World" (2015) "And You and I" (1972/2015) "Starship Trooper" (1971/not yet published) "Bass solo" (not yet published) → "Roundabout" (1971/2015) References ^ a b "Anderson Ponty Band – Better Late Than Never". www.amazon.co.uk. 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2015. ^ a b "Anderson Ponty Band – Better Late Than Never". e-leclerc.com. 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2015. ^ a b c d "AndersonPonty Band Featuring Music Icons Jon Anderson & Jean Luc Ponty To Release New CD/DVD "Better Late Than Never"". www.ponty.com. 5 August 2015. Archived from the original on 23 October 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2015. ^ "Concert Dates 2015". ponty.com. 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2015. ^ "Concert Dates 2016". ponty.com. 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2016. ^ "A love of the music of Yes – The Anderson Ponty Band Project (blogger: Michelle Johnston)". loveofyesmusic.blogspot.fr. 25 September 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2016. External links AndersonPonty Band official website Jon Anderson official website Jon Anderson official Facebook page Jean-Luc Ponty official website Yes official website vteJon AndersonStudio albums Olias of Sunhillow (1976) Song of Seven (1980) Animation (1982) 3 Ships (1985) In the City of Angels (1988) Deseo (1994) Change We Must (1994) Angels Embrace (1995) Toltec (1996) Lost Tapes of Opio (1996) The Promise Ring (1997) Survival & Other Stories (2011) 1000 Hands: Chapter One (2019) EPs Open (2011) Anderson/Wakeman The Living Tree (2010) AndersonPonty Band Better Late Than Never (2015) Anderson/Stolt Invention of Knowledge (2016) Related articles Discography Yes Jon & Vangelis Vangelis Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe (album) An Evening of Yes Music Plus Deborah Anderson Jade Anderson The Songs of Zamran: Son of Olias Yes Featuring Jon Anderson, Trevor Rabin, Rick Wakeman vteJean-Luc PontyStudio albums Jazz Long Playing (1964) Violin Summit (1966) Sunday Walk (1967) Humair, Louiss, Ponty: Trio HLP (1968) Electric Connection (1969) More Than Meets the Ear (1968) King Kong: Jean-Luc Ponty Plays the Music of Frank Zappa (1970) Open Strings (1971) New Violin Summit (1971) Upon the Wings of Music (1975) Aurora (1976) Imaginary Voyage (1976) Enigmatic Ocean (1977) Cosmic Messenger (1978) A Taste for Passion (1979) Civilized Evil (1980) Mystical Adventures (1982) Individual Choice (1983) Open Mind (1984) Fables (1985) The Gift of Time (1987) Storytelling (1989) Tchokola (1991) No Absolute Time (1993) The Rite of Strings (1995) Life Enigma (2001) The Acatama Experience (2007) Live albums The Jean-Luc Ponty Experience with the George Duke Trio (1969) Live at Donte's (1969) Astrorama (1970) Live at Montreux 72 (a.k.a. Sonata Erotica) (1972) Waving Memories - Live in Chicago 1975 (1975) Live in Hamburg (1976) Live (1979) Live at Chene Park (1997) Live at Semper Opera (2002) Jean-Luc Ponty in Concert (rec. 1999, rel. 2003) Live in Montreux 1994 (2005) Compilations Cantaloupe Island (1976) Le Voyage: The Jean-Luc Ponty Anthology (1996) The Very Best of Jean-Luc Ponty (2000) The Best of Jean-Luc Ponty (2002) with Frank Zappa Hot Rats (1969) Over-Nite Sensation (1973) Apostrophe (') (1974) Shut Up 'n Play Yer Guitar (1981) Beat the Boots!—Piquantique (1991) Beat the Boots! #2—Disconnected Synapses (1992) You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore Vol. 6 (1992) The Lost Episodes (1996) One Shot Deal (2008) Understanding America (2012) Road Tapes, Venue #2 (2013) with Mahavishnu Orchestra Apocalypse (1974) Visions of the Emerald Beyond (1975) Anderson Ponty Band Better Late Than Never (2015) Related articles Frank Zappa Mahavishnu Orchestra Clara Ponty Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
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It presents new musical compositions, rearrangements of classic Yes hits such as \"Owner of a Lonely Heart\", \"Roundabout\" and \"Wonderous Stories\", as well as Ponty compositions with lyrics written by Anderson such as \"Infinite Mirage\" (based on Enigmatic Ocean's \"Mirage\") and \"Listening with Me\" (based on A Taste for Passion's \"Stay with Me\").[3]The band's original line-up, which played at Aspen, included the bass guitarist Baron Browne, the drummer Rayford Griffin, the keyboardist Wally Minko and the guitarist Jamie Dunlap. By January 2015, Dunlap had left the band and Ponty's guitarist, Jamie Glaser, subsequently overdubbed all of Dunlap's original parts for the album.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ponty.com_Better_Late_Than_Never-3"}],"text":"Better Late Than Never is a double disc Digipak including the 14-track audio CD, an hour-long 10-song performance bonus DVD (including artist interviews) and a 20-page booklet with complete song lyrics.A videography documenting the making of Better Late Than Never was due to be released along with videos and performances.[3]","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroudsburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Scottsdale, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ponty.com_Better_Late_Than_Never_US_Tour_Dates_2015-4"},{"link_name":"Tucson, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Québec City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec,_QC"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ponty.com_Better_Late_Than_Never_US_Tour_Dates_2016-5"}],"text":"In support of the new release, a North America tour named the \"Better Late Than Never\" tour was scheduled: a 17-date autumn 2015 leg began on 23 October 2015 in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, and ended on 21 November 2015 in Scottsdale, Arizona.[4] An 18-date spring 2016 leg followed, from 28 April 2016 in Tucson, Arizona, to 27 May 2016 in Québec City.[5]","title":"Tours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tracks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Owner of a Lonely Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owner_of_a_Lonely_Heart"},{"link_name":"Time and a Word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_and_a_Word"},{"link_name":"Wonderous Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going_for_the_One#Track_listing"},{"link_name":"And You and I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_You_and_I"},{"link_name":"Roundabout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundabout_(Yes_song)"}],"sub_title":"CD","text":"No.TitleLength1.\"Intro\"1:172.\"One in the Rhythm of Hope\"4:343.\"A for Aria\"3:224.\"Owner of a Lonely Heart\"5:045.\"Listening with Me\"5:396.\"Time and a Word\"5:307.\"Infinite Mirage\"3:488.\"Soul Eternal\"4:589.\"Wonderous Stories\"4:0110.\"And You and I\"3:0011.\"Renaissance of the Sun\"6:3612.\"Roundabout\"5:2713.\"I See you Messenger\"3:5014.\"New New World\"3:46","title":"Tracks"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bonus DVD","text":"No.TitleLength1.\"Intro\" 2.\"One in the Rhythm of Hope\" 3.\"A for Aria\" 4.\"Owner of a Lonely Heart\" 5.\"Listening with Me\" 6.\"Time and a Word\" 7.\"Infinite Mirage\" 8.\"Soul Eternal\" 9.\"Wonderous Stories\" 10.\"Renaissance of the Sun\" 11.\"Roundabout\"","title":"Tracks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jon Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Jean-Luc Ponty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Ponty"},{"link_name":"Jamie Glaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Glaser"},{"link_name":"Baron Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Browne"}],"text":"Jon Anderson – lead vocals, acoustic guitars\nJean-Luc Ponty – violin\nJamie Glaser – guitars (Jamie Dunlap was part of the original line-up of APB and thus performed live on 20 September 2014 at the Wheeler Opera House, Aspen, Colorado, but, by January 2015, he had left the band and had been replaced by Ponty's guitarist Jamie Glaser who, as a result, overdubbed all Dunlap's parts on the present live album)\nWally Minko – keyboards, piano\nBaron Browne – bass guitar\nRayford Griffin – drums and percussion","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loveofyesmusic.blogspot.fr_APB-6"}],"text":"The album tracks are in bold.[6]Part 1:\"Intro\" →\n\"One In The Rhythm of Hope\" (2015)\n\"A for Aria\" (2015)\n\"Yours Is No Disgrace\" (1971/not yet published)\n\"Listening With Me\" (2015)\n\"Time and A Word\" (1970/2015)\n\"Jig\" (not yet published)\n\"Infinite Mirage\" (2015)\n\"Soul Eternal\" (2015)\n\"I See You Messenger\" (2015)\n\"Owner of a Lonely Heart\" (1983/2015)Part 2:\"New Country\" (1976/not yet published)\n\"Wonderous Stories\" (1977/2015)\n\"Long Distance Runaround\" (1971/not yet published)\n\"Renaissance of the Sun\" (1976/2015)\n\"Enigmatic Ocean Parts 1 & 2\" (incl. drums solo) (1977/not yet published)\n\"New New World\" (2015)\n\"And You and I\" (1972/2015)\n\"Starship Trooper\" (1971/not yet published)\n\"Bass solo\" (not yet published) →\n\"Roundabout\" (1971/2015)","title":"Complete setlist of the show in Aspen"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateral_relation
Bilateralism
["1 Examples","2 History","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Relationship between two sovereign states For other uses, see Bilateral. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Bilateralism" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Bilateralism is the conduct of political, economic, or cultural relations between two sovereign states. It is in contrast to unilateralism or multilateralism, which is activity by a single state or jointly by multiple states, respectively. When states recognize one another as sovereign states and agree to diplomatic relations, they create a bilateral relationship. States with bilateral ties will exchange diplomatic agents such as ambassadors to facilitate dialogues and cooperations. Economic agreements, such as free trade agreements (FTAs) or foreign direct investment (FDI), signed by two states, are a common example of bilateralism. Since most economic agreements are signed according to the specific characteristics of the contracting countries to give preferential treatment to each other, not a generalized principle but a situational differentiation is needed. Thus through bilateralism, states can obtain more tailored agreements and obligations that only apply to particular contracting states. However, the states will face a trade-off because it is more wasteful in transaction costs than the multilateral strategy. In a bilateral strategy, a new contract has to be negotiated for each participant. So it tends to be preferred when transaction costs are low and the member surplus, which corresponds to "producer surplus" in economic terms, is high. Moreover, this will be effective if an influential state wants control over small states from a liberalism perspective, because building a series of bilateral arrangements with small states can increase a state's influence. Examples Australia and Canada have a bilateral relationship; both have similar governments and share similar values as well as having the same titular head of state. In 1895 the Government of Canada sent John Larke to Sydney to establish a trade commission and in 1935 Canada sent Charles Burchell (Australia's first Canadian High Commissioner) to formalise ties between the two countries. Both nations have been wartime allies, and their trade and economic relations are strong. India and Nepal have had a bilateral relationship since ancient times even before the birth of the Buddha in 563 BC. In modern times, this traditional relationship has been confirmed by written treaties. The India-Nepal treaty of friendship was signed in July 1950. That provided economically and politically important effects for both countries. In 2011, the two countries signed a new Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement. These bilateral treaties have played a significant role in the evolution of international investment law. Citizens of both countries can move across the border freely without passport or visa, live and work in either country and own property and business in either country. Gurkhas form a part of the Indian Army. Millions of Nepalis have been living in India for long periods of time. The United States has bilateral relationships with several East Asian countries, particularly South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. The United States formed a bilateral alliance with Japan during the Security Treaty between the United States and Japan. The U.S. also formed a bilateral alliance with Korea during the 1953 U.S.–South Korea Status of Forces Agreement and one with the Republic of China during the 1954 Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty. Unlike its relationship with European nations which takes multilateral alliances centered in NATO, the U.S. prefers a direct relationship with each of the East Asian countries. Rather than establishing a security alliance or hosting a summit, the U.S. tends to make a direct connection with each nation. From both historical and political perspectives, every country in the East Asian region can be an opponent or a target to any other. Therefore, it is comparatively difficult to construct multilateral alliances, which depend upon mutual reliance. A main U.S. reason for choosing a bilateral treaty was to avoid conflict, as might have been the case with multilateral treaties (e.g. risk of multilateral treaty defects). An example is the "hub and spokes" reference, where the U.S. is the "hub" and the East Asian countries are the "spokes"; they each have a connection with the U.S. but not with each other. There are multiple factors that are unique when discussing why the United States has chosen to form bilateral relations particularly with East Asian countries, in comparison to the multilateral relations, such as NATO. Firstly, the United States had existing and longer relations with countries in Europe. Thus it was easier for the United States to build and form this multilateral bond. Victor Cha states "Acheson argued that NATO was the product of a long, deliberative process, that West European powers had carefully developed their plan for collective defense before asking for U.S. help, and most revealing, that the United States viewed NATO as a mutual collective defense arrangement." Another factor which contributed is the geography of East Asia compared to Europe. Because Europe is "connected", it is better for the security and economy. Whereas in East Asia, states are divided over a large space and is separated by large amounts of water and distance, making it a less admirable condition to form multilateral bonds for the United States. In East Asia, there are also a variety of regimes: communist, authoritarian regimes as well as democratic regimes. In comparison to the states in NATO, who are consisted of democracies, causing a level of difficulty in creating multilateral relations. Another factor is that the states in NATO recognised the same source of threat, which was USSR. This allowed for an agreement amongst these NATO states to form this multilateral relation. However, in the case with East Asia, there was no unified threat. For the ROC (Republic of China, otherwise known as Taiwan), China was seen as the threat. For the ROK (Republic of Korea, otherwise known as South Korea), DPRK (Democratic People's Republic of Korea, otherwise known as North Korea) was the threat. Thus there was a great level of difficulty in the United States forming an alliance with East Asia as the threats were different. Among many of the different explanations behind the United States' choice of intervening in the bilateral alliances in East Asia, some social historians added that the U.S. decision makers firmly believed that unlike Europe, "inferior" Asians presumably did not possess the level of sophistication and responsibility that was required for the complex organization of the multilateral security arrangements. Christopher Hemmer and Peter J. Katzenstein concluded, "trust absent, religion and domestic value were shared in only few cases, and race invoked as a powerful force separating the U.S. from Asia". Victor Cha proposed the Powerplay theory in his article "Powerplay: Origins of the U.S. Alliance System in Asia", which explains the reasons behind the United States' decision in creating a series of bilateral alliances with East Asian countries. Powerplay is commonly used in any political or social situation when one uses its knowledge or information against others in order to gain benefits using situational advantages the one has. According to the powerplay theory, the alliances were created to both contain and constrain potential rogue allies (rogue state) from performing aggressive behavior that would trigger larger military conflict and involvement. The rogue allies (rogue states) include Taiwan's Kai Shek Chiang, who was publicly planning and looking forward to take back mainland China, and Korea's Syngman Rhee, who wanted to unify the Korean peninsula. The United States was also worried that Japan would recover its regional power in Asia. Cha concludes that the postwar United States planners had selected such a type of security architecture as an attempt to prevent aggression by the East Asian pro-west dictators and to increase leverage and states' dependency on the U.S. economy. The U.S.–Japan alliance was a bilateral security order created with the intention of preventing the expansion of Soviet power and communism in the Asia Pacific. The U.S. provided Japan, and the other Asia Pacific countries, with the offer of security protection and access to American markets, technology, and supplies in exchange for providing diplomatic, economic, and logistical support for the U.S., as this, according to John Ikenberry, would lead to the "wider, American-centered anti-Communist postwar order". The United States also has a history of bilateral agreements with Panama, beginning with the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903) which established the United States' right to build a canal and own it and adjacent property across the otherwise-sovereign nation of Panama. This was replaced by the Treaty Concerning the Permanent Neutrality and Operation of the Panama Canal and the Panama Canal Treaty (both signed 1977). A bilateral investment treaty amendment was signed by the two countries in 2000, and several more limited agreements have been signed between various law-enforcement and financial agencies of the two countries. History There has been a long debate on the merits of bilateralism versus multilateralism. The first rejection of bilateralism came after the First World War when many politicians concluded that the complex pre-war system of bilateral treaties had made war inevitable. This led to the creation of the multilateral League of Nations (which was disbanded in failure after 26 years). A similar reaction against bilateral trade agreements occurred after the Great Depression, when it was argued that such agreements helped produce a cycle of rising tariffs that deepened the economic downturn. Thus, after the Second World War, the West turned to multilateral agreements such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Despite the high profile of modern multilateral systems such as the United Nations and World Trade Organization, most diplomacy is still done at the bilateral level. Bilateralism has a flexibility and ease lacking in most compromise-dependent multilateral systems. In addition, disparities in power, resources, money, armament, or technology are more easily exploitable by the stronger side in bilateral diplomacy, which powerful states might consider as a positive aspect of it, compared to the more consensus-driven multilateral form of diplomacy, where the one state-one vote rule applies. A 2017 study found that bilateral tax treaties, even if intended to "coordinate policies between countries to avoid double taxation and encourage international investment", had the unintended consequence of allowing "multinationals to engage in treaty shopping, states' fiscal autonomy is limited, and governments tend to maintain lower tax rates." See also Bilateral trade Bilateral treaty List of bilateral free trade agreements Multilateralism Multistakeholderism Unilateralism References ^ Thompson, Alexander; Verdier, Daniel (March 2014). "Multilateralism, Bilateralism and Regime Design" (PDF). International Studies Quarterly. 58 (1). International Studies Association: 15–28. doi:10.1111/isqu.12100. Retrieved 12 December 2023 – via Ohio State University Department of Political Science. ^ "Canada country brief". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 12 December 2023. ^ Subedi, Surya P. (Fall 2013). "India's New Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Treaty with Nepal: A New Trend in State Practice" (PDF). ICSID Review—Foreign Investment Law Journal. 28 (2). Oxford University Press: 384–404. doi:10.1093/icsidreview/sit027. ^ Yeo, Andrew (April 2011). Bilateralism, Multilateralism, and Institutional Change in Northeast Asia's Regional Security Architecture (PDF) (Technical report). EAI Fellows Program Working Paper No. 30. East Asia Institute. Retrieved 12 December 2023. ^ a b Cha, Victor D. (9 January 2010). "Powerplay: Origins of the U.S. Alliance System in Asia". International Security. 34 (3). The MIT Press: 158–196. doi:10.1162/isec.2010.34.3.158. ISSN 0162-2889. JSTOR 40389236. S2CID 57566528. ^ Hemmer, Christopher; Katzenstein, Peter J. (Summer 2002). "Why Is There No NATO in Asia? Collective Identity, Regionalism, and the Origins of Multilateralism" (PDF). International Organization. 53 (3). The MIT Press: 575–607. JSTOR 3078589. Retrieved 12 December 2023 – via University of Montenegro. ^ Ikenberry, G. John (September 2004). "American hegemony and East Asian order" (PDF). Australian Journal of International Affairs. 58 (3): 353–367. doi:10.1080/1035771042000260129. ISSN 1465-332X. Retrieved 12 December 2023 – via ResearchGate. ^ Arel-Bundock, Vincent (Spring 2017). "The Unintended Consequences of Bilateralism: Treaty Shopping and International Tax Policy". International Organization. 71 (2): 349–371. doi:10.1017/S0020818317000108. ISSN 0020-8183. S2CID 157493354. Retrieved 12 December 2023 – via SocArXiv. External links Look up bilateralism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The Rise of Bilateralism
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It is in contrast to unilateralism or multilateralism, which is activity by a single state or jointly by multiple states, respectively. When states recognize one another as sovereign states and agree to diplomatic relations, they create a bilateral relationship. States with bilateral ties will exchange diplomatic agents such as ambassadors to facilitate dialogues and cooperations.Economic agreements, such as free trade agreements (FTAs) or foreign direct investment (FDI), signed by two states, are a common example of bilateralism. Since most economic agreements are signed according to the specific characteristics of the contracting countries to give preferential treatment to each other, not a generalized principle but a situational differentiation is needed. Thus through bilateralism, states can obtain more tailored agreements and obligations that only apply to particular contracting states. 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Moreover, this will be effective if an influential state wants control over small states from a liberalism perspective, because building a series of bilateral arrangements with small states can increase a state's influence.[1]","title":"Bilateralism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bilateral relationship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Canada_relations"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha"},{"link_name":"India-Nepal treaty of friendship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_Indo-Nepal_Treaty_of_Peace_and_Friendship"},{"link_name":"Gurkhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurkha"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Security Treaty between the United States and Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Treaty_between_the_United_States_and_Japan"},{"link_name":"U.S.–South Korea Status of Forces Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93South_Korea_Status_of_Forces_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-American_Mutual_Defense_Treaty"},{"link_name":"multilateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilateralism"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"hub and spokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_System"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-powerplay-5"},{"link_name":"multilateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilateralism"},{"link_name":"Victor Cha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Cha"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-powerplay-5"},{"link_name":"USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR"},{"link_name":"ROC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"ROK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"DPRK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Powerplay theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerplay_(theory)"},{"link_name":"rogue state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_state"},{"link_name":"John Ikenberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ikenberry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"bilateral agreements with Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"link_name":"Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Bunau-Varilla_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Treaty Concerning the Permanent Neutrality and Operation of the Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrijos%E2%80%93Carter_Treaties"},{"link_name":"bilateral investment treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateral_investment_treaty"}],"text":"Australia and Canada have a bilateral relationship; both have similar governments and share similar values as well as having the same titular head of state. In 1895 the Government of Canada sent John Larke to Sydney to establish a trade commission and in 1935 Canada sent Charles Burchell (Australia's first Canadian High Commissioner) to formalise ties between the two countries.[2] Both nations have been wartime allies, and their trade and economic relations are strong.\nIndia and Nepal have had a bilateral relationship since ancient times even before the birth of the Buddha in 563 BC. In modern times, this traditional relationship has been confirmed by written treaties. The India-Nepal treaty of friendship was signed in July 1950. That provided economically and politically important effects for both countries. In 2011, the two countries signed a new Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement. These bilateral treaties have played a significant role in the evolution of international investment law. Citizens of both countries can move across the border freely without passport or visa, live and work in either country and own property and business in either country. Gurkhas form a part of the Indian Army. Millions of Nepalis have been living in India for long periods of time.[3]\nThe United States has bilateral relationships with several East Asian countries, particularly South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. The United States formed a bilateral alliance with Japan during the Security Treaty between the United States and Japan. The U.S. also formed a bilateral alliance with Korea during the 1953 U.S.–South Korea Status of Forces Agreement and one with the Republic of China during the 1954 Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty. Unlike its relationship with European nations which takes multilateral alliances centered in NATO, the U.S. prefers a direct relationship with each of the East Asian countries. Rather than establishing a security alliance or hosting a summit, the U.S. tends to make a direct connection with each nation. From both historical and political perspectives, every country in the East Asian region can be an opponent or a target to any other. Therefore, it is comparatively difficult to construct multilateral alliances, which depend upon mutual reliance. A main U.S. reason for choosing a bilateral treaty was to avoid conflict, as might have been the case with multilateral treaties (e.g. risk of multilateral treaty defects). An example is the \"hub and spokes\" reference, where the U.S. is the \"hub\" and the East Asian countries are the \"spokes\"; they each have a connection with the U.S. but not with each other.[4][5]\nThere are multiple factors that are unique when discussing why the United States has chosen to form bilateral relations particularly with East Asian countries, in comparison to the multilateral relations, such as NATO. Firstly, the United States had existing and longer relations with countries in Europe. Thus it was easier for the United States to build and form this multilateral bond. Victor Cha states \"Acheson argued that NATO was the product of a long, deliberative process, that West European powers had carefully developed their plan for collective defense before asking for U.S. help, and most revealing, that the United States viewed NATO as a mutual collective defense arrangement.\"[5] Another factor which contributed is the geography of East Asia compared to Europe. Because Europe is \"connected\", it is better for the security and economy. Whereas in East Asia, states are divided over a large space and is separated by large amounts of water and distance, making it a less admirable condition to form multilateral bonds for the United States. In East Asia, there are also a variety of regimes: communist, authoritarian regimes as well as democratic regimes. In comparison to the states in NATO, who are consisted of democracies, causing a level of difficulty in creating multilateral relations. Another factor is that the states in NATO recognised the same source of threat, which was USSR. This allowed for an agreement amongst these NATO states to form this multilateral relation. However, in the case with East Asia, there was no unified threat. For the ROC (Republic of China, otherwise known as Taiwan), China was seen as the threat. For the ROK (Republic of Korea, otherwise known as South Korea), DPRK (Democratic People's Republic of Korea, otherwise known as North Korea) was the threat. Thus there was a great level of difficulty in the United States forming an alliance with East Asia as the threats were different. Among many of the different explanations behind the United States' choice of intervening in the bilateral alliances in East Asia, some social historians added that the U.S. decision makers firmly believed that unlike Europe, \"inferior\" Asians presumably did not possess the level of sophistication and responsibility that was required for the complex organization of the multilateral security arrangements. Christopher Hemmer and Peter J. Katzenstein concluded, \"trust [was] absent, religion and domestic value were shared in only few cases, and race invoked as a powerful force separating the U.S. from Asia\".[6]\nVictor Cha proposed the Powerplay theory in his article \"Powerplay: Origins of the U.S. Alliance System in Asia\", which explains the reasons behind the United States' decision in creating a series of bilateral alliances with East Asian countries. Powerplay is commonly used in any political or social situation when one uses its knowledge or information against others in order to gain benefits using situational advantages the one has. According to the powerplay theory, the alliances were created to both contain and constrain potential rogue allies (rogue state) from performing aggressive behavior that would trigger larger military conflict and involvement. The rogue allies (rogue states) include Taiwan's Kai Shek Chiang, who was publicly planning and looking forward to take back mainland China, and Korea's Syngman Rhee, who wanted to unify the Korean peninsula. The United States was also worried that Japan would recover its regional power in Asia. Cha concludes that the postwar United States planners had selected such a type of security architecture as an attempt to prevent aggression by the East Asian pro-west dictators and to increase leverage and states' dependency on the U.S. economy.\nThe U.S.–Japan alliance was a bilateral security order created with the intention of preventing the expansion of Soviet power and communism in the Asia Pacific. The U.S. provided Japan, and the other Asia Pacific countries, with the offer of security protection and access to American markets, technology, and supplies in exchange for providing diplomatic, economic, and logistical support for the U.S., as this, according to John Ikenberry, would lead to the \"wider, American-centered anti-Communist postwar order\".[7]\nThe United States also has a history of bilateral agreements with Panama, beginning with the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903) which established the United States' right to build a canal and own it and adjacent property across the otherwise-sovereign nation of Panama. This was replaced by the Treaty Concerning the Permanent Neutrality and Operation of the Panama Canal and the Panama Canal Treaty (both signed 1977). A bilateral investment treaty amendment was signed by the two countries in 2000, and several more limited agreements have been signed between various law-enforcement and financial agencies of the two countries.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multilateralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilateralism"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"League of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"World Trade Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"There has been a long debate on the merits of bilateralism versus multilateralism. The first rejection of bilateralism came after the First World War when many politicians concluded that the complex pre-war system of bilateral treaties had made war inevitable. This led to the creation of the multilateral League of Nations (which was disbanded in failure after 26 years).A similar reaction against bilateral trade agreements occurred after the Great Depression, when it was argued that such agreements helped produce a cycle of rising tariffs that deepened the economic downturn. Thus, after the Second World War, the West turned to multilateral agreements such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).[citation needed]Despite the high profile of modern multilateral systems such as the United Nations and World Trade Organization, most diplomacy is still done at the bilateral level. Bilateralism has a flexibility and ease lacking in most compromise-dependent multilateral systems. In addition, disparities in power, resources, money, armament, or technology are more easily exploitable by the stronger side in bilateral diplomacy, which powerful states might consider as a positive aspect of it, compared to the more consensus-driven multilateral form of diplomacy, where the one state-one vote rule applies.[citation needed]A 2017 study found that bilateral tax treaties, even if intended to \"coordinate policies between countries to avoid double taxation and encourage international investment\", had the unintended consequence of allowing \"multinationals to engage in treaty shopping, states' fiscal autonomy is limited, and governments tend to maintain lower tax rates.\"[8]","title":"History"}]
[]
[{"title":"Bilateral trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateral_trade"},{"title":"Bilateral treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateral_treaty"},{"title":"List of bilateral free trade agreements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bilateral_free_trade_agreements"},{"title":"Multilateralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilateralism"},{"title":"Multistakeholderism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multistakeholder_governance"},{"title":"Unilateralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilateralism"}]
[{"reference":"Thompson, Alexander; Verdier, Daniel (March 2014). \"Multilateralism, Bilateralism and Regime Design\" (PDF). International Studies Quarterly. 58 (1). International Studies Association: 15–28. doi:10.1111/isqu.12100. Retrieved 12 December 2023 – via Ohio State University Department of Political Science.","urls":[{"url":"http://politicalscience.osu.edu/faculty/athompson/Lateralisms.pdf","url_text":"\"Multilateralism, Bilateralism and Regime Design\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Studies_Quarterly","url_text":"International Studies Quarterly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Studies_Association","url_text":"International Studies Association"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fisqu.12100","url_text":"10.1111/isqu.12100"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University","url_text":"Ohio State University"}]},{"reference":"\"Canada country brief\". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 12 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/canada/canada-country-brief","url_text":"\"Canada country brief\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade","url_text":"Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade"}]},{"reference":"Subedi, Surya P. (Fall 2013). \"India's New Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Treaty with Nepal: A New Trend in State Practice\" (PDF). ICSID Review—Foreign Investment Law Journal. 28 (2). Oxford University Press: 384–404. doi:10.1093/icsidreview/sit027.","urls":[{"url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/38421013/SSRN-id2629726-libre.pdf?1439065492=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DIndias_New_Bilateral_Investment_Promotio.pdf&Expires=1702411142&Signature=YZGznJESvG88C57kH511L83fqRHI7FCsrU69dofqqoYdmhPBc2vy923mTsV8n20FTrmy4B1lG0TWqQNQFxtqqP2exb1pOTt5usWTMz7c-fbpmsCC1EpkfwZBrvgOAS370aGUuIzc9qgKAfl8l6p9jtilz3GBlW9yeU5JFQHX3swP3Fj8ca8cUQ1d7PCgWdYEM6L4hgjXLFDyJrXAMqr48ZY-tiCbTfoJKN-QaRzxfCSaymnqkZ9BbyQ~H26RrD8W7n7l4nqrFVujWQlzBefPhY~5HhIW6ibJrJA48Zwy30ttruleSVxdOp6eWHBgy3hbxmhkMnZwDvHdAf9xWV2igA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","url_text":"\"India's New Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Treaty with Nepal: A New Trend in State Practice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICSID_Review","url_text":"ICSID Review—Foreign Investment Law Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficsidreview%2Fsit027","url_text":"10.1093/icsidreview/sit027"}]},{"reference":"Yeo, Andrew (April 2011). Bilateralism, Multilateralism, and Institutional Change in Northeast Asia's Regional Security Architecture (PDF) (Technical report). EAI Fellows Program Working Paper No. 30. East Asia Institute. Retrieved 12 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eai.or.kr/data/bbs/eng_report/201104281643832.pdf","url_text":"Bilateralism, Multilateralism, and Institutional Change in Northeast Asia's Regional Security Architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Institute_(Korea)","url_text":"East Asia Institute"}]},{"reference":"Cha, Victor D. (9 January 2010). \"Powerplay: Origins of the U.S. Alliance System in Asia\". International Security. 34 (3). The MIT Press: 158–196. doi:10.1162/isec.2010.34.3.158. ISSN 0162-2889. JSTOR 40389236. S2CID 57566528.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Cha","url_text":"Cha, Victor D."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_(journal)","url_text":"International Security"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_MIT_Press","url_text":"The MIT Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fisec.2010.34.3.158","url_text":"10.1162/isec.2010.34.3.158"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0162-2889","url_text":"0162-2889"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40389236","url_text":"40389236"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57566528","url_text":"57566528"}]},{"reference":"Hemmer, Christopher; Katzenstein, Peter J. (Summer 2002). \"Why Is There No NATO in Asia? Collective Identity, Regionalism, and the Origins of Multilateralism\" (PDF). International Organization. 53 (3). The MIT Press: 575–607. JSTOR 3078589. Retrieved 12 December 2023 – via University of Montenegro.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_J._Katzenstein","url_text":"Katzenstein, Peter J."},{"url":"https://www.ucg.ac.me/skladiste/blog_2226/objava_9476/fajlovi/Hemmer%20and%20Katzenstein%202002.pdf","url_text":"\"Why Is There No NATO in Asia? Collective Identity, Regionalism, and the Origins of Multilateralism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_(journal)","url_text":"International Organization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_MIT_Press","url_text":"The MIT Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3078589","url_text":"3078589"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Montenegro","url_text":"University of Montenegro"}]},{"reference":"Ikenberry, G. John (September 2004). \"American hegemony and East Asian order\" (PDF). Australian Journal of International Affairs. 58 (3): 353–367. doi:10.1080/1035771042000260129. ISSN 1465-332X. Retrieved 12 December 2023 – via ResearchGate.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ikenberry","url_text":"Ikenberry, G. John"},{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/G-Ikenberry/publication/253767884_American_hegemony_and_East_Asian_order/links/02e7e53c4218fbda1d000000/American-hegemony-and-East-Asian-order.pdf","url_text":"\"American hegemony and East Asian order\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Journal_of_International_Affairs","url_text":"Australian Journal of International Affairs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1035771042000260129","url_text":"10.1080/1035771042000260129"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1465-332X","url_text":"1465-332X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ResearchGate","url_text":"ResearchGate"}]},{"reference":"Arel-Bundock, Vincent (Spring 2017). \"The Unintended Consequences of Bilateralism: Treaty Shopping and International Tax Policy\". International Organization. 71 (2): 349–371. doi:10.1017/S0020818317000108. ISSN 0020-8183. S2CID 157493354. Retrieved 12 December 2023 – via SocArXiv.","urls":[{"url":"http://osf.io/kg8rw/","url_text":"\"The Unintended Consequences of Bilateralism: Treaty Shopping and International Tax Policy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_(journal)","url_text":"International Organization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020818317000108","url_text":"10.1017/S0020818317000108"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-8183","url_text":"0020-8183"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157493354","url_text":"157493354"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SocArXiv","url_text":"SocArXiv"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randesund_Church
Randesund Church
["1 Media gallery","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 58°08′03″N 8°07′03″E / 58.1342°N 08.1176°E / 58.1342; 08.1176Church in Agder, NorwayRandesund ChurchRandesund kirkeView of the church58°08′03″N 8°07′03″E / 58.1342°N 08.1176°E / 58.1342; 08.1176LocationKristiansand Municipality,AgderCountryNorwayDenominationChurch of NorwayChurchmanshipEvangelical LutheranWebsiterandesund.noHistoryStatusParish churchFounded1864Consecrated28 Oct 1864ArchitectureFunctional statusActiveArchitect(s)Christian Heinrich GroschArchitectural typeCruciformCompleted1864 (160 years ago) (1864)SpecificationsCapacity450MaterialsWoodAdministrationDioceseAgder og TelemarkDeaneryKristiansand domprostiParishRandesundNorwegian Cultural Heritage SiteTypeChurchStatusNot protectedID85270 Randesund Church (Norwegian: Randesund kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Kristiansand Municipality in Agder county, Norway. It is located in the Frikstad neighborhood in the Randesund district in the borough of Oddernes inside the city of Kristiansand. It is one of the churches for the Randesund parish which is part of the Kristiansand domprosti (arch-deanery) in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark. The white, wooden church was built in a cruciform design in 1864 using plans drawn up by the architect Christian Heinrich Grosch. The church seats about 450 people. The church was consecrated on 28 October 1864 by the Bishop Jacob von der Lippe. The church is surrounded by a cemetery. Media gallery See also List of churches in Agder og Telemark References ^ "Randesund kirke". Kirkesøk: Kirkebyggdatabasen. Retrieved 10 January 2021. ^ "Oversikt over Nåværende Kirker" (in Norwegian). KirkeKonsulenten.no. Retrieved 10 January 2021. ^ "Om Randesund menighet" (in Norwegian). Randesund menighet. Retrieved 31 January 2017. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Randesund kirke. vteChurch of Norway churches in the Kristiansand domprosti in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark, Norway Kristiansand Municipality: Kristiansand Cathedral Finsland Flekkerøy Greipstad Grim Hellemyr Hånes Justvik Lund Oddernes Randesund Søgne Old Søgne Søm Torridal Tveit Voie Vågsbygd Authority control databases: Artists KulturNav
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[]
[{"title":"List of churches in Agder og Telemark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Agder_og_Telemark"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Italian_Republic
President of Italy
["1 Qualifications for office","2 Election","3 Presidential mandate","4 Legal powers","5 Succession","6 Residence","7 Timeline","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Head of state of Italy President of the Italian RepublicPresidente della Repubblica ItalianaPresidential standardIncumbentSergio Mattarellasince 3 February 2015StyleMr President (informal)His Excellency (diplomatic)StatusHead of stateCommander-in-chiefMember ofHigh Council of DefenceHigh Council of the JudiciaryResidenceQuirinal PalaceAppointerItalian Parliamentand regional representativesTerm lengthSeven years, renewableConstituting instrumentConstitution of ItalyInaugural holderEnrico De NicolaFormation1 January 1948; 76 years ago (1948-01-01)DeputyPresident of the Italian SenateSalary€230,000 annuallyWebsitequirinale.it Part of the Politics seriesPolitics of Italy Constitution Constitutional laws Lateran Treaty Head of state President (list) Sergio Mattarella Executive Prime Minister (list) Giorgia Meloni Council of Ministers Current Cabinet Undersecretaries Ministries Legislature Parliament (list) Senate of the Republic Chamber of Deputies Judiciary Constitutional Court Supreme Court of Cassation Court of Assizes Code of Criminal Procedure Constitutional institutions National Council for Economics and Labour Council of State Court of Audit High Council of the Judiciary High Council of Defence Constituent entities Regions Aosta Valley Piedmont Lombardy Veneto Trentino-South Tyrol Friuli-Venezia Giulia Emilia-Romagna Liguria Tuscany Umbria Marche Molise Lazio Abruzzo Campania Apulia Basilicata Calabria Sicily Sardinia Provinces Municipalities Elections, referendums Recent general elections 20062008201320182022 Recent referendums 2005 (fertility law) 2006 (Constitution) 2009 (electoral law) 2011 (multiple issues) April 2016 (oil drilling) December 2016 (Constitution) 2020 (Constitution) 2022 (multiple issues) Constituencies Foreign relations United Nations OSCE NATO Council of Europe European Union Related topics Government Taxation Gazzetta Ufficiale(government journal) Politics portalvte The president of Italy, officially titled President of the Italian Republic (Italian: Presidente della Repubblica Italiana), is the head of state of Italy. In that role, the president represents national unity, and guarantees that Italian politics comply with the Constitution. The president is the commander-in-chief of the Italian Armed Forces and chairs the High Council of the Judiciary. A president's term of office lasts for seven years. The incumbent president is former constitutional judge Sergio Mattarella, who was elected on 31 January 2015, and re-elected on 29 January 2022. Qualifications for office The framers of the Constitution of Italy intended for the president to be an elder statesman of some stature. Article 84 states that any Italian citizen who is fifty or older on election day and enjoys civil and political rights can be elected president. The article also states that the presidency is incompatible with any other office; therefore, the president-elect must resign any other position before being sworn in. The 1948 Constitution sets the presidential term at seven years. It does not put any term limit on the presidency, although until 2013 no president ever ran for a second term. On 20 April 2013, President Giorgio Napolitano agreed to run for a second term in an attempt to break the parliamentary deadlock in the 2013 presidential elections and was duly reelected the same day. However, he made it clear that he would not serve his full term and resigned in January 2015. Election Main article: Italian presidential elections The president of the Italian Republic is elected by an electoral college of 658 members (1,009 in the 2022 election, before the 2020 Italian constitutional referendum which reduced the number of elected parliament members). It comprises both chambers of the Italian Parliament—the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of the Republic—meeting in joint session, combined with 58 special electors appointed by the regional councils of the 20 regions of Italy. Three representatives come from each region (save for the Aosta Valley, which due to its small size only appoints one), so as to guarantee representation for localities and minorities. The electoral college currently consists of: Deputies (400) Senators (200 elected, plus a small and variable number of senators for life) Regional representatives (58) According to the Constitution, the election must be held by a secret ballot, with the senators, deputies and regional representatives all being required to vote. A two-thirds vote is required to elect on any of the first three rounds of balloting and after that a simple majority suffices. The number of rounds has often been large thanks to the secret ballot and fragmented nature of the Italian Parliament. The election is presided over by the president of the Chamber of Deputies, who calls for the public counting of the votes. The vote is held in the Palazzo Montecitorio, seat of the Chamber of Deputies, which is expanded and re-configured for the event.There is no formal personal candidacy but only proposals from groups within the electoral college or from groups of no fewer than half a million citizens, so any citizen may be voted or elected, regardless of any expressed intention to be a candidate.Members of the electoral college, mostly being part of political parties, can make public or undisclosed agreements between each other on a name to vote as candidate, but the votes during the ballot remain secret as only the candidate's name is revealed but not the voter who wrote it so it's not always clear, especially to the public, if such agreements are there and if a party or a group of voters actually comply with them during a ballot.For these reasons, during the ballots, there could be votes for public figures not related to politics (actors, singers, soccer players for example or even fictitious characters) or non feasible candidates. Those kinds of votes are not fully beyond a political strategy, considering they're secret and that the first ballots requires a larger winning majority. They may be used to express discontent about the potential actual candidates, to test or show if a candidate is willing to become president at that moment, to spoil secondary candidates in order to increase interest in main candidates for future ballots, to spoil a potential candidate of the adversary party at the first ballots or to let other parties express their more interesting candidates before a potential winning ballot. Often a successful vote is reached when the major political parties within the chambers reached an agreement on a willing candidate before that final ballot and their members comply with such agreement during the vote. Presidential mandate Second inauguration of Sergio Mattarella in front of the Italian Parliament on 3 February 2022. The president of the Italian Republic assumes office after taking an oath before the Italian Parliament and delivering a presidential address. The term of the president of the Italian Republic lasts seven years. This prevents any officeholder from being reelected by the same houses, which have a five-year mandate, also granting some freedom from excessive political ties to the appointing body. The Italian president's term may end prematurely by voluntary resignation, death while in office, permanent disability due to serious illness, or impeachment and conviction for the crimes of high treason or attack on the Constitution. A former president of the Republic is called president emeritus of the Republic and becomes Senator for life ex officio. In the absence of the president of the republic, including travel abroad, presidential functions are performed by the president of the Senate. Legal powers The Constitution lays out the duties and powers of the president of the republic, including the following: In foreign affairs: Accrediting and receiving diplomatic functionaries. Ratifying international treaties upon authorization of Parliament (if required according to Article 80 of the Constitution). Making official visits abroad, accompanied by a member of the government. Declaring a state of war as decided by Parliament. In parliamentary affairs: Appointing senators for life (that may be up to five altogether). Calling the Chambers of Parliament into extraordinary session and dissolving them. Calling elections and fixing the date for the first meeting of the new Chambers. In legislative matters: Authorizing the presentation of proposed governmental bills to Parliament. Promulgating the laws approved by the Parliament. Sending a bill back to the parliament (with an explanation) and asking for its reconsideration (only permitted once per bill). Regarding popular sovereignty. Calling referendums. In executive matters and as to official protocol. Appointing the prime minister of Italy and Cabinet ministers on the advice of the prime minister. Receiving the oath of the government. Accepting the resignation of a government. Promulgating government decrees. Without further approval by Parliament, these measures expire after 60 days. Appointing certain high state functionaries. Presiding over the Consiglio Supremo di Difesa (Supreme Defense Council) and commanding all the armed forces. Decreeing the dissolution of regional councils and the removal of presidents of regions. In judicial matters: Presiding over the Consiglio Superiore della Magistratura (Superior Judicial Council). Appointing 5 members (one-third) of the Constitutional Court of Italy. Granting pardons and commutations. Cannot be punished for acts appertaining to his office unless guilty of high treason or violation of the Constitution. (article 90 of the Italian constitution) It is a crime to undermine his honour or prestige. (article 278 of the Italian penal code) Others: Granting honors. In practice, the president's office has little real independent authority. The Constitution provides that nearly all presidential acts must be countersigned by the prime minister or an individual minister since actual political responsibility rests with the government. Most presidential powers are only formal and must be exercised through the government, while many of the others are duties that the president is required to perform. However, pardons and commutations have been recognized as autonomous powers of the president. However, the president's role is not entirely ceremonial. For example, the president’s ability to send a piece of legislation back to Parliament is not taken lightly by legislators. While the president is required to promulgate the law if it is passed a second time, in practice legislators are unlikely to ignore his objections to legislation unless the measure is critical. Moreover, the president's few powers expand when there is no clear majority in Parliament. During these times, the president has significant latitude in appointing prime ministers, such as when President Scalfaro appointed Lamberto Dini as prime minister against the wishes of outgoing Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, or when President Napolitano appointed Mario Monti in 2011 and Enrico Letta in 2013. This latitude extends even further to cabinet appointments, as in 2018 when President Mattarella blocked the appointment of Paolo Savona to the Ministry of Economy and Finance. Mattarella felt that Savona's Euroscepticism would endanger Italy's relationship with the EU; he took the line that as the guardian of the Constitution, he could not allow this to happen. Succession Standard of the Substitute President of the Republic Part of a series onOrders of successionPresidencies Argentina Austria Brazil Colombia China DR Congo Finland France Germany India Indonesia Israel Italy Ireland Republic of Korea Mexico Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Romania Sri Lanka Taiwan United States Uruguay Vietnam vte According to Article 86 of the Constitution, in all the cases in which the president is unable to perform the functions of the office, these shall be performed by the president of the Senate, who would temporarily serve as acting president of Italy. In the event of permanent incapacity, death in office or resignation of the president, the president of the Chamber of Deputies shall call an election of a new president within fifteen days, notwithstanding the longer term envisaged during the dissolution of the Parliament or in the three months preceding dissolution. Residence Quirinal Palace, the principal residence of the president The officeholder resides in Rome at the Quirinal Palace and also has at his disposal the presidential holdings of Castelporziano, near Rome and Villa Rosebery in Naples. The residence at the Quirinal is guarded by the Corazzieri, an elite cuirassier honor guard that is part of the Carabinieri and has its historical roots in the guards of the House of Savoy. Timeline See also List of presidents of Italy List of presidents of Italy by time in office Italian presidential elections Spouses and companions of the presidents of Italy Semestre bianco Presidential standard of Italy References ^ MacBeth, Alex (2 February 2012). "Roman Austerity: Parliamentary Salary Cuts a Drop in the Bucket". Spiegel Online (in Italian). Spiegel Online International. ^ a b c d e "The Italian Constitution". The official website of the Presidency of the Italian Republic. ^ "Italy elects senior judge Sergio Mattarella as president". Reuters. 31 January 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2019. ^ Reguly, Eric (29 January 2022). "Italy ends voting deadlock by re-electing Sergio Mattarella as president, keeping Mario Draghi as prime minister". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 30 January 2022. ^ "President Giorgio Napolitano re-elected". BBC News. 20 April 2013. ^ James., Newell (2010). The politics of Italy : governance in a normal country. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521840705. OCLC 437084143. ^ a b Donald, Hancock, M. (27 February 2014). Politics in Europe (Sixth ed.). Thousand Oaks, California. ISBN 9781452241463. OCLC 863193454.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Donadio, Rachel (24 April 2013). "Italian President Nominates New Prime Minister". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 20 March 2019. ^ Poggioli, Sylvia (28 May 2018). "In Italy, Populists' Bid To Form Government Fails After Presidential Veto". NPR.org. Retrieved 20 March 2019. ^ web, Segretariato generale della Presidenza della Repubblica-Servizio sistemi informatici- reparto. "The residences: The Castelporziano Presidential Estate". Quirinale. Retrieved 20 March 2019. ^ web, Segretariato generale della Presidenza della Repubblica-Servizio sistemi informatici- reparto. "Villa Rosebery – The Park". Quirinale. Retrieved 20 March 2019. ^ web, Segretariato generale della Presidenza della Repubblica-Servizio sistemi informatici- reparto. "the Italian Corps of Cuirassiers". Quirinale. Retrieved 20 March 2019. External links Official website (in Italian) Links to related articles vtePresidents of Italy List List by time in office Presidential standard of Italy Enrico De Nicola Luigi Einaudi Giovanni Gronchi Antonio Segni Giuseppe Saragat Giovanni Leone Sandro Pertini Francesco Cossiga Oscar Luigi Scalfaro Carlo Azeglio Ciampi Giorgio Napolitano Sergio Mattarella vte Italian presidential electionsProvisional Head of State 1946 1947 President of the Republic 1948 1955 1962 1964 1971 1978 1985 1992 1999 2006 2013 2015 2022 vteItaly articlesHistoryOverview Timeline of Italian history By topic Citizenship Currency and coinage Economy Fashion Flags Genetic Historic states Judaism LGBT Military Music Name Postage Railways Prehistory Prehistory Neolithic Villanovan Terramare Rinaldone Apennine Nuragic Golasecca Canegrate Latial Ancient Ancient peoples Italic peoples Latins Osci Picentes Samnites Umbri Veneti Etruscans Celts Magna Graecia Ligures Messapians Ancient Rome Kingdom Republic Roman 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Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on geographical definition. 2. Recognised by at least one United Nations member. 3. Not recognised by any United Nations members.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"head of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Italian politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"commander-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief"},{"link_name":"Italian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"High Council of the Judiciary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Council_of_the_Judiciary_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ItaConst-2"},{"link_name":"constitutional judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Sergio Mattarella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella"},{"link_name":"elected on 31 January 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Italian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"re-elected on 29 January 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Italian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The president of Italy, officially titled President of the Italian Republic (Italian: Presidente della Repubblica Italiana), is the head of state of Italy. In that role, the president represents national unity, and guarantees that Italian politics comply with the Constitution. The president is the commander-in-chief of the Italian Armed Forces and chairs the High Council of the Judiciary. A president's term of office lasts for seven years.[2] The incumbent president is former constitutional judge Sergio Mattarella, who was elected on 31 January 2015,[3] and re-elected on 29 January 2022.[4]","title":"President of Italy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constitution of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ItaConst-2"},{"link_name":"president-elect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President-elect"},{"link_name":"term limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_limit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ItaConst-2"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Napolitano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano"},{"link_name":"2013 presidential elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Italian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The framers of the Constitution of Italy intended for the president to be an elder statesman of some stature. Article 84[2] states that any Italian citizen who is fifty or older on election day and enjoys civil and political rights can be elected president. The article also states that the presidency is incompatible with any other office; therefore, the president-elect must resign any other position before being sworn in.The 1948 Constitution sets the presidential term at seven years. It does not put any term limit on the presidency,[2] although until 2013 no president ever ran for a second term. On 20 April 2013, President Giorgio Napolitano agreed to run for a second term in an attempt to break the parliamentary deadlock in the 2013 presidential elections and was duly reelected the same day.[5] However, he made it clear that he would not serve his full term and resigned in January 2015.","title":"Qualifications for office"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electoral college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_college"},{"link_name":"2022 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Italian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"2020 Italian constitutional referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Italian_constitutional_referendum"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Senate of the Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"joint session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_session"},{"link_name":"regional councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_council_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"regions of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Aosta Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aosta_Valley"},{"link_name":"Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"senators for life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_senators_for_life_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"secret ballot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_ballot"},{"link_name":"required to vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_voting"},{"link_name":"two-thirds vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermajority"},{"link_name":"simple majority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"president of the Chamber of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Montecitorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Montecitorio"}],"text":"The president of the Italian Republic is elected by an electoral college of 658 members (1,009 in the 2022 election, before the 2020 Italian constitutional referendum which reduced the number of elected parliament members). It comprises both chambers of the Italian Parliament—the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of the Republic—meeting in joint session, combined with 58 special electors appointed by the regional councils of the 20 regions of Italy. Three representatives come from each region (save for the Aosta Valley, which due to its small size only appoints one), so as to guarantee representation for localities and minorities. The electoral college currently consists of:Deputies (400)\nSenators (200 elected, plus a small and variable number of senators for life)\nRegional representatives (58)According to the Constitution, the election must be held by a secret ballot, with the senators, deputies and regional representatives all being required to vote. A two-thirds vote is required to elect on any of the first three rounds of balloting and after that a simple majority suffices. The number of rounds has often been large thanks to the secret ballot and fragmented nature of the Italian Parliament.[6] The election is presided over by the president of the Chamber of Deputies, who calls for the public counting of the votes. The vote is held in the Palazzo Montecitorio, seat of the Chamber of Deputies, which is expanded and re-configured for the event.There is no formal personal candidacy but only proposals from groups within the electoral college or from groups of no fewer than half a million citizens, so any citizen may be voted or elected, regardless of any expressed intention to be a candidate.Members of the electoral college, mostly being part of political parties, can make public or undisclosed agreements between each other on a name to vote as candidate, but the votes during the ballot remain secret as only the candidate's name is revealed but not the voter who wrote it so it's not always clear, especially to the public, if such agreements are there and if a party or a group of voters actually comply with them during a ballot.For these reasons, during the ballots, there could be votes for public figures not related to politics (actors, singers, soccer players for example or even fictitious characters) or non feasible candidates. Those kinds of votes are not fully beyond a political strategy, considering they're secret and that the first ballots requires a larger winning majority. They may be used to express discontent about the potential actual candidates, to test or show if a candidate is willing to become president at that moment, to spoil secondary candidates in order to increase interest in main candidates for future ballots, to spoil a potential candidate of the adversary party at the first ballots or to let other parties express their more interesting candidates before a potential winning ballot.\nOften a successful vote is reached when the major political parties within the chambers reached an agreement on a willing candidate before that final ballot and their members comply with such agreement during the vote.","title":"Election"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Camera_dei_deputati_Aula_Palazzo_Montecitorio_Roma.jpg"},{"link_name":"taking an oath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_office"},{"link_name":"Senator for life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senator_for_life"},{"link_name":"president of the Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ItaConst-2"}],"text":"Second inauguration of Sergio Mattarella in front of the Italian Parliament on 3 February 2022.The president of the Italian Republic assumes office after taking an oath before the Italian Parliament and delivering a presidential address.The term of the president of the Italian Republic lasts seven years. This prevents any officeholder from being reelected by the same houses, which have a five-year mandate, also granting some freedom from excessive political ties to the appointing body. The Italian president's term may end prematurely by voluntary resignation, death while in office, permanent disability due to serious illness, or impeachment and conviction for the crimes of high treason or attack on the Constitution.A former president of the Republic is called president emeritus of the Republic and becomes Senator for life ex officio. In the absence of the president of the republic, including travel abroad, presidential functions are performed by the president of the Senate.[2]","title":"Presidential mandate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"official visits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_visit"},{"link_name":"state of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War"},{"link_name":"senators for life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senators_for_life_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"referendums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum"},{"link_name":"prime minister of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"expire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_provision"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Court of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"pardons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardon"},{"link_name":"high treason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_treason"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"President Scalfaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Luigi_Scalfaro"},{"link_name":"Lamberto Dini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamberto_Dini"},{"link_name":"Silvio Berlusconi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Mario Monti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Monti"},{"link_name":"Enrico Letta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Letta"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"President Mattarella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella"},{"link_name":"Paolo Savona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Savona"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Economy and Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_and_Finance_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Euroscepticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroscepticism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Constitution lays out the duties and powers of the president of the republic, including the following:In foreign affairs:\nAccrediting and receiving diplomatic functionaries.\nRatifying international treaties upon authorization of Parliament (if required according to Article 80 of the Constitution).\nMaking official visits abroad, accompanied by a member of the government.\nDeclaring a state of war as decided by Parliament.\nIn parliamentary affairs:\nAppointing senators for life (that may be up to five altogether).\nCalling the Chambers of Parliament into extraordinary session and dissolving them.\nCalling elections and fixing the date for the first meeting of the new Chambers.\nIn legislative matters:\nAuthorizing the presentation of proposed governmental bills to Parliament.\nPromulgating the laws approved by the Parliament.\nSending a bill back to the parliament (with an explanation) and asking for its reconsideration (only permitted once per bill).\nRegarding popular sovereignty.\nCalling referendums.\nIn executive matters and as to official protocol.\nAppointing the prime minister of Italy and Cabinet ministers on the advice of the prime minister.\nReceiving the oath of the government.\nAccepting the resignation of a government.\nPromulgating government decrees. Without further approval by Parliament, these measures expire after 60 days.\nAppointing certain high state functionaries.\nPresiding over the Consiglio Supremo di Difesa (Supreme Defense Council) and commanding all the armed forces.\nDecreeing the dissolution of regional councils and the removal of presidents of regions.\nIn judicial matters:\nPresiding over the Consiglio Superiore della Magistratura (Superior Judicial Council).\nAppointing 5 members (one-third) of the Constitutional Court of Italy.\nGranting pardons and commutations.\nCannot be punished for acts appertaining to his office unless guilty of high treason or violation of the Constitution. (article 90 of the Italian constitution)\nIt is a crime to undermine his honour or prestige. (article 278 of the Italian penal code)\nOthers:\nGranting honors.In practice, the president's office has little real independent authority. The Constitution provides that nearly all presidential acts must be countersigned by the prime minister or an individual minister since actual political responsibility rests with the government. Most presidential powers are only formal and must be exercised through the government, while many of the others are duties that the president is required to perform. However, pardons and commutations have been recognized as autonomous powers of the president.However, the president's role is not entirely ceremonial. For example, the president’s ability to send a piece of legislation back to Parliament is not taken lightly by legislators. While the president is required to promulgate the law if it is passed a second time, in practice legislators are unlikely to ignore his objections to legislation unless the measure is critical.[7] Moreover, the president's few powers expand when there is no clear majority in Parliament. During these times, the president has significant latitude in appointing prime ministers, such as when President Scalfaro appointed Lamberto Dini as prime minister against the wishes of outgoing Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi,[7] or when President Napolitano appointed Mario Monti in 2011 and Enrico Letta in 2013.[8]This latitude extends even further to cabinet appointments, as in 2018 when President Mattarella blocked the appointment of Paolo Savona to the Ministry of Economy and Finance. Mattarella felt that Savona's Euroscepticism would endanger Italy's relationship with the EU; he took the line that as the guardian of the Constitution, he could not allow this to happen.[9]","title":"Legal powers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Substitute_President_standard_of_Italy.svg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ItaConst-2"},{"link_name":"acting president of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy#Substitute_of_the_head_of_state"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Parliament"}],"text":"Standard of the Substitute President of the RepublicAccording to Article 86[2] of the Constitution, in all the cases in which the president is unable to perform the functions of the office, these shall be performed by the president of the Senate, who would temporarily serve as acting president of Italy.In the event of permanent incapacity, death in office or resignation of the president, the president of the Chamber of Deputies shall call an election of a new president within fifteen days, notwithstanding the longer term envisaged during the dissolution of the Parliament or in the three months preceding dissolution.","title":"Succession"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Quirinal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quirinal_Palace"},{"link_name":"Castelporziano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castelporziano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Villa Rosebery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Rosebery"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Corazzieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazzieri"},{"link_name":"cuirassier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuirassier"},{"link_name":"honor guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_of_honour"},{"link_name":"Carabinieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabinieri"},{"link_name":"House of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Quirinal Palace, the principal residence of the presidentThe officeholder resides in Rome at the Quirinal Palace and also has at his disposal the presidential holdings of Castelporziano,[10] near Rome and Villa Rosebery in Naples.[11] The residence at the Quirinal is guarded by the Corazzieri, an elite cuirassier honor guard that is part of the Carabinieri and has its historical roots in the guards of the House of Savoy.[12]","title":"Residence"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Timeline"}]
[{"image_text":"Second inauguration of Sergio Mattarella in front of the Italian Parliament on 3 February 2022.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Camera_dei_deputati_Aula_Palazzo_Montecitorio_Roma.jpg/220px-Camera_dei_deputati_Aula_Palazzo_Montecitorio_Roma.jpg"},{"image_text":"Standard of the Substitute President of the Republic","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Substitute_President_standard_of_Italy.svg/170px-Substitute_President_standard_of_Italy.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Quirinal Palace, the principal residence of the president","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg/220px-Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of presidents of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy"},{"title":"List of presidents of Italy by time in office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy_by_time_in_office"},{"title":"Italian presidential elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_presidential_elections"},{"title":"Spouses and companions of the presidents of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wives_of_the_president_of_the_Italian_Republic"},{"title":"Semestre bianco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semestre_bianco"},{"title":"Presidential standard of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_standard_of_Italy"}]
[{"reference":"MacBeth, Alex (2 February 2012). \"Roman Austerity: Parliamentary Salary Cuts a Drop in the Bucket\". Spiegel Online (in Italian). Spiegel Online International.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/roman-austerity-parliamentary-salary-cuts-a-drop-in-the-bucket-a-812474.html","url_text":"\"Roman Austerity: Parliamentary Salary Cuts a Drop in the Bucket\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Italian Constitution\". The official website of the Presidency of the Italian Republic.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.quirinale.it/page/costituzione","url_text":"\"The Italian Constitution\""}]},{"reference":"\"Italy elects senior judge Sergio Mattarella as president\". Reuters. 31 January 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-president-vote/italy-elects-senior-judge-sergio-mattarella-as-president-idUSKBN0L40DA20150131","url_text":"\"Italy elects senior judge Sergio Mattarella as president\""}]},{"reference":"Reguly, Eric (29 January 2022). \"Italy ends voting deadlock by re-electing Sergio Mattarella as president, keeping Mario Draghi as prime minister\". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 30 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-italy-ends-voting-deadlock-by-re-electing-sergio-mattarella-as/","url_text":"\"Italy ends voting deadlock by re-electing Sergio Mattarella as president, keeping Mario Draghi as prime minister\""}]},{"reference":"\"President Giorgio Napolitano re-elected\". BBC News. 20 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-22232305","url_text":"\"President Giorgio Napolitano re-elected\""}]},{"reference":"James., Newell (2010). The politics of Italy : governance in a normal country. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521840705. OCLC 437084143.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521840705","url_text":"9780521840705"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/437084143","url_text":"437084143"}]},{"reference":"Donald, Hancock, M. (27 February 2014). Politics in Europe (Sixth ed.). Thousand Oaks, California. ISBN 9781452241463. OCLC 863193454.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781452241463","url_text":"9781452241463"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/863193454","url_text":"863193454"}]},{"reference":"Donadio, Rachel (24 April 2013). \"Italian President Nominates New Prime Minister\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 20 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/25/world/europe/italy-prime-minister.html","url_text":"\"Italian President Nominates New Prime Minister\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Poggioli, Sylvia (28 May 2018). \"In Italy, Populists' Bid To Form Government Fails After Presidential Veto\". NPR.org. Retrieved 20 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2018/05/28/614910568/in-italy-populists-bid-to-form-government-fails-after-president-veto","url_text":"\"In Italy, Populists' Bid To Form Government Fails After Presidential Veto\""}]},{"reference":"web, Segretariato generale della Presidenza della Repubblica-Servizio sistemi informatici- reparto. \"The residences: The Castelporziano Presidential Estate\". Quirinale. Retrieved 20 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://palazzo.quirinale.it/residenze/c_porziano_en.html","url_text":"\"The residences: The Castelporziano Presidential Estate\""}]},{"reference":"web, Segretariato generale della Presidenza della Repubblica-Servizio sistemi informatici- reparto. \"Villa Rosebery – The Park\". Quirinale. Retrieved 20 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://palazzo.quirinale.it/residenze/v_rosebery_en.html","url_text":"\"Villa Rosebery – The Park\""}]},{"reference":"web, Segretariato generale della Presidenza della Repubblica-Servizio sistemi informatici- reparto. \"the Italian Corps of Cuirassiers\". Quirinale. Retrieved 20 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://palazzo.quirinale.it/corazzieri/corazzieri_en.html","url_text":"\"the Italian Corps of Cuirassiers\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://quirinale.it/","external_links_name":"quirinale.it"},{"Link":"http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/roman-austerity-parliamentary-salary-cuts-a-drop-in-the-bucket-a-812474.html","external_links_name":"\"Roman Austerity: Parliamentary Salary Cuts a Drop in the Bucket\""},{"Link":"http://www.quirinale.it/page/costituzione","external_links_name":"\"The Italian Constitution\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-president-vote/italy-elects-senior-judge-sergio-mattarella-as-president-idUSKBN0L40DA20150131","external_links_name":"\"Italy elects senior judge Sergio Mattarella as president\""},{"Link":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-italy-ends-voting-deadlock-by-re-electing-sergio-mattarella-as/","external_links_name":"\"Italy ends voting deadlock by re-electing Sergio Mattarella as president, keeping Mario Draghi as prime minister\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-22232305","external_links_name":"\"President Giorgio Napolitano re-elected\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/437084143","external_links_name":"437084143"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/863193454","external_links_name":"863193454"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/25/world/europe/italy-prime-minister.html","external_links_name":"\"Italian President Nominates New Prime Minister\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2018/05/28/614910568/in-italy-populists-bid-to-form-government-fails-after-president-veto","external_links_name":"\"In Italy, Populists' Bid To Form Government Fails After Presidential Veto\""},{"Link":"http://palazzo.quirinale.it/residenze/c_porziano_en.html","external_links_name":"\"The residences: The Castelporziano Presidential Estate\""},{"Link":"http://palazzo.quirinale.it/residenze/v_rosebery_en.html","external_links_name":"\"Villa Rosebery – The Park\""},{"Link":"http://palazzo.quirinale.it/corazzieri/corazzieri_en.html","external_links_name":"\"the Italian Corps of Cuirassiers\""},{"Link":"https://www.quirinale.it/","external_links_name":"Official website (in Italian)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Area_of_Bogot%C3%A1
Metropolitan Area of Bogotá
["1 Metropolitan Areas in Colombia","2 Metropolitan Area of the Bogotá Savanna","2.1 Population by municipality (2019 census)[5]","2.2 Soacha and Sibaté","2.3 Municipalities partially integrated","2.4 Commuter towns","3 References","4 External links"]
Place in ColombiaMetropolitan Area of Bogotá Área metropolitana de BogotáBogotaThe Metropolitan Area of Bogotá within Cundinamarca Department and Bogotá, Capital DistrictCountry ColombiaArea • Metro5,235 km2 (2,021 sq mi)Population • Metro10,034,325 • Metro density1,900/km2 (5,000/sq mi)GDP • MetroUS$ 121.8 billion (2023) • Per capitaUS$ 10,500 (2023) Metropolitan Area of Bogotá is the metropolitan area of the Colombian capital city of Bogotá, usually used for statistical analysis or technical use. It is not a formal administrative division and its limits are therefore not defined. The study included the Capital District of Bogotá and 17 of the surrounding municipalities in the Department of Cundinamarca; Soacha, Facatativá, Zipaquirá, Chía, Mosquera, Madrid, Funza, Cajicá, Sibaté, Tocancipá, La Calera, Sopó, Tabio, Tenjo, Cota, Gachancipá and Bojacá. Bogotá and its metropolitan area (ranging in altitude from 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) to 4,200 metres (13,800 ft)) had a population of 9.8 million in 2015. Metropolitan Areas in Colombia Main article: Metropolitan Areas of Colombia Metropolitan areas in Colombia are regions legally established by an urban center and the surrounding areas. These areas must meet certain criteria including population, minimum average of total urban population, political motivation (accords between municipalities or other administrative entities). In Colombia there are only five of these metropolitan areas legally established. The Metropolitan Area of Medellin, Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga, Metropolitan Area of Barranquilla (also having a special district), Metropolitan Area of Cúcuta and the Metropolitan Area of the Midwest (having as head the city of Pereira). The Metropolitan areas of Cali, Popayán and Bogotá are yet to be legally established, however in some cases the Colombian government recognizes these. Metropolitan Area of the Bogotá Savanna See also: Bogotá savanna This possible definition of the Metropolitan Area for Bogotá would include the Capital District with its 20 localities adding the municipalities of Soacha, Mosquera, Funza, Madrid, Chía, Cajicá, Cota, La Calera, Tenjo, Tabio, Sibaté, Zipaquirá and Facatativá (In the 2005 Census, DANE also additioned Bojacá, Gachancipá, Tocancipá and Sopó). These possible definitions for a metropolitan area of Bogotá has not been established due to the resistance of these municipalities to lose autonomy. Population by municipality (2019 census) Bogotá, Capital District (with 20 localities) 7.412.566 Soacha 660.179 Facatativá 141.762 Chía 132.181 Zipaquirá 130.537 Mosquera 130.221 Madrid 112.254 Funza 93.154 Cajicá 82.244 Tocancipá 39.996 Sibaté 33.491 Cota 32.691 La Calera 29.868 Sopó 25.782 Tenjo 21.935 Tabio 21.665 Gachancipá 17.062 Bojacá 9.913 Soacha and Sibaté Soacha is the only municipality in which the urban area has conurbated with Bogotá, specifically with the localities of Bosa and Ciudad Bolívar. Sibaté conurbated with the municipality of Soacha integrating it also to Bogota. Municipalities partially integrated The urban perimeter of Bogotá extends to the Bogotá River where it limits with the municipalities of Mosquera, Funza and Cota. In this area there is an ongoing urban development, mostly industrial, that will eventually conurbate with Bogotá, the same applies to the municipality of La Calera. The urban areas of the municipalities of Cota and Chía are already intersecting with the Capital District. Chia and Cajicá's urban areas are also conurbated. Commuter towns The possible Metropolitan Area of the Bogotá Savanna would include the three main urban concentrations Bogotá, Facatativá and Zipaquirá, the last two growing as economic and industrial hubs. Among the towns that would become commuter towns for the City of Bogotá are Mosquera, Funza, Madrid, Chía, Cajicá, Cota, La Calera, Tenjo, Tabio, Sibaté, Zipaquirá and Facatativá. As urban centers Facatativá would serve also as working center for Madrid, El Rosal and Subachoque. Zipaquirá by the towns of Chía, Cajicá, Tabio, Tenjo and Sopó, among others. References ^ "TelluBase—Colombia Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)" (PDF). Tellusant. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 2024-01-11. ^ Área metropolitana de Bogotá: una vision de la ocupación del suelo, p.52 ^ Duncan Smith. "World City Populations 1950 - 2030". Retrieved 18 December 2015. ^ "Bright lights, big cities. Urbanisation and the rise of the megacity". economist.com. Retrieved 23 December 2015. ^ "Story Map Series". dane.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 2022-05-10. External links University of Warsaw - Territorial Ordinance Plan; Metropolitan Area of Bogota vte Bogotá, Capital District Administrativesubdivisionin 20 localities Usaquén Chapinero Santa Fe San Cristóbal Usme Tunjuelito Bosa Kennedy Fontibón Engativá Suba Barrios Unidos Teusaquillo Los Mártires Antonio Nariño Puente Aranda La Candelaria Rafael Uribe Uribe Ciudad Bolívar Sumapaz Metropolitan Area Bogotá Soacha Chía Facatativá Zipaquirá Mosquera Madrid Funza Cajicá Sibaté Tocancipá La Calera Sopó Tabio Cota Tenjo Gachancipá Bojacá Geography Eastern Hills Guadalupe Monserrate Suba Hills Bogotá River Fucha Juan Amarillo Soacha Tunjuelo Savanna TvdH Reserve Wetlands Timeline History Prehistory First inhabitants Muisca Bacatá Conquest and foundation Post-colonial history Categories vteWorld's 50 most-populous urban areas    TokyoJakartaDelhiGuangzhou–FoshanMumbaiManilaShanghaiSeoulCairoMexico City KolkataSão PauloNew YorkKarachiDhakaBangkokBeijingMoscowShenzhenBuenos Aires Los AngelesJohannesburg-PretoriaBangaloreChengduHo Chi Minh CityOsaka–Kobe–KyotoLagosIstanbulLahoreKinshasa–Brazzaville TehranChongqingRio de JaneiroXi'anChennaiParisZhengzhouLuandaLondonDongguan LimaWuhanBogotáTianjinHyderabadTaipeiHangzhouNagoyaSurabayaBandung
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Colombian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"capital city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_city"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Capital District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1,_Capital_District"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Cundinamarca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cundinamarca_Department"},{"link_name":"Soacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soacha"},{"link_name":"Facatativá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facatativ%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Zipaquirá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipaquir%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Chía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADa,_Cundinamarca"},{"link_name":"Mosquera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquera,_Cundinamarca"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid,_Cundinamarca"},{"link_name":"Funza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funza"},{"link_name":"Cajicá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajic%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Sibaté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibat%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Tocancipá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocancip%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"La Calera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Calera,_Cundinamarca"},{"link_name":"Sopó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sop%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Tabio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabio"},{"link_name":"Tenjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenjo"},{"link_name":"Cota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cota,_Cundinamarca"},{"link_name":"Gachancipá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gachancip%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Bojacá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World_Urbanization_Prospects-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GLOBAL_CITY_POPULATIONS-4"}],"text":"Metropolitan Area of Bogotá is the metropolitan area of the Colombian capital city of Bogotá, usually used for statistical analysis or technical use. It is not a formal administrative division and its limits are therefore not defined.The study included the Capital District of Bogotá and 17 of the surrounding municipalities in the Department of Cundinamarca; Soacha, Facatativá, Zipaquirá, Chía, Mosquera, Madrid, Funza, Cajicá, Sibaté, Tocancipá, La Calera, Sopó, Tabio, Tenjo, Cota, Gachancipá and Bojacá. Bogotá and its metropolitan area (ranging in altitude from 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) to 4,200 metres (13,800 ft))[2] had a population of 9.8 million in 2015.[3][4]","title":"Metropolitan Area of Bogotá"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metropolitan Area of Medellin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Area_of_Medellin"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_Area_of_Bucaramanga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Area of Barranquilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Area_of_Barranquilla"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Area of Cúcuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Area_of_C%C3%BAcuta"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Area of the Midwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_Area_of_the_Midwest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pereira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereira,_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Cali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cali"},{"link_name":"Popayán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popay%C3%A1n"}],"text":"Metropolitan areas in Colombia are regions legally established by an urban center and the surrounding areas. These areas must meet certain criteria including population, minimum average of total urban population, political motivation (accords between municipalities or other administrative entities). In Colombia there are only five of these metropolitan areas legally established. The Metropolitan Area of Medellin, Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga, Metropolitan Area of Barranquilla (also having a special district), Metropolitan Area of Cúcuta and the Metropolitan Area of the Midwest (having as head the city of Pereira). The Metropolitan areas of Cali, Popayán and Bogotá are yet to be legally established, however in some cases the Colombian government recognizes these.","title":"Metropolitan Areas in Colombia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bogotá savanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_savanna"},{"link_name":"Capital District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1,_Capital_District"},{"link_name":"Soacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soacha"},{"link_name":"Mosquera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquera"},{"link_name":"Funza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funza"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid,_Cundinamarca"},{"link_name":"Chía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADa,_Cundinamarca"},{"link_name":"Cajicá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajic%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Cota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cota,_Cundinamarca"},{"link_name":"La Calera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Calera,_Cundinamarca"},{"link_name":"Tenjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenjo"},{"link_name":"Tabio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabio"},{"link_name":"Sibaté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibat%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Zipaquirá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipaquir%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Facatativá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facatativ%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Bojacá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Gachancipá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gachancip%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Tocancipá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocancip%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Sopó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sop%C3%B3"}],"text":"See also: Bogotá savannaThis possible definition of the Metropolitan Area for Bogotá would include the Capital District with its 20 localities adding the municipalities of Soacha, Mosquera, Funza, Madrid, Chía, Cajicá, Cota, La Calera, Tenjo, Tabio, Sibaté, Zipaquirá and Facatativá (In the 2005 Census, DANE also additioned Bojacá, Gachancipá, Tocancipá and Sopó). These possible definitions for a metropolitan area of Bogotá has not been established due to the resistance of these municipalities to lose autonomy.","title":"Metropolitan Area of the Bogotá Savanna"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Population by municipality (2019 census)[5]","title":"Metropolitan Area of the Bogotá Savanna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soacha"},{"link_name":"conurbated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Bosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosa_(Bogot%C3%A1)"},{"link_name":"Ciudad Bolívar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Bol%C3%ADvar_(Bogot%C3%A1)"},{"link_name":"Sibaté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibat%C3%A9"}],"sub_title":"Soacha and Sibaté","text":"Soacha is the only municipality in which the urban area has conurbated with Bogotá, specifically with the localities of Bosa and Ciudad Bolívar. Sibaté conurbated with the municipality of Soacha integrating it also to Bogota.","title":"Metropolitan Area of the Bogotá Savanna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bogotá River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"Mosquera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquera,_Cundinamarca"},{"link_name":"Funza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funza"},{"link_name":"Cota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cota,_Cundinamarca"},{"link_name":"La Calera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Calera,_Cundinamarca"},{"link_name":"Cota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cota,_Cundinamarca"},{"link_name":"Chía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADa,_Cundinamarca"},{"link_name":"Cajicá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajic%C3%A1"}],"sub_title":"Municipalities partially integrated","text":"The urban perimeter of Bogotá extends to the Bogotá River where it limits with the municipalities of Mosquera, Funza and Cota. In this area there is an ongoing urban development, mostly industrial, that will eventually conurbate with Bogotá, the same applies to the municipality of La Calera. The urban areas of the municipalities of Cota and Chía are already intersecting with the Capital District. Chia and Cajicá's urban areas are also conurbated.","title":"Metropolitan Area of the Bogotá Savanna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Facatativá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facatativ%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Zipaquirá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipaquir%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"commuter towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_town"}],"sub_title":"Commuter towns","text":"The possible Metropolitan Area of the Bogotá Savanna would include the three main urban concentrations Bogotá, Facatativá and Zipaquirá, the last two growing as economic and industrial hubs. Among the towns that would become commuter towns for the City of Bogotá are Mosquera, Funza, Madrid, Chía, Cajicá, Cota, La Calera, Tenjo, Tabio, Sibaté, Zipaquirá and Facatativá. As urban centers Facatativá would serve also as working center for Madrid, El Rosal and Subachoque. Zipaquirá by the towns of Chía, Cajicá, Tabio, Tenjo and Sopó, among others.","title":"Metropolitan Area of the Bogotá Savanna"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"TelluBase—Colombia Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)\" (PDF). Tellusant. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 2024-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_col.pdf","url_text":"\"TelluBase—Colombia Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240112152911/https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_col.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Duncan Smith. \"World City Populations 1950 - 2030\". Retrieved 18 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://luminocity3d.org/WorldCity/#3/-7.28/-75.94","url_text":"\"World City Populations 1950 - 2030\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bright lights, big cities. Urbanisation and the rise of the megacity\". economist.com. Retrieved 23 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.economist.com/node/21642053","url_text":"\"Bright lights, big cities. Urbanisation and the rise of the megacity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Story Map Series\". dane.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 2022-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://dane.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=e53e1178fb1f497cac9b241dbafb1690","url_text":"\"Story Map Series\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_col.pdf","external_links_name":"\"TelluBase—Colombia Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240112152911/https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_col.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://luminocity3d.org/WorldCity/#3/-7.28/-75.94","external_links_name":"\"World City Populations 1950 - 2030\""},{"Link":"http://www.economist.com/node/21642053","external_links_name":"\"Bright lights, big cities. Urbanisation and the rise of the megacity\""},{"Link":"https://dane.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=e53e1178fb1f497cac9b241dbafb1690","external_links_name":"\"Story Map Series\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725083453/http://www.wgsr.uw.edu.pl/pub/uploads/actas05/05-Oscar.pdf","external_links_name":"University of Warsaw - Territorial Ordinance Plan; Metropolitan Area of Bogota"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_and_Tom
The Bob & Tom Show
["1 About","2 History","3 Health issues and recovery","4 Live shows","5 Characters","6 Show members","7 TV program","8 Public service","9 Awards","10 Discography","11 References","12 External links"]
American radio show Radio show The Bob & Tom ShowGenreComedy, satire, talkRunning time6:00am–10:00am ETCountry of originUnited StatesHome stationWFBQ (Indianapolis)SyndicatesWestwood OneHosted byTom GriswoldChick McGeeKristi LeeJosh ArnoldBob KevoianProduced byDean MetcalfOriginal releaseMarch 7, 1983Websitebobandtom.com The Bob & Tom Show is a syndicated US radio program established by Bob Kevoian and Tom Griswold at radio station WFBQ in Indianapolis, Indiana, March 7, 1983, and syndicated nationally since January 6, 1995. Originally syndicated by Premiere Networks, the show moved to Cumulus Media Networks (now Westwood One) at the beginning of 2014. The program enjoys extensive popularity and has frequently received recognition by the National Association of Broadcasters as an exemplar in American radio. Cumulus Media describes the program as "the most successful nationally syndicated morning drive show in radio history." About "Focusing on comedy and talk," The Bob & Tom Show describes itself as "a mash-up of news, sports, conversation, and interviews" and "America's leading media outlet for the best comedians, whether they are already household names or still paying their dues on the road." Cumulus Media notes that the program delivers "an unpredictable blend of news, talk, sports, celebrity guests, in-studio musical performances, sketch comedy and topical, sometimes irreverent, humor." New broadcasts air weekday mornings live from 6 to 10 A.M. in the Eastern Time Zone (5–9 A.M. Central) or tape-delayed on affiliated stations in other time zones. An additional weekday segment aired between 10:00 and 10:20 A.M. ET only on home station WFBQ — but as of February 13, 2017, the post-show segment airs only on select dates rather than daily. Since January 31, 2011, The Bob & Tom Show has aired on the American Forces Network as the morning show on AFN's Legacy Channel-The World's Classic Rock Station. The Bob & Tom Show repurposes their live morning show as an overnight show called Bob & Tom All Nighter. All Nighter airs 12–5 A.M. on a few terrestrial affiliated stations and their streams. During the show, live or pre-recorded comic songs and skits are often played, including many from a huge library of archived pieces. There are frequent impromptu "calls" from numerous characters voiced primarily by Steve Salge, Ron Sexton, and Dean Metcalf. Several guests usually join the primary cast each day in the studio or via phone, satellite, or video call, including numerous comedians who tour nationally. The show has frequently featured up-and-coming comedians who went on to become household names, including Ellen DeGeneres, Drew Carey, Louis CK, Jim Gaffigan, Daniel Tosh, George Lopez, Brad Garrett, Ron White, and Tim Allen. Professional athletes (including Joe Theismann, and, in past years, Pat McAfee, Peyton Manning, Jeff Saturday, Reggie Miller, and numerous INDYCAR drivers), musicians, and actors from television and movies are also frequent Bob & Tom guests. The show has occasionally talked with national politicians, although those interviews generally steer clear of controversial issues. Nationally known authors including frequent guest John Feinstein have also been featured. The show introduced the free Bob & Tom Show App for iOS and Android in early 2016, through which users may hear live streams of new broadcasts on weekday mornings through affiliate stations plus "B&T 24/7," a continuous stream of "Best of Bob & Tom" segments. This marked the first time that a stream of broadcasts from the show's archive became available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week at no charge to listeners. Previously, "B&T 24/7" was available only to paid subscribers of the "VIP" feature at the show's web site. "B&T 24/7" features segments recorded throughout the show's history, with some segments featuring the original primary cast of Bob, Tom, Chick, and Kristi and other segments recorded after Josh Arnold joined the cast. History For most of The Bob & Tom Show's 40 year history, the cast consisted of hosts Bob Kevoian and Tom Griswold, sports commentator and comic foil Chick McGee, news director Kristi Lee, and producer Dean Metcalf. Kevoian and Griswold originally teamed up in the early 1980s at Petoskey, Michigan station WJML before being lured to WFBQ "Q95" Indianapolis in 1983 to host what was initially a music-heavy morning show. Marty Bender then arrived as both Program Director and contributor. After McGee (in 1986) and Lee (in 1988) joined the show, the primary cast that listeners would know for decades simply as "Bob, Tom, Chick, and Kristi" was set. As the show became more popular and successful, Mark Patrick, Dave Dugan, Whit Grayson, Steve Salge, and Ron Sexton joined the Bob & Tom staff to voice dozens of recurring fictional and parody characters. Salge and Metcalf are still active today as voices of most of the show's fictional characters and callers. On January 5, 1995, Chick left The Bob & Tom Show to become co-host of a show called Kevin & McGee at KGB-FM in San Diego, California. After six months in San Diego, McGee returned on July 10, 1995, to his former job on The Bob & Tom Show. Dave Wilson filled in for Chick at first and then Gunner filled in for the rest of Chick's absence. Steve Allee is the show's music director. He has co-produced more than 50 Bob & Tom albums over the past 25 years. In the early years of the show, Pat Carlini served as a fifth in-studio cast member, joining Bob, Tom, Chick, and Kristi during their second or third hour after Carlini completed her weather-casting and news anchor duties at WTHR television's morning news program. Since the show was first syndicated in January 1995, Dave "Gunner" Gunn sometimes filled in for Bob, Tom, Chick, or Kristi when one of them was absent. Additionally, for several days in May 2016, Gunner filled in while Chick was on vacation, which was Gunner's first appearance during all-new broadcasts in years. Subsequently, Gunner occasionally joined the cast, both to "run the board" (operate the broadcast studio's main audio mixing console, which Tom calls "master control") and to serve as an additional co-host. Gunner served as the show's host during "Best of Bob & Tom" broadcasts when the primary cast was on vacation until the January 2017 debut of his sports-oriented morning show on sister station WNDE. Hosting duties for "Best of" broadcasts have subsequently been handled by Christopher Geisen, formerly of WOFX-FM in Cincinnati, and the Kerrigan & Christopher morning show at WTUE in Dayton, Ohio, and now a member of the show's staff. On September 1, 2015, Bob and Tom were selected as inductees to the National Radio Hall of Fame. The induction ceremony took place on November 5, 2015, at the Museum of Broadcast Communications in downtown Chicago. During his induction speech, Bob announced his retirement effective at the end of 2015. Bob's last day on the air was December 17, 2015. He planned to spend retirement traveling with his wife, Becky. Before Bob's retirement, Scott Potasnik ("P-taz") replaced Gunner as the fourth in-studio voice when Bob went on extended vacations or took Mondays off, and Potasnik remained an unofficial cast member for some time after Bob's retirement. Tom described "P-taz" as the show's "sex desk" correspondent and, after Bob's retirement, as its "fact checker." Potasnik's role with the show ended in early summer 2016. During 2015 and 2016, the show frequently featured "guest hosts," usually comedians, as a fourth or fifth in-studio voice, sometimes for several days or weeks at a time. Josh Arnold served as a frequent guest host during spring and early summer of 2016 before being named a regular cast member on August 1, 2016. Kristi Lee announced on January 11, 2016, that she, too, had left the show, having last appeared on December 17, 2015. She returned to the show on July 11, 2016, resuming her traditional news and commentary role. The show later described her as both a "co-host and news director." During Kristi's absence, Carlini had re-joined The Bob & Tom Show as news anchor (for all four hours each morning). After Kristi returned, Carlini appeared on a half-time basis for several days. On November 17, 2016, Bob and Tom were reunited during their induction into the Indiana Broadcasters Hall of Fame. On April 3, 2017, Bob made his first live on-air appearance since his retirement for the show's annual Cincinnati Reds Opening Day broadcast. On May 26, 2017, Bob made his second appearance and his first with Kristi Lee at the Indy 500 Carb Day show. The "master control" seat, historically occupied by Bob, had been filled after his retirement mostly by Bob & Tom staffers who did not speak on the air until Ace Cosby joined the show in 2017 as its in-studio engineer and occasional on-air contributor. Cosby joined Bob & Tom flagship WFBQ in 1981 as an on-air personality and helped Kristi get her first job at the station. Tom refers to him as "the legendary Ace Cosby" as an homage to Cosby's 40 years of popularity with Indianapolis-area listeners and personal relationships with numerous rock musicians. National radio syndicator Westwood One granted a multi-year contract extension on May 1, 2018, to The Bob & Tom Show. iHeartMedia, corporate parent of flagship WFBQ "Q95" and another 12 of the show's 100+ syndication outlets, announced a renewed agreement on December 10, 2018, to continue airing the show on those iHeartMedia stations. Westwood One signed a multi-year agreement in October 2021 to continue airing the show on numerous Cumulus Media stations. The renewal was described as a "long-term deal." On June 27, 2022, Kristi was named as a member of the Indiana Broadcast Pioneers Hall of Fame Class of 2022, and the induction ceremony took place on October 4, 2022. The Indiana Broadcasters Association named Tom a recipient of their Lifetime Achievement Award on October 3, 2022, during the association's annual meeting. The Bob & Tom Show celebrated its 40th anniversary on the air at flagship WFBQ "Q95" on March 7, 2023. On July 21, 2023, Ron Sexton died at the age of 52. Health issues and recovery On August 21, 2019, Tom underwent a surgical procedure on his right eye for which recovery required continuous bed rest. This led to a few days of new broadcasts during which neither original hosts Bob or Tom were present in the studio, rare in the show's long history. The show announced on August 16, 2021, that Tom was in the hospital recovering from heart valve replacement surgery and was "doing very well." He had been "out on assignment" from the show for several days when Chick, serving as interim host, announced the reason for Tom's absence. Doctors had planned to perform a valve repair operation for Tom but determined that a valve replacement "would provide a better long term outcome." Tom was expected to return to the air initially from a home studio, but he went instead to the main Bob and Tom studio at WFBQ for the third and fourth hours of the September 13, 2021, show for his first post-surgery appearance. During an in-studio appearance on June 7, 2023, Bob announced that he is recovering from stomach and esophagus cancer, first diagnosed two months earlier. He underwent radiation treatment and chemotherapy, and he will undergo surgery soon. Bob is documenting his cancer journey on a podcast called "The Bob and Cancer Show." Over the years, Chick has suffered from angina. The show made light of the situation with the comedic song "Ch-Ch-Ch Chick" in 2013, during which Tom is portrayed as showing disinterest as Chick experiences an angina attack. Chick's gall bladder was removed in June 2022. Live shows The show's primary cast performed live on stage with guest comedians and live musicians at evening shows in venues around the country for several years in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Later, they supported the Friends of the Bob & Tom Show Comedy Tour, which featured many of their frequent guests and spawned Comedy Central broadcasts and a DVD recording. Characters Many fictional characters and parodies of real-life people have sprung up during the show's history, some voiced by Bob Kevoian, Tom Griswold, Chick McGee, on-air producer Dean Metcalf, Steve Salge, and the late Ron Sexton. Recurring characters Floyd the Truck Driver (Ron Sexton) Jumbo the Elephant (Dean Metcalf) Ernie Furglar (owner of Furglar's Hardware Store) (Steve Salge) Herm Johnson (St. Petersburg snowbird) (Steve Salge) Hadji (Marc Much) Ian St. Ian (Dean Metcalf) Doc Whiskey (Tom Griswold) Dick Mango (Tom Griswold) Rick (Ron Sexton) Sid Gurney (Whit Grayson) Bart McAllister (Dave Dugan) Captain Dave – Captain of the Chum Dumpster (Steve Salge) Coach Ralph Fontaine (Ron Sexton) Kenny Tarmac (Ron Sexton) – embodied that annoying traveling salesman on a flight with an overinflated sense of self-worth who felt the need to demonstrate to everyone how important he was by loudly calling someone just as the plane lands. He always used airport abbreviations while referring to his locations to further illustrate just how busy and important he was. He always called Bob and Tom when he landed, and he always got another call while talking to them. On a few occasions, while talking to Bob and Tom, he ran into a big-time client, whom Kenny cannot remember by name. During this time, he put Bob and Tom on hold, while he tried to use his "Zig Ziglar bag of tricks" to get the client to reveal his name, usually failing. Donnie Baker (played by Ron Sexton) – regularly made topical calls to the show and had a very authentic redneck accent. He related anecdotes involving a good friend who had a semi-relevant experience, usually ending in a punch-line. Most of his calls were punctuated by a tagline like, "I swear to God" or "Look it up..." or "it's state law." Donnie loved baseball, and was a lifelong fan of the Cincinnati Reds. He perpetually had a boat for sale, which was impounded at one point and became the center of an ongoing feud with his unseen "neighbor to the north" and lifelong arch-nemesis, Tony Mitchell. According to Donnie, Tony Mitchell had been his "lifelong swear-to-God enemy since Eric Davis (Donnie's and Sexton's favorite baseball player and childhood idol in character and in real life) ruled the outfield at Riverfront Stadium," and "have been at it ever since," intimating that he and Mitchell might have grown up together, or knew one another for over 30 years. Donnie and "Two Ton Tony" frequently exchanged insults and made threats against one another over their shared property line, including Donnie repeatedly insulting Mitchell's wife for being overweight and unhygienic. Donnie also wrote letters to Kid Rock, explaining how much he wanted to "punch Mitchell's mouth loose," and "punch through Mitchell's chest bones." Despite the ongoing threats and the claim that he had "a black belt from Discount Karate," Donnie stated that he couldn't risk getting into a physical altercation with Mitchell because he was on probation and wore an ankle monitor. Sometimes, Donnie was corrected, or told to get off the phone by Randy, his work supervisor (voiced by Matt Thompson), after which he always yelled, "Shut up Randy!" Donnie's popularity soared in 2015, and became an internet sensation when a video of him angrily recanting a story of Tony Mitchell having his boat impounded by the home owners association went viral, with Donnie calling Mitchell's wife a "sea cow," and ending with Donnie yelling over the fence, "This is war, Mitchell!" The video has over 100 million views across multiple platforms, and audio segments have been lip synched and used over 10 million times as a sound bed on TikTok, propelling Donnie into the biggest breakout character of the show. In a subsequent video, he would get his boat back and continue to exchange threats and insults with Mitchell across their shared property line. On many calls into the station, Donnie would tell a story about something that recently happened between "me and my no-good, nosey neighbor to the north, Tony Mitchell. He's at it again, Bob and Tom," invariably producing multiple punchlines at Mitchell's expense. Donnie also appeared with his band as "Donnie Baker and the Pork Pistols," and had on-and-off relationships with women named Patty Ferguson and Angel Skinner, both of whom he puts an "s" on the end of their last names (calling them "Patty Fergusons" and "Angel Skinners," respectively). His calls usually came to an abrupt end, and always by him saying, "...I gotta go." Mr. Obvious and the Caller (Chick McGee & Dean Metcalf) – A frequent skit subject on The Bob & Tom Show, Mr. Obvious is portrayed as a radio personality with his own show, The Mr. Obvious Show. He gives obvious and simple advice about whatever problem the caller may have. The caller always seems to be the same person, and opens the conversation with "Hi, Mr. Obvious. Long time listener, first time caller." From there, the caller will describe his issue and give symptoms to help Mr. Obvious figure out his problem. Most of the time, the caller's issue is something that anyone else could figure out, but he cannot. Mr. Obvious is played by Chick McGee, and the caller is played by Dean Metcalf. Recurring parodies of real people and fictional characters Sir Charles (Charles Barkley) (Ron Sexton) Jack Bauer (from the TV series "24") (Steve Salge) Joe Biden, George W. Bush, Bill Clinton, Al Gore, Ted Kennedy are all voiced by the same comedian. (Steve Salge) Morgan Freeman (as his character Red from the movie The Shawshank Redemption) (Ron Sexton) James Gandolfini (as Tony Soprano) (Ron Sexton) Sammy Davis, Jr. (Ricky Rydell) Jerry Jones (Ron Sexton) Larry King (Steve Salge) Dr. Phil McGraw (Ron Sexton) The Pope (always in a stereotypical Italian accent) (Dean Metcalf) Steven Seagal and his fan (Ron Sexton) Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis (Ricky Rydell) Babe Ruth (Ron Sexton) The show also takes calls from actual live listeners, plus miscellaneous "crazy listener" caricatures. Show members Current Tom Griswold – co-host (1983–present) Chick McGee – co-host, sports (1986–present) Kristi Lee – co-host, news (1988–present) Josh Arnold – comedian (2016–present) Ace Cosby – engineer (2017–present) Pat Godwin – musician (2017–present) Former Bob Kevoian – Co-host, engineer (1983–2015) Dave Gunn – Sports Pat Carlini – News Scott Potasnik – Comedian Willie Griswold – Comedian Timeline TV program On November 3, 2008, WGN America began airing an hour-long Bob and Tom TV show at midnight (later, 2 a.m.) Monday through Friday featuring clips from the day's four-hour radio broadcast. As part of the deal, WTTV Indianapolis (another Tribune-owned station) was the first to air the nightly telecast. The program ended its run on WGN America on September 10, 2010, as part of an extensive revamp of the network's schedule. WISH-TV announced that a new, 30-minute Bob and Tom television show would air weeknights and late Saturday nights beginning October 5, 2020, on MyIndy-TV 23 (WNDY-TV, Indianapolis), featuring clips from that morning's radio broadcast. The television program last aired on January 8, 2022, but a 20-minute version of Bob and Tom Tonight continues to be posted at 8 p.m. (Eastern Time) weekdays on YouTube and Facebook. Public service Over their career, the show has been actively involved in charitable work. Some of the albums they have produced since 1986 have been utilized to raise money for various charities. After the syndicated portion of their show ends at 10:00 a.m. Eastern they typically devote up to a half-hour to further interviews, often about local events, bands, and charities. In October, it has become tradition for Chick to get a prostate exam on the air to raise awareness for prostate cancer. Bob and Tom used to promote this exam as "Proctober"; however, this exam is now "Rectember". The latest exam was held on September 6, 2011, with Gunner doing it. The Bob & Tom Show has produced seven CDs for the USO to include in holiday care packages sent to troops stationed worldwide. Bob and Tom had a friendly wager with former Indianapolis Colts center Jeff Saturday that if he ever got a touchdown they would donate $5,000 to the charity of his choice. During the 2006–07 NFL season, they increased the wager to $10,000. They assumed that they were safe since offensive linemen almost never score points in NFL games. In January 2007 in the AFC Championship game against the rival New England Patriots, on a play near New England's goal line, Dominic Rhodes carried into the middle of the line and fumbled. Saturday fell on the ball in the end zone for the touchdown. Bob and Tom made good on their wager and donated $10,000 total with $5,000 each going to People's Burn Foundation of Indiana and Kid's Voice of Indiana, Inc. On May 9, 2014, Bob and Tom presented a comedy show as a tribute to the late Tim Wilson. All proceeds went to help with the education of Tim's son. Awards In 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999, and 2006, Bob and Tom were recipients of the Marconi Award from the NAB. From 1991 to 1998, Bob and Tom received The Billboard Magazine Radio Personality of the Year award. In 1994 and 2008, Bob and Tom were named Sagamores of the Wabash, the state of Indiana's highest honor. In 1996 and 2000, the show was awarded the National Chairman's Citation Award from the Leukemia Society of America. In 2000, 2001, and 2003, Bob and Tom received the Radio & Records Classic Rock Personality of the Year Award. Discography 100 (2016) The Free Laughs Collection (December 2013) (digital download) Don't Answer That! (December 2012) Radio Chatter (November 2012 – eighth USO Care Package troop-only album) Somewhere Over the Radio (November 2011) Hot Air (November 2011 – seventh USO Care Package troop-only album) Crushed Nuts (December 2010) General Static (October 2010 – sixth USO Care Package troop-only album) Dead Air (November 2009) Radio Waves (October 2009 – fifth USO Care Package troop-only album) As Big As a Hat (November 2008) Greetings from the USA (October 2008 – fourth USO Care Package troop-only album) My Job Sucks (June 2008) State Law (November 2007 – part of WJL package) We Just Landed! (November 2007) Radio Rations (October 2007 – third USO Care Package troop-only album) Please, Stand Up (September 2007) Bob and Tom: Comedy All Stars Tour DVD (2006) Bob and Tom: Standup, Sitting Down DVD (2006) Bob and Tom: The Comedy Tour Volume 1 DVD (2006) Shut-Up Randy! (November 2006) Man Boobs (November 2006) Operation Radio (October 2006 – second USO Care Package troop-only album) Donkey Show (July 2006) The Donnie Baker Collection: Boat for Sale (November 2005) Happy Hour (November 2005) The Mr. Obvious Show (October 2005) A Radio Institution (July 2005 – first USO Care Package troop-only album) Sideshow (November 2004) Bob and Tom: Home Movie DVD (November 2004) Odd Balls (October 2004) Mistletoe (December 2003) Camel Toe (December 2003) Wild About Harry (October 2003) Uncensored (December 2002) Gone Wild (December 2002) Radiogram (December 2001) We're Still Standing Tall (September 2001) You Guys Rock! (December 2000) The Election Collection 2000 (November 2000) Take Off Your Clothes! (Fall 2000) Indiana Rocks (April 2000) Greatest Hits: Volume One (December 1999) Back in '98 (December 1998) Gimme an "F" (December 1997) Fun House (August 1997) It's a Wonderful Laugh (December 1996) Factory Air (June 1996) Planet Bob & Tom (December 1995) Checkered Past (May 1995) Canned Laughter (December 1994) Good Ol' Boys (August 1994) Air Bags (May 1994) Lollapaloozers (December 1993) Laugh in the Fast Lane (May 1993) We Three Kings (December 1992) Motorheads (Spring 1992) Air Heads (December 1991) Just Skiddin' (May 1991) Twin Geeks (December 1990) Good Morning Saudi Arabia (cassette) (November 1990) Find My Keys and We'll Drive Out! (May 1990) With a Little Help From Our Friends (December 1989) It's A New Track Record! (May 1989) Last Train To Whiskeyville (December 1988) A Day at the Race (cassette) (May 1988) I Spent The War In Indiana / Oh Danny Quayle (cassette single) (1988) Shabbey Road (December 1987) The White Album (December 1986) References ^ a b "Josh Arnold Joins 'The Bob And Tom Show'". Archived from the original on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2016-08-10. ^ a b "Get the FREE BOB & TOM Show App!". Archived from the original on 2016-01-22. Retrieved 2016-01-23. ^ D, Nick (7 March 2013). "Bob & Tom Mark Major Milestone". Building Indiana. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2013. ^ "The Bob And Tom Show Moving To Cumulus Media Networks". AllAccess.com. 15 October 2013. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013. ^ "'Bob & Tom Show' switching syndicators". 16 October 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-01-12. Retrieved 2016-01-12. ^ "National Association of Broadcasters – 2006 Network/Syndicated Personality of the Year Winner: Bob & Tom, Premiere Radio Networks". 28 September 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. ^ a b "The BOB & TOM Show's Pop-Up Comedy For A Cause Event Kicks Off Summer in Indianapolis With a Night of Comedy Benefiting Local Kids". 21 June 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022. ^ "About Us". Archived from the original on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2017-02-15. ^ a b "Stations". Archived from the original on 2016-01-15. Retrieved 2016-01-12. ^ "American Forces Radio Net Adds Bob & Tom". radiosyndicationtalk.com. 16 November 2010. Archived from the original on 11 March 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "The Bob & Tom Show". Archived from the original on 2012-05-26. Retrieved 2013-12-23. ^ "NUVO at 25: Before they were comedy stars". NUVO. 25 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2017-02-15. ^ The BOB & TOM Show (31 July 2014). "Tim Allen on the BOB & TOM Show in 1988". Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017 – via YouTube. ^ "B&T VIP". members.bobandtom.com. Archived from the original on 2016-02-06. Retrieved 2016-01-23. ^ Harvey, Brad (9 September 1999). "Radio listeners can't get enough of BOB & TOM SHOW". Lima News. pp. (on page 35). Retrieved 23 December 2013. ^ a b "Bob (from Bob and Tom) — the exit interview". NUVO. 3 December 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-01-05. Retrieved 2016-01-11. ^ "Bob & Tom keep Q95 on a roll even as classic-rock format shows age". 12 November 2009. Archived from the original on 2016-01-02. Retrieved 2016-01-12. ^ Richards, Dave (9 April 2014). "'Bob & Tom Comedy Tour' plays Erie on Friday". Erie-Times News. Archived from the original on 3 December 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2014. ^ "Chick McGee back with WFBQ". Indianapolis Star. July 12, 1995. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018. Retrieved May 24, 2017. ^ "D-a-a-a-a-v-e Wilson replaces Chick McGee". Indianapolis Star. January 6, 1995. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018. Retrieved May 26, 2017. ^ "Steve Allee – biography". www.steveallee.com. Archived from the original on 2017-01-30. Retrieved 2016-01-11. ^ "Pat's Bio – Invest in Your Nest – Pat Carlini". Archived from the original on 2016-01-13. Retrieved 2016-01-11. ^ Gunner (May 23, 2016). "@bobandtom" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ "'Flagrant Foul' aims to wake up local sports radio". ^ The BOB & TOM Show (7 November 2015). "Bob and Tom Accept their Induction into the National Radio Hall of Fame". Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016 – via YouTube. ^ Lindquist, David. "Radio icon Bob Kevoian will retire at year's end". www.indystar.com. Gannett. Retrieved 6 November 2015. ^ "Kristi Lee exits 'The Bob & Tom Show'". Archived from the original on 2016-02-14. Retrieved 2016-01-11. ^ "Kristi Lee Exits the BOB & TOM Show". 11 January 2016. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016. ^ "The BOB & TOM Show Welcomes Kristi Lee Back To The Show". The Bob and Tom Show. July 8, 2016. Archived from the original on July 8, 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2016. ^ "The BOB & TOM Show's Kristi Lee Named to 2022 Indiana Broadcast Pioneers Hall of Fame". 7 July 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022. ^ "Indiana Broadcasters Association to Induct Five History-Making Broadcasters into Richard M. Fairbanks Hall of Fame". Carmel, Indiana: The Indiana Broadcasters Association. September 14, 2016. Archived from the original on November 18, 2016. Retrieved November 18, 2016. ^ "Bob Kevoian is our guest!". ^ Bob Kevoian (February 14, 2017). "Nudity is BACK in Playboy Magazine! I'll be back on @bobandtom as guest host for Opening Day in Cincinnati. #RedsBaseball" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ "The Bob & Tom Show". www.facebook.com. ^ "Ace Cosby". Retrieved 6 June 2023. ^ Shoemaker, Brad (14 November 2017). "The "Legendary" Ace Cosby!". Archived from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2018. ^ "Resilient 'Bob & Tom Show' receives multi-year contract extension". ^ "Bob & Tom Pick Up Chicago Affiliate". Radio Ink. 2019-09-05. Archived from the original on 2019-09-09. Retrieved 2019-09-09. ^ "New deal moves 'Bob & Tom Show' closer to 40 years at Q95". Archived from the original on 2019-05-19. Retrieved 2018-12-10. ^ Cumulus Extends Deal With Bob & Tom; Adds Show In Abilene. Radio Insight. Retrieved October 25, 2021. ^ 'Bob & Tom Show' extends contract with 18 radio stations. Indianapolis Business Journal. Retrieved November 8, 2021. ^ "The BOB & TOM Show's Kristi Lee Named to 2022 Indiana Broadcast Pioneers Hall of Fame". 7 July 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022. ^ "Zionsville resident Kristi Lee to be inducted into Broadcast Hall of Fame". 26 September 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022. ^ "Tom Griswold receives the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Indiana Broadcasters Association". YouTube. Retrieved 5 October 2022. ^ Basile, Tory (22 July 2023). "Indianapolis comedian Ron Sexton, known for Bob & Tom Show character, dies at 52". IndyStar. Retrieved 24 July 2023. ^ "The Bob & Tom Show". www.facebook.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2019. Retrieved Apr 14, 2020. ^ @bobandtom (August 16, 2021). "Tom underwent a scheduled procedure for his heart and the fix ended up being more extensive than planned, but he is…" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ "Tom is out". 12 August 2021. ^ "Radio host Tom Griswold recuperating from heart surgery". 16 August 2021. ^ "'Bob & Tom Show' Host Tom Griswold Recovering From Heart Surgery". ^ @bobandtom (September 13, 2021). "Tom is back in studio! Watch live now -" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ "Bob Kevoian Returns! - The Full BOB & TOM Show for June 7, 2023". YouTube. Retrieved 7 June 2023. ^ "Bob Kevoian Announces New Podcast on Cancer Diagnosis". The Bob and Tom Show. 7 June 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023. ^ "Bob Kevoian, former host of 'The BOB & TOM Show,' announces cancer diagnosis". WTHR. 7 June 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023. ^ "The Bob and Cancer Show". Retrieved 7 June 2023. ^ "The Bob and Cancer Show on Apple Podcasts". 2 June 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023. ^ "Ch-Ch-Ch Chick (feat. Chick McGee)". YouTube. Retrieved 7 June 2023. ^ "Chick Calls In From The Hospital". YouTube. Retrieved 7 June 2023. ^ "See the Friends of the BOB & TOM Show Comedy Tour". Archived from the original on 2016-11-11. Retrieved 2017-02-15. ^ "About the Show". Bob & Tom Show website. 2013. Archived from the original on February 8, 2010. ^ "About the Bob & Tom Show". bobandtom.com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014. ^ "Donnie Baker Children: Meet His Children". 22 July 2023. ^ "Tickets | Donnie Baker". ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Missing Boat During Shark Week with Donnie Baker". YouTube. ^ Bachman, Katy (21 August 2008). "WGN America to Add Bob & Tom to Lineup". AdWeek.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013. ^ "Radio's Bob & Tom are off their nightly TV show". Radio-Info.com. September 21, 2010. Archived from the original on September 24, 2010. ^ "MyINDY-TV 23 adds 'The Bob & Tom Show' to weeknight lineup". 23 September 2020. ^ "'Bob & Tom Show' will return to late night television". ^ "'Bob & Tom Tonight'". YouTube. ^ "It Won't Hurt A Bit: Bob and Tom Promote Prostate Cancer Screening". AllAccess.com. 17 October 2005. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013. ^ "Gunner's Exam – Photos – The Bob & Tom Show". Archived from the original on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2013-12-23. ^ "Corporate Partners". Archived from the original on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2013-12-23. ^ "Watch New England Patriots vs. Indianapolis Colts - NFL.com". www.nfl.com. Archived from the original on 2012-11-12. Retrieved 2013-01-22. ^ "Jeff Saturday earns $10K for favorite charity". Wordpress.com. 25 January 2007. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013. ^ "Bob & Tom Pony Up". AllAccess.com. 31 January 2007. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013. ^ "title". Archived from the original on 2017-04-06. Retrieved 2017-04-06. ^ "The Bob & Tom Show Cast". Archived from the original on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2013-12-23. ^ "NAB Awards: Marconi Radio Awards – Past Award Winners". www.nab.org. Archived from the original on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2013-12-23. ^ Inc., Informatics. "The BOB & TOM Comedy Show – Paramount Theatre". www.paramounttheatrecr.com. Archived from the original on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2013-12-23. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help) ^ "Bob & Tom Receive Sagamore Award". InsideINdianaBusiness.com. 3 October 2008. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013. ^ "The Bob & Tom Show". 103GBF. Archived from the original on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2013-12-23. ^ "1037thepoint.net – Alles im Blick 2017". www.1037thepoint.net. Archived from the original on 2009-02-27. ^ ""100" – Racing Classics Compilation Album – The BOB & TOM Show Store". 20 May 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-05-20. ^ "Get the Free Laughs Collection". Archived from the original on 2014-05-21. Retrieved 2014-05-20. External links Bob & Tom Official site vteThe Bob & Tom ShowHosts Tom Griswold Chick McGee Kristi Lee Josh Arnold Previous hosts Bob Kevoian Scott Potasnik Pat Carlini Dave Gunn vteWestwood OneProgrammingNews and talk America in The Morning America's Most Wanted The Ben Shapiro Show The Chris Plante Show The Clark Howard Show First Light The Jim Bohannon Show The Jonathon Brandmeier Show The John Batchelor Show The Larry Kudlow Show The Mark Levin Show Real Estate Today The Phil Valentine Show Real Estate Today Red Eye Radio The Savage Nation The Todd and Tyler Radio Empire Music andentertainment American Country Countdown Backtrax USA The Blair Garner Show Bob & Sheri The Bob & Tom Show Country Gold with Terri Clark Elwood Blues's BluesMobile Cafe Mocha1 Flashback/Flashback Pop Quiz The John Tesh Radio Show The Kidd Kraddick Morning Show The Lia Show Loveline The Countdown/The Urban AC Countdown/Gospel Traxx Zach Sang Show Radio networks Adult Contemporary Adult Standards CBS Sports Radio1 Classic Country Classic Hip-Hop Classic Hits - Rock Classic Rock Classic Rock X CNBC Business Radio1 CNN News Wire1 Good Time Oldies Hits Now! Hot AC Hot Country Jack FM Lite AC Mainstream Country Nash Icon Real Country Rock 2.0 The Touch Defunct NBC Sports Radio1 Westwood One News See also Cumulus Media Networks Satellite Music Network Westwood One (1976–2011) 1 = Distribution only; produced by another company. Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"syndicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_syndication"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"Bob Kevoian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Kevoian"},{"link_name":"Tom Griswold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Griswold"},{"link_name":"WFBQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFBQ"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"Premiere Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiere_Networks"},{"link_name":"Cumulus Media Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus_Media_Networks"},{"link_name":"Westwood One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_One_(current)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"National Association of Broadcasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Broadcasters"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cumulusmedia.com-7"}],"text":"Radio showThe Bob & Tom Show is a syndicated US radio program established by Bob Kevoian and Tom Griswold at radio station WFBQ in Indianapolis, Indiana, March 7, 1983, and syndicated nationally since January 6, 1995. Originally syndicated by Premiere Networks, the show moved to Cumulus Media Networks (now Westwood One) at the beginning of 2014.[4][5]The program enjoys extensive popularity and has frequently received recognition by the National Association of Broadcasters as an exemplar in American radio.[6] Cumulus Media describes the program as \"the most successful nationally syndicated morning drive show in radio history.\"[7]","title":"The Bob & Tom Show"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cumulusmedia.com-7"},{"link_name":"Eastern Time Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"tape-delayed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_delay"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bobandtom.com1-9"},{"link_name":"home station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_(radio)"},{"link_name":"WFBQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFBQ"},{"link_name":"American Forces Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Forces_Network"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ellen DeGeneres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_DeGeneres"},{"link_name":"Drew Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Carey"},{"link_name":"Louis CK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_CK"},{"link_name":"Jim Gaffigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Gaffigan"},{"link_name":"Daniel Tosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Tosh"},{"link_name":"George Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lopez"},{"link_name":"Brad Garrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Garrett"},{"link_name":"Ron White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_White"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Tim Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Allen"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Joe Theismann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Theismann"},{"link_name":"Pat McAfee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_McAfee"},{"link_name":"Peyton Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyton_Manning"},{"link_name":"Jeff Saturday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Saturday"},{"link_name":"Reggie Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie_Miller"},{"link_name":"INDYCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INDYCAR"},{"link_name":"John Feinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Feinstein"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bobandtom.com-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bobandtom.com1-9"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"\"Focusing on comedy and talk,\" The Bob & Tom Show describes itself as \"a mash-up of news, sports, conversation, and interviews\" and \"America's leading media outlet for the best comedians, whether they are already household names or still paying their dues on the road.\"[8] Cumulus Media notes that the program delivers \"an unpredictable blend of news, talk, sports, celebrity guests, in-studio musical performances, sketch comedy and topical, sometimes irreverent, humor.\"[7]New broadcasts air weekday mornings live from 6 to 10 A.M. in the Eastern Time Zone (5–9 A.M. Central) or tape-delayed on affiliated stations in other time zones.[9] An additional weekday segment aired between 10:00 and 10:20 A.M. ET only on home station WFBQ — but as of February 13, 2017, the post-show segment airs only on select dates rather than daily.Since January 31, 2011, The Bob & Tom Show has aired on the American Forces Network as the morning show on AFN's Legacy Channel-The World's Classic Rock Station.[10] The Bob & Tom Show repurposes their live morning show as an overnight show called Bob & Tom All Nighter. All Nighter airs 12–5 A.M. on a few terrestrial affiliated stations and their streams.[11]During the show, live or pre-recorded comic songs and skits are often played, including many from a huge library of archived pieces. There are frequent impromptu \"calls\" from numerous characters voiced primarily by Steve Salge, Ron Sexton, and Dean Metcalf.Several guests usually join the primary cast each day in the studio or via phone, satellite, or video call, including numerous comedians who tour nationally. The show has frequently featured up-and-coming comedians who went on to become household names, including Ellen DeGeneres, Drew Carey, Louis CK, Jim Gaffigan, Daniel Tosh, George Lopez, Brad Garrett, Ron White,[12] and Tim Allen.[13]Professional athletes (including Joe Theismann, and, in past years, Pat McAfee, Peyton Manning, Jeff Saturday, Reggie Miller, and numerous INDYCAR drivers), musicians, and actors from television and movies are also frequent Bob & Tom guests. The show has occasionally talked with national politicians, although those interviews generally steer clear of controversial issues. Nationally known authors including frequent guest John Feinstein have also been featured.The show introduced the free Bob & Tom Show App for iOS and Android in early 2016,[2] through which users may hear live streams of new broadcasts on weekday mornings through affiliate stations[9] plus \"B&T 24/7,\" a continuous stream of \"Best of Bob & Tom\" segments. This marked the first time that a stream of broadcasts from the show's archive became available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week at no charge to listeners. Previously, \"B&T 24/7\" was available only to paid subscribers of the \"VIP\" feature at the show's web site.[14] \"B&T 24/7\" features segments recorded throughout the show's history, with some segments featuring the original primary cast of Bob, Tom, Chick, and Kristi and other segments recorded after Josh Arnold joined the cast.","title":"About"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bob Kevoian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Kevoian"},{"link_name":"Tom Griswold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Griswold"},{"link_name":"comic foil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_act"},{"link_name":"Chick McGee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick_McGee"},{"link_name":"Kristi Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristi_Lee"},{"link_name":"Petoskey, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petoskey,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"WJML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJML"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"WFBQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFBQ"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Mark Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Patrick"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"KGB-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB-FM"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego,_CA"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Dave Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Wilson_(radio_personality)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Steve Allee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Allee"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"WTHR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTHR"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"mixing console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixing_console"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"WNDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNDE"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"WOFX-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOFX-FM"},{"link_name":"WTUE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTUE"},{"link_name":"National Radio Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Radio_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Museum of Broadcast Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Broadcast_Communications"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-16"},{"link_name":"Scott Potasnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Potasnik"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allaccess.com-1"},{"link_name":"Kristi Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristi_Lee"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Westwood One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_One"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"iHeartMedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartMedia"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"For most of The Bob & Tom Show's 40 year history, the cast consisted of hosts Bob Kevoian and Tom Griswold, sports commentator and comic foil Chick McGee, news director Kristi Lee, and producer Dean Metcalf. Kevoian and Griswold originally teamed up in the early 1980s at Petoskey, Michigan station WJML[15] before being lured to WFBQ \"Q95\" Indianapolis in 1983 to host what was initially a music-heavy morning show.[16] Marty Bender then arrived as both Program Director and contributor. After McGee (in 1986) and Lee (in 1988) joined the show, the primary cast that listeners would know for decades simply as \"Bob, Tom, Chick, and Kristi\" was set.As the show became more popular and successful,[17] Mark Patrick, Dave Dugan, Whit Grayson, Steve Salge, and Ron Sexton joined the Bob & Tom staff to voice dozens of recurring fictional and parody characters. Salge and Metcalf are still active today as voices of most of the show's fictional characters and callers.On January 5, 1995,[18] Chick left The Bob & Tom Show to become co-host of a show called Kevin & McGee at KGB-FM in San Diego, California. After six months in San Diego, McGee returned on July 10, 1995, to his former job on The Bob & Tom Show.[19] Dave Wilson filled in for Chick at first[20] and then Gunner filled in for the rest of Chick's absence.Steve Allee is the show's music director. He has co-produced more than 50 Bob & Tom albums over the past 25 years.[21]In the early years of the show, Pat Carlini served as a fifth in-studio cast member, joining Bob, Tom, Chick, and Kristi during their second or third hour after Carlini completed her weather-casting and news anchor duties at WTHR television's morning news program.[22]Since the show was first syndicated in January 1995, Dave \"Gunner\" Gunn sometimes filled in for Bob, Tom, Chick, or Kristi when one of them was absent. Additionally, for several days in May 2016, Gunner filled in while Chick was on vacation, which was Gunner's first appearance during all-new broadcasts in years. Subsequently, Gunner occasionally joined the cast, both to \"run the board\" (operate the broadcast studio's main audio mixing console, which Tom calls \"master control\") and to serve as an additional co-host.[23] Gunner served as the show's host during \"Best of Bob & Tom\" broadcasts when the primary cast was on vacation until the January 2017 debut of his sports-oriented morning show on sister station WNDE.[24] Hosting duties for \"Best of\" broadcasts have subsequently been handled by Christopher Geisen, formerly of WOFX-FM in Cincinnati, and the Kerrigan & Christopher morning show at WTUE in Dayton, Ohio, and now a member of the show's staff.On September 1, 2015, Bob and Tom were selected as inductees to the National Radio Hall of Fame. The induction ceremony took place on November 5, 2015, at the Museum of Broadcast Communications in downtown Chicago. During his induction speech, Bob announced his retirement effective at the end of 2015.[25]\n[26] Bob's last day on the air was December 17, 2015. He planned to spend retirement traveling with his wife, Becky.[16]Before Bob's retirement, Scott Potasnik (\"P-taz\") replaced Gunner as the fourth in-studio voice when Bob went on extended vacations or took Mondays off, and Potasnik remained an unofficial cast member for some time after Bob's retirement. Tom described \"P-taz\" as the show's \"sex desk\" correspondent and, after Bob's retirement, as its \"fact checker.\" Potasnik's role with the show ended in early summer 2016.During 2015 and 2016, the show frequently featured \"guest hosts,\" usually comedians, as a fourth or fifth in-studio voice, sometimes for several days or weeks at a time. Josh Arnold served as a frequent guest host during spring and early summer of 2016 before being named a regular cast member on August 1, 2016.[1]Kristi Lee announced on January 11, 2016, that she, too, had left the show, having last appeared on December 17, 2015.[27][28] She returned to the show on July 11, 2016, resuming her traditional news and commentary role.[29] The show later described her as both a \"co-host and news director.\"[30]During Kristi's absence, Carlini had re-joined The Bob & Tom Show as news anchor (for all four hours each morning). After Kristi returned, Carlini appeared on a half-time basis for several days.On November 17, 2016, Bob and Tom were reunited during their induction into the Indiana Broadcasters Hall of Fame.[31] On April 3, 2017, Bob made his first live on-air appearance[32] since his retirement for the show's annual Cincinnati Reds Opening Day broadcast.[33] On May 26, 2017, Bob made his second appearance and his first with Kristi Lee at the Indy 500 Carb Day show.[34]The \"master control\" seat, historically occupied by Bob, had been filled after his retirement mostly by Bob & Tom staffers who did not speak on the air until Ace Cosby joined the show in 2017 as its in-studio engineer and occasional on-air contributor. Cosby joined Bob & Tom flagship WFBQ in 1981 as an on-air personality[35] and helped Kristi get her first job at the station. Tom refers to him as \"the legendary Ace Cosby\" as an homage to Cosby's 40 years of popularity with Indianapolis-area listeners and personal relationships with numerous rock musicians.[36]National radio syndicator Westwood One granted a multi-year contract extension on May 1, 2018, to The Bob & Tom Show.[37] iHeartMedia, corporate parent of flagship WFBQ \"Q95\" and another 12 of the show's 100+ syndication outlets,[38] announced a renewed agreement on December 10, 2018, to continue airing the show on those iHeartMedia stations.[39]Westwood One signed a multi-year agreement in October 2021 to continue airing the show on numerous Cumulus Media stations.[40] The renewal was described as a \"long-term deal.\"[41]On June 27, 2022, Kristi was named as a member of the Indiana Broadcast Pioneers Hall of Fame Class of 2022,[42] and the induction ceremony took place on October 4, 2022.[43]The Indiana Broadcasters Association named Tom a recipient of their Lifetime Achievement Award on October 3, 2022, during the association's annual meeting.[44]The Bob & Tom Show celebrated its 40th anniversary on the air at flagship WFBQ \"Q95\" on March 7, 2023.On July 21, 2023, Ron Sexton died at the age of 52.[45]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"angina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angina"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"text":"On August 21, 2019, Tom underwent a surgical procedure on his right eye for which recovery required continuous bed rest. This led to a few days of new broadcasts during which neither original hosts Bob or Tom were present in the studio, rare in the show's long history.[46]The show announced on August 16, 2021, that Tom was in the hospital recovering from heart valve replacement surgery and was \"doing very well.\"[47] He had been \"out on assignment\" from the show for several days [48] when Chick, serving as interim host, announced the reason for Tom's absence. Doctors had planned to perform a valve repair operation for Tom but determined that a valve replacement \"would provide a better long term outcome.\" Tom was expected to return to the air initially from a home studio,[49][50] but he went instead to the main Bob and Tom studio at WFBQ for the third and fourth hours of the September 13, 2021, show for his first post-surgery appearance.[51]During an in-studio appearance on June 7, 2023, Bob announced that he is recovering from stomach and esophagus cancer, first diagnosed two months earlier. He underwent radiation treatment and chemotherapy, and he will undergo surgery soon.[52][53][54] Bob is documenting his cancer journey on a podcast called \"The Bob and Cancer Show.\"[55][56]Over the years, Chick has suffered from angina. The show made light of the situation with the comedic song \"Ch-Ch-Ch Chick\" in 2013, during which Tom is portrayed as showing disinterest as Chick experiences an angina attack.[57] Chick's gall bladder was removed in June 2022.[58]","title":"Health issues and recovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Friends of the Bob & Tom Show Comedy Tour,","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_and_Tom_Radio:_The_Comedy_Tour"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Comedy Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Central"}],"text":"The show's primary cast performed live on stage with guest comedians and live musicians at evening shows in venues around the country for several years in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Later, they supported the Friends of the Bob & Tom Show Comedy Tour,[59] which featured many of their frequent guests and spawned Comedy Central broadcasts and a DVD recording.","title":"Live shows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Zig Ziglar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zig_Ziglar"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Eric Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Davis_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Riverfront Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverfront_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Kid Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Rock"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"internet sensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_internet_phenomena"},{"link_name":"home owners association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_owners_association"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"TikTok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok"},{"link_name":"breakout character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakout_character"},{"link_name":"Charles Barkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Barkley"},{"link_name":"Jack Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Bauer"},{"link_name":"24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Al Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore"},{"link_name":"Ted Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Morgan Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Freeman"},{"link_name":"The Shawshank Redemption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shawshank_Redemption_(film)"},{"link_name":"James Gandolfini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gandolfini"},{"link_name":"Tony Soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Soprano"},{"link_name":"Sammy Davis, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Davis,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Jerry Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Jones"},{"link_name":"Larry King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_King"},{"link_name":"Dr. Phil McGraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_McGraw"},{"link_name":"Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Steven Seagal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Seagal"},{"link_name":"Dean Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Martin"},{"link_name":"Jerry Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Babe Ruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_Ruth"}],"text":"Many fictional characters and parodies of real-life people have sprung up during the show's history, some voiced by Bob Kevoian, Tom Griswold, Chick McGee, on-air producer Dean Metcalf, Steve Salge, and the late Ron Sexton.[60]Recurring charactersFloyd the Truck Driver (Ron Sexton)\nJumbo the Elephant (Dean Metcalf)\nErnie Furglar (owner of Furglar's Hardware Store) (Steve Salge)\nHerm Johnson (St. Petersburg snowbird) (Steve Salge)\nHadji (Marc Much)\nIan St. Ian (Dean Metcalf)\nDoc Whiskey (Tom Griswold)\nDick Mango (Tom Griswold)\nRick (Ron Sexton)\nSid Gurney (Whit Grayson)\nBart McAllister (Dave Dugan)\nCaptain Dave – Captain of the Chum Dumpster (Steve Salge)\nCoach Ralph Fontaine (Ron Sexton)\nKenny Tarmac (Ron Sexton) – embodied that annoying traveling salesman on a flight with an overinflated sense of self-worth who felt the need to demonstrate to everyone how important he was by loudly calling someone just as the plane lands. He always used airport abbreviations while referring to his locations to further illustrate just how busy and important he was. He always called Bob and Tom when he landed, and he always got another call while talking to them. On a few occasions, while talking to Bob and Tom, he ran into a big-time client, whom Kenny cannot remember by name. During this time, he put Bob and Tom on hold, while he tried to use his \"Zig Ziglar bag of tricks\" to get the client to reveal his name, usually failing.\nDonnie Baker (played by Ron Sexton[61]) – regularly made topical calls to the show and had a very authentic redneck accent. He related anecdotes involving a good friend who had a semi-relevant experience, usually ending in a punch-line. Most of his calls were punctuated by a tagline like, \"I swear to God\" or \"Look it up...\" or \"it's state law.\" Donnie loved baseball, and was a lifelong fan of the Cincinnati Reds. He perpetually had a boat for sale, which was impounded at one point and became the center of an ongoing feud with his unseen \"neighbor to the north\" and lifelong arch-nemesis, Tony Mitchell.[62] According to Donnie, Tony Mitchell had been his \"lifelong swear-to-God enemy since Eric Davis (Donnie's and Sexton's favorite baseball player and childhood idol in character and in real life) ruled the outfield at Riverfront Stadium,\" and \"have been at it ever since,\" intimating that he and Mitchell might have grown up together, or knew one another for over 30 years. Donnie and \"Two Ton Tony\" frequently exchanged insults and made threats against one another over their shared property line, including Donnie repeatedly insulting Mitchell's wife for being overweight and unhygienic. Donnie also wrote letters to Kid Rock, explaining how much he wanted to \"punch Mitchell's mouth loose,\" and \"punch through Mitchell's chest bones.\"[63] Despite the ongoing threats and the claim that he had \"a black belt from Discount Karate,\" Donnie stated that he couldn't risk getting into a physical altercation with Mitchell because he was on probation and wore an ankle monitor. Sometimes, Donnie was corrected, or told to get off the phone by Randy, his work supervisor (voiced by Matt Thompson), after which he always yelled, \"Shut up Randy!\" Donnie's popularity soared in 2015, and became an internet sensation when a video of him angrily recanting a story of Tony Mitchell having his boat impounded by the home owners association went viral, with Donnie calling Mitchell's wife a \"sea cow,\" and ending with Donnie yelling over the fence, \"This is war, Mitchell!\" [64] The video has over 100 million views across multiple platforms, and audio segments have been lip synched and used over 10 million times as a sound bed on TikTok, propelling Donnie into the biggest breakout character of the show. In a subsequent video, he would get his boat back and continue to exchange threats and insults with Mitchell across their shared property line. On many calls into the station, Donnie would tell a story about something that recently happened between \"me and my no-good, nosey neighbor to the north, Tony Mitchell. He's at it again, Bob and Tom,\" invariably producing multiple punchlines at Mitchell's expense. Donnie also appeared with his band as \"Donnie Baker and the Pork Pistols,\" and had on-and-off relationships with women named Patty Ferguson and Angel Skinner, both of whom he puts an \"s\" on the end of their last names (calling them \"Patty Fergusons\" and \"Angel Skinners,\" respectively). His calls usually came to an abrupt end, and always by him saying, \"...I gotta go.\"\nMr. Obvious and the Caller (Chick McGee & Dean Metcalf) – A frequent skit subject on The Bob & Tom Show, Mr. Obvious is portrayed as a radio personality with his own show, The Mr. Obvious Show. He gives obvious and simple advice about whatever problem the caller may have. The caller always seems to be the same person, and opens the conversation with \"Hi, Mr. Obvious. Long time listener, first time caller.\" From there, the caller will describe his issue and give symptoms to help Mr. Obvious figure out his problem. Most of the time, the caller's issue is something that anyone else could figure out, but he cannot. Mr. Obvious is played by Chick McGee, and the caller is played by Dean Metcalf.Recurring parodies of real people and fictional charactersSir Charles (Charles Barkley) (Ron Sexton)\nJack Bauer (from the TV series \"24\") (Steve Salge)\nJoe Biden, George W. Bush, Bill Clinton, Al Gore, Ted Kennedy are all voiced by the same comedian. (Steve Salge)\nMorgan Freeman (as his character Red from the movie The Shawshank Redemption) (Ron Sexton)\nJames Gandolfini (as Tony Soprano) (Ron Sexton)\nSammy Davis, Jr. (Ricky Rydell)\nJerry Jones (Ron Sexton)\nLarry King (Steve Salge)\nDr. Phil McGraw (Ron Sexton)\nThe Pope (always in a stereotypical Italian accent) (Dean Metcalf)\nSteven Seagal and his fan (Ron Sexton)\nDean Martin and Jerry Lewis (Ricky Rydell)\nBabe Ruth (Ron Sexton)The show also takes calls from actual live listeners, plus miscellaneous \"crazy listener\" caricatures.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Griswold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Griswold"},{"link_name":"Chick McGee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick_McGee"},{"link_name":"Kristi Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristi_Lee"},{"link_name":"Josh Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Arnold"},{"link_name":"Bob Kevoian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Kevoian"}],"text":"Current\nTom Griswold – co-host (1983–present)\nChick McGee – co-host, sports (1986–present)\nKristi Lee – co-host, news (1988–present)\nJosh Arnold – comedian (2016–present)\nAce Cosby – engineer (2017–present)\nPat Godwin – musician (2017–present)\n\n\nFormer\nBob Kevoian – Co-host, engineer (1983–2015)\nDave Gunn – Sports\nPat Carlini – News\nScott Potasnik – Comedian\nWillie Griswold – ComedianTimeline","title":"Show members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WGN America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGN_America"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"WTTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTTV"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"WISH-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WISH-TV"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"WNDY-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNDY-TV"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"text":"On November 3, 2008, WGN America began airing an hour-long Bob and Tom TV show at midnight (later, 2 a.m.) Monday through Friday featuring clips from the day's four-hour radio broadcast.[65] As part of the deal, WTTV Indianapolis (another Tribune-owned station) was the first to air the nightly telecast. The program ended its run on WGN America on September 10, 2010, as part of an extensive revamp of the network's schedule.[66]WISH-TV announced[67] that a new, 30-minute Bob and Tom television show would air weeknights and late Saturday nights beginning October 5, 2020, on MyIndy-TV 23 (WNDY-TV, Indianapolis), featuring clips from that morning's radio broadcast.[68] The television program last aired on January 8, 2022, but a 20-minute version of Bob and Tom Tonight continues to be posted at 8 p.m. (Eastern Time) weekdays on YouTube and Facebook.[69]","title":"TV program"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prostate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate"},{"link_name":"prostate cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts"},{"link_name":"Jeff Saturday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Saturday"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"offensive linemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_line"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"New England Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots"},{"link_name":"Dominic Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Tim Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Wilson_(comedian)"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"text":"Over their career, the show has been actively involved in charitable work. Some of the albums they have produced since 1986 have been utilized to raise money for various charities. After the syndicated portion of their show ends at 10:00 a.m. Eastern they typically devote up to a half-hour to further interviews, often about local events, bands, and charities.In October, it has become tradition for Chick to get a prostate exam on the air to raise awareness for prostate cancer. Bob and Tom used to promote this exam as \"Proctober\";[70] however, this exam is now \"Rectember\". The latest exam was held on September 6, 2011, with Gunner doing it.[71]The Bob & Tom Show has produced seven CDs for the USO to include in holiday care packages sent to troops stationed worldwide.[72]Bob and Tom had a friendly wager with former Indianapolis Colts center Jeff Saturday that if he ever got a touchdown they would donate $5,000 to the charity of his choice. During the 2006–07 NFL season, they increased the wager to $10,000. They assumed that they were safe since offensive linemen almost never score points in NFL games. In January 2007 in the AFC Championship game against the rival New England Patriots, on a play near New England's goal line, Dominic Rhodes carried into the middle of the line and fumbled. Saturday fell on the ball in the end zone for the touchdown.[73] Bob and Tom made good on their wager and donated $10,000 total with $5,000 each going to People's Burn Foundation of Indiana and Kid's Voice of Indiana, Inc.[74][75]On May 9, 2014, Bob and Tom presented a comedy show as a tribute to the late Tim Wilson. All proceeds went to help with the education of Tim's son.[76]","title":"Public service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Marconi Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_Award"},{"link_name":"NAB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Broadcasters"},{"link_name":"The Billboard Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Sagamores of the Wabash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagamore_of_the_Wabash"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Leukemia Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Radio & Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_%26_Records"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"text":"In 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999,[77] and 2006,[78] Bob and Tom were recipients of the Marconi Award from the NAB.\nFrom 1991 to 1998, Bob and Tom received The Billboard Magazine Radio Personality of the Year award.[79]\nIn 1994 and 2008, Bob and Tom were named Sagamores of the Wabash, the state of Indiana's highest honor.[80]\nIn 1996 and 2000, the show was awarded the National Chairman's Citation Award from the Leukemia Society of America.[81]\nIn 2000, 2001, and 2003, Bob and Tom received the Radio & Records Classic Rock Personality of the Year Award.[82]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"USO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Service_Organization"}],"text":"100 (2016)[83]\nThe Free Laughs Collection (December 2013) (digital download)[84]\nDon't Answer That! (December 2012)\nRadio Chatter (November 2012 – eighth USO Care Package troop-only album)\nSomewhere Over the Radio (November 2011)\nHot Air (November 2011 – seventh USO Care Package troop-only album)\nCrushed Nuts (December 2010)\nGeneral Static (October 2010 – sixth USO Care Package troop-only album)\nDead Air (November 2009)\nRadio Waves (October 2009 – fifth USO Care Package troop-only album)\nAs Big As a Hat (November 2008)\nGreetings from the USA (October 2008 – fourth USO Care Package troop-only album)\nMy Job Sucks (June 2008)\nState Law (November 2007 – part of WJL package)\nWe Just Landed! (November 2007)\nRadio Rations (October 2007 – third USO Care Package troop-only album)\nPlease, Stand Up (September 2007)\nBob and Tom: Comedy All Stars Tour DVD (2006)\nBob and Tom: Standup, Sitting Down DVD (2006)\nBob and Tom: The Comedy Tour Volume 1 DVD (2006)\n\n\nShut-Up Randy! (November 2006)\nMan Boobs (November 2006)\nOperation Radio (October 2006 – second USO Care Package troop-only album)\nDonkey Show (July 2006)\nThe Donnie Baker Collection: Boat for Sale (November 2005)\nHappy Hour (November 2005)\nThe Mr. Obvious Show (October 2005)\nA Radio Institution (July 2005 – first USO Care Package troop-only album)\nSideshow (November 2004)\nBob and Tom: Home Movie DVD (November 2004)\nOdd Balls (October 2004)\nMistletoe (December 2003)\nCamel Toe (December 2003)\nWild About Harry (October 2003)\nUncensored (December 2002)\nGone Wild (December 2002)\nRadiogram (December 2001)\nWe're Still Standing Tall (September 2001)\nYou Guys Rock! (December 2000)\nThe Election Collection 2000 (November 2000)\nTake Off Your Clothes! (Fall 2000)\nIndiana Rocks (April 2000)\nGreatest Hits: Volume One (December 1999)\nBack in '98 (December 1998)\n\n\nGimme an \"F\" (December 1997)\nFun House (August 1997)\nIt's a Wonderful Laugh (December 1996)\nFactory Air (June 1996)\nPlanet Bob & Tom (December 1995)\nCheckered Past (May 1995)\nCanned Laughter (December 1994)\nGood Ol' Boys (August 1994)\nAir Bags (May 1994)\nLollapaloozers (December 1993)\nLaugh in the Fast Lane (May 1993)\nWe Three Kings (December 1992)\nMotorheads (Spring 1992)\nAir Heads (December 1991)\nJust Skiddin' (May 1991)\nTwin Geeks (December 1990)\nGood Morning Saudi Arabia (cassette) (November 1990)\nFind My Keys and We'll Drive Out! (May 1990)\nWith a Little Help From Our Friends (December 1989)\nIt's A New Track Record! (May 1989)\nLast Train To Whiskeyville (December 1988)\nA Day at the Race (cassette) (May 1988)\nI Spent The War In Indiana / Oh Danny Quayle (cassette single) (1988)\nShabbey Road (December 1987)\nThe White Album (December 1986)","title":"Discography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Josh Arnold Joins 'The Bob And Tom Show'\". Archived from the original on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2016-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/156138/josh-arnold-joins-the-bob-and-tom-show","url_text":"\"Josh Arnold Joins 'The Bob And Tom Show'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170215205106/http://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/156138/josh-arnold-joins-the-bob-and-tom-show","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Get the FREE BOB & TOM Show App!\". Archived from the original on 2016-01-22. Retrieved 2016-01-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bobandtom.com/app/","url_text":"\"Get the FREE BOB & TOM Show App!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160122093247/http://www.bobandtom.com/app/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"D, Nick (7 March 2013). \"Bob & Tom Mark Major Milestone\". Building Indiana. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141210060715/http://www.buildingindiananews.com/2013/03/07/bob-tom-mark-major-milestone/","url_text":"\"Bob & Tom Mark Major Milestone\""},{"url":"http://www.buildingindiananews.com/2013/03/07/bob-tom-mark-major-milestone/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Bob And Tom Show Moving To Cumulus Media Networks\". AllAccess.com. 15 October 2013. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/123301/the-bob-and-tom-show-moving-to-cumulus-media-netwo","url_text":"\"The Bob And Tom Show Moving To Cumulus Media Networks\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131111154816/http://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/123301/the-bob-and-tom-show-moving-to-cumulus-media-netwo","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Bob & Tom Show' switching syndicators\". 16 October 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-01-12. Retrieved 2016-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibj.com/articles/44084-bob-tom-show-switching-syndicators","url_text":"\"'Bob & Tom Show' switching syndicators\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160112195021/http://www.ibj.com/articles/44084-bob-tom-show-switching-syndicators","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"National Association of Broadcasters – 2006 Network/Syndicated Personality of the Year Winner: Bob & Tom, Premiere Radio Networks\". 28 September 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928021629/http://www.nab.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Awards&CONTENTID=6763&TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FContentDisplay.cfm","url_text":"\"National Association of Broadcasters – 2006 Network/Syndicated Personality of the Year Winner: Bob & Tom, Premiere Radio Networks\""},{"url":"http://www.nab.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Awards&CONTENTID=6763&TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FContentDisplay.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The BOB & TOM Show's Pop-Up Comedy For A Cause Event Kicks Off Summer in Indianapolis With a Night of Comedy Benefiting Local Kids\". 21 June 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cumulusmedia.com/2022/06/21/the-bob-tom-shows-pop-up-comedy-for-a-cause-event-kicks-off-summer-in-indianapolis-with-a-night-of-comedy-benefiting-local-kids/","url_text":"\"The BOB & TOM Show's Pop-Up Comedy For A Cause Event Kicks Off Summer in Indianapolis With a Night of Comedy Benefiting Local Kids\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". Archived from the original on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2017-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bobandtom.com/about-us/","url_text":"\"About Us\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170215120721/http://www.bobandtom.com/about-us/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Stations\". Archived from the original on 2016-01-15. Retrieved 2016-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bobandtom.com/stations/","url_text":"\"Stations\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160115084021/http://www.bobandtom.com/stations/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"American Forces Radio Net Adds Bob & Tom\". radiosyndicationtalk.com. 16 November 2010. Archived from the original on 11 March 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150311142511/http://radiosyndicationtalk.com/2010/11/16/american-forces-radio-net-adds-bob-tom/","url_text":"\"American Forces Radio Net Adds Bob & Tom\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Bob & Tom Show\". Archived from the original on 2012-05-26. Retrieved 2013-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.bobandtom.com/gen3/affiliates.htm","url_text":"\"The Bob & Tom Show\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120526161104/http://archive.bobandtom.com/gen3/affiliates.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NUVO at 25: Before they were comedy stars\". NUVO. 25 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2017-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nuvo.net/indianapolis/nuvo-at-25-before-they-were-comedy-stars/Content?oid=3077611","url_text":"\"NUVO at 25: Before they were comedy stars\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170215195451/http://www.nuvo.net/indianapolis/nuvo-at-25-before-they-were-comedy-stars/Content?oid=3077611","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"The BOB & TOM Show (31 July 2014). \"Tim Allen on the BOB & TOM Show in 1988\". Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PehGbmsOgc","url_text":"\"Tim Allen on the BOB & TOM Show in 1988\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170215181200/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PehGbmsOgc","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"B&T VIP\". members.bobandtom.com. Archived from the original on 2016-02-06. Retrieved 2016-01-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://members.bobandtom.com/pcd/document?ikey=99001IGTZ","url_text":"\"B&T VIP\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160206235219/http://members.bobandtom.com/pcd/document?ikey=99001IGTZ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Harvey, Brad (9 September 1999). \"Radio listeners can't get enough of BOB & TOM SHOW\". Lima News. pp. (on page 35). Retrieved 23 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspaperarchive.com/lima-news/1999-09-09/page-35","url_text":"\"Radio listeners can't get enough of BOB & TOM SHOW\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bob (from Bob and Tom) — the exit interview\". NUVO. 3 December 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-01-05. Retrieved 2016-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nuvo.net/indianapolis/bob-from-bob-and-tom-the-exit-interview/Content?oid=3653010","url_text":"\"Bob (from Bob and Tom) — the exit interview\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160105000857/http://www.nuvo.net/indianapolis/bob-from-bob-and-tom-the-exit-interview/Content?oid=3653010","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bob & Tom keep Q95 on a roll even as classic-rock format shows age\". 12 November 2009. Archived from the original on 2016-01-02. Retrieved 2016-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibj.com/articles/11165-bob-tom-keep-q95-on-a-roll-even-as-classic-rock-format-shows-age","url_text":"\"Bob & Tom keep Q95 on a roll even as classic-rock format shows age\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160102061454/http://www.ibj.com/articles/11165-bob-tom-keep-q95-on-a-roll-even-as-classic-rock-format-shows-age","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Richards, Dave (9 April 2014). \"'Bob & Tom Comedy Tour' plays Erie on Friday\". Erie-Times News. Archived from the original on 3 December 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141203113217/http://www.goerie.com/bob--tom-comedy-tour-plays-erie-on-friday","url_text":"\"'Bob & Tom Comedy Tour' plays Erie on Friday\""},{"url":"http://www.goerie.com/bob--tom-comedy-tour-plays-erie-on-friday","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chick McGee back with WFBQ\". Indianapolis Star. July 12, 1995. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018. Retrieved May 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/107418715/?terms=chick%2Bmcgee","url_text":"\"Chick McGee back with WFBQ\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180921040031/https://www.newspapers.com/image/107418715/?terms=chick%2Bmcgee","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"D-a-a-a-a-v-e Wilson replaces Chick McGee\". Indianapolis Star. January 6, 1995. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018. Retrieved May 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/106933596/","url_text":"\"D-a-a-a-a-v-e Wilson replaces Chick McGee\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180921040034/https://www.newspapers.com/image/106933596/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Allee – biography\". www.steveallee.com. Archived from the original on 2017-01-30. Retrieved 2016-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170130153258/http://www.steveallee.com/Steve-allee-bio.html","url_text":"\"Steve Allee – biography\""},{"url":"http://www.steveallee.com/Steve-allee-bio.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pat's Bio – Invest in Your Nest – Pat Carlini\". Archived from the original on 2016-01-13. Retrieved 2016-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.patcarlini.com/pats-bio/","url_text":"\"Pat's Bio – Invest in Your Nest – Pat Carlini\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160113180300/http://www.patcarlini.com/pats-bio/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gunner [@GunnerRocks] (May 23, 2016). \"@bobandtom\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/GunnerRocks/status/734698438781239296","url_text":"\"@bobandtom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"'Flagrant Foul' aims to wake up local sports radio\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indystar.com/story/entertainment/arts/2017/01/18/sports-talk-radio-indianapolis-fox-stuck-gunner-iheart-colts-pacers-flagrant-foul/96689304/","url_text":"\"'Flagrant Foul' aims to wake up local sports radio\""}]},{"reference":"The BOB & TOM Show (7 November 2015). \"Bob and Tom Accept their Induction into the National Radio Hall of Fame\". Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_YFS8dbV4k","url_text":"\"Bob and Tom Accept their Induction into the National Radio Hall of Fame\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160316201921/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_YFS8dbV4k","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lindquist, David. \"Radio icon Bob Kevoian will retire at year's end\". www.indystar.com. Gannett. Retrieved 6 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indystar.com/story/entertainment/arts/2015/11/06/kevoian-griswold-bob-tom-indianapolis-q95-chick-donnie-mcafee/75274906/","url_text":"\"Radio icon Bob Kevoian will retire at year's end\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kristi Lee exits 'The Bob & Tom Show'\". Archived from the original on 2016-02-14. Retrieved 2016-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indystar.com/story/entertainment/2016/01/11/kevoian-griswold-bob-tom-indianapolis-q95-kristi-chick/78618738/","url_text":"\"Kristi Lee exits 'The Bob & Tom Show'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160214223436/http://www.indystar.com/story/entertainment/2016/01/11/kevoian-griswold-bob-tom-indianapolis-q95-kristi-chick/78618738/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kristi Lee Exits the BOB & TOM Show\". 11 January 2016. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bobandtom.com/2016/01/11/kristi-lee-exits-the-bob-tom-show/","url_text":"\"Kristi Lee Exits the BOB & TOM Show\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160116041033/http://www.bobandtom.com/2016/01/11/kristi-lee-exits-the-bob-tom-show/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The BOB & TOM Show Welcomes Kristi Lee Back To The Show\". The Bob and Tom Show. July 8, 2016. Archived from the original on July 8, 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160708154516/http://www.bobandtom.com/2016/07/08/the-bob-tom-show-welcomes-kristi-lee-back-to-the-show/","url_text":"\"The BOB & TOM Show Welcomes Kristi Lee Back To The Show\""},{"url":"http://www.bobandtom.com/2016/07/08/the-bob-tom-show-welcomes-kristi-lee-back-to-the-show/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The BOB & TOM Show's Kristi Lee Named to 2022 Indiana Broadcast Pioneers Hall of Fame\". 7 July 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bobandtom.com/2022/07/07/the-bob-tom-shows-kristi-lee-named-to-2022-indiana-broadcast-pioneers-hall-of-fame/","url_text":"\"The BOB & TOM Show's Kristi Lee Named to 2022 Indiana Broadcast Pioneers Hall of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indiana Broadcasters Association to Induct Five History-Making Broadcasters into Richard M. Fairbanks Hall of Fame\". Carmel, Indiana: The Indiana Broadcasters Association. September 14, 2016. Archived from the original on November 18, 2016. Retrieved November 18, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161118125250/https://www.indianabroadcasters.org/iba-news/indiana-broadcasters-association-to-induct-five-history-making-broadcasters-into-richard-m-fairbanks-hall-of-fame/","url_text":"\"Indiana Broadcasters Association to Induct Five History-Making Broadcasters into Richard M. Fairbanks Hall of Fame\""},{"url":"https://www.indianabroadcasters.org/iba-news/indiana-broadcasters-association-to-induct-five-history-making-broadcasters-into-richard-m-fairbanks-hall-of-fame/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bob Kevoian is our guest!\".","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/bobandtom/bob-kevoian-is-our-guest","url_text":"\"Bob Kevoian is our guest!\""}]},{"reference":"Bob Kevoian [@bobkevoian] (February 14, 2017). \"Nudity is BACK in Playboy Magazine! I'll be back on @bobandtom as guest host for Opening Day in Cincinnati. #RedsBaseball\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/bobkevoian/status/831307257451253760","url_text":"\"Nudity is BACK in Playboy Magazine! I'll be back on @bobandtom as guest host for Opening Day in Cincinnati. #RedsBaseball\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"The Bob & Tom Show\". www.facebook.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/bobandtomshow/videos/10154451121712623/","url_text":"\"The Bob & Tom Show\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ace Cosby\". Retrieved 6 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://bobandtominfo.com/ace-cosby","url_text":"\"Ace Cosby\""}]},{"reference":"Shoemaker, Brad (14 November 2017). \"The \"Legendary\" Ace Cosby!\". Archived from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://kristileenews.com/the-legendary-ace-cosby/","url_text":"\"The \"Legendary\" Ace Cosby!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180127004631/https://kristileenews.com/the-legendary-ace-cosby/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Resilient 'Bob & Tom Show' receives multi-year contract extension\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indystar.com/story/entertainment/arts/2018/05/02/resilient-bob-tom-show-receives-multi-year-contract-extension/572228002/","url_text":"\"Resilient 'Bob & Tom Show' receives multi-year contract extension\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bob & Tom Pick Up Chicago Affiliate\". Radio Ink. 2019-09-05. Archived from the original on 2019-09-09. Retrieved 2019-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioink.com/2019/09/05/bob-tom-pick-up-chicago-affiliate/","url_text":"\"Bob & Tom Pick Up Chicago Affiliate\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190909034916/https://radioink.com/2019/09/05/bob-tom-pick-up-chicago-affiliate/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New deal moves 'Bob & Tom Show' closer to 40 years at Q95\". Archived from the original on 2019-05-19. Retrieved 2018-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indystar.com/story/entertainment/arts/2018/12/10/new-deal-moves-bob-tom-show-closer-40-years-q-95/2264092002/","url_text":"\"New deal moves 'Bob & Tom Show' closer to 40 years at Q95\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190519082134/https://www.indystar.com/story/entertainment/arts/2018/12/10/new-deal-moves-bob-tom-show-closer-40-years-q-95/2264092002/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The BOB & TOM Show's Kristi Lee Named to 2022 Indiana Broadcast Pioneers Hall of Fame\". 7 July 2022. 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Retrieved 5 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BeZWVKUSdo","url_text":"\"Tom Griswold receives the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Indiana Broadcasters Association\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Basile, Tory (22 July 2023). \"Indianapolis comedian Ron Sexton, known for Bob & Tom Show character, dies at 52\". IndyStar. Retrieved 24 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indystar.com/story/news/local/2023/07/22/comedian-ron-sexton-dies-at-47/70450534007/","url_text":"\"Indianapolis comedian Ron Sexton, known for Bob & Tom Show character, dies at 52\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Bob & Tom Show\". www.facebook.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2019. Retrieved Apr 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/bobandtomshow/posts/10156365707102623","url_text":"\"The Bob & Tom Show\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190929035723/https://www.facebook.com/bobandtomshow/posts/10156365707102623","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"@bobandtom (August 16, 2021). \"Tom underwent a scheduled procedure for his heart and the fix ended up being more extensive than planned, but he is…\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/bobandtom/status/1427230638751502340","url_text":"\"Tom underwent a scheduled procedure for his heart and the fix ended up being more extensive than planned, but he is…\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom is out\". 12 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bobandtom.com/2021/08/12/tom-is-out-and-hahn-is-in-bt-tonight/","url_text":"\"Tom is out\""}]},{"reference":"\"Radio host Tom Griswold recuperating from heart surgery\". 16 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wthr.com/article/news/entertainment-news/radio-host-tom-griswold-recuperating-from-heart-surgery-bob-and-tom/531-1e45ebbe-8e9c-4aca-8a12-59f0644fe14a","url_text":"\"Radio host Tom Griswold recuperating from heart surgery\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Bob & Tom Show' Host Tom Griswold Recovering From Heart Surgery\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/210315/bob-tom-show-host-tom-griswold-recovering-from-hea","url_text":"\"'Bob & Tom Show' Host Tom Griswold Recovering From Heart Surgery\""}]},{"reference":"@bobandtom (September 13, 2021). \"Tom is back in studio! 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Retrieved 7 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bobandtom.com/2023/06/07/bob-kevoian-announces-new-podcast-on-cancer-diagnosis/","url_text":"\"Bob Kevoian Announces New Podcast on Cancer Diagnosis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bob Kevoian, former host of 'The BOB & TOM Show,' announces cancer diagnosis\". WTHR. 7 June 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wthr.com/article/news/local/bob-kevoian-former-host-the-bob-tom-show-announces-gastric-cancer-diagnosis/531-2d0f5ff7-34d3-4c3e-9b4b-df8edec23e6b","url_text":"\"Bob Kevoian, former host of 'The BOB & TOM Show,' announces cancer diagnosis\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Bob and Cancer Show\". Retrieved 7 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://bobandcancershow.com/","url_text":"\"The Bob and Cancer Show\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Bob and Cancer Show on Apple Podcasts\". 2 June 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-bob-cancer-show/id1690942939","url_text":"\"The Bob and Cancer Show on Apple Podcasts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ch-Ch-Ch Chick (feat. Chick McGee)\". YouTube. Retrieved 7 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5f_2Ij2_4fo","url_text":"\"Ch-Ch-Ch Chick (feat. Chick McGee)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Chick Calls In From The Hospital\". YouTube. Retrieved 7 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mCC88sgJ2Fc","url_text":"\"Chick Calls In From The Hospital\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"See the Friends of the BOB & TOM Show Comedy Tour\". Archived from the original on 2016-11-11. Retrieved 2017-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bobandtom.com/comedytour/","url_text":"\"See the Friends of the BOB & TOM Show Comedy Tour\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161111111702/http://www.bobandtom.com/comedytour/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"About the Show\". Bob & Tom Show website. 2013. Archived from the original on February 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100208230251/http://www.bobandtom.com/pages/about","url_text":"\"About the Show\""},{"url":"http://www.bobandtom.com/pages/about","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About the Bob & Tom Show\". bobandtom.com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. 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Retrieved 2013-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110733/http://www.bobandtom.com/photo/view/gunner_s_exam/13377","url_text":"\"Gunner's Exam – Photos – The Bob & Tom Show\""},{"url":"http://www.bobandtom.com/photo/view/gunner_s_exam/13377","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Corporate Partners\". Archived from the original on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2013-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uso.org/program-partners.aspx","url_text":"\"Corporate Partners\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110055/http://www.uso.org/program-partners.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Watch New England Patriots vs. Indianapolis Colts [01/21/2007] - NFL.com\". www.nfl.com. Archived from the original on 2012-11-12. 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Retrieved 23 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/20261/bob-tom-pony-up","url_text":"\"Bob & Tom Pony Up\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105158/http://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/20261/bob-tom-pony-up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"title\". Archived from the original on 2017-04-06. Retrieved 2017-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://andersonparamount.tix.com/Event.aspx?EventCode=649999","url_text":"\"title\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170406134429/http://andersonparamount.tix.com/Event.aspx?EventCode=649999","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Bob & Tom Show Cast\". Archived from the original on 2013-12-24. 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Retrieved 2013-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paramounttheatrecr.com/events/20131025/106/the-bob-tom-comedy-show.aspx","url_text":"\"The BOB & TOM Comedy Show – Paramount Theatre\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131224122611/http://www.paramounttheatrecr.com/events/20131025/106/the-bob-tom-comedy-show.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bob & Tom Receive Sagamore Award\". InsideINdianaBusiness.com. 3 October 2008. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131224100659/http://www.insideindianabusiness.com/newsitem.asp?ID=31852","url_text":"\"Bob & Tom Receive Sagamore Award\""},{"url":"http://www.insideindianabusiness.com/newsitem.asp?ID=31852","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Bob & Tom Show\". 103GBF. Archived from the original on 2013-12-24. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin_Donald
Merlin Donald
["1 Biography","2 Work","3 Bibliography","4 Notes","5 External links"]
Canadian psychologist Merlin Wilfred Donald (born November 17, 1939) is an emeritus Canadian professor of psychology, neuroanthropology, and cognitive neuroscience, at Case Western Reserve University, and in the Department of Psychology at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. He is noted for the position that evolutionary processes need to be considered in determining how the mind deals with symbolic information and language. In particular, he suggests that explicit, algorithmic processes (the computational theory of mind) may be inadequate to understanding how the mind works. He is also known as the proponent of the mimetic theory of speech origins. Biography He received his degrees in Canada, culminating in his Ph.D. in neuropsychology from McGill University in 1968. Following three years on the faculty of Yale School of Medicine, he joined the faculty of Queen's University at Kingston in 1972 and is still professor emeritus at Queen's. In the fall of 2005, Donald became the founding chair of the cognitive science department at Case Western Reserve University. He has since retired as the chair of that department and is currently an adjunct professor within the university. Work Merlin Donald is widely known as the author of two books on human cognition, Origins of the Modern Mind and A Mind So Rare. His central thesis across these works is that the human capacity for symbolic thought arises not from the evolution of a language-specific mental module, but out of evolutionary changes to the prefrontal cortex affecting the executive function of the primate brain. The enhanced attentional, metacognitive, and retrieval capacities that resulted from these changes made hominids immensely more capable of dealing with social complexity than their ancestors. He concludes that what drove brain expansion was not the cognitive demands of toolmaking or spatial mapping of the environment, but the growth in the size of the social group, that imposed greater demands on memory. In Donald's account, these changes amounted to the evolution of a completely novel cognitive strategy: a symbiosis between brain and culture. The human brain, he argues, is adapted to function expressly in a complex symbolic culture; it cannot realize its potential unless it is immersed in a complex network of communication and symbolic representation. This inextricable relationship between biology and culture also, he proposes, has interesting ramifications for the future of human cognitive development in light of the continuing development of technologies that support and change our relationship with symbolic thought and culture. Origins of the Modern Mind proposes a three-stage development of human symbolic capacity through culture: Mimetic culture: The watershed adaptation allowing humans to function as symbolic and cultural beings was a revolutionary improvement in motor control, the "mimetic skill" required to rehearse and refine the body's movements in a voluntary and systematic way, to remember those rehearsals, and to reproduce them on command. Following this development, Homo erectus assimilated and reconceptualized events to create various prelinguistic symbolic traditions such as rituals, dance, and craft. Mythic cultures arose as a result of the acquisition of speech and the invention of symbols. Mimetic representation serves as a preadaptation to this development. Technology-supported culture: Finally, the cognitive ecology dominated by ephemeral face-to-face communication has changed for most of us as a result of the external memory-store that reading and writing permit. Computer technology intensifies these changes by offering even more extensive capacities for external storage and retrieval of information. Donald suggests that the increasing reliance on external memory media in this third stage, which applies in varying degrees to most people in the developed world, may have profound effects on our cognitive development and behavior:The externalization of memory was initially very gradual, with the invention of the first permanent external symbols. But then it accelerated, and the numbers of external prepresentational devices now available has altered how humans use their biologically given cognitive resources, what they can know, where that knowledge is stored, and what kinds of codes are needed to decipher what is stored.... When we study literate English-speaking adults living in a technologically advanced society, we are looking at a subtype that is not any more typical of the whole human species, than, say, the members of a hunter-gatherer group. What would our science look like if it had been based on a very different type of culture? The truth is, we don't know, but it would profit us greatly to find out, because the human cognitive system, down to the level of its internal modular organization, is affected not only by its genetic inheritance, but also by its own peculiar cultural history. (Donald 1997, pp. 362-363) Bibliography Origins of the Modern Mind: Three stages in the evolution of culture and cognition (Harvard, 1991) ISBN 0-674-64484-0. A Mind So Rare: The evolution of human consciousness (Norton, 2001) ISBN 0-393-32319-6. "The mind considered from a historical perspective: human cognitive phylogenesis and the possibility of continuing cognitive evolution." In D. Johnson & C. Ermeling (Eds.) The Future of the Cognitive Revolution, Oxford University Press, 1997, 478-492. Notes ^ "Merlin Donald-Adjunct Professor of Cognitive Science". Case Western Reserve University. Retrieved 18 April 2013. ^ "Merlin Donald-Emeritus Professor at Queens University". Retrieved 17 June 2024. ^ Merlin Donald (1991). Origins of the Modern Mind: Three Stages in the Evolution of Culture and Cognition. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674644830. quote: The problem of symbolic reference has always been the Achilles heel of computational approaches to language. The difficulty is this : to understand or use a symbol appropriately in context you must first understand what it represents, and this referential understanding is inherently nonsymbolic. ^ Hans Joas, Daniel R. Huebner (eds.), The Timeliness of George Herbert Mead, University of Chicago Press, 2016, p. 326. ^ "Merlin Donald | Department of Psychology". www.queensu.ca. Retrieved 2021-11-16. ^ "Case Department of Cognitive Science: Merlin Donald". case.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-16. ^ "Merlin Donald | Cadmus Journal". cadmusjournal.org. Retrieved 2021-11-16. ^ Theodora Polito, Educational Theory as Theory of Culture: A Vichian perspective on the educational theories of John Dewey and Kieran Egan Educational Philosophy and Theory, Vol. 37, No. 4, 2005 ^ "The role language can play in overshadowing data". 2021-09-13. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Bhargava, Rajeev (2017-07-23). "The mimetic, the mythic and the theoretic". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2021-11-16. ^ Wolfe, Alan (2011-09-30). "The Origins of Religion, Beginning With the Big Bang". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-11-16. External links "Page on Queen's University Site". Articles available online Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"neuroanthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroanthropology"},{"link_name":"cognitive neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Case Western Reserve University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"symbolic information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_communication"},{"link_name":"language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language"},{"link_name":"computational theory of mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"mimetic theory of speech origins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimetic_theory_of_speech_origins"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Merlin Wilfred Donald (born November 17, 1939) is an emeritus Canadian professor of psychology, neuroanthropology, and cognitive neuroscience,[1] at Case Western Reserve University, and in the Department of Psychology at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.[2] He is noted for the position that evolutionary processes need to be considered in determining how the mind deals with symbolic information and language. In particular, he suggests that explicit, algorithmic processes (the computational theory of mind) may be inadequate to understanding how the mind works.[3]He is also known as the proponent of the mimetic theory of speech origins.[4]","title":"Merlin Donald"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_degree"},{"link_name":"neuropsychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychology"},{"link_name":"McGill University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University"},{"link_name":"Yale School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Queen's University at Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"cognitive science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_science"},{"link_name":"Case Western Reserve University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"He received his degrees in Canada, culminating in his Ph.D. in neuropsychology from McGill University in 1968. Following three years on the faculty of Yale School of Medicine, he joined the faculty of Queen's University at Kingston in 1972 and is still professor emeritus at Queen's.[5] In the fall of 2005, Donald became the founding chair of the cognitive science department at Case Western Reserve University.[6] He has since retired as the chair of that department and is currently an adjunct professor within the university.[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"module","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modularity_of_mind"},{"link_name":"prefrontal cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex"},{"link_name":"executive function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_function"},{"link_name":"social","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polito2005-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"symbiosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis"},{"link_name":"mimetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimesis"},{"link_name":"acquisition of speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquisition_of_speech"},{"link_name":"external memory-store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=External_memory_field&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Merlin Donald is widely known as the author of two books on human cognition, Origins of the Modern Mind and A Mind So Rare.His central thesis across these works is that the human capacity for symbolic thought arises not from the evolution of a language-specific mental module, but out of evolutionary changes to the prefrontal cortex affecting the executive function of the primate brain. The enhanced attentional, metacognitive, and retrieval capacities that resulted from these changes made hominids immensely more capable of dealing with social complexity than their ancestors. He concludes that what drove brain expansion was not the cognitive demands of toolmaking or spatial mapping of the environment, but the growth in the size of the social group, that imposed greater demands on memory.[8][9]In Donald's account, these changes amounted to the evolution of a completely novel cognitive strategy: a symbiosis between brain and culture. The human brain, he argues, is adapted to function expressly in a complex symbolic culture; it cannot realize its potential unless it is immersed in a complex network of communication and symbolic representation. This inextricable relationship between biology and culture also, he proposes, has interesting ramifications for the future of human cognitive development in light of the continuing development of technologies that support and change our relationship with symbolic thought and culture.Origins of the Modern Mind proposes a three-stage development of human symbolic capacity through culture:Mimetic culture: The watershed adaptation allowing humans to function as symbolic and cultural beings was a revolutionary improvement in motor control, the \"mimetic skill\" required to rehearse and refine the body's movements in a voluntary and systematic way, to remember those rehearsals, and to reproduce them on command. Following this development, Homo erectus assimilated and reconceptualized events to create various prelinguistic symbolic traditions such as rituals, dance, and craft.\nMythic cultures arose as a result of the acquisition of speech and the invention of symbols. Mimetic representation serves as a preadaptation to this development.\nTechnology-supported culture: Finally, the cognitive ecology dominated by ephemeral face-to-face communication has changed for most of us as a result of the external memory-store that reading and writing permit. Computer technology intensifies these changes by offering even more extensive capacities for external storage and retrieval of information.[10][11]Donald suggests that the increasing reliance on external memory media in this third stage, which applies in varying degrees to most people in the developed world, may have profound effects on our cognitive development and behavior:The externalization of memory was initially very gradual, with the invention of the first permanent external symbols. But then it accelerated, and the numbers of external prepresentational devices now available has altered how humans use their biologically given cognitive resources, what they can know, where that knowledge is stored, and what kinds of codes are needed to decipher what is stored.... When we study literate English-speaking adults living in a technologically advanced society, we are looking at a subtype that is not any more typical of the whole human species, than, say, the members of a hunter-gatherer group. What would our science look like if it had been based on a very different type of culture? The truth is, we don't know, but it would profit us greatly to find out, because the human cognitive system, down to the level of its internal modular organization, is affected not only by its genetic inheritance, but also by its own peculiar cultural history. (Donald 1997, pp. 362-363)","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Origins of the Modern Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Origins_of_the_Modern_Mind&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-674-64484-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-64484-0"},{"link_name":"A Mind So Rare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Mind_So_Rare&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-393-32319-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-32319-6"}],"text":"Origins of the Modern Mind: Three stages in the evolution of culture and cognition (Harvard, 1991) ISBN 0-674-64484-0.\nA Mind So Rare: The evolution of human consciousness (Norton, 2001) ISBN 0-393-32319-6.\n\"The mind considered from a historical perspective: human cognitive phylogenesis and the possibility of continuing cognitive evolution.\" In D. Johnson & C. Ermeling (Eds.) The Future of the Cognitive Revolution, Oxford University Press, 1997, 478-492.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Merlin Donald-Adjunct Professor of Cognitive Science\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.case.edu/artsci/cogs/donald.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Merlin Donald-Emeritus Professor at Queens University\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.queensu.ca/psychology/MerlinDonald.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Origins of the Modern Mind: Three Stages in the Evolution of Culture and Cognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/originsofmodernm001"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780674644830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674644830"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Hans Joas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Joas"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Merlin Donald | Department of Psychology\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.queensu.ca/psychology/merlin-donald"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Case Department of Cognitive Science: Merlin Donald\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//case.edu/artsci/cogs/donald.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Merlin Donald | Cadmus Journal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cadmusjournal.org/author/merlin-donald"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Polito2005_8-0"},{"link_name":"Educational Theory as Theory of Culture: A Vichian perspective on the educational theories of John Dewey and Kieran Egan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bpl/epat/2005/00000037/00000004/art00003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"The role language can play in overshadowing data\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rte.ie/brainstorm/2021/0913/1246568-the-role-language-can-play-in-overshadowing-data/"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"The mimetic, the mythic and the theoretic\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/the-mimetic-the-mythic-and-the-theoretic/article19332593.ece"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0971-751X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"The Origins of Religion, Beginning With the Big Bang\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2011/10/02/books/review/religion-in-human-evolution-by-robert-n-bellah-book-review.html"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0362-4331","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331"}],"text":"^ \"Merlin Donald-Adjunct Professor of Cognitive Science\". Case Western Reserve University. Retrieved 18 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Merlin Donald-Emeritus Professor at Queens University\". Retrieved 17 June 2024.\n\n^ \nMerlin Donald (1991). Origins of the Modern Mind: Three Stages in the Evolution of Culture and Cognition. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674644830. quote: \nThe problem of symbolic reference has always been the Achilles heel of computational approaches to language. The difficulty is this : to understand or use a symbol appropriately in context you must first understand what it represents, and this referential understanding is inherently nonsymbolic.\n\n^ Hans Joas, Daniel R. Huebner (eds.), The Timeliness of George Herbert Mead, University of Chicago Press, 2016, p. 326.\n\n^ \"Merlin Donald | Department of Psychology\". www.queensu.ca. Retrieved 2021-11-16.\n\n^ \"Case Department of Cognitive Science: Merlin Donald\". case.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-16.\n\n^ \"Merlin Donald | Cadmus Journal\". cadmusjournal.org. Retrieved 2021-11-16.\n\n^ Theodora Polito, Educational Theory as Theory of Culture: A Vichian perspective on the educational theories of John Dewey and Kieran Egan Educational Philosophy and Theory, Vol. 37, No. 4, 2005\n\n^ \"The role language can play in overshadowing data\". 2021-09-13. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)\n\n^ Bhargava, Rajeev (2017-07-23). \"The mimetic, the mythic and the theoretic\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2021-11-16.\n\n^ Wolfe, Alan (2011-09-30). \"The Origins of Religion, Beginning With the Big Bang\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-11-16.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_screed
Screed
["1 Screed board","2 Screed rails","3 Liquid and flow screeds","4 Screed coats","5 See also","6 References","7 Sources"]
Building construction term For other uses, see Screed (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Screed" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The screed on this paver spreads and smooths the asphalt. Screed has three meanings in building construction: A flat board (screed board, floating screed) or a purpose-made aluminium tool used to smooth and to "true" materials like concrete, stucco and plaster after they have been placed on a surface or to assist in flattening; A strip of plaster or wood applied to a surface to act as a guide for a screed tool (screed rail, screed strip, screed batten); The material itself which has been flattened with a screed (screed coat). In the UK, screed has also come to describe a thin, top layer of material (sand and cement, magnesite or calcium sulphate), poured in situ on top of the structural concrete or insulation, on top of which other finishing materials can be applied, or the structural material can be left bare to achieve a raw effect. Screed board United States Navy Seabees use a screed (noun) to screed (verb) wet concrete. The form-work acts as screed rails. In the United States, a person called a concrete finisher performs the process of screeding, which is the process of cutting off excess wet concrete to bring the top surface of a slab to the proper grade and smoothness. A power concrete screed has a gasoline motor attached, which helps smooth and vibrate concrete as it is flattened. After the concrete is flattened it is smoothed with a concrete float or power trowel. A concrete floor is sometimes called a solid ground floor. A plasterer also may use a screed to level a wall or ceiling surface in plasterwork. This sense of screed has been extended to asphalt paving where a free floating screed is part of a machine that spreads the paving material. Screed rails The wood pieces labeled "beveled nailing strips" act as screed rails in this installation of a screed coating on Hy-Rib brand wire lath. A weep screed or sill screed is a screed rail which has drainage holes to allow moisture which penetrated an exterior plaster or stucco coating to drain through the screed. Liquid and flow screeds Flowing screeds are made from inert fillers such as sand, with a binder system based on cement or often calcium sulphate. Flow screeds are often preferred to traditional screeds as they are easier and faster to install and provide a similar finish. Flow screed is often used in combination with underfloor heating installation. Liquid flow screed is self-levelling. No vibration is necessary to remove bubbles and densify the liquid mass. Due to the easy consolidation thickness can sometimes be reduced in comparison to conventional screeds. This minimises heat storage leading to a floor that reacts quickly to user requirement hence raising the efficacy of underfloor heating. Screed coats Screed (material) pumping truck A development in the UK is the delivery, mixing, and pumping of screed from a single vehicle. Where previously screed jobs required a separate pump to administer the screed, these new machines can now administer the screed directly from the mixing pan to the floor at a range of up to 60 meters. For example, the material called granolithic. See also Screed wire, an alternate name for a ground wire in electrical work References ^ "screed". Construction Dictionary. Website Upgrades Inc. 2000. Retrieved 2007-05-21. ^ "screed, n. 3" and "screed, v. 4.", Oxford English Dictionary 2nd ed. 2009. CD-ROM. ^ Emmitt, Stephen; Gorse, Christopher A. (2013-02-05). Barry's Introduction to Construction of Buildings. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-65858-1. ^ "What Is a Weep Screed? (with pictures)". www.infobloom.com. Sources Look up screed in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Constructing Architecture – Materials, Processes, Structures: A Handbook; Andrea Deplazes (ed.); Birkhauser, 2005 vteConcreteHistory Ancient Roman architecture Roman architectural revolution Roman concrete Roman engineering Roman technology Composition Cement Calcium aluminate Energetically modified Portland Rosendale Water Water–cement ratio Aggregate Reinforcement Fly ash Ground granulated blast-furnace slag Silica fume Metakaolin Production Plant Concrete mixer Volumetric mixer Reversing drum mixer Slump test Flow table test Curing Concrete cover Cover meter Rebar Construction Precast Cast-in-place Formwork Climbing formwork Slip forming Screed Power screed Finisher Grinder Power trowel Pump Float Sealer Tremie Science Properties Durability Degradation Environmental impact Recycling Segregation Alkali–silica reaction Types AstroCrete Fiber-reinforced Filigree Foam Lunarcrete Mass Nanoconcrete Pervious Polished Polymer Prestressed Ready-mix Reinforced Roller-compacting Self-consolidating Self-leveling Sulfur Tabby Translucent Aerated AAC RAAC Applications Slab waffle hollow-core voided biaxial slab on grade Concrete block Step barrier Roads Columns Structures Organizations American Concrete Institute Concrete Society Institution of Structural Engineers Indian Concrete Institute Nanocem Portland Cement Association International Federation for Structural Concrete Standards Eurocode 2 EN 197-1 EN 206-1 EN 10080 See also Hempcrete Category:Concrete Authority control databases: National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Screed (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screed_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Night_paving_09_paving_deail.jpg"},{"link_name":"paver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paver_(vehicle)"},{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"true","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/true#Verb"},{"link_name":"concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete"},{"link_name":"stucco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stucco"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Definition_of_Screed-1"},{"link_name":"batten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batten"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"sand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand"},{"link_name":"cement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement"},{"link_name":"magnesite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesite"},{"link_name":"calcium sulphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_sulphate"}],"text":"For other uses, see Screed (disambiguation).The screed on this paver spreads and smooths the asphalt.Screed has three meanings in building construction:A flat board (screed board, floating screed) or a purpose-made aluminium tool used to smooth and to \"true\" materials like concrete, stucco and plaster after they have been placed on a surface or to assist in flattening;[1]\nA strip of plaster or wood applied to a surface to act as a guide for a screed tool (screed rail, screed strip, screed batten);\nThe material itself which has been flattened with a screed (screed coat).[2][3] In the UK, screed has also come to describe a thin, top layer of material (sand and cement, magnesite or calcium sulphate), poured in situ on top of the structural concrete or insulation, on top of which other finishing materials can be applied, or the structural material can be left bare to achieve a raw effect.","title":"Screed"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_091022-N-2571C-042_Seabees_use_a_long_board_to_screed_wet_concrete.jpg"},{"link_name":"Seabees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabee"},{"link_name":"concrete finisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_finisher"},{"link_name":"power concrete screed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_concrete_screed"},{"link_name":"concrete float","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_float"},{"link_name":"power trowel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_trowel"},{"link_name":"solid ground floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_ground_floor"},{"link_name":"plasterer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasterer"},{"link_name":"plasterwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasterwork"},{"link_name":"free floating screed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_floating_screed"}],"text":"United States Navy Seabees use a screed (noun) to screed (verb) wet concrete. The form-work acts as screed rails.In the United States, a person called a concrete finisher performs the process of screeding, which is the process of cutting off excess wet concrete to bring the top surface of a slab to the proper grade and smoothness. A power concrete screed has a gasoline motor attached, which helps smooth and vibrate concrete as it is flattened. After the concrete is flattened it is smoothed with a concrete float or power trowel. A concrete floor is sometimes called a solid ground floor.A plasterer also may use a screed to level a wall or ceiling surface in plasterwork.This sense of screed has been extended to asphalt paving where a free floating screed is part of a machine that spreads the paving material.","title":"Screed board"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hyrib_metal_lath_truss.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hy-Rib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hy-Rib&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The wood pieces labeled \"beveled nailing strips\" act as screed rails in this installation of a screed coating on Hy-Rib brand wire lath.A weep screed or sill screed is a screed rail which has drainage holes to allow moisture which penetrated an exterior plaster or stucco coating to drain through the screed.[4]","title":"Screed rails"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement"},{"link_name":"calcium sulphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_sulphate"}],"text":"Flowing screeds are made from inert fillers such as sand, with a binder system based on cement or often calcium sulphate. Flow screeds are often preferred to traditional screeds as they are easier and faster to install and provide a similar finish. Flow screed is often used in combination with underfloor heating installation.Liquid flow screed is self-levelling. No vibration is necessary to remove bubbles and densify the liquid mass.\nDue to the easy consolidation thickness can sometimes be reduced in comparison to conventional screeds. This minimises heat storage leading to a floor that reacts quickly to user requirement hence raising the efficacy of underfloor heating.","title":"Liquid and flow screeds"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:All_in_One_Screed_Pumping_Truck.jpg"},{"link_name":"granolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granolithic"}],"text":"Screed (material) pumping truckA development in the UK is the delivery, mixing, and pumping of screed from a single vehicle. Where previously screed jobs required a separate pump to administer the screed, these new machines can now administer the screed directly from the mixing pan to the floor at a range of up to 60 meters. For example, the material called granolithic.","title":"Screed coats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"screed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/screed"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Concrete_navbox"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Concrete_navbox"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Concrete_navbox"},{"link_name":"Concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#History"},{"link_name":"Ancient Roman architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture"},{"link_name":"Roman architectural revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_architectural_revolution"},{"link_name":"Roman concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_concrete"},{"link_name":"Roman engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_engineering"},{"link_name":"Roman technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_technology"},{"link_name":"Composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_concrete#Mix_design"},{"link_name":"Cement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement"},{"link_name":"Calcium aluminate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_aluminate_cements"},{"link_name":"Energetically modified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energetically_modified_cement"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_cement"},{"link_name":"Rosendale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosendale_cement"},{"link_name":"Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"link_name":"Water–cement ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%E2%80%93cement_ratio"},{"link_name":"Aggregate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_aggregate"},{"link_name":"Reinforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concrete"},{"link_name":"Fly ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_ash"},{"link_name":"Ground granulated blast-furnace slag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_granulated_blast-furnace_slag"},{"link_name":"Silica fume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silica_fume"},{"link_name":"Metakaolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metakaolin"},{"link_name":"Production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#Production"},{"link_name":"Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_plant"},{"link_name":"Concrete mixer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_mixer"},{"link_name":"Volumetric mixer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_concrete_mixer"},{"link_name":"Reversing drum mixer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversing_drum_mixer"},{"link_name":"Slump test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_slump_test"},{"link_name":"Flow table test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_table_test"},{"link_name":"Curing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#Curing"},{"link_name":"Concrete cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_cover"},{"link_name":"Cover meter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_meter"},{"link_name":"Rebar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebar"},{"link_name":"Precast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precast_concrete"},{"link_name":"Cast-in-place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast-in-place_concrete"},{"link_name":"Formwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formwork"},{"link_name":"Climbing formwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climbing_formwork"},{"link_name":"Slip forming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip_forming"},{"link_name":"Screed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Power screed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_concrete_screed"},{"link_name":"Finisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_finisher"},{"link_name":"Grinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_grinder"},{"link_name":"Power trowel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_trowel"},{"link_name":"Pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_pump"},{"link_name":"Float","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_float"},{"link_name":"Sealer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_sealer"},{"link_name":"Tremie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremie"},{"link_name":"Properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties_of_concrete"},{"link_name":"Durability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concrete_structures_durability"},{"link_name":"Degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_degradation"},{"link_name":"Environmental impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_concrete"},{"link_name":"Recycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_recycling"},{"link_name":"Segregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segregation_in_concrete"},{"link_name":"Alkali–silica reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali%E2%80%93silica_reaction"},{"link_name":"Types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_concrete"},{"link_name":"AstroCrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AstroCrete"},{"link_name":"Fiber-reinforced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-reinforced_concrete"},{"link_name":"Filigree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filigree_concrete"},{"link_name":"Foam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foam_concrete"},{"link_name":"Lunarcrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunarcrete"},{"link_name":"Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_concrete"},{"link_name":"Nanoconcrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoconcrete"},{"link_name":"Pervious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervious_concrete"},{"link_name":"Polished","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polished_concrete"},{"link_name":"Polymer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_concrete"},{"link_name":"Prestressed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestressed_concrete"},{"link_name":"Ready-mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ready-mix_concrete"},{"link_name":"Reinforced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concrete"},{"link_name":"Roller-compacting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller-compacted_concrete"},{"link_name":"Self-consolidating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-consolidating_concrete"},{"link_name":"Self-leveling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-leveling_concrete"},{"link_name":"Sulfur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_concrete"},{"link_name":"Tabby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabby_concrete"},{"link_name":"Translucent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translucent_concrete"},{"link_name":"AAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoclaved_aerated_concrete"},{"link_name":"RAAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_autoclaved_aerated_concrete"},{"link_name":"Slab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_slab"},{"link_name":"waffle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffle_slab"},{"link_name":"hollow-core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollow-core_slab"},{"link_name":"voided biaxial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voided_biaxial_slab"},{"link_name":"slab on grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shallow_foundation#Slab_on_grade"},{"link_name":"Concrete block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_block"},{"link_name":"Step barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_step_barrier"},{"link_name":"Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_surface#Concrete"},{"link_name":"Columns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concrete_column"},{"link_name":"Structures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concrete#Use_in_construction"},{"link_name":"American Concrete Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Concrete_Institute"},{"link_name":"Concrete Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Concrete_Society"},{"link_name":"Institution of Structural Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution_of_Structural_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Indian Concrete Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Concrete_Institute"},{"link_name":"Nanocem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocem"},{"link_name":"Portland Cement Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Cement_Association"},{"link_name":"International Federation for Structural Concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_for_Structural_Concrete"},{"link_name":"Eurocode 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocode_2"},{"link_name":"EN 197-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EN_197-1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"EN 206-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_206-1"},{"link_name":"EN 10080","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_10080"},{"link_name":"Hempcrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hempcrete"},{"link_name":"Category:Concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Concrete"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1433317#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4015590-0"}],"text":"Look up screed in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Constructing Architecture – Materials, Processes, Structures: A Handbook; Andrea Deplazes (ed.); Birkhauser, 2005vteConcreteHistory\nAncient Roman architecture\nRoman architectural revolution\nRoman concrete\nRoman engineering\nRoman technology\nComposition\nCement\nCalcium aluminate\nEnergetically modified\nPortland\nRosendale\nWater\nWater–cement ratio\nAggregate\nReinforcement\nFly ash\nGround granulated blast-furnace slag\nSilica fume\nMetakaolin\nProduction\nPlant\nConcrete mixer\nVolumetric mixer\nReversing drum mixer\nSlump test\nFlow table test\nCuring\nConcrete cover\nCover meter\nRebar\nConstruction\nPrecast\nCast-in-place\nFormwork\nClimbing formwork\nSlip forming\nScreed\nPower screed\nFinisher\nGrinder\nPower trowel\nPump\nFloat\nSealer\nTremie\nScience\nProperties\nDurability\nDegradation\nEnvironmental impact\nRecycling\nSegregation\nAlkali–silica reaction\nTypes\nAstroCrete\nFiber-reinforced\nFiligree\nFoam\nLunarcrete\nMass\nNanoconcrete\nPervious\nPolished\nPolymer\nPrestressed\nReady-mix\nReinforced\nRoller-compacting\nSelf-consolidating\nSelf-leveling\nSulfur\nTabby\nTranslucent\nAerated\nAAC\nRAAC\nApplications\nSlab\nwaffle\nhollow-core\nvoided biaxial\nslab on grade\nConcrete block\nStep barrier\nRoads\nColumns\nStructures\nOrganizations\nAmerican Concrete Institute\nConcrete Society\nInstitution of Structural Engineers\nIndian Concrete Institute\nNanocem\nPortland Cement Association\nInternational Federation for Structural Concrete\nStandards\nEurocode 2\nEN 197-1\nEN 206-1\nEN 10080\nSee also\nHempcrete\n\n Category:ConcreteAuthority control databases: National \nGermany","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"The screed on this paver spreads and smooths the asphalt.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Night_paving_09_paving_deail.jpg/220px-Night_paving_09_paving_deail.jpg"},{"image_text":"United States Navy Seabees use a screed (noun) to screed (verb) wet concrete. The form-work acts as screed rails.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/US_Navy_091022-N-2571C-042_Seabees_use_a_long_board_to_screed_wet_concrete.jpg/220px-US_Navy_091022-N-2571C-042_Seabees_use_a_long_board_to_screed_wet_concrete.jpg"},{"image_text":"The wood pieces labeled \"beveled nailing strips\" act as screed rails in this installation of a screed coating on Hy-Rib brand wire lath.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hyrib_metal_lath_truss.jpg/220px-Hyrib_metal_lath_truss.jpg"},{"image_text":"Screed (material) pumping truck","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/All_in_One_Screed_Pumping_Truck.jpg/220px-All_in_One_Screed_Pumping_Truck.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Screed wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screed_wire"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCormick_Field
McCormick Field
["1 History","2 Other uses","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 35°35′14″N 82°32′57″W / 35.58722°N 82.54917°W / 35.58722; -82.54917Baseball park in Asheville, North Carolina, U.S. McCormick FieldLocation30 Buchanan PlaceAsheville, North Carolina, 28801Coordinates35°35′14″N 82°32′57″W / 35.58722°N 82.54917°W / 35.58722; -82.54917OwnerCity of AshevilleOperatorDeWine Seeds Silver Dollar Baseball, LLC.Capacity4,000Field sizeLeft Field: 326 ft (99 m)Left-Center: 370 ft (110 m)Center Field: 373 ft (114 m)Right-Center: 320 ft (98 m)Right Field: 297 ft (91 m)SurfaceNatural GrassConstructionBroke ground1923OpenedApril 3, 1924Renovated1959, 1992Construction cost$200,000($3.56 million in 2023 dollars)ArchitectBowers, Ellis, and WatsonGeneral contractorLeader ConstructionTenantsAsheville Tourists (SAL/High-A East) (1924–present)UNC Asheville Bulldogs (BSC)Big South Tournament (2009)Asheville Blues (NSL) (1940s) Lewis McCormick Field is a baseball stadium in Asheville, North Carolina. It is the home field of the Asheville Tourists team of Minor League Baseball. As befits the hilly city of Asheville, the ballpark sits on a section of level ground partway up one of the city's hills, providing a picturesque atmosphere. It is the third-oldest ballpark in Minor League Baseball. History The ballpark was built in 1924 and was named after Asheville resident Lewis McCormick. Lights were installed for nighttime play prior to the 1930 season. Since then, it has been home to the various incarnations of the Asheville Tourists team, and also served as home field for the Asheville Blues of the Negro Southern League during the 1940s. In 1956, a quarter-mile racetrack was built around it, which held three NASCAR races (including a NASCAR Cup race in 1958) until the facility was renovated in 1959, and then rebuilt in concrete between the 1991 and 1992 seasons, replacing the largely wood structure which had developed a leaky roof. The 1992 ballpark kept a similar layout to the original McCormick Field. The facility included new expanded restrooms and larger concession stands. New clubhouses were built and lights erected as player and field enhancements. The height of the fence behind the cozy right field area, which was in the vicinity of just 300 feet (91 m) away from home plate, was more than tripled, as it now stands 36 feet (11 m) tall (nearly the same height as Fenway Park's "Green Monster"). It is one of the oldest Minor League Baseball stadiums still in regular use; as of the 2021 season, only Jackie Robinson Ballpark and LECOM Park, both in Florida, are older, dating to 1914 and 1923, respectively. Other uses The ballpark served as one of the settings for the 1988 film Bull Durham. The venue hosted the 2009 Big South Conference baseball tournament, won by Coastal Carolina. Farther up the hill, behind the left field area, is Asheville Memorial Stadium, a football and soccer facility. Its bleacher seating structure is visible from McCormick Field. It was used as the Asheville High School football field until the current, on-campus field was constructed in 1980, as a practice field, in 82, as the main football field, with the addition of sufficient bleachers. See also List of NCAA Division I baseball venues References ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024. ^ a b "McCormick Field". University of North Carolina at Asheville. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2011. ^ Jarrett, Keith (May 14, 2007). "On Base with the Asheville Tourists". Asheville Citizen Times. Archived from the original on August 12, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2011. ^ a b Hill, Benjamin (February 18, 2021). "Been a while: Oldest Minor League ballparks". MiLB.com. Retrieved April 18, 2021. ^ a b "Ballparks of the Negro Leagues and Barnstorming Black Baseball Teams". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Archived from the original on June 10, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2009. ^ "McCORMICK FIELD RACEWAY (NC)". speedwayandroadracehistory. Retrieved October 9, 2023. ^ Martin, Ken (September 14, 2021). "NASCAR has history at stadium venues as it readies for LA Coliseum exhibition opener". NASCAR.com. Retrieved November 29, 2023. ^ Ballew, Bill (November 19, 2013). "History of McCormick Field". Minor League Baseball. Retrieved May 30, 2014. ^ Jarrett, Keith (June 16, 2013). "Local Men Recall 'Bull Durham' Roles". Asheville Citizen Times. Retrieved May 30, 2014. ^ "Coastal Carolina Wins Big South Baseball Championship". Big South Conference. May 23, 2009. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014. Retrieved February 18, 2012. External links Photos of the ballpark McCormick Field Views – Ball Parks of the Minor Leagues Sanborn map showing Oates Park, immediate predecessor to McCormick Field, in 1917 Map showing artist's conception of Riverside Park, predecessor to Oates Park, near lower left corner, in 1912 More about Riverside Park vteUniversity of North Carolina at AshevilleLocated in: Asheville, North CarolinaAcademics Botanical Gardens Athletics Bulldogs Men's basketball Women's basketball Greenwood Baseball Field Justice Center Kimmel Arena McCormick Field Big South Conference Campus OBC People Founded: 1927 vteBallparks in the South Atlantic LeagueNorth Division Daniel S. Frawley Stadium First National Bank Field Heritage Financial Park Leidos Field at Ripken Stadium Maimonides Park ShoreTown Ballpark South Division Bowling Green Ballpark Fluor Field at the West End L. P. Frans Stadium McCormick Field AdventHealth Stadium Truist Stadium vteBaseball parks of the Big South Conference Buccaneer Ballpark (Charleston Southern) John Henry Moss Stadium (Gardner–Webb) George S. Erath Field at Coy O. Williard Baseball Stadium (High Point) Bolding Stadium (Longwood) Presbyterian Baseball Complex (Presbyterian) Carter Memorial Stadium (Radford) Greenwood Baseball Field, McCormick Field (UNC Asheville) Cleveland S. Harley Baseball Park (USC Upstate) Winthrop Ballpark (Winthrop) vteSports venues in Western North CarolinaCurrent ASU Soccer Stadium (Boone) Beaver Field at Smith Stadium (Boone) Brevard Memorial Stadium (Brevard) E. J. Whitmire Stadium (Cullowhee) George M. Holmes Convocation Center (Boone) Greenwood Baseball Field (Asheville) Harrah's Cherokee Center (Asheville) Hennon Stadium (Cullowhee) Hickory Motor Speedway (Hickory) Justice Center (Asheville) Kidd Brewer Stadium (Boone) Kimmel Arena (Asheville) L. P. Frans Stadium (Hickory) McCormick Field (Asheville) McNair Field (Forest City) Meares Stadium (Mars Hill) Memorial Stadium (Asheville) Moretz Stadium (Hickory) North Wilkesboro Speedway (North Wilkesboro) Ramsey Center (Cullowhee) Varsity Gymnasium (Boone) Future -- Defunct Asheville-Weaverville Speedway (Asheville) College Field (Boone) vteNASCAR Cup Series race venuesCurrent (2024)Short track Bristol Iowa Los Angeles Coliseum (NC) Martinsville North Wilkesboro (NC) Richmond Mile oval Dover New Hampshire Phoenix Intermediate Atlanta Charlotte Darlington Gateway Homestead Kansas Las Vegas Nashville Texas Superspeedway Daytona Indianapolis (Oval) Michigan Pocono Talladega Road courses Austin Charlotte ("Roval") Sonoma Watkins Glen Street circuit Chicago FormerShort track Air Base Airborne Alabama State Fairgrounds Albany-Saratoga Altamont-Schenectady Fairgrounds Ascot Park Asheville-Weaverville Augusta (oval) Beltsville Bloomsburg Bowman Gray Boyd's Canfield Capitol Carrell Central City Champion Chisholm Civic Charlotte Speedway Cleveland County Coastal Columbia Columbus Concord Corbin Davenport Dayton Dixie Dog Track Dominion Exhibition Stadium Five Flags Fonda Forsyth County Fort Miami Funk's/Winchester Gamecock Gastonia Golden Gate Grand Rapids Greensboro Greenville-Pickens Hamburg Harris Harnett Hayloft Heidelberg Hickory Huntsville Islip Jacksonville Jefferson Kingsport Lakeview Langley (VA) Lincoln Lincoln City McCormick Field Meyer Middle Georgia Montgomery Motor Speedway Monroe County MI Monroe County NY Morristown Myrtle Beach Nashville Fairgrounds New Asheville Newberry Oakland Stadium Occoneechee Old Bridge Oxford Plains Palm Beach Piedmont Interstate Powell Princess Anne Rapid Valley Reading Savannah Shangri-La Smoky Mountain Soldier Field Southern States Southside Speedway Park Starlite Stateline Tar Heel Thompson Tri-City Tucson Valdosta 75 Vernon Wall Stadium West Virginia Williams Grove Willow Springs (oval) Wilson Mile oval Arizona State Bainbridge Fairgrounds Bay Meadows California State Lakewood Langhorne Las Vegas Michigan State Raleigh Rockingham Syracuse Intermediate Chicagoland Kentucky Marchbanks Memphis-Arkansas Trenton Superspeedway Fontana Ontario Texas World Road courses Augusta (Road Course) Bridgehampton Daytona (Road Course) Indianapolis (Road Course) Riverside Road America Willow Springs Street circuit Bremerton Daytona Beach and Road Course Linden Airport Montgomery Air Base Titusville
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium"},{"link_name":"Asheville, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Asheville Tourists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville_Tourists"},{"link_name":"Minor League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jarrett-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hill-4"}],"text":"Baseball park in Asheville, North Carolina, U.S.Lewis McCormick Field is a baseball stadium in Asheville, North Carolina. It is the home field of the Asheville Tourists team of Minor League Baseball. As befits the hilly city of Asheville, the ballpark sits on a section of level ground partway up one of the city's hills, providing a picturesque atmosphere.[3] It is the third-oldest ballpark in Minor League Baseball.[4]","title":"McCormick Field"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:McCormick_Field_from_Memorial_Stadium.JPG"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nlbpa_ballparks-5"},{"link_name":"Asheville Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville_Blues"},{"link_name":"Negro Southern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_Southern_League_(1945%E2%80%9351)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nlbpa_ballparks-5"},{"link_name":"racetrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCormick_Field_Raceway"},{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_NASCAR_Grand_National_Series"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Fenway Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway_Park"},{"link_name":"Green Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Monster"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Jackie Robinson Ballpark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Robinson_Ballpark"},{"link_name":"LECOM Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LECOM_Park"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hill-4"}],"text":"The ballpark was built in 1924 and was named after Asheville resident Lewis McCormick. Lights were installed for nighttime play prior to the 1930 season.[5] Since then, it has been home to the various incarnations of the Asheville Tourists team, and also served as home field for the Asheville Blues of the Negro Southern League during the 1940s.[5] In 1956, a quarter-mile racetrack was built around it, which held three NASCAR races[6] (including a NASCAR Cup race in 1958)[7] until the facility was renovated in 1959, and then rebuilt in concrete between the 1991 and 1992 seasons, replacing the largely wood structure which had developed a leaky roof. The 1992 ballpark kept a similar layout to the original McCormick Field. The facility included new expanded restrooms and larger concession stands. New clubhouses were built and lights erected as player and field enhancements. The height of the fence behind the cozy right field area, which was in the vicinity of just 300 feet (91 m) away from home plate, was more than tripled, as it now stands 36 feet (11 m) tall (nearly the same height as Fenway Park's \"Green Monster\").[8]It is one of the oldest Minor League Baseball stadiums still in regular use; as of the 2021 season, only Jackie Robinson Ballpark and LECOM Park, both in Florida, are older, dating to 1914 and 1923, respectively.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bull Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_Durham"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Big South Conference baseball tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_South_Conference_baseball_tournament"},{"link_name":"Coastal Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Carolina_Chanticleers_baseball"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-09t-10"}],"text":"The ballpark served as one of the settings for the 1988 film Bull Durham.[9]The venue hosted the 2009 Big South Conference baseball tournament, won by Coastal Carolina.[10]Farther up the hill, behind the left field area, is Asheville Memorial Stadium, a football and soccer facility. Its bleacher seating structure is visible from McCormick Field. It was used as the Asheville High School football field until the current, on-campus field was constructed in 1980, as a practice field, in 82, as the main football field, with the addition of sufficient bleachers.","title":"Other uses"}]
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[{"title":"List of NCAA Division I baseball venues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_I_baseball_venues"}]
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J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. \"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\". Retrieved February 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-","url_text":"\"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\""}]},{"reference":"\"McCormick Field\". University of North Carolina at Asheville. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. 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Retrieved October 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.speedwayandroadracehistory.com/mccormick-field-raceway-nc.html","url_text":"\"McCORMICK FIELD RACEWAY (NC)\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Ken (September 14, 2021). \"NASCAR has history at stadium venues as it readies for LA Coliseum exhibition opener\". NASCAR.com. Retrieved November 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nascar.com/news-media/2021/09/14/nascar-has-history-at-stadium-venues-as-it-readies-for-l-a-coliseum-exhibition-opener/","url_text":"\"NASCAR has history at stadium venues as it readies for LA Coliseum exhibition opener\""}]},{"reference":"Ballew, Bill (November 19, 2013). \"History of McCormick Field\". Minor League Baseball. Retrieved May 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20131119&content_id=64045212&fext=.jsp&vkey=news_t573&sid=t573","url_text":"\"History of McCormick Field\""}]},{"reference":"Jarrett, Keith (June 16, 2013). \"Local Men Recall 'Bull Durham' Roles\". Asheville Citizen Times. Retrieved May 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.citizen-times.com/article/20130616/SPORTS/306160059/","url_text":"\"Local Men Recall 'Bull Durham' Roles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville_Citizen_Times","url_text":"Asheville Citizen Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Coastal Carolina Wins Big South Baseball Championship\". Big South Conference. May 23, 2009. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014. Retrieved February 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140531125623/http://www.bigsouthsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=4800&ATCLID=3742296","url_text":"\"Coastal Carolina Wins Big South Baseball Championship\""},{"url":"http://www.bigsouthsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=4800&ATCLID=3742296","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyclon_Nine
Psyclon Nine
["1 History","1.1 Early days (1999–2003)","1.2 Divine Infekt (2003–2004)","1.3 I.N.R.I. (2004–2005)","1.4 Crwn Thy Frnicatr (2005–2008)","1.5 We the Fallen and first hiatus (2008–2010)","1.6 Second hiatus (2014)","1.7 Reformed live band and Divine Infekt reissue (2015-2017)","1.8 Icon of the Adversary: Act 2 (2018-present)","2 Band members","2.1 Former members","2.2 Timeline","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","3.2 Remix albums","3.3 Demos, Singles and EP","4 References","5 External links"]
American electronic/metal band This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Psyclon Nine" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Psyclon NineLive from Triton Festival 2013Background informationOriginSan Francisco, California, United StatesGenres Industrial metal aggrotech industrial rock electro-industrial Years active1999–presentLabelsMetropolisNoiTekk RecordsMembers Nero Bellum Jon Siren Dante Phoenix Todd Buller Past members Josef Heresy Eric Gottesman Sevin Abbey Nex Raanen Bozzio Brent Ashley Kriz Dk Glitch NIX Merritt Goodwin Vlixx Vaden Daniel Fox Daniel Columbine Tim Sköld Rotny Ford Psyclon Nine is an American band formed in 2000 in San Francisco, CA, known for their unique blend of electronic, industrial metal. Originally, Psyclon Nine's music was Terror EBM with melancholic atmospheres and black metal style vocals. However, the band has since evolved a more industrial metal sound with black metal elements. Psyclon Nine's main music contributor is lead vocalist, lyricist, multi-instrumentalist, and producer Nero Bellum, who is the only remaining original member. In 2009, Psyclon Nine's fourth album We the Fallen was the band's first and only album to appear on the Billboard Charts. History Early days (1999–2003) Psyclon Nine began in 1999 when roommates, Marshall Goppert and Josef Heresy created an industrial metal music project called "Defkon Sodomy", influenced by bands like KMFDM and Ministry. The band only performed under that name twice before changing it to Psyclon Nine. The name was a malapropism of Zyklon B, the trade name of hydrogen cyanide used in the gas chambers during the Holocaust. The “Nine” was used because of the number's significance in Aleister Crowley’s numerological writings. Around this time, Marshall and Josef took on their stage names as Josef Heresy, and Nero Bellum. Nero's name was taken from the Roman emperor, and Bellum is Latin for war. Divine Infekt (2003–2004) Bellum met with European NoiTekk record label executive Marco Gruhn at a San Francisco Grendel show, and persuaded him to sign Psyclon Nine. The band's first album Divine Infekt was recorded shortly thereafter, produced and engineered by Da5id Din of Informatik. The title track was remixed by Tactical Sekt and the album was released on September 15th, 2003. Psyclon Nine toured lightly on the west coast in the United States and in Europe. They supported acts such as Dismantled, Nocturne, and Martin Atkins. Bellum later said in an interview for Vampirefreaks about the Divine Infect remix, "Tactical Sekt's remix left a bad taste in my mouth", and attributed that to Anthony Mathers of Tactical Sekt in which his philosophical beliefs made him not want to collaborate with anyone outside of Psyclon Nine again. I.N.R.I. (2004–2005) In 2004, Psyclon Nine signed with the American industrial record label Metropolis and returned to Da5id Din's studio for mixing. INRI was released on April 26, 2005, on both Metropolis and NoiTekk Records. The album featured thirteen tracks of dark, aggressive electro focused on religious themes. The album also featured a cover of the Ministry song “You Know What You Are.” In 2005, Nero Bellum met Rotny Ford of the industrial metal band Nocturne on the social networking site LiveJournal. The two discussed musical ideas which led to the band using guitars and drums in their live performances. Ford joined the band on keyboard and guitar. Psyclon Nine made several major live appearances following the album's release, including several dates opening for Mindless Self Indulgence. The tour gained the band a fan base. Psyclon Nine returned to Europe for another tour that included a spot on the world's largest Gothic festival, Wave-Gotik-Treffen. It was around this time when drummer Abby Nex, who was also from Nocturne, joined the band as a live drummer. Crwn Thy Frnicatr (2005–2008) At the end of 2005, the band had dropped from their European label NoiTekk and Eric Gottesman quit the band. Gottesman was replaced by members of the industrial rock band Columbine: keyboardist VII and bassist Daniel Columbine. With the release of Crwn Thy Frnicatr in 2006, Psyclon Nine began to stray from their early aggrotech sound into a darker black metal / industrial metal approach. In late 2006, the band was featured on the cover of the German Gothic magazine Orkus. Psyclon Nine went on their first headlining US tour, which eventually led to creative differences between the band and Columbine bassist Daniel. Daniel decided to leave the band at the end of the tour. Abbey Nex replaced him on bass, and Mushroomhead drummer Daniel Fox was used as a live fill-in drummer. In early 2007, the band opened for Mushroomhead's 'Savor Sorrow' North American tour which gained the band huge attention among the underground extreme metal / industrial dance scene. In May 2007, Psyclon Nine did a European tour that included a spot again at Wave Gotik Treffen. After the European tour, Rotny Ford decided to leave the band for personal reasons. In October, the band opened for Mushroomhead again on their second North American tour with Josef on guitar and keys, Abbey on bass, VII on synth, and Daniel on drums. In early 2008, the band released its first music video of the fan favorite track 'Parasitic' directed by Mushroomhead's Richard Thomas. After the tour with Mushroomhead, Josef Heresy decided to leave the band to go back to college, and VII left to return to his band Columbine. Daniel Fox continued with Mushroomhead. At this time, Nero Bellum decided to move to Los Angeles, California, to begin writing a new album. We the Fallen and first hiatus (2008–2010) Nero Bellum appeared on the internet channel NoisescapeTV in 2008 and said that he was in the studio working on an album entitled We the Fallen, and has decided to stray away from the harsh EBM music style and incorporate a more black metal meets dark ambient sound. In the fall of 2008, Bellum's mother committed suicide which delayed the album for several months. In early 2009, a MySpace blog Q&A video announced that Rotny Ford had rejoined the band, after reconciling at the funeral for Bellum's mother. Bellum and Ford began the recording process for We the Fallen that included several guest spots including Brandan Schieppati from Bleeding Through, Gary Zon of Dismantled, Jamison Boaz of Epsilon Zero, and Johan van Roy of Suicide Commando. The album was produced by Jason Miller of Godhead and was released on September 9, 2009. It reached the top Billboard 500 sales and was sold in every Hot Topic store in the United States, which gave the band huge exposure across the nation. In late 2009, Psyclon Nine embarked on a co-headlined tour with Imperative Reaction. Jon Siren of Mankind is Obsolete became the band's new full-time drummer, and Vlixx Vaden of HellTrash was the keyboardist. The tour was very hard on Bellum, and at the end of the tour he and his then-girlfriend separated. On October 31, 2011, Psyclon Nine played their first show in over two years in New York City. Psyclon Nine played a few off dates together in 2012. In 2011, Bellum went on tour with Dismantled as a live guitarist supporting their album The War Inside Me. He joined Dismantled again in 2012 for another tour of the United States with Accessory and Cyanide Regime as support. In mid 2013, Bellum recorded guest vocals on extreme metal / aggrotech band Dawn of Ashes's new album, Anathema, and was featured in their music video for "Poisoning the Steps of Babel". In late 2013, Bellum, Eric Gottesman, and Jon Heresy (the original members) played a one night show in San Francisco at the DNA Lounge, a venue that the band frequently performed at when first getting started. They played their first album Divine Infekt in its entirety for the album's 10 year anniversary. Around the same time, Bellum announced on Psyclon Nine's Facebook page that the band's new album would be titled Order of the Shadow: Act 1, and would be released in November 2013 with the help of the band's Bandcamp website page that allowed fans to donate to help raise funds for the album's production. In return, fans would receive different sorts of merchandise. Chris Vrenna of Marilyn Manson and Nine Inch Nails helped produce a few tracks on the album. After a long hiatus, Psyclon Nine went on their first US tour in over four years co-headlined with Dawn of Ashes. Both Ford and Siren returned, along with two musicians who were new to the band. They were bassist Merritt Goodwin and keyboardist Glitch Nix. On November 12, 2013, Psyclon Nine released Order of the Shadow: Act I through Metropolis Records. The album continued the industrial black metal fusion previously heard on We the Fallen, but was heavily influenced by industrial rock, notably Marilyn Manson's Antichrist Superstar and Nine Inch Nails's The Downward Spiral. In February 2014, the band released a music video for the track 'Use Once and Destroy' on YouTube. On March 11, 2014, Psyclon Nine released a remix album entitled Disorder : The Shadow Sessions. It featured remixes of Order of the Shadow: Act I from Falling Skies, Die Sektor, Alien Vampires, Dismantled, MissFit Toys, Modern Weapons, and Life Cried. Second hiatus (2014) The band had booked a European tour for May 2014, however the merchandise from Bandcamp was never shipped to the people who donated. This left many fans to believe that Nero had stolen from them once again. After the Bandcamp controversy, Ford and Siren posted on the official Psyclon Nine Facebook page that both had quit the band due to Bellum disappearing again, stating they felt he was irresponsible. Siren left a very apologetic letter to the fans on his personal Facebook page, explaining again how he and Ford had nothing to do with the Bandcamp donations. On March 30, 2014, Nero Bellum explained on his personal Facebook page that he was in therapy and was unable to send out the Bandcamp orders. Due to Ford and Siren quitting the band and other misunderstandings, Nero felt it was time to put an end to Psyclon Nine, canceling their European tour. Nero Bellum announced on his personal Facebook page that he wanted to perform one last series of concerts before putting an end to the band. Live band members consisting of guitarist Dorian Starchild, bassist Brent Ashley and drummer Kriz DK joined Psyclon Nine for their final performances. A remix for the band Limnus entitled "The Devils Are Inside the Walls" (Psyclon Nine remix) was released in August 2014, followed by a second hiatus that lasted 8 months. Reformed live band and Divine Infekt reissue (2015-2017) On April 13, 2015, Psyclon Nine created a new official Facebook page and announced a live performance at the L.A. Dark United Underground in Los Angeles, CA on May 2, 2015. The reformed lineup featured Nero Bellum on vocals, Dorian Starchild on rhythm guitar, Ashes on lead guitar, and Raanen Bozzio on drums. They went on to do a few more shows (including a show at Bar Sinister in May 2015), resulting in Psyclon Nine returning as a live band. Bozzio was subsequently replaced by Anthem on electronic drums. During mid to late 2015 and throughout 2016, Psyclon Nine resolved their former Bandcamp and Kickstarter merchandise controversies by partnering with merchandise management company Black Umbrella based in Las Vegas, NV. Psyclon Nine's Bandcamp page was also given a major graphical update in late 2015 and continues to carry older legacy merchandise along with signed albums and new apparel designs for fans to purchase. All merchandise shipments to fans have returned to a normal schedule of being sent out every Saturday. On October 30, 2016, Psyclon Nine performed a special live set featuring songs exclusively from Divine Infekt, INRI and Crwn Thy Frnicatr. They played alongside label mates Dawn of Ashes for the first time in 3 years. Nero Bellum was also brought on stage during Dawn of Ashes' song "Poisoning The Steps of Babel" to provide vocals during his verse featured on the album. Bellum also provided backing vocals during the chorus. On December 22, 2016, via Psyclon Nine's Facebook and Instagram pages, they announced the reissuing of their first album entitled "Divine Infekt". It was remastered by Nero Bellum and was made available in CD format and, for the first time ever, 12" vinyl format. The album was re-released via Metropolis Records on March 24, 2017. During Spring of 2017, Psyclon Nine embarked on a small West Coast and East Coast tour entitled "Infektion Divinum". The tour was scheduled in tandem with the re-release of the band's first album "Divine Infekt". Psyclon Nine kept this tour exclusively "electronic" based sets in that it was performing songs from the albums "Divine Infekt", "INRI" and "Crwn Thy Frnicatr". This tour also marked the first time the band had ever played in Las Vegas, NV. Support acts for the tour included The Vile Augury, Lennon Midnight and Echo Black. Icon of the Adversary: Act 2 (2018-present) Through mid to late 2017 via Nero Bellum's official Facebook page, he hinted of a new album in the works. In early 2018, the new album was officially confirmed and is entitled "Icon of the Adversary: Act 2". The band debuted the first new single from the upcoming album called "Crown of the Worm" during a live performance in Downey, CA on February 24 as well as a teaser via Nero Bellum's official YouTube channel. The new album is tentatively planned for release in August 2018. The band also released a new shirt design via their Bandcamp page based on one of the songs entitled "Beware the Wolves". In June 2018, via the band's official Facebook page, tour dates for "Tour of the Worm" were announced. Icon Of The Adversary was released on August 24, 2018, through Metropolis Records. Described as, "the epitome of dark metal industrial," with violent, mechanical drums, scathing vocals, punishing guitars and evil electronics. With Bellum saying, "he had to travel to a very dark place to make this album, & it shows." Band members Nero Bellum – lead vocals, keyboards (1999–present), rhythm guitar (1999–present), lead guitar (1999–2005), bass (1999–2004, 2009–2012, 2014–present) Jon Siren – drums (2009-2014, 2018–present) Dante Phoenix – rhythm guitar (2022–present) Todd Buller – lead guitar, backing vocals (2023–present) Former members Josef Heresy – keyboards (1999–2008), rhythm guitar (2006–2007), lead guitar (2007–2008) Eric Gottesman – keyboards (2000–2006), bass (2004–2006, 2007) Abbey Nex – drums (2005–2006), bass (2007–2009) Sevin - keyboards (2006–2008, 2017–2018) Daniel Fox – drums (2007–2008) Daniel Columbine – bass (2006) Merritt Goodwin – bass (2012–2013) Brent Ashley – bass (2014) Dorian Starchild – rhythm guitar (2014), lead guitar, bass (2014–2015) Vlixx – keyboards (2009) Glitch NIX – keyboards (2013–2014) Tim Sköld – rhythm guitar, bass (2018–2022) Rotny Ford – lead guitar, backing vocals, keyboards (2005–2007, 2008–2014, 2015–2023), bass (2009–2012, 2015–2023) Timeline Discography Studio albums Divine Infekt (2003) INRI (2005) Crwn Thy Frnicatr (2006) We the Fallen (2009) Order of the Shadow: Act 1 (2013) Icon of the Adversary (2018) Less to Heaven (2022) Remix albums Disorder : The Shadow Sessions (2014) Versions: Icon Of The Adversary Remixed (2019) Demos, Singles and EP Divine Infekt Demos (2002) (Demo CD with 3 tracks: "Punished By Genocide", "As You Sleep" and "Tyranny") Use Once and Destroy (2013) (Single) Use Once And Destroy: Alterations : Abstractions : Aberrations (2014) (EP with 7 tracks: "Use Once And Destroy ", "Use Once And Destroy ", "Use Once And Destroy ", "Use Once And Destroy ", "Use Once And Destroy ", "Use Once And Destroy " and "Use Once And Destroy ") More To Hell (2023) References ^ "Psyclon Nine – Metropolis Records". Metropolis-records.com. Retrieved 2020-03-24. ^ "Biography". Spiritofmetal.com. Retrieved 2020-03-24. ^ "Psyclon Nine - Biography". Metalstorm.net. 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2020-03-24. ^ "Drive-In Movie Maniacs - Nero Bellum Interview". YouTube.com. 2013-12-09. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2015-04-16. ^ a b "I'm 25 paragraphs into a status update... - Marshall Goppert". Facebook.com. Archived from the original on 2022-02-26. Retrieved 2015-04-16. ^ "The Devils Are Inside the Walls (Psyclon Nine Remix) | Limnus". Limnus.bandcamp.com. Archived from the original on 2015-02-03. Retrieved 2015-04-16. ^ "Icon Of The Adversary". Metropolis-records.com. Retrieved October 23, 2018. External links Biography on Metropolis Records (US label) Psyclon Nine on Bandcamp Psyclon Nine on Facebook Psyclon Nine on Instagram Psyclon Nine on Twitter Psyclon Nine on Last.fm Psyclon Nine on VampireFreaks Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"CA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"industrial metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_metal"},{"link_name":"Terror EBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggrotech"},{"link_name":"black metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_metal"},{"link_name":"industrial metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_metal"},{"link_name":"black metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_metal"},{"link_name":"We the Fallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_the_Fallen"},{"link_name":"Billboard Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_charts"}],"text":"Psyclon Nine is an American band formed in 2000 in San Francisco, CA, known for their unique blend of electronic, industrial metal. Originally, Psyclon Nine's music was Terror EBM with melancholic atmospheres and black metal style vocals. However, the band has since evolved a more industrial metal sound with black metal elements.Psyclon Nine's main music contributor is lead vocalist, lyricist, multi-instrumentalist, and producer Nero Bellum, who is the only remaining original member. In 2009, Psyclon Nine's fourth album We the Fallen was the band's first and only album to appear on the Billboard Charts.","title":"Psyclon Nine"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"industrial metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_metal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"KMFDM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMFDM"},{"link_name":"Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_(band)"},{"link_name":"malapropism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malapropism"},{"link_name":"Zyklon B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zyklon_B"},{"link_name":"hydrogen cyanide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide"},{"link_name":"gas chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_chambers"},{"link_name":"Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Aleister Crowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleister_Crowley"},{"link_name":"Heresy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy"},{"link_name":"the Roman emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"}],"sub_title":"Early days (1999–2003)","text":"Psyclon Nine began in 1999 when roommates, Marshall Goppert and Josef Heresy created an industrial metal music project called \"Defkon Sodomy\", influenced[1][2][3] by bands like KMFDM and Ministry. The band only performed under that name twice before changing it to Psyclon Nine. The name was a malapropism of Zyklon B, the trade name of hydrogen cyanide used in the gas chambers during the Holocaust. The “Nine” was used because of the number's significance in Aleister Crowley’s numerological writings. Around this time, Marshall and Josef took on their stage names as Josef Heresy, and Nero Bellum. Nero's name was taken from the Roman emperor, and Bellum is Latin for war.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grendel_(band)"},{"link_name":"Divine Infekt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Infekt"},{"link_name":"Informatik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatik"},{"link_name":"Dismantled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismantled"},{"link_name":"Nocturne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturne_(band)"},{"link_name":"Martin Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Atkins"},{"link_name":"Vampirefreaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampirefreaks"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Divine Infekt (2003–2004)","text":"Bellum met with European NoiTekk record label executive Marco Gruhn at a San Francisco Grendel show, and persuaded him to sign Psyclon Nine. The band's first album Divine Infekt was recorded shortly thereafter, produced and engineered by Da5id Din of Informatik. The title track was remixed by Tactical Sekt and the album was released on September 15th, 2003.Psyclon Nine toured lightly on the west coast in the United States and in Europe. They supported acts such as Dismantled, Nocturne, and Martin Atkins.Bellum later said in an interview for Vampirefreaks about the Divine Infect remix, \"Tactical Sekt's remix left a bad taste in my mouth\", and attributed that to Anthony Mathers of Tactical Sekt in which his philosophical beliefs made him not want to collaborate with anyone outside of Psyclon Nine again.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"industrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_music"},{"link_name":"Metropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_Records"},{"link_name":"INRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INRI"},{"link_name":"NoiTekk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NoiTekk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_(band)"},{"link_name":"industrial metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_metal"},{"link_name":"Nocturne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturne_(band)"},{"link_name":"LiveJournal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiveJournal"},{"link_name":"Mindless Self Indulgence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindless_Self_Indulgence"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_rock"},{"link_name":"Wave-Gotik-Treffen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave-Gotik-Treffen"},{"link_name":"Nocturne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturne_(band)"}],"sub_title":"I.N.R.I. (2004–2005)","text":"In 2004, Psyclon Nine signed with the American industrial record label Metropolis and returned to Da5id Din's studio for mixing. INRI was released on April 26, 2005, on both Metropolis and NoiTekk Records. The album featured thirteen tracks of dark, aggressive electro focused on religious themes. The album also featured a cover of the Ministry song “You Know What You Are.”In 2005, Nero Bellum met Rotny Ford of the industrial metal band Nocturne on the social networking site LiveJournal. The two discussed musical ideas which led to the band using guitars and drums in their live performances. Ford joined the band on keyboard and guitar.Psyclon Nine made several major live appearances following the album's release, including several dates opening for Mindless Self Indulgence. The tour gained the band a fan base. Psyclon Nine returned to Europe for another tour that included a spot on the world's largest Gothic festival, Wave-Gotik-Treffen. It was around this time when drummer Abby Nex, who was also from Nocturne, joined the band as a live drummer.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NoiTekk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NoiTekk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"industrial rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_rock"},{"link_name":"Crwn Thy Frnicatr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crwn_Thy_Frnicatr"},{"link_name":"aggrotech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggrotech"},{"link_name":"black metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_metal"},{"link_name":"industrial metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_metal"},{"link_name":"Orkus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkus"},{"link_name":"Mushroomhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroomhead"},{"link_name":"Mushroomhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroomhead"},{"link_name":"Wave Gotik Treffen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_Gotik_Treffen"},{"link_name":"Mushroomhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroomhead"},{"link_name":"Mushroomhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroomhead"},{"link_name":"Mushroomhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroomhead"},{"link_name":"Mushroomhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroomhead"}],"sub_title":"Crwn Thy Frnicatr (2005–2008)","text":"At the end of 2005, the band had dropped from their European label NoiTekk and Eric Gottesman quit the band. Gottesman was replaced by members of the industrial rock band Columbine: keyboardist VII and bassist Daniel Columbine.With the release of Crwn Thy Frnicatr in 2006, Psyclon Nine began to stray from their early aggrotech sound into a darker black metal / industrial metal approach.In late 2006, the band was featured on the cover of the German Gothic magazine Orkus.Psyclon Nine went on their first headlining US tour, which eventually led to creative differences between the band and Columbine bassist Daniel. Daniel decided to leave the band at the end of the tour. Abbey Nex replaced him on bass, and Mushroomhead drummer Daniel Fox was used as a live fill-in drummer.In early 2007, the band opened for Mushroomhead's 'Savor Sorrow' North American tour which gained the band huge attention among the underground extreme metal / industrial dance scene.In May 2007, Psyclon Nine did a European tour that included a spot again at Wave Gotik Treffen. After the European tour, Rotny Ford decided to leave the band for personal reasons.In October, the band opened for Mushroomhead again on their second North American tour with Josef on guitar and keys, Abbey on bass, VII on synth, and Daniel on drums.In early 2008, the band released its first music video of the fan favorite track 'Parasitic' directed by Mushroomhead's Richard Thomas.After the tour with Mushroomhead, Josef Heresy decided to leave the band to go back to college, and VII left to return to his band Columbine. Daniel Fox continued with Mushroomhead. At this time, Nero Bellum decided to move to Los Angeles, California, to begin writing a new album.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"We the Fallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_the_Fallen"},{"link_name":"EBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_body_music"},{"link_name":"black metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_metal"},{"link_name":"dark ambient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_ambient"},{"link_name":"MySpace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace"},{"link_name":"We the Fallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_the_Fallen"},{"link_name":"Brandan Schieppati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandan_Schieppati"},{"link_name":"Bleeding Through","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding_Through"},{"link_name":"Gary Zon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Zon"},{"link_name":"Dismantled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismantled"},{"link_name":"Johan van Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_van_Roy"},{"link_name":"Suicide Commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_Commando"},{"link_name":"Jason Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_C._Miller"},{"link_name":"Godhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhead_(band)"},{"link_name":"Imperative Reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_Reaction"},{"link_name":"Jon Siren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Siren"},{"link_name":"Dismantled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismantled"},{"link_name":"extreme metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_metal"},{"link_name":"aggrotech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggrotech"},{"link_name":"Dawn of Ashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_of_Ashes"},{"link_name":"DNA Lounge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_Lounge"},{"link_name":"Divine Infekt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Infekt"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"Order of the Shadow: Act 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Shadow:_Act_1"},{"link_name":"Bandcamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandcamp"},{"link_name":"Chris Vrenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Vrenna"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Manson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Manson"},{"link_name":"Nine Inch Nails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails"},{"link_name":"Dawn of Ashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_of_Ashes"},{"link_name":"industrial black metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_black_metal"},{"link_name":"We the Fallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_the_Fallen"},{"link_name":"industrial rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_rock"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Manson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Manson_(band)"},{"link_name":"Antichrist Superstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antichrist_Superstar"},{"link_name":"Nine Inch Nails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails"},{"link_name":"The Downward Spiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Downward_Spiral"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Order of the Shadow: Act I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Shadow:_Act_I"}],"sub_title":"We the Fallen and first hiatus (2008–2010)","text":"Nero Bellum appeared on the internet channel NoisescapeTV in 2008 and said that he was in the studio working on an album entitled We the Fallen, and has decided to stray away from the harsh EBM music style and incorporate a more black metal meets dark ambient sound.In the fall of 2008, Bellum's mother committed suicide which delayed the album for several months. In early 2009, a MySpace blog Q&A video announced that Rotny Ford had rejoined the band, after reconciling at the funeral for Bellum's mother.Bellum and Ford began the recording process for We the Fallen that included several guest spots including Brandan Schieppati from Bleeding Through, Gary Zon of Dismantled, Jamison Boaz of Epsilon Zero, and Johan van Roy of Suicide Commando. The album was produced by Jason Miller of Godhead and was released on September 9, 2009. It reached the top Billboard 500 sales and was sold in every Hot Topic store in the United States, which gave the band huge exposure across the nation.In late 2009, Psyclon Nine embarked on a co-headlined tour with Imperative Reaction. Jon Siren of Mankind is Obsolete became the band's new full-time drummer, and Vlixx Vaden of HellTrash was the keyboardist. The tour was very hard on Bellum, and at the end of the tour he and his then-girlfriend separated.On October 31, 2011, Psyclon Nine played their first show in over two years in New York City. Psyclon Nine played a few off dates together in 2012.In 2011, Bellum went on tour with Dismantled as a live guitarist supporting their album The War Inside Me. He joined Dismantled again in 2012 for another tour of the United States with Accessory and Cyanide Regime as support.In mid 2013, Bellum recorded guest vocals on extreme metal / aggrotech band Dawn of Ashes's new album, Anathema, and was featured in their music video for \"Poisoning the Steps of Babel\".In late 2013, Bellum, Eric Gottesman, and Jon Heresy (the original members) played a one night show in San Francisco at the DNA Lounge, a venue that the band frequently performed at when first getting started. They played their first album Divine Infekt in its entirety for the album's 10 year anniversary.Around the same time, Bellum announced on Psyclon Nine's Facebook page that the band's new album would be titled Order of the Shadow: Act 1, and would be released in November 2013 with the help of the band's Bandcamp website page that allowed fans to donate to help raise funds for the album's production. In return, fans would receive different sorts of merchandise. Chris Vrenna of Marilyn Manson and Nine Inch Nails helped produce a few tracks on the album.After a long hiatus, Psyclon Nine went on their first US tour in over four years co-headlined with Dawn of Ashes. Both Ford and Siren returned, along with two musicians who were new to the band. They were bassist Merritt Goodwin and keyboardist Glitch Nix.On November 12, 2013, Psyclon Nine released Order of the Shadow: Act I through Metropolis Records. The album continued the industrial black metal fusion previously heard on We the Fallen, but was heavily influenced by industrial rock, notably Marilyn Manson's Antichrist Superstar and Nine Inch Nails's The Downward Spiral.[4]In February 2014, the band released a music video for the track 'Use Once and Destroy' on YouTube.On March 11, 2014, Psyclon Nine released a remix album entitled Disorder : The Shadow Sessions. It featured remixes of Order of the Shadow: Act I from Falling Skies, Die Sektor, Alien Vampires, Dismantled, MissFit Toys, Modern Weapons, and Life Cried.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-facebook1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-facebook1-5"},{"link_name":"Limnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limnus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bandcamp1-6"}],"sub_title":"Second hiatus (2014)","text":"The band had booked a European tour for May 2014, however the merchandise from Bandcamp was never shipped to the people who donated. This left many fans to believe that Nero had stolen from them once again.After the Bandcamp controversy, Ford and Siren posted on the official Psyclon Nine Facebook page that both had quit the band due to Bellum disappearing again, stating they felt he was irresponsible. Siren left a very apologetic letter to the fans on his personal Facebook page, explaining again how he and Ford had nothing to do with the Bandcamp donations.On March 30, 2014, Nero Bellum explained on his personal Facebook page that he was in therapy and was unable to send out the Bandcamp orders. Due to Ford and Siren quitting the band and other misunderstandings, Nero felt it was time to put an end to Psyclon Nine, canceling their European tour.[5]Nero Bellum announced on his personal Facebook page that he wanted to perform one last series of concerts before putting an end to the band. Live band members consisting of guitarist Dorian Starchild, bassist Brent Ashley and drummer Kriz DK joined Psyclon Nine for their final performances.[5]A remix for the band Limnus entitled \"The Devils Are Inside the Walls\" (Psyclon Nine remix) was released in August 2014,[6] followed by a second hiatus that lasted 8 months.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bandcamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandcamp"},{"link_name":"Kickstarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter"},{"link_name":"Dawn of Ashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_of_Ashes"}],"sub_title":"Reformed live band and Divine Infekt reissue (2015-2017)","text":"On April 13, 2015, Psyclon Nine created a new official Facebook page and announced a live performance at the L.A. Dark United Underground in Los Angeles, CA on May 2, 2015. The reformed lineup featured Nero Bellum on vocals, Dorian Starchild on rhythm guitar, Ashes on lead guitar, and Raanen Bozzio on drums. They went on to do a few more shows (including a show at Bar Sinister in May 2015), resulting in Psyclon Nine returning as a live band. Bozzio was subsequently replaced by Anthem on electronic drums.During mid to late 2015 and throughout 2016, Psyclon Nine resolved their former Bandcamp and Kickstarter merchandise controversies by partnering with merchandise management company Black Umbrella based in Las Vegas, NV. Psyclon Nine's Bandcamp page was also given a major graphical update in late 2015 and continues to carry older legacy merchandise along with signed albums and new apparel designs for fans to purchase. All merchandise shipments to fans have returned to a normal schedule of being sent out every Saturday.On October 30, 2016, Psyclon Nine performed a special live set featuring songs exclusively from Divine Infekt, INRI and Crwn Thy Frnicatr. They played alongside label mates Dawn of Ashes for the first time in 3 years. Nero Bellum was also brought on stage during Dawn of Ashes' song \"Poisoning The Steps of Babel\" to provide vocals during his verse featured on the album. Bellum also provided backing vocals during the chorus.On December 22, 2016, via Psyclon Nine's Facebook and Instagram pages, they announced the reissuing of their first album entitled \"Divine Infekt\". It was remastered by Nero Bellum and was made available in CD format and, for the first time ever, 12\" vinyl format. The album was re-released via Metropolis Records on March 24, 2017.During Spring of 2017, Psyclon Nine embarked on a small West Coast and East Coast tour entitled \"Infektion Divinum\". The tour was scheduled in tandem with the re-release of the band's first album \"Divine Infekt\". Psyclon Nine kept this tour exclusively \"electronic\" based sets in that it was performing songs from the albums \"Divine Infekt\", \"INRI\" and \"Crwn Thy Frnicatr\". This tour also marked the first time the band had ever played in Las Vegas, NV. Support acts for the tour included The Vile Augury, Lennon Midnight and Echo Black.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metropolis-7"}],"sub_title":"Icon of the Adversary: Act 2 (2018-present)","text":"Through mid to late 2017 via Nero Bellum's official Facebook page, he hinted of a new album in the works. In early 2018, the new album was officially confirmed and is entitled \"Icon of the Adversary: Act 2\". The band debuted the first new single from the upcoming album called \"Crown of the Worm\" during a live performance in Downey, CA on February 24 as well as a teaser via Nero Bellum's official YouTube channel. The new album is tentatively planned for release in August 2018. The band also released a new shirt design via their Bandcamp page based on one of the songs entitled \"Beware the Wolves\". In June 2018, via the band's official Facebook page, tour dates for \"Tour of the Worm\" were announced.Icon Of The Adversary was released on August 24, 2018, through Metropolis Records. Described as, \"the epitome of dark metal industrial,\" with violent, mechanical drums, scathing vocals, punishing guitars and evil electronics. With Bellum saying, \"he had to travel to a very dark place to make this album, & it shows.\"[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Nero Bellum – lead vocals, keyboards (1999–present), rhythm guitar (1999–present), lead guitar (1999–2005), bass (1999–2004, 2009–2012, 2014–present)\nJon Siren – drums (2009-2014, 2018–present)\nDante Phoenix – rhythm guitar (2022–present)\nTodd Buller – lead guitar, backing vocals (2023–present)","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tim Sköld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Sk%C3%B6ld"}],"sub_title":"Former members","text":"Josef Heresy – keyboards (1999–2008), rhythm guitar (2006–2007), lead guitar (2007–2008)\nEric Gottesman – keyboards (2000–2006), bass (2004–2006, 2007)\nAbbey Nex – drums (2005–2006), bass (2007–2009)\nSevin - keyboards (2006–2008, 2017–2018)\nDaniel Fox – drums (2007–2008)\nDaniel Columbine – bass (2006)\nMerritt Goodwin – bass (2012–2013)\nBrent Ashley – bass (2014)\nDorian Starchild – rhythm guitar (2014), lead guitar, bass (2014–2015)\nVlixx – keyboards (2009)\nGlitch NIX – keyboards (2013–2014)\nTim Sköld – rhythm guitar, bass (2018–2022)\nRotny Ford – lead guitar, backing vocals, keyboards (2005–2007, 2008–2014, 2015–2023), bass (2009–2012, 2015–2023)","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Timeline","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Divine Infekt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Infekt"},{"link_name":"INRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INRI_(Psyclon_Nine_album)"},{"link_name":"Crwn Thy Frnicatr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crwn_Thy_Frnicatr"},{"link_name":"We the Fallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_the_Fallen"},{"link_name":"Order of the Shadow: Act 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Shadow:_Act_1"},{"link_name":"Icon of the Adversary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon_of_the_Adversary"},{"link_name":"Less to Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Less_to_Heaven"}],"sub_title":"Studio albums","text":"Divine Infekt (2003)\nINRI (2005)\nCrwn Thy Frnicatr (2006)\nWe the Fallen (2009)\nOrder of the Shadow: Act 1 (2013)\nIcon of the Adversary (2018)\nLess to Heaven (2022)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Remix albums","text":"Disorder : The Shadow Sessions (2014)\nVersions: Icon Of The Adversary Remixed (2019)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Demos, Singles and EP","text":"Divine Infekt Demos (2002) (Demo CD with 3 tracks: \"Punished By Genocide\", \"As You Sleep\" and \"Tyranny\")\nUse Once and Destroy (2013) (Single)\nUse Once And Destroy: Alterations : Abstractions : Aberrations [Psalms And Hymns Of Perversion] (2014) (EP with 7 tracks: \"Use Once And Destroy [Shadow Sequence - Original Song]\", \"Use Once And Destroy [Version - Bile]\", \"Use Once And Destroy [Version - Cyanotic]\", \"Use Once And Destroy [Version - Dismantled]\", \"Use Once And Destroy [Version - Human Factors Lab]\", \"Use Once And Destroy [Version: Aesthetic Perfection]\" and \"Use Once And Destroy [Case Study - Video Edit]\")\nMore To Hell (2023)","title":"Discography"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fowlkes_Jr.
Spinner (wheel)
["1 Original use","2 Spinner hubcaps","3 Other uses","4 Modern concept","5 Music","6 See also","7 References"]
The spinner on automobile wheels historically refers to knock-off hub nuts or center caps. They may be the actual, or intended to simulate, the design used on antique vehicles or vintage sports cars. A "spinner wheel" in contemporary usage is a type of hubcap or inner wheel ornament, that spins independently inside of a wheel itself when the vehicle is in motion and continues to spin once the vehicle has come to a stop. Original use Main article: Centerlock wheel Two bladed spinner on a wire wheel 1967 AMC simulated wire wheel cover with spinner The spinner or "knock-off" originated with Rudge-Whitworth center lock wire wheels and hubs, which were first patented in 1908. The spinner was a threaded, winged nut designed to keep the wheel fastened to the hub. They were screwed on and "knocked on tightly" using a hammer, hence the name "knock-offs". Most setups will feature right-hand threads on the left side of the vehicle, and left-hand threads (rotate clockwise to remove) on the vehicle's right side so the screw-on spinner would stay tightened as the auto was in forward motion. This style of "knock-off" wheel was common on road cars until the development of the lug nut method attaching the wheel. Spinner hubcaps The spinner hubcap was introduced into the commercial vehicle and passenger automobile market in the 1930s. Automotive designer Harley Earl expressed a brash philosophy behind his 1950s automobiles that included "glittering spinner hubcaps." During the 1950s and 1960s automobile manufacturers offered simulated wire wheel covers for a look of luxury that featured crisscrossing spokes designed to look like the real wire wheels that were used on vehicles in the 1920s and 1930s. These "spinner-wheel covers" were available on standard as well as featured on custom cars, and lowriders quickly adapted them for their vehicles. During the early-1960s, the simulated wire wheel covers returned, but with a new look designed to emphasize sportiness with their radiating spokes and center "spinner caps." These classic center spinner caps feature a rigidly mounted propeller-like center element, usually with two or three projecting "blades." They were intended to simulate the knock-off hubs that were used on vintage racing vehicles and classic sports cars where a hammer or special wrench was used on the spinner to release or tighten the wheel to the hub. These spinner hubcaps were most often an optional appearance upgrade to the standard equipment hubcaps or full wheel covers that attached to stamped steel wheels. Top trim models sometimes included spinner wheel covers as standard equipment to appeal to youthful customers. In the late 1960s, U.S. Federal safety standards banned the use of protruding bar spinners on automobiles. Other uses Dodge four-bladed "spinner" wheel cover The mid-1950s Dodge four-bladed "spinner" wheel covers became an icon for the era and also became an item popular to owners to customize their cars. Spinners were an add-on accessory marketed during the 1950s to decorate regular wheel covers for a custom look. Center spinner hubcaps were also available as original equipment from automakers. Custom wheels for lowriders also used naked ladies on wheel covers, and these were the first to feature a floating or spinner-type wheel device. A bracket was used to mount to the spindle, so while the lady stood still the wheel spun around. Similarly, the Rolls-Royce Phantom has anti-spinners – the "RR" logo in the center of the hub is mounted on a spinner or gyroscopic mechanism with an offset weight designed to ensure that the logo is always the right way up when the car is parked. The hubometers used on large trucks, buses, and trailers that appear to be stationary while the wheel is turning to accurately measure the actual distance covered. They are enclosed and float in a liquid with anti-freeze to be functional in severe low temperatures without freezing. Modern concept Rotating spinner wheel The modern spinner device is a decorative kinetic attachment to the wheel of an automobile. The spinner covers the center of a car's wheel and is designed to independently rotate by using one or more roller bearings to isolate the spinner from the wheel, enabling it to turn while the wheel is at rest. Legislative bills were proposed in several US states to ban spinner-type wheels and hubcaps that simulate movement even when a vehicle is stopped because they could be disconcerting to other motorists and present a safety hazard. Spinners were popular during the early-2000s within the hip-hop community of the United States. Since the mid-2000s, they are gradually fading out of vogue in popular culture. Music The spinner-type automobile hubcaps were the inspiration for a Detroit-area R&B/soul group, The Domingoes, to rename themselves The Spinners in the late 1950s. In 1960, Pat Davis recorded the song "Spinner Hub Caps". In 2003, as spinning rims were in the height of their popularity in hip-hop culture, Three 6 Mafia released the song "Ridin' Spinners". The song title refers to driving while having spinning rims installed on the car. In the first line of the song, DJ Paul urges all the "players out there ridin' spinners" to "stop, and let 'em keep spinnin' baby", and the chorus repeatedly proclaims that the spinners "don't stop". The song was on the album Da Unbreakables, which was certified gold by the RIAA. "Weird Al" Yankovic's 2006 song White & Nerdy contains the lines "My rims never spin to the contrary / You'll find that they're quite stationary" See also Custom wheel Hubcap References ^ Howard, Keith (May 2001). "Rudge-Whitworth hub". Motor Sport. Retrieved 18 March 2020. ^ Shea, Terry (September 2012). "Rudge-Whitworth". hemmings.com. Retrieved 18 March 2020. ^ Mavrigian, Mike (2008). High Performance Fasteners & Plumbing: A Guide to Nuts, Bolts, Fuel, Brake, Oil & Coolant Lines, Hoses, Clamps, Racinghardware and Plumbing Techniques. HP Books. ISBN 9781557885234. ^ a b Browne, Ray B.; Browne, Pat, eds. (2001). The guide to United States popular culture. Bowling Green State University Popular Press. p. 416. ISBN 9780879728212. ^ Yates, Brock (October 1991). "Detroit Iron". American Heritage. 42 (6). Retrieved 30 September 2019. ^ a b Connor, Sean (22 January 2012). "A look back at simulated wire wheel covers. Part 2: the 1960s". Newark Classic Cars Examiner. Retrieved 30 September 2019. ^ Tatum, Charles M. (2011). Lowriders in Chicano Culture: From Low to Slow to Show. ABC-CLIO. pp. 199–200. ISBN 9780313381492. ^ Gunnell, John (2006). Standard Catalog of American Muscle Cars 1960-1972. Krause Publications. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-89689-433-4. ^ Corcoran, Tom (1994). Mustang 1964½–1968. MBI Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-87938-630-6. ^ Clausager, Anders Ditlev (2003). Original MGA. MBI Publishing. p. 84. ISBN 9780760314500. ^ Cheetham, Craig (2007). Ultimate Muscle Cars. MBI Publishing. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-7603-2834-7. ^ Glatch, Tom (2017). The Art of Mopar: Chrysler, Dodge, and Plymouth Muscle Cars. Motorbooks. pp. 22–28. ISBN 9780760359716. ^ Gunnell, John (2004). Standard guide to 1950s American cars. Krause Publications. p. 94. ISBN 9780873498685. Dodge four bladed spinner wheel cover. ^ Kustom Kemps of America: Commemorative Book. Turner Publishing. 2003. ISBN 9781563119378. ^ Crow, Deette (2004). Rod & Custom in the 1950s. Motorbooks International. p. 209. ISBN 9780760316306. ^ Holder, Bill; Kunz, Phil (2003). Chrysler Muscle: Detroit's Mightiest Machines. Krause Publications. p. 22. ISBN 9780873496339. ^ Perea, Sammy J. (February 2009). "History of the Wheel: A loose look at the wheels and tires that lowriders have loved to roll on". Lowrider. Archived from the original on 26 August 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2019. ^ Evans, Sean; Hood, Bryan (8 February 2022). "21 Fascinating Things You Didn't Know About Rolls-Royce". Robb Report. Retrieved 28 November 2023. ^ a b Sobe, Ed (2009). A Field Guide to Automotive Technology. Chicago Review Press. p. 28. ISBN 9781613741719. ^ "Spinner wheels and hubcaps face bans in several states". US: SEMA Market Snapshot. 15 June 2005. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2019. ^ Shunk, Chris (17 February 2007). "New York State moves to ban spinner wheels". Autoblog. Retrieved 30 September 2019. ^ "Choosing the Best Tires for Your Car". Smartguy.com. 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2013. ^ "How to Select New Rims and Tires for Your Car". Auto Parts & Accessories. 19 August 2012. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2013. ^ Marshall, Tim. "The 'One of a Kind' Sound of The Spinners". R&B Showcase News (7). Retrieved 9 October 2012. ^ McCollum, Brian (19 March 2013). "Bobby Smith, lead singer of The Spinners, dies". USA Today. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 30 September 2019. ^ Schmidling, Tyrone (26 April 2009). "Pat Davis "Spinner Hub Caps" 1960". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2013 – via YouTube. ^ "Three 6 Mafia - Ridin' Spinners Lyrics". Genius.com. Retrieved 26 January 2024. ^ "Gold & Platinum - RIAA". RIAA. Retrieved 26 June 2018. ^ "White & Nerdy lyrics". lyrics.com. vtePowertrainPart of the Automobile seriesAutomotive engine Diesel engine Electric Fuel cell Hybrid (Plug-in hybrid) Internal combustion engine Petrol engine Steam engine Transmission Automatic transmission Chain drive Direct-drive Clutch Constant-velocity joint Continuously variable transmission Coupling Differential Direct-shift gearbox Drive shaft Dual-clutch transmission Drive wheel Automated manual transmission Electrorheological clutch Epicyclic gearing Fluid coupling Friction drive Gearshift Giubo Hotchkiss drive Limited-slip differential Locking differential Manual transmission Manumatic Parking pawl Park-by-wire Preselector gearbox Semi-automatic transmission Shift-by-wire Torque converter Transaxle Transfer box Transmission control unit Universal joint Wheels and tires Wheel hub assembly Wheel Rim Alloy wheel Hubcap Tire Off-road Racing slick Radial Rain Run-flat Snow Spare Tubeless Hybrid Electric motor Hybrid vehicle drivetrain Electric generator Alternator Portal Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sports cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_car"},{"link_name":"hubcap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubcap"},{"link_name":"wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel"}],"text":"The spinner on automobile wheels historically refers to knock-off hub nuts or center caps. They may be the actual, or intended to simulate, the design used on antique vehicles or vintage sports cars. A \"spinner wheel\" in contemporary usage is a type of hubcap or inner wheel ornament, that spins independently inside of a wheel itself when the vehicle is in motion and continues to spin once the vehicle has come to a stop.","title":"Spinner (wheel)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Riley_Brooklands_1930,Belem02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1967_AMC_Marlin_white_with_red_interior_07.jpg"},{"link_name":"AMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Motors"},{"link_name":"Rudge-Whitworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudge-Whitworth"},{"link_name":"wire wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_wheel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"lug nut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lug_nut"}],"text":"Two bladed spinner on a wire wheel1967 AMC simulated wire wheel cover with spinnerThe spinner or \"knock-off\" originated with Rudge-Whitworth center lock wire wheels and hubs, which were first patented in 1908.[1][2] The spinner was a threaded, winged nut designed to keep the wheel fastened to the hub. They were screwed on and \"knocked on tightly\" using a hammer, hence the name \"knock-offs\". Most setups will feature right-hand threads on the left side of the vehicle, and left-hand threads (rotate clockwise to remove) on the vehicle's right side so the screw-on spinner would stay tightened as the auto was in forward motion.[3] This style of \"knock-off\" wheel was common on road cars until the development of the lug nut method attaching the wheel.","title":"Original use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-browne-4"},{"link_name":"Harley Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Earl"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-connor-6"},{"link_name":"lowriders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowriders"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-connor-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"racing vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_racing"},{"link_name":"sports cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_car"},{"link_name":"hub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_hub_assembly"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"hubcaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubcap"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-browne-4"}],"text":"The spinner hubcap was introduced into the commercial vehicle and passenger automobile market in the 1930s.[4] Automotive designer Harley Earl expressed a brash philosophy behind his 1950s automobiles that included \"glittering spinner hubcaps.\"[5] During the 1950s and 1960s automobile manufacturers offered simulated wire wheel covers for a look of luxury that featured crisscrossing spokes designed to look like the real wire wheels that were used on vehicles in the 1920s and 1930s.[6] These \"spinner-wheel covers\" were available on standard as well as featured on custom cars, and lowriders quickly adapted them for their vehicles.[7]During the early-1960s, the simulated wire wheel covers returned, but with a new look designed to emphasize sportiness with their radiating spokes and center \"spinner caps.\"[6][8] These classic center spinner caps feature a rigidly mounted propeller-like center element, usually with two or three projecting \"blades.\"[9] They were intended to simulate the knock-off hubs that were used on vintage racing vehicles and classic sports cars where a hammer or special wrench was used on the spinner to release or tighten the wheel to the hub.[10]These spinner hubcaps were most often an optional appearance upgrade to the standard equipment hubcaps or full wheel covers that attached to stamped steel wheels.[11] Top trim models sometimes included spinner wheel covers as standard equipment to appeal to youthful customers.[12]In the late 1960s, U.S. Federal safety standards banned the use of protruding bar spinners on automobiles.[4]","title":"Spinner hubcaps"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1956_Dodge_La_Femme_fenderF.jpg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"lowriders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowrider"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce Phantom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Phantom_(2003)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"hubometers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubometer"}],"text":"Dodge four-bladed \"spinner\" wheel coverThe mid-1950s Dodge four-bladed \"spinner\" wheel covers became an icon for the era and also became an item popular to owners to customize their cars.[13][14]Spinners were an add-on accessory marketed during the 1950s to decorate regular wheel covers for a custom look.[15] Center spinner hubcaps were also available as original equipment from automakers.[16]Custom wheels for lowriders also used naked ladies on wheel covers, and these were the first to feature a floating or spinner-type wheel device. A bracket was used to mount to the spindle, so while the lady stood still the wheel spun around.[17] Similarly, the Rolls-Royce Phantom has anti-spinners – the \"RR\" logo in the center of the hub is mounted on a spinner or gyroscopic mechanism with an offset weight designed to ensure that the logo is always the right way up when the car is parked.[18]The hubometers used on large trucks, buses, and trailers that appear to be stationary while the wheel is turning to accurately measure the actual distance covered. They are enclosed and float in a liquid with anti-freeze to be functional in severe low temperatures without freezing.","title":"Other uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spinner_rim.jpg"},{"link_name":"wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fieldguide-19"},{"link_name":"roller bearings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_bearing"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fieldguide-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"hip-hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Rotating spinner wheelThe modern spinner device is a decorative kinetic attachment to the wheel of an automobile.[19] The spinner covers the center of a car's wheel and is designed to independently rotate by using one or more roller bearings to isolate the spinner from the wheel, enabling it to turn while the wheel is at rest.[19]Legislative bills were proposed in several US states to ban spinner-type wheels and hubcaps that simulate movement even when a vehicle is stopped because they could be disconcerting to other motorists and present a safety hazard.[20][21]Spinners were popular during the early-2000s within the hip-hop community of the United States. Since the mid-2000s, they are gradually fading out of vogue in popular culture.[22][23]","title":"Modern concept"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B"},{"link_name":"soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music"},{"link_name":"The Spinners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spinners_(American_group)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Three 6 Mafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_6_Mafia"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Da Unbreakables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Unbreakables"},{"link_name":"RIAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"\"Weird Al\" Yankovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic"},{"link_name":"White & Nerdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_%26_Nerdy"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"The spinner-type automobile hubcaps were the inspiration for a Detroit-area R&B/soul group, The Domingoes, to rename themselves The Spinners in the late 1950s.[24][25]In 1960, Pat Davis recorded the song \"Spinner Hub Caps\".[26]In 2003, as spinning rims were in the height of their popularity in hip-hop culture, Three 6 Mafia released the song \"Ridin' Spinners\". The song title refers to driving while having spinning rims installed on the car. In the first line of the song, DJ Paul urges all the \"players out there ridin' spinners\" to \"stop, and let 'em keep spinnin' baby\", and the chorus repeatedly proclaims that the spinners \"don't stop\".[27] The song was on the album Da Unbreakables, which was certified gold by the RIAA.[28]\"Weird Al\" Yankovic's 2006 song White & Nerdy contains the lines \"My rims never spin to the contrary / You'll find that they're quite stationary\"[29]","title":"Music"}]
[{"image_text":"Two bladed spinner on a wire wheel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Riley_Brooklands_1930%2CBelem02.jpg/220px-Riley_Brooklands_1930%2CBelem02.jpg"},{"image_text":"1967 AMC simulated wire wheel cover with spinner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/1967_AMC_Marlin_white_with_red_interior_07.jpg/220px-1967_AMC_Marlin_white_with_red_interior_07.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dodge four-bladed \"spinner\" wheel cover","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1956_Dodge_La_Femme_fenderF.jpg/220px-1956_Dodge_La_Femme_fenderF.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rotating spinner wheel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Spinner_rim.jpg/220px-Spinner_rim.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Custom wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custom_wheel"},{"title":"Hubcap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubcap"}]
[{"reference":"Howard, Keith (May 2001). \"Rudge-Whitworth hub\". Motor Sport. Retrieved 18 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/may-2001/41/r-u-d-g-e-whit-worth-hub","url_text":"\"Rudge-Whitworth hub\""}]},{"reference":"Shea, Terry (September 2012). \"Rudge-Whitworth\". hemmings.com. Retrieved 18 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hemmings.com/blog/article/rudge-whitworth/","url_text":"\"Rudge-Whitworth\""}]},{"reference":"Mavrigian, Mike (2008). High Performance Fasteners & Plumbing: A Guide to Nuts, Bolts, Fuel, Brake, Oil & Coolant Lines, Hoses, Clamps, Racinghardware and Plumbing Techniques. HP Books. ISBN 9781557885234.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=muyszoZbpNQC&q=setups+will+feature+right-hand+threads+on+the+vehicle+left+side,+and+left-hand+threads+on+the+vehicle+right+side&pg=PT253","url_text":"High Performance Fasteners & Plumbing: A Guide to Nuts, Bolts, Fuel, Brake, Oil & Coolant Lines, Hoses, Clamps, Racinghardware and Plumbing Techniques"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557885234","url_text":"9781557885234"}]},{"reference":"Browne, Ray B.; Browne, Pat, eds. (2001). The guide to United States popular culture. Bowling Green State University Popular Press. p. 416. ISBN 9780879728212.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U3rJxPYT32MC&q=spinner+hub+cap&pg=PA416","url_text":"The guide to United States popular culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879728212","url_text":"9780879728212"}]},{"reference":"Yates, Brock (October 1991). \"Detroit Iron\". American Heritage. 42 (6). Retrieved 30 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanheritage.com/detroit-iron","url_text":"\"Detroit Iron\""}]},{"reference":"Connor, Sean (22 January 2012). \"A look back at simulated wire wheel covers. Part 2: the 1960s\". Newark Classic Cars Examiner. Retrieved 30 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.classiccarstodayonline.com/2015/02/19/a-look-back-at-simulated-wire-wheel-covers-part-2-the-1960s/","url_text":"\"A look back at simulated wire wheel covers. Part 2: the 1960s\""}]},{"reference":"Tatum, Charles M. (2011). Lowriders in Chicano Culture: From Low to Slow to Show. ABC-CLIO. pp. 199–200. ISBN 9780313381492.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_tB9qbFCigC&q=Wire+wheel+cover+spinner+1960&pg=PA199","url_text":"Lowriders in Chicano Culture: From Low to Slow to Show"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313381492","url_text":"9780313381492"}]},{"reference":"Gunnell, John (2006). Standard Catalog of American Muscle Cars 1960-1972. Krause Publications. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-89689-433-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TwcOO2OxujYC&q=AMC+spinner+wheel+cover&pg=PA10","url_text":"Standard Catalog of American Muscle Cars 1960-1972"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89689-433-4","url_text":"978-0-89689-433-4"}]},{"reference":"Corcoran, Tom (1994). Mustang 1964½–1968. MBI Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-87938-630-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WZ9bF45s1cMC&q=Wire+wheel+cover+spinner&pg=PA27","url_text":"Mustang 1964½–1968"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87938-630-6","url_text":"978-0-87938-630-6"}]},{"reference":"Clausager, Anders Ditlev (2003). Original MGA. MBI Publishing. p. 84. ISBN 9780760314500.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UbLua09mcjIC&q=Wire+wheel+cover+spinner+1960&pg=PA84","url_text":"Original MGA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780760314500","url_text":"9780760314500"}]},{"reference":"Cheetham, Craig (2007). Ultimate Muscle Cars. MBI Publishing. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-7603-2834-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y6DUvUpGmn0C&q=Wire+wheel+cover+spinner&pg=PA74","url_text":"Ultimate Muscle Cars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-2834-7","url_text":"978-0-7603-2834-7"}]},{"reference":"Glatch, Tom (2017). The Art of Mopar: Chrysler, Dodge, and Plymouth Muscle Cars. Motorbooks. pp. 22–28. ISBN 9780760359716.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LlcqDwAAQBAJ&q=Dodge+spinner+wheel+cover&pg=PA21","url_text":"The Art of Mopar: Chrysler, Dodge, and Plymouth Muscle Cars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780760359716","url_text":"9780760359716"}]},{"reference":"Gunnell, John (2004). Standard guide to 1950s American cars. Krause Publications. p. 94. ISBN 9780873498685. Dodge four bladed spinner wheel cover.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/standardguideto100john","url_text":"Standard guide to 1950s American cars"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/standardguideto100john/page/94","url_text":"94"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873498685","url_text":"9780873498685"}]},{"reference":"Kustom Kemps of America: Commemorative Book. Turner Publishing. 2003. ISBN 9781563119378.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2CqJ-oFA9CkC&q=Dodge+four+bladed+spinner+wheel+cover&pg=PA145","url_text":"Kustom Kemps of America: Commemorative Book"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563119378","url_text":"9781563119378"}]},{"reference":"Crow, Deette (2004). Rod & Custom in the 1950s. Motorbooks International. p. 209. ISBN 9780760316306.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pmlSQglkGokC&q=spinner+hub+cap&pg=PA209","url_text":"Rod & Custom in the 1950s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780760316306","url_text":"9780760316306"}]},{"reference":"Holder, Bill; Kunz, Phil (2003). Chrysler Muscle: Detroit's Mightiest Machines. Krause Publications. p. 22. ISBN 9780873496339.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1sh3KnKIgIwC&q=spinner+hub+cap&pg=PA22","url_text":"Chrysler Muscle: Detroit's Mightiest Machines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873496339","url_text":"9780873496339"}]},{"reference":"Perea, Sammy J. (February 2009). \"History of the Wheel: A loose look at the wheels and tires that lowriders have loved to roll on\". Lowrider. Archived from the original on 26 August 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120826080732/http://www.lowridermagazine.com/tech/0605_lrm_history_of_the_wheel/viewall.html","url_text":"\"History of the Wheel: A loose look at the wheels and tires that lowriders have loved to roll on\""},{"url":"http://www.lowridermagazine.com/tech/0605_lrm_history_of_the_wheel/viewall.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Sean; Hood, Bryan (8 February 2022). \"21 Fascinating Things You Didn't Know About Rolls-Royce\". Robb Report. Retrieved 28 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://robbreport.com/motors/cars/rolls-royce-facts-2900540/","url_text":"\"21 Fascinating Things You Didn't Know About Rolls-Royce\""}]},{"reference":"Sobe, Ed (2009). A Field Guide to Automotive Technology. Chicago Review Press. p. 28. ISBN 9781613741719.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lqSkD9cxTmMC&q=Spinner+automobile+wheel&pg=PA28","url_text":"A Field Guide to Automotive Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781613741719","url_text":"9781613741719"}]},{"reference":"\"Spinner wheels and hubcaps face bans in several states\". US: SEMA Market Snapshot. 15 June 2005. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150223174142/http://www2.sema.org/Main/SemaOrgHome.aspx?ID=53066","url_text":"\"Spinner wheels and hubcaps face bans in several states\""},{"url":"http://www2.sema.org/Main/SemaOrgHome.aspx?ID=53066","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shunk, Chris (17 February 2007). \"New York State moves to ban spinner wheels\". Autoblog. Retrieved 30 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autoblog.com/2007/02/17/new-york-state-moves-to-ban-spinner-wheels/","url_text":"\"New York State moves to ban spinner wheels\""}]},{"reference":"\"Choosing the Best Tires for Your Car\". Smartguy.com. 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smartguy.com/index.asp?id=2354","url_text":"\"Choosing the Best Tires for Your Car\""}]},{"reference":"\"How to Select New Rims and Tires for Your Car\". Auto Parts & Accessories. 19 August 2012. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130723174154/http://www.kophi.org/page/10/","url_text":"\"How to Select New Rims and Tires for Your Car\""},{"url":"http://www.kophi.org/page/10/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marshall, Tim. \"The 'One of a Kind' Sound of The Spinners\". R&B Showcase News (7). Retrieved 9 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rnbshowcasemag.com/spinners.html","url_text":"\"The 'One of a Kind' Sound of The Spinners\""}]},{"reference":"McCollum, Brian (19 March 2013). \"Bobby Smith, lead singer of The Spinners, dies\". USA Today. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 30 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2013/03/19/spinners-lead-singer-bobby-smith-dies/2000219/","url_text":"\"Bobby Smith, lead singer of The Spinners, dies\""}]},{"reference":"Schmidling, Tyrone (26 April 2009). \"Pat Davis \"Spinner Hub Caps\" 1960\". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2013 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8AQtzaenRhY","url_text":"\"Pat Davis \"Spinner Hub Caps\" 1960\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/8AQtzaenRhY","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Three 6 Mafia - Ridin' Spinners Lyrics\". Genius.com. Retrieved 26 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://genius.com/Three-6-mafia-ridin-spinners-lyrics","url_text":"\"Three 6 Mafia - Ridin' Spinners Lyrics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gold & Platinum - RIAA\". RIAA. Retrieved 26 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=three+6+mafia#search_section","url_text":"\"Gold & Platinum - RIAA\""}]},{"reference":"\"White & Nerdy lyrics\". lyrics.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lyrics.com/lyric/9139268/Weird+Al+Yankovic/White+%26+Nerdy","url_text":"\"White & Nerdy lyrics\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/may-2001/41/r-u-d-g-e-whit-worth-hub","external_links_name":"\"Rudge-Whitworth hub\""},{"Link":"https://www.hemmings.com/blog/article/rudge-whitworth/","external_links_name":"\"Rudge-Whitworth\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=muyszoZbpNQC&q=setups+will+feature+right-hand+threads+on+the+vehicle+left+side,+and+left-hand+threads+on+the+vehicle+right+side&pg=PT253","external_links_name":"High Performance Fasteners & Plumbing: A Guide to Nuts, Bolts, Fuel, Brake, Oil & Coolant Lines, Hoses, Clamps, Racinghardware and Plumbing Techniques"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U3rJxPYT32MC&q=spinner+hub+cap&pg=PA416","external_links_name":"The guide to United States popular culture"},{"Link":"https://www.americanheritage.com/detroit-iron","external_links_name":"\"Detroit Iron\""},{"Link":"https://www.classiccarstodayonline.com/2015/02/19/a-look-back-at-simulated-wire-wheel-covers-part-2-the-1960s/","external_links_name":"\"A look back at simulated wire wheel covers. Part 2: the 1960s\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_tB9qbFCigC&q=Wire+wheel+cover+spinner+1960&pg=PA199","external_links_name":"Lowriders in Chicano Culture: From Low to Slow to Show"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TwcOO2OxujYC&q=AMC+spinner+wheel+cover&pg=PA10","external_links_name":"Standard Catalog of American Muscle Cars 1960-1972"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WZ9bF45s1cMC&q=Wire+wheel+cover+spinner&pg=PA27","external_links_name":"Mustang 1964½–1968"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UbLua09mcjIC&q=Wire+wheel+cover+spinner+1960&pg=PA84","external_links_name":"Original MGA"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y6DUvUpGmn0C&q=Wire+wheel+cover+spinner&pg=PA74","external_links_name":"Ultimate Muscle Cars"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LlcqDwAAQBAJ&q=Dodge+spinner+wheel+cover&pg=PA21","external_links_name":"The Art of Mopar: Chrysler, Dodge, and Plymouth Muscle Cars"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/standardguideto100john","external_links_name":"Standard guide to 1950s American cars"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/standardguideto100john/page/94","external_links_name":"94"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2CqJ-oFA9CkC&q=Dodge+four+bladed+spinner+wheel+cover&pg=PA145","external_links_name":"Kustom Kemps of America: Commemorative Book"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pmlSQglkGokC&q=spinner+hub+cap&pg=PA209","external_links_name":"Rod & Custom in the 1950s"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1sh3KnKIgIwC&q=spinner+hub+cap&pg=PA22","external_links_name":"Chrysler Muscle: Detroit's Mightiest Machines"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120826080732/http://www.lowridermagazine.com/tech/0605_lrm_history_of_the_wheel/viewall.html","external_links_name":"\"History of the Wheel: A loose look at the wheels and tires that lowriders have loved to roll on\""},{"Link":"http://www.lowridermagazine.com/tech/0605_lrm_history_of_the_wheel/viewall.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://robbreport.com/motors/cars/rolls-royce-facts-2900540/","external_links_name":"\"21 Fascinating Things You Didn't Know About Rolls-Royce\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lqSkD9cxTmMC&q=Spinner+automobile+wheel&pg=PA28","external_links_name":"A Field Guide to Automotive Technology"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150223174142/http://www2.sema.org/Main/SemaOrgHome.aspx?ID=53066","external_links_name":"\"Spinner wheels and hubcaps face bans in several states\""},{"Link":"http://www2.sema.org/Main/SemaOrgHome.aspx?ID=53066","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.autoblog.com/2007/02/17/new-york-state-moves-to-ban-spinner-wheels/","external_links_name":"\"New York State moves to ban spinner wheels\""},{"Link":"http://www.smartguy.com/index.asp?id=2354","external_links_name":"\"Choosing the Best Tires for Your Car\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130723174154/http://www.kophi.org/page/10/","external_links_name":"\"How to Select New Rims and Tires for Your Car\""},{"Link":"http://www.kophi.org/page/10/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.rnbshowcasemag.com/spinners.html","external_links_name":"\"The 'One of a Kind' Sound of The Spinners\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2013/03/19/spinners-lead-singer-bobby-smith-dies/2000219/","external_links_name":"\"Bobby Smith, lead singer of The Spinners, dies\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8AQtzaenRhY","external_links_name":"\"Pat Davis \"Spinner Hub Caps\" 1960\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/8AQtzaenRhY","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://genius.com/Three-6-mafia-ridin-spinners-lyrics","external_links_name":"\"Three 6 Mafia - Ridin' Spinners Lyrics\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=three+6+mafia#search_section","external_links_name":"\"Gold & Platinum - RIAA\""},{"Link":"https://www.lyrics.com/lyric/9139268/Weird+Al+Yankovic/White+%26+Nerdy","external_links_name":"\"White & Nerdy lyrics\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leppe_Island_(Biscoe_Islands)
Leppe Island (Biscoe Islands)
["1 Location","2 Maps","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 66°26′04″S 67°08′00″W / 66.43444°S 67.13333°W / -66.43444; -67.13333Antarctic island Leppe IslandLeppe IslandLocation of Leppe IslandShow map of AntarcticaLeppe IslandLeppe Island (Antarctic Peninsula)Show map of Antarctic PeninsulaGeographyLocationAntarcticaCoordinates66°26′04″S 67°08′00″W / 66.43444°S 67.13333°W / -66.43444; -67.13333ArchipelagoBiscoe IslandsArea27.17 ha (67.1 acres)Length1 km (0.6 mi)Width430 m (1410 ft)AdministrationAdministered under the Antarctic Treaty SystemDemographicsPopulationuninhabited Leppe Island (Bulgarian: остров Лепе, romanized: ostrov Leppe, IPA: ) is the ice-covered island in the Barcroft group of Biscoe Islands in Antarctica 1 km long in west-southwest to east-northeast direction and 430 m wide. Its surface area is 27.17 ha. The feature is named after the Chilean biologist Marcelo Leppe Cartes, director of the Chilean Antarctic Institute, for his support for the Bulgarian Antarctic programme. Location Leppe Island is centred at 66°26′04″S 67°08′00″W / 66.43444°S 67.13333°W / -66.43444; -67.13333, which is 4.36 km southeast of Belding Island, 4 km south of Watkins Island and 520 m north-northwest of Chakarov Island. British mapping in 1976. Maps British Antarctic Territory. Scale 1:200000 topographic map. DOS 610 Series, Sheet W 66 66. Directorate of Overseas Surveys, UK, 1976 Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated See also List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands Notes ^ Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission References Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian, basic data in English) External links Leppe Island. Adjusted Copernix satellite image This article includes information from the Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria which is used with permission. This Biscoe Islands location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian"},{"link_name":"[ˈɔstrof ˈɫɛpɛ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Bulgarian"},{"link_name":"Barcroft group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcroft_Islands"},{"link_name":"Biscoe Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscoe_Islands"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Chilean Antarctic Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Antarctic_Institute"}],"text":"Antarctic islandLeppe Island (Bulgarian: остров Лепе, romanized: ostrov Leppe, IPA: [ˈɔstrof ˈɫɛpɛ]) is the ice-covered island in the Barcroft group of Biscoe Islands in Antarctica 1 km long in west-southwest to east-northeast direction and 430 m wide. Its surface area is 27.17 ha.The feature is named after the Chilean biologist Marcelo Leppe Cartes, director of the Chilean Antarctic Institute, for his support for the Bulgarian Antarctic programme.","title":"Leppe Island (Biscoe Islands)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"66°26′04″S 67°08′00″W / 66.43444°S 67.13333°W / -66.43444; -67.13333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Leppe_Island_(Biscoe_Islands)&params=66_26_04_S_67_08_00_W_"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BAG-1"}],"text":"Leppe Island is centred at 66°26′04″S 67°08′00″W / 66.43444°S 67.13333°W / -66.43444; -67.13333,[1] which is 4.36 km southeast of Belding Island, 4 km south of Watkins Island and 520 m north-northwest of Chakarov Island. British mapping in 1976.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Antarctic Territory.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.aad.gov.au/aadc/mapcat/display_map.cfm?map_id=3162"},{"link_name":"Antarctic Digital Database (ADD).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.add.scar.org"}],"text":"British Antarctic Territory. Scale 1:200000 topographic map. DOS 610 Series, Sheet W 66 66. Directorate of Overseas Surveys, UK, 1976\nAntarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated","title":"Maps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BAG_1-0"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//apcbg.org/gazet.pdf"}],"text":"^ Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_alcohol_concentration
Blood alcohol content
["1 Units of measurement","2 Effects by alcohol level","3 Estimation","3.1 Direct measurement","3.2 By breathalyzer","3.3 By intake","3.4 By standard drinks","3.5 By training","3.6 Post-mortem","4 Legal limits","5 Test assumptions","5.1 Extrapolation","6 Metabolism","7 Highest levels","8 Notes","9 References","9.1 Citations","9.2 General and cited references","10 External links"]
Metric of alcohol intoxication Blood alcohol contentEthanolSynonymsBlood alcohol concentration, blood ethanol concentration, blood alcohol level, blood alcoholLOINC5639-0, 5640-8, 15120-9, 56478-1 Blood alcohol content (BAC), also called blood alcohol concentration or blood alcohol level, is a measurement of alcohol intoxication used for legal or medical purposes. BAC is expressed as mass of alcohol per volume of blood. In the US and many international publications, BAC levels are written as a percentage such as 0.08%, meaning that there is 0.08 g of alcohol for every 100 mL of blood. In different countries, the maximum permitted BAC when driving ranges from the limit of detection (zero tolerance) to 0.08%. BAC levels above 0.40% are potentially fatal. Units of measurement BAC is generally defined as a fraction of weight of alcohol per volume of blood, with an SI coherent derived unit of kg/m3 or equivalently grams per liter (g/L). Countries differ in how this quantity is normally expressed. Common formats are listed in the table below. For example, the US and many international publications present BAC as a percentage, such as 0.05%. This would be interpreted as 0.05 grams per deciliter of blood. This same concentration could be expressed as 0.5‰ or 50 mg% in other countries. Sign Units Used in 1 percent (%), 1 g% 1 g/dL = 1 cg/mL = 10 g/L = 1 g/100 mL US, Australia, Canada 1 per mille (‰) 1 g/L = 1 mg/mL = 100 mg/1 dL Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Spain, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey 1 mg% 1 mg/dL = 0.01 g/L = 1 mg/100 mL United Kingdom Ireland, Canada, New Zealand It is also possible to use other units. For example, in the 1930s Widmark measured alcohol and blood by mass, and thus reported his concentrations in units of g/kg or mg/g, weight alcohol per weight blood. 1 mL of blood has a mass of approximately 1.055 grams, thus a mass-volume BAC of 1 g/L corresponds to a mass-mass BAC of 0.948 mg/g. Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Germany, and Switzerland use mass-mass concentrations in their laws, but this distinction is often skipped over in public materials, implicitly assuming that 1 L of blood weighs 1 kg. In pharmacokinetics, it is common to use the amount of substance, in moles, to quantify the dose. As the molar mass of ethanol is 46.07 g/mol, a BAC of 1 g/L is 21.706 mmol/L (21.706 mM). Effects by alcohol level Further information: Short-term effects of alcohol consumption Alcohol level Effects Ref BAC per mille mg% 0.01–0.05% 0.1–0.5 10–50 Mild relaxation and reduced social inhibition; impaired judgment and coordination 0.06–0.20% 0.6–2 60–200 Emotional swings, impaired vision, hearing, speech, and motor skills 0.2–0.3% 2–3 200–300 Urinary incontinence, vomiting, and symptoms of alcohol intoxication 0.3–0.4% 3–4 300–400 Potential total loss of consciousness; signs of severe alcohol intoxication >0.4% >4 >400 Potentially fatal, may result in a coma or respiratory failure The magnitude of sensory impairment may vary in people of differing weights. The NIAAA defines the term "binge drinking" as a pattern of drinking that brings a person's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 grams percent or above. Estimation Direct measurement Blood samples for BAC analysis are typically obtained by taking a venous blood sample from the arm. A variety of methods exist for determining blood-alcohol concentration in a blood sample. Forensic laboratories typically use headspace-gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry or flame ionization detection, as this method is accurate and efficient. Hospitals typically use enzyme multiplied immunoassay, which measures the co-enzyme NADH. This method is more subject to error but may be performed rapidly in parallel with other blood sample measurements. In Germany, BAC is determined by measuring the serum level and then converting to whole blood by dividing by the factor 1.236. This calculation underestimates BAC by 4% to 10% compared to other methods. By breathalyzer Joke "Breathalyser 'pint'" beer glass, about 2 inches tall, dating from around the time of the introduction of breathalyzers in the United Kingdom, in 1967 Main article: Breathalyzer The amount of alcohol on the breath can be measured, without requiring drawing blood, by blowing into a breathalyzer, resulting in a breath alcohol content (BrAC). The BrAC specifically correlates with the concentration of alcohol in arterial blood, satisfying the equation BACarterial = BrAC × 2251 ± 46. Its correlation with the standard BAC found by drawing venous blood is less strong. Jurisdictions vary in the statutory conversion factor from BrAC to BAC, from 2000 to 2400. Many factors may affect the accuracy of a breathalyzer test, but they are the most common method for measuring alcohol concentrations in most jurisdictions. By intake Main article: Pharmacology of ethanol § Modeling Blood alcohol content can be quickly estimated by a model developed by Swedish professor Erik Widmark in the 1920s. The model corresponds to a pharmacokinetic single-compartment model with instantaneous absorption and zero-order kinetics for elimination. The model is most accurate when used to estimate BAC a few hours after drinking a single dose of alcohol in a fasted state, and can be within 20% CV of the true value. It is not at all realistic for the absorption phase, and is not accurate for BAC levels below 0.2 g/L (alcohol is not eliminated as quickly as predicted) and consumption with food (overestimating the peak BAC and time to return to zero). The equation varies depending on the units and approximations used, but in its simplest form is given by: E B A C = A V d − β × T {\displaystyle EBAC={\frac {A}{V_{d}}}-\beta \times T} where: EBAC is the estimated blood alcohol concentration (in g/L) A is the mass of alcohol consumed (g). T is the amount time during which alcohol was present in the blood (usually time since consumption began), in hours. β is the rate at which alcohol is eliminated, averaging around 0.15 g/L/hr. Vd is the volume of distribution (L); typically body weight (kg) multiplied by 0.71 L/kg for men and 0.58 L/kg for women although estimation using TBW is more accurate. Examples: A 80 kg man drinks 2 US standard drinks (3 oz) of 40% ABV vodka, containing 14 grams of ethanol each (28 g total). After two hours: E B A C = 28 / ( 0.71 ⋅ 80 ) − ( 0.148 ⋅ 2 ) ≈ 0.197 g/L = 0.0197 % BAC {\displaystyle EBAC=28/(0.71\cdot 80)-(0.148\cdot 2)\approx 0.197{\text{g/L}}=0.0197\%{\text{BAC}}} A 70 kg woman drinks 63 g of 40% ABV vodka, containing 21 grams of ethanol. After two hours: E B A C = 21 / ( 0.58 ⋅ 70 ) − ( 0.156 ⋅ 2 ) ≈ 0.205 g/L = 0.0205 % BAC {\displaystyle EBAC=21/(0.58\cdot 70)-(0.156\cdot 2)\approx 0.205{\text{g/L}}=0.0205\%{\text{BAC}}} In terms of fluid ounces of alcohol consumed and weight in pounds, Widmark's formula can be simply approximated as E B A C = 8 × fl oz / weight in pounds − β × T {\displaystyle EBAC=8\times {\text{fl oz}}/{\text{weight in pounds}}-\beta \times T} for a man or E B A C = 10 × fl oz / weight in pounds − β × T {\displaystyle EBAC=10\times {\text{fl oz}}/{\text{weight in pounds}}-\beta \times T} for a woman, where EBAC and β factors are given as g/dL (% BAC), such as a β factor of 0.015% BAC per hour. By standard drinks Main article: Standard drink United States standard drinks of beer, malt liquor, wine, and spirits compared. Each contains about 14 grams or 17.7 mL of ethanol. The examples above define a standard drink as 0.6 fluid ounces (14 g or 17.7 mL) of ethanol, whereas other definitions exist, for example 10 grams of ethanol. Approximate blood alcohol percentage (by volume)Based on one drink having 0.5 US fl oz (15 mL) alcohol by volume Drinks Sex Body weight 40 kg90 lb 45 kg100 lb 55 kg120 lb 64 kg140 lb 73 kg160 lb 82 kg180 lb 91 kg200 lb 100 kg220 lb 109 kg240 lb 1 Male – 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 Female 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 2 Male – 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 Female 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 3 Male – 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 Female 0.15 0.14 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.06 4 Male – 0.15 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.06 Female 0.20 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.08 5 Male – 0.19 0.16 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.09 0.08 Female 0.25 0.23 0.19 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.09 6 Male – 0.23 0.19 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.09 Female 0.30 0.27 0.23 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.12 0.11 7 Male – 0.26 0.22 0.19 0.16 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.11 Female 0.35 0.32 0.27 0.23 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.13 8 Male – 0.30 0.25 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.13 Female 0.40 0.36 0.30 0.26 0.23 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.15 9 Male – 0.34 0.28 0.24 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.14 Female 0.45 0.41 0.34 0.29 0.26 0.23 0.20 0.19 0.17 10 Male – 0.38 0.31 0.27 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.16 Female 0.51 0.45 0.38 0.32 0.28 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.19 Subtract approximately 0.01 every 40 minutes after drinking. By training If individuals are asked to estimate their BAC, then given accurate feedback via a breathalyzer, and this procedure is repeated a number of times during a drinking session, studies show that these individuals can learn to discriminate their BAC, to within a mean error of 9 mg/100 mL (0.009% BAC). The ability is robust to different types of alcohol, different drink quantities, and drinks with unknown levels of alcohol. Trained individuals can even drink alcoholic drinks so as to adjust or maintain their BAC at a desired level. Training the ability does not appear to require any information or procedure besides breathalyzer feedback, although most studies have provided information such as intoxication symptoms at different BAC levels. Subjects continue to retain the ability one month after training. Post-mortem After fatal accidents, it is common to check the blood alcohol levels of involved persons. However, soon after death, the body begins to putrefy, a biological process which produces ethanol. This can make it difficult to conclusively determine the blood alcohol content in autopsies, particularly in bodies recovered from water. For instance, following the 1975 Moorgate tube crash, the driver's kidneys had a blood alcohol concentration of 80 mg/100 mL, but it could not be established how much of this could be attributed to natural decomposition. Newer research has shown that vitreous (eye) fluid provides an accurate estimate of blood alcohol concentration that is less subject to the effects of decomposition or contamination. Legal limits Main article: Drunk driving law by country Map of Europe showing countries' blood alcohol limits as defined in g/dL for the general population For purposes of law enforcement, blood alcohol content is used to define intoxication and provides a rough measure of impairment. Although the degree of impairment may vary among individuals with the same blood alcohol content, it can be measured objectively and is therefore legally useful and difficult to contest in court. Most countries forbid operation of motor vehicles and heavy machinery above prescribed levels of blood alcohol content. Operation of boats and aircraft is also regulated. Some jurisdictions also regulate bicycling under the influence. The alcohol level at which a person is considered legally impaired to drive varies by country. Test assumptions Extrapolation Retrograde extrapolation is the mathematical process by which someone's blood alcohol concentration at the time of driving is estimated by projecting backwards from a later chemical test. This involves estimating the absorption and elimination of alcohol in the interim between driving and testing. The rate of elimination in the average person is commonly estimated at 0.015 to 0.020 grams per deciliter per hour (g/dL/h), although again this can vary from person to person and in a given person from one moment to another. Metabolism can be affected by numerous factors, including such things as body temperature, the type of alcoholic beverage consumed, and the amount and type of food consumed. In an increasing number of states, laws have been enacted to facilitate this speculative task: the blood alcohol content at the time of driving is legally presumed to be the same as when later tested. There are usually time limits put on this presumption, commonly two or three hours, and the defendant is permitted to offer evidence to rebut this presumption. Forward extrapolation can also be attempted. If the amount of alcohol consumed is known, along with such variables as the weight and sex of the subject and period and rate of consumption, the blood alcohol level can be estimated by extrapolating forward. Although subject to the same infirmities as retrograde extrapolation—guessing based upon averages and unknown variables—this can be relevant in estimating BAC when driving and/or corroborating or contradicting the results of a later chemical test. Metabolism Main article: Pharmacology of ethanol § Pharmacokinetics The pharmacokinetics of ethanol are well characterized by the ADME acronym (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion). Besides the dose ingested, factors such as the person's total body water, speed of drinking, the drink's nutritional content, and the contents of the stomach all influence the profile of blood alcohol content (BAC) over time. Breath alcohol content (BrAC) and BAC have similar profile shapes, so most forensic pharmacokinetic calculations can be done with either. Relatively few studies directly compare BrAC and BAC within subjects and characterize the difference in pharmacokinetic parameters. Comparing arterial and venous BAC, arterial BAC is higher during the absorption phase and lower in the postabsorptive declining phase. Highest levels See also: List of deaths through alcohol There have been reported cases of blood alcohol content higher than 1%: In 1982, a 24-year-old woman was admitted to the UCLA emergency room with a serum alcohol content of 1.51%, corresponding to a blood alcohol content of 1.33%. She was alert and oriented to person and place and survived. Serum alcohol concentration is not equal to nor calculated in the same way as blood alcohol content. In 1984, a 30-year-old man survived a blood alcohol concentration of 1.5% after vigorous medical intervention that included dialysis and intravenous therapy with fructose. In 1995, a man from Wrocław, Poland, caused a car accident near his hometown. He had a blood alcohol content of 1.48%; he was tested five times, with each test returning the same reading. He died a few days later of injuries from the accident. In 2004, an unidentified Taiwanese woman died of alcohol intoxication after immersion for twelve hours in a bathtub filled with 40% ethanol. Her blood alcohol content was 1.35%. It was believed that she had immersed herself as a response to the SARS epidemic. In South Africa, a man driving a Mercedes-Benz Vito light van containing 15 sheep allegedly stolen from nearby farms was arrested on December 22, 2010, near Queenstown in Eastern Cape. His blood had an alcohol content of 1.6%. Also in the vehicle were five boys and a woman, who were also arrested. On 26 October 2012, a man from Gmina Olszewo-Borki, Poland, who died in a car accident, recorded a blood alcohol content of 2.23%; however, the blood sample was collected from a wound and thus possibly contaminated. On 26 July 2013 a 30-year-old man from Alfredówka, Poland, was found by Municipal Police Patrol from Nowa Dęba lying in the ditch along the road in Tarnowska Wola. At the hospital, it was recorded that the man had a blood alcohol content of 1.374%. The man survived. Notes ^ In Germany, Finland, Netherlands and Sweden, the local language term promille is used; this is occasionally provided as a courtesy in English texts. References Citations ^ a b c "Blood Alcohol Level". MedlinePlus. National Library of Medicine. 3 December 2020. ^ a b "Legal BAC limits by country". World Health Organization. Retrieved 12 November 2023. ^ "Drink-drivers in Nepal face the 'smell test' crackdown". Yahoo News. 22 July 2012. ^ "BAC Formats" (PDF). Retrieved 3 November 2023. ^ a b c d e f g Jones, AW (July 2011). "Pharmacokinetics of Ethanol - Issues of Forensic Importance". Forensic Science Review. 23 (2): 91–136. PMID 26231237. ^ "Blood alcohol levels". Alcohol and Drug Foundation (Australia). 8 February 2022 . ^ "Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)". Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD Canada). n.d. Retrieved 21 July 2022. ^ "Blood alcohol level (BAL)". Health Research Board (Ireland). ^ "The drink drive limit". GOV.UK. Retrieved 3 November 2023. ^ "Drink-driving: What are the rules?". www.ch.ch. ^ Nager, Anna (4 May 2020). "Alkoholpromille, beräkning" . Netdoktor (in Swedish). Retrieved 13 April 2024. I detta sammanhang räknar man med att 1 liter blod väger 1 kilo. ^ "Ethanol". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 3 November 2023. ^ a b c "Quick Stats: Binge Drinking." The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 2008.. ^ a b c Dasgupta, Amitava (1 January 2017), "Alcohol a double-edged sword: Health benefits with moderate consumption but a health hazard with excess alcohol intake", in Dasgupta, Amitava (ed.), Alcohol, Drugs, Genes and the Clinical Laboratory: An Overview for Healthcare and Safety Professionals, Academic Press, pp. 1–21, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805455-0.00001-4, ISBN 978-0-12-805455-0, retrieved 24 May 2023 ^ a b c Haghparast, Parna; Tchalikian, Tina N. (1 January 2022), "Alcoholic beverages and health effects", Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences, Elsevier, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824315-2.00244-x, ISBN 978-0-12-801238-3, retrieved 24 May 2023 ^ Dunn, Richard A.; Tefft, Nathan W. (2014). "Has Increased Body Weight Made Driving Safer?". Health Economics. 23 (11): 1374–1389. doi:10.1002/hec.2991. PMC 4135023. PMID 24038409. ^ a b Dubowski, Kurt M. (1 November 1980). "Alcohol Determination in the Clinical Laboratory". American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 74 (5): 747–750. doi:10.1093/ajcp/74.5.747. PMID 7446484. ^ Zamengo, Luca; Tedeschi, Gianpaola; Frison, Giampietro; Griffoni, Carlo; Ponzin, Diego; Jones, Alan Wayne (1 February 2019). "Inter-laboratory proficiency results of blood alcohol determinations at clinical and forensic laboratories in Italy". Forensic Science International. 295: 213–218. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.12.018. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 30611561. S2CID 58591654. ^ "Hospital Blood Alcohol Lab Results: Are They Forensically Reliable?". Law Offices of Christopher L. Baxter. 30 April 2020. ^ Jones, Alan Wayne (22 March 2024). "Concentration units used to report blood‐ and breath‐alcohol concentration for legal purposes differ between countries which is important to consider when blood/breath ratios of alcohol are compared and contrasted". Journal of Forensic Sciences. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.15511. ^ Lindberg, L.; Brauer, S.; Wollmer, P.; Goldberg, L.; Jones, A.W.; Olsson, S.G. (May 2007). "Breath alcohol concentration determined with a new analyzer using free exhalation predicts almost precisely the arterial blood alcohol concentration". Forensic Science International. 168 (2–3): 200–207. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.07.018. PMID 16978819. ^ Jones, AW; Cowan, JM (3 August 2020). "Reflections on variability in the blood-breath ratio of ethanol and its importance when evidential breath-alcohol instruments are used in law enforcement". Forensic Sciences Research. 5 (4): 300–308. doi:10.1080/20961790.2020.1780720. PMC 7782040. PMID 33457048. ^ Williams, Paul M. (1 December 2018). "Current defence strategies in some contested drink-drive prosecutions: Is it now time for some additional statutory assumptions?". Forensic Science International. 293: e5–e9. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.09.030. PMID 30342920. ^ a b c Ed Kuwatch. "Fast Eddie's 8/10 Method of Hand Calculating Blood Alcohol Concentration: A Simple Method For Using Widmark's Formula". Archived from the original on 2 December 2003. ^ Zuba, Dariusz; Piekoszewski, Wojciech (2004). "Uncertainty in Theoretical Calculations of Alcohol Concentration". Proc. 17th Internat. Conf. on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety. ^ Gullberg, Rod G. (October 2007). "Estimating the uncertainty associated with Widmark's equation as commonly applied in forensic toxicology". Forensic Science International. 172 (1): 33–39. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.11.010. PMID 17210238. ^ Searle, John (January 2015). "Alcohol calculations and their uncertainty". Medicine, Science and the Law. 55 (1): 58–64. doi:10.1177/0025802414524385. PMC 4361698. PMID 24644224. ^ Maskell, Peter D.; Jones, A. Wayne; Heymsfield, Steven B.; Shapses, Sue; Johnston, Atholl (November 2020). "Total body water is the preferred method to use in forensic blood-alcohol calculations rather than ethanol's volume of distribution". Forensic Science International. 316: 110532. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110532. PMID 33099270. S2CID 224966411. ^ Jones, Alan Wayne (July 2010). "Evidence-based survey of the elimination rates of ethanol from blood with applications in forensic casework". Forensic Science International. 200 (1–3): 1–20. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.02.021. PMID 20304569. ^ Maskell, Peter D.; Heymsfield, Steven B.; Shapses, Sue; Limoges, Jennifer F. (September 2023). "Population ranges for the volume of distribution ( V_d ) of alcohol for use in forensic alcohol calculations". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 68 (5): 1843–1845. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.15317. PMID 37345356. ^ Maskell, Peter D.; Cooper, Gail A. A. (September 2020). "The Contribution of Body Mass and Volume of Distribution to the Estimated Uncertainty Associated with the Widmark Equation". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 65 (5): 1676–1684. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.14447. PMID 32421216. S2CID 218677989. ^ Maskell, Peter D.; Jones, A. Wayne; Heymsfield, Steven B.; Shapses, Sue; Johnston, Atholl (November 2020). "Total body water is the preferred method to use in forensic blood-alcohol calculations rather than ethanol's volume of distribution". Forensic Science International. 316: 110532. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110532. PMID 33099270. S2CID 224966411. ^ BAC Charts Archived June 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine from Virginia Tech ^ Huber, H; Karlin, R; Nathan, P E (January 1976). "Blood alcohol level discrimination by nonalcoholics. The role of internal and external cues". Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 37 (1): 27–39. doi:10.15288/jsa.1976.37.27. PMID 2811. ^ Rowan, D. C. (March 1978). "The Role of Blood Alcohol Level Estimation in Training Alcoholics to become Controlled Drinkers". British Journal of Addiction to Alcohol & Other Drugs. 73 (3): 316–318. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1978.tb00159.x. PMID 280356. ^ Kelly, Alexandra R.; Fillmore, Mark T. (24 August 2023). "Use of mindfulness training to improve BAC self-estimation during a drinking episode". Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. doi:10.1037/adb0000955. PMC 10907993. PMID 37616096. S2CID 261098937. ^ Kugelberg, Fredrik C.; Jones, Alan Wayne (5 January 2007). "Interpreting results of ethanol analysis in postmortem specimens: A review of the literature". Forensic Science International. 165 (1): 10–27. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.05.004. PMID 16782292. Retrieved 20 May 2020. ^ Xie, Y.; Deng, Z. H. (2010). "Analysis of alcohol mass concentration in corpse blood". Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi. 26 (1): 59–63. PMID 20232748. ^ Felby, S.; Nielsen, E. (1993). "Postmortem blood alcohol concentration". Blutalkohol. 30 (4): 244–250. PMID 8373563. ^ Cowan, Dallas M.; Maskrey, Joshua R.; Fung, Ernest S.; Woods, Tyler A.; Stabryla, Lisa M.; Scott, Paul K.; Finley, Brent L. (2016). "Best-practices approach to determination of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) at specific time points: Combination of ante-mortem alcohol pharmacokinetic modeling and post-mortem alcohol generation and transport considerations". Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 78: 24–36. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.03.020. PMID 27041394. ^ "Moorgate Alcohol Finding". The Guardian. 16 April 1975. p. 24. ^ Savini, F; Tartaglia, A; Coccia, L; Palestini, D; D'Ovidio, C; de Grazia, U; Merone, GM; Bassotti, E; Locatelli, M (12 June 2020). "Ethanol Determination in Post-Mortem Samples: Correlation between Blood and Vitreous Humor Concentration". Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 25 (12). doi:10.3390/molecules25122724. PMC 7355602. PMID 32545471. ^ Montgomery, Mark R.; Reasor, Mark J. (1992). "Retrograde extrapolation of blood alcohol data: An applied approach". Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 36 (4): 281–92. Bibcode:1992JTEHA..36..281M. doi:10.1080/15287399209531639. PMID 1507264. ^ Jones, Alan W. (September 2019). "Alcohol, its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in the body and pharmacokinetic calculations". WIREs Forensic Science. 1 (5). doi:10.1002/wfs2.1340. ^ Johnson, R (1982). "Survival After a Serum Ethanol Concentration of 11/2%". The Lancet. 320 (8312): 1394. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(82)91285-5. PMID 6129476. S2CID 27551241. ^ Labianca, Dominick A. (2002). "Conversion of Serum-Alcohol Concentrations to Corresponding Blood-Alcohol Concentrations". Journal of Chemical Education. 79 (7): 803. Bibcode:2002JChEd..79..803L. doi:10.1021/ed079p803. ^ O'Neill, Shane; Tipton, KF; Prichard, JS; Quinlan, A (1984). "Survival After High Blood Alcohol Levels: Association with First-Order Elimination Kinetics". Archives of Internal Medicine. 144 (3): 641–2. doi:10.1001/archinte.1984.00350150255052. PMID 6703836. ^ a b Łuba, Marcin (24 October 2012). "Śmiertelny rekord: Kierowca z powiatu ostrołęckiego miał 22 promile alkoholu! Zginął w wypadku". eOstroleka.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 4 November 2017. ^ Wu, Yen-Liang; Guo, How-Ran; Lin, Hung-Jung (2005). "Fatal alcohol immersion during the SARS epidemic in Taiwan". Forensic Science International. 149 (2–3): 287. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.06.014. PMC 7131152. PMID 15749375. ^ Mashaba, Sibongile (24 December 2010). "Drunkest driver in SA arrested". Sowetan. Retrieved 31 March 2022. ^ "Miał 13,74 promila alkoholu we krwi. I przeżył. Rekord świata?" . Archived from the original on 11 August 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013. ^ "Informacje". General and cited references Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. Science and Technology Department. The Handy Science Answer Book. Pittsburgh: The Carnegie Library, 1997. ISBN 978-0-7876-1013-5. Perham, Nick; Moore, Simon C.; Shepherd, Jonathan; Cusens, Bryany (2007). "Identifying drunkenness in the night-time economy". Addiction. 102 (3): 377–80. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01699.x. PMID 17298644. Taylor, L., and S. Oberman. Drunk Driving Defense, 6th edition. New York: Aspen Law and Business, 2006. ISBN 978-0-7355-5429-0. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blood alcohol content statistics. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alcohol intoxication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Med2019-1"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Med2019-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BAC-2"},{"link_name":"limit of detection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_of_detection"},{"link_name":"zero tolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_tolerance"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BAC-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Med2019-1"}],"text":"Blood alcohol content (BAC), also called blood alcohol concentration or blood alcohol level, is a measurement of alcohol intoxication used for legal or medical purposes.[1]BAC is expressed as mass of alcohol per volume of blood. In the US and many international publications, BAC levels are written as a percentage such as 0.08%, meaning that there is 0.08 g of alcohol for every 100 mL of blood.[1][2] In different countries, the maximum permitted BAC when driving ranges from the limit of detection (zero tolerance) to 0.08%.[3][2] BAC levels above 0.40% are potentially fatal.[1]","title":"Blood alcohol content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SI coherent derived unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_coherent_derived_unit"},{"link_name":"kg/m3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram_per_cubic_metre"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones2011-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"pharmacokinetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacokinetics"},{"link_name":"amount of substance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amount_of_substance"},{"link_name":"moles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(unit)"},{"link_name":"molar mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"BAC is generally defined as a fraction of weight of alcohol per volume of blood, with an SI coherent derived unit of kg/m3 or equivalently grams per liter (g/L). Countries differ in how this quantity is normally expressed. Common formats are listed in the table below. For example, the US and many international publications present BAC as a percentage, such as 0.05%. This would be interpreted as 0.05 grams per deciliter of blood. This same concentration could be expressed as 0.5‰ or 50 mg% in other countries.[4]It is also possible to use other units. For example, in the 1930s Widmark measured alcohol and blood by mass, and thus reported his concentrations in units of g/kg or mg/g, weight alcohol per weight blood. 1 mL of blood has a mass of approximately 1.055 grams, thus a mass-volume BAC of 1 g/L corresponds to a mass-mass BAC of 0.948 mg/g. Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Germany, and Switzerland use mass-mass concentrations in their laws,[5] but this distinction is often skipped over in public materials,[10] implicitly assuming that 1 L of blood weighs 1 kg.[11]In pharmacokinetics, it is common to use the amount of substance, in moles, to quantify the dose. As the molar mass of ethanol is 46.07 g/mol, a BAC of 1 g/L is 21.706 mmol/L (21.706 mM).[12]","title":"Units of measurement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Short-term effects of alcohol consumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"NIAAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_on_Alcohol_Abuse_and_Alcoholism"},{"link_name":"binge drinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binge_drinking"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdc.gov-14"}],"text":"Further information: Short-term effects of alcohol consumptionThe magnitude of sensory impairment may vary in people of differing weights.[16] The NIAAA defines the term \"binge drinking\" as a pattern of drinking that brings a person's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 grams percent or above.[13]","title":"Effects by alcohol level"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Estimation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dubowski-18"},{"link_name":"headspace-gas chromatography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headspace_gas_chromatography_for_dissolved_gas_measurement"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dubowski-18"},{"link_name":"enzyme multiplied immunoassay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_multiplied_immunoassay_technique"},{"link_name":"NADH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NADH"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Direct measurement","text":"Blood samples for BAC analysis are typically obtained by taking a venous blood sample from the arm. A variety of methods exist for determining blood-alcohol concentration in a blood sample.[17] Forensic laboratories typically use headspace-gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry or flame ionization detection,[18] as this method is accurate and efficient.[17] Hospitals typically use enzyme multiplied immunoassay, which measures the co-enzyme NADH. This method is more subject to error but may be performed rapidly in parallel with other blood sample measurements.[19]In Germany, BAC is determined by measuring the serum level and then converting to whole blood by dividing by the factor 1.236. This calculation underestimates BAC by 4% to 10% compared to other methods.[20]","title":"Estimation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Breathalyser_%27pint%27_glass_-_2023-03-27_-_Andy_Mabbett.jpg"},{"link_name":"breathalyzers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathalyzer"},{"link_name":"breathalyzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathalyzer"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"By breathalyzer","text":"Joke \"Breathalyser 'pint'\" beer glass, about 2 inches tall, dating from around the time of the introduction of breathalyzers in the United Kingdom, in 1967The amount of alcohol on the breath can be measured, without requiring drawing blood, by blowing into a breathalyzer, resulting in a breath alcohol content (BrAC). The BrAC specifically correlates with the concentration of alcohol in arterial blood, satisfying the equation BACarterial = BrAC × 2251 ± 46. Its correlation with the standard BAC found by drawing venous blood is less strong.[21] Jurisdictions vary in the statutory conversion factor from BrAC to BAC, from 2000 to 2400. Many factors may affect the accuracy of a breathalyzer test,[22] but they are the most common method for measuring alcohol concentrations in most jurisdictions.[23]","title":"Estimation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ed-25"},{"link_name":"pharmacokinetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacokinetic"},{"link_name":"zero-order kinetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-order_kinetics"},{"link_name":"CV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_variation"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones2011-5"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"eliminated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimination_(pharmacology)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"volume of distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_of_distribution"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MaskellVd-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MaskellMass-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"standard drinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_drink"},{"link_name":"fluid ounces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_ounce"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ed-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ed-25"}],"sub_title":"By intake","text":"Blood alcohol content can be quickly estimated by a model developed by Swedish professor Erik Widmark in the 1920s.[24] The model corresponds to a pharmacokinetic single-compartment model with instantaneous absorption and zero-order kinetics for elimination. The model is most accurate when used to estimate BAC a few hours after drinking a single dose of alcohol in a fasted state, and can be within 20% CV of the true value.[25][26] It is not at all realistic for the absorption phase, and is not accurate for BAC levels below 0.2 g/L (alcohol is not eliminated as quickly as predicted) and consumption with food (overestimating the peak BAC and time to return to zero).[27][5] The equation varies depending on the units and approximations used, but in its simplest form is given by:[28]E\n B\n A\n C\n =\n \n \n A\n \n V\n \n d\n \n \n \n \n −\n β\n ×\n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle EBAC={\\frac {A}{V_{d}}}-\\beta \\times T}where:EBAC is the estimated blood alcohol concentration (in g/L)\nA is the mass of alcohol consumed (g).\nT is the amount time during which alcohol was present in the blood (usually time since consumption began), in hours.\nβ is the rate at which alcohol is eliminated, averaging around 0.15 g/L/hr.[29]\nVd is the volume of distribution (L); typically body weight (kg) multiplied by 0.71 L/kg for men and 0.58 L/kg for women[30][31] although estimation using TBW is more accurate.[32]Examples:A 80 kg man drinks 2 US standard drinks (3 oz) of 40% ABV vodka, containing 14 grams of ethanol each (28 g total). After two hours:E\n B\n A\n C\n =\n 28\n \n /\n \n (\n 0.71\n ⋅\n 80\n )\n −\n (\n 0.148\n ⋅\n 2\n )\n ≈\n 0.197\n \n g/L\n \n =\n 0.0197\n %\n \n BAC\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle EBAC=28/(0.71\\cdot 80)-(0.148\\cdot 2)\\approx 0.197{\\text{g/L}}=0.0197\\%{\\text{BAC}}}A 70 kg woman drinks 63 g of 40% ABV vodka, containing 21 grams of ethanol. After two hours:E\n B\n A\n C\n =\n 21\n \n /\n \n (\n 0.58\n ⋅\n 70\n )\n −\n (\n 0.156\n ⋅\n 2\n )\n ≈\n 0.205\n \n g/L\n \n =\n 0.0205\n %\n \n BAC\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle EBAC=21/(0.58\\cdot 70)-(0.156\\cdot 2)\\approx 0.205{\\text{g/L}}=0.0205\\%{\\text{BAC}}}In terms of fluid ounces of alcohol consumed and weight in pounds, Widmark's formula can be simply approximated as[24]E\n B\n A\n C\n =\n 8\n ×\n \n fl oz\n \n \n /\n \n \n weight in pounds\n \n −\n β\n ×\n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle EBAC=8\\times {\\text{fl oz}}/{\\text{weight in pounds}}-\\beta \\times T}for a man orE\n B\n A\n C\n =\n 10\n ×\n \n fl oz\n \n \n /\n \n \n weight in pounds\n \n −\n β\n ×\n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle EBAC=10\\times {\\text{fl oz}}/{\\text{weight in pounds}}-\\beta \\times T}for a woman, where EBAC and β factors are given as g/dL (% BAC), such as a β factor of 0.015% BAC per hour.[24]","title":"Estimation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NIH_standard_drink_comparison.jpg"},{"link_name":"beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer"},{"link_name":"malt liquor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malt_liquor"},{"link_name":"wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine"},{"link_name":"spirits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilled_beverage"},{"link_name":"fluid ounces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_ounces"}],"sub_title":"By standard drinks","text":"United States standard drinks of beer, malt liquor, wine, and spirits compared. Each contains about 14 grams or 17.7 mL of ethanol.The examples above define a standard drink as 0.6 fluid ounces (14 g or 17.7 mL) of ethanol, whereas other definitions exist, for example 10 grams of ethanol.","title":"Estimation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"By training","text":"If individuals are asked to estimate their BAC, then given accurate feedback via a breathalyzer, and this procedure is repeated a number of times during a drinking session, studies show that these individuals can learn to discriminate their BAC, to within a mean error of 9 mg/100 mL (0.009% BAC).[34] The ability is robust to different types of alcohol, different drink quantities, and drinks with unknown levels of alcohol. Trained individuals can even drink alcoholic drinks so as to adjust or maintain their BAC at a desired level.[35] Training the ability does not appear to require any information or procedure besides breathalyzer feedback, although most studies have provided information such as intoxication symptoms at different BAC levels. Subjects continue to retain the ability one month after training.[36]","title":"Estimation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"putrefy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putrefaction"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Moorgate tube crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorgate_tube_crash"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Post-mortem","text":"After fatal accidents, it is common to check the blood alcohol levels of involved persons. However, soon after death, the body begins to putrefy, a biological process which produces ethanol. This can make it difficult to conclusively determine the blood alcohol content in autopsies, particularly in bodies recovered from water.[37][38][39][40] For instance, following the 1975 Moorgate tube crash, the driver's kidneys had a blood alcohol concentration of 80 mg/100 mL, but it could not be established how much of this could be attributed to natural decomposition.[41] Newer research has shown that vitreous (eye) fluid provides an accurate estimate of blood alcohol concentration that is less subject to the effects of decomposition or contamination.[42]","title":"Estimation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_European_countries_by_maximum_blood_alcohol_level_(colorblind).svg"}],"text":"Map of Europe showing countries' blood alcohol limits as defined in g/dL for the general populationFor purposes of law enforcement, blood alcohol content is used to define intoxication and provides a rough measure of impairment. Although the degree of impairment may vary among individuals with the same blood alcohol content, it can be measured objectively and is therefore legally useful and difficult to contest in court. Most countries forbid operation of motor vehicles and heavy machinery above prescribed levels of blood alcohol content. Operation of boats and aircraft is also regulated. Some jurisdictions also regulate bicycling under the influence. The alcohol level at which a person is considered legally impaired to drive varies by country.","title":"Legal limits"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Test assumptions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extrapolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrapolation"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Extrapolation","text":"Retrograde extrapolation is the mathematical process by which someone's blood alcohol concentration at the time of driving is estimated by projecting backwards from a later chemical test. This involves estimating the absorption and elimination of alcohol in the interim between driving and testing. The rate of elimination in the average person is commonly estimated at 0.015 to 0.020 grams per deciliter per hour (g/dL/h),[43] although again this can vary from person to person and in a given person from one moment to another. Metabolism can be affected by numerous factors, including such things as body temperature, the type of alcoholic beverage consumed, and the amount and type of food consumed.In an increasing number of states, laws have been enacted to facilitate this speculative task: the blood alcohol content at the time of driving is legally presumed to be the same as when later tested. There are usually time limits put on this presumption, commonly two or three hours, and the defendant is permitted to offer evidence to rebut this presumption.Forward extrapolation can also be attempted. If the amount of alcohol consumed is known, along with such variables as the weight and sex of the subject and period and rate of consumption, the blood alcohol level can be estimated by extrapolating forward. Although subject to the same infirmities as retrograde extrapolation—guessing based upon averages and unknown variables—this can be relevant in estimating BAC when driving and/or corroborating or contradicting the results of a later chemical test.","title":"Test assumptions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pharmacokinetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacokinetic"},{"link_name":"ADME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADME"},{"link_name":"total body water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_body_water"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones2019-45"}],"text":"The pharmacokinetics of ethanol are well characterized by the ADME acronym (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion). Besides the dose ingested, factors such as the person's total body water, speed of drinking, the drink's nutritional content, and the contents of the stomach all influence the profile of blood alcohol content (BAC) over time. Breath alcohol content (BrAC) and BAC have similar profile shapes, so most forensic pharmacokinetic calculations can be done with either. Relatively few studies directly compare BrAC and BAC within subjects and characterize the difference in pharmacokinetic parameters. Comparing arterial and venous BAC, arterial BAC is higher during the absorption phase and lower in the postabsorptive declining phase.[44]","title":"Metabolism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of deaths through alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deaths_through_alcohol"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"dialysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_dialysis"},{"link_name":"intravenous therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_therapy"},{"link_name":"fructose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructose"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eOstroleka_2012-49"},{"link_name":"SARS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz Vito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Vito"},{"link_name":"Queenstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenstown,_Eastern_Cape"},{"link_name":"Eastern Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Cape"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Blood_alcohol_content#Dubious"},{"link_name":"Gmina Olszewo-Borki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Olszewo-Borki"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eOstroleka_2012-49"},{"link_name":"Alfredówka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%C3%B3wka"},{"link_name":"Nowa Dęba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowa_D%C4%99ba"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"See also: List of deaths through alcoholThere have been reported cases of blood alcohol content higher than 1%:In 1982, a 24-year-old woman was admitted to the UCLA emergency room with a serum alcohol content of 1.51%, corresponding to a blood alcohol content of 1.33%. She was alert and oriented to person and place and survived.[45] Serum alcohol concentration is not equal to nor calculated in the same way as blood alcohol content.[46]\nIn 1984, a 30-year-old man survived a blood alcohol concentration of 1.5% after vigorous medical intervention that included dialysis and intravenous therapy with fructose.[47]\nIn 1995, a man from Wrocław, Poland, caused a car accident near his hometown. He had a blood alcohol content of 1.48%; he was tested five times, with each test returning the same reading. He died a few days later of injuries from the accident.[48]\nIn 2004, an unidentified Taiwanese woman died of alcohol intoxication after immersion for twelve hours in a bathtub filled with 40% ethanol. Her blood alcohol content was 1.35%. It was believed that she had immersed herself as a response to the SARS epidemic.[49]\nIn South Africa, a man driving a Mercedes-Benz Vito light van containing 15 sheep allegedly stolen from nearby farms was arrested on December 22, 2010, near Queenstown in Eastern Cape. His blood had an alcohol content of 1.6%. Also in the vehicle were five boys and a woman, who were also arrested.[50][dubious – discuss]\nOn 26 October 2012, a man from Gmina Olszewo-Borki, Poland, who died in a car accident, recorded a blood alcohol content of 2.23%; however, the blood sample was collected from a wound and thus possibly contaminated.[48]\nOn 26 July 2013 a 30-year-old man from Alfredówka, Poland, was found by Municipal Police Patrol from Nowa Dęba lying in the ditch along the road in Tarnowska Wola. At the hospital, it was recorded that the man had a blood alcohol content of 1.374%. The man survived.[51][52]","title":"Highest levels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"promille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_mille"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HRB_BAL-8"}],"text":"^ In Germany, Finland, Netherlands and Sweden, the local language term promille is used; this is occasionally provided as a courtesy in English texts.[8]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Joke \"Breathalyser 'pint'\" beer glass, about 2 inches tall, dating from around the time of the introduction of breathalyzers in the United Kingdom, in 1967","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Breathalyser_%27pint%27_glass_-_2023-03-27_-_Andy_Mabbett.jpg/170px-Breathalyser_%27pint%27_glass_-_2023-03-27_-_Andy_Mabbett.jpg"},{"image_text":"United States standard drinks of beer, malt liquor, wine, and spirits compared. Each contains about 14 grams or 17.7 mL of ethanol.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/NIH_standard_drink_comparison.jpg/400px-NIH_standard_drink_comparison.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Europe showing countries' blood alcohol limits as defined in g/dL for the general population","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_of_European_countries_by_maximum_blood_alcohol_level_%28colorblind%29.svg/300px-Map_of_European_countries_by_maximum_blood_alcohol_level_%28colorblind%29.svg.png"}]
null
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Retrieved 21 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://madd.ca/pages/impaired-driving/overview/blood-alcohol-concentration-bac/","url_text":"\"Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blood alcohol level (BAL)\". Health Research Board (Ireland).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/glossary/info/blood_alcohol_level","url_text":"\"Blood alcohol level (BAL)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The drink drive limit\". GOV.UK. Retrieved 3 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/drink-drive-limit","url_text":"\"The drink drive limit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Drink-driving: What are the rules?\". www.ch.ch.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ch.ch/en/vehicles-and-traffic/how-to-behave-in-road-traffic/traffic-regulations/alcohol-in-road-traffic-and-navigation/#how-much-wine-or-beer-can-i-drink","url_text":"\"Drink-driving: What are the rules?\""}]},{"reference":"Nager, Anna (4 May 2020). \"Alkoholpromille, beräkning\" [Calculation of alcohol per mille]. Netdoktor (in Swedish). Retrieved 13 April 2024. I detta sammanhang räknar man med att 1 liter blod väger 1 kilo. [In this context, it is assumed that 1 liter of blood weighs 1 kilogram.]","urls":[{"url":"https://www.netdoktor.se/psykiatri/missbruk-beroende/sjukdomar/alkoholpromille-berakning/","url_text":"\"Alkoholpromille, beräkning\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ethanol\". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 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Baxter. 30 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.new-jersey-dui-defense.com/hospital-blood-alcohol-lab-results-are-they-forensically-reliable.aspx","url_text":"\"Hospital Blood Alcohol Lab Results: Are They Forensically Reliable?\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Alan Wayne (22 March 2024). \"Concentration units used to report blood‐ and breath‐alcohol concentration for legal purposes differ between countries which is important to consider when blood/breath ratios of alcohol are compared and contrasted\". Journal of Forensic Sciences. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.15511.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1556-4029.15511","url_text":"10.1111/1556-4029.15511"}]},{"reference":"Lindberg, L.; Brauer, S.; Wollmer, P.; Goldberg, L.; Jones, A.W.; Olsson, S.G. (May 2007). \"Breath alcohol concentration determined with a new analyzer using free exhalation predicts almost precisely the arterial blood alcohol concentration\". Forensic Science International. 168 (2–3): 200–207. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.07.018. PMID 16978819.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.forsciint.2006.07.018","url_text":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.07.018"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16978819","url_text":"16978819"}]},{"reference":"Jones, AW; Cowan, JM (3 August 2020). \"Reflections on variability in the blood-breath ratio of ethanol and its importance when evidential breath-alcohol instruments are used in law enforcement\". Forensic Sciences Research. 5 (4): 300–308. doi:10.1080/20961790.2020.1780720. PMC 7782040. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_(politics)
Right-wing politics
["1 Positions","1.1 Anti-communism","1.2 Economics","1.3 Nationalism","1.4 Natural law and traditionalism","1.5 Populism","1.6 Religion","1.7 Social stratification","2 History","2.1 China","2.1.1 Republic of China (1912–1949)","2.1.2 People's Republic of China","2.2 France","2.3 Hungary","2.4 India","2.5 United Kingdom","2.6 United States","3 Types","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
Political orientation "Right-wing", "Political right", and "The Right" redirect here. For the term used in sport, see Winger (sports). For political freedoms, see Civil and political rights. For other uses, see Right (disambiguation). Part of the Politics seriesParty politics Political Spectrum Left-Wing Far-LeftCentre-Left Centre Centre-LeftRadical CentreCentre-Right Right-Wing Centre-RightFar-Right Platforms/Ideologies Anarchist Christian Democratic Communist Conservative Democratic Environmentalist Fascist Fundamentalist Globalist Green Internationalist Liberal Libertarian Nationalist Pirate Party Populist Progressive Radical Regionalist Republican Social Democratic Socialist Syncretic Types Bloc party Elite party Cartel party Competitive Catch-all party Entrepreneurial party Ethnic party Mass party Ruling party Opposition party Parliamentary opposition Official party status Single-issue party Transnational / International Leaders and organization Backbencher Caucus Caucus chair Frontbencher Lead candidate Leader of the Opposition Majority leader Minority leader Political faction Parliamentary leader Party chair Party leader Party spokesperson Secretary Shadow cabinet Whip Internal elections Primary election Leadership election Open list Party convention/conference Leadership convention Party discipline Conscience vote Crossing the floor Party discipline Party line Party-line vote Party switching Party systems One-party Dominant-partyTwo-partyMulti-party Non-partisan Coalitions between parties Parliamentary group Divided government Coalition government Confidence and supply Consensus government Grand coalition Hung parliament Majority government Minority government National unity government Rotation government Lists of political parties Ruling parties by country Political parties by region Banned political parties Politics portalvte Right-wing politics is the range of political ideologies that view certain social orders and hierarchies as inevitable, natural, normal, or desirable, typically supporting this position based on natural law, economics, authority, property, religion, biology or tradition. Hierarchy and inequality may be seen as natural results of traditional social differences or competition in market economies. Right-wing politics are considered the counterpart to left-wing politics, and the left–right political spectrum is one of the most common political spectrums. The right includes social conservatives and fiscal conservatives as well as right-libertarians. "Right" and "right-wing" have been variously used as compliments and pejoratives describing neoliberal, conservative, and fascist economic and social ideas. Positions The following positions are typically associated with right-wing politics. Anti-communism This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The original use of the term "right-wing", relative to communism, placed the conservatives on the right, the liberals in the centre and the communists on the left. Both the conservatives and the liberals were strongly anti-communist, although conservatives' anti-communism is much stronger than liberals'. The history of the use of the term right-wing about anti-communism is a complicated one. Early Marxist movements were at odds with the traditional monarchies that ruled over much of the European continent at the time. Many European monarchies outlawed the public expression of communist views and the Communist Manifesto, which began " spectre is haunting Europe", and stated that monarchs feared for their thrones. Advocacy of communism was illegal in the Russian Empire, the German Empire, and Austria-Hungary, the three most powerful monarchies in continental Europe before World War I. Many monarchists (except constitutional monarchists) viewed inequality in wealth and political power as resulting from a divine natural order. The struggle between monarchists and communists was often described as a struggle between the Right and the Left.Anti-communist propaganda poster depicting the White movement. which says "For a united Russia", 1919By World War I, in most European monarchies the divine right of kings had become discredited and was replaced by liberal and nationalist movements. Most European monarchs became figureheads, or they yielded some power to elected governments. The most conservative European monarchy, the Russian Empire, was replaced by the communist Soviet Union. The Russian Revolution inspired a series of other communist revolutions across Europe in the years 1917–1923. Many of these, such as the German Revolution, were defeated by nationalist and monarchist military units. During this period, nationalism began to be considered right-wing, especially when it opposed the internationalism of the communists. The 1920s and 1930s saw the decline of traditional right-wing politics. The mantle of conservative anti-communism was taken up by the rising fascist movements on the one hand and by American-inspired liberal conservatives on the other. When communist groups and political parties began appearing around the world, their opponents were usually colonial authorities and the term right-wing came to be applied to colonialism. After World War II, communism became a global phenomenon and anti-communism became an integral part of the domestic and foreign policies of the United States and its NATO allies. Conservatism in the post-war era abandoned its monarchist and aristocratic roots, focusing instead on patriotism, religious values, and nationalism. Throughout the Cold War, postcolonial governments in Asia, Africa, and Latin America turned to the United States for political and economic support. Communists were also enemies of capitalism, portraying Wall Street as the oppressor of the masses. The United States made anti-communism the top priority of its foreign policy, and many American conservatives sought to combat what they saw as communist influence at home. This led to the adoption of several domestic policies that are collectively known under the term McCarthyism. While both liberals and conservatives were anti-communist, the followers of Senator McCarthy were called right-wing and those on the right called liberals who favored free speech, even for communists, leftist. Economics Main articles: Capitalism and Corporatism Plato (left) and Aristotle (right) Early forms of corporatism would be developed in Classical Greece and used in Ancient Rome. Plato would develop the ideas of totalitarian and communitarian corporatist systems of natural based classes and social hierarchies that would be organized based on function, such that groups would cooperate to achieve social harmony by emphasizing collectives interests over individual interests. Corporatism as a political ideology advocates the organization of society by corporate groups—such as agricultural, labour, military, scientific, or guild associations—based on their common interests. After the decline of the Western Roman Empire corporatism became limited to religious orders and to the idea of Christian brotherhood, especially in the context of economic transactions. From the High Middle Ages onwards corporatist organizations became increasingly common in Europe, including such groups as religious orders, monasteries, fraternities, military orders such as the Knights Templar and the Teutonic Order, educational organizations such as the emerging universities and learned societies, the chartered towns and cities, and most notably the guild system which dominated the economics of population centers in Europe. In post-revolutionary France, the Right fought against the rising power of those who had grown rich through commerce, and sought to preserve the rights of the hereditary nobility. They were uncomfortable with capitalism, the Enlightenment, individualism, and industrialism, and fought to retain traditional social hierarchies and institutions. In Europe's history, there have been strong collectivist right-wing movements, such as in the social Catholic right, that have exhibited hostility to all forms of liberalism (including economic liberalism) and have historically advocated for paternalist class harmony involving an organic-hierarchical society where workers are protected while class hierarchy remains. In the nineteenth century, the Right had shifted to support the newly rich in some European countries (particularly Britain) and instead of favouring the nobility over industrialists, favoured capitalists over the working class. Other right-wing movements—such as Carlism in Spain and nationalist movements in France, Germany, and Russia—remained hostile to capitalism and industrialism. Nevertheless, a few right-wing movements—notably the French Nouvelle Droite, CasaPound, and American paleoconservatism—are often in opposition to capitalist ethics and the effects they have on society. These forces see capitalism and industrialism as infringing upon or causing the decay of social traditions or hierarchies that are essential for social order. In modern times, "right-wing" is sometimes used to describe laissez-faire capitalism. In Europe, capitalists formed alliances with the Right during their conflicts with workers after 1848. In France, the Right's support of capitalism can be traced to the late nineteenth century. The so-called neoliberal Right, popularised by US President Ronald Reagan and UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, combines support for free markets, privatisation, and deregulation with traditional right-wing support for social conformity. Right-wing libertarianism (sometimes known as libertarian conservatism or conservative libertarianism) supports a decentralised economy based on economic freedom and holds property rights, free markets, and free trade to be the most important kinds of freedom. Political theorist Russell Kirk believed that freedom and property rights were interlinked. Nationalism Main articles: Nationalism and Neo-nationalism In France, nationalism was originally a left-wing and republican ideology. After the period of boulangisme and the Dreyfus Affair, nationalism became a trait of the right-wing. Right-wing nationalists sought to define and defend a "true" national identity from elements which they believed were corrupting that identity. Some were supremacists, who in accordance with scientific racism and social Darwinism applied the concept of "survival of the fittest" to nations and races. Right-wing nationalism was influenced by Romantic nationalism, in which the state derives its political legitimacy from the organic unity of those who it governs. This generally includes the language, race, culture, religion, and customs of the nation, all of which were "born" within its culture. Linked with right-wing nationalism is cultural conservatism, which supports the preservation of the heritage of a nation or culture and often sees deviations from cultural norms as an existential threat. In the 21st century Neo-nationalism came to prominence in the post-cold war western world. This ideology is typically associated with cultural conservatism, populism, anti-globalization, and nativism and is opposed to immigration. Neo-nationalism takes historical association in determining membership in a nation, rather than racial concepts. Natural law and traditionalism Right-wing politics typically justifies a hierarchical society based on natural law or tradition. Traditionalism was advocated by a group of United States university professors (labelled the "New Conservatives" by the popular press) who rejected the concepts of individualism, liberalism, modernity, and social progress, seeking instead to promote what they identified as cultural and educational renewal and a revived interest in concepts perceived by traditionalists as truths that endure from age to age alongside basic institutions of western society such as the church, the family, the state, and business. Populism Main article: Right-wing populism Tea Party protesters walk towards the United States Capitol during the Taxpayer March on Washington, 12 September 2009. Right-wing populism is a combination of civic-nationalism, cultural-nationalism and sometimes ethno-nationalism, localism, along with anti-elitism, using populist rhetoric to provide a critique of existing political institutions. According to Margaret Canovan, a right-wing populist is "a charismatic leader, using the tactics of politicians' populism to go past the politicians and intellectual elite and appeal to the reactionary sentiments of the populace, often buttressing his claim to speak for the people by the use of referendums". In Europe, right-wing populism often takes the form of distrust of the European Union, and of politicians in general, combined with anti-immigrant rhetoric and a call for a return to traditional, national values. Daniel Stockemer states, the radical right is, "Targeting immigrants as a threat to employment, security and cultural cohesion." In the United States, the Tea Party movement stated that the core beliefs for membership were the primacy of individual liberties as defined by the Constitution of the United States, preference for a small federal government, and respect for the rule of law. Some policy positions included opposition to illegal immigration and support for a strong national military force, the right to individual gun ownership, cutting taxes, reducing government spending, and balancing the budget. Religion Maharajadhiraja Prithvi Narayan Shah (1723-1775), King of Nepal, propagated the ideals of the Hindu text the Dharmasastra as his kingdom's ruling ideology. Philosopher and diplomat Joseph de Maistre argued for the indirect authority of the Pope over temporal matters. According to Maistre, only governments which were founded upon Christian constitutions—which were implicit in the customs and institutions of all European societies, especially the Catholic European monarchies—could avoid the disorder and bloodshed that followed the implementation of rationalist political programs, such as the chaos which occurred during the French Revolution. Some prelates of the Church of England–established by Henry VIII and headed by the current sovereign—are given seats in the House of Lords (as Lords Spiritual), but they are considered politically neutral rather than specifically right- or left-wing. American right-wing media outlets oppose sex outside marriage and same-sex marriage, and they sometimes reject scientific positions on evolution and other matters where science tends to disagree with the Bible. The term family values has been used by right-wing parties—such as the Republican Party in the United States, the Family First Party in Australia, the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom, and the Bharatiya Janata Party in India—to signify support for traditional families and opposition to the changes the modern world has made in how families live. Supporters of "family values" may oppose abortion, euthanasia, and birth control. Outside the West, the Hindu nationalist movement has attracted privileged groups which fear encroachment on their dominant positions, as well as "plebeian" and impoverished groups which seek recognition around a majoritarian rhetoric of cultural pride, order, and national strength. In Israel, Meir Kahane advocated that Israel should be a theocratic state, where non-Jews have no voting rights, and the far-right Lehava strictly opposes Jewish assimilation and the Christian presence in Israel. The Jewish Defence League (JDL) in the United States was classified as "a right wing terrorist group" by the FBI in 2001. Many Islamist groups have been called right-wing, including the Great Union Party, the Combatant Clergy Association/Association of Militant Clergy, and the Islamic Society of Engineers of Iran. Social stratification Russell Kirk, 1963 Right-wing politics involves, in varying degrees, the rejection of some egalitarian objectives of left-wing politics, claiming either that social or economic inequality is natural and inevitable or that it is beneficial to society. Right-wing ideologies and movements support social order. The original French right-wing was called "the party of order" and held that France needed a strong political leader to keep order. Conservative British scholar R. J. White, who rejects egalitarianism, wrote: "Men are equal before God and the laws, but unequal in all else; hierarchy is the order of nature, and privilege is the reward of honourable service". American conservative Russell Kirk also rejected egalitarianism as imposing sameness, stating: "Men are created different; and a government that ignores this law becomes an unjust government for it sacrifices nobility to mediocrity". Kirk took as one of the "canons" of conservatism the principle that "civilized society requires orders and classes". Italian scholar Norberto Bobbio argued that the right-wing is inegalitarian compared to the left-wing, as he argued that equality is a relative, not absolute, concept. Right libertarians reject collective or state-imposed equality as undermining reward for personal merit, initiative, and enterprise. In their view, such imposed equality is unjust, limits personal freedom, and leads to social uniformity and mediocrity. In the view of philosopher Jason Stanley in How Fascism Works, the "politics of hierarchy" is one of the hallmarks of fascism, which refers to a "glorious past" in which members of the rightfully dominant group sat atop the hierarchy, and attempt to recreate this state of being. History According to The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought, the Right has gone through five distinct historical stages: The reactionary right sought a return to aristocracy and established religion. The moderate right distrusted intellectuals and sought limited government. The radical right favored a romantic and aggressive form of nationalism. The extreme right proposed anti-immigration policies and implicit racism. The neo-liberal right sought to combine a market economy and economic deregulation with the traditional right-wing beliefs in patriotism, elitism and law and order. The political terms Left and Right were first used in the 18th century, during the French Revolution, referencing the seating arrangement of the French parliament. Those who sat to the right of the chair of the presiding officer (le président) were generally supportive of the institutions of the monarchist Old Regime. The original "Right" in France was formed in reaction to the "Left" and comprised those supporting hierarchy, tradition, and clericalism.: 693  The expression la droite ("the right") increased in use after the restoration of the monarchy in 1815, when it was applied to the ultra-royalists. From the 1830s to the 1880s, the Western world's social class structure and economy shifted from nobility and aristocracy towards capitalism. This shift affected centre-right movements such as the British Conservative Party, which responded supporting capitalism. The people of English-speaking countries did not apply the terms right and left to their politics until the 20th century. The term right-wing was originally applied to traditional conservatives, monarchists, and reactionaries; a revision of this which occurred sometime between the 1920s and 1950s considers the far-right to denote fascism, Nazism, and racial supremacy. Rightist regimes were common in Europe in the Interwar period, 1919–1938. China Republic of China (1912–1949) Among Kuomintang (KMT)'s conservatives during the Republic of China, Dai Jitao Thought supporters formed the Western Hills Group in the 1920s. Chiang Kai-shek initially claimed himself as a 'centrist' in the KMT left-right conflict, but became an anti-communist right-wing after Shanghai massacre. Chiangism (or 'Chiang Kai-shek Thought') was related to Confucianism, state capitalism, paternalistic conservatism, and Chinese nationalism (which included fascistic elements). People's Republic of China See also: Neoauthoritarianism (China) The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) describes itself as Marxist, and has not officially abandoned leftist ideology, Marxism–Leninism, or socialism with Chinese characteristics. Christer Pursiainen has characterized the CCP as a right-wing political party, pointing to an ideological change within the party under Jiang Zemin's leadership during the 1990s. During Xi Jinping's leadership, the CCP has become more closely related to ultranationalist, ultraconservative, and Han-centric elements. France See also: Left–right politics The political term right-wing was first used during the French Revolution, when liberal deputies of the Third Estate generally sat to the left of the presiding officer's chair, a custom that began in the Estates General of 1789. The nobility, members of the Second Estate, generally sat to the right. In the successive legislative assemblies, monarchists who supported the Old Regime were commonly referred to as rightists because they sat on the right side. A major figure on the right was Joseph de Maistre, who argued for an authoritarian form of conservatism. Throughout France in the 19th century, the main line dividing the left and right was between supporters of the republic and those of the monarchy, who were often secularist and Catholic respectively. On the right, the Legitimists and Ultra-royalists held counter-revolutionary views, while the Orléanists hoped to create a constitutional monarchy under their preferred branch of the royal family, which briefly became a reality after the 1830 July Revolution. The centre-right Gaullists in post-World War II France advocated considerable social spending on education and infrastructure development as well as extensive economic regulation, but limited the wealth redistribution measures characteristic of social democracy. Hungary The dominance of the political right of inter-war Hungary, after the collapse of a short-lived Communist regime, was described by historian István Deák: Between 1919 and 1944 Hungary was a rightist country. Forged out of a counter-revolutionary heritage, its governments advocated a "nationalist Christian" policy; they extolled heroism, faith, and unity; they despised the French Revolution, and they spurned the liberal and socialist ideologies of the 19th century. The governments saw Hungary as a bulwark against bolshevism and bolshevism's instruments: socialism, cosmopolitanism, and Freemasonry. They perpetrated the rule of a small clique of aristocrats, civil servants, and army officers, and surrounded with adulation the head of the state, the counterrevolutionary Admiral Horthy. India Although freedom fighters are favoured, the right-wing tendency to elect or appoint politicians and government officials based on aristocratic and religious ties is common to almost all the states of India. Multiple political parties however identify with terms and beliefs which are, by political consensus, right or left wing. Certain political parties such as the Bharatiya Janata Party, identify with conservative and nationalist elements. Some, such as the Indian National Congress, take a liberal stance. The Communist Party of India, Communist Party of India (Marxist), and others, identify with left-wing socialist and communist concepts. Other political parties take differing stands, and hence cannot be clearly grouped as the left- and the right-wing. United Kingdom 1909 Conservative Party poster This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) In British politics, the terms right and left came into common use for the first time in the late 1930s during debates over the Spanish Civil War. United States American anti-communist propaganda of the 1950s, specifically addressing the entertainment industry This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2021) The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In the United States, following the Second World War, social conservatives joined with right-wing elements of the Republican Party to gain support in traditionally Democratic voting populations like white southerners and Catholics. Ronald Reagan's election to the presidency in 1980 cemented the alliance between the religious right in the United States and social conservatives. In 2019, the United States populace leaned center-right, with 37% of Americans self-identifying as conservative, compared to 35% moderate and 24% liberal. This was continuing a decades long trend of the country leaning center-right. The United States Department of Homeland Security defines right-wing extremism in the United States as "broadly divided into those groups, movements, and adherents that are primarily hate-oriented (based on hatred of particular religious, racial or ethnic groups), and those that are mainly anti-government, rejecting federal authority in favor of state or local authority, or rejecting government authority entirely. It may include groups and individuals that are dedicated to a single issue, such as opposition to abortion or immigration." Types The meaning of right-wing "varies across societies, historical epochs, and political systems and ideologies." According to The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics, in liberal democracies, the political right opposes socialism and social democracy. Right-wing parties include conservatives, Christian democrats, classical liberals, and nationalists, as well as fascists on the far-right. British academics Noël O'Sullivan and Roger Eatwell divide the right into five types: reactionary, moderate, radical, extreme, and new. Chip Berlet wrote that each of these "styles of thought" are "responses to the left", including liberalism and socialism, which have arisen since the 1789 French Revolution. The reactionary right looks toward the past and is "aristocratic, religious and authoritarian". The moderate right, typified by the writings of Edmund Burke, is tolerant of change, provided it is gradual and accepts some aspects of liberalism, including the rule of law and capitalism, although it sees radical laissez-faire and individualism as harmful to society. The moderate right often promotes nationalism and social welfare policies. Radical right is a descriptive term that was developed after World War II and it was applied to groups and ideologies such as McCarthyism, the John Birch Society, Thatcherism, and the Republikaner Party. Eatwell stresses that this usage of the term has "major typological problems" because it "has also been applied to clearly democratic developments." The radical right includes right-wing populism and various other subtypes. The extreme right has four traits: "1) anti-democracy, 2) ultranationalism, 3) racism, and 4) the strong state." The New Right consists of the liberal conservatives, who stress small government, free markets, and individual initiative. Other authors make a distinction between the centre-right and the far-right. Parties of the centre-right generally support liberal democracy, capitalism, the market economy (though they may accept government regulation to control monopolies), private property rights, and a limited welfare state (for example, government provision of education and medical care). They support conservatism and economic liberalism and oppose socialism and communism. By contrast, the phrase "far-right" is used to describe those who favor an absolutist government, which uses the power of the state to support the dominant ethnic group or religion and criminalize other ethnic groups or religions. Typical examples of leaders to whom the far-right label is often applied are: Francisco Franco in Spain, Benito Mussolini in Italy, Adolf Hitler in Nazi Germany, Augusto Pinochet in Chile, and Jorge Rafael Videla in Argentina. See also Alt-right Christian right Far right List of right-wing political parties New Right Old Right Radical right (Europe) Radical right (United States) Right realism Right-wing authoritarianism Right-wing terrorism References ^ Johnson, Paul (2005). "Right-wing, rightist". A Politics Glossary. Auburn University website. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014. ^ Bobbio, Norberto; Cameron, Allan (1996). Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 51, 62. ISBN 978-0-226-06246-4. ^ Goldthorpe, J.E. (1985). An Introduction to Sociology (Third ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-521-24545-6. ^ "Right". Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 April 2009. Retrieved 22 May 2022. ^ a b Carlisle, Rodney P. (2005). Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right. Thousand Oaks : SAGE Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4129-0409-4. ^ a b T. Alexander Smith, Raymond Tatalovich. Cultures at war: moral conflicts in western democracies. Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press, Ltd, 2003. p. 30. "That viewpoint is held by contemporary sociologists, for whom 'right-wing movements' are conceptualized as 'social movements whose stated goals are to maintain structures of order, status, honor, or traditional social differences or values' as compared to left-wing movements which seek 'greater equality or political participation.' In other words, the sociological perspective sees preservationist politics as a right-wing attempt to defend privilege within the social hierarchy." ^ a b Left and right: the significance of a political distinction, Norberto Bobbio and Allan Cameron, p. 37, University of Chicago Press, 1997. ^ a b Seymour Martin Lipset, cited in Fuchs, D., and Klingemann, H. 1990. The left-right schema. pp. 203–34 in Continuities in Political Action: A Longitudinal Study of Political Orientations in Three Western Democracies, ed.M.Jennings et al. Berlin:de Gruyter ^ a b c Lukes, Steven. 'Epilogue: The Grand Dichotomy of the Twentieth Century': concluding chapter to T. Ball and R. Bellamy (eds.), The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought. pp.610–612 ^ a b c Clark, William Roberts (2003). Capitalism, Not Globalism: Capital Mobility, Central Bank Independence, and the Political Control of the Economy (. ed.). Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11293-7. ^ Smith, T. Alexander and Raymond Tatalovich. Cultures at War: Moral Conflicts in Western Democracies (Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press, Ltd., 2003) p. 30. "That viewpoint is held by contemporary sociologists, for whom 'right-wing movements' are conceptualized as 'social movements whose stated goals are to maintain structures of order, status, honor, or traditional social differences or values' as compared to left-wing movements which seek 'greater equality or political participation.' ^ Gidron, N; Ziblatt, D. (2019). "Center-right political parties in advanced democracies 2019" (PDF). Annual Review of Political Science. 22: 23. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750. Defining the right by its adherence to the status quo is closely associated with a definition of the right as a defense of inequality (Bobbio 1996, Jost 2009, Luna & Kaltwasser 2014). As noted by Jost (2009), within the context of Western political development, opposition to change is often synonymous with support for inequality. Notwithstanding its prominence in the literature, we are hesitant to adopt this definition of the right since it requires the researcher to interpret ideological claims according to an abstract understanding of equality. For instance, Noel & Therien (2008) argue that right-wing opposition to affirmative action speaks in the name of equality and rejects positive discrimination based on demographic factors. From this perspective, the right is not inegalitarian but is "differently egalitarian" (Noel & Therien 2008, p. 18). ^ Scruton, Roger "A Dictionary of Political Thought" "Defined by contrast to (or perhaps more accurately conflict with) the left the term right does not even have the respectability of a history. As now used it denotes several connected and also conflicting ideas (including) 1)conservative, and perhaps authoritarian, doctrines concerning the nature of civil society, with emphasis on custom, tradition, and allegiance as social bonds ... 8) belief in free enterprise free markets and a capitalist economy as the only mode of production compatible with human freedom and suited to the temporary nature of human aspirations ..." pp. 281–2, Macmillan, 1996 ^ Goldthorpe, J.E. (1985). An Introduction to Sociology (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-521-24545-6. There are ... those who accept inequality as natural, normal, and even desirable. Two main lines of thought converge on the Right or conservative side...the truly Conservative view is that there is a natural hierarchy of skills and talents in which some people are born leaders, whether by heredity or family tradition. ... now ... the more usual right-wing view, which may be called 'liberal-conservative', is that unequal rewards are right and desirable so long as the competition for wealth and power is a fair one. ^ Gidron, N; Ziblatt, D. (2019). "Center-right political parties in advanced democracies 2019" (PDF). Annual Review of Political Science. 22: 24. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750. S2CID 182421002. ...since different currents within the right are drawn to different visions of societal structures. For example, market liberals see social relations as stratified by natural economic inequalities. ^ McClosky, Herbert; Chong, Dennis (July 1985). "Similarities and Differences Between Left-Wing and Right-Wing Radicals". British Journal of Political Science. 15 (3): 329–363. doi:10.1017/S0007123400004221. ISSN 1469-2112. S2CID 154330828. ^ Leonard V. Kaplan, Rudy Koshar, The Weimar Moment: Liberalism, Political Theology, and Law (2012) p. 7–8. ^ Alan S. Kahan, Mind Vs. Money: The War Between Intellectuals and Capitalism (2010), p. 184. ^ Jerome L. Himmelstein, To the right: The transformation of American conservatism (1992). ^ Wright, Edmund, ed. (2006). The Desk Encyclopedia of World History. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 370, 541. ISBN 978-0-7394-7809-7. ^ Hendershot, Cyndy (2003). Anti-Communism and Popular Culture in Mid-Century America. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 978-0786414406. ^ Nunberg, Geoffrey (17 April 2003). "Sticks and Stones; The Defanging of a Radical Epithet". The New York Times. ^ Adler, Franklin Hugh. Italian Industrialists from Liberalism to Fascism: The Political Development of the Industrial Bourgeoisie, 1906–34. p. 349. ^ a b c Wiarda, Howard J. (1997). Corporatism and comparative politics: the other great "ism". Comparative politics series. Armonk, NY: Sharpe. ISBN 978-1-56324-716-3. ^ Wiarda, Howard J. (1997). Corporatism and Comparative Politics: The Other Great "Ism". M.E. Sharpe. pp. 27, 141. ^ Clarke, Paul A. B; Foweraker, Joe. Encyclopedia of democratic thought. London, UK; New York, US: Routledge, 2001. Pp. 113 ^ a b Goodsell, Charles T., "The Architecture of Parliaments: Legislative Houses and Political Culture", British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 18, No. 3 (July 1988), pp. 287–302. ^ Marty, Martin E.; Appleby, R. Scott (1994). Fundamentalisms Observed (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-226-50878-8. Reactionary right-wing themes emphasizing authority, social hierarchy, and obedience, as well as condemnations of liberalism, the democratic ethos, the "rights of man" associated with the legacy of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, and the political and cultural ethos of modern liberal democracy are especially prominent in the writings and public statements of Archbishop Lefebvre. ^ Modern Catholic Social Teaching: The Popes Confront the Industrial Age, 1740–1958. Paulist Press, 2003, p. 132. ^ Payne, Stanley G. (1983). Fascism: Comparison and Definition. Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-299-08064-8. Right radicals and conservative authoritarians almost without exception became corporatists in formal doctrines of political economy, but the fascists were less explicit and in general less schematic. ^ a b c d e Andrew Knapp and Vincent Wright (2006). The Government and Politics of France. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-35732-6. ^ a b John, David C. (21 November 2003). "The Origins of the Modern American Conservative Movement". heritage.org. Archived from the original on 8 March 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2010. ^ Doyle, William (2002). The Oxford History of the French Revolution (2nd ed.). Oxford : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925298-5. An exuberant, uncompromising nationalism lay behind France's revolutionary expansion in the 1790s...", "The message of the French Revolution was that the people are sovereign; and in the two centuries since it was first proclaimed it has conquered the world. ^ Winock, Michel (dir.), Histoire de l'extrême droite en France (1993). ^ Adams, Ian Political Ideology Today (2nd edition), Manchester University Press, 2002, p. 68. ^ Ramet, Sabrina; Griffin, Roger (1999). The Radical Right in Central and Eastern Europe since 1989. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0271018119. ^ Barber, Tony (11 July 2016). "A renewed nationalism is stalking Europe". Financial Times. 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To understand how the Republican Party became associated with right-wing politics — and, for that matter, how the Democratic Party became associated with a left-wing, progressive philosophy — it is essential to understand the history of the Grand Old Party. ^ Thomas Blom Hansen, The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India, Princeton University Press, 2001, ISBN 1-4008-0342-X, 9781400803422. ^ "Israel's Ayatollahs: Meir Kahane and the Far Right in Israel". Archived from the original on 19 February 2009. Any non-Jew, including the Arabs, can have the status of a foreign resident in Israel if he accepts the law of the Halacha. I don't differentiate between Arabs and non-Arabs. The only difference I make is between Jews and non-Jews. If a non-Jew wants to live here, he must agree to be a foreign resident, be he Arab or not. He does not have and cannot have national rights in Israel. 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Retrieved 13 May 2010. ^ Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Mahjoob Zweiri, Iran and the rise of its neoconservatives: the politics of Tehran's silent revolution, I.B. Tauris, 2007. ^ a b c d Moyra Grant. Key Ideas in Politics. Cheltenham, England, UK: Nelson Thornes, Ltd., 2003. p. 52. ^ Bobbio, Norberto. Left and right: The significance of a political distinction. University of Chicago Press, 1996, pp.60-62 ^ Stanley, Jason (2018) How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them. New York: Random House. p.13. ISBN 978-0-52551183-0 ^ Ball, T. and R. Bellamy, eds., The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought, pp. 610–12. ^ Linski, Gerhard, Current Issues and Research In Macrosociology (Brill Archive, 1984) p. 59 ^ Clark, Barry Political Economy: A Comparative Approach (Praeger Paperback, 1998), pp. 33–34. ^ Gauchet, Marcel, "Right and Left" in Nora, Pierre, ed., Realms of Memory: Conflicts and Divisions (1996) pp. 247–248. ^ Alan S. Kahan. Mind Vs. 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Wasserstrom; Maura Elizabeth Cunningham (12 March 2018). China in the 21st Century: What Everyone Needs to Know?. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-065910-3. ^ Ching Kwan Lee; Ming Sing (15 November 2019). Take Back Our Future: An Eventful Sociology of the Hong Kong Umbrella Movement. Cornell University Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-5017-4093-0. ^ Peter P. Wan; Thomas D. Reins (17 February 2021). Asia Past and Present: A Brief History. Wiley. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-118-95521-5. ^ Harris Mylonas; Maya Tudor (2023). Varieties of Nationalism: Communities, Narratives, Identities. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-96835-5. ^ Tina Burrett; Jeff Kingston (2023). Routledge Handbook of Trauma in East Asia. Taylor & Francis. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-000-85939-3. ^ István Deák, "Hungary" in Hans Roger and Egon Weber, eds., The European right: A historical profile (1963) p 364-407 quoting p. 364. ^ "Right wing politics in India, by Archana Venkatesh". osu.edu. 1 October 2019. 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Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-4426-1260-0. ^ "The U.S. Remained Center-Right, Ideologically, in 2019". Gallup. 9 January 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2021. ^ "Rightwing Extremism: Current Economic and Political Climate Fueling Resurgence in Radicalization and Recruitment" (PDF). United States Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved 16 October 2017. ^ Augoustinos, Martha; Walker, Iain; Donaghue, Ngaire (2006). Social Cognition: An Integrated Introduction (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications. p. 320. ISBN 9780761942191. ^ McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair (2008). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 465. ISBN 9780199205165. ^ Davies, p. 13. ^ a b c Berlet, p. 117. ^ Eatwell: 1999, p. 284. ^ Eatwell: 2004, pp. 7–8. ^ Eatwell: 2004, p. 8, "Today four other traits feature most prominently in definitions: 1) anti-democracy; 2) nationalism; 3) racism; 4) the strong state". ^ Vincent, Andrew (1995). Modern Political Ideologies (2nd ed.). Oxford : Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19507-8. Who to include under the rubric of the New Right remains puzzling. It is usually seen as an amalgam of traditional liberal conservatism, Austrian liberal economic theory ... extreme libertarianism (anarch-capitalism) and crude populism. ^ Betz & Immerfall 1998; Betz 1994; Durham 2000; Durham 2002; Hainsworth 2000; Mudde 2000; Berlet & Lyons, 2000. ^ Davies, Peter; Davies, Peter Jonathan; Lynch, Derek (2002). The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-21495-7. Retrieved 13 May 2010. far right. ^ Durham, Martin (2000). The Christian Right, the Far Right and the Boundaries of American Conservatism. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-5486-0. Retrieved 13 May 2010. ^ Merkl, Peter H.; Weinberg, Leonard; Leonard, Weinberg; Merkl, Professor Peter (30 June 2000). Right-wing Extremism in the Twenty-first Century. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7146-5182-8. Retrieved 13 May 2010. ^ Eatwell, Roger; Mudde, Cas (2004). Western Democracies and the New Extreme Right Challenge. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-36971-8. Retrieved 13 May 2010. ^ "Pim Fortuyn: The far-right Dutch maverick". BBC News. 7 March 2002. Retrieved 1 June 2012. ^ "A Dictator's Legacy of Economic Growth". NPR. 14 September 2006. Retrieved 15 October 2007. ^ Greenwald, Glenn (31 May 2012). "Glenn Greenwald". Salon.com. Retrieved 1 June 2012. ^ Betz, Hans-Georg (1994). Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-08390-8. ^ Michael E. Brown, Owen R. Cote Jr., Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict, "Anti-immigrant and anti-refugee feeling is being exploited by extreme right-wing parties throughout Europe...", p. 442, MIT Press, 2001, ISBN 978-0-262-52315-8. ^ La teoría social latinoamericana: La centralidad del Marxismo (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, Coordinación de Estudios Latinoamericanos, Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico. 1995. ISBN 978-968-36-4710-8. Further reading Bacchetta, Paola, and Margaret Power, eds. 2002. Right-Wing Women: From Conservatives to Extremists around the World. New York: Routledge. Berlet, Chip. 2006. "When Alienation turns Right." In The Evolution of Alienation: Trauma, Promise, and the Millennium, edited by Langman, Lauren, and Kalekin-Fishman. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-1835-3, ISBN 978-0-7425-1835-3 Davies, Peter. 2002. The Extreme Right in France, 1789 to the Present: From De Maistre to Le Pen. New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23982-6, ISBN 978-0-415-23982-0. Eatwell, Roger. 1999. "Conclusion: The 'End of Ideology'." In Contemporary Political Ideologies, edited by R. Eatwell and A. Wright. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8264-5173-X, ISBN 9780826451736. —— 2004. "Introduction: the new extreme right challenge." In Western Democracies and the new Extreme Right Challenge, edited by R. Eatwell and C. Muddle. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-36971-1, ISBN 978-0-415-36971-8 Fielitz, Maik, and Laura Lotte Laloire, eds. 2016. Trouble on the Far Right. Contemporary Right-Wing Strategies and Practices in Europe. Bielefeld: transcript. ISBN 978-3-8376-3720-5 Gottlieb, Julie, and Clarisse Berethezéne, eds. 2017. Rethinking right-wing women: Gender and the Conservative Party, 1880s to the present. Miles, Michael W. (1980). The Odyssey of the American Right. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195027747. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winger (sports)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winger_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Civil and political rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights"},{"link_name":"Right (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"political ideologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology#Political_ideologies"},{"link_name":"social orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_order"},{"link_name":"hierarchies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stratification"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"},{"link_name":"natural law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_law"},{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authority"},{"link_name":"property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property"},{"link_name":"religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion"},{"link_name":"biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradition"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carlisle-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T._Alexander_Smith_2003._p._30-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allan_Cameron_pg._37-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fuchs,_D._1990._p._203-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lukes-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clark-10"},{"link_name":"inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_inequality"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"market economies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economies"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"left-wing politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"left–right political spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum"},{"link_name":"political spectrums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_spectrum"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"social conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_conservatives"},{"link_name":"fiscal conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_conservatives"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"right-libertarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-libertarianism"},{"link_name":"pejoratives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorative"},{"link_name":"neoliberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliberalism"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative"},{"link_name":"fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Political orientation\"Right-wing\", \"Political right\", and \"The Right\" redirect here. For the term used in sport, see Winger (sports). For political freedoms, see Civil and political rights. For other uses, see Right (disambiguation).Right-wing politics is the range of political ideologies that view certain social orders and hierarchies as inevitable, natural, normal, or desirable,[1][2][3] typically supporting this position based on natural law, economics, authority, property, religion, biology or tradition.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Hierarchy and inequality may be seen as natural results of traditional social differences[11][12] or competition in market economies.[13][14][15]Right-wing politics are considered the counterpart to left-wing politics, and the left–right political spectrum is one of the most common political spectrums.[16] The right includes social conservatives and fiscal conservatives[17][18][19] as well as right-libertarians. \"Right\" and \"right-wing\" have been variously used as compliments and pejoratives describing neoliberal, conservative, and fascist economic and social ideas.[20]","title":"Right-wing politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following positions are typically associated with right-wing politics.","title":"Positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"anti-communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communism"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Communist Manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"constitutional monarchists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8E.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anti-communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communist"},{"link_name":"White movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_movement"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"divine right of kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings"},{"link_name":"liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Russian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"communist revolutions across Europe in the years 1917–1923","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923"},{"link_name":"German Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Revolution"},{"link_name":"fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"liberal conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_conservatism"},{"link_name":"colonial authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism"},{"link_name":"colonialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Wall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street"},{"link_name":"McCarthyism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyism"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Anti-communism","text":"The original use of the term \"right-wing\", relative to communism, placed the conservatives on the right, the liberals in the centre and the communists on the left. Both the conservatives and the liberals were strongly anti-communist, although conservatives' anti-communism is much stronger than liberals'. The history of the use of the term right-wing about anti-communism is a complicated one.[21]Early Marxist movements were at odds with the traditional monarchies that ruled over much of the European continent at the time. Many European monarchies outlawed the public expression of communist views and the Communist Manifesto, which began \"[a] spectre [that] is haunting Europe\", and stated that monarchs feared for their thrones. Advocacy of communism was illegal in the Russian Empire, the German Empire, and Austria-Hungary, the three most powerful monarchies in continental Europe before World War I. Many monarchists (except constitutional monarchists) viewed inequality in wealth and political power as resulting from a divine natural order. The struggle between monarchists and communists was often described as a struggle between the Right and the Left.Anti-communist propaganda poster depicting the White movement. which says \"For a united Russia\", 1919By World War I, in most European monarchies the divine right of kings had become discredited and was replaced by liberal and nationalist movements. Most European monarchs became figureheads, or they yielded some power to elected governments. The most conservative European monarchy, the Russian Empire, was replaced by the communist Soviet Union. The Russian Revolution inspired a series of other communist revolutions across Europe in the years 1917–1923. Many of these, such as the German Revolution, were defeated by nationalist and monarchist military units. During this period, nationalism began to be considered right-wing, especially when it opposed the internationalism of the communists.The 1920s and 1930s saw the decline of traditional right-wing politics. The mantle of conservative anti-communism was taken up by the rising fascist movements on the one hand and by American-inspired liberal conservatives on the other. When communist groups and political parties began appearing around the world, their opponents were usually colonial authorities and the term right-wing came to be applied to colonialism.After World War II, communism became a global phenomenon and anti-communism became an integral part of the domestic and foreign policies of the United States and its NATO allies. Conservatism in the post-war era abandoned its monarchist and aristocratic roots, focusing instead on patriotism, religious values, and nationalism. Throughout the Cold War, postcolonial governments in Asia, Africa, and Latin America turned to the United States for political and economic support. Communists were also enemies of capitalism, portraying Wall Street as the oppressor of the masses. The United States made anti-communism the top priority of its foreign policy, and many American conservatives sought to combat what they saw as communist influence at home. This led to the adoption of several domestic policies that are collectively known under the term McCarthyism. While both liberals and conservatives were anti-communist, the followers of Senator McCarthy were called right-wing and those on the right called liberals who favored free speech, even for communists, leftist.[22]","title":"Positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"Classical Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Greece"},{"link_name":"Ancient Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"totalitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarianism"},{"link_name":"communitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communitarianism"},{"link_name":"collectives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectivism"},{"link_name":"individual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualism"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-24"},{"link_name":"political ideology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_ideology"},{"link_name":"corporate groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_group_(sociology)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke,_Paul_A._B._2001._Pp._113-26"},{"link_name":"decline of the Western Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"religious orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_order"},{"link_name":"Christian brotherhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherly_love_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-24"},{"link_name":"High Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"monasteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery"},{"link_name":"fraternities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confraternity"},{"link_name":"military orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)"},{"link_name":"Knights Templar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar"},{"link_name":"Teutonic Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutonic_Order"},{"link_name":"universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University"},{"link_name":"learned societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_society"},{"link_name":"chartered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_charter"},{"link_name":"towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_town_law"},{"link_name":"cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_imperial_city"},{"link_name":"guild system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-24"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parliaments_1988_pp._287%E2%80%93302-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appleby-28"},{"link_name":"collectivist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism"},{"link_name":"social Catholic right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching"},{"link_name":"liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"economic liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalism"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Carlism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlism"},{"link_name":"Nouvelle Droite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite"},{"link_name":"CasaPound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CasaPound"},{"link_name":"paleoconservatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoconservatism"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fascism-30"},{"link_name":"laissez-faire capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knapp-31"},{"link_name":"neoliberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliberalism"},{"link_name":"US President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_President"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"UK Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Prime_Minister"},{"link_name":"Margaret Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"free markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_markets"},{"link_name":"privatisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisation"},{"link_name":"deregulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deregulation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lukes-9"},{"link_name":"Right-wing libertarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-libertarianism"},{"link_name":"libertarian conservatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism"},{"link_name":"conservative libertarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_libertarianism"},{"link_name":"economic freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_freedom"},{"link_name":"property rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_rights"},{"link_name":"free markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_markets"},{"link_name":"free trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heritage.org-32"}],"sub_title":"Economics","text":"Plato (left) and Aristotle (right)Early forms of corporatism would be developed in Classical Greece and used in Ancient Rome. Plato would develop the ideas of totalitarian and communitarian corporatist systems of natural based classes and social hierarchies that would be organized based on function, such that groups would cooperate to achieve social harmony by emphasizing collectives interests over individual interests.[23][24] Corporatism as a political ideology advocates the organization of society by corporate groups—such as agricultural, labour, military, scientific, or guild associations—based on their common interests.[25][26]After the decline of the Western Roman Empire corporatism became limited to religious orders and to the idea of Christian brotherhood, especially in the context of economic transactions.[24] From the High Middle Ages onwards corporatist organizations became increasingly common in Europe, including such groups as religious orders, monasteries, fraternities, military orders such as the Knights Templar and the Teutonic Order, educational organizations such as the emerging universities and learned societies, the chartered towns and cities, and most notably the guild system which dominated the economics of population centers in Europe.[24]In post-revolutionary France, the Right fought against the rising power of those who had grown rich through commerce, and sought to preserve the rights of the hereditary nobility. They were uncomfortable with capitalism, the Enlightenment, individualism, and industrialism, and fought to retain traditional social hierarchies and institutions.[27][28] In Europe's history, there have been strong collectivist right-wing movements, such as in the social Catholic right, that have exhibited hostility to all forms of liberalism (including economic liberalism) and have historically advocated for paternalist class harmony involving an organic-hierarchical society where workers are protected while class hierarchy remains.[29]In the nineteenth century, the Right had shifted to support the newly rich in some European countries (particularly Britain) and instead of favouring the nobility over industrialists, favoured capitalists over the working class. Other right-wing movements—such as Carlism in Spain and nationalist movements in France, Germany, and Russia—remained hostile to capitalism and industrialism. Nevertheless, a few right-wing movements—notably the French Nouvelle Droite, CasaPound, and American paleoconservatism—are often in opposition to capitalist ethics and the effects they have on society. These forces see capitalism and industrialism as infringing upon or causing the decay of social traditions or hierarchies that are essential for social order.[30]In modern times, \"right-wing\" is sometimes used to describe laissez-faire capitalism. In Europe, capitalists formed alliances with the Right during their conflicts with workers after 1848. In France, the Right's support of capitalism can be traced to the late nineteenth century.[31] The so-called neoliberal Right, popularised by US President Ronald Reagan and UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, combines support for free markets, privatisation, and deregulation with traditional right-wing support for social conformity.[9] Right-wing libertarianism (sometimes known as libertarian conservatism or conservative libertarianism) supports a decentralised economy based on economic freedom and holds property rights, free markets, and free trade to be the most important kinds of freedom. Political theorist Russell Kirk believed that freedom and property rights were interlinked.[32]","title":"Positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"the period of boulangisme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger"},{"link_name":"Dreyfus Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreyfus_Affair"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knapp-31"},{"link_name":"supremacists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supremacism"},{"link_name":"scientific racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_racism"},{"link_name":"social Darwinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism"},{"link_name":"survival of the fittest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_of_the_fittest"},{"link_name":"nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation"},{"link_name":"races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Romantic nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_nationalism"},{"link_name":"cultural conservatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_conservatism"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Neo-nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-nationalism"},{"link_name":"cold war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"western world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world"},{"link_name":"ideology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology"},{"link_name":"populism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_populism"},{"link_name":"anti-globalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement"},{"link_name":"nativism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativism_(politics)"},{"link_name":"opposed to immigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Immigration"},{"link_name":"nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation"},{"link_name":"racial concepts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Nationalism","text":"In France, nationalism was originally a left-wing and republican ideology.[33] After the period of boulangisme and the Dreyfus Affair, nationalism became a trait of the right-wing.[34] Right-wing nationalists sought to define and defend a \"true\" national identity from elements which they believed were corrupting that identity.[31] Some were supremacists, who in accordance with scientific racism and social Darwinism applied the concept of \"survival of the fittest\" to nations and races.[35] Right-wing nationalism was influenced by Romantic nationalism, in which the state derives its political legitimacy from the organic unity of those who it governs. This generally includes the language, race, culture, religion, and customs of the nation, all of which were \"born\" within its culture. Linked with right-wing nationalism is cultural conservatism, which supports the preservation of the heritage of a nation or culture and often sees deviations from cultural norms as an existential threat.[36][page needed]In the 21st century Neo-nationalism came to prominence in the post-cold war western world. This ideology is typically associated with cultural conservatism, populism, anti-globalization, and nativism and is opposed to immigration. Neo-nationalism takes historical association in determining membership in a nation, rather than racial concepts.[37][38]","title":"Positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"natural law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_law"},{"link_name":"tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradition"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T._Alexander_Smith_2003._p._30-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allan_Cameron_pg._37-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fuchs,_D._1990._p._203-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lukes-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clark-10"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated68-39"},{"link_name":"individualism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualism"},{"link_name":"liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"modernity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernity"},{"link_name":"social progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_progress"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Natural law and traditionalism","text":"Right-wing politics typically justifies a hierarchical society based on natural law or tradition.[6][7][8][9][10][39]Traditionalism was advocated by a group of United States university professors (labelled the \"New Conservatives\" by the popular press) who rejected the concepts of individualism, liberalism, modernity, and social progress, seeking instead to promote what they identified as cultural and educational renewal[40] and a revived interest in concepts perceived by traditionalists as truths that endure from age to age alongside basic institutions of western society such as the church, the family, the state, and business.","title":"Positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TeaPartyByFreedomFan.JPG"},{"link_name":"United States Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol"},{"link_name":"Taxpayer March on Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxpayer_March_on_Washington"},{"link_name":"Right-wing populism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_populism"},{"link_name":"civic-nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_nationalism"},{"link_name":"cultural-nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_nationalism"},{"link_name":"ethno-nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism"},{"link_name":"localism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localism_(politics)"},{"link_name":"anti-elitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-elitism"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canovan-42"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"anti-immigrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-immigrant"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daniel_Stockemer_2016-44"},{"link_name":"Tea Party movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_Party_movement"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Populism","text":"Tea Party protesters walk towards the United States Capitol during the Taxpayer March on Washington, 12 September 2009.Right-wing populism is a combination of civic-nationalism, cultural-nationalism and sometimes ethno-nationalism, localism, along with anti-elitism, using populist rhetoric to provide a critique of existing political institutions.[41] According to Margaret Canovan, a right-wing populist is \"a charismatic leader, using the tactics of politicians' populism to go past the politicians and intellectual elite and appeal to the reactionary sentiments of the populace, often buttressing his claim to speak for the people by the use of referendums\".[42][page needed]In Europe, right-wing populism often takes the form of distrust of the European Union, and of politicians in general, combined with anti-immigrant rhetoric and a call for a return to traditional, national values.[43] Daniel Stockemer states, the radical right is, \"Targeting immigrants as a threat to employment, security and cultural cohesion.\"[44]In the United States, the Tea Party movement stated that the core beliefs for membership were the primacy of individual liberties as defined by the Constitution of the United States, preference for a small federal government, and respect for the rule of law. Some policy positions included opposition to illegal immigration and support for a strong national military force, the right to individual gun ownership, cutting taxes, reducing government spending, and balancing the budget.[45]","title":"Positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prithvi_Narayan_Shah.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maharajadhiraja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharajadhiraja"},{"link_name":"Prithvi Narayan Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah"},{"link_name":"King of Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Hindu text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_texts"},{"link_name":"Dharmasastra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmasastra"},{"link_name":"Joseph de Maistre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre"},{"link_name":"Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"rationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Lords Spiritual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_Spiritual"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage"},{"link_name":"evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"family values","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_values"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Family First Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_First_Party"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Bharatiya Janata Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party"},{"link_name":"abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion"},{"link_name":"euthanasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia"},{"link_name":"birth control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Hindu nationalist movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Meir Kahane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir_Kahane"},{"link_name":"theocratic state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocracy"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Lehava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehava"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Jewish Defence League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Defence_League"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Islamist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism"},{"link_name":"Great Union Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Union_Party"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Combatant Clergy Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combatant_Clergy_Association"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Islamic Society of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Society_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Maharajadhiraja Prithvi Narayan Shah (1723-1775), King of Nepal, propagated the ideals of the Hindu text the Dharmasastra as his kingdom's ruling ideology.Philosopher and diplomat Joseph de Maistre argued for the indirect authority of the Pope over temporal matters. According to Maistre, only governments which were founded upon Christian constitutions—which were implicit in the customs and institutions of all European societies, especially the Catholic European monarchies—could avoid the disorder and bloodshed that followed the implementation of rationalist political programs, such as the chaos which occurred during the French Revolution. Some prelates of the Church of England–established by Henry VIII and headed by the current sovereign—are given seats in the House of Lords (as Lords Spiritual), but they are considered politically neutral rather than specifically right- or left-wing.American right-wing media outlets oppose sex outside marriage and same-sex marriage, and they sometimes reject scientific positions on evolution and other matters where science tends to disagree with the Bible.[46][47]The term family values has been used by right-wing parties—such as the Republican Party in the United States, the Family First Party in Australia, the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom, and the Bharatiya Janata Party in India—to signify support for traditional families and opposition to the changes the modern world has made in how families live. Supporters of \"family values\" may oppose abortion, euthanasia, and birth control.[48][49]Outside the West, the Hindu nationalist movement has attracted privileged groups which fear encroachment on their dominant positions, as well as \"plebeian\" and impoverished groups which seek recognition around a majoritarian rhetoric of cultural pride, order, and national strength.[50]In Israel, Meir Kahane advocated that Israel should be a theocratic state, where non-Jews have no voting rights,[51] and the far-right Lehava strictly opposes Jewish assimilation and the Christian presence in Israel.[52] The Jewish Defence League (JDL) in the United States was classified as \"a right wing terrorist group\" by the FBI in 2001.[53]Many Islamist groups have been called right-wing, including the Great Union Party,[54] the Combatant Clergy Association/Association of Militant Clergy,[55][56] and the Islamic Society of Engineers of Iran.[57][58]","title":"Positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kirk_1962.jpg"},{"link_name":"egalitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egalitarianism"},{"link_name":"left-wing politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"social","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_inequality"},{"link_name":"economic inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_inequality"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated68-39"},{"link_name":"social order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_order"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knapp-31"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2003-59"},{"link_name":"Russell Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Kirk"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2003-59"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heritage.org-32"},{"link_name":"Norberto Bobbio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norberto_Bobbio"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Right libertarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-libertarianism"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2003-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2003-59"},{"link_name":"Jason Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Stanley"},{"link_name":"How Fascism Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Fascism_Works"},{"link_name":"fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Social stratification","text":"Russell Kirk, 1963Right-wing politics involves, in varying degrees, the rejection of some egalitarian objectives of left-wing politics, claiming either that social or economic inequality is natural and inevitable or that it is beneficial to society.[39] Right-wing ideologies and movements support social order. The original French right-wing was called \"the party of order\" and held that France needed a strong political leader to keep order.[31]Conservative British scholar R. J. White, who rejects egalitarianism, wrote: \"Men are equal before God and the laws, but unequal in all else; hierarchy is the order of nature, and privilege is the reward of honourable service\".[59] American conservative Russell Kirk also rejected egalitarianism as imposing sameness, stating: \"Men are created different; and a government that ignores this law becomes an unjust government for it sacrifices nobility to mediocrity\".[59] Kirk took as one of the \"canons\" of conservatism the principle that \"civilized society requires orders and classes\".[32] Italian scholar Norberto Bobbio argued that the right-wing is inegalitarian compared to the left-wing, as he argued that equality is a relative, not absolute, concept.[60]Right libertarians reject collective or state-imposed equality as undermining reward for personal merit, initiative, and enterprise.[59] In their view, such imposed equality is unjust, limits personal freedom, and leads to social uniformity and mediocrity.[59]In the view of philosopher Jason Stanley in How Fascism Works, the \"politics of hierarchy\" is one of the hallmarks of fascism, which refers to a \"glorious past\" in which members of the rightfully dominant group sat atop the hierarchy, and attempt to recreate this state of being.[61]","title":"Positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Political_Thought"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"aristocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy"},{"link_name":"established religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion"},{"link_name":"romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_nationalism"},{"link_name":"nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism"},{"link_name":"anti-immigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration"},{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"neo-liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliberalism"},{"link_name":"patriotism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotism"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clark-10"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Left and Right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"French parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_parliament"},{"link_name":"monarchist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchism"},{"link_name":"Old Regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parliaments_1988_pp._287%E2%80%93302-27"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knapp-31"},{"link_name":"clericalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clericalism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carlisle-5"},{"link_name":"restoration of the monarchy in 1815","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France#Second_Restoration"},{"link_name":"ultra-royalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-royalist"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Western world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world"},{"link_name":"social class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class"},{"link_name":"nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility"},{"link_name":"aristocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy"},{"link_name":"capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"centre-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-right_politics"},{"link_name":"British Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"English-speaking countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-speaking_countries"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"traditional conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism"},{"link_name":"monarchists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchism"},{"link_name":"far-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_right-wing"},{"link_name":"fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"Nazism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"racial supremacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_supremacy"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Interwar period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"According to The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought, the Right has gone through five distinct historical stages:[62]The reactionary right sought a return to aristocracy and established religion.\nThe moderate right distrusted intellectuals and sought limited government.\nThe radical right favored a romantic and aggressive form of nationalism.\nThe extreme right proposed anti-immigration policies and implicit racism.\nThe neo-liberal right sought to combine a market economy and economic deregulation with the traditional right-wing beliefs in patriotism, elitism and law and order.[10][page needed]The political terms Left and Right were first used in the 18th century, during the French Revolution, referencing the seating arrangement of the French parliament. Those who sat to the right of the chair of the presiding officer (le président) were generally supportive of the institutions of the monarchist Old Regime.[27][63][64][31] The original \"Right\" in France was formed in reaction to the \"Left\" and comprised those supporting hierarchy, tradition, and clericalism.[5]: 693  The expression la droite (\"the right\") increased in use after the restoration of the monarchy in 1815, when it was applied to the ultra-royalists.[65]From the 1830s to the 1880s, the Western world's social class structure and economy shifted from nobility and aristocracy towards capitalism.[66] This shift affected centre-right movements such as the British Conservative Party, which responded supporting capitalism.[67]The people of English-speaking countries did not apply the terms right and left to their politics until the 20th century.[68] The term right-wing was originally applied to traditional conservatives, monarchists, and reactionaries; a revision of this which occurred sometime between the 1920s and 1950s considers the far-right to denote fascism, Nazism, and racial supremacy.[69]Rightist regimes were common in Europe in the Interwar period, 1919–1938.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"China","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kuomintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)"},{"link_name":"Dai Jitao Thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai_Jitao_Thought"},{"link_name":"Western Hills Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hills_Group"},{"link_name":"1920s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920s"},{"link_name":"Chiang Kai-shek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek"},{"link_name":"Shanghai massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_massacre"},{"link_name":"Chiangism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiangism"},{"link_name":"Confucianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism"},{"link_name":"state capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_capitalism"},{"link_name":"paternalistic conservatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism"},{"link_name":"Chinese nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_nationalism"},{"link_name":"fascistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia#China"}],"sub_title":"China - Republic of China (1912–1949)","text":"Among Kuomintang (KMT)'s conservatives during the Republic of China, Dai Jitao Thought supporters formed the Western Hills Group in the 1920s.Chiang Kai-shek initially claimed himself as a 'centrist' in the KMT left-right conflict, but became an anti-communist right-wing after Shanghai massacre. Chiangism (or 'Chiang Kai-shek Thought') was related to Confucianism, state capitalism, paternalistic conservatism, and Chinese nationalism (which included fascistic elements).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neoauthoritarianism (China)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)"},{"link_name":"Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist"},{"link_name":"Marxism–Leninism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism"},{"link_name":"socialism with Chinese characteristics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christer_Pursiainen-70"},{"link_name":"Jiang Zemin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christer_Pursiainen-70"},{"link_name":"Xi Jinping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"ultranationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultranationalist"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"ultraconservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraconservative"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Right-wing_politics#Dubious"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Han-centric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_chauvinism"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Right-wing_politics#Dubious"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"sub_title":"China - People's Republic of China","text":"See also: Neoauthoritarianism (China)The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) describes itself as Marxist, and has not officially abandoned leftist ideology, Marxism–Leninism, or socialism with Chinese characteristics. Christer Pursiainen has characterized the CCP as a right-wing political party,[70] pointing to an ideological change within the party under Jiang Zemin's leadership during the 1990s.[70] During Xi Jinping's leadership, the CCP has become more closely related[clarification needed] to ultranationalist,[71][failed verification][72][failed verification] ultraconservative,[73][dubious – discuss][74][failed verification] and Han-centric elements.[75][dubious – discuss][76]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Left–right politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_politics"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"Third Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates-General_of_1789"},{"link_name":"Estates General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_General_(France)"},{"link_name":"Second Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_General_(France)"},{"link_name":"legislative assemblies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_(France)"},{"link_name":"monarchists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchism"},{"link_name":"Old Regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime"},{"link_name":"Joseph de Maistre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre"},{"link_name":"authoritarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism"},{"link_name":"conservatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism"},{"link_name":"France in the 19th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_in_the_19th_century"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knapp-31"},{"link_name":"Legitimists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimists"},{"link_name":"Ultra-royalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-royalist"},{"link_name":"counter-revolutionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-revolutionary"},{"link_name":"Orléanists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist"},{"link_name":"constitutional monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy"},{"link_name":"July Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Revolution"},{"link_name":"social democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"France","text":"See also: Left–right politicsThe political term right-wing was first used during the French Revolution, when liberal deputies of the Third Estate generally sat to the left of the presiding officer's chair, a custom that began in the Estates General of 1789. The nobility, members of the Second Estate, generally sat to the right. In the successive legislative assemblies, monarchists who supported the Old Regime were commonly referred to as rightists because they sat on the right side. A major figure on the right was Joseph de Maistre, who argued for an authoritarian form of conservatism.Throughout France in the 19th century, the main line dividing the left and right was between supporters of the republic and those of the monarchy, who were often secularist and Catholic respectively.[31] On the right, the Legitimists and Ultra-royalists held counter-revolutionary views, while the Orléanists hoped to create a constitutional monarchy under their preferred branch of the royal family, which briefly became a reality after the 1830 July Revolution.The centre-right Gaullists in post-World War II France advocated considerable social spending on education and infrastructure development as well as extensive economic regulation, but limited the wealth redistribution measures characteristic of social democracy.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inter-war Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_between_the_two_world_wars"},{"link_name":"István Deák","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_De%C3%A1k"},{"link_name":"bolshevism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevism"},{"link_name":"socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"cosmopolitanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitanism"},{"link_name":"Freemasonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"Admiral Horthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"sub_title":"Hungary","text":"The dominance of the political right of inter-war Hungary, after the collapse of a short-lived Communist regime, was described by historian István Deák:Between 1919 and 1944 Hungary was a rightist country. Forged out of a counter-revolutionary heritage, its governments advocated a \"nationalist Christian\" policy; they extolled heroism, faith, and unity; they despised the French Revolution, and they spurned the liberal and socialist ideologies of the 19th century. The governments saw Hungary as a bulwark against bolshevism and bolshevism's instruments: socialism, cosmopolitanism, and Freemasonry. They perpetrated the rule of a small clique of aristocrats, civil servants, and army officers, and surrounded with adulation the head of the state, the counterrevolutionary Admiral Horthy.[77]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"freedom fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_fighters_of_India"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Bharatiya Janata Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of India (Marxist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"sub_title":"India","text":"Although freedom fighters are favoured, the right-wing tendency to elect or appoint politicians and government officials based on aristocratic and religious ties is common to almost all the states of India.[78][79][80][81] Multiple political parties however identify with terms and beliefs which are, by political consensus, right or left wing. Certain political parties such as the Bharatiya Janata Party, identify with conservative[82] and nationalist elements. Some, such as the Indian National Congress, take a liberal stance. The Communist Party of India, Communist Party of India (Marxist), and others, identify with left-wing socialist and communist concepts. Other political parties take differing stands, and hence cannot be clearly grouped as the left- and the right-wing.[83]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Socialism_Throttling_the_Country.jpg"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"1909 Conservative Party posterIn British politics, the terms right and left came into common use for the first time in the late 1930s during debates over the Spanish Civil War.[84]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anticommunist_Literature_1950s.png"},{"link_name":"anti-communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communist"},{"link_name":"propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholics"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"religious right in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_right_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"center-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-right_politics"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Homeland Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"American anti-communist propaganda of the 1950s, specifically addressing the entertainment industryIn the United States, following the Second World War, social conservatives joined with right-wing elements of the Republican Party to gain support in traditionally Democratic voting populations like white southerners and Catholics. Ronald Reagan's election to the presidency in 1980 cemented the alliance between the religious right in the United States and social conservatives.[85]In 2019, the United States populace leaned center-right, with 37% of Americans self-identifying as conservative, compared to 35% moderate and 24% liberal. This was continuing a decades long trend of the country leaning center-right.[86]The United States Department of Homeland Security defines right-wing extremism in the United States as \"broadly divided into those groups, movements, and adherents that are primarily hate-oriented (based on hatred of particular religious, racial or ethnic groups), and those that are mainly anti-government, rejecting federal authority in favor of state or local authority, or rejecting government authority entirely. It may include groups and individuals that are dedicated to a single issue, such as opposition to abortion or immigration.\"[87]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"social democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy"},{"link_name":"conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism"},{"link_name":"Christian democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_democracy"},{"link_name":"classical liberals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_liberalism"},{"link_name":"nationalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism"},{"link_name":"fascists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"far-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Noël O'Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_O%27Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Roger Eatwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Eatwell"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Chip Berlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Berlet"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlet,_p._117-91"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlet,_p._117-91"},{"link_name":"Edmund Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Burke"},{"link_name":"laissez-faire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Radical right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_right_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"McCarthyism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyism"},{"link_name":"John Birch Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Birch_Society"},{"link_name":"Thatcherism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatcherism"},{"link_name":"Republikaner Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikaner_Party"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"right-wing populism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_populism"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlet,_p._117-91"},{"link_name":"extreme right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_Right"},{"link_name":"anti-democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-democracy"},{"link_name":"ultranationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultranationalism"},{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"New Right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Right"},{"link_name":"liberal conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_conservatism"},{"link_name":"small government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_government"},{"link_name":"free markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_market"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Routledge-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Francisco Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Augusto Pinochet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Jorge Rafael Videla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canovan-42"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"}],"text":"The meaning of right-wing \"varies across societies, historical epochs, and political systems and ideologies.\"[88] According to The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics, in liberal democracies, the political right opposes socialism and social democracy. Right-wing parties include conservatives, Christian democrats, classical liberals, and nationalists, as well as fascists on the far-right.[89]British academics Noël O'Sullivan and Roger Eatwell divide the right into five types: reactionary, moderate, radical, extreme, and new.[90] Chip Berlet wrote that each of these \"styles of thought\" are \"responses to the left\", including liberalism and socialism, which have arisen since the 1789 French Revolution.[91]The reactionary right looks toward the past and is \"aristocratic, religious and authoritarian\".[91]\nThe moderate right, typified by the writings of Edmund Burke, is tolerant of change, provided it is gradual and accepts some aspects of liberalism, including the rule of law and capitalism, although it sees radical laissez-faire and individualism as harmful to society. The moderate right often promotes nationalism and social welfare policies.[92]\nRadical right is a descriptive term that was developed after World War II and it was applied to groups and ideologies such as McCarthyism, the John Birch Society, Thatcherism, and the Republikaner Party. Eatwell stresses that this usage of the term has \"major typological problems\" because it \"has also been applied to clearly democratic developments.\"[93] The radical right includes right-wing populism and various other subtypes.[91]\nThe extreme right has four traits: \"1) anti-democracy, 2) ultranationalism, 3) racism, and 4) the strong state.\"[94]\nThe New Right consists of the liberal conservatives, who stress small government, free markets, and individual initiative.[95]Other authors make a distinction between the centre-right and the far-right.[96]Parties of the centre-right generally support liberal democracy, capitalism, the market economy (though they may accept government regulation to control monopolies), private property rights, and a limited welfare state (for example, government provision of education and medical care). They support conservatism and economic liberalism and oppose socialism and communism.\nBy contrast, the phrase \"far-right\" is used to describe those who favor an absolutist government, which uses the power of the state to support the dominant ethnic group or religion and criminalize other ethnic groups or religions.[97][98][99][100][101] Typical examples of leaders to whom the far-right label is often applied are: Francisco Franco in Spain, Benito Mussolini in Italy, Adolf Hitler in Nazi Germany, Augusto Pinochet in Chile, and Jorge Rafael Videla in Argentina.[102][103][42][page needed][104][105][106]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7425-1835-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-1835-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7425-1835-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1835-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-415-23982-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23982-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-415-23982-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23982-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8264-5173-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-5173-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780826451736","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826451736"},{"link_name":"R. Eatwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Eatwell"},{"link_name":"C. Muddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cas_Mudde"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-415-36971-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-36971-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-415-36971-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36971-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-8376-3720-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-3720-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780195027747","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195027747"}],"text":"Bacchetta, Paola, and Margaret Power, eds. 2002. Right-Wing Women: From Conservatives to Extremists around the World. New York: Routledge.\nBerlet, Chip. 2006. \"When Alienation turns Right.\" In The Evolution of Alienation: Trauma, Promise, and the Millennium, edited by Langman, Lauren, and Kalekin-Fishman. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-1835-3, ISBN 978-0-7425-1835-3\nDavies, Peter. 2002. The Extreme Right in France, 1789 to the Present: From De Maistre to Le Pen. New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23982-6, ISBN 978-0-415-23982-0.\nEatwell, Roger. 1999. \"Conclusion: The 'End of Ideology'.\" In Contemporary Political Ideologies, edited by R. Eatwell and A. Wright. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8264-5173-X, ISBN 9780826451736.\n—— 2004. \"Introduction: the new extreme right challenge.\" In Western Democracies and the new Extreme Right Challenge, edited by R. Eatwell and C. Muddle. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-36971-1, ISBN 978-0-415-36971-8\nFielitz, Maik, and Laura Lotte Laloire, eds. 2016. Trouble on the Far Right. Contemporary Right-Wing Strategies and Practices in Europe. Bielefeld: transcript. ISBN 978-3-8376-3720-5\nGottlieb, Julie, and Clarisse Berethezéne, eds. 2017. Rethinking right-wing women: Gender and the Conservative Party, 1880s to the present.\nMiles, Michael W. (1980). The Odyssey of the American Right. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195027747.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Anti-communist propaganda poster depicting the White movement. which says \"For a united Russia\", 1919","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8E.jpg/220px-%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8E.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plato (left) and Aristotle (right)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg/220px-Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tea Party protesters walk towards the United States Capitol during the Taxpayer March on Washington, 12 September 2009.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/TeaPartyByFreedomFan.JPG/220px-TeaPartyByFreedomFan.JPG"},{"image_text":"Maharajadhiraja Prithvi Narayan Shah (1723-1775), King of Nepal, propagated the ideals of the Hindu text the Dharmasastra as his kingdom's ruling ideology.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah.jpg/170px-Prithvi_Narayan_Shah.jpg"},{"image_text":"Russell Kirk, 1963","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kirk_1962.jpg/170px-Kirk_1962.jpg"},{"image_text":"1909 Conservative Party poster","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Socialism_Throttling_the_Country.jpg/220px-Socialism_Throttling_the_Country.jpg"},{"image_text":"American anti-communist propaganda of the 1950s, specifically addressing the entertainment industry","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Anticommunist_Literature_1950s.png/220px-Anticommunist_Literature_1950s.png"}]
[{"title":"Alt-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt-right"},{"title":"Christian right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_right"},{"title":"Far right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_right"},{"title":"List of right-wing political parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_right-wing_political_parties"},{"title":"New Right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Right#United_States"},{"title":"Old Right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)"},{"title":"Radical right (Europe)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)"},{"title":"Radical right (United States)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)"},{"title":"Right realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_realism"},{"title":"Right-wing authoritarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism"},{"title":"Right-wing terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism"}]
[{"reference":"Johnson, Paul (2005). \"Right-wing, rightist\". A Politics Glossary. Auburn University website. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140819232535/http://www.auburn.edu/~johnspm/gloss/right-wing","url_text":"\"Right-wing, rightist\""},{"url":"http://www.auburn.edu/~johnspm/gloss/right-wing","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bobbio, Norberto; Cameron, Allan (1996). Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 51, 62. ISBN 978-0-226-06246-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_and_Right:_The_Significance_of_a_Political_Distinction","url_text":"Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press","url_text":"University of Chicago Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06246-4","url_text":"978-0-226-06246-4"}]},{"reference":"Goldthorpe, J.E. (1985). An Introduction to Sociology (Third ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-521-24545-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24545-6","url_text":"978-0-521-24545-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Right\". Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 April 2009. Retrieved 22 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/right","url_text":"\"Right\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Carlisle, Rodney P. (2005). Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right. Thousand Oaks [u.a.]: SAGE Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4129-0409-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpo0000carl","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGE_Publishing","url_text":"SAGE Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-0409-4","url_text":"978-1-4129-0409-4"}]},{"reference":"Clark, William Roberts (2003). Capitalism, Not Globalism: Capital Mobility, Central Bank Independence, and the Political Control of the Economy ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Ann Arbor [u.a.]: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11293-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press","url_text":"University of Michigan Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11293-7","url_text":"978-0-472-11293-7"}]},{"reference":"Gidron, N; Ziblatt, D. (2019). \"Center-right political parties in advanced democracies 2019\" (PDF). Annual Review of Political Science. 22: 23. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750. Defining the right by its adherence to the status quo is closely associated with a definition of the right as a defense of inequality (Bobbio 1996, Jost 2009, Luna & Kaltwasser 2014). As noted by Jost (2009), within the context of Western political development, opposition to change is often synonymous with support for inequality. Notwithstanding its prominence in the literature, we are hesitant to adopt this definition of the right since it requires the researcher to interpret ideological claims according to an abstract understanding of equality. For instance, Noel & Therien (2008) argue that right-wing opposition to affirmative action speaks in the name of equality and rejects positive discrimination based on demographic factors. From this perspective, the right is not inegalitarian but is \"differently egalitarian\" (Noel & Therien 2008, p. 18).","urls":[{"url":"https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/dziblatt/files/gidron_and_ziblatt_2019.pdf","url_text":"\"Center-right political parties in advanced democracies 2019\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-090717-092750","url_text":"10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750"}]},{"reference":"Goldthorpe, J.E. (1985). An Introduction to Sociology (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-521-24545-6. There are ... those who accept inequality as natural, normal, and even desirable. Two main lines of thought converge on the Right or conservative side...the truly Conservative view is that there is a natural hierarchy of skills and talents in which some people are born leaders, whether by heredity or family tradition. ... now ... the more usual right-wing view, which may be called 'liberal-conservative', is that unequal rewards are right and desirable so long as the competition for wealth and power is a fair one.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24545-6","url_text":"978-0-521-24545-6"}]},{"reference":"Gidron, N; Ziblatt, D. (2019). \"Center-right political parties in advanced democracies 2019\" (PDF). Annual Review of Political Science. 22: 24. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750. S2CID 182421002. ...since different currents within the right are drawn to different visions of societal structures. For example, market liberals see social relations as stratified by natural economic inequalities.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/dziblatt/files/gidron_and_ziblatt_2019.pdf","url_text":"\"Center-right political parties in advanced democracies 2019\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-090717-092750","url_text":"10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:182421002","url_text":"182421002"}]},{"reference":"McClosky, Herbert; Chong, Dennis (July 1985). \"Similarities and Differences Between Left-Wing and Right-Wing Radicals\". British Journal of Political Science. 15 (3): 329–363. doi:10.1017/S0007123400004221. ISSN 1469-2112. S2CID 154330828.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/abs/similarities-and-differences-between-leftwing-and-rightwing-radicals/C46411F0228745583D2EB8E91A19D881","url_text":"\"Similarities and Differences Between Left-Wing and Right-Wing Radicals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007123400004221","url_text":"10.1017/S0007123400004221"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-2112","url_text":"1469-2112"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154330828","url_text":"154330828"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Edmund, ed. (2006). The Desk Encyclopedia of World History. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 370, 541. ISBN 978-0-7394-7809-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7394-7809-7","url_text":"978-0-7394-7809-7"}]},{"reference":"Hendershot, Cyndy (2003). Anti-Communism and Popular Culture in Mid-Century America. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 978-0786414406.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786414406","url_text":"978-0786414406"}]},{"reference":"Nunberg, Geoffrey (17 April 2003). \"Sticks and Stones; The Defanging of a Radical Epithet\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/17/weekinreview/sticks-and-stones-the-defanging-of-a-radical-epithet.html","url_text":"\"Sticks and Stones; The Defanging of a Radical Epithet\""}]},{"reference":"Wiarda, Howard J. (1997). Corporatism and comparative politics: the other great \"ism\". Comparative politics series. Armonk, NY: Sharpe. ISBN 978-1-56324-716-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-716-3","url_text":"978-1-56324-716-3"}]},{"reference":"Wiarda, Howard J. (1997). Corporatism and Comparative Politics: The Other Great \"Ism\". M.E. Sharpe. pp. 27, 141.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/corporatismcompa0000wiar","url_text":"Corporatism and Comparative Politics: The Other Great \"Ism\""}]},{"reference":"Marty, Martin E.; Appleby, R. Scott (1994). Fundamentalisms Observed (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-226-50878-8. Reactionary right-wing themes emphasizing authority, social hierarchy, and obedience, as well as condemnations of liberalism, the democratic ethos, the \"rights of man\" associated with the legacy of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, and the political and cultural ethos of modern liberal democracy are especially prominent in the writings and public statements of Archbishop Lefebvre.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50878-8","url_text":"978-0-226-50878-8"}]},{"reference":"Payne, Stanley G. (1983). Fascism: Comparison and Definition. Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-299-08064-8. Right radicals and conservative authoritarians almost without exception became corporatists in formal doctrines of political economy, but the fascists were less explicit and in general less schematic.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-08064-8","url_text":"978-0-299-08064-8"}]},{"reference":"Andrew Knapp and Vincent Wright (2006). The Government and Politics of France. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-35732-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=67ttjXHhT3wC&q=the+government+and+politics+of+france","url_text":"The Government and Politics of France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35732-6","url_text":"978-0-415-35732-6"}]},{"reference":"John, David C. (21 November 2003). \"The Origins of the Modern American Conservative Movement\". heritage.org. Archived from the original on 8 March 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100308173749/http://www.heritage.org/Research/PoliticalPhilosophy/HL811.cfm","url_text":"\"The Origins of the Modern American Conservative Movement\""},{"url":"http://www.heritage.org/Research/PoliticalPhilosophy/HL811.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Doyle, William (2002). The Oxford History of the French Revolution (2nd ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925298-5. An exuberant, uncompromising nationalism lay behind France's revolutionary expansion in the 1790s...\", \"The message of the French Revolution was that the people are sovereign; and in the two centuries since it was first proclaimed it has conquered the world.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryoff00doyl","url_text":"The Oxford History of the French Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925298-5","url_text":"978-0-19-925298-5"}]},{"reference":"Ramet, Sabrina; Griffin, Roger (1999). The Radical Right in Central and Eastern Europe since 1989. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0271018119.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0271018119","url_text":"978-0271018119"}]},{"reference":"Barber, Tony (11 July 2016). \"A renewed nationalism is stalking Europe\". Financial Times. Retrieved 23 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/53fc4518-4520-11e6-9b66-0712b3873ae1","url_text":"\"A renewed nationalism is stalking Europe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Neo-Nationalism - ECPS\". Retrieved 23 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.populismstudies.org/Vocabulary/neo-nationalism/","url_text":"\"Neo-Nationalism - ECPS\""}]},{"reference":"Canovan, Margaret (1981). Populism (1st ed.). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 978-0151730780.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/populism00cano","url_text":"Populism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0151730780","url_text":"978-0151730780"}]},{"reference":"Hayward, Jack (2004). Elitism, Populism, and European Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198280354.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198280354","url_text":"978-0198280354"}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". Tea Party. 2 September 2004. Retrieved 15 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.teaparty.org/about-us/","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"DeGette, Diana (2008). Sex, Science, and Stem Cells: Inside the Right Wing Assault on Reason. The Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1-59921-431-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sexsciencestemce00dege","url_text":"Sex, Science, and Stem Cells: Inside the Right Wing Assault on Reason"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lyons_Press","url_text":"The Lyons Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-431-3","url_text":"978-1-59921-431-3"}]},{"reference":"\"2004 Republican Party Platform: A Safer World and a More Hopeful America\" (PDF). MSNBC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120523005435/http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/Sections/News/Politics/Conventions/RNC-2004platform.pdf","url_text":"\"2004 Republican Party Platform: A Safer World and a More Hopeful America\""},{"url":"https://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/Sections/News/Politics/Conventions/RNC-2004platform.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rozsa, Matthew (5 July 2019). \"How did the Republican Party become so conservative?\". Salon. Retrieved 7 March 2022. To understand how the Republican Party became associated with right-wing politics — and, for that matter, how the Democratic Party became associated with a left-wing, progressive philosophy — it is essential to understand the history of the Grand Old Party.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.salon.com/2019/07/05/how-did-the-republican-party-become-so-conservative/","url_text":"\"How did the Republican Party become so conservative?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Israel's Ayatollahs: Meir Kahane and the Far Right in Israel\". Archived from the original on 19 February 2009. Any non-Jew, including the Arabs, can have the status of a foreign resident in Israel if he accepts the law of the Halacha. I don't differentiate between Arabs and non-Arabs. The only difference I make is between Jews and non-Jews. If a non-Jew wants to live here, he must agree to be a foreign resident, be he Arab or not. He does not have and cannot have national rights in Israel. He can have civil rights, social rights, but he cannot be a citizen; he won't have the right to vote. Again, whether he's Arab or not.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090219141224/http://kahane.org/meir/interview.htm","url_text":"\"Israel's Ayatollahs: Meir Kahane and the Far Right in Israel\""},{"url":"https://kahane.org/meir/interview.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rubin, Shira (24 December 2015). \"Good Will and Peace Towards Men Elusive This Year in Nazareth\". Forward.","urls":[{"url":"https://forward.com/news/327875/good-will-and-peace-towards-men-elusive-this-year-in-nazareth/","url_text":"\"Good Will and Peace Towards Men Elusive This Year in Nazareth\""}]},{"reference":"\"FBI — Terrorism 2000/2001\". Federal Bureau of Investigation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/terror","url_text":"\"FBI — Terrorism 2000/2001\""}]},{"reference":"Demirtas, Burcu (27 March 2009). \"Rescue Teams Could Not Reach Turkish Party Leader, Muhsin Yazicioglu after Helicopter Crash\". Turkishweekly.net. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120305234419/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/68827/rescue-teams-could-not-reach-turkish-party-leader-muhsin-yazicioglu-after-helicopter-crash.html","url_text":"\"Rescue Teams Could Not Reach Turkish Party Leader, Muhsin Yazicioglu after Helicopter Crash\""},{"url":"http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/68827/rescue-teams-could-not-reach-turkish-party-leader-muhsin-yazicioglu-after-helicopter-crash.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Readings\". uvm.edu. Fall 2007. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121006083545/http://www.uvm.edu/~fgause/168read.htm","url_text":"\"Readings\""},{"url":"http://www.uvm.edu/~fgause/168read.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Poll test for Iran reformists\". BBC News. 10 February 2000. Retrieved 1 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/623899.stm","url_text":"\"Poll test for Iran reformists\""}]},{"reference":"\"Middle East Report Online: Iran's Conservatives Face the Electorate, by Arang Keshavarzian\". Merip.org. 23 May 1997. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305030242/http://merip.org/mero/mero020101.html","url_text":"\"Middle East Report Online: Iran's Conservatives Face the Electorate, by Arang Keshavarzian\""},{"url":"http://www.merip.org/mero/mero020101.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Christer Pursiainen (10 September 2012). At the Crossroads of Post-Communist Modernisation: Russia and China in Comparative Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 156. Consequently, the CCP's transformation into a right-wing elitist party occurred during the 1990s under Jiang Zeming's reign.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"A new Twitter account shows how the Chinese Communist Party stirs up ultra-nationalism\". The Economist. 19 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/china/2022/05/19/a-new-twitter-account-shows-how-the-chinese-communist-party-stirs-up-ultra-nationalism/","url_text":"\"A new Twitter account shows how the Chinese Communist Party stirs up ultra-nationalism\""}]},{"reference":"Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom; Maura Elizabeth Cunningham (12 March 2018). China in the 21st Century: What Everyone Needs to Know?. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-065910-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBQDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22CCP%22+%22extreme+nationalist%22&pg=PT185","url_text":"China in the 21st Century: What Everyone Needs to Know?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-065910-3","url_text":"978-0-19-065910-3"}]},{"reference":"Ching Kwan Lee; Ming Sing (15 November 2019). Take Back Our Future: An Eventful Sociology of the Hong Kong Umbrella Movement. Cornell University Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-5017-4093-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B72tDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22ultraconservative%22+Hong+Kong&pg=PA155","url_text":"Take Back Our Future: An Eventful Sociology of the Hong Kong Umbrella Movement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-4093-0","url_text":"978-1-5017-4093-0"}]},{"reference":"Peter P. Wan; Thomas D. Reins (17 February 2021). Asia Past and Present: A Brief History. Wiley. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-118-95521-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y_IeEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22ultraconservative%22+xi&pg=PA79","url_text":"Asia Past and Present: A Brief History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-95521-5","url_text":"978-1-118-95521-5"}]},{"reference":"Harris Mylonas; Maya Tudor (2023). Varieties of Nationalism: Communities, Narratives, Identities. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-96835-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F2XOEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22han-centric%22+xi+jinping&pg=PT10","url_text":"Varieties of Nationalism: Communities, Narratives, Identities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-96835-5","url_text":"978-1-108-96835-5"}]},{"reference":"Tina Burrett; Jeff Kingston (2023). Routledge Handbook of Trauma in East Asia. Taylor & Francis. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-000-85939-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aI-rEAAAQBAJ&dq=conservative+Han+chauvinism&pg=PA200","url_text":"Routledge Handbook of Trauma in East Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis","url_text":"Taylor & Francis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-85939-3","url_text":"978-1-000-85939-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Right wing politics in India, by Archana Venkatesh\". osu.edu. 1 October 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://origins.osu.edu/article/right-wing-politics-india-Modi-Kashmir-election","url_text":"\"Right wing politics in India, by Archana Venkatesh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hindutva enters, takes centre-stage in Andhra Pradesh politics, by Balakrishna Ganeshan\". thenewsminute.com. 1 October 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/hindutva-enters-takes-centre-stage-andhra-pradesh-politics-134277","url_text":"\"Hindutva enters, takes centre-stage in Andhra Pradesh politics, by Balakrishna Ganeshan\""}]},{"reference":"\"India Will Move Beyond Modi, his Party, and Right Wing Populism, by Ajay Gudavarthy\". newsclick.in. 11 July 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsclick.in/Global-Rise-of-Right-Wing-Populism-Modi-Cultural-Sociology","url_text":"\"India Will Move Beyond Modi, his Party, and Right Wing Populism, by Ajay Gudavarthy\""}]},{"reference":"Rao, Jaithirth (25 October 2019). The Indian Conservative : A History of Indian Right-Wing Thought (First ed.). New Delhi: Juggernaut Press. p. 280. ISBN 978-9353450625.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9353450625","url_text":"978-9353450625"}]},{"reference":"IWANEK, Krzysztof (2019). \"Is the BJP Conservative?\". Politeja. 16 (59): 55–72. doi:10.12797/Politeja.16.2019.59.04. ISSN 1733-6716. JSTOR 26916353. S2CID 212822106.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12797%2FPoliteja.16.2019.59.04","url_text":"\"Is the BJP Conservative?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12797%2FPoliteja.16.2019.59.04","url_text":"10.12797/Politeja.16.2019.59.04"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1733-6716","url_text":"1733-6716"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/26916353","url_text":"26916353"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212822106","url_text":"212822106"}]},{"reference":"Ghose, Sagarika (24 April 2013). \"Left-wing or Right-wing: Why labels simply don't capture India\". Firstpost. Retrieved 18 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstpost.com/politics/left-wing-or-right-wing-why-labels-simply-dont-capture-india-721481.html","url_text":"\"Left-wing or Right-wing: Why labels simply don't capture India\""}]},{"reference":"Farney, James (2012). Social Conservatives and Party Politics in Canada and the United States. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-4426-1260-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://eds.p.ebscohost.com/eds/ebookviewer/ebook/bmxlYmtfXzY4Mjg4NF9fQU41?sid=bb8cd8b3-9f6c-43d7-948a-baba732e8bf0@redis&vid=5&format=EB","url_text":"Social Conservatives and Party Politics in Canada and the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1260-0","url_text":"978-1-4426-1260-0"}]},{"reference":"\"The U.S. Remained Center-Right, Ideologically, in 2019\". Gallup. 9 January 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.gallup.com/poll/275792/remained-center-right-ideologically-2019.aspx","url_text":"\"The U.S. Remained Center-Right, Ideologically, in 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rightwing Extremism: Current Economic and Political Climate Fueling Resurgence in Radicalization and Recruitment\" (PDF). United States Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved 16 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://fas.org/irp/eprint/rightwing.pdf","url_text":"\"Rightwing Extremism: Current Economic and Political Climate Fueling Resurgence in Radicalization and Recruitment\""}]},{"reference":"Augoustinos, Martha; Walker, Iain; Donaghue, Ngaire (2006). Social Cognition: An Integrated Introduction (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications. p. 320. ISBN 9780761942191.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CYjEwFRPEQgC&pg=PA230","url_text":"Social Cognition: An Integrated Introduction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761942191","url_text":"9780761942191"}]},{"reference":"McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair (2008). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 465. ISBN 9780199205165.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199205165","url_text":"9780199205165"}]},{"reference":"Vincent, Andrew (1995). Modern Political Ideologies (2nd ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19507-8. Who to include under the rubric of the New Right remains puzzling. It is usually seen as an amalgam of traditional liberal conservatism, Austrian liberal economic theory ... extreme libertarianism (anarch-capitalism) and crude populism.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19507-8","url_text":"978-0-631-19507-8"}]},{"reference":"Davies, Peter; Davies, Peter Jonathan; Lynch, Derek (2002). The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-21495-7. Retrieved 13 May 2010. far right.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/routledgecompani00davi","url_text":"The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21495-7","url_text":"978-0-415-21495-7"}]},{"reference":"Durham, Martin (2000). The Christian Right, the Far Right and the Boundaries of American Conservatism. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-5486-0. Retrieved 13 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ual1NR2WPasC&q=%22far+right%22","url_text":"The Christian Right, the Far Right and the Boundaries of American Conservatism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5486-0","url_text":"978-0-7190-5486-0"}]},{"reference":"Merkl, Peter H.; Weinberg, Leonard; Leonard, Weinberg; Merkl, Professor Peter (30 June 2000). Right-wing Extremism in the Twenty-first Century. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7146-5182-8. Retrieved 13 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sVZ8EUvJjJ4C&q=%22far+right%22","url_text":"Right-wing Extremism in the Twenty-first Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5182-8","url_text":"978-0-7146-5182-8"}]},{"reference":"Eatwell, Roger; Mudde, Cas (2004). Western Democracies and the New Extreme Right Challenge. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-36971-8. Retrieved 13 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JcJ5nr2MZfUC&q=%22far+right%22","url_text":"Western Democracies and the New Extreme Right Challenge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36971-8","url_text":"978-0-415-36971-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Pim Fortuyn: The far-right Dutch maverick\". BBC News. 7 March 2002. Retrieved 1 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1857918.stm","url_text":"\"Pim Fortuyn: The far-right Dutch maverick\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Dictator's Legacy of Economic Growth\". NPR. 14 September 2006. Retrieved 15 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6069233","url_text":"\"A Dictator's Legacy of Economic Growth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"}]},{"reference":"Greenwald, Glenn (31 May 2012). \"Glenn Greenwald\". Salon.com. Retrieved 1 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.salon.com/opinion/greenwald/2007/05/04/politico_funding/","url_text":"\"Glenn Greenwald\""}]},{"reference":"Betz, Hans-Georg (1994). Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-08390-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/radicalrightwing00betz","url_text":"Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-08390-8","url_text":"978-0-312-08390-8"}]},{"reference":"La teoría social latinoamericana: La centralidad del Marxismo (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, Coordinación de Estudios Latinoamericanos, Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico. 1995. ISBN 978-968-36-4710-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GkVHAAAAYAAJ&q=%22extrema+derecha%22+%22Jorge+rafael+videla%22","url_text":"La teoría social latinoamericana: La centralidad del Marxismo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-968-36-4710-8","url_text":"978-968-36-4710-8"}]},{"reference":"Miles, Michael W. (1980). The Odyssey of the American Right. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195027747.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195027747","url_text":"9780195027747"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magoo_(rapper)
Timbaland & Magoo
["1 Background","2 Discography","2.1 Albums","2.2 Singles","2.3 Guest appearances","3 References"]
American hip hop group Timbaland & MagooBackground informationOriginNorfolk, Virginia, U.S.GenresHip hopYears active1989–2007LabelsBlackgroundAtlanticSpinoff ofSwing Mob, S.B.I.Past membersTimbalandMagoo Timbaland & Magoo were an American hip hop duo composed of producer/rapper Timothy "Timbaland" Mosley (born March 10, 1972) and rapper Melvin "Magoo" Barcliff (July 12, 1973 – August 13, 2023), formed in 1990. The duo signed with Blackground Records, an imprint of Atlantic Records to release three studio albums: Welcome to Our World (1997), Indecent Proposal (2001), and Under Construction, Part II (2003). Following the latter's moderate reception, Timbaland then focused on his solo career and production work, while Magoo failed to release any solo material. Magoo died of a heart attack in 2023. Background Hailing from Norfolk, Virginia, the duo first met when they were teenagers back in 1989 through their friend Larry Live. In 1990 Timbaland, Larry Live, and Magoo formed a group called Surrounded By Idiots. Later that year they recruited friend and future fellow group member Pharrell Williams. The group only lasted three years, due to Pharrell Williams leaving the group to pursue a career with his own group the Neptunes in early 1992, and Larry Live leaving the group to join Swing Mob in 1993. In late 1992, the group was recruited by Fayze group members Radiah Covington, Chonita Coleman, and Missy Elliott to be part DeVante Swing's collective, Da Bassment Crew, which also included Playa, Tweet, Baazar Royale, Ginuwine, and Stevie J–who were each signed with Swing Mob. During the early days of Da Bassment Crew, after group member Larry Live had left S.B.I., Magoo suggested to Tim to form the duo Timbaland & Magoo. After guest appearing on fellow Swing Mob artists' releases, the duo decided left the label, following after Elliott, who did so due to low pay cuts and its chaotic working conditions. Timbaland & Magoo signed with Blackground Records, an imprint of Atlantic Records to release their debut album, Welcome to Our World in November 1997. It spawned the single "Up Jumps da Boogie", which peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and remains their highest-charting song. They released two further studio albums as a group, Indecent Proposal in 2001 and Under Construction, Part II in 2003. The latter was meant as a sequel to Missy Elliott's fourth album Under Construction. In August 2021, Blackground Records, the label who launched R&B/Pop singer Aaliyah, signed a distribution deal with Empire Distribution to re-release Timbaland & Magoo's catalog on CD, cassette and vinyl, onto digital download sites and, for the first time ever, streaming services. As a result, Timbaland's 1998 LP Tim's Bio: Life from da Bassment and Timbaland & Magoo albums Welcome to Our World, Indecent Proposal and Under Construction, Part II were re-released August 27, 2021. Magoo died on August 13, 2023, at the age of 50, and his death was confirmed by his former wife, Meco Barcliff. His funeral service took place on September 6, 2023, in Portsmouth, Virginia. The cause of Magoo's death was later attributed to a heart attack. Discography This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Albums Year Album Chart positions Sales and certifications U.S. GER 1997 Welcome to Our World First studio album Released: November 11, 1997 Format: CD, Cassette 33 – RIAA certification: Platinum 2001 Indecent Proposal Second studio album Released: November 20, 2001 Format: CD, Cassette 29 – US: 356,000 2003 Under Construction, Part II Third studio album Released: November 18, 2003 Format: CD, Cassette 50 75 Singles Year Title Peak chart positions Album US USR&B AUS IRL UK 1997 "Up Jumps da Boogie"(featuring Missy Elliott and Aaliyah) 12 4 — — — Welcome to Our World 1998 "Luv 2 Luv Ya (Remix)"(featuring Shaunta and Playa) — — — — — "Clock Strikes"(featuring Mad Skillz) 37 24 — — — 2000 "We At It Again"(featuring Sebastian and Static) — 79 — — — Romeo Must Die 2001 "Drop"(featuring Fatman Scoop) — 105 — — — Indecent Proposal "All Y'all"(featuring Tweet and Sebastian) — 58 — — — 2003 "Cop That Shit"(featuring Missy Elliott) 95 49 34 39 22 Under Construction, Part II "Indian Flute"(featuring Sebastian and Raje Shwari) — 73 — — — "—" denotes releases that did not chart. Guest appearances S.B.I. - UH UH AH (1990) S.B.I. - It's Like That Yaw (1991) S.B.I. - SkullCaps (1991) S.B.I. - If Ur Freaky (1991) S.B.I. - Can U Get Wit It (1993) Jodeci - In The Meanwhile (1994) Jodeci – "What About Us (Swing Mob Mix)" (1994) Swing Mob - Plenty Of Styles 1994 Swing Mob - "Ain't Nothing But A B Party " 1994 Swing Mob - " Dat Funk" (1995) Swing Mob - " Nothing But A B-Party Remix " (1995) DeVante Swing - Gin & Juice (Remix) featuring Da Boogie Man, Mr. Brendal, Timbaland & Magoo, Black, Static & C-Dub (1995) S.B.I - Big White Spaceship (1995) Ginuwine – "G. Thang" (1996) Missy Elliott – "Beep Me 911" (1997) Missy Elliott – "Beep Me 911 (Timbaland Remix)" (1998) Timbaland – "Here We Come" (1998) Timbaland – "What 'Cha Talkin' About" (1998) Playa - "Intro (Interlude)" (1998) Playa – "Derby City (Interlude)" (1998) The Black Russians – "Back Up Out My Way" (2003) Timbaland – "Boardmeeting" (2007) Timbaland – "Magoo Verse (Timbaland Thursday)" (2011) Missy Elliott – "Warped" (2013) References ^ Pedersen, Erik (August 14, 2023). "Magoo Dies: Rapper Who Teamed With Timbaland & Worked With Missy Elliott Was 50". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 15, 2023. ^ a b Holpuch, Amanda (August 14, 2023). "Magoo, Rapper and Former Timbaland Collaborator, Dies at 50". The New York Times. Retrieved September 7, 2023. ^ "Timbaland - Up Jumps Da' Boogie Lyrics". Lyricsmania.com. Retrieved March 12, 2012. ^ "Remember When Timbaland And Pharrell Were In A Music Group?". The Urban Daily. March 10, 2015. ^ Timbaland & Magoo at AllMusic ^ "Aaliyah's Blackground Records Music Heads to Streaming Beginning August 20". August 5, 2021. ^ "Aaliyah albums streaming: 'Her influence is absolutely everywhere'". BBC. August 20, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2021. ^ Minsker, Evan (August 20, 2021). "Aaliyah's One in a Million Arrives to Streaming Amid Dispute Between Label and Estate". Pitchfork. Retrieved August 20, 2021. ^ Legaspi, Althea (August 20, 2021). "Stream Aaliyah's 'One in a Million' Album". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 20, 2021. ^ Giacomazzo, Bernadette (August 13, 2023). "Magoo Has Reportedly Passed Away at Age 50". HipHopDX. Retrieved August 14, 2023. ^ a b "Melvin "Magoo" Barcliff". Metropolitan Funeral Service.com. Retrieved September 7, 2023. ^ "Timbaland" searchable database. RIAA. Accessed November 7, 2007. ^ World Chart Positions. aCharts.us. Accessed April 15, 2011. ^ "Timbaland Album & Song Chart History". Billboard.com. Retrieved March 12, 2012. ^ "Timbaland & Magoo Album & Song Chart History". Billboard.com. Retrieved March 12, 2012. ^ "Chart Log UK: DJ T - Tzant". Zobbel.de. Retrieved December 24, 2010. vteTimbaland & Magoo Timbaland Magoo Studio albums Welcome to Our World (1997) Indecent Proposal (2001) Under Construction, Part II (2003) Compilation albums Present (2005) Singles "Up Jumps da Boogie" (featuring Missy Elliott and Aaliyah) "Clock Strikes" (featuring Mad Skillz) "Drop" (featuring Fatman Scoop) "All Ya'll" (featuring Tweet and Sebastian) "Cop That Shit" (featuring Missy Elliott) Related articles Timbaland discography Mosley Music Group Swing Mob Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Norway France BnF data Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef
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Following the latter's moderate reception, Timbaland then focused on his solo career and production work, while Magoo failed to release any solo material. Magoo died of a heart attack in 2023.[4]","title":"Timbaland & Magoo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Pharrell Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharrell_Williams"},{"link_name":"the Neptunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Neptunes"},{"link_name":"Missy Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missy_Elliott"},{"link_name":"DeVante Swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeVante_Swing"},{"link_name":"Playa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playa_(band)"},{"link_name":"Tweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Ginuwine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginuwine"},{"link_name":"Stevie J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_J"},{"link_name":"Swing Mob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_Mob"},{"link_name":"Blackground Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackground_Records"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records"},{"link_name":"Welcome to Our World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_to_Our_World"},{"link_name":"Up Jumps da Boogie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_Jumps_da_Boogie"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Indecent Proposal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indecent_Proposal_(album)"},{"link_name":"Under Construction, Part II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Construction,_Part_II"},{"link_name":"Missy Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missy_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Under Construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Construction_(Missy_Elliott_album)"},{"link_name":"Blackground Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackground_Records"},{"link_name":"Aaliyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaliyah"},{"link_name":"Empire Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Distribution"},{"link_name":"Tim's Bio: Life from da Bassment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%27s_Bio:_Life_from_da_Bassment"},{"link_name":"Welcome to Our World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_to_Our_World"},{"link_name":"Indecent Proposal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indecent_Proposal_(album)"},{"link_name":"Under Construction, Part II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Construction,_Part_II"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theNYTobi-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obiMagoo-11"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obiMagoo-11"}],"text":"Hailing from Norfolk, Virginia, the duo first met when they were teenagers back in 1989 through their friend Larry Live. In 1990 Timbaland, Larry Live, and Magoo formed a group called Surrounded By Idiots. Later that year they recruited friend and future fellow group member Pharrell Williams. The group only lasted three years, due to Pharrell Williams leaving the group to pursue a career with his own group the Neptunes in early 1992, and Larry Live leaving the group to join Swing Mob in 1993. In late 1992, the group was recruited by Fayze group members Radiah Covington, Chonita Coleman, and Missy Elliott to be part DeVante Swing's collective, Da Bassment Crew, which also included Playa, Tweet, Baazar Royale, Ginuwine, and Stevie J–who were each signed with Swing Mob.During the early days of Da Bassment Crew, after group member Larry Live had left S.B.I., Magoo suggested to Tim to form the duo Timbaland & Magoo. After guest appearing on fellow Swing Mob artists' releases, the duo decided left the label, following after Elliott, who did so due to low pay cuts and its chaotic working conditions. Timbaland & Magoo signed with Blackground Records, an imprint of Atlantic Records to release their debut album, Welcome to Our World in November 1997. It spawned the single \"Up Jumps da Boogie\", which peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and remains their highest-charting song.[5] They released two further studio albums as a group, Indecent Proposal in 2001 and Under Construction, Part II in 2003. The latter was meant as a sequel to Missy Elliott's fourth album Under Construction.In August 2021, Blackground Records, the label who launched R&B/Pop singer Aaliyah, signed a distribution deal with Empire Distribution to re-release Timbaland & Magoo's catalog on CD, cassette and vinyl, onto digital download sites and, for the first time ever, streaming services. As a result, Timbaland's 1998 LP Tim's Bio: Life from da Bassment and Timbaland & Magoo albums Welcome to Our World, Indecent Proposal and Under Construction, Part II were re-released August 27, 2021.[6][7][8][9]Magoo died on August 13, 2023, at the age of 50, and his death was confirmed by his former wife, Meco Barcliff.[2][10][11] His funeral service took place on September 6, 2023, in Portsmouth, Virginia.[11] The cause of Magoo's death was later attributed to a heart attack.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"S.B.I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S.B.I.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"S.B.I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S.B.I.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"S.B.I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S.B.I.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"S.B.I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S.B.I.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"S.B.I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S.B.I.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jodeci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodeci"},{"link_name":"Jodeci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodeci"},{"link_name":"What About Us (Swing Mob Mix)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_About_Us_(Jodeci_song)"},{"link_name":"Swing Mob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_Mob"},{"link_name":"Swing Mob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_Mob"},{"link_name":"Ain't Nothing But A B Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ain%27t_Nothing_But_A_B_Party&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Swing Mob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_Mob"},{"link_name":"Swing Mob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_Mob"},{"link_name":"DeVante Swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeVante_Swing"},{"link_name":"Timbaland & Magoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playa_(band)"},{"link_name":"Static","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_Major"},{"link_name":"S.B.I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S.B.I&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ginuwine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginuwine"},{"link_name":"Missy Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missy_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Beep Me 911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beep_Me_911"},{"link_name":"Beep Me 911 (Timbaland Remix)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beep_Me_911"},{"link_name":"Here We Come","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_We_Come_(song)"},{"link_name":"Playa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playa_(band)"}],"sub_title":"Guest appearances","text":"S.B.I. - UH UH AH (1990)\nS.B.I. - It's Like That Yaw (1991)\nS.B.I. - SkullCaps (1991)\nS.B.I. - If Ur Freaky (1991)\nS.B.I. - Can U Get Wit It (1993)\nJodeci - In The Meanwhile (1994)\nJodeci – \"What About Us (Swing Mob Mix)\" (1994)\nSwing Mob - Plenty Of Styles 1994\nSwing Mob - \"Ain't Nothing But A B Party \" 1994\nSwing Mob - \" Dat Funk\" (1995)\nSwing Mob - \" Nothing But A B-Party Remix \" (1995)\nDeVante Swing - Gin & Juice (Remix) featuring Da Boogie Man, Mr. Brendal, Timbaland & Magoo, Black, Static & C-Dub (1995)\nS.B.I - Big White Spaceship (1995)\nGinuwine – \"G. Thang\" (1996)\nMissy Elliott – \"Beep Me 911\" (1997)\nMissy Elliott – \"Beep Me 911 (Timbaland Remix)\" (1998)\nTimbaland – \"Here We Come\" (1998)\nTimbaland – \"What 'Cha Talkin' About\" (1998)\nPlaya - \"Intro (Interlude)\" (1998)\nPlaya – \"Derby City (Interlude)\" (1998)\nThe Black Russians – \"Back Up Out My Way\" (2003)\nTimbaland – \"Boardmeeting\" (2007)\nTimbaland – \"Magoo Verse (Timbaland Thursday)\" (2011)\nMissy Elliott – \"Warped\" (2013)","title":"Discography"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Pedersen, Erik (August 14, 2023). \"Magoo Dies: Rapper Who Teamed With Timbaland & Worked With Missy Elliott Was 50\". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2023/08/magoo-dead-rapper-timbaland-missy-elliott-1235515152/","url_text":"\"Magoo Dies: Rapper Who Teamed With Timbaland & Worked With Missy Elliott Was 50\""}]},{"reference":"Holpuch, Amanda (August 14, 2023). \"Magoo, Rapper and Former Timbaland Collaborator, Dies at 50\". The New York Times. Retrieved September 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/14/arts/music/magoo-rapper-dead.html","url_text":"\"Magoo, Rapper and Former Timbaland Collaborator, Dies at 50\""}]},{"reference":"\"Timbaland - Up Jumps Da' Boogie Lyrics\". Lyricsmania.com. Retrieved March 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lyricsmania.com/up_jumps_da_boogie_lyrics_timbaland.html","url_text":"\"Timbaland - Up Jumps Da' Boogie Lyrics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Remember When Timbaland And Pharrell Were In A Music Group?\". The Urban Daily. March 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://theurbandaily.com/2993742/timbaland-sbi-pharrell-magoo/","url_text":"\"Remember When Timbaland And Pharrell Were In A Music Group?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aaliyah's Blackground Records Music Heads to Streaming Beginning August 20\". August 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/2021/08/aaliyah-catalog-streaming-services-details.html","url_text":"\"Aaliyah's Blackground Records Music Heads to Streaming Beginning August 20\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aaliyah albums streaming: 'Her influence is absolutely everywhere'\". BBC. August 20, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-58246480","url_text":"\"Aaliyah albums streaming: 'Her influence is absolutely everywhere'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Minsker, Evan (August 20, 2021). \"Aaliyah's One in a Million Arrives to Streaming Amid Dispute Between Label and Estate\". Pitchfork. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/aaliyahs-one-in-a-million-arrives-to-streaming-amid-dispute-between-label-and-estate/","url_text":"\"Aaliyah's One in a Million Arrives to Streaming Amid Dispute Between Label and Estate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"Legaspi, Althea (August 20, 2021). \"Stream Aaliyah's 'One in a Million' Album\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/aaliyah-one-in-a-million-album-stream-hear-1214560/","url_text":"\"Stream Aaliyah's 'One in a Million' Album\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Giacomazzo, Bernadette (August 13, 2023). \"Magoo Has Reportedly Passed Away at Age 50\". HipHopDX. Retrieved August 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://hiphopdx.com/news/magoo-died-age-50","url_text":"\"Magoo Has Reportedly Passed Away at Age 50\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HipHopDX","url_text":"HipHopDX"}]},{"reference":"\"Melvin \"Magoo\" Barcliff\". Metropolitan Funeral Service.com. Retrieved September 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://metropolitanfuneralservice.com/memorial/melvin-lee-barcliff/","url_text":"\"Melvin \"Magoo\" Barcliff\""}]},{"reference":"\"Timbaland Album & Song Chart History\". Billboard.com. Retrieved March 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/timbaland/chart-history/hot-100","url_text":"\"Timbaland Album & Song Chart History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Timbaland & Magoo Album & Song Chart History\". Billboard.com. Retrieved March 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/timbaland-%26-magoo/chart-history/r%26b/hip-hop-songs","url_text":"\"Timbaland & Magoo Album & Song Chart History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chart Log UK: DJ T - Tzant\". Zobbel.de. Retrieved December 24, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_T.HTM","url_text":"\"Chart Log UK: DJ T - Tzant\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-the-money
Moneyness
["1 Example","2 Intrinsic value and time value","3 Moneyness terms","3.1 At the money","3.2 In the money","3.3 Out of the money","4 Spot versus forward","5 Use","6 Definition","6.1 Moneyness function","6.2 Conventions","6.3 Simple examples","6.4 Black–Scholes formula auxiliary variables","7 References"]
"In the money" redirects here. For the poker term, see In the money (poker). Difference in the price of an underlying asset and its derivative's strike price In finance, moneyness is the relative position of the current price (or future price) of an underlying asset (e.g., a stock) with respect to the strike price of a derivative, most commonly a call option or a put option. Moneyness is firstly a three-fold classification: If the derivative would have positive intrinsic value if it were to expire today, it is said to be in the money (ITM); If the derivative would be worthless if expiring with the underlying at its current price, it is said to be out of the money (OTM); And if the current underlying price and strike price are equal, the derivative is said to be at the money (ATM). There are two slightly different definitions, according to whether one uses the current price (spot) or future price (forward), specified as "at the money spot" or "at the money forward", etc. This rough classification can be quantified by various definitions to express the moneyness as a number, measuring how far the asset is in the money or out of the money with respect to the strike – or, conversely, how far a strike is in or out of the money with respect to the spot (or forward) price of the asset. This quantified notion of moneyness is most importantly used in defining the relative volatility surface: the implied volatility in terms of moneyness, rather than absolute price. The most basic of these measures is simple moneyness, which is the ratio of spot (or forward) to strike, or the reciprocal, depending on convention. A particularly important measure of moneyness is the likelihood that the derivative will expire in the money, in the risk-neutral measure. It can be measured in percentage probability of expiring in the money, which is the forward value of a binary call option with the given strike, and is equal to the auxiliary N(d2) term in the Black–Scholes formula. This can also be measured in standard deviations, measuring how far above or below the strike price the current price is, in terms of volatility; this quantity is given by d2. (Standard deviations refer to the price fluctuations of the underlying instrument, not of the option itself.) Another measure closely related to moneyness is the Delta of a call or put option. There are other proxies for moneyness, with convention depending on market. Example Suppose the current stock price of IBM is $100. A call or put option with a strike of $100 is at-the-money. A call with a strike of $80 is in-the-money (100 − 80 = 20 > 0). A put option with a strike at $80 is out-of-the-money (80 − 100 = −20 < 0). Conversely, a call option with a $120 strike is out-of-the-money and a put option with a $120 strike is in-the-money. The above is a traditional way of defining ITM, OTM and ATM, but some new authors find the comparison of strike price with current market price meaningless and recommend the use of Forward Reference Rate instead of Current Market Price. For example, a put option will be in the money if the strike price of the option is greater than the Forward Reference Rate. Intrinsic value and time value The intrinsic value (or "monetary value") of an option is its value assuming it were exercised immediately. Thus if the current (spot) price of the underlying security (or commodity etc.) is above the agreed (strike) price, a call has positive intrinsic value (and is called "in the money"), while a put has zero intrinsic value (and is "out of the money"). The time value of an option is the total value of the option, less the intrinsic value. It partly arises from the uncertainty of future price movements of the underlying. A component of the time value also arises from the unwinding of the discount rate between now and the expiry date. In the case of a European option, the option cannot be exercised before the expiry date, so it is possible for the time value to be negative; for an American option if the time value is ever negative, you exercise it (ignoring special circumstances such as the security going ex dividend): this yields a boundary condition. Moneyness terms At the money An option is at the money (ATM) if the strike price is the same as the current spot price of the underlying security. An at-the-money option has no intrinsic value, only time value. For example, with an "at the money" call stock option, the current share price and strike price are the same. Exercising the option will not earn the seller a profit, but any move upward in stock price will give the option value. Since an option will rarely be exactly at the money, except for when it is written (when one may buy or sell an ATM option), one may speak informally of an option being near the money or close to the money. Similarly, given standardized options (at a fixed set of strikes, say every $1), one can speak of which one is nearest the money; "near the money" may narrowly refer specifically to the nearest the money strike. Conversely, one may speak informally of an option being far from the money. In the money An in the money (ITM) option has positive intrinsic value as well as time value. A call option is in the money when the strike price is below the spot price. A put option is in the money when the strike price is above the spot price. With an "in the money" call stock option, the current share price is greater than the strike price so exercising the option will give the owner of that option a profit. That will be equal to the market price of the share, minus the option strike price, times the number of shares granted by the option (minus any commission). Out of the money An out of the money (OTM) option has no intrinsic value. A call option is out of the money when the strike price is above the spot price of the underlying security. A put option is out of the money when the strike price is below the spot price. With an "out of the money" call stock option, the current share price is less than the strike price so there is no reason to exercise the option. The owner can sell the option, or wait and hope the price changes. Spot versus forward This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Assets can have a forward price (a price for delivery in future) as well as a spot price. One can also talk about moneyness with respect to the forward price: thus one talks about ATMF, "ATM Forward", and so forth. For instance, if the spot price for USD/JPY is 120, and the forward price one year hence is 110, then a call struck at 110 is ATMF but not ATM. Use Buying an ITM option is effectively lending money in the amount of the intrinsic value. Further, an ITM call can be replicated by entering a forward and buying an OTM put (and conversely). Consequently, ATM and OTM options are the main traded ones. Definition Moneyness function Intuitively speaking, moneyness and time to expiry form a two-dimensional coordinate system for valuing options (either in currency (dollar) value or in implied volatility), and changing from spot (or forward, or strike) to moneyness is a change of variables. Thus a moneyness function is a function M with input the spot price (or forward, or strike) and output a real number, which is called the moneyness. The condition of being a change of variables is that this function is monotone (either increasing for all inputs, or decreasing for all inputs), and the function can depend on the other parameters of the Black–Scholes model, notably time to expiry, interest rates, and implied volatility (concretely the ATM implied volatility), yielding a function: M ( S , K , τ , r , σ ) , {\displaystyle M(S,K,\tau ,r,\sigma ),} where S is the spot price of the underlying, K is the strike price, τ is the time to expiry, r is the risk-free rate, and σ is the implied volatility. The forward price F can be computed from the spot price S and the risk-free rate r. All of these are observables except for the implied volatility, which can computed from the observable price using the Black–Scholes formula. In order for this function to reflect moneyness – i.e., for moneyness to increase as spot and strike move relative to each other – it must be monotone in both spot S and in strike K (equivalently forward F, which is monotone in S), with at least one of these strictly monotone, and have opposite direction: either increasing in S and decreasing in K (call moneyness) or decreasing in S and increasing in K (put moneyness). Somewhat different formalizations are possible. Further axioms may also be added to define a "valid" moneyness. This definition is abstract and notationally heavy; in practice relatively simple and concrete moneyness functions are used, and arguments to the function are suppressed for clarity. Conventions When quantifying moneyness, it is computed as a single number with respect to spot (or forward) and strike, without specifying a reference option. There are thus two conventions, depending on direction: call moneyness, where moneyness increases if spot increases relative to strike, and put moneyness, where moneyness increases if spot decreases relative to strike. These can be switched by changing sign, possibly with a shift or scale factor (e.g., the probability that a put with strike K expires ITM is one minus the probability that a call with strike K expires ITM, as these are complementary events). Switching spot and strike also switches these conventions, and spot and strike are often complementary in formulas for moneyness, but need not be. Which convention is used depends on the purpose. The sequel uses call moneyness – as spot increases, moneyness increases – and is the same direction as using call Delta as moneyness. While moneyness is a function of both spot and strike, usually one of these is fixed, and the other varies. Given a specific option, the strike is fixed, and different spots yield the moneyness of that option at different market prices; this is useful in option pricing and understanding the Black–Scholes formula. Conversely, given market data at a given point in time, the spot is fixed at the current market price, while different options have different strikes, and hence different moneyness; this is useful in constructing an implied volatility surface, or more simply plotting a volatility smile. Simple examples This section outlines moneyness measures from simple but less useful to more complex but more useful. Simpler measures of moneyness can be computed immediately from observable market data without any theoretical assumptions, while more complex measures use the implied volatility, and thus the Black–Scholes model. The simplest (put) moneyness is fixed-strike moneyness, where M=K, and the simplest call moneyness is fixed-spot moneyness, where M=S. These are also known as absolute moneyness, and correspond to not changing coordinates, instead using the raw prices as measures of moneyness; the corresponding volatility surface, with coordinates K and T (tenor) is the absolute volatility surface. The simplest non-trivial moneyness is the ratio of these, either S/K or its reciprocal K/S, which is known as the (spot) simple moneyness, with analogous forward simple moneyness. Conventionally the fixed quantity is in the denominator, while the variable quantity is in the numerator, so S/K for a single option and varying spots, and K/S for different options at a given spot, such as when constructing a volatility surface. A volatility surface using coordinates a non-trivial moneyness M and time to expiry τ is called the relative volatility surface (with respect to the moneyness M). While the spot is often used by traders, the forward is preferred in theory, as it has better properties, thus F/K will be used in the sequel. In practice, for low interest rates and short tenors, spot versus forward makes little difference. In (call) simple moneyness, ATM corresponds to moneyness of 1, while ITM corresponds to greater than 1, and OTM corresponds to less than 1, with equivalent levels of ITM/OTM corresponding to reciprocals. This is linearized by taking the log, yielding the log simple moneyness ln ⁡ ( F / K ) . {\displaystyle \ln \left(F/K\right).} In the log simple moneyness, ATM corresponds to 0, while ITM is positive and OTM is negative, and corresponding levels of ITM/OTM corresponding to switching sign. Note that once logs are taken, moneyness in terms of forward or spot differ by an additive factor (log of discount factor), as ln ⁡ ( F / K ) = ln ⁡ ( S / K ) + r T . {\displaystyle \ln \left(F/K\right)=\ln(S/K)+rT.} The above measures are independent of time, but for a given simple moneyness, options near expiry and far from expiry behave differently, as options far from expiry have more time for the underlying to change. Accordingly, one may incorporate time to maturity τ into moneyness. Since dispersion of Brownian motion is proportional to the square root of time, one may divide the log simple moneyness by this factor, yielding: ln ⁡ ( F / K ) / τ . {\displaystyle \ln \left(F/K\right){\Big /}{\sqrt {\tau }}.} This effectively normalizes for time to expiry – with this measure of moneyness, volatility smiles are largely independent of time to expiry. This measure does not account for the volatility σ of the underlying asset. Unlike previous inputs, volatility is not directly observable from market data, but must instead be computed in some model, primarily using ATM implied volatility in the Black–Scholes model. Dispersion is proportional to volatility, so standardizing by volatility yields: m = ln ⁡ ( F / K ) σ τ . {\displaystyle m={\frac {\ln \left(F/K\right)}{\sigma {\sqrt {\tau }}}}.} This is known as the standardized moneyness (forward), and measures moneyness in standard deviation units. In words, the standardized moneyness is the number of standard deviations the current forward price is above the strike price. Thus the moneyness is zero when the forward price of the underlying equals the strike price, when the option is at-the-money-forward. Standardized moneyness is measured in standard deviations from this point, with a positive value meaning an in-the-money call option and a negative value meaning an out-of-the-money call option (with signs reversed for a put option). Black–Scholes formula auxiliary variables The standardized moneyness is closely related to the auxiliary variables in the Black–Scholes formula, namely the terms d+ = d1 and d− = d2, which are defined as: d ± = ln ⁡ ( F / K ) ± ( σ 2 / 2 ) τ σ τ . {\displaystyle d_{\pm }={\frac {\ln \left(F/K\right)\pm (\sigma ^{2}/2)\tau }{\sigma {\sqrt {\tau }}}}.} The standardized moneyness is the average of these: m = ln ⁡ ( F / K ) σ τ = 1 2 ( d − + d + ) , {\displaystyle m={\frac {\ln(F/K)}{\sigma {\sqrt {\tau }}}}={\tfrac {1}{2}}\left(d_{-}+d_{+}\right),} and they are ordered as: d − < m < d + , {\displaystyle d_{-}<m<d_{+},} differing only by a step of σ τ / 2 {\displaystyle \sigma {\sqrt {\tau }}/2} in each case. This is often small, so the quantities are often confused or conflated, though they have distinct interpretations. As these are all in units of standard deviations, it makes sense to convert these to percentages, by evaluating the standard normal cumulative distribution function N for these values. The interpretation of these quantities is somewhat subtle, and consists of changing to a risk-neutral measure with specific choice of numéraire. In brief, these are interpreted (for a call option) as: N(d−) is the (Future Value) price of a binary call option, or the risk-neutral likelihood that the option will expire ITM, with numéraire cash (the risk-free asset); N(m) is the percentage corresponding to standardized moneyness; N(d+) is the Delta, or the risk-neutral likelihood that the option will expire ITM, with numéraire asset. These have the same ordering, as N is monotonic (since it is a CDF): N ( d − ) < N ( m ) < N ( d + ) = Δ . {\displaystyle N(d_{-})<N(m)<N(d_{+})=\Delta .} Of these, N(d−) is the (risk-neutral) "likelihood of expiring in the money", and thus the theoretically correct percent moneyness, with d− the correct moneyness. The percent moneyness is the implied probability that the derivative will expire in the money, in the risk-neutral measure. Thus a moneyness of 0 yields a 50% probability of expiring ITM, while a moneyness of 1 yields an approximately 84% probability of expiring ITM. This corresponds to the asset following geometric Brownian motion with drift r, the risk-free rate, and diffusion σ, the implied volatility. Drift is the mean, with the corresponding median (50th percentile) being r−σ2/2, which is the reason for the correction factor. Note that this is the implied probability, not the real-world probability. The other quantities – (percent) standardized moneyness and Delta – are not identical to the actual percent moneyness, but in many practical cases these are quite close (unless volatility is high or time to expiry is long), and Delta is commonly used by traders as a measure of (percent) moneyness. Delta is more than moneyness, with the (percent) standardized moneyness in between. Thus a 25 Delta call option has less than 25% moneyness, usually slightly less, and a 50 Delta "ATM" call option has less than 50% moneyness; these discrepancies can be observed in prices of binary options and vertical spreads. Note that for puts, Delta is negative, and thus negative Delta is used – more uniformly, absolute value of Delta is used for call/put moneyness. The meaning of the factor of (σ2/2)τ is relatively subtle. For d− and m this corresponds to the difference between the median and mean (respectively) of geometric Brownian motion (the log-normal distribution), and is the same correction factor in Itō's lemma for geometric Brownian motion. The interpretation of d+, as used in Delta, is subtler, and can be interpreted most elegantly as change of numéraire. In more elementary terms, the probability that the option expires in the money and the value of the underlying at exercise are not independent – the higher the price of the underlying, the more likely it is to expire in the money and the higher the value at exercise, hence why Delta is higher than moneyness. References ^ a b (Neftçi 2008, pp. 458–460, 11.2 How Can We Define Moneyness?) ^ Chugh, Aman (2013). Financial Derivatives- The Currency and Rates Factor (First ed.). New Delhi: Dorling Kindersly (India) Pvt Ltd, licensees of Pearson Education in South Asia. p. 60. ISBN 978-81-317-7433-5. Retrieved 18 August 2014. ^ At the Money Definition Archived 2012-06-16 at the Wayback Machine, Cash Bauer 2012 ^ "Near The Money", Investopedia ^ a b c d (Häfner 2004, Definition 3.12, p. 42) ^ a b c d (Häfner 2004, Section 5.3.1, Choice of Moneyness Measure, pp. 85–87) ^ (Natenberg 1994, pp. 106–110) ^ (Natenberg 1994) ^ (Tompkins 1994), who uses spot rather than forward. Häfner, Reinhold (2004). Stochastic Implied Votality: A Factor-Based Model. Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems (Paperback ed.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-22183-8. McMillan, Lawrence G. (2002). Options as a Strategic Investment (4th ed.). New York : New York Institute of Finance. ISBN 0-7352-0197-8. Natenberg, Sheldon (1994). Option Volatility & Pricing: Advanced Trading Strategies and Techniques. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-1-55738486-7. Neftçi, Salih N. (2008). Principles of Financial Engineering (2nd ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-373574-4. Tompkins, Robert (1994). Options Explained2. Macmillan Business: Finance and Capital Markets (2nd ed.). Palgrave. 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For the poker term, see In the money (poker).Difference in the price of an underlying asset and its derivative's strike priceIn finance, moneyness is the relative position of the current price (or future price) of an underlying asset (e.g., a stock) with respect to the strike price of a derivative, most commonly a call option or a put option. Moneyness is firstly a three-fold classification:If the derivative would have positive intrinsic value if it were to expire today, it is said to be in the money (ITM);\nIf the derivative would be worthless if expiring with the underlying at its current price, it is said to be out of the money (OTM);\nAnd if the current underlying price and strike price are equal, the derivative is said to be at the money (ATM).There are two slightly different definitions, according to whether one uses the current price (spot) or future price (forward), specified as \"at the money spot\" or \"at the money forward\", etc.This rough classification can be quantified by various definitions to express the moneyness as a number, measuring how far the asset is in the money or out of the money with respect to the strike – or, conversely, how far a strike is in or out of the money with respect to the spot (or forward) price of the asset. This quantified notion of moneyness is most importantly used in defining the relative volatility surface: the implied volatility in terms of moneyness, rather than absolute price. The most basic of these measures is simple moneyness, which is the ratio of spot (or forward) to strike, or the reciprocal, depending on convention. A particularly important measure of moneyness is the likelihood that the derivative will expire in the money, in the risk-neutral measure. It can be measured in percentage probability of expiring in the money, which is the forward value of a binary call option with the given strike, and is equal to the auxiliary N(d2) term in the Black–Scholes formula. This can also be measured in standard deviations, measuring how far above or below the strike price the current price is, in terms of volatility; this quantity is given by d2. (Standard deviations refer to the price fluctuations of the underlying instrument, not of the option itself.) Another measure closely related to moneyness is the Delta of a call or put option. There are other proxies for moneyness, with convention depending on market.[1]","title":"Moneyness"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_option"},{"link_name":"put option","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Put_option"},{"link_name":"call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_option"},{"link_name":"put option","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Put_option"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Suppose the current stock price of IBM is $100. A call or put option with a strike of $100 is at-the-money. A call with a strike of $80 is in-the-money (100 − 80 = 20 > 0). A put option with a strike at $80 is out-of-the-money (80 − 100 = −20 < 0). Conversely, a call option with a $120 strike is out-of-the-money and a put option with a $120 strike is in-the-money.The above is a traditional way of defining ITM, OTM and ATM, but some new authors find the comparison of strike price with current market price meaningless and recommend the use of Forward Reference Rate instead of Current Market Price. For example, a put option will be in the money if the strike price of the option is greater than the Forward Reference Rate.[2]","title":"Example"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spot_price"},{"link_name":"strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_price"},{"link_name":"call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_option"},{"link_name":"put","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Put_option"},{"link_name":"time value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Option_time_value"},{"link_name":"boundary condition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_condition"}],"text":"The intrinsic value (or \"monetary value\") of an option is its value assuming it were exercised immediately. Thus if the current (spot) price of the underlying security (or commodity etc.) is above the agreed (strike) price, a call has positive intrinsic value (and is called \"in the money\"), while a put has zero intrinsic value (and is \"out of the money\").The time value of an option is the total value of the option, less the intrinsic value. It partly arises from the uncertainty of future price movements of the underlying. A component of the time value also arises from the unwinding of the discount rate between now and the expiry date. In the case of a European option, the option cannot be exercised before the expiry date, so it is possible for the time value to be negative; for an American option if the time value is ever negative, you exercise it (ignoring special circumstances such as the security going ex dividend): this yields a boundary condition.","title":"Intrinsic value and time value"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Moneyness terms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"option","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Option_(finance)"},{"link_name":"strike price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_price"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-at-the-money-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iopntm-4"}],"sub_title":"At the money","text":"An option is at the money (ATM) if the strike price is the same as the current spot price of the underlying security. An at-the-money option has no intrinsic value, only time value.[3]For example, with an \"at the money\" call stock option, the current share price and strike price are the same. Exercising the option will not earn the seller a profit, but any move upward in stock price will give the option value.Since an option will rarely be exactly at the money, except for when it is written (when one may buy or sell an ATM option), one may speak informally of an option being near the money or close to the money.[4] Similarly, given standardized options (at a fixed set of strikes, say every $1), one can speak of which one is nearest the money; \"near the money\" may narrowly refer specifically to the nearest the money strike. Conversely, one may speak informally of an option being far from the money.","title":"Moneyness terms"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"In the money","text":"An in the money (ITM) option has positive intrinsic value as well as time value. A call option is in the money when the strike price is below the spot price. A put option is in the money when the strike price is above the spot price.With an \"in the money\" call stock option, the current share price is greater than the strike price so exercising the option will give the owner of that option a profit. That will be equal to the market price of the share, minus the option strike price, times the number of shares granted by the option (minus any commission).","title":"Moneyness terms"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Out of the money","text":"An out of the money (OTM) option has no intrinsic value. A call option is out of the money when the strike price is above the spot price of the underlying security. A put option is out of the money when the strike price is below the spot price.With an \"out of the money\" call stock option, the current share price is less than the strike price so there is no reason to exercise the option. The owner can sell the option, or wait and hope the price changes.","title":"Moneyness terms"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Assets can have a forward price (a price for delivery in future) as well as a spot price. One can also talk about moneyness with respect to the forward price: thus one talks about ATMF, \"ATM Forward\", and so forth. For instance, if the spot price for USD/JPY is 120, and the forward price one year hence is 110, then a call struck at 110 is ATMF but not ATM.","title":"Spot versus forward"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Buying an ITM option is effectively lending money in the amount of the intrinsic value. Further, an ITM call can be replicated by entering a forward and buying an OTM put (and conversely). Consequently, ATM and OTM options are the main traded ones.","title":"Use"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coordinate system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate_system"},{"link_name":"change of variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_of_variables"},{"link_name":"Black–Scholes model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%E2%80%93Scholes_model"},{"link_name":"implied volatility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implied_volatility"},{"link_name":"risk-free rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk-free_rate"},{"link_name":"monotone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotonic_function"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hafner42-5"}],"sub_title":"Moneyness function","text":"Intuitively speaking, moneyness and time to expiry form a two-dimensional coordinate system for valuing options (either in currency (dollar) value or in implied volatility), and changing from spot (or forward, or strike) to moneyness is a change of variables. Thus a moneyness function is a function M with input the spot price (or forward, or strike) and output a real number, which is called the moneyness. The condition of being a change of variables is that this function is monotone (either increasing for all inputs, or decreasing for all inputs), and the function can depend on the other parameters of the Black–Scholes model, notably time to expiry, interest rates, and implied volatility (concretely the ATM implied volatility), yielding a function:M\n (\n S\n ,\n K\n ,\n τ\n ,\n r\n ,\n σ\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M(S,K,\\tau ,r,\\sigma ),}where S is the spot price of the underlying, K is the strike price, τ is the time to expiry, r is the risk-free rate, and σ is the implied volatility. The forward price F can be computed from the spot price S and the risk-free rate r. All of these are observables except for the implied volatility, which can computed from the observable price using the Black–Scholes formula.In order for this function to reflect moneyness – i.e., for moneyness to increase as spot and strike move relative to each other – it must be monotone in both spot S and in strike K (equivalently forward F, which is monotone in S), with at least one of these strictly monotone, and have opposite direction: either increasing in S and decreasing in K (call moneyness) or decreasing in S and increasing in K (put moneyness). Somewhat different formalizations are possible.[5] Further axioms may also be added to define a \"valid\" moneyness.This definition is abstract and notationally heavy; in practice relatively simple and concrete moneyness functions are used, and arguments to the function are suppressed for clarity.","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black–Scholes formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%E2%80%93Scholes_formula"},{"link_name":"implied volatility surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implied_volatility_surface"},{"link_name":"volatility smile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility_smile"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-neftci-1"}],"sub_title":"Conventions","text":"When quantifying moneyness, it is computed as a single number with respect to spot (or forward) and strike, without specifying a reference option. There are thus two conventions, depending on direction: call moneyness, where moneyness increases if spot increases relative to strike, and put moneyness, where moneyness increases if spot decreases relative to strike. These can be switched by changing sign, possibly with a shift or scale factor (e.g., the probability that a put with strike K expires ITM is one minus the probability that a call with strike K expires ITM, as these are complementary events). Switching spot and strike also switches these conventions, and spot and strike are often complementary in formulas for moneyness, but need not be. Which convention is used depends on the purpose. The sequel uses call moneyness – as spot increases, moneyness increases – and is the same direction as using call Delta as moneyness.While moneyness is a function of both spot and strike, usually one of these is fixed, and the other varies. Given a specific option, the strike is fixed, and different spots yield the moneyness of that option at different market prices; this is useful in option pricing and understanding the Black–Scholes formula. Conversely, given market data at a given point in time, the spot is fixed at the current market price, while different options have different strikes, and hence different moneyness; this is useful in constructing an implied volatility surface, or more simply plotting a volatility smile.[1]","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hafner85-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hafner42-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hafner85-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hafner85-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hafner42-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hafner85-6"},{"link_name":"standardizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardizing"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"standard deviations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviations"},{"link_name":"strike price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_price"}],"sub_title":"Simple examples","text":"This section outlines moneyness measures from simple but less useful to more complex but more useful.[6] Simpler measures of moneyness can be computed immediately from observable market data without any theoretical assumptions, while more complex measures use the implied volatility, and thus the Black–Scholes model.The simplest (put) moneyness is fixed-strike moneyness,[5] where M=K, and the simplest call moneyness is fixed-spot moneyness, where M=S. These are also known as absolute moneyness, and correspond to not changing coordinates, instead using the raw prices as measures of moneyness; the corresponding volatility surface, with coordinates K and T (tenor) is the absolute volatility surface. The simplest non-trivial moneyness is the ratio of these, either S/K or its reciprocal K/S, which is known as the (spot) simple moneyness,[6] with analogous forward simple moneyness. Conventionally the fixed quantity is in the denominator, while the variable quantity is in the numerator, so S/K for a single option and varying spots, and K/S for different options at a given spot, such as when constructing a volatility surface. A volatility surface using coordinates a non-trivial moneyness M and time to expiry τ is called the relative volatility surface (with respect to the moneyness M).While the spot is often used by traders, the forward is preferred in theory, as it has better properties,[6][7] thus F/K will be used in the sequel. In practice, for low interest rates and short tenors, spot versus forward makes little difference.[5]In (call) simple moneyness, ATM corresponds to moneyness of 1, while ITM corresponds to greater than 1, and OTM corresponds to less than 1, with equivalent levels of ITM/OTM corresponding to reciprocals. This is linearized by taking the log, yielding the log simple moneyness \n \n \n \n ln\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n F\n \n /\n \n K\n \n )\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln \\left(F/K\\right).}\n \n In the log simple moneyness, ATM corresponds to 0, while ITM is positive and OTM is negative, and corresponding levels of ITM/OTM corresponding to switching sign. Note that once logs are taken, moneyness in terms of forward or spot differ by an additive factor (log of discount factor), as \n \n \n \n ln\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n F\n \n /\n \n K\n \n )\n \n =\n ln\n ⁡\n (\n S\n \n /\n \n K\n )\n +\n r\n T\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln \\left(F/K\\right)=\\ln(S/K)+rT.}The above measures are independent of time, but for a given simple moneyness, options near expiry and far from expiry behave differently, as options far from expiry have more time for the underlying to change. Accordingly, one may incorporate time to maturity τ into moneyness. Since dispersion of Brownian motion is proportional to the square root of time, one may divide the log simple moneyness by this factor, yielding:[8] \n \n \n \n ln\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n F\n \n /\n \n K\n \n )\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n \n \n τ\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln \\left(F/K\\right){\\Big /}{\\sqrt {\\tau }}.}\n \n This effectively normalizes for time to expiry – with this measure of moneyness, volatility smiles are largely independent of time to expiry.[6]This measure does not account for the volatility σ of the underlying asset. Unlike previous inputs, volatility is not directly observable from market data, but must instead be computed in some model, primarily using ATM implied volatility in the Black–Scholes model. Dispersion is proportional to volatility, so standardizing by volatility yields:[9]m\n =\n \n \n \n ln\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n F\n \n /\n \n K\n \n )\n \n \n \n σ\n \n \n τ\n \n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m={\\frac {\\ln \\left(F/K\\right)}{\\sigma {\\sqrt {\\tau }}}}.}This is known as the standardized moneyness (forward), and measures moneyness in standard deviation units.In words, the standardized moneyness is the number of standard deviations the current forward price is above the strike price. Thus the moneyness is zero when the forward price of the underlying equals the strike price, when the option is at-the-money-forward. Standardized moneyness is measured in standard deviations from this point, with a positive value meaning an in-the-money call option and a negative value meaning an out-of-the-money call option (with signs reversed for a put option).","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"standard normal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_normal"},{"link_name":"cumulative distribution function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulative_distribution_function"},{"link_name":"interpretation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%E2%80%93Scholes#Interpretation"},{"link_name":"risk-neutral measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk-neutral_measure"},{"link_name":"numéraire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Num%C3%A9raire"},{"link_name":"binary call option","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_call_option"},{"link_name":"Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_(finance)"},{"link_name":"geometric Brownian motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_Brownian_motion"},{"link_name":"percentile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentile"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hafner42-5"},{"link_name":"vertical spreads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_spread"},{"link_name":"geometric Brownian motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_Brownian_motion"},{"link_name":"log-normal distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log-normal_distribution"},{"link_name":"Itō's lemma for geometric Brownian motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C5%8D%27s_lemma#Geometric_Brownian_motion"}],"sub_title":"Black–Scholes formula auxiliary variables","text":"The standardized moneyness is closely related to the auxiliary variables in the Black–Scholes formula, namely the terms d+ = d1 and d− = d2, which are defined as:d\n \n ±\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n ln\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n F\n \n /\n \n K\n \n )\n \n ±\n (\n \n σ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n /\n \n 2\n )\n τ\n \n \n σ\n \n \n τ\n \n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{\\pm }={\\frac {\\ln \\left(F/K\\right)\\pm (\\sigma ^{2}/2)\\tau }{\\sigma {\\sqrt {\\tau }}}}.}The standardized moneyness is the average of these:m\n =\n \n \n \n ln\n ⁡\n (\n F\n \n /\n \n K\n )\n \n \n σ\n \n \n τ\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n d\n \n −\n \n \n +\n \n d\n \n +\n \n \n \n )\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m={\\frac {\\ln(F/K)}{\\sigma {\\sqrt {\\tau }}}}={\\tfrac {1}{2}}\\left(d_{-}+d_{+}\\right),}and they are ordered as:d\n \n −\n \n \n <\n m\n <\n \n d\n \n +\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{-}<m<d_{+},}differing only by a step of \n \n \n \n σ\n \n \n τ\n \n \n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma {\\sqrt {\\tau }}/2}\n \n in each case. This is often small, so the quantities are often confused or conflated, though they have distinct interpretations.As these are all in units of standard deviations, it makes sense to convert these to percentages, by evaluating the standard normal cumulative distribution function N for these values. The interpretation of these quantities is somewhat subtle, and consists of changing to a risk-neutral measure with specific choice of numéraire. In brief, these are interpreted (for a call option) as:N(d−) is the (Future Value) price of a binary call option, or the risk-neutral likelihood that the option will expire ITM, with numéraire cash (the risk-free asset);\nN(m) is the percentage corresponding to standardized moneyness;\nN(d+) is the Delta, or the risk-neutral likelihood that the option will expire ITM, with numéraire asset.These have the same ordering, as N is monotonic (since it is a CDF):N\n (\n \n d\n \n −\n \n \n )\n <\n N\n (\n m\n )\n <\n N\n (\n \n d\n \n +\n \n \n )\n =\n Δ\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N(d_{-})<N(m)<N(d_{+})=\\Delta .}Of these, N(d−) is the (risk-neutral) \"likelihood of expiring in the money\", and thus the theoretically correct percent moneyness, with d− the correct moneyness. The percent moneyness is the implied probability that the derivative will expire in the money, in the risk-neutral measure. Thus a moneyness of 0 yields a 50% probability of expiring ITM, while a moneyness of 1 yields an approximately 84% probability of expiring ITM.This corresponds to the asset following geometric Brownian motion with drift r, the risk-free rate, and diffusion σ, the implied volatility. Drift is the mean, with the corresponding median (50th percentile) being r−σ2/2, which is the reason for the correction factor. Note that this is the implied probability, not the real-world probability.The other quantities – (percent) standardized moneyness and Delta – are not identical to the actual percent moneyness, but in many practical cases these are quite close (unless volatility is high or time to expiry is long), and Delta is commonly used by traders as a measure of (percent) moneyness.[5] Delta is more than moneyness, with the (percent) standardized moneyness in between. Thus a 25 Delta call option has less than 25% moneyness, usually slightly less, and a 50 Delta \"ATM\" call option has less than 50% moneyness; these discrepancies can be observed in prices of binary options and vertical spreads. Note that for puts, Delta is negative, and thus negative Delta is used – more uniformly, absolute value of Delta is used for call/put moneyness.The meaning of the factor of (σ2/2)τ is relatively subtle. For d− and m this corresponds to the difference between the median and mean (respectively) of geometric Brownian motion (the log-normal distribution), and is the same correction factor in Itō's lemma for geometric Brownian motion. The interpretation of d+, as used in Delta, is subtler, and can be interpreted most elegantly as change of numéraire. In more elementary terms, the probability that the option expires in the money and the value of the underlying at exercise are not independent – the higher the price of the underlying, the more likely it is to expire in the money and the higher the value at exercise, hence why Delta is higher than moneyness.","title":"Definition"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Chugh, Aman (2013). Financial Derivatives- The Currency and Rates Factor (First ed.). New Delhi: Dorling Kindersly (India) Pvt Ltd, licensees of Pearson Education in South Asia. p. 60. ISBN 978-81-317-7433-5. Retrieved 18 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://icai.org/cmii_uploads1/c813b9f80c922bc3757e231a70dd1c7e.ppt","url_text":"Financial Derivatives- The Currency and Rates Factor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-7433-5","url_text":"978-81-317-7433-5"}]},{"reference":"Häfner, Reinhold (2004). Stochastic Implied Votality: A Factor-Based Model. Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems (Paperback ed.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-22183-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-22183-8","url_text":"978-3-540-22183-8"}]},{"reference":"McMillan, Lawrence G. (2002). Options as a Strategic Investment (4th ed.). New York : New York Institute of Finance. ISBN 0-7352-0197-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7352-0197-8","url_text":"0-7352-0197-8"}]},{"reference":"Natenberg, Sheldon (1994). Option Volatility & Pricing: Advanced Trading Strategies and Techniques. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-1-55738486-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/optionvolatility00shel","url_text":"Option Volatility & Pricing: Advanced Trading Strategies and Techniques"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55738486-7","url_text":"978-1-55738486-7"}]},{"reference":"Neftçi, Salih N. (2008). Principles of Financial Engineering (2nd ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-373574-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salih_Neft%C3%A7i","url_text":"Neftçi, Salih N."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-373574-4","url_text":"978-0-12-373574-4"}]},{"reference":"Tompkins, Robert (1994). Options Explained2. Macmillan Business: Finance and Capital Markets (2nd ed.). Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-33362807-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-33362807-2","url_text":"978-0-33362807-2"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Hazardous_Substances_Act
Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970
["1 Background","2 Exceptions and exemptions","3 Substances requiring special packaging","4 References"]
US law Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970Long titleAn Act to amend the Federal Hazardous Substances Act to provide for child resistant packaging to protect children from serious personal injury or serious illness resulting from handling, using, or ingesting a hazardous substance, and for other purposes.NicknamesFederal Hazardous Substances Act Amendment of 1970Enacted bythe 91st United States CongressEffectiveDecember 30, 1970CitationsPublic law91-601Statutes at Large84 Stat. 1670CodificationTitles amended15 U.S.C.: Commerce and Trade21 U.S.C.: Food and DrugsU.S.C. sections created15 U.S.C. ch. 39A § 1471 et seq.U.S.C. sections amended21 U.S.C. ch. 9, subch. IV § 34321 U.S.C. ch. 9, subch. V §§ 352, 35321 U.S.C. ch. 9, subch. VI § 362Legislative historyIntroduced in the Senate as S. 2162 by Warren Magnuson (D–WA) on May 6, 1970Committee consideration by Senate Interstate and Foreign CommercePassed the Senate on May 11, 1970 (Passed)Passed the House on December 7, 1970 (Passed)Reported by the joint conference committee on December 15, 1970; agreed to by the Senate on December 16, 1970 (Agreed) and by the House on December 16, 1970 (Agreed)Signed into law by President Richard M. Nixon on December 30, 1970 The Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970 (PPPA); (Pub. L. 91-601, 84 Stat. 1670-74) was signed into law by U.S. President Richard Nixon on December 30, 1970. It was enacted by the 91st United States Congress. This law required the use of child-resistant packaging for prescription drugs, over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, household chemicals, and other hazardous materials that could be considered dangerous for children. Background Before the PPPA was enacted, unintentional poisonings by both medicines and common household products were considered by most pediatricians to be the leading cause of injury to children aged 5 and under. At that time there were about 500 deaths per year being reported for children aged 5 and under due to accessibility of these chemicals. The purpose of the PPPA was to protect children from ingesting harmful chemicals and prescription medications by accident. After the PPPA was implemented, deaths in children aged 5 and under went down by 1.4 per million. This represented a reduction in the rate of fatalities, up to 45%, from projections of deaths without the presence of child-proof packaging and equated to an average of 24 fewer deaths in children annually. In 1957, the National Clearinghouse for Poison Control Centers was established with the goal in mind to collect data from different individual poison control centers and provide them with the information needed on the many types of household products involved in childhood poisonings. Some of the earliest attempts at controlling the problem of poisonings in children came about after World War II. In 1960, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in association with the American Medical Association (AMA), drafted what became known as the Hazardous Substances Labeling Act. This law stated that certain products, identified as "hazardous substances" within the meaning of the law, had to carry on their labels specific statements of caution. Exceptions and exemptions There are some exceptions to the child-resistant packaging. There were concerns about accessibility of medications to the elderly and handicapped. As such, a manufacturer may package any over-the-counter household substance, subject to a PPPA standard, in a single-size package if the manufacturer also supplies such a substance in packages that comply with such a standard and if the packages of such substance that do not meet such standard bear conspicuous labeling stating: "This package for households without young children" (or "Package Not Child-Resistant" for small packages). As a result, with the exception of prescription drugs, manufacturers of certain household products that are regulated under the PPPA have the option of marketing one size in a conventional package as long as that same product is supplied in a popular-sized package, which is child-resistant. Some of the main products that are exempted from the PPPA include the following: Powdered unflavored aspirin Effervescent aspirin Sublingual nitroglycerin Oral contraceptives Hormone replacement therapy Powdered iron preparations Effervescent acetaminophen Hydrocarbon-containing products where the liquid cannot flow freely Substances requiring special packaging There is a long list of substances that fall under the authority of the PPPA. These substances include, but are not limited to Aspirin. Any aspirin-containing product intended for oral administration by humans Furniture polish. Non-emulsion type liquid furniture polishes containing 10% or more of mineral seal oil and/or other petroleum distillates, other than those packaged in pressurized spray containers. Methyl salicylate. Liquid preparations containing more than 5% by weight of methyl salicylate, other than those packaged in pressurized spray containers. Controlled drugs. Any product intended for human use that consists in whole or in part of any substance subject to control under the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 and that is in a dosage form intended for oral administration. Sodium and/or potassium hydroxide. Household substances in dry forms such as granules, powder, and flakes containing 10% or more by weight of free or chemically deneutralized sodium and/or potassium hydroxide. Turpentine. Household substances in liquid form containing 10% or more by weight of turpentine. Kindling and/or illuminating preparations. Prepackaged liquid kindling and/or illuminating preparations, such as lighter fuel for cigarettes, charcoal, torches, and others, which contain 10% or more by weight of petroleum distillates. Methyl alcohol (methanol). Household substances in liquid form containing 4% or more by weight of methyl alcohol (methanol), other than those packaged in pressurized spray containers. Sulfuric acid. Household substances containing 10% or more by weight or sulfuric acid, except substances in wet-cell storage batteries. Prescription drugs. Any drug that is intended for human use that is in a dosage form intended for oral administration and that is required by Federal law to be dispensed only by or upon an oral or written prescription of a practitioner licensed by law to administer such drug except for the following: Sublingual and chewable forms of isosorbide dinitrate in dosage strengths of 10 mg or less. Erythromycin ethylsuccinate granules for oral suspension and oral suspensions in packages containing no more than 8 grams of the equivalent of erythromycin. Anhydrous cholestyramine in powder form. All unit dose forms of potassium supplements, including individually wrapped effervescent tablets, unit dose vials of liquid potassium, and powdered potassium in unit-dose packets containing no more than 50 milliequivalents of potassium per unit dose. Sodium fluoride drug preparations including liquid and tablet forms containing no more than 110 mg of sodium fluoride per package. Betamethasone tablets packaged in manufacturers' dispenser packages containing no more than 12.6 mg of betamethasone. Prednisone in tablet form, when dispensed in packages containing no more than 105 mg. Methylprednisone in tablet form in packages containing no more than 84 mg of the drug. Colestipol in powder form in packages containing no more than 5 grams of the drug. Conjugated estrogen tablets when dispensed in mnemonic packages containing no more than 32 mg of the drug. Ethylene glycol. Household substances in liquid form containing 10% or more by weight of ethylene glycol packaged on or after June 1, 1974. Acetaminophen. Any product that is intended for human use in a dosage form intended for oral administration and containing in a single package a total of more than 1 gram of acetaminophen except for the following: Unflavored acetaminophen containing preparations in powder form, other than those intended for pediatric use, that are packaged in unit doses providing no more than 13 grains of acetaminophen per unit dose. Ibuprofen. Any product that is intended for human use in a dosage form intended for oral administration and containing 1 gram or more of ibuprofen in a single package. References ^ a b c d "The History of Poison Prevention" (PDF). Arizona State Board of Pharmacy. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2012. Retrieved April 24, 2013. ^ "Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970". Federal Pharmacy Law. rx-wiki.org. Retrieved April 24, 2013. ^ "Poison Prevention Packaging: A Guide For Healthcare Professionals" (PDF). U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. 2005. Retrieved April 24, 2013. ^ Suzanne Barone, Ph.D. (March 16, 2005). "PPPA Petitions for Exemption" (PDF). U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Retrieved April 24, 2013. ^ "16 CFR 1700". Retrieved April 24, 2013. vteRichard Nixon 37th President of the United States (1969–1974) 36th Vice President of the United States (1953–1961) U.S. Senator from California (1950–1953) U.S. Representative for CA–12 (1947–1950) Pre-presidency Checkers speech Vice presidency 1958 motorcade attack Kitchen Debate Operation 40 Presidency(timeline) Transition First inauguration Second inauguration "Bring Us Together" Silent majority 1970 Lincoln Memorial visit State of the Union Address 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 VP confirmation of Gerald Ford Wilson desk Judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Executive Orders Presidential Proclamations Foreign policy International trips Nixon Doctrine Vietnam War Cambodian bombing Paris Peace Accords "Peace with Honor" Vietnamization Cold War period Linkage policy Tar Baby Option 1972 visit to China Shanghai Communiqué 1973 Chilean coup d'état Détente 1972 Moscow Summit Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty SALT I Treaty Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement Threshold Test Ban Treaty Operation CHAOS Space exploration Domestic policy Family Assistance Plan Revised Philadelphia Plan Minority Business Development Agency Native American policy Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act Education Amendments of 1972 Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants Title IX Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 National Cancer Act of 1971 End Stage Renal Disease Program Supplemental Security Income Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act Shafer Commission War on Drugs Drug Enforcement Administration Cannabis policy Federal Contested Elections Act Federal Election Campaign Act 1970 VRA Amendments District of Columbia Home Rule Act Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 Congressional Research Service Economic policy Bank Secrecy Act Fair Credit Reporting Act National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1970 Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973 Nixon shock Economic Stabilization Act of 1970 Smithsonian Agreement Occupational Safety and Health Act National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Occupational Safety and Health Administration Permissible exposure limit U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission Consumer Product Safety Act Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970 Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act Securities Investor Protection Act Securities Investor Protection Corporation Tax Reform Act of 1969 Alternative minimum tax Revenue Act of 1971 Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 Agricultural Act of 1970 Farm Credit Act of 1971 Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1972 Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973 Federal Energy Administration Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act Emergency Daylight Saving Time Energy Conservation Act Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act Environmentalpolicy Council on Environmental Quality Environmental Quality Improvement Act National Environmental Policy Act Environmental Protection Agency Clean Air Amendments of 1970 Clean Water Act Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act National Ambient Air Quality Standards National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants New Source Performance Standards Noise Control Act Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Coastal Zone Management Act Coastal Zone Management Program Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement Marine Mammal Protection Act Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 Endangered Species Act of 1969 Endangered Species Act of 1973 Oil Pollution Act of 1973 Water Resources Development Act of 1974 Watergate Timeline Operation Sandwedge Operation Gemstone Saturday Night Massacre CRP White House Plumbers Watergate Seven Enemies List list of opponents White House tapes United States v. Nixon (1974) Senate Watergate Committee impeachment process "I am not a crook" Resignation Pardon Life andpolitics Richard Nixon Foundation Presidential Library and Museum Birthplace and boyhood home "Last press conference" Florida White House "La Casa Pacifica" Nixon Center Nixon v. General Services Administration (1977) Nixon v. Fitzgerald (1982) Death and state funeral Books Six Crises (1962) Bibliography ElectionsU.S. House 1946 1948 U.S. Senate 1950 Vice Presidential 1952 campaign selection convention election transition 1956 campaign convention election Presidential 1960 campaign primaries running mate selection convention debates election Kennedy transition 1968 campaign primaries running mate selection convention election 1972 campaign primaries convention election Gubernatorial 1962 Popularculture "Nixon goes to China" Millhouse (1971 film) An Evening with Richard Nixon (1972 play) Richard (1972 film) Another Nice Mess (1972 film) Four More Years (1972 film) Impeach the President (1973 song) The Werewolf of Washington (1973 film) White House Madness (1975 film) All the President's Men (1976 film) The Public Burning (1977 novel) Washington: Behind Closed Doors (1977 miniseries) Secret Honor (1984 film) Nixon in China (1987 opera) The Final Days (1989 film) Nixon (1995 film) Elvis Meets Nixon (1997 film) Futurama (1999 TV series) Dick (1999 film) Nixon's China Game (2000 film) Dark Side of the Moon (2002 film) The Assassination of Richard Nixon (2004 film) Frost–Nixon interviews (2006 play, 2008 film) Black Dynamite (2009 film) "The Impossible Astronaut" (2011 TV episode) Our Nixon (2013 film) X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014 film) Crooked (2015 novel) Elvis & Nixon (2016 film) The Post (2017 film) Watergate (2019 board game) U.S. postage stamp Related Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act Presidential Townhouse Richard Nixon mask Staff Jack Brennan (aide de camp) Murray Chotiner (early campaign manager) Manolo Sanchez (valet) Rose Mary Woods (secretary) Family Thelma "Pat" Ryan Nixon (wife) Tricia Nixon Cox (daughter) Julie Nixon Eisenhower (daughter) Christopher Nixon Cox (grandson) Jennie Eisenhower (granddaughter) Francis A. Nixon (father) Hannah Milhous Nixon (mother) Donald Nixon (brother) Edward Nixon (brother) ← Lyndon B. Johnson Gerald Ford → ← Alben W. Barkley Lyndon B. Johnson → Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pub. L. 91-601","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title16-vol2/xml/CFR-2013-title16-vol2-chapII-subchapE.xml"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"91st United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/91st_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"child-resistant packaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child-resistant_packaging"}],"text":"The Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970 (PPPA); (Pub. L. 91-601, 84 Stat. 1670-74) was signed into law by U.S. President Richard Nixon on December 30, 1970. It was enacted by the 91st United States Congress. This law required the use of child-resistant packaging for prescription drugs, over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, household chemicals, and other hazardous materials that could be considered dangerous for children.","title":"Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poison_Prevention-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poison_Prevention-1"},{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"American Medical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Medical_Association"},{"link_name":"Hazardous Substances Labeling Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazardous_Substances_Labeling_Act&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poison_Prevention-1"}],"text":"Before the PPPA was enacted, unintentional poisonings by both medicines and common household products were considered by most pediatricians to be the leading cause of injury to children aged 5 and under. At that time there were about 500 deaths per year being reported for children aged 5 and under due to accessibility of these chemicals.[1] The purpose of the PPPA was to protect children from ingesting harmful chemicals and prescription medications by accident. After the PPPA was implemented, deaths in children aged 5 and under went down by 1.4 per million. This represented a reduction in the rate of fatalities, up to 45%, from projections of deaths without the presence of child-proof packaging and equated to an average of 24 fewer deaths in children annually.[2]In 1957, the National Clearinghouse for Poison Control Centers was established with the goal in mind to collect data from different individual poison control centers and provide them with the information needed on the many types of household products involved in childhood poisonings.[1]Some of the earliest attempts at controlling the problem of poisonings in children came about after World War II. In 1960, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in association with the American Medical Association (AMA), drafted what became known as the Hazardous Substances Labeling Act. This law stated that certain products, identified as \"hazardous substances\" within the meaning of the law, had to carry on their labels specific statements of caution.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poison_Prevention-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"There are some exceptions to the child-resistant packaging. There were concerns about accessibility of medications to the elderly and handicapped. As such, a manufacturer may package any over-the-counter household substance, subject to a PPPA standard, in a single-size package if the manufacturer also supplies such a substance in packages that comply with such a standard and if the packages of such substance that do not meet such standard bear conspicuous labeling stating: \"This package for households without young children\" (or\n\"Package Not Child-Resistant\" for small packages).[3] As a result, with the exception of prescription drugs, manufacturers of certain household products that are regulated under the PPPA have the option of marketing one size in a conventional package as long as that same product is supplied in a popular-sized package, which is child-resistant.[1]Some of the main products that are exempted from the PPPA include the following:Powdered unflavored aspirin\nEffervescent aspirin\nSublingual nitroglycerin\nOral contraceptives\nHormone replacement therapy\nPowdered iron preparations\nEffervescent acetaminophen\nHydrocarbon-containing products where the liquid cannot flow freely[4]","title":"Exceptions and exemptions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Drug_Abuse_Prevention_and_Control_Act_of_1970"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"There is a long list of substances that fall under the authority of the PPPA. These substances include, but are not limited toAspirin. Any aspirin-containing product intended for oral administration by humans\nFurniture polish. Non-emulsion type liquid furniture polishes containing 10% or more of mineral seal oil and/or other petroleum distillates, other than those packaged in pressurized spray containers.\nMethyl salicylate. Liquid preparations containing more than 5% by weight of methyl salicylate, other than those packaged in pressurized spray containers.\nControlled drugs. Any product intended for human use that consists in whole or in part of any substance subject to control under the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 and that is in a dosage form intended for oral administration.\nSodium and/or potassium hydroxide. Household substances in dry forms such as granules, powder, and flakes containing 10% or more by weight of free or chemically deneutralized sodium and/or potassium hydroxide.\nTurpentine. Household substances in liquid form containing 10% or more by weight of turpentine.\nKindling and/or illuminating preparations. Prepackaged liquid kindling and/or illuminating preparations, such as lighter fuel for cigarettes, charcoal, torches, and others, which contain 10% or more by weight of petroleum distillates.\nMethyl alcohol (methanol). Household substances in liquid form containing 4% or more by weight of methyl alcohol (methanol), other than those packaged in pressurized spray containers.\nSulfuric acid. Household substances containing 10% or more by weight or sulfuric acid, except substances in wet-cell storage batteries.\nPrescription drugs. Any drug that is intended for human use that is in a dosage form intended for oral administration and that is required by Federal law to be dispensed only by or upon an oral or written prescription of a practitioner licensed by law to administer such drug except for the following:\nSublingual and chewable forms of isosorbide dinitrate in dosage strengths of 10 mg or less.\nErythromycin ethylsuccinate granules for oral suspension and oral suspensions in packages containing no more than 8 grams of the equivalent of erythromycin.\nAnhydrous cholestyramine in powder form.\nAll unit dose forms of potassium supplements, including individually wrapped effervescent tablets, unit dose vials of liquid potassium, and powdered potassium in unit-dose packets containing no more than 50 milliequivalents of potassium per unit dose.\nSodium fluoride drug preparations including liquid and tablet forms containing no more than 110 mg of sodium fluoride per package.\nBetamethasone tablets packaged in manufacturers' dispenser packages containing no more than 12.6 mg of betamethasone.\nPrednisone in tablet form, when dispensed in packages containing no more than 105 mg.\nMethylprednisone in tablet form in packages containing no more than 84 mg of the drug.\nColestipol in powder form in packages containing no more than 5 grams of the drug.\nConjugated estrogen tablets when dispensed in mnemonic packages containing no more than 32 mg of the drug.\nEthylene glycol. Household substances in liquid form containing 10% or more by weight of ethylene glycol packaged on or after June 1, 1974.\nAcetaminophen. Any product that is intended for human use in a dosage form intended for oral administration and containing in a single package a total of more than 1 gram of acetaminophen except for the following:\nUnflavored acetaminophen containing preparations in powder form, other than those intended for pediatric use, that are packaged in unit doses providing no more than 13 grains of acetaminophen per unit dose.\nIbuprofen. Any product that is intended for human use in a dosage form intended for oral administration and containing 1 gram or more of ibuprofen in a single package.[5]","title":"Substances requiring special packaging"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"The History of Poison Prevention\" (PDF). Arizona State Board of Pharmacy. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2012. Retrieved April 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120413011830/http://www.azpharmacy.gov/pdfs/cpsc.pdf","url_text":"\"The History of Poison Prevention\""},{"url":"http://www.azpharmacy.gov/pdfs/cpsc.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970\". Federal Pharmacy Law. rx-wiki.org. Retrieved April 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://rx-wiki.org/index.php?title=Federal_pharmacy_law#Poison_Prevention_Packaging_Act_of_1970","url_text":"\"Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poison Prevention Packaging: A Guide For Healthcare Professionals\" (PDF). U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. 2005. Retrieved April 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cpsc.gov//PageFiles/116503/384.pdf","url_text":"\"Poison Prevention Packaging: A Guide For Healthcare Professionals\""}]},{"reference":"Suzanne Barone, Ph.D. (March 16, 2005). \"PPPA Petitions for Exemption\" (PDF). U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Retrieved April 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cpsc.gov/PageFiles/114083/pppa04.pdf","url_text":"\"PPPA Petitions for Exemption\""}]},{"reference":"\"16 CFR 1700\". Retrieved April 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/16/1700.14","url_text":"\"16 CFR 1700\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-84/pdf/STATUTE-84-Pg1670.pdf","external_links_name":"91-601"},{"Link":"https://legislink.org/us/stat-84-1670","external_links_name":"1670"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/chapter-39A","external_links_name":"ch. 39A"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/chapter-9/subchapter-IV","external_links_name":"ch. 9, subch. IV"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/chapter-9/subchapter-V","external_links_name":"ch. 9, subch. V"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/chapter-9/subchapter-VI","external_links_name":"ch. 9, subch. VI"},{"Link":"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title16-vol2/xml/CFR-2013-title16-vol2-chapII-subchapE.xml","external_links_name":"Pub. L. 91-601"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120413011830/http://www.azpharmacy.gov/pdfs/cpsc.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The History of Poison Prevention\""},{"Link":"http://www.azpharmacy.gov/pdfs/cpsc.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://rx-wiki.org/index.php?title=Federal_pharmacy_law#Poison_Prevention_Packaging_Act_of_1970","external_links_name":"\"Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970\""},{"Link":"https://www.cpsc.gov//PageFiles/116503/384.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Poison Prevention Packaging: A Guide For Healthcare Professionals\""},{"Link":"https://www.cpsc.gov/PageFiles/114083/pppa04.pdf","external_links_name":"\"PPPA Petitions for Exemption\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/16/1700.14","external_links_name":"\"16 CFR 1700\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbins_Airport_(Illinois)
Robbins Airport (Illinois)
["1 References"]
Airport in Robbins, IllinoisRobbins AirportIATA: noneICAO: noneSummaryAirport typeClosedLocationRobbins, IllinoisIn use1933–1933 Robbins Airport, located in Robbins, Illinois, was the first airport to be owned and operated by African-Americans. Robbins Airport was built after the closure of the Acres Airport, the only Chicago-area airport that serviced black pilots. It was constructed by the Challenger Air Pilots' Association, a group of 15 to 20 black aviators that included pilots Cornelius Coffey, John C. Robinson, Janet Bragg, Earl W. Renfroe, and Harold Hurd, on the site of an abandoned airfield. The site consisted of one hangar and a half-mile-wide dirt airstrip. Construction was completed in January 1933. It was approved as an airfield by the United States Department of Commerce and was the only accredited black-owned Airport in the country. The airport was managed by Robinson, who began teaching other members of the Challenger club to fly in the spring of 1933. Robbins Airport had the only flight school at the time where African-Americans could be trained as pilots. The surrounding white communities, such as Blue Island and Midlothian, did not approve of this activity, and their police sometimes arrested black pilots if they were forced to land before reaching the airport. However the pilots had the support of Robbins mayor and police chief, who would get them released. In May 1933, the hangar was destroyed by a storm. The pilots relocated to Harlem Airport in Chicago (southeast corner of West 87th Street and South Harlem Avenue in Oak Lawn now Southfields Shopping Center) at the invitation of the airport's white owners. At Harlem Airport, Coffey opened the Coffey School of Aeronautics, which trained both black and white pilots. Many of the flight school instructors entered the Tuskegee Airmen Program during World War II. The Harlem Airport closed after 1956. References ^ O'Brien, Ken (November 5, 1995). "Flying Into History in Robbins". Chicago Tribune. ^ "Two Black Pioneer Flyers Recall Early Days, Challenges". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. November 9, 1992. ^ Poe, Janita (March 1, 1993). "Black woman broke double-edged barrier". Chicago Tribune. ^ Tucker, Philip Thomas (2012). Father of the Tuskegee Airmen, John C. Robinson. Washington D.C.: Potomac Books. ^ "Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: Illinois: Western Chicago area". Airfields-freeman.com. 1994-07-24. Retrieved 2022-08-03. ^ McCall, Matt (February 13, 2017). "2 African-Americans soared from Robbins: Black pilots built their own plane, then their own airfield in village". Chicago Tribune. ^ Tucker, Phillip Thomas (2012). Father of the Tuskegee Airmen, John C. Robinson. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. p. 46. ISBN 978-1597974875. ^ "Potomac Books - Father of the Tuskegee Airmen, John C. Robinson". Potomacbooksinc.com. Retrieved 2014-08-25. ^ Lambertson, Giles. 'The Other Harlem', Air & Space Smithsonian, 2010, vol. 24, no.7, pp. 54-59. ^ "The Other Harlem".
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robbins, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbins,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Cornelius Coffey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Coffey"},{"link_name":"John C. Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Robinson_(aviator)"},{"link_name":"Janet Bragg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Bragg"},{"link_name":"Earl W. Renfroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_W._Renfroe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"Blue Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Island,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Midlothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlothian,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Coffey School of Aeronautics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffey_School_of_Aeronautics"},{"link_name":"Tuskegee Airmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuskegee_Airmen"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Robbins Airport, located in Robbins, Illinois, was the first airport to be owned and operated by African-Americans.Robbins Airport was built after the closure of the Acres Airport, the only Chicago-area airport that serviced black pilots. It was constructed by the Challenger Air Pilots' Association, a group of 15 to 20 black aviators that included pilots Cornelius Coffey, John C. Robinson, Janet Bragg, Earl W. Renfroe, and Harold Hurd, on the site of an abandoned airfield.[1] The site consisted of one hangar and a half-mile-wide dirt airstrip.[2][3] Construction was completed in January 1933. It was approved as an airfield by the United States Department of Commerce and was the only accredited black-owned Airport in the country. The airport was managed by Robinson, who began teaching other members of the Challenger club to fly in the spring of 1933. Robbins Airport had the only flight school at the time where African-Americans could be trained as pilots. The surrounding white communities, such as Blue Island and Midlothian, did not approve of this activity, and their police sometimes arrested black pilots if they were forced to land before reaching the airport. However the pilots had the support of Robbins mayor and police chief, who would get them released. In May 1933, the hangar was destroyed by a storm.[4] The pilots relocated to Harlem Airport in Chicago (southeast corner of West 87th Street and South Harlem Avenue in Oak Lawn now Southfields Shopping Center[5]) at the invitation of the airport's white owners. At Harlem Airport, Coffey opened the Coffey School of Aeronautics, which trained both black and white pilots. Many of the flight school instructors entered the Tuskegee Airmen Program during World War II.[6][7][8][9] The Harlem Airport closed after 1956.[10]","title":"Robbins Airport (Illinois)"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"O'Brien, Ken (November 5, 1995). \"Flying Into History in Robbins\". Chicago Tribune.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Two Black Pioneer Flyers Recall Early Days, Challenges\". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. November 9, 1992.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Poe, Janita (March 1, 1993). \"Black woman broke double-edged barrier\". Chicago Tribune.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tucker, Philip Thomas (2012). Father of the Tuskegee Airmen, John C. Robinson. Washington D.C.: Potomac Books.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: Illinois: Western Chicago area\". Airfields-freeman.com. 1994-07-24. Retrieved 2022-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airfields-freeman.com/il/Airfields_IL_Chicago_W.htm","url_text":"\"Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: Illinois: Western Chicago area\""}]},{"reference":"McCall, Matt (February 13, 2017). \"2 African-Americans soared from Robbins: Black pilots built their own plane, then their own airfield in village\". Chicago Tribune.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tucker, Phillip Thomas (2012). Father of the Tuskegee Airmen, John C. Robinson. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. p. 46. ISBN 978-1597974875.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1597974875","url_text":"978-1597974875"}]},{"reference":"\"Potomac Books - Father of the Tuskegee Airmen, John C. Robinson\". Potomacbooksinc.com. Retrieved 2014-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.potomacbooksinc.com/Books/BookDetail.aspx?productID=212205","url_text":"\"Potomac Books - Father of the Tuskegee Airmen, John C. Robinson\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Other Harlem\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/the-other-harlem-5922057/","url_text":"\"The Other Harlem\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.airfields-freeman.com/il/Airfields_IL_Chicago_W.htm","external_links_name":"\"Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: Illinois: Western Chicago area\""},{"Link":"http://www.potomacbooksinc.com/Books/BookDetail.aspx?productID=212205","external_links_name":"\"Potomac Books - Father of the Tuskegee Airmen, John C. Robinson\""},{"Link":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/the-other-harlem-5922057/","external_links_name":"\"The Other Harlem\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade_(album)
Brigade (album)
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","2.1 Heart","2.2 Additional musicians","2.3 Technical","2.4 Artwork","3 Charts","3.1 Weekly charts","3.2 Year-end charts","4 Certifications","5 References"]
1990 studio album by Heart BrigadeStudio album by HeartReleasedMarch 26, 1990 (1990-03-26)Studio One on One (North Hollywood) A&M (Hollywood) Genre Hard rock pop rock Length54:33LabelCapitolProducerRichie ZitoHeart chronology Bad Animals(1987) Brigade(1990) Rock the House Live!(1991) Singles from Brigade "All I Wanna Do Is Make Love to You"Released: March 1990 "I Didn't Want to Need You"Released: June 1990 "Stranded"Released: September 1990 "Secret"Released: February 1991 (UK) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicEntertainment WeeklyC+Rolling StoneThe Rolling Stone Album GuideSmash Hits Brigade is the tenth studio album by American rock band Heart, released on March 26, 1990, by Capitol Records. The album reached number three on both the US Billboard 200 and the UK Albums Chart, while peaking at number two in Canada, Finland, and Sweden. The album's lead single, "All I Wanna Do Is Make Love to You", reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100. Subsequent singles "I Didn't Want to Need You" and "Stranded" peaked at numbers 23 and 13 on the Billboard Hot 100, respectively; "Secret", the fourth and final single, charted at number 64. The album was also notable for containing six tracks that charted inside the Top 25 on Billboard's Album Rock Tracks chart: "Wild Child" number 3, "Tall, Dark Handsome Stranger" number 24, All I Wanna Do is Make Love To You" number 2, "I Didn't Want to Need You" number 13, "Stranded" number 25, "The Night" number 25. The album was followed by a successful world tour. Like its 1987 predecessor Bad Animals, Brigade is notable for having fewer writing contributions from lead members Ann and Nancy Wilson, but would be the last of Heart's albums to prominently feature outside writers. Track listing No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Wild Child"Robert John "Mutt" LangeCraig JoinerAnthony Mitman4:272."All I Wanna Do Is Make Love to You"Lange5:053."Secret"Franne GoldeBruce Roberts4:104."Tall, Dark Handsome Stranger"Holly KnightAlbert Hammond4:005."I Didn't Want to Need You"Diane Warren4:056."The Night"Sammy HagarDenny CarmassiAnn WilsonNancy Wilson4:507."Fallen from Grace"HagarJesse HarmsCarmassi4:028."Under the Sky"A. WilsonN. WilsonSue Ennis2:519."Cruel Nights"Warren3:5810."Stranded"Jaime KyleJeff Harrington3:5511."Call of the Wild"A. WilsonN. WilsonHoward LeeseMark AndesCarmassiEnnis4:0012."I Want Your World to Turn"Tom KellyBilly Steinberg4:3213."I Love You"A. WilsonN. WilsonKnightHammond3:50Total length:54:33 Japanese limited edition bonus mini CDNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Cruel Tears"Mark SpiroA. WilsonN. Wilson4:182."Never Stop Loving You"Sue ShifrinJohn WettonDavid Cassidy3:593."The Will to Love"KellySteinbergA. WilsonN. Wilson4:21Total length:12:38 Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Brigade. Heart Ann Wilson – lead vocals, background vocals Nancy Wilson – lead vocals, background vocals, electric guitar, acoustic guitar, keyboards, mandolin, blues harp, Dobro Howard Leese – background vocals, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, keyboards, mandolin, autoharp Denny Carmassi – drums Mark Andes – background vocals, bass Additional musicians Kim Bullard – additional keyboards (tracks 1–3, 5, 7–10, 12) Sterling – additional keyboards (track 13) Richie Zito – additional guitar (track 10) Technical Richie Zito – production Phil Kaffel – recording, mixing Mike Tacci – second engineer Randy Wine – second engineer Chad Munsey – second engineer Ed Goodreau – second engineer Bill Kennedy – second engineer Nick Jerrard – second engineer Katy Parks – production coordination Randy Skirvin – guitar tech Zeke Clark – guitar tech Don Barlow – guitar tech Paul Jamieson – drum tech Artwork Norman Moore – art direction, design Michael Miller – photography Charts Weekly charts Weekly chart performance for Brigade Chart (1990) Peakposition Australian Albums (ARIA) 11 Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM) 2 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 16 European Albums (Music & Media) 10 Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista) 2 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 14 Icelandic Albums (Tónlist) 7 Japanese Albums (Oricon) 6 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 7 Norwegian Albums (VG-lista) 7 Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) 2 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 11 UK Albums (OCC) 3 US Billboard 200 3 Year-end charts Year-end chart performance for Brigade Chart (1990) Position Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM) 6 European Albums (Music & Media) 44 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 74 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 38 US Billboard 200 26 Certifications Certifications for Brigade Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA) Gold 35,000^ Canada (Music Canada) 5× Platinum 500,000^ Japan (RIAJ) Gold 100,000^ New Zealand (RMNZ) Gold 7,500^ Singapore (RIAS) Gold 7,500 Sweden (GLF) Gold 50,000^ United Kingdom (BPI) Gold 100,000^ United States (RIAA) 2× Platinum 2,000,000^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. References ^ "Heart singles". ^ Henderson, Alex. "Brigade – Heart". AllMusic. Retrieved June 8, 2014. ^ Sandow, Greg (April 13, 1990). "Capsules – Notable albums for the week of April 13". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 18, 2008. Retrieved June 8, 2014. ^ Mack, Bob (June 28, 1990). "Heart: Brigade". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on October 2, 2007. Retrieved June 8, 2014. ^ Coleman, Mark; Berger, Arion (2004). "Heart". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 372. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8. ^ Cranna, Ian (April 18, 1990). "Review: LPs". Smash Hits. ISSN 0260-3004. ^ a b c "Brigade – Heart | Awards". AllMusic. Archived from the original on October 17, 2015. Retrieved June 9, 2014. ^ "Heart". Billboard. Retrieved July 30, 2022. ^ Brigade (liner notes). Heart. Capitol Records. 1990. CDP 7 91820 2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "Australiancharts.com – Heart – Brigade". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 9, 2014. ^ "Top RPM Albums: Issue 1250". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved December 20, 2018. ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Heart – Brigade" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved June 9, 2014. ^ "European Top 100 Albums". Music & Media. Vol. 7, no. 22. June 2, 1990. p. VIII. OCLC 29800226. ^ Pennanen, Timo (2021). "Heart". Sisältää hitin – Levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla 1.1.1960–30.6.2021 (PDF) (in Finnish) (2nd ed.). Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava. p. 99. ISBN 978-952-7460-01-6. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Heart – Brigade" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved December 20, 2018. ^ "Ísland (LP-plötur)". DV (in Icelandic). July 6, 1990. p. 33. ISSN 1021-8254 – via Timarit.is. ^ ハートのアルバム売り上げランキング (in Japanese). Oricon. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved June 9, 2014. ^ "Charts.nz – Heart – Brigade". Hung Medien. Retrieved December 20, 2018. ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Heart – Brigade". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 9, 2014. ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Heart – Brigade". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 9, 2014. ^ "Swisscharts.com – Heart – Brigade". Hung Medien. Retrieved December 20, 2018. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 20, 2018. ^ "Heart Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved December 20, 2018. ^ "Top 100 Albums of 1990". RPM. Vol. 53, no. 6. December 22, 1990. p. 12. ISSN 0033-7064 – via Library and Archives Canada. ^ "European Top 100 Albums – 1990". Music & Media. Vol. 7, no. 51. December 22, 1990. p. 38. OCLC 29800226. ^ "Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts – 1990" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved December 20, 2018. ^ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1990". hitparade.ch (in German). Retrieved February 20, 2021. ^ "Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 1990". Billboard. Archived from the original on May 17, 2018. Retrieved December 20, 2018. ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1990 Albums" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved November 15, 2021. ^ "Canadian album certifications – Heart – Brigade". Music Canada. October 8, 1993. Retrieved December 20, 2018. ^ "Japanese album certifications – Heart – Brigade" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved April 8, 2019. Select 1990年8月 on the drop-down menu ^ a b "1990: A New Marketing Attitude". Music & Media. Vol. 7, no. 51. December 22, 1990. p. 2. OCLC 29800226. ^ "Certification Award Levels" (PDF). IFPI. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2007. Retrieved November 5, 2023. ^ "Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 1987−1998" (PDF) (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden. September 18, 1990. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 17, 2011. Retrieved December 20, 2018. ^ "British album certifications – Heart – Brigade". British Phonographic Industry. April 17, 1990. Retrieved September 12, 2020. ^ "American album certifications – Heart – Brigade". Recording Industry Association of America. December 5, 1990. Retrieved December 20, 2018. vteHeart Ann Wilson Nancy Wilson Steve Fossen Roger Fisher Howard Leese Mark Andes Denny Carmassi Fernando Saunders Scott Olson Mike Inez Darian Sahanaja Gilby Clarke Studio albums Dreamboat Annie Magazine Little Queen Dog & Butterfly Bébé le Strange Private Audition Passionworks Heart Bad Animals Brigade Desire Walks On Heart Presents a Lovemongers' Christmas Jupiters Darling Red Velvet Car Fanatic Beautiful Broken Live albums Greatest Hits/Live Rock the House Live! The Road Home Alive in Seattle Dreamboat Annie Live Live in Atlantic City Compilation albums Greatest Hits/Live These Dreams: Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Greatest Hits: 1985–1995 The Essential Heart Love Songs Strange Euphoria Singles "Magic Man" "Crazy on You" "Dreamboat Annie" "Barracuda" "Little Queen" "Kick It Out" "Heartless" "Straight On" "Dog & Butterfly" "Without You" "Even It Up" "Bebe le Strange" "Tell It Like It Is" "Unchained Melody" "This Man Is Mine" "City's Burning" "How Can I Refuse?" "Allies" "What About Love" "Never" "These Dreams" "Nothin' at All" "If Looks Could Kill" "Alone" "Who Will You Run To" "There's the Girl" "I Want You So Bad" "All I Wanna Do Is Make Love to You" "I Didn't Want to Need You" "Stranded" "Secret" "You're the Voice" "Black on Black II" "Will You Be There (In the Morning)" "The Woman in Me" "Stairway to Heaven" "All Through the Night" Related articles Discography List of band members Whirlygig Hope & Glory Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_(band)"},{"link_name":"Capitol Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Records"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"All I Wanna Do Is Make Love to You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_I_Wanna_Do_Is_Make_Love_to_You"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-singles-7"},{"link_name":"I Didn't Want to Need You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Didn%27t_Want_to_Need_You"},{"link_name":"Stranded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranded_(Heart_song)"},{"link_name":"Secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_(Heart_song)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-singles-7"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Album Rock Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album_Rock_Tracks"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-singles-7"},{"link_name":"Bad Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Animals"},{"link_name":"Ann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Nancy Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Wilson_(rock_musician)"}],"text":"Brigade is the tenth studio album by American rock band Heart, released on March 26, 1990, by Capitol Records. The album reached number three on both the US Billboard 200 and the UK Albums Chart, while peaking at number two in Canada, Finland, and Sweden. The album's lead single, \"All I Wanna Do Is Make Love to You\", reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100.[7] Subsequent singles \"I Didn't Want to Need You\" and \"Stranded\" peaked at numbers 23 and 13 on the Billboard Hot 100, respectively; \"Secret\", the fourth and final single, charted at number 64.[7] The album was also notable for containing six tracks that charted inside the Top 25 on Billboard's Album Rock Tracks chart: \"Wild Child\" number 3, \"Tall, Dark Handsome Stranger\" number 24, All I Wanna Do is Make Love To You\" number 2, \"I Didn't Want to Need You\" number 13, \"Stranded\" number 25, \"The Night\" number 25. [8][7]The album was followed by a successful world tour. Like its 1987 predecessor Bad Animals, Brigade is notable for having fewer writing contributions from lead members Ann and Nancy Wilson, but would be the last of Heart's albums to prominently feature outside writers.","title":"Brigade (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_John_%22Mutt%22_Lange"},{"link_name":"All I Wanna Do Is Make Love to You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_I_Wanna_Do_Is_Make_Love_to_You"},{"link_name":"Secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_(Heart_song)"},{"link_name":"Franne Golde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franne_Golde"},{"link_name":"Bruce Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Roberts_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Holly Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Knight"},{"link_name":"Albert Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Hammond"},{"link_name":"I Didn't Want to Need You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Didn%27t_Want_to_Need_You"},{"link_name":"Diane Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Warren"},{"link_name":"Sammy Hagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Hagar"},{"link_name":"Denny Carmassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_Carmassi"},{"link_name":"Ann Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Nancy Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Wilson_(rock_musician)"},{"link_name":"Jesse Harms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Harms"},{"link_name":"Sue Ennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Ennis"},{"link_name":"Stranded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranded_(Heart_song)"},{"link_name":"Howard Leese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Leese"},{"link_name":"Mark Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Andes"},{"link_name":"Tom Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kelly_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Billy Steinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Steinberg"},{"link_name":"Mark Spiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Spiro"},{"link_name":"John Wetton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wetton"},{"link_name":"David Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cassidy"}],"text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Wild Child\"Robert John \"Mutt\" LangeCraig JoinerAnthony Mitman4:272.\"All I Wanna Do Is Make Love to You\"Lange5:053.\"Secret\"Franne GoldeBruce Roberts4:104.\"Tall, Dark Handsome Stranger\"Holly KnightAlbert Hammond4:005.\"I Didn't Want to Need You\"Diane Warren4:056.\"The Night\"Sammy HagarDenny CarmassiAnn WilsonNancy Wilson4:507.\"Fallen from Grace\"HagarJesse HarmsCarmassi4:028.\"Under the Sky\"A. WilsonN. WilsonSue Ennis2:519.\"Cruel Nights\"Warren3:5810.\"Stranded\"Jaime KyleJeff Harrington3:5511.\"Call of the Wild\"A. WilsonN. WilsonHoward LeeseMark AndesCarmassiEnnis4:0012.\"I Want Your World to Turn\"Tom KellyBilly Steinberg4:3213.\"I Love You\"A. WilsonN. WilsonKnightHammond3:50Total length:54:33Japanese limited edition bonus mini CDNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Cruel Tears\"Mark SpiroA. WilsonN. Wilson4:182.\"Never Stop Loving You\"Sue ShifrinJohn WettonDavid Cassidy3:593.\"The Will to Love\"KellySteinbergA. WilsonN. Wilson4:21Total length:12:38","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Credits adapted from the liner notes of Brigade.[9]","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ann Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Nancy Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Wilson_(rock_musician)"},{"link_name":"blues harp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_harp"},{"link_name":"Dobro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobro"},{"link_name":"Howard Leese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Leese"},{"link_name":"autoharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoharp"},{"link_name":"Denny Carmassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_Carmassi"},{"link_name":"Mark Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Andes"}],"sub_title":"Heart","text":"Ann Wilson – lead vocals, background vocals\nNancy Wilson – lead vocals, background vocals, electric guitar, acoustic guitar, keyboards, mandolin, blues harp, Dobro\nHoward Leese – background vocals, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, keyboards, mandolin, autoharp\nDenny Carmassi – drums\nMark Andes – background vocals, bass","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kim Bullard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Bullard"},{"link_name":"Richie Zito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Zito"}],"sub_title":"Additional musicians","text":"Kim Bullard – additional keyboards (tracks 1–3, 5, 7–10, 12)\nSterling – additional keyboards (track 13)\nRichie Zito – additional guitar (track 10)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Technical","text":"Richie Zito – production\nPhil Kaffel – recording, mixing\nMike Tacci – second engineer\nRandy Wine – second engineer\nChad Munsey – second engineer\nEd Goodreau – second engineer\nBill Kennedy – second engineer\nNick Jerrard – second engineer\nKaty Parks – production coordination\nRandy Skirvin – guitar tech\nZeke Clark – guitar tech\nDon Barlow – guitar tech\nPaul Jamieson – drum tech","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Artwork","text":"Norman Moore – art direction, design\nMichael Miller – photography","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brigade_(album)&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Australia_Heart-10"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-group=-11"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Netherlands_Heart-12"},{"link_name":"European Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Top_100_Albums"},{"link_name":"Music & Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Offizielle Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Germany4_Heart-15"},{"link_name":"Tónlist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3nlist"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_New_Zealand_Heart-18"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Norway_Heart-19"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Sweden_Heart-20"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Switzerland_Heart-21"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK2_-22"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_Heart-23"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brigade_(album)&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for Brigade\n\n\nChart (1990)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[10]\n\n11\n\n\nCanada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)[11]\n\n2\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[12]\n\n16\n\n\nEuropean Albums (Music & Media)[13]\n\n10\n\n\nFinnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[14]\n\n2\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[15]\n\n14\n\n\nIcelandic Albums (Tónlist)[16]\n\n7\n\n\nJapanese Albums (Oricon)[17]\n\n6\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[18]\n\n7\n\n\nNorwegian Albums (VG-lista)[19]\n\n7\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[20]\n\n2\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[21]\n\n11\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[22]\n\n3\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[23]\n\n3\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\nYear-end chart performance for Brigade\n\n\nChart (1990)\n\nPosition\n\n\nCanada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)[24]\n\n6\n\n\nEuropean Albums (Music & Media)[25]\n\n44\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[26]\n\n74\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[27]\n\n38\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[28]\n\n26","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Heart singles\".","urls":[{"url":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Heart&titel=Secret&cat=s","url_text":"\"Heart singles\""}]},{"reference":"Henderson, Alex. \"Brigade – Heart\". AllMusic. Retrieved June 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/brigade-mw0000203334","url_text":"\"Brigade – Heart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Sandow, Greg (April 13, 1990). \"Capsules – Notable albums for the week of April 13\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 18, 2008. Retrieved June 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080418122642/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,317129,00.html","url_text":"\"Capsules – Notable albums for the week of April 13\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,317129,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mack, Bob (June 28, 1990). \"Heart: Brigade\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on October 2, 2007. Retrieved June 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071002104833/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/heart/albums/album/258627/review/5944136/brigade","url_text":"\"Heart: Brigade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/heart/albums/album/258627/review/5944136/brigade","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Coleman, Mark; Berger, Arion (2004). \"Heart\". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 372. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t9eocwUfoSoC&pg=PA372","url_text":"\"Heart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Brackett","url_text":"Brackett, Nathan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Hoard","url_text":"Hoard, Christian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stone_Album_Guide","url_text":"The New Rolling Stone Album Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster","url_text":"Simon & Schuster"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac/page/372","url_text":"372"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-0169-8","url_text":"0-7432-0169-8"}]},{"reference":"Cranna, Ian (April 18, 1990). \"Review: LPs\". Smash Hits. ISSN 0260-3004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smash_Hits","url_text":"Smash Hits"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0260-3004","url_text":"0260-3004"}]},{"reference":"\"Brigade – Heart | Awards\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on October 17, 2015. Retrieved June 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151017232844/http://www.allmusic.com/album/brigade-mw0000203334/awards","url_text":"\"Brigade – Heart | Awards\""},{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/brigade-mw0000203334/awards","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Heart\". Billboard. Retrieved July 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/heart/","url_text":"\"Heart\""}]},{"reference":"Brigade (liner notes). Heart. Capitol Records. 1990. CDP 7 91820 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_(band)","url_text":"Heart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Records","url_text":"Capitol Records"}]},{"reference":"\"European Top 100 Albums\". Music & Media. Vol. 7, no. 22. June 2, 1990. p. VIII. OCLC 29800226.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29800226","url_text":"29800226"}]},{"reference":"Pennanen, Timo (2021). \"Heart\". Sisältää hitin – Levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla 1.1.1960–30.6.2021 (PDF) (in Finnish) (2nd ed.). Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava. p. 99. ISBN 978-952-7460-01-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiikkiarkisto.fi/oa/_tiedostot/julkaisut/sisaltaa-hitin.pdf","url_text":"Sisältää hitin – Levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla 1.1.1960–30.6.2021"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otava_(publisher)","url_text":"Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-7460-01-6","url_text":"978-952-7460-01-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Ísland (LP-plötur)\". DV (in Icelandic). July 6, 1990. p. 33. ISSN 1021-8254 – via Timarit.is.","urls":[{"url":"https://timarit.is/page/2573198?lang=en","url_text":"\"Ísland (LP-plötur)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DV_(newspaper)","url_text":"DV"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1021-8254","url_text":"1021-8254"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timarit.is","url_text":"Timarit.is"}]},{"reference":"ハートのアルバム売り上げランキング [Heart album sales ranking] (in Japanese). Oricon. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved June 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714153156/http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/122259/ranking/cd_album/","url_text":"ハートのアルバム売り上げランキング"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon","url_text":"Oricon"},{"url":"http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/122259/ranking/cd_album/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Albums of 1990\". RPM. Vol. 53, no. 6. December 22, 1990. p. 12. ISSN 0033-7064 – via Library and Archives Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.9145&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.9145.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.9145","url_text":"\"Top 100 Albums of 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-7064","url_text":"0033-7064"}]},{"reference":"\"European Top 100 Albums – 1990\". Music & Media. Vol. 7, no. 51. December 22, 1990. p. 38. OCLC 29800226.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29800226","url_text":"29800226"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts – 1990\" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved December 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/album-jahr/for-date-1990","url_text":"\"Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts – 1990\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1990\". hitparade.ch (in German). Retrieved February 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hitparade.ch/charts/jahreshitparade/1990/alben","url_text":"\"Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1990\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 1990\". Billboard. Archived from the original on May 17, 2018. Retrieved December 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180517091718/https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1990/top-billboard-200-albums","url_text":"\"Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 1990\""},{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1990/top-billboard-200-albums","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1990 Albums\" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved November 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dropbox.com/sh/k9o2q7p7o4awhqx/AADMNJGMy_si25BoL1PeKWT_a/1990%20Accreds.pdf","url_text":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1990 Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian album certifications – Heart – Brigade\". Music Canada. October 8, 1993. Retrieved December 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Brigade%20Heart","url_text":"\"Canadian album certifications – Heart – Brigade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Japanese album certifications – Heart – Brigade\" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved April 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaj.or.jp/f/data/cert/gd.html","url_text":"\"Japanese album certifications – Heart – Brigade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_Japan","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of Japan"}]},{"reference":"\"1990: A New Marketing Attitude\". Music & Media. Vol. 7, no. 51. December 22, 1990. p. 2. OCLC 29800226.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29800226","url_text":"29800226"}]},{"reference":"\"Certification Award Levels\" (PDF). IFPI. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2007. Retrieved November 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070109165528/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/certification-award-levels.pdf","url_text":"\"Certification Award Levels\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI","url_text":"IFPI"},{"url":"http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/certification-award-levels.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 1987−1998\" (PDF) (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden. September 18, 1990. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 17, 2011. Retrieved December 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110517224028/http://www.ifpi.se/wp/wp-content/uploads/guld-platina-1987-1998.pdf","url_text":"\"Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 1987−1998\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"IFPI Sweden"},{"url":"http://www.ifpi.se/wp/wp-content/uploads/guld-platina-1987-1998.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"British album certifications – Heart – Brigade\". British Phonographic Industry. April 17, 1990. Retrieved September 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/1088-2083-2","url_text":"\"British album certifications – Heart – Brigade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"American album certifications – Heart – Brigade\". Recording Industry Association of America. December 5, 1990. Retrieved December 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Heart&ti=Brigade&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American album certifications – Heart – Brigade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Street_(Ottawa)
Bank Street (Ottawa)
["1 Features","2 History","2.1 Name of the street","2.2 As a Provincial Highway","2.3 Bank Street rehabilitation","3 Major intersections (from North to South)","4 Areas/Communities","5 References","6 External links"]
Route map: Street in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Bank Street" Ottawa – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Bank Street near the intersection with Laurier Avenue in downtown Ottawa Heading North through The Glebe Bank Street (French: Rue Bank) is the major commercial north–south street in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It runs south from Wellington Street in downtown Ottawa, south through the neighbourhoods of Centretown, The Glebe, Old Ottawa South, Alta Vista, Hunt Club, and then through the villages of Blossom Park, Leitrim, South Gloucester, Greely, Metcalfe, Spring Hill, and Vernon before ending at the city limit at Belmeade Road, becoming Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry county highway 31. Bank Street made up much of Highway 31 before it was downloaded in 1998 (all of it south of Heron Road). Currently it is also known as Ottawa Road #31. Features Bank Street bridge in 2014 Between Wellington Street and Gladstone Avenue in downtown, Bank Street is a shopping and business development district officially known as the "Bank Street Promenade" and the street is lined with common signage affixed to streetlights and street-level advertising billboards showing this distinction. The area between Somerset Street West and Gladstone Avenue (within the Bank Street Promenade) is considered the centre of Ottawa's burgeoning gay village, characterized by a small concentration of businesses targeted to Ottawa's LGBT community. In 2011, the city officially unveiled signs identifying the neighbourhood as Ottawa's gay village, at the intersections of Somerset, James and Nepean Streets with Bank Street. Travelling south, there exists a shopping district in The Glebe running exclusively along Bank Street from approximately the Queensway to Holmwood Avenue. Bank Street is home to Lansdowne Park where the Ottawa 67's and Ottawa RedBlacks play. Even further south, after the road passes over the Rideau Canal on the Bank Street Bridge, Bank Street is home to the Billings Bridge Plaza and eventually, the South Keys Shopping Centre. Bank Street north of Billings Bridge is an historic urban arterial road, often with many more pedestrians than vehicular traffic and significant parking issues, hence the flow is generally quite slow. South of Billings Bridge to Leitrim Road, the street turns into a more modern four-lane (or five-lane) urban arterial, which flows much better despite the 50 km/h (30 mph) speed limit on the northern half and 60 km/h (about 40 mph) from South Keys southward. South of Leitrim it is a rural two-lane highway with an 80 km/h speed limit until the community of Vernon. Recently, just south of Leitrim Road, Bank Street gives access to a developing neighborhood called Findlay Creek that will become quite significant in the long term, and it will also provide access (after secondary roads are extended) to the community of Riverside South. Bank Street also serves in some contexts as an unofficial division between "eastern" and "western" Ottawa. For example, prior to the takeover of Maclean-Hunter by Rogers Cable in 1994, the street marked the division between those cable companies' service areas in Ottawa: cable subscribers west of Bank Street were served by Maclean-Hunter, while cable subscribers east of Bank Street were served by Rogers. History Name of the street Contrary to popular belief, the street is not named after the Bank of Canada headquarters at the corner of Bank Street and Wellington Street. The street name dates back to the 19th century, whereas the bank was founded in 1934. It's believed that the road was named this because it originally went from the "bank" of the Ottawa River at its northern end to that of the Rideau River to the south. However, the road was originally called Esther Street in honour of Colonel By's wife. Bank Street officially ends at Wellington Street and the portion of the street running closest to the actual riverbank is federal Crown land for the Parliamentary Precinct of the Parliament of Canada. South of the Rideau River the road was previously named "Prescott Road". As a Provincial Highway Main article: Ontario Highway 31 Highway 31 was formed in 1927, and started at the junction of Highway 2 in Morrisburg, Ontario. It travelled north through the town of Winchester, and eventually into Ottawa. The road was paved in stages, but was fully paved by 1936. The road's designation of Highway 31 was extended from the Dundas-Stormont-Glengary/Russell-Prescott county line into Ottawa later that same year. While maintaining its alignment along Bank Street for its entire history, the road was re-aligned along Canal Drive (now today's Queen Elizabeth Driveway). From here, it became less clear where the northern terminus of the road was located, as Ottawa posted Highway 31 as a scenic route within its limits along Heron Road and Bronson Avenue (concurrent with Highway 16) before terminating in downtown, while the Ministry of Transportation noted no changes in road length (78 km / 48.8 mi). This is presumed to be a connecting link between Highway 31 and The Queensway (Highway 417), but these scenic routes/connecting links were all decommissioned by 1960. The road was also re-aligned along the Winchester Bypass, when it was completed and opened in 1974, but no other changes were made to the road since then, until being fully decommissioned as a provincial highway, in 1998. Bank Street rehabilitation Portions of Bank Street have undergone major reconstruction each year since 2006. The City of Ottawa held public consultations for a major redevelopment of Bank Street between Wellington Street and the Rideau Canal. Major intersections (from North to South) Ontario portal Ottawa Road 34 (Wellington Street) Ottawa Road 48 (Laurier Avenue) Ottawa Road 36 (Somerset Street) Gladstone Avenue Highway 417 Ottawa Road 19 (Riverside Drive) Ottawa Road 16 (Heron Road) Ottawa Road 103 (Alta Vista Drive) Walkley Road Ottawa Road 32 (Hunt Club Road) Albion Road Ottawa Road 125 (Conroy Road) Ottawa Road 14 (Leitrim Road) Ottawa Road 8 (Mitch Owens Road) Ottawa Road 6 (Snake Island Road) Ottawa Road 4 (Dalmeny Road) Areas/Communities Downtown Ottawa Centretown The Glebe Ottawa South Billings Bridge South Keys Blossom Park Findlay Creek/Leitrim Greely Metcalfe Vernon References ^ King's Highway 31 ^ "Report to Transportation Committee". City of Ottawa. 7 September 2004. Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2016-08-05. ^ "Village signs get mayoral approval" Archived 2011-11-12 at the Wayback Machine. Capital Xtra!, November 7, 2011. ^ Katerhine Fletcher Capital Walks: Walking Tours of Ottawa, 2004, p. 163. ^ "Billings Bridge Map 1879". Archived from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024. ^ Gladstone, David (20 April 2007). "Is Centretown really growing?". Archived from the original on 26 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-19. ^ ""From Downtown to Lansdowne"". Archived from the original on 5 March 2005. Retrieved 26 February 2024. External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Bank Street (Ottawa)KML is from Wikidata Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bank Street, Ottawa. Bank St Biz City of Ottawa: Transportation Master Plan (see Maps) Google Maps: route of Bank Street in Ottawa City of Ottawa: Bank Street profile Bank Street Promenade Shopping District Bank Street Rehabilitation Project Highway 31 at OntHighways.com vteRoads in OttawaProvincial highways 7 416 417 Numbered / arterial roads Airport Albion Alta Vista Bank Baseline Blair Bronson Carling Carp Cedarview Conroy Donnelly Dwyer Hill Eagleson Elgin Fourth Line Hazeldean Heron Hunt Club Innes Kent King Edward Laurier Lees Merivale Metcalfe Mitch Owens Montreal Nicholas O'Connor Parkdale Preston Prince of Wales Regional Road 174 Queen Richmond Rideau River Riverside Robertson Russell St. Joseph St. Laurent Smyth Somerset Strandherd Sussex Tenth Line Terry Fox Trim Vanier Walkley Wellington Woodroffe Collector roads Brookfield Gladstone Hog's Back Meadowlands Old Prescott Sparks Federal arteries Aviation Colonel By Island Park Kichi Zibi Mikan Sir George-Étienne Cartier Queen Elizabeth Roads in Ontario vteShopping centres in Ottawa-Gatineau Bayshore Shopping Centre Billings Bridge Shopping Centre Carlingwood Mall Chapman Mills Marketplace College Square Elmvale Acres Shopping Centre Fairlawn Centre Hazeldean Mall Herongate Square Les Promenades Gatineau Lincoln Fields Shopping Centre Merivale Mall Place d'Orléans Rideau Centre South Keys Shopping Centre Sparks Street Mall St. Laurent Centre Westgate Shopping Centre vteLesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender topics in CanadaMain articles: LGBT rights in Canada, Transgender rights in Canada, Intersex rights in CanadaHistory Timeline of LGBT history in Canada First openly LGBT politicians Persecution Fruit machine Brunswick Four Operation Soap Sex Garage raid Pussy Palace Raid 2010–2017 Toronto serial homicides Activism and milestones Gay Alliance Toward Equality Lesbian Organization of Toronto We Demand Rally Pride Week 1973 1990 Gay Games 2006 World Outgames WorldPride Toronto 2014 Homosexuality and the United Church of Canada LawSame-sex marriage Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Case law Klippert v The Queen Egan v Canada Vriend v Alberta M v H Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v Canada Hall v Durham Catholic School Board Halpern v Canada (AG) Canada (AG) v Mossop Policy Age of consent reform Bill C-16 Civil Marriage Act Declaration of Montreal Equality Rights Statute Amendment Act Policy 713 Military policy Other LGBT parenting in Canada LGBT refugees and asylum seekers in Canada CulturePride Calgary Pride Capital Pride (Ottawa/Gatineau) Edmonton Pride Fierté Montréal Guelph Pride Halifax Pride Pride Hamilton Pride Toronto Pride Winnipeg Queen City Pride (Regina) Saskatoon Pride Simcoe Pride Steinbach Pride Sudbury Pride Thunder Pride Tri-Pride (Waterloo Region) Vancouver Pride Windsor-Essex Pride Events Black and Blue Festival BOLDfest Club Quarantine Divers/Cité (defunct) Fairy Tales (Calgary) Fashion Cares (defunct) Image+Nation (Montreal) Inside Out (Toronto) London Lesbian Film Festival Making Scenes (Ottawa; defunct) Massimadi (Montreal) Muskoka Queer Film Festival OUTeast Film Festival (Halifax) Out North Queer Film Festival (Whitehorse) Queer Arts Festival (Vancouver) Queer City Cinema (Regina) Queer North Film Festival (Sudbury) Rainbow Reels Queer and Trans Film Festival (Kitchener-Waterloo) Rainbow Visions Film Festival (Edmonton) Reel Pride (Winnipeg) Reelout Queer Film Festival (Kingston) Toronto Queer Film Festival Vancouver Queer Film Festival Literature Blue Metropolis Violet Prize Dayne Ogilvie Prize Glad Day Bookshop Librairie L'Androgyne Little Sister's Book and Art Emporium Pride Library Stubblejumper Press Media Pink Triangle Press (The Body Politic, Daily Xtra, Xtra Ottawa, Xtra Vancouver) CIRR-FM OutTV GO Info Maleflixxx Playmen Amazones d'Hier, Lesbiennes d'Aujourd'hui The Church-Wellesley Review fab Fugues Gay Les Mouches fantastiques Out in Canada Outlooks OutWords Perceptions Plenitude Rites Siren Wayves Other LGBT culture in Vancouver Places and institutionsGay villages Bank Street (Ottawa) Church and Wellesley (Toronto) Davie Village (Vancouver) Gay Village (Montreal) Shaughnessy Village (Montreal) Stanley Street (Montreal) Organizations The ArQuives Community One Foundation Egale Canada Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity Fierté Canada Pride The 519 Kind Space Out On Screen Priape Pride Library, University of Western Ontario Quebec Gay Archives Q Hall of Fame Canada Qmunity Rainbow Railroad Transgender Archives, University of Victoria Triangle Program Bars Black Eagle (Montreal) Celebrities The Junction Numbers Pumpjack Stereo Le Stud Woody's Monuments and memorials 18 Shades of Gay LGBTQ2+ National Monument Statue of Alexander Wood
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bank_Street_Ottawa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Laurier Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurier_Avenue"},{"link_name":"downtown Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Ottawa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bankstatglebe.JPG"},{"link_name":"The Glebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glebe"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Wellington Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Street,_Ottawa"},{"link_name":"downtown Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Centretown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centretown"},{"link_name":"The Glebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glebe"},{"link_name":"Old Ottawa South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Ottawa_South"},{"link_name":"Alta Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_Vista_(Ottawa)"},{"link_name":"Hunt Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_Club"},{"link_name":"Blossom Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blossom_Park,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Leitrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitrim,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"South Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Gloucester,_Ontario&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greely,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Metcalfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metcalfe,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Spring Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spring_Hill,_Ontario&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Counties_of_Stormont,_Dundas_and_Glengarry"},{"link_name":"Highway 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_31"},{"link_name":"Heron Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron_Road_(Ottawa)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ottawa Road #31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_numbered_roads_in_Ottawa"}],"text":"Street in Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaBank Street near the intersection with Laurier Avenue in downtown OttawaHeading North through The GlebeBank Street (French: Rue Bank) is the major commercial north–south street in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It runs south from Wellington Street in downtown Ottawa, south through the neighbourhoods of Centretown, The Glebe, Old Ottawa South, Alta Vista, Hunt Club, and then through the villages of Blossom Park, Leitrim, South Gloucester, Greely, Metcalfe, Spring Hill, and Vernon before ending at the city limit at Belmeade Road, becoming Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry county highway 31.Bank Street made up much of Highway 31 before it was downloaded in 1998 (all of it south of Heron Road).[1][2] Currently it is also known as Ottawa Road #31.","title":"Bank Street (Ottawa)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bank_Street_Bridge_2014_p2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wellington Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Street_(Ottawa)"},{"link_name":"Gladstone Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladstone_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Somerset Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_Street_(Ottawa)"},{"link_name":"gay village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_village"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Queensway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensway_(Ottawa)"},{"link_name":"Lansdowne Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansdowne_Park"},{"link_name":"Ottawa 67's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_67%27s"},{"link_name":"Ottawa RedBlacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_RedBlacks"},{"link_name":"Rideau Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rideau_Canal"},{"link_name":"Bank Street Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Street_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Billings Bridge Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billings_Bridge_Plaza"},{"link_name":"South Keys Shopping Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Keys_Shopping_Centre"},{"link_name":"Billings Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billings_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Leitrim Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leitrim_Road_(Ottawa)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Riverside South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_South,_Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Maclean-Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclean-Hunter"},{"link_name":"Rogers Cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Cable"}],"text":"Bank Street bridge in 2014Between Wellington Street and Gladstone Avenue in downtown, Bank Street is a shopping and business development district officially known as the \"Bank Street Promenade\" and the street is lined with common signage affixed to streetlights and street-level advertising billboards showing this distinction.The area between Somerset Street West and Gladstone Avenue (within the Bank Street Promenade) is considered the centre of Ottawa's burgeoning gay village, characterized by a small concentration of businesses targeted to Ottawa's LGBT community. In 2011, the city officially unveiled signs identifying the neighbourhood as Ottawa's gay village, at the intersections of Somerset, James and Nepean Streets with Bank Street.[3]Travelling south, there exists a shopping district in The Glebe running exclusively along Bank Street from approximately the Queensway to Holmwood Avenue. Bank Street is home to Lansdowne Park where the Ottawa 67's and Ottawa RedBlacks play. Even further south, after the road passes over the Rideau Canal on the Bank Street Bridge, Bank Street is home to the Billings Bridge Plaza and eventually, the South Keys Shopping Centre.Bank Street north of Billings Bridge is an historic urban arterial road, often with many more pedestrians than vehicular traffic and significant parking issues, hence the flow is generally quite slow. South of Billings Bridge to Leitrim Road, the street turns into a more modern four-lane (or five-lane) urban arterial, which flows much better despite the 50 km/h (30 mph) speed limit on the northern half and 60 km/h (about 40 mph) from South Keys southward. South of Leitrim it is a rural two-lane highway with an 80 km/h speed limit until the community of Vernon. Recently, just south of Leitrim Road, Bank Street gives access to a developing neighborhood called Findlay Creek that will become quite significant in the long term, and it will also provide access (after secondary roads are extended) to the community of Riverside South.Bank Street also serves in some contexts as an unofficial division between \"eastern\" and \"western\" Ottawa. For example, prior to the takeover of Maclean-Hunter by Rogers Cable in 1994, the street marked the division between those cable companies' service areas in Ottawa: cable subscribers west of Bank Street were served by Maclean-Hunter, while cable subscribers east of Bank Street were served by Rogers.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bank of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"street name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_name"},{"link_name":"Ottawa River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_River"},{"link_name":"Colonel By","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_By"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Crown land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_land"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Precinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_Hill"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Name of the street","text":"Contrary to popular belief, the street is not named after the Bank of Canada headquarters at the corner of Bank Street and Wellington Street. The street name dates back to the 19th century, whereas the bank was founded in 1934. It's believed that the road was named this because it originally went from the \"bank\" of the Ottawa River at its northern end to that of the Rideau River to the south. However, the road was originally called Esther Street in honour of Colonel By's wife.[4] Bank Street officially ends at Wellington Street and the portion of the street running closest to the actual riverbank is federal Crown land for the Parliamentary Precinct of the Parliament of Canada. South of the Rideau River the road was previously named \"Prescott Road\".[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Highway 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_2_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"Morrisburg, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrisburg,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Heron Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron_Road_(Ottawa)"},{"link_name":"concurrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"Highway 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_16_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"connecting link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecting_link"},{"link_name":"The Queensway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensway_(Ottawa)"},{"link_name":"Highway 417","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_417_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"scenic routes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenic_route"}],"sub_title":"As a Provincial Highway","text":"Highway 31 was formed in 1927, and started at the junction of Highway 2 in Morrisburg, Ontario. It travelled north through the town of Winchester, and eventually into Ottawa. The road was paved in stages, but was fully paved by 1936. The road's designation of Highway 31 was extended from the Dundas-Stormont-Glengary/Russell-Prescott county line into Ottawa later that same year. While maintaining its alignment along Bank Street for its entire history, the road was re-aligned along Canal Drive (now today's Queen Elizabeth Driveway). From here, it became less clear where the northern terminus of the road was located, as Ottawa posted Highway 31 as a scenic route within its limits along Heron Road and Bronson Avenue (concurrent with Highway 16) before terminating in downtown, while the Ministry of Transportation noted no changes in road length (78 km / 48.8 mi). This is presumed to be a connecting link between Highway 31 and The Queensway (Highway 417), but these scenic routes/connecting links were all decommissioned by 1960. The road was also re-aligned along the Winchester Bypass, when it was completed and opened in 1974, but no other changes were made to the road since then, until being fully decommissioned as a provincial highway, in 1998.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Rideau Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rideau_Canal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Bank Street rehabilitation","text":"Portions of Bank Street have undergone major reconstruction each year since 2006.[6] The City of Ottawa held public consultations for a major redevelopment of Bank Street between Wellington Street and the Rideau Canal.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ontario portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ontario"},{"link_name":"Wellington Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Street_(Ottawa)"},{"link_name":"Laurier Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurier_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Somerset Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_Street_(Ottawa)"},{"link_name":"Gladstone Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladstone_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Highway 417","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_417_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"Riverside Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_Drive_(Ottawa)"},{"link_name":"Heron Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron_Road_(Ottawa)"},{"link_name":"Alta Vista Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_Vista_Drive"},{"link_name":"Walkley Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkley_Road_(Ottawa)"},{"link_name":"Hunt Club Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_Club_Road_(Ottawa)"},{"link_name":"Albion Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion_Road_(Ottawa)"},{"link_name":"Conroy Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conroy_Road_(Ottawa)"},{"link_name":"Leitrim Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leitrim_Road_(Ottawa)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mitch Owens Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Owens_Road_(Ottawa)"},{"link_name":"Dalmeny Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dalmeny_Road_(Ottawa)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Ontario portalOttawa Road 34 (Wellington Street)\nOttawa Road 48 (Laurier Avenue)\nOttawa Road 36 (Somerset Street)\nGladstone Avenue\nHighway 417\nOttawa Road 19 (Riverside Drive)\nOttawa Road 16 (Heron Road)\nOttawa Road 103 (Alta Vista Drive)\nWalkley Road\nOttawa Road 32 (Hunt Club Road)\nAlbion Road\nOttawa Road 125 (Conroy Road)\nOttawa Road 14 (Leitrim Road)\nOttawa Road 8 (Mitch Owens Road)\nOttawa Road 6 (Snake Island Road)\nOttawa Road 4 (Dalmeny Road)","title":"Major intersections (from North to South)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Downtown Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Centretown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centretown"},{"link_name":"The Glebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glebe"},{"link_name":"Ottawa South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Ottawa_South"},{"link_name":"Billings Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billings_Bridge"},{"link_name":"South Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Keys_Station_(OC_Transpo)"},{"link_name":"Blossom Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blossom_Park"},{"link_name":"Findlay Creek/Leitrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitrim_(Ottawa)"},{"link_name":"Greely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greely,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Metcalfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metcalfe,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon,_Ontario"}],"text":"Downtown Ottawa\nCentretown\nThe Glebe\nOttawa South\nBillings Bridge\nSouth Keys\nBlossom Park\nFindlay Creek/Leitrim\nGreely\nMetcalfe\nVernon","title":"Areas/Communities"}]
[{"image_text":"Bank Street near the intersection with Laurier Avenue in downtown Ottawa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bank_Street_Ottawa.jpg/220px-Bank_Street_Ottawa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Heading North through The Glebe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bankstatglebe.JPG/220px-Bankstatglebe.JPG"},{"image_text":"Bank Street bridge in 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bank_Street_Bridge_2014_p2.jpg/220px-Bank_Street_Bridge_2014_p2.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Report to Transportation Committee\". City of Ottawa. 7 September 2004. Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2016-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://ottawa.ca/calendar/ottawa/citycouncil/occ/2004/10-13/trc/ACS2004-CCS-TRC-0009.htm","url_text":"\"Report to Transportation Committee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Ottawa","url_text":"City of Ottawa"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110526231933/http://ottawa.ca/calendar/ottawa/citycouncil/occ/2004/10-13/trc/ACS2004-CCS-TRC-0009.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Billings Bridge Map 1879\". Archived from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240226172016/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/BillingsBridgeMap1879.jpg","url_text":"\"Billings Bridge Map 1879\""},{"url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/BillingsBridgeMap1879.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gladstone, David (20 April 2007). \"Is Centretown really growing?\". Archived from the original on 26 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080926101950/http://www.centretown.net/news_detail.php?news_id=174","url_text":"\"Is Centretown really growing?\""},{"url":"http://www.centretown.net/news_detail.php?news_id=174","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"From Downtown to Lansdowne\"\". Archived from the original on 5 March 2005. Retrieved 26 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050305062410/http://www.ottawa.ca/public_consult/bank/index_en.shtml","url_text":"\"\"From Downtown to Lansdowne\"\""},{"url":"http://www.ottawa.ca/public_consult/bank/index_en.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortification_line
Defense line
["1 List of defense lines","1.1 Historical[a]","1.2 Modern","2 Notes","3 References"]
A line of fortifications in warfare Not to be confused with Defensive line or Three lines of defence. This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Defense line" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Victoria Lines, a line of fortification in Malta built to divide the sparsely populated north of the island from the densely populated south Reconstruction of a Scythian defense line built around 339 BC in modern-day Hungary A defense line or fortification line is a geographically recognizable line of troops and armament, fortified and set up to protect a high-value location or defend territory. A defense line may be based on natural difficult terrain features, such as rivers or marshes, mountain ranges, or coastlines; temporary field fortification works such as trenches; and/or more permanent fortifications such as fortresses and bunkers. List of defense lines Derbent Walls Some notable defense lines include: Historical Great Wall of China, China Sassanian defense lines Great Wall of Gorgan, Persia Derbent Walls Defense lines of the Netherlands Median Wall (before 401 BC) Limes Germanicus, Germany Hadrian's Wall, United Kingdom (122) Antonine Wall, United Kingdom (142) Offa's Dyke, Wales (early 5th century) The Pale, Ireland (late 12th century) Serpent's Wall, Ukraine The Zasechnaya cherta  (Russian: Засечная черта)) on the southern and eastern borders of the Tsardom of Russia Western Russian fortresses, Russia Civil War Defenses of Washington, United States Victoria Lines, Malta (1875) Hindenburg Line, France (1916) Maginot Line, France (1929) Schuster Line, Luxembourg Metaxas Line, Greece (1936-1941) Mannerheim Line, Finland (1939–1940) K-W Line, Belgium (1939) Siegfried Line, Germany Gothic Line, Italy Winter Line (Gustav, Bernhardt and Hitler Lines), Italy (1943-1944) Panther–Wotan line, Russia (1943) Pusan Perimeter, South Korea (1950) McNamara Line, South Vietnam (1966) Bar Lev Line, Sinai Peninsula (1973) Modern Russia–Ukraine barrier, Ukraine Wagner Line, Ukraine Muhamalai FDL, Sri Lanka Nagarcoil FDL, Sri Lanka Baltic Defence Line, Baltic states Notes ^ Where given, dates in parentheses indicate when construction began. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Linear fortifications. Authority control databases: National Czech Republic This military-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Defensive line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_line"},{"link_name":"Three lines of defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_lines_of_defence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victoria_Lines_Malta_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Victoria Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Lines"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avar%C3%A1rok.JPG"},{"link_name":"Scythian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythians"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_(military)"},{"link_name":"terrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrain"},{"link_name":"field fortification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_fortification"},{"link_name":"trenches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench#Military_engineering"},{"link_name":"fortifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortifications"},{"link_name":"fortresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress"},{"link_name":"bunkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Defensive line or Three lines of defence.The Victoria Lines, a line of fortification in Malta built to divide the sparsely populated north of the island from the densely populated southReconstruction of a Scythian defense line built around 339 BC in modern-day HungaryA defense line or fortification line is a geographically recognizable line of troops and armament, fortified and set up to protect a high-value location or defend territory.A defense line may be based on natural difficult terrain features, such as rivers or marshes, mountain ranges, or coastlines; temporary field fortification works such as trenches; and/or more permanent fortifications such as fortresses and bunkers.","title":"Defense line"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5.jpg"},{"link_name":"Derbent Walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbent_Walls"}],"text":"Derbent WallsSome notable defense lines include:","title":"List of defense lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Wall of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China"},{"link_name":"Sassanian defense lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanian_defense_lines"},{"link_name":"Great Wall of Gorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_Gorgan"},{"link_name":"Derbent Walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbent_Walls"},{"link_name":"Defense lines of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_lines_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Median Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_Wall"},{"link_name":"Limes Germanicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limes_Germanicus"},{"link_name":"Hadrian's Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall"},{"link_name":"Antonine Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonine_Wall"},{"link_name":"Offa's Dyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offa%27s_Dyke"},{"link_name":"The Pale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pale"},{"link_name":"Serpent's Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent%27s_Wall"},{"link_name":"Zasechnaya cherta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zasechnaya_cherta"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Western Russian fortresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Russian_fortresses"},{"link_name":"Civil War Defenses of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_War_Defenses_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"Victoria Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Lines"},{"link_name":"Hindenburg Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindenburg_Line"},{"link_name":"Maginot Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maginot_Line"},{"link_name":"Schuster Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuster_Line"},{"link_name":"Metaxas Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaxas_Line"},{"link_name":"Mannerheim Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannerheim_Line"},{"link_name":"K-W Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-W_Line"},{"link_name":"Siegfried Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Line"},{"link_name":"Gothic Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Line"},{"link_name":"Winter Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Line"},{"link_name":"Gustav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Line#Gustav_Line"},{"link_name":"Bernhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Line#Bernhardt_and_Hitler_Lines"},{"link_name":"Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Line#Bernhardt_and_Hitler_Lines"},{"link_name":"Panther–Wotan line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panther%E2%80%93Wotan_line"},{"link_name":"Pusan Perimeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pusan_Perimeter"},{"link_name":"McNamara Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McNamara_Line"},{"link_name":"Bar Lev Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Lev_Line"}],"sub_title":"Historical[a]","text":"Great Wall of China, China\nSassanian defense lines\nGreat Wall of Gorgan, Persia\nDerbent Walls\nDefense lines of the Netherlands\nMedian Wall (before 401 BC)\nLimes Germanicus, Germany\nHadrian's Wall, United Kingdom (122)\nAntonine Wall, United Kingdom (142)\nOffa's Dyke, Wales (early 5th century)\nThe Pale, Ireland (late 12th century)\nSerpent's Wall, Ukraine\nThe Zasechnaya cherta [ru] (Russian: Засечная черта)) on the southern and eastern borders of the Tsardom of Russia\nWestern Russian fortresses, Russia\nCivil War Defenses of Washington, United States\nVictoria Lines, Malta (1875)\nHindenburg Line, France (1916)\nMaginot Line, France (1929)\nSchuster Line, Luxembourg\nMetaxas Line, Greece (1936-1941)\nMannerheim Line, Finland (1939–1940)\nK-W Line, Belgium (1939)\nSiegfried Line, Germany\nGothic Line, Italy\nWinter Line (Gustav, Bernhardt and Hitler Lines), Italy (1943-1944)\nPanther–Wotan line, Russia (1943)\nPusan Perimeter, South Korea (1950)\nMcNamara Line, South Vietnam (1966)\nBar Lev Line, Sinai Peninsula (1973)","title":"List of defense lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russia–Ukraine barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_barrier"},{"link_name":"Wagner Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_Line"},{"link_name":"Muhamalai FDL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhamalai_Forward_Defence_Line"},{"link_name":"Nagarcoil FDL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarcoil_Forward_Defence_Line"},{"link_name":"Baltic Defence Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Defence_Line"}],"sub_title":"Modern","text":"Russia–Ukraine barrier, Ukraine\nWagner Line, Ukraine\nMuhamalai FDL, Sri Lanka\nNagarcoil FDL, Sri Lanka\nBaltic Defence Line, Baltic states","title":"List of defense lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Where given, dates in parentheses indicate when construction began.","title":"Notes"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_streams_of_Idaho
Lost streams of Idaho
["1 Course","2 Basin and discharge","3 See also","4 References"]
Group of partially subterranean rivers in Idaho, United States This article is about the river in Idaho. For other uses, see Lost River (disambiguation). Map of the lost streams of Idaho There are two rivers in Idaho named "Lost", the Big Lost River and the Little Lost River. They are often considered separate streams, but both flow into the same depression and become subterranean, feeding the Snake River Aquifer. The rivers are located in Custer County and Butte County, in Idaho in the United States. Via the aquifer and numerous springs, they are tributaries of the Snake River. Course The Big Lost River is about 135 miles (217 km) long and has two main tributary forks, the North Fork Big Lost River and the East Fork Big Lost River. The river originates in the Pioneer Mountains in Salmon-Challis National Forest, flows northeast then turns southeast, with the Lost River Range to the east separating the Big Lost River Valley from the Little Lost River Valley. A dam impounds the river and creates Mackay Reservoir. Near Arco the river enters the Snake River Plain, curves east and then northeast and enters the depression where the water flows into the ground, called Big Lost River Sinks. Near the sinks there is a dry distributary called the Dry Channel Big Lost River. The Little Lost River is about 49 miles (79 km) long. It flows southeast between the Lost River Range to the west and the Lemhi Range to the east. It enters the Snake River Plain north of the sinks and flows into them at locations called Little Lost River Sinks. The sinks and the lower courses of both rivers are within the land of the Idaho National Laboratory, northeast of Craters of the Moon. Water from both rivers emerges about 100 miles (160 km) away at Thousand Springs near Hagerman and other springs downstream of Twin Falls. Due to irrigation using the aquifer's water, most of the rivers' water is pumped out of the ground, used to irrigate crops, and returned to the ground as irrigation drainage, where it eventually emerges at the springs and joins the Snake River. Basin and discharge The Big Lost River's drainage basin is approximately 1,400 square miles (3,626 km2) in area Its mean annual discharge, as measured by USGS gage 13132500 (Big Lost River near Arco), is 91.7 cubic feet per second (2.60 m3/s), with a maximum daily recorded flow of 1,840 cu ft/s (52 m3/s), and a minimum of zero flow. The Little Lost River's drainage basin is approximately 971 square miles (2,515 km2) in area Its mean annual discharge, as measured by USGS gage 13118700 (Little Lost River below Wet Creek, near Howe, Idaho), is 65 cubic feet per second (1.8 m3/s), with a maximum daily recorded flow of 486 cu ft/s (14 m3/s), and a minimum of 3 cu ft/s (0.085 m3/s). See also List of rivers in Idaho Losing stream Tributaries of the Columbia River References ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map Archived 2012-03-29 at the Wayback Machine, accessed May 4, 2011 ^ a b Upper Snake, Headwaters, Closed Basin Subbasins Plan Plan Archived 2012-02-13 at the Wayback Machine, Northwest Power and Conservation Council ^ a b Snake River basin between Mud Lake and King Hill (includes Lost, Wood, Malad River basins), Water Resources Data, Idaho, 2005 "Idaho Atlas and Gazetteer". 5th ed. DeLorme, 2002. Big Lost River, The Columbia Gazetteer of North America. Little Lost River, The Columbia Gazetteer of North America. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Big Lost River U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Little Lost River U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: East Fork Big Lost River U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: North Fork Big Lost River U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Dry Channel Big Lost River U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Big Lost River Sinks U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Little Lost River Sinks
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lost River (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_River_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lostidahomap.png"},{"link_name":"Big Lost River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Lost_River"},{"link_name":"Little Lost River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Lost_River"},{"link_name":"Snake River Aquifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_River_Aquifer"},{"link_name":"Custer County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custer_County,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Butte County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butte_County,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"aquifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquifer"},{"link_name":"springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(hydrosphere)"},{"link_name":"Snake River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_River"}],"text":"This article is about the river in Idaho. For other uses, see Lost River (disambiguation).Map of the lost streams of IdahoThere are two rivers in Idaho named \"Lost\", the Big Lost River and the Little Lost River. They are often considered separate streams, but both flow into the same depression and become subterranean, feeding the Snake River Aquifer. The rivers are located in Custer County and Butte County, in Idaho in the United States. Via the aquifer and numerous springs, they are tributaries of the Snake River.","title":"Lost streams of Idaho"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHD-1"},{"link_name":"Pioneer Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Mountains_(Idaho)"},{"link_name":"Salmon-Challis National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon-Challis_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Lost River Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_River_Range"},{"link_name":"Arco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arco,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Snake River Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_River_Plain"},{"link_name":"distributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributary"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHD-1"},{"link_name":"Lost River Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_River_Range"},{"link_name":"Lemhi Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemhi_Range"},{"link_name":"Idaho National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Craters of the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craters_of_the_Moon_National_Monument_and_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Hagerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagerman,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Twin Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Falls,_Idaho"}],"text":"The Big Lost River is about 135 miles (217 km) long[1] and has two main tributary forks, the North Fork Big Lost River and the East Fork Big Lost River. The river originates in the Pioneer Mountains in Salmon-Challis National Forest, flows northeast then turns southeast, with the Lost River Range to the east separating the Big Lost River Valley from the Little Lost River Valley. A dam impounds the river and creates Mackay Reservoir. Near Arco the river enters the Snake River Plain, curves east and then northeast and enters the depression where the water flows into the ground, called Big Lost River Sinks. Near the sinks there is a dry distributary called the Dry Channel Big Lost River.The Little Lost River is about 49 miles (79 km) long.[1] It flows southeast between the Lost River Range to the west and the Lemhi Range to the east. It enters the Snake River Plain north of the sinks and flows into them at locations called Little Lost River Sinks.The sinks and the lower courses of both rivers are within the land of the Idaho National Laboratory, northeast of Craters of the Moon. Water from both rivers emerges about 100 miles (160 km) away at Thousand Springs near Hagerman and other springs downstream of Twin Falls. Due to irrigation using the aquifer's water, most of the rivers' water is pumped out of the ground, used to irrigate crops, and returned to the ground as irrigation drainage, where it eventually emerges at the springs and joins the Snake River.","title":"Course"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drainage basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nwcouncil-2"},{"link_name":"discharge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)"},{"link_name":"USGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"Arco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arco,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wdr-id-05-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nwcouncil-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wdr-id-05-3"}],"text":"The Big Lost River's drainage basin is approximately 1,400 square miles (3,626 km2) in area[2] Its mean annual discharge, as measured by USGS gage 13132500 (Big Lost River near Arco), is 91.7 cubic feet per second (2.60 m3/s), with a maximum daily recorded flow of 1,840 cu ft/s (52 m3/s), and a minimum of zero flow.[3]The Little Lost River's drainage basin is approximately 971 square miles (2,515 km2) in area[2] Its mean annual discharge, as measured by USGS gage 13118700 (Little Lost River below Wet Creek, near Howe, Idaho), is 65 cubic feet per second (1.8 m3/s), with a maximum daily recorded flow of 486 cu ft/s (14 m3/s), and a minimum of 3 cu ft/s (0.085 m3/s).[3]","title":"Basin and discharge"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of the lost streams of Idaho","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Lostidahomap.png/300px-Lostidahomap.png"}]
[{"title":"List of rivers in Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_in_Idaho"},{"title":"Losing stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losing_stream"},{"title":"Tributaries of the Columbia River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributaries_of_the_Columbia_River"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/","external_links_name":"The National Map"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120329155652/http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nwcouncil.org/fw/subbasinplanning/uppersnake/plan/Assessment/1IntroOverview.pdf","external_links_name":"Upper Snake, Headwaters, Closed Basin Subbasins Plan Plan"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120213225053/http://www.nwcouncil.org/fw/subbasinplanning/uppersnake/plan/Assessment/1IntroOverview.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-id-05-1/pdf/ID05v1-11.pdf","external_links_name":"Snake River basin between Mud Lake and King Hill (includes Lost, Wood, Malad River basins)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080416011228/http://www.bartleby.com/69/85/B06185.html","external_links_name":"Big Lost River"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050511011341/http://bartleby.com/69/9/L05009.html","external_links_name":"Little Lost River"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/400591","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Big Lost River"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/384886","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Little Lost River"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/381054","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: East Fork Big Lost River"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/387655","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: North Fork Big Lost River"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/372464","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Dry Channel Big Lost River"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/371513","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Big Lost River Sinks"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/373654","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Little Lost River Sinks"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiarn_Church
Beiarn Church
["1 History","2 Media gallery","3 See also","4 References"]
Coordinates: 67°00′23″N 14°34′19″E / 67.00630911°N 14.5720499°E / 67.00630911; 14.5720499Church in Nordland, NorwayBeiarn ChurchBeiarn kirkeView of the church67°00′23″N 14°34′19″E / 67.00630911°N 14.5720499°E / 67.00630911; 14.5720499LocationBeiarn, NordlandCountryNorwayDenominationChurch of NorwayChurchmanshipEvangelical LutheranHistoryStatusParish churchFounded1724Consecrated23 Oct 1873ArchitectureFunctional statusActiveArchitect(s)L.W. NissenArchitectural typeLong churchCompleted1873 (151 years ago) (1873)SpecificationsCapacity310MaterialsWoodAdministrationDioceseSør-HålogalandDeanerySalten prostiParishBeiarnNorwegian Cultural Heritage SiteTypeChurchStatusAutomatically protectedID83859 Beiarn Church (Norwegian: Beiarn kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Beiarn Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is located in the village of Moldjord. It is one of the churches for the Beiarn parish which is part of the Salten prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Sør-Hålogaland. The white, wooden church was built in a long church style in 1873 using plans drawn up by the architect L. W. Nissen. The church seats about 310 people. History The first church in Beiarn was constructed in 1724 on the recommendation of Thomas von Westen. It was called a Finnekapell because it was a chapel built to serve and evangelize the local population of Sami people (who at that time were called Finns). This first church was an annex chapel to the main Gildeskål Church until 1856 when Beiarn became its own prestegjeld. After about 150 years of use, it was decided to replace the church. The new church would be located right next to the old church. Construction on the new church started in 1872, but due to a storm on 21 January 1873, everything had to be demolished. The site was moved a short distance away and construction began again. The new church was consecrated on 23 October 1873. The new church stood for a couple of years side by side with the Old Beiarn Church before the old building was torn down and its materials sold. The new church was damaged again by another storm on 27 February 1874. The building was repaired and reinforced structurally in 1875. After the demolition of the old chapel, the furniture of the old chapel (including the altarpiece, pulpit, baptismal font, church silver, chandeliers, and several plaques) was moved up to the attic of the new church. At that time, they had planned that this would be used in a new chapel that would have some day been built further up in Beiar Valley. The materials were soon forgotten and the other chapel was not built. When Karl Vilhelm Piene started as a parish priest at Beiarn Church in 1930, he found the old furniture, and he received approval from the parish council to put some of the old furniture into the new church. Media gallery See also List of churches in Sør-Hålogaland References ^ "Beiarn kirke". Kirkesøk: Kirkebyggdatabasen. Retrieved 21 October 2018. ^ "Oversikt over Nåværende Kirker" (in Norwegian). KirkeKonsulenten.no. Retrieved 21 October 2018. ^ "Prestegjeld og sogn i Nordland". Arkivverket.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 20 March 2021. ^ "Beiarn finnekapell". lokalhistoriewiki.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 20 March 2021. ^ "Beiarn kirke". lokalhistoriewiki.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 20 March 2021. ^ "Beiarn kirkested" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage. Retrieved 20 March 2021. vteChurch of Norway churches in the Salten prosti in Nordland county, Norway Beiarn Municipality: Beiarn Høyforsmoen Fauske Municipality: Fauske Sulitjelma Chapel Sulitjelma Church Valnesfjord Saltdal Municipality: Saltdal Øvre Saltdal Steigen Municipality: Bogen Leiranger Leinesfjord Nordfold Steigen Sørskot Sørfold Municipality: Mørsvikbotn Rørstad Røsvik Authority control databases: Artists KulturNav
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_church"},{"link_name":"Church of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Beiarn Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiarn_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Nordland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordland"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Moldjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldjord"},{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish"},{"link_name":"Salten prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salten_prosti"},{"link_name":"deanery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deanery"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Sør-Hålogaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_S%C3%B8r-H%C3%A5logaland"},{"link_name":"long church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churches_in_Norway#Floor_plan"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Church in Nordland, NorwayBeiarn Church (Norwegian: Beiarn kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Beiarn Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is located in the village of Moldjord. It is one of the churches for the Beiarn parish which is part of the Salten prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Sør-Hålogaland. The white, wooden church was built in a long church style in 1873 using plans drawn up by the architect L. W. Nissen. The church seats about 310 people.[1][2]","title":"Beiarn Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas von Westen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_von_Westen"},{"link_name":"Sami people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people"},{"link_name":"annex chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annex_chapel"},{"link_name":"Gildeskål Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gildesk%C3%A5l_Church"},{"link_name":"prestegjeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestegjeld"},{"link_name":"consecrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecrate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"pulpit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulpit"},{"link_name":"baptismal font","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismal_font"},{"link_name":"Beiar Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiar_Valley"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The first church in Beiarn was constructed in 1724 on the recommendation of Thomas von Westen. It was called a Finnekapell because it was a chapel built to serve and evangelize the local population of Sami people (who at that time were called Finns). This first church was an annex chapel to the main Gildeskål Church until 1856 when Beiarn became its own prestegjeld. After about 150 years of use, it was decided to replace the church. The new church would be located right next to the old church. Construction on the new church started in 1872, but due to a storm on 21 January 1873, everything had to be demolished. The site was moved a short distance away and construction began again. The new church was consecrated on 23 October 1873. The new church stood for a couple of years side by side with the Old Beiarn Church before the old building was torn down and its materials sold. The new church was damaged again by another storm on 27 February 1874. The building was repaired and reinforced structurally in 1875.[3][4]After the demolition of the old chapel, the furniture of the old chapel (including the altarpiece, pulpit, baptismal font, church silver, chandeliers, and several plaques) was moved up to the attic of the new church. At that time, they had planned that this would be used in a new chapel that would have some day been built further up in Beiar Valley. The materials were soon forgotten and the other chapel was not built. When Karl Vilhelm Piene started as a parish priest at Beiarn Church in 1930, he found the old furniture, and he received approval from the parish council to put some of the old furniture into the new church.[5][6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beiarn_kirke_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beiarn_church_at_Moldjord_in_Beiarn.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monogram_F5_Beiarn_gk.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:14_ny._Beiarn_Kirke_-_NB_bldsa_OTO0533_A.jpg"}],"title":"Media gallery"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of churches in Sør-Hålogaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_churches_in_S%C3%B8r-H%C3%A5logaland"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Fioli%C4%87
Ivan Fiolić
["1 Club career","2 International career","3 Career statistics","3.1 Club","4 References"]
Croatian footballer Not to be confused with Ivan Fijolić. Ivan Fiolić Personal informationFull name Ivan FiolićDate of birth (1996-04-29) 29 April 1996 (age 28)Place of birth Zagreb, CroatiaHeight 1.76 m (5 ft 9+1⁄2 in)Position(s) Attacking midfielderTeam informationCurrent team Tianjin Jinmen TigerNumber 10Youth career2004–2014 Dinamo ZagrebSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2014–2015 Dinamo Zagreb II 25 (8)2014–2018 Dinamo Zagreb 38 (4)2015–2016 → Lokomotiva (loan) 37 (8)2018–2021 Genk 4 (0)2019–2020 → AEK Larnaca (loan) 13 (3)2020–2021 → Cracovia (loan) 33 (1)2021–2023 Osijek 57 (6)2024– Tianjin Jinmen Tiger 8 (1)International career2010 Croatia U14 2 (0)2011 Croatia U15 2 (0)2012 Croatia U16 7 (1)2012–2013 Croatia U17 13 (1)2013–2014 Croatia U18 2 (0)2014–2015 Croatia U19 8 (0)2015–2018 Croatia U21 9 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 28 April 2024 Ivan Fiolić (born 29 April 1996) is a Croatian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Chinese Super League club Tianjin Jinmen Tiger. Club career Fiolić is a youth exponent from Dinamo Zagreb. He made his Prva HNL debut on 10 May 2014 against NK Istra 1961 in a 2–1 away defeat. Under the tutelage of Zoran Mamić, Fiolić made seven first team appearances in the 2014–15 season. Fiolić was loaned to Dinamo's affiliate Lokomotiva to gain further experience. In the 2015–16 season at Lokomotiva, Fiolić made 35 appearances in all competitions, scoring eight goals and becoming the club's captain. In the 2016–17 season, he was a major part of Lokomotiva reaching the playoff stage of the Europa League qualifying for the first time in its history as he scored three times in seven matches. By the end of August 2016, Fiolić had made 14 appearances for Lokomotiva in the new season, scoring four goals. On 29 August 2016, Fiolić's loan ended and he returned to Dinamo Zagreb. In 2018, Fiolić signed for Belgian club Genk. On 18 December 2023, NK Osijek announced his departure from the club as he joined Chinese Super League side Tianjin Jinmen Tiger. International career From 2010 to 2018, Fiolić made a total of 43 appearances and scored twice for Croatia youth national teams, spanning from under-14s to under-21s. Career statistics Club As of 28 April 2024 Club Season League Cup Continental Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Dinamo Zagreb 2013–14 Prva HNL 2 0 0 0 — — 2 0 2014–15 Prva HNL 5 0 1 0 — — 6 0 2016–17 Prva HNL 8 1 4 0 4 0 — 16 1 2017–18 Prva HNL 21 3 4 2 2 0 — 27 5 2018–19 Prva HNL 2 0 — 2 0 — 4 0 Total 38 4 9 2 8 0 — 55 6 Lokomotiva (loan) 2015–16 Prva HNL 30 7 3 0 2 1 — 35 8 2016–17 Prva HNL 7 1 — 8 3 — 15 4 Total 37 8 3 0 10 4 — 50 12 Genk 2018–19 Belgian First Division A 4 0 2 0 2 0 — 8 0 AEK Larnaca (loan) 2019–20 Cypriot First Division 13 3 2 0 — — 15 3 Cracovia (loan) 2019–20 Ekstraklasa 14 0 2 0 — — 16 0 2020–21 Ekstraklasa 19 1 3 0 — 1 0 23 1 Total 33 1 5 0 — 1 0 39 1 Osijek 2021–22 Prva HNL 25 4 3 1 2 0 — 30 5 2022–23 Prva HNL 21 0 1 0 2 0 — 24 0 2023–24 Prva HNL 11 2 1 0 3 0 — 15 2 Total 57 6 5 1 7 0 — 69 7 Tianjin Jinmen Tiger 2024 Chinese Super League 8 1 0 0 — — 8 1 Career total 190 23 26 3 27 4 1 0 244 30 References ^ a b "Croatia - I. Fiolić – Profile with news, career statistics and history – Soccerway". soccerway.com. Retrieved 14 June 2015. ^ "Istra 1961 vs. Dinamo Zareb - 10 May 2014 - Soccerway". soccerway.com. Retrieved 14 June 2015. ^ "Najbolji Sistemi za Klađenje Koji Pobjeđuju Kladionicu". ^ "Dinamo doveo tri talentirana igrača". ^ "Ivan Fiolić karijeru nastavlja u Kini". nk-osijek.hr. Retrieved 18 December 2023. ^ "Ivan Fiolić". Croatian Football Federation. Retrieved 28 April 2024. vteTianjin Jinmen Tiger F.C. – current squad 1 Li Yuefeng 2 Alex Grant 3 Wang Zhenghao 4 Wang Xianjun 5 Yu Yang 6 Han Pengfei 7 Ademi 9 Compagno 10 Fiolić 11 Xie Weijun 14 Huang Jiahui 15 Ming Tian 16 Yang Zihao 17 Sun Xuelong 18 Gao Huaze 19 Liu Junxian 21 Škorić 22 Fang Jingqi 23 Qian Yumiao 25 Yan Bingliang 29 Ba Dun 30 Wang Qiuming 32 Su Yuanjie 33 Ding Haifeng 36 Guo Hao 40 Shi Yan Manager: Yu Genwei
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivan Fijolić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Fijoli%C4%87"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"attacking midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacking_midfielder"},{"link_name":"Chinese Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Super_League"},{"link_name":"Tianjin Jinmen Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin_Jinmen_Tiger_F.C."}],"text":"Not to be confused with Ivan Fijolić.Ivan Fiolić (born 29 April 1996) is a Croatian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Chinese Super League club Tianjin Jinmen Tiger.","title":"Ivan Fiolić"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dinamo Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNK_Dinamo_Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Prva HNL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_First_Football_League"},{"link_name":"NK Istra 1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Istra_1961"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soccerway2-2"},{"link_name":"Zoran Mamić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoran_Mami%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Lokomotiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Lokomotiva"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Genk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRC_Genk"},{"link_name":"NK Osijek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Osijek"},{"link_name":"Chinese Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Super_League"},{"link_name":"Tianjin Jinmen Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin_Jinmen_Tiger_F.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Fiolić is a youth exponent from Dinamo Zagreb. He made his Prva HNL debut on 10 May 2014 against NK Istra 1961 in a 2–1 away defeat.[2] Under the tutelage of Zoran Mamić, Fiolić made seven first team appearances in the 2014–15 season.Fiolić was loaned to Dinamo's affiliate Lokomotiva to gain further experience. In the 2015–16 season at Lokomotiva, Fiolić made 35 appearances in all competitions, scoring eight goals and becoming the club's captain.[3] In the 2016–17 season, he was a major part of Lokomotiva reaching the playoff stage of the Europa League qualifying for the first time in its history as he scored three times in seven matches. By the end of August 2016, Fiolić had made 14 appearances for Lokomotiva in the new season, scoring four goals.On 29 August 2016, Fiolić's loan ended and he returned to Dinamo Zagreb.[4]In 2018, Fiolić signed for Belgian club Genk.On 18 December 2023, NK Osijek announced his departure from the club as he joined Chinese Super League side Tianjin Jinmen Tiger.[5]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"under-21s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_national_under-21_football_team"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"From 2010 to 2018, Fiolić made a total of 43 appearances and scored twice for Croatia youth national teams, spanning from under-14s to under-21s.[6]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soccerway-1"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"As of 28 April 2024[1]","title":"Career statistics"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godavari_District
Godavari District
["1 References","2 External links"]
District of British India in Madras PresidencyGodavari DistrictDistrict of British IndiaGodavari district in Madras PresidencyCountryBritish IndiaPresidencyMadras Presidency Godavari District was a district in Madras Presidency in British India created in 1859, which was formerly within the Rajahmundry (Rajamahendravaram) district created in 1823. In 1859, Rajahmundry district, along with Masulipatnam and Guntur districts, was reorganised into Godavari and Krishna districts. In 1925, the Godavari district was divided into West Godavari and East Godavari districts with Eluru and Kakinada as their respective capitals. These districts have since remained under the same names till the present day. References ^ Maclean 1879, p. 20 ^ Maclean, Charles Donald (1879), Standing Information Regarding the Official Administration of the Madras Presidency in Each Department in Illustration of the Yearly Administration Reports Prepared Under the Orders of Government by C. D. Maclean, Keys, p. 400 ^ "West Godavari district profile". The Hindu. 15 April 2008. Retrieved 28 December 2017. ^ "History of ast Godavari". intach.org. Retrieved 28 December 2017. External links Extent of the Godavari district marked on OpenStreetMap: West Godavari, East Godavari,
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[]
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[{"reference":"Maclean, Charles Donald (1879), Standing Information Regarding the Official Administration of the Madras Presidency in Each Department in Illustration of the Yearly Administration Reports Prepared Under the Orders of Government by C. D. Maclean, Keys, p. 400","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NwYBnQBJ2aUC&pg=PA400","url_text":"Standing Information Regarding the Official Administration of the Madras Presidency in Each Department in Illustration of the Yearly Administration Reports Prepared Under the Orders of Government by C. D. Maclean"}]},{"reference":"\"West Godavari district profile\". The Hindu. 15 April 2008. Retrieved 28 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/West-Godavari-district-profile/article15203616.ece","url_text":"\"West Godavari district profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of ast Godavari\". intach.org. Retrieved 28 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://chapter.intach.org/godavari-chapters/history.html","url_text":"\"History of ast Godavari\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NwYBnQBJ2aUC&pg=PA400","external_links_name":"Standing Information Regarding the Official Administration of the Madras Presidency in Each Department in Illustration of the Yearly Administration Reports Prepared Under the Orders of Government by C. D. Maclean"},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/West-Godavari-district-profile/article15203616.ece","external_links_name":"\"West Godavari district profile\""},{"Link":"http://chapter.intach.org/godavari-chapters/history.html","external_links_name":"\"History of ast Godavari\""},{"Link":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2022127#map=8/17.069/80.759&layers=C","external_links_name":"West Godavari"},{"Link":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2022126#map=8/17.069/80.759&layers=C","external_links_name":"East Godavari"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_Sung-yong
Nam Sung-yong
["1 References","2 External links"]
South Korean,Japanese marathon runner In this Korean name, the family name is Nam. Nam Sung-yongNam Sung-yong at the 1936 OlympicsPersonal informationNationality Japan(1912~1945) >  South Korea(1945~2001)Born(1912-11-23)November 23, 1912DiedFebruary 20, 2001(2001-02-20) (aged 88)Height1.65 m (5 ft 5 in)Weight56 kg (123 lb) Medal record Representing  Japan Olympic Games 1936 Berlin Marathon Nam Sung-yongHangul남승룡Hanja南昇龍Revised RomanizationNam SeungryongMcCune–ReischauerNam Sŭngnyong Nam Sung-yong (November 23, 1912 – February 20, 2001) was a Korean Olympian who won a bronze medal in the marathon at the 1936 Summer Olympics, completing the run in 2 hours, 31 minutes, and 42 seconds. He was born in Junten (Suncheon), Korea, Empire of Japan and received higher education in Japan. Like the gold medalist Sohn Kee-chung, Nam Sung-yong used the Japanese pronunciation of his name, Nan Shōryū as Korea was then a part of the Japanese Empire. After the Olympics, Nam Sung-yong worked at the Korean Sporting Association with Sohn Kee-chung. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nam Sung-yong. ^ Shoryu Nan. sports-reference.com ^ Hwang, Kyung Moon (October 4, 2016). A history of Korea : an episodic narrative (2nd ed.). London. ISBN 9781137573568. OCLC 963173954.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) External links vteKorean Sports Hall of FameOlympic sports Sohn Kee-chung Kim Seong-jip Suh Yun-bok Chang Chang-sun Yang Jung-mo Park Shin-ja Kim Yuna Cha Bum-kun Kim Jin-ho Jo O-ryeon Lee Bong-ju Nam Sung-yong Non-Olympic sports Kim Il Um Hong-gil Kim Hong-bin Administration Min Kwan-sik Kim Un-yong This biographical article relating to South Korean athletics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_name"},{"link_name":"Nam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_(Korean_surname)"},{"link_name":"marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon_(sport)"},{"link_name":"1936 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Junten (Suncheon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suncheon"},{"link_name":"Korea, Empire of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule"},{"link_name":"Sohn Kee-chung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohn_Kee-chung"},{"link_name":"Japanese Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In this Korean name, the family name is Nam.Nam Sung-yong (November 23, 1912 – February 20, 2001) was a Korean Olympian who won a bronze medal in the marathon at the 1936 Summer Olympics, completing the run in 2 hours, 31 minutes, and 42 seconds.He was born in Junten (Suncheon), Korea, Empire of Japan and received higher education in Japan. Like the gold medalist Sohn Kee-chung, Nam Sung-yong used the Japanese pronunciation of his name, Nan Shōryū as Korea was then a part of the Japanese Empire.[1]After the Olympics, Nam Sung-yong worked at the Korean Sporting Association with Sohn Kee-chung.[2]","title":"Nam Sung-yong"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Hwang, Kyung Moon (October 4, 2016). A history of Korea : an episodic narrative (2nd ed.). London. ISBN 9781137573568. OCLC 963173954.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137573568","url_text":"9781137573568"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/963173954","url_text":"963173954"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417173725/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/na/shoryu-nan-1.html","external_links_name":"Shoryu Nan"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/963173954","external_links_name":"963173954"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nam_Sung-yong&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Ali_Fyzee
Hassan Ali Fyzee
["1 Table tennis","2 Tennis","2.1 Davis Cup","2.2 Career Singles titles, (10) and runner up, (11)","3 References","4 External links"]
Indian tennis, table tennis and badminton player (1879–1962) Hassan Ali FyzeeHassan Ali Fyzee as a medical officer for the 1920 Indian Olympic Team (middle)Personal informationNationality IndiaBorn(1879-10-09)9 October 1879Bombay, Bombay Presidency, IndiaDied1 January 1962(1962-01-01) (aged 82)London, Great BritainRelative(s)Tyabji family Athar-Ali Fyzee (brother) Nazli Begum (sister) Atiya Fyzee (sister) Asaf Ali Asghar Fyzee (nephew) Medal record Table tennis Representing  India British India World Championships 1926 London Men's Team Hassan-Ali Fyzee (9 October 1879 – 1 January 1962) was an Indian tennis, badminton, and table tennis player. Table tennis Hassan-Ali Fyzee took part in the first 1926 World Table Tennis Championships in London. Here he won the bronze medal with the Indian men's team, in which also his brother Athar-Ali Fyzee, active in the Davis Cup, played. In 1926, he was president of the Table Tennis Federation of India. At the end of 1926, he took over organizational tasks in the newly founded International Table Tennis Federation as an assessor. Tennis Fayzee's career singles match record was 223-116 (65.7%). He first main tournament was at the British Covered Court Championships in London in April 1910 where he reached the quarter-finals before losing to Stanley Doust in straight sets. In a career lasting 18 seasons he reached 21 finals winning 10 titles. He won the Herga LTC tournament at Harrow tournament on grass 3 times (1922–23, 1929). He won the Northern Championships in Liverpool on grass in June 1922. He won the Roehampton tournament on clay in June 1923 defeating Nicolae Mișu of Romania in five sets. In July 1923 he won the Midland Counties Championships at Edgbaston on grass. Adaptable on all surfaces he won the Welsh Covered Court Championships at Craigside, Llandudno indoors on wood courts 2 times (1928–31). He also won the North London Hardcourts at Highbury on clay in 1926. His last tournament was at the North London Hardcourts in May 1938. Davis Cup From 1921 to 1927, he completed eleven encounters for the Indian Davis Cup team. He won 4 of his 17 singles and 6 of his 11 doubles. Career Singles titles, (10) and runner up, (11) Included: Legend (10-11) Won Runner up No Date Tournament Location In/Out Surface Opponent Score 1 23-05-1921 Middlesex Championships Chiswick Outdoor Grass Frank Hunter 4-6, 6–1, 6–3, 6-4 2 13-06-1921 Roehampton Roehampton Outdoor Grass Frank Hunter 6-1, 6–1, 6–8, 1–6, 3-6 3 24-04-1922 Hampstead Harrow Outdoor Clay Harry S. Lewis-Barclay 3-6, 2–6, 6–4, 2-6 4 05-06-1922 Northern Championships Liverpool Outdoor Grass Louis A. Meldon 6-1, 6-4 5 17-07-1922 Herga LTC Harrow Outdoor Grass Henry George Mayes 6-4, 6–4, 4–6, 6-3 6 18-09-1922 North London Hardcourt (autumn) Highbury Outdoor Clay Nicolae Mișu 3-6, 4–6, 6–0, 2-6 7 25-09-1922 Roehampton Hard Courts (autumn) Roehampton Outdoor Clay Walter Cecil Crawley 2-6, 6–2, 4-6 8 16-10-1922 London Covered Courts London Indoor Hard Major Ritchie 4-6, 3–6, 4-6 9 02-04-1923 British Covered Court Championships London Indoor Hard Patrick Wheatley 6-1, 2–6, 4–6, 4-6 10 18-06-1923 Roehampton Roehampton Outdoor Grass Nicolae Mișu 6-2, 1–6, 6–3, 4–6, 6-1 11 16-07-1923 Herga LTC Harrow Outdoor Grass Gordon Crole-Rees 6-4, 6–4, 7-5 12 23-07-1923 Midland Counties Championships Edgbaston Outdoor Grass Donald McNeil Greig 6-2, 6-4 13 17-09-1923 Drive Club Fulham Outdoor Clay Donald McNeil Greig 1-6, 6–2, 6-8 14 13-04-1925 Dulwich Gallery Dulwich Outdoor Hard Edward Higgs 5-7, 6–3, 4–6,2-6 15 18-05-1925 Surrey Championships Surbiton Outdoor Grass Gordon Crole-Rees 6-3, 5–7, 6–3, 2–6,4-6 16 20-07-1925 North Kensington London Outdoor Grass Jagat Mohan-Lal 6-3, 3–6, 2-6 17 26-04-1926 North London Hard Courts Highbury Outdoor Clay Norman H. Latchford 7-5, 7-5 18 01-10-1928 Welsh Covered Court Championships Craigside, Llandudno Indoor Hard William G. Ireland 8–6, 5–7, 6–2 19 15-07-1929 Herga LTC Harrow Outdoor Grass Ryuki Miki 6-3, 8-6 20 30-09-1929 Welsh Covered Court Championships Craigside, Llandudno Indoor Hard V. Allman-Smith 3–6, 6–3, 2–6 21 28-09-1931 Welsh Covered Court Championships Craigside, Llandudno Indoor Hard William D. Radcliffe 6–4, 6–3 References ^ "Table Tennis World Championship medal winners". Sports123. ^ a b Garcia, Gabriel (2018). "Hassan Ali Fyzee: Career match record". thetennisbase.com. Madrid, Spain: Tennismem SAL. Retrieved 27 July 2018. ^ Garcia, Gabriel (2018). "Hassan Ali Fyzee: Tournament results Won/Finals 1921-1931". thetennisbase.com. Madrid, Spain: Tennismem SAL. Retrieved 27 July 2018. ^ "Hassan-Ali Fyzee | Overview | ATP World Tour | Tennis". ATP World Tour. Retrieved 4 October 2017. ^ "Archive - Draws Archive : Ali Hassan Fyzee Doubles History Match History - 2015 Wimbledon Championships Website - Official Site by IBM". www.wimbledon.com. Retrieved 4 October 2017. ^ Garcia, Gabriel (2018). "Hassan Ali Fyzee: Tournament results Won/Finals 1921-1931". thetennisbase.com. Madrid, Spain: Tennismem SAL. Retrieved 27 July 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i Morris, James; Hegedus, Tomas (2013). "1877 to 2012 Finals Results". www.stevegtennis.com. stevegtennis. Retrieved 27 July 2018. External links Hassan Ali Fyzee at the Association of Tennis Professionals Hassan Ali Fyzee at the International Tennis Federation Hassan Ali Fyzee at the Davis Cup vteTyabji family1st generation Badruddin Tyabji 2nd generation Amina Hydari Abbas Tyabji 3rd generation Muhammad Saleh Akbar Hydari Asaf Ali Asghar Fyzee Badruddin Tyabji II Saif Tyabji Salim Ali Shareefa Hamid Ali Zafar Futehally Iskander Mirza Akbar Hydari Kamila Tyabji Surayya Tyabji 4th generation Laila Tyabji Irfan Habib Idris Hasan Latif Zafar Hilaly Princess Naazli Begum Fyzee Atiya Fyzee-Rahamin Samuel Fyzee-Rahamin Dr. Ali Azhar Hassanally Fyzee Ali Athar Fyzee 5th generation Aditi Rao Hydari Humayun Abdulali 6th generation Sumaira Abdulali
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"table tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis"}],"text":"Hassan-Ali Fyzee (9 October 1879 – 1 January 1962) was an Indian tennis, badminton, and table tennis player.","title":"Hassan Ali Fyzee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1926 World Table Tennis Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_World_Table_Tennis_Championships"},{"link_name":"Athar-Ali Fyzee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athar-Ali_Fyzee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Table Tennis Federation of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_Tennis_Federation_of_India"},{"link_name":"International Table Tennis Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Table_Tennis_Federation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Hassan-Ali Fyzee took part in the first 1926 World Table Tennis Championships in London. Here he won the bronze medal with the Indian men's team, in which also his brother Athar-Ali Fyzee,[1][failed verification] active in the Davis Cup, played. In 1926, he was president of the Table Tennis Federation of India. At the end of 1926, he took over organizational tasks in the newly founded International Table Tennis Federation as an assessor.[citation needed]","title":"Table tennis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Covered Court Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Covered_Court_Championships"},{"link_name":"Stanley Doust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Doust"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tennismem_SAL-2"},{"link_name":"Harrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow,_London"},{"link_name":"Northern Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Championships"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Nicolae Mișu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Mi%C8%99u_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Midland Counties Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Counties_Championships"},{"link_name":"Welsh Covered Court Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Covered_Court_Championships"},{"link_name":"Llandudno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llandudno"},{"link_name":"Highbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highbury"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tennismem_SAL-2"}],"text":"Fayzee's career singles match record was 223-116 (65.7%). He first main tournament was at the British Covered Court Championships in London in April 1910 where he reached the quarter-finals before losing to Stanley Doust in straight sets.[2] In a career lasting 18 seasons he reached 21 finals winning 10 titles. He won the Herga LTC tournament at Harrow tournament on grass 3 times (1922–23, 1929). He won the Northern Championships in Liverpool on grass in June 1922. He won the Roehampton tournament on clay in June 1923 defeating Nicolae Mișu of Romania in five sets. In July 1923 he won the Midland Counties Championships at Edgbaston on grass. Adaptable on all surfaces he won the Welsh Covered Court Championships at Craigside, Llandudno indoors on wood courts 2 times (1928–31). He also won the North London Hardcourts at Highbury on clay in 1926.[3] His last tournament was at the North London Hardcourts in May 1938.[2]","title":"Tennis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian Davis Cup team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Davis_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Davis Cup","text":"From 1921 to 1927, he completed eleven encounters for the Indian Davis Cup team. He won 4 of his 17 singles and 6 of his 11 doubles.[4][5]","title":"Tennis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Career Singles titles, (10) and runner up, (11)","text":"Included:[6]","title":"Tennis"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Khalid_Emirate
Bani Khalid Emirate
["1 History","1.1 First Khalidi Emirate","1.2 Fall to the Saudis","1.3 Return and Fall from Power","2 List of rulers","2.1 Emirs of Bani Khalid (1669–1796)","3 Notes","4 References"]
Arabian state (1669–1796) Bani Khalid Emirateإِمَارَةُ بَنِي خَالِدٍ1669–1796 Flag Coat of arms Territories and zones of influence of the Bani Khalid Emirate, mid-late 17th-18th century (late 11th to early 12th Hijri century)CapitalHofuf (First) al-Hasa (last)Common languagesArabicReligion IslamGovernmentEmirate• 1669–1682 Barrak ibn Ghurayr  (first)• 1793–1796 Barak bin Abdul Mohsen  (last) Historical era17th-18th centuries• Established 1669• Disestablished 1796 CurrencyBani Khalid Dinar Preceded by Succeeded by Jabrids Portuguese Empire Lahsa Eyalet Sheikhdom of Kuwait Emirate of Diriyah Today part ofSaudi ArabiaKuwaitQatarUnited Arab Emirates Bani Khalid Emirate (Arabic: إِمَارَةُ بَنِي خَالِدٍ) or the Emirate of Al Humaid from the Bani Khalid tribe was a state that arose in the eastern region of the Arabian Peninsula in year 1669 after Emir Barrak ibn Ghurayr  made his capital in Al-Mubarraz then managed to defeat the Ottoman Empire represented by Lahsa Eyalet and drove them out of the region. The Emirate of Al Hamid ended in the year 1796 after the defeat of Barak bin Abdul Mohsen  at the hands of the First Saudi State. History First Khalidi Emirate The main branches of the tribe are the Al Humaid, the Juboor, the Du'um, the Al Janah, the Al Suhoob, the Grusha, the Al Musallam, the 'Amayer, the Al Subaih and the Mahashir & Nahood. The chieftainship of the Bani Khalid has traditionally been held by the clan of Al Humaid . The Bani Khalid dominated the deserts surrounding the Al-Hasa and Al-Qatif during the 15th and 18th century. Under Barrak ibn Ghurayr  of the Al Humaid, the Bani Khalid were able to expel Ottoman forces from the cities and towns in 1670 and proclaim their rule over the region. Ibn Ghurayr made his capital in Al-Mubarraz, where remnants of his castle stand today. According to Arabian folklore, one chief of the Bani Khalid attempted to protect the prized desert bustard (Habari) from extinction by prohibiting the bedouin in his realm from poaching the bird's eggs, earning the tribe the appellation of "protectors of the eggs of the Habari", an allusion to the chief's absolute supremacy over his realm. The first chieftain of the "Khawalid" was Haddori. Fall to the Saudis The Bani Khalid of eastern Arabia maintained ties with members of their tribe who had settled in Nejd during their earlier migration eastwards, and also cultivated clients among the rulers of the Najdi towns, such as the Al Mu'ammar of al-Uyayna. When the emir of Uyayna adopted the ideas of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the Khalidi chief ordered him to cease support for Ibn Abd al-Wahhab and expel him from his town. The emir agreed, and Ibn Abd al-Wahhab moved to neighboring Dir'iyyah, where he joined forces with the Al Saud. The Bani Khalid remained staunch enemies of the Saudis and their allies and attempted to invade Nejd and Diriyyah in an effort to stop Saudi expansion. The first attacks of the Al Saud occurred in 1763 which were led by Abdulaziz bin Muhammad. Their efforts failed, however, and after conquering Nejd, the Saudis invaded the Bani Khalid's domain in al-Hasa and deposed the Al 'Ura'yir in 1789. Return and Fall from Power When the Ottomans invaded Arabia and overthrew the Al Saud in 1818, they conquered al-Hasa, al-Qatif and reinstated members of the Al 'Uray'ir as rulers of the region. The Bani Khalid were no longer the potent military force they once were at this time, and tribes such as the Ajman, the Dawasir, and Subay' began encroaching on the Bani Khalid's desert territories. They were also beset by internal quarrels over leadership. Though the Bani Khalid were able to forge an alliance with the 'Anizzah tribe in this period, they were eventually defeated by an alliance of several tribes along with the Al Saud, who had reestablished their rule in Riyadh in 1823. A battle with an alliance led by the Mutayr and Ajman tribes in 1823, and another battle with the Subay' and the Al Saud in 1830, brought the rule of the Bani Khalid to a close. The Ottomans appointed a governor from Bani Khalid over al-Hasa once more in 1874, but his rule also was short-lived. List of rulers Emirs of Bani Khalid (1669–1796) Name Reign start Reign end Notes Barrak ibn Ghurayr  1669 1682 Muhammad bin Ghurair  1682 1691 Sa'dun bin Muhammad  1691 1722 Ali bin Muhammad  1722 1736 Sulayman bin Muhammad Al Khalidi  1736 1752 Urayar bin Dajeen bin Saadoun  1752 1774 Bateen Bin Urayer  1774 1775 Dajeen bin Urayer  1775 1775 Sa'dun bin Urayar  1775 1786 Duwaihis Bin Urayar  1786 1793 Zaid bin Urayar  1793 1794 Barak bin Abdul Mohsen  1793 1796 Notes ^ Al-Jassir ^ Mandaville, p. 503 ^ Fattah, p. 83 ^ a b Ibn Agil, p. 78 ^ شبكة قبيلة بني خالد Archived 4 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine ^ Saeed 'Amr M. Al-'Amr Al-Beeshi (1994). The Social and Political History of the Western Coast of the Gulf, 1207-1256/1793-1840 (PhD thesis). University of Manchester. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-392-10160-5. ProQuest 2217103618. ^ Sani Ali Bashir (1979). A study of Al Khalifah's rule in Bahrain, 1783-1820 (MA thesis). McGill University. p. 12. ^ Meglio ^ Al-Rasheed, p. 36 References Anscombe, Frederick F., The Ottoman Gulf: the creation of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Qater, 1870–1914, Columbia University Press, New York 1997 Fattah, Hala Mundhir. (1997). The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf, 1745–1900, SUNY Press. Ibn Agil al-Zahiri, Ansab al-Usar al-Hakima fi al-Ahsa ("The Genealogies of the Ruling Families of al-Ahsa, Part II: Banu Humayd (Al 'Uray'ir)"), Dar al-Yamama, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Arabic) أبو عبدالرحمن بن عقيل الظاهري، "أنساب الأسر الحاكمة في الأحساء، القسم الثاني: بنو حميد (آل عريعر)"، من منشورات دار اليمامة، الرياض، المملكة العربية السعودية Ingham, B. (1993). "Muṭayr". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden: E. J. Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5666. ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2. Al Jassir, Hamad, Jamharat Ansab al-Usar al-Mutahaddirah fi Nejd ("Compendium of the Geanologies of the Settled Families of Nejd"), entry on "Banu Khalid" (Arabic) al-Juhany, Uwaidah, Najd Before the Salafi Reform Movement, Ithaca Press, 2002 Lorimer, John Gordon, Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia, republished by Gregg International Publishers Limited Westemead. Farnborough, Hants., England and Irish University Press, Shannon, Irelend. Printed in Holland, 1970 Mandaville, Jon E., "The Ottoman Province of al-Hasā in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 90, No. 3. (Jul. - Sep., 1970), pp. 486–513 JSTOR 597091 Meglio, R. Di (1960). "Banū Ḵh̲ālid". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume I: A–B. Leiden: E. J. Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4144. OCLC 495469456. Nakash, Yitzhak, Reaching for Power: The Shi'a in the Modern Arab World, Princeton University Press, 2006, online excerpt at Archived 3 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 5 Dec 2007 Oppenheim, Max Freiherr von, with Braunlich, Erich and Caskill, Werner, Die Beduinen, 4 volumes, Otto Harrassowitz Wiesbaden 1952 (German) Szombathy, Zoltan, Genealogy in Medieval Muslim Societies, Studia Islamica, No. 95. (2002), pp. 5–35 JSTOR 1596139 Al-Rasheed, Madawi, A History of Saudi Arabia, Cambridge University Press, 2002 (through GoogleBooks ) Rentz, George, "Notes on Oppenheim's 'Die Beduinen'", Oriens, Vol. 10, No. 1. (31 Jul. 1957), pp. 77–89 JSTOR 1578756 Al-Wuhaby, Abd al-Karim al-Munif, Banu Khalid wa 'Alaqatuhum bi Najd ("Banu Khalid and their Relations with Nejd"), Dar Thaqif lil-Nashr wa-al-Ta'lif, 1989 (Arabic) عبدالكريم الوهبي، "بنو خالد وعلاقتهم بنجد"، دار ثقيف للنشر والتأليف، 1989 vteMuslim dynasties in the Arabian Peninsula Ziyadids (819–1018) Yu'firids (847–997) Banu Ukhaidhir (865–1066) Rassids (893–1970) Qarmatians (900–1073) Fatimids (970–1171) Wajihids (926–965) Hashemites (967–present) Sulayhids (1047–1138) Najahids (1050–1158) Sulaymanids (1063–1174) Uyunids (1076–1240) Zurayids (1083–1174) Hamdanids (1099–1174) Nabhani (1154–1624) Mahdids (1159–1174) Rasulids (1229–1454) Usfurids (1253–1320) Jarwanids (1305–1487) Kathiri (1395–1967) Jabrids (15th–16th century) Tahirids (1454–1526) Qasimids (1597–1872) Yaruba (1624–1742) Bani Khalid (1669–1796) Al Qasimi of Ras Al Khaimah (1727–present) Al Saud (1744–present) Al Said (1744–present) Al Sabah (1752–present) Al Nahyan (1761–present) Al Nuaimi (18th century–present) Al Qasimi of Sharjah (18th century–present) Al Mualla (1775–present) Al Khalifa (1783–present) Mahra Sultanate (18th century–1967) Al Thani (1825–present) Al Maktoum (1833–present) Rashidis (1836–1921) Al Afifi (19th century–1967) Harharah (19th century–1967) Al Sharqi (1876–present) Qu'aiti (1902–1967) Emirate of Beihan (1903–1967) Mutawakkilite (1926–1970)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Bani Khalid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Khalid"},{"link_name":"Barrak ibn Ghurayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF"},{"link_name":"Al-Mubarraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mubarraz"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Lahsa Eyalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahsa_Eyalet"},{"link_name":"Barak bin Abdul Mohsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barak_bin_Abdul_Mohsen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AD"},{"link_name":"First Saudi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Saudi_State"}],"text":"Bani Khalid Emirate (Arabic: إِمَارَةُ بَنِي خَالِدٍ) or the Emirate of Al Humaid from the Bani Khalid tribe was a state that arose in the eastern region of the Arabian Peninsula in year 1669 after Emir Barrak ibn Ghurayr [ar] made his capital in Al-Mubarraz then managed to defeat the Ottoman Empire represented by Lahsa Eyalet and drove them out of the region. The Emirate of Al Hamid ended in the year 1796 after the defeat of Barak bin Abdul Mohsen [ar] at the hands of the First Saudi State.","title":"Bani Khalid Emirate"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Al-Jassir-1"},{"link_name":"clan of Al Humaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF"},{"link_name":"Al-Qatif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qatif"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Barrak ibn Ghurayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ibn_Agil,_p._78-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ibn_Agil,_p._78-4"},{"link_name":"bustard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustard"},{"link_name":"Habari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Bustard"},{"link_name":"bedouin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"First Khalidi Emirate","text":"The main branches of the tribe are the Al Humaid, the Juboor, the Du'um, the Al Janah, the Al Suhoob, the Grusha, the Al Musallam, the 'Amayer, the Al Subaih and the Mahashir & Nahood.[1] The chieftainship of the Bani Khalid has traditionally been held by the clan of Al Humaid [fa]. The Bani Khalid dominated the deserts surrounding the Al-Hasa and Al-Qatif during the 15th and 18th century.[2] Under Barrak ibn Ghurayr [ar] of the Al Humaid, the Bani Khalid were able to expel Ottoman forces from the cities and towns in 1670 and proclaim their rule over the region.[3][4] Ibn Ghurayr made his capital in Al-Mubarraz, where remnants of his castle stand today.[4] According to Arabian folklore, one chief of the Bani Khalid attempted to protect the prized desert bustard (Habari) from extinction by prohibiting the bedouin in his realm from poaching the bird's eggs, earning the tribe the appellation of \"protectors of the eggs of the Habari\", an allusion to the chief's absolute supremacy over his realm.[5] The first chieftain of the \"Khawalid\" was Haddori.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nejd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nejd"},{"link_name":"al-Uyayna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Uyayna"},{"link_name":"Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab"},{"link_name":"Dir'iyyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dir%27iyyah"},{"link_name":"Al Saud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Saud"},{"link_name":"Diriyyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diriyyah"},{"link_name":"Abdulaziz bin Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulaziz_bin_Muhammad_Al_Saud"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Fall to the Saudis","text":"The Bani Khalid of eastern Arabia maintained ties with members of their tribe who had settled in Nejd during their earlier migration eastwards, and also cultivated clients among the rulers of the Najdi towns, such as the Al Mu'ammar of al-Uyayna. When the emir of Uyayna adopted the ideas of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the Khalidi chief ordered him to cease support for Ibn Abd al-Wahhab and expel him from his town. The emir agreed, and Ibn Abd al-Wahhab moved to neighboring Dir'iyyah, where he joined forces with the Al Saud. The Bani Khalid remained staunch enemies of the Saudis and their allies and attempted to invade Nejd and Diriyyah in an effort to stop Saudi expansion. The first attacks of the Al Saud occurred in 1763 which were led by Abdulaziz bin Muhammad.[6] Their efforts failed, however, and after conquering Nejd, the Saudis invaded the Bani Khalid's domain in al-Hasa and deposed the Al 'Ura'yir in 1789.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ottomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ajman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ajman_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Dawasir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawasir"},{"link_name":"Subay'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subay%27"},{"link_name":"'Anizzah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Anizzah"},{"link_name":"Riyadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Return and Fall from Power","text":"When the Ottomans invaded Arabia and overthrew the Al Saud in 1818, they conquered al-Hasa, al-Qatif and reinstated members of the Al 'Uray'ir as rulers of the region. The Bani Khalid were no longer the potent military force they once were at this time, and tribes such as the Ajman, the Dawasir, and Subay' began encroaching on the Bani Khalid's desert territories. They were also beset by internal quarrels over leadership. Though the Bani Khalid were able to forge an alliance with the 'Anizzah tribe in this period, they were eventually defeated by an alliance of several tribes along with the Al Saud, who had reestablished their rule in Riyadh in 1823. A battle with an alliance led by the Mutayr and Ajman tribes in 1823,[8] and another battle with the Subay' and the Al Saud in 1830, brought the rule of the Bani Khalid to a close. The Ottomans appointed a governor from Bani Khalid over al-Hasa once more in 1874, but his rule also was short-lived.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of rulers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Emirs of Bani Khalid (1669–1796)","title":"List of rulers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Al-Jassir_1-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ibn_Agil,_p._78_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ibn_Agil,_p._78_4-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"شبكة قبيلة بني خالد","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bnykhaled.com/arabic/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061104121040/http://www.bnykhaled.com/arabic/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"The Social and Political History of the Western Coast of the Gulf, 1207-1256/1793-1840","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.proquest.com/docview/2217103618"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-392-10160-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-392-10160-5"},{"link_name":"ProQuest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2217103618","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//search.proquest.com/docview/2217103618"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"A study of Al Khalifah's rule in Bahrain, 1783-1820","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/jh343t547"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"}],"text":"^ Al-Jassir\n\n^ Mandaville, p. 503\n\n^ Fattah, p. 83\n\n^ a b Ibn Agil, p. 78\n\n^ شبكة قبيلة بني خالد Archived 4 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Saeed 'Amr M. Al-'Amr Al-Beeshi (1994). The Social and Political History of the Western Coast of the Gulf, 1207-1256/1793-1840 (PhD thesis). University of Manchester. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-392-10160-5. ProQuest 2217103618.\n\n^ Sani Ali Bashir (1979). A study of Al Khalifah's rule in Bahrain, 1783-1820 (MA thesis). McGill University. p. 12.\n\n^ Meglio\n\n^ Al-Rasheed, p. 36","title":"Notes"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Saeed 'Amr M. Al-'Amr Al-Beeshi (1994). The Social and Political History of the Western Coast of the Gulf, 1207-1256/1793-1840 (PhD thesis). University of Manchester. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-392-10160-5. ProQuest 2217103618.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/2217103618","url_text":"The Social and Political History of the Western Coast of the Gulf, 1207-1256/1793-1840"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-392-10160-5","url_text":"978-1-392-10160-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/2217103618","url_text":"2217103618"}]},{"reference":"Sani Ali Bashir (1979). A study of Al Khalifah's rule in Bahrain, 1783-1820 (MA thesis). McGill University. p. 12.","urls":[{"url":"https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/jh343t547","url_text":"A study of Al Khalifah's rule in Bahrain, 1783-1820"}]},{"reference":"Ingham, B. (1993). \"Muṭayr\". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden: E. J. Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5666. ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5666","url_text":"\"Muṭayr\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._E._Bosworth","url_text":"Bosworth, C. E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel","url_text":"van Donzel, E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs","url_text":"Heinrichs, W. P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pellat","url_text":"Pellat, Ch."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2","url_text":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_5666","url_text":"10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5666"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09419-2","url_text":"978-90-04-09419-2"}]},{"reference":"Meglio, R. Di (1960). \"Banū Ḵh̲ālid\". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume I: A–B. Leiden: E. J. Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4144. OCLC 495469456.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4144","url_text":"\"Banū Ḵh̲ālid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._R._Gibb","url_text":"Gibb, H. A. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hendrik_Kramers","url_text":"Kramers, J. H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89variste_L%C3%A9vi-Proven%C3%A7al","url_text":"Lévi-Provençal, E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schacht","url_text":"Schacht, J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis","url_text":"Lewis, B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pellat","url_text":"Pellat, Ch."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2","url_text":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_4144","url_text":"10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4144"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/495469456","url_text":"495469456"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Nawojowa
Gmina Nawojowa
[]
Coordinates: 49°33′34″N 20°44′31″E / 49.55944°N 20.74194°E / 49.55944; 20.74194Gmina in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, PolandGmina Nawojowa Nawojowa CommuneGmina Coat of armsCoordinates (Nawojowa): 49°33′34″N 20°44′31″E / 49.55944°N 20.74194°E / 49.55944; 20.74194Country PolandVoivodeshipLesser PolandCountyNowy Sącz CountySeatNawojowaArea • Total51.13 km2 (19.74 sq mi)Population (2006) • Total7,644 • Density150/km2 (390/sq mi)Websitehttp://www.nawojowa.sacz.pl Gmina Nawojowa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Nowy Sącz County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the village of Nawojowa, which lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-east of Nowy Sącz and 81 km (50 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kraków. The gmina covers an area of 51.13 square kilometres (19.7 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 7,644. Villages Gmina Nawojowa contains the villages and settlements of Bącza Kunina, Frycowa, Homrzyska, Nawojowa, Popardowa, Żeleźnikowa Mała, Żeleźnikowa Wielka and Złotne. Neighbouring gminas Gmina Nawojowa is bordered by the city of Nowy Sącz and by the gminas of Kamionka Wielka, Łabowa, Piwniczna-Zdrój, Rytro and Stary Sącz. References Polish official population figures 2006 vteGmina NawojowaSeat Nawojowa Other villages Bącza Kunina Frycowa Homrzyska Popardowa Żeleźnikowa Mała Żeleźnikowa Wielka Złotne vteNowy Sącz CountySeat (not part of the county): Nowy SączUrban gmina Grybów Urban-rural gminas Gmina Krynica-Zdrój Gmina Muszyna Gmina Piwniczna-Zdrój Gmina Stary Sącz Rural gminas Gmina Chełmiec Gmina Gródek nad Dunajcem Gmina Grybów Gmina Kamionka Wielka Gmina Korzenna Gmina Łabowa Gmina Łącko Gmina Łososina Dolna Gmina Nawojowa Gmina Podegrodzie Gmina Rytro
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_laws
Sound change
["1 Principles","2 Formal notation","3 Terms for changes in pronunciation","4 Examples of specific sound changes in various languages","5 Notes","6 References"]
Process of language change that affects pronunciation or sound system structure This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Sound change" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with Indo-European languages and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sound change and alternation Metathesis Quantitative metathesis Lenition Consonant gradation Consonant voicing and devoicing Assibilation Spirantization L-vocalization Debuccalization Fortition Epenthesis Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening Nasalization Tonogenesis Floating tone Assimilation Fusion Coarticulation Palatalization Velarization Labialization Final devoicing Metaphony (vowel harmony, umlaut) Consonant harmony Dissimilation Sandhi Liaison, linking R Consonant mutation Tone sandhi Vowel hiatus Synalepha Elision Crasis Synaeresis and diaeresis Synizesis Other types Apophony Affrication Gemination Clipping Fronting Raising Betacism Iotacism Fusion Merger Compensatory lengthening Monophthongization Rhotacism Rhinoglottophilia Sulcalization Shm-reduplication Consonant mutation Vowel shift Chain shift vte This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. A sound change, in historical linguistics, is a change in the pronunciation of a language. A sound change can involve the replacement of one speech sound (or, more generally, one phonetic feature value) by a different one (called phonetic change) or a more general change to the speech sounds that exist (phonological change), such as the merger of two sounds or the creation of a new sound. A sound change can eliminate the affected sound, or a new sound can be added. Sound changes can be environmentally conditioned if the change occurs in only some sound environments, and not others. The term "sound change" refers to diachronic changes, which occur in a language's sound system. On the other hand, "alternation" refers to changes that happen synchronically (within the language of an individual speaker, depending on the neighbouring sounds) and do not change the language's underlying system (for example, the -s in the English plural can be pronounced differently depending on the preceding sound, as in bet, bed, which is a form of alternation, rather than sound change). Since "sound change" can refer to the historical introduction of an alternation (such as postvocalic /k/ in the Tuscan dialect, which was once as in di arlo 'of Carlo' but is now di arlo and alternates with in other positions: con arlo 'with Carlo'), that label is inherently imprecise and must often be clarified as referring to either phonemic change or restructuring. Research on sound change is usually conducted under the working assumption that it is regular, which means that it is expected to apply mechanically whenever its structural conditions are met, irrespective of any non-phonological factors like the meaning of the words that are affected. Apparent exceptions to regular change can occur because of dialect borrowing, grammatical analogy, or other causes known and unknown, and some changes are described as "sporadic" and so they affect only one or a few particular words, without any apparent regularity. The Neogrammarian linguists of the 19th century introduced the term sound law to refer to rules of regular change, perhaps in imitation of the laws of physics, and the term "law" is still used in referring to specific sound rules that are named after their authors like Grimm's law, Grassmann's law, etc. Real-world sound laws often admit exceptions, but the expectation of their regularity or absence of exceptions is of great heuristic value by allowing historical linguists to define the notion of regular correspondence by the comparative method. Each sound change is limited in space and time and so it functions in a limited area (within certain dialects) and for a limited period of time. For those and other reasons, the term "sound law" has been criticized for implying a universality that is unrealistic for sound change. A sound change that affects the phonological system or the number or the distribution of its phonemes is a phonological change. Principles The following statements are used as heuristics in formulating sound changes as understood within the Neogrammarian model. However, for modern linguistics, they are not taken as inviolable rules but are seen as guidelines. Sound change has no memory: Sound change does not discriminate between the sources of a sound. If a previous sound change causes X,Y > Y (features X and Y merge as Y), a new one cannot affect only an original X. Sound change ignores grammar: A sound change can have only phonological constraints, like X > Z in unstressed syllables. For example, it cannot affect only adjectives. The only exception is that a sound change may recognise word boundaries, even when they are unindicated by prosodic clues. Also, sound changes may be regularized in inflectional paradigms (such as verbal inflection), when it is no longer phonological but morphological in nature. Sound change is exceptionless: If a sound change can happen at a place, it will affect all sounds that meet the criteria for change. Apparent exceptions are possible because of analogy and other regularization processes, another sound change, or an unrecognized conditioning factor. That is the traditional view expressed by the Neogrammarians. In the past decades, however, it has been shown that sound change does not necessarily affect all possible words. However, when a sound change is initiated, it often eventually expands to the whole lexicon. For example, the Spanish fronting of the Vulgar Latin (voiced velar stop) before seems to have reached every possible word. By contrast, the voicing of word-initial Latin to occurred in colaphus > golpe and cattus > gato but not in canna > caña. See also lexical diffusion. Sound change is inevitable: All languages vary from place to place and time to time, and neither writing nor media prevents that change. Formal notation See also: Phonological rule A statement of the form A > B is to be read as "Sound A changes into (or is replaced by, is reflected as, etc.) sound B". Therefore, A belongs to an older stage of the language in question, and B belongs to a more recent stage. The symbol ">" can be reversed, B < A, which also means that the (more recent) B derives from the (older) A": POc. *t > Rot. f means that "Proto-Oceanic (POc.) *t is reflected as in the Rotuman (Rot.)". The two sides of such a statement indicate only the start and the end of the change, but additional intermediate stages may have occurred. The example above is actually a compressed account of a sequence of changes: * first changed to (like the initial consonant of English thin), which has since yielded and can be represented more fully: t > θ > f Unless a change operates unconditionally (in all environments), the context in which it applies must be specified: A > B /X__Y = "A changes to B when it is preceded by X and followed by Y." For example: It. b > v /__, which can be simplified to just It. b > v /V__V (in which the V stands for any vowel) = "Intervocalic (inherited from Latin) became in Italian" (such as in caballum, dēbet > cavallo 'horse', deve 'owe (3rd pers. sing.)' Here is a second example: PIr. > /__ = "A preconsonantal voiceless non-continuant (voiceless stop) changed into corresponding a voiceless continuant (fricative) in Proto-Iranian (PIr.)" when it was immediately followed by a continuant consonant (a resonant or a fricative): Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra 'forth' > Avestan fra; *trayas "three" (masc. nom. pl.)> Av. θrayō; *čatwāras "four" (masc. nom. pl.) > Av. čaθwārō; *pśaws "of a cow" (nom. *paśu) > Av. fšāoš (nom. pasu). The fricativization did not occur before stops and so *sapta "seven" > Av. hapta. (However, in the variety of Iranian that led to Old Persian, fricativization occurred in all clusters: Old Persian hafta "seven".) The symbol "#" stands for a word boundary (initial or final) and so the notation "/__#" means "word-finally", and "/#__" means "word-initially": Gk. > ∅ /__# = "Word-final stops were deleted in Greek (Gk.)". That can be simplified to Gk. P > ∅ / __# in which P stands for any plosive. Terms for changes in pronunciation In historical linguistics, a number of traditional terms designate types of phonetic change, either by nature or result. A number of such types are often (or usually) sporadic, that is, more or less accidents that happen to a specific form. Others affect a whole phonological system. Sound changes that affect a whole phonological system are also classified according to how they affect the overall shape of the system; see phonological change. Assimilation: One sound becomes more like another, or (much more rarely) two sounds become more like each other. Example: in Latin the prefix *kom- becomes con- before an apical stop () or : contactus "touched", condere "to found, establish", connūbium "legal marriage". The great majority of assimilations take place between contiguous segments, and the great majority involve the earlier sound becoming more like the later one (e.g. in connūbium, m- + n becomes -nn- rather than -mm-). Assimilation between contiguous segments are (diachronically speaking) exceptionless sound laws rather than sporadic, isolated changes. Dissimilation: The opposite of assimilation. One sound becomes less like another, or (much more rarely) two sounds become less like each other. Examples: Classical Latin quīnque /kʷiːnkʷe/ "five" > Vulgar Latin *kinkʷe (whence French cinq, Italian cinque, etc.); Old Spanish omne "man" > Spanish hombre. The great majority of dissimilations involve segments that are not contiguous, but, as with assimilations, the great majority involve an earlier sound changing with reference to a later one. Dissimilation is usually a sporadic phenomenon, but Grassmann's Law (in Sanskrit and Greek) exemplifies a systematic dissimilation. If the change of a sequence of fricatives such that one becomes a stop is dissimilation, then such changes as Proto-Germanic *hs to /ks/ (spelled x) in English would count as a regular sound law: PGmc. *sehs "six" > Old English siex, etc. Metathesis: Two sounds switch places. Example: Old English thridda became Middle English third. Most such changes are sporadic, but occasionally a sound law is involved, as Romance *tl > Spanish ld, thus *kapitlu, *titlu "chapter (of a cathedral)", "tittle" > Spanish cabildo, tilde. Metathesis can take place between non-contiguous segments, as Greek amélgō "I milk" > Modern Greek armégō. Lenition: "Weakening" of a consonant from one that takes more effort to pronounce (and more constriction in the vocal tract) to one that takes less, e.g. a stop consonant becoming an affricate or fricative. Fortition: the opposite of lenition, "strengthening" a consonant, e.g. an approximant becoming an affricate or fricative. Tonogenesis: Syllables come to have distinctive pitch contours. Sandhi: Conditioned changes that take place at word-boundaries but not elsewhere. It can be morpheme-specific, as in the loss of the vowel in the enclitic forms of English is /ɪz/, with subsequent change of /z/ to /s/ adjacent to a voiceless consonant Frank's not here /ˈfræŋksnɒtˈhɪər/. Or a small class of elements, such as the assimilation of the /ð/ of English the, this and that to a preceding /n/ (including the /n/ of and when the /d/ is elided) or /l/: all the often /ɔːllə/, in the often /ɪnnə/, and so on. As in these examples, such features are rarely indicated in standard orthography. In a striking exception, Sanskrit orthography reflects a wide variety of such features; thus, tat "that" is written tat, tac, taj, tad, or tan depending on what the first sound of the next word is. These are all assimilations, but medial sequences do not assimilate the same way. Haplology: The loss of a syllable when an adjacent syllable is similar or (rarely) identical. Example: Old English Englaland became Modern English England, or the common pronunciation of probably as . This change usually affects commonly used words. The word haplology itself is sometimes jokingly pronounced "haplogy". Elision, aphaeresis, syncope, and apocope: All are losses of sounds. Elision is the loss of unstressed sounds, aphaeresis the loss of initial sounds, syncope is the loss of medial sounds, and apocope is the loss of final sounds. Elision examples: in the southeastern United States, unstressed schwas tend to drop, so "American" is not /əˈmɛɹəkən/ but /ˈmɚkən/. Standard English is possum < opossum. Syncope examples: the Old French word for "state" is estat, but the s disappeared, yielding état. Similarly, the loss of /t/ in English soften, hasten, castle, etc. Apocope examples: the final -e in Middle English words was pronounced, but is only retained in spelling as a silent E. In English /b/ and /ɡ/ were apocopated in final position after nasals: lamb, long /læm/, /lɒŋ ~ lɔːŋ/. Epenthesis (also known as anaptyxis): The introduction of a sound between two adjacent sounds. Examples: Latin humilis > English humble; in Slavic an -l- intrudes between a labial and a following yod, as *zemya "land" > Russian zemlya (земля). Most commonly, epenthesis is in the nature of a "transitional" consonant, but vowels may be epenthetic: non-standard English film in two syllables, athlete in three. Epenthesis can be regular, as when the Indo-European "tool" suffix *-tlom everywhere becomes Latin -culum (so speculum "mirror" < *speḱtlom, pōculum "drinking cup" < *poH3-tlom). Some scholars reserve the term epenthesis for "intrusive" vowels and use excrescence for intrusive consonants. Prothesis: The addition of a sound at the beginning of a word. Example: word-initial /s/ + stop clusters in Latin gained a preceding /e/ in Old Spanish and Old French; hence, the Spanish word for "state" is estado, deriving from Latin status. Nasalization: Vowels followed by nasal consonants can become nasalized. If the nasal consonant is lost but the vowel retains its nasalized pronunciation, nasalization becomes phonemic, that is, distinctive. Example: French "-in" words used to be pronounced , but are now pronounced , and the is no longer pronounced (except in cases of liaison). Examples of specific sound changes in various languages Anglo-Frisian nasal spirant law Canaanite shift Cot-caught merger Dahl's law Grassmann's law Great Vowel Shift (English) Grimm's law High German consonant shift Kluge's law Phonetic change "f → h" in Spanish Ruki sound law Slavic palatalization Sound change in Japanese Umlaut Verner's law Notes ^ Sihler, p. 50 ^ "The French phoneticians and the Fino-Ugric linguists" are examples according to Anttila, p. 85. ^ See Hill, Nathan W. (2014) 'Grammatically conditioned sound change.' Language and Linguistics Compass, 8 (6). pp. 211-229. References Anttila, Raimo (1989). Historical and Comparative Linguistics. John Benjamins. Campbell, Lyle (2004). Historical Linguistics: An Introduction. The MIT Press. Hale, Mark (2007). Historical Linguistics: Theory and Method. Oxford, Blackwell Hock, Hans Henrich (1991). Principles of Historical Linguistics. Mouton De Gruyter. McDorman, Richard E. (1999). Labial Instability in Sound Change. Organizational Knowledge Press. Morley, Rebecca (2019). Sound Structure and Sound Change: A Modeling Approach. Berlin: Language Science Press. ISBN 978-3-96110-191-7. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3264909. Open Access. http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/251 Sihler, Andrew L. (2000). Language History: An Introduction. John Benjamins. vteHistorical linguisticsTopics Comparative Linguistics Synchrony and diachrony Protolanguage Language death Neogrammarians More... Language change Sound change Language change Semantic change Syntactic change Archaism Relationship with anthropology Father Tongue hypothesis Farming/language dispersal hypothesis Category Authority control databases: National Germany Israel United States
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For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.A sound change, in historical linguistics, is a change in the pronunciation of a language. A sound change can involve the replacement of one speech sound (or, more generally, one phonetic feature value) by a different one (called phonetic change) or a more general change to the speech sounds that exist (phonological change), such as the merger of two sounds or the creation of a new sound. A sound change can eliminate the affected sound, or a new sound can be added. Sound changes can be environmentally conditioned if the change occurs in only some sound environments, and not others.The term \"sound change\" refers to diachronic changes, which occur in a language's sound system. On the other hand, \"alternation\" refers to changes that happen synchronically (within the language of an individual speaker, depending on the neighbouring sounds) and do not change the language's underlying system (for example, the -s in the English plural can be pronounced differently depending on the preceding sound, as in bet[s], bed[z], which is a form of alternation, rather than sound change). Since \"sound change\" can refer to the historical introduction of an alternation (such as postvocalic /k/ in the Tuscan dialect, which was once [k] as in di [k]arlo 'of Carlo' but is now [h] di [h]arlo and alternates with [k] in other positions: con [k]arlo 'with Carlo'), that label is inherently imprecise and must often be clarified as referring to either phonemic change or restructuring.Research on sound change is usually conducted under the working assumption that it is regular, which means that it is expected to apply mechanically whenever its structural conditions are met, irrespective of any non-phonological factors like the meaning of the words that are affected. Apparent exceptions to regular change can occur because of dialect borrowing, grammatical analogy, or other causes known and unknown, and some changes are described as \"sporadic\" and so they affect only one or a few particular words, without any apparent regularity.The Neogrammarian linguists of the 19th century introduced the term sound law to refer to rules of regular change, perhaps in imitation of the laws of physics,[1] and the term \"law\" is still used in referring to specific sound rules that are named after their authors like Grimm's law, Grassmann's law, etc. Real-world sound laws often admit exceptions, but the expectation of their regularity or absence of exceptions is of great heuristic value by allowing historical linguists to define the notion of regular correspondence by the comparative method.Each sound change is limited in space and time and so it functions in a limited area (within certain dialects) and for a limited period of time. For those and other reasons, the term \"sound law\" has been criticized for implying a universality that is unrealistic for sound change.[2]A sound change that affects the phonological system or the number or the distribution of its phonemes is a phonological change.","title":"Sound change"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neogrammarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogrammarian"},{"link_name":"unstressed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"syllables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllables"},{"link_name":"adjectives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective"},{"link_name":"prosodic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"regularized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regularization_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"inflectional paradigms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflectional_paradigm"},{"link_name":"phonological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology"},{"link_name":"morphological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"analogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogy"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"lexicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicon"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Vulgar Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgar_Latin"},{"link_name":"voiced velar stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_stop"},{"link_name":"lexical diffusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_diffusion"}],"text":"The following statements are used as heuristics in formulating sound changes as understood within the Neogrammarian model. However, for modern linguistics, they are not taken as inviolable rules but are seen as guidelines.Sound change has no memory: Sound change does not discriminate between the sources of a sound. If a previous sound change causes X,Y > Y (features X and Y merge as Y), a new one cannot affect only an original X.Sound change ignores grammar: A sound change can have only phonological constraints, like X > Z in unstressed syllables. For example, it cannot affect only adjectives. The only exception is that a sound change may recognise word boundaries, even when they are unindicated by prosodic clues. Also, sound changes may be regularized in inflectional paradigms (such as verbal inflection), when it is no longer phonological but morphological in nature.[3]Sound change is exceptionless: If a sound change can happen at a place, it will affect all sounds that meet the criteria for change. Apparent exceptions are possible because of analogy and other regularization processes, another sound change, or an unrecognized conditioning factor. That is the traditional view expressed by the Neogrammarians. In the past decades, however, it has been shown[by whom?] that sound change does not necessarily affect all possible words.[citation needed] However, when a sound change is initiated, it often eventually expands to the whole lexicon. For example, the Spanish fronting of the Vulgar Latin [g] (voiced velar stop) before [i e ɛ] seems to have reached every possible word. By contrast, the voicing of word-initial Latin [k] to [g] occurred in colaphus > golpe and cattus > gato but not in canna > caña. See also lexical diffusion.Sound change is inevitable: All languages vary from place to place and time to time, and neither writing nor media prevents that change.","title":"Principles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phonological rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_rule"},{"link_name":"Proto-Oceanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Oceanic_language"},{"link_name":"Rotuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotuman_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"fricative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonant"},{"link_name":"Proto-Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Iranian"},{"link_name":"resonant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonant_consonant"},{"link_name":"Proto-Indo-Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian"},{"link_name":"Avestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avestan_language"},{"link_name":"Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_languages"},{"link_name":"Old Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Persian"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"plosive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plosive_consonant"}],"text":"See also: Phonological ruleA statement of the formA > Bis to be read as \"Sound A changes into (or is replaced by, is reflected as, etc.) sound B\". Therefore, A belongs to an older stage of the language in question, and B belongs to a more recent stage. The symbol \">\" can be reversed, B < A, which also means that the (more recent) B derives from the (older) A\":POc. *t > Rot. fmeans that \"Proto-Oceanic (POc.) *t is reflected as [f] in the Rotuman (Rot.)\".The two sides of such a statement indicate only the start and the end of the change, but additional intermediate stages may have occurred. The example above is actually a compressed account of a sequence of changes: *[t] first changed to [θ] (like the initial consonant of English thin), which has since yielded [f] and can be represented more fully:t > θ > fUnless a change operates unconditionally (in all environments), the context in which it applies must be specified:A > B /X__Y= \"A changes to B when it is preceded by X and followed by Y.\"For example:It. b > v /[vowel]__[vowel], which can be simplified to just\nIt. b > v /V__V (in which the V stands for any vowel)= \"Intervocalic [b] (inherited from Latin) became [v] in Italian\" (such as in caballum, dēbet > cavallo 'horse', deve 'owe (3rd pers. sing.)'Here is a second example:PIr. [−cont][−voi] > [+cont] /__[C][+cont]= \"A preconsonantal voiceless non-continuant (voiceless stop) changed into corresponding a voiceless continuant (fricative) in Proto-Iranian (PIr.)\" when it was immediately followed by a continuant consonant (a resonant or a fricative): Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra 'forth' > Avestan fra; *trayas \"three\" (masc. nom. pl.)> Av. θrayō; *čatwāras \"four\" (masc. nom. pl.) > Av. čaθwārō; *pśaws \"of a cow\" (nom. *paśu) > Av. fšāoš (nom. pasu). The fricativization did not occur before stops and so *sapta \"seven\" > Av. hapta. (However, in the variety of Iranian that led to Old Persian, fricativization occurred in all clusters: Old Persian hafta \"seven\".)The symbol \"#\" stands for a word boundary (initial or final) and so the notation \"/__#\" means \"word-finally\", and \"/#__\" means \"word-initially\":Gk. [stop] > ∅ /__#= \"Word-final stops were deleted in Greek (Gk.)\".That can be simplified toGk. P > ∅ / __#in which P stands for any plosive.","title":"Formal notation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historical linguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_linguistics"},{"link_name":"phonological change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_change"},{"link_name":"Assimilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"apical stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apical_consonant"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"diachronically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diachronics"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Dissimilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissimilation"},{"link_name":"Old Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Grassmann's Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassmann%27s_Law"},{"link_name":"Proto-Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"Metathesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metathesis_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"tittle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tittle"},{"link_name":"Lenition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenition"},{"link_name":"stop consonant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_consonant"},{"link_name":"affricate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affricate"},{"link_name":"fricative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative"},{"link_name":"Fortition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortition"},{"link_name":"approximant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximant"},{"link_name":"Tonogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)#Origin"},{"link_name":"pitch contours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_contour"},{"link_name":"Sandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhi"},{"link_name":"morpheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme"},{"link_name":"Haplology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplology"},{"link_name":"Elision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elision"},{"link_name":"aphaeresis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apheresis_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"syncope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope_(phonetics)"},{"link_name":"apocope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocope"},{"link_name":"silent E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_E"},{"link_name":"Epenthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epenthesis"},{"link_name":"Prothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prothesis_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"Nasalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasalization"},{"link_name":"phonemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme"},{"link_name":"liaison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaison_(French)"}],"text":"In historical linguistics, a number of traditional terms designate types of phonetic change, either by nature or result. A number of such types are often (or usually) sporadic, that is, more or less accidents that happen to a specific form. Others affect a whole phonological system. Sound changes that affect a whole phonological system are also classified according to how they affect the overall shape of the system; see phonological change.Assimilation: One sound becomes more like another, or (much more rarely) two sounds become more like each other. Example: in Latin the prefix *kom- becomes con- before an apical stop ([t d]) or [n]: contactus \"touched\", condere \"to found, establish\", connūbium \"legal marriage\". The great majority of assimilations take place between contiguous segments,[citation needed] and the great majority involve the earlier sound becoming more like the later one (e.g. in connūbium, m- + n becomes -nn- rather than -mm-). Assimilation between contiguous segments are (diachronically speaking) exceptionless sound laws rather than sporadic, isolated changes.[citation needed]\nDissimilation: The opposite of assimilation. One sound becomes less like another, or (much more rarely) two sounds become less like each other. Examples: Classical Latin quīnque /kʷiːnkʷe/ \"five\" > Vulgar Latin *kinkʷe (whence French cinq, Italian cinque, etc.); Old Spanish omne \"man\" > Spanish hombre. The great majority of dissimilations involve segments that are not contiguous, but, as with assimilations, the great majority involve an earlier sound changing with reference to a later one. Dissimilation is usually a sporadic phenomenon, but Grassmann's Law (in Sanskrit and Greek) exemplifies a systematic dissimilation. If the change of a sequence of fricatives such that one becomes a stop is dissimilation, then such changes as Proto-Germanic *hs to /ks/ (spelled x) in English would count as a regular sound law: PGmc. *sehs \"six\" > Old English siex, etc.\nMetathesis: Two sounds switch places. Example: Old English thridda became Middle English third. Most such changes are sporadic, but occasionally a sound law is involved, as Romance *tl > Spanish ld, thus *kapitlu, *titlu \"chapter (of a cathedral)\", \"tittle\" > Spanish cabildo, tilde. Metathesis can take place between non-contiguous segments, as Greek amélgō \"I milk\" > Modern Greek armégō.\nLenition: \"Weakening\" of a consonant from one that takes more effort to pronounce (and more constriction in the vocal tract) to one that takes less, e.g. a stop consonant becoming an affricate or fricative.\nFortition: the opposite of lenition, \"strengthening\" a consonant, e.g. an approximant becoming an affricate or fricative.\nTonogenesis: Syllables come to have distinctive pitch contours.\nSandhi: Conditioned changes that take place at word-boundaries but not elsewhere. It can be morpheme-specific, as in the loss of the vowel in the enclitic forms of English is /ɪz/, with subsequent change of /z/ to /s/ adjacent to a voiceless consonant Frank's not here /ˈfræŋksnɒtˈhɪər/. Or a small class of elements, such as the assimilation of the /ð/ of English the, this and that to a preceding /n/ (including the /n/ of and when the /d/ is elided) or /l/: all the often /ɔːllə/, in the often /ɪnnə/, and so on. As in these examples, such features are rarely indicated in standard orthography. In a striking exception, Sanskrit orthography reflects a wide variety of such features; thus, tat \"that\" is written tat, tac, taj, tad, or tan depending on what the first sound of the next word is. These are all assimilations, but medial sequences do not assimilate the same way.\nHaplology: The loss of a syllable when an adjacent syllable is similar or (rarely) identical. Example: Old English Englaland became Modern English England, or the common pronunciation of probably as [ˈprɒbli]. This change usually affects commonly used words. The word haplology itself is sometimes jokingly pronounced \"haplogy\".\nElision, aphaeresis, syncope, and apocope: All are losses of sounds. Elision is the loss of unstressed sounds, aphaeresis the loss of initial sounds, syncope is the loss of medial sounds, and apocope is the loss of final sounds.\nElision examples: in the southeastern United States, unstressed schwas tend to drop, so \"American\" is not /əˈmɛɹəkən/ but /ˈmɚkən/. Standard English is possum < opossum.\nSyncope examples: the Old French word for \"state\" is estat, but the s disappeared, yielding état. Similarly, the loss of /t/ in English soften, hasten, castle, etc.\nApocope examples: the final -e [ə] in Middle English words was pronounced, but is only retained in spelling as a silent E. In English /b/ and /ɡ/ were apocopated in final position after nasals: lamb, long /læm/, /lɒŋ ~ lɔːŋ/.\nEpenthesis (also known as anaptyxis): The introduction of a sound between two adjacent sounds. Examples: Latin humilis > English humble; in Slavic an -l- intrudes between a labial and a following yod, as *zemya \"land\" > Russian zemlya (земля). Most commonly, epenthesis is in the nature of a \"transitional\" consonant, but vowels may be epenthetic: non-standard English film in two syllables, athlete in three. Epenthesis can be regular, as when the Indo-European \"tool\" suffix *-tlom everywhere becomes Latin -culum (so speculum \"mirror\" < *speḱtlom, pōculum \"drinking cup\" < *poH3-tlom). Some scholars reserve the term epenthesis for \"intrusive\" vowels and use excrescence for intrusive consonants.\nProthesis: The addition of a sound at the beginning of a word. Example: word-initial /s/ + stop clusters in Latin gained a preceding /e/ in Old Spanish and Old French; hence, the Spanish word for \"state\" is estado, deriving from Latin status.\nNasalization: Vowels followed by nasal consonants can become nasalized. If the nasal consonant is lost but the vowel retains its nasalized pronunciation, nasalization becomes phonemic, that is, distinctive. Example: French \"-in\" words used to be pronounced [in], but are now pronounced [ɛ̃], and the [n] is no longer pronounced (except in cases of liaison).","title":"Terms for changes in pronunciation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglo-Frisian nasal spirant law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law"},{"link_name":"Canaanite shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_shift"},{"link_name":"Cot-caught merger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cot-caught_merger"},{"link_name":"Dahl's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahl%27s_law"},{"link_name":"Grassmann's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassmann%27s_law"},{"link_name":"Great Vowel Shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift"},{"link_name":"Grimm's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimm%27s_law"},{"link_name":"High German consonant shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift"},{"link_name":"Kluge's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluge%27s_law"},{"link_name":"Phonetic change \"f → h\" in Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetic_change_%22f_%E2%86%92_h%22_in_Spanish"},{"link_name":"Ruki sound law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruki_sound_law"},{"link_name":"Slavic palatalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_palatalization_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Sound change in Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_phonology#Sound_change"},{"link_name":"Umlaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-mutation"},{"link_name":"Verner's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verner%27s_law"}],"text":"Anglo-Frisian nasal spirant law\nCanaanite shift\nCot-caught merger\nDahl's law\nGrassmann's law\nGreat Vowel Shift (English)\nGrimm's law\nHigh German consonant shift\nKluge's law\nPhonetic change \"f → h\" in Spanish\nRuki sound law\nSlavic palatalization\nSound change in Japanese\nUmlaut\nVerner's law","title":"Examples of specific sound changes in various languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Grammatically conditioned sound change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eprints.soas.ac.uk/18595/"}],"text":"^ Sihler, p. 50\n\n^ \"The French phoneticians and the Fino-Ugric linguists\" are examples according to Anttila, p. 85.\n\n^ See Hill, Nathan W. (2014) 'Grammatically conditioned sound change.' Language and Linguistics Compass, 8 (6). pp. 211-229.","title":"Notes"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Kurdistan_Region
COVID-19 pandemic in the Kurdistan Region
["1 Background","2 Timeline","2.1 March 2020","2.2 August 2020","3 See also","4 References"]
Ongoing COVID-19 viral pandemic in the Kurdistan Region, Iraqi Kurdistan COVID-19 pandemic in the Kurdistan RegionKurdistan Region in dark redDisputed territories controlled by the Iraqi federal government in light redDiseaseCOVID-19Virus strainSARS-CoV-2LocationKurdistan RegionFirst outbreakWuhan, Hubei, ChinaArrival date1 March 2020(4 years, 3 months and 2 weeks)Confirmed cases230,263Recovered198,457Deaths4,770Government websiteGOV.KRD The COVID-19 pandemic in the Kurdistan Region is part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The COVID-19 disease was first confirmed to have reached the Kurdistan Region, an autonomous region of Iraq, on 1 March 2020. Background On 12 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a novel coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, which was reported to the WHO on 31 December 2019. The case fatality ratio for COVID-19 has been much lower than SARS of 2003, but the transmission has been significantly greater, with a significant total death toll. Timeline March 2020 On 1 March, the first case in the Kurdistan Region was confirmed. August 2020 On 5 August, the Kurdistan Region reached a total of 15,577 COVID-19 cases. See also COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory COVID-19 pandemic in Iraq COVID-19 pandemic in Asia References ^ Elsevier. "Novel Coronavirus Information Center". Elsevier Connect. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020. ^ Reynolds, Matt (4 March 2020). "What is coronavirus and how close is it to becoming a pandemic?". Wired UK. ISSN 1357-0978. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020. ^ a b "Crunching the numbers for coronavirus". Imperial News. 13 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020. ^ "High consequence infectious diseases (HCID); Guidance and information about high consequence infectious diseases and their management in England". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020. ^ "World Federation Of Societies of Anaesthesiologists – Coronavirus". www.wfsahq.org. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020. ^ "First cases of coronavirus confirmed in Kurdistan Region | Rudaw.net". Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020. ^ "Kurdistan Regional Government". 19 March 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. 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Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Southeast Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia timeline 2021 social restrictions Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement Laos Myanmar Singapore timeline 2020 2021 2022 circuit breaker response vaccination statistics Thailand timeline vaccination statistics Vietnam timeline government response Malaysia impact social economic political Aid and relief efforts movement control order Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot timeline 2020 2021 2022 2023 statistics Johor Kuala Lumpur Sabah Sarawak Selangor Philippines timeline 2020 2021 2022 government response community quarantines Luzon evacuations testing controversy vaccination Bangsamoro Bicol Region Cagayan Valley Calabarzon Caraga Central Luzon Central Visayas Cordillera Davao Region Eastern Visayas Ilocos Region Metro Manila Mimaropa Northern Mindanao Soccsksargen Western Visayas Zamboanga Peninsula Overseas Filipinos West Armenia Azerbaijan Artsakh Bahrain Cyprus Northern Cyprus Egypt Georgia Abkhazia South Ossetia Iran Iraq Kurdistan Region Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia vaccination Syria Turkey timeline United Arab Emirates Yemen EuropeUnited Kingdom history timeline January–June 2020 July–December 2020 January–June 2021 July–December 2021 January–June 2022 July–December 2022 2023 responses government response response Operation Rescript contracts impact social economic education By location England timeline 2020 January–June July–December 2021 2022 London local lockdown regulations first tier regulations Northern Ireland timeline 2020 2021 2022 Scotland timeline 2020 2021 2022 Wales timeline 2020 2021 2022 Crown Dependencies Isle of Man Jersey Guernsey Overseas territories Akrotiri and Dhekelia British Indian Ocean Territory Gibraltar Eastern Belarus timeline 2020 2021 2022 Kazakhstan Moldova Gagauzia Transnistria Russia timeline January–June 2020 July–December 2020 government responses political impact Turkey timeline Ukraine Crimea Sevastopol Western Balkans Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Kosovo Montenegro North Macedonia Serbia statistics European UnionAustria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia timeline Cyprus Northern Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland Åland France Guadeloupe French Guiana Réunion Martinique Mayotte Normandy Saint Martin Germany North Rhine-Westphalia government response Greece Hungary Ireland timeline 2020 2021 2022 economic impact social impact vaccination Italy lockdowns timeline Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands government response Poland Portugal Romania timeline Slovakia Slovenia Spain timeline Asturias Canary Islands Ceuta Community of Madrid Melilla Sweden government response Operation Gloria EFTA countriesIceland Liechtenstein Norway Svalbard Switzerland MicrostatesAndorra Monaco San Marino Vatican City NorthAmericaAtlantic Bermuda Greenland Saint Pierre and Miquelon Canada timeline economic impact federal aid vaccination by province military response Atlantic Bubble Alberta timeline British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Northwest Territories Nova Scotia Nunavut Ontario timeline 2020 2021 2022 Ottawa Peel Region Toronto York Region Provincial government response Vaccination Prince Edward Island Quebec Montreal boroughs Saskatchewan timeline Yukon CaribbeanCountries Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Cuba Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago timeline British Overseas Territories Anguilla British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands response Aruba Curaçao Sint Maarten Caribbean Netherlands Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius French West Indies Guadeloupe Martinique Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin US insular areas Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Central America Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico timeline vaccination Nicaragua Panama United States Trump administration communication timeline 2020 2021 social impact economic impact 2021 hospital crisis responses federal government state and local governments California government response New York government response Texas government response Eastern States Multi-state Council Midwest Governors Regional Pact Western States Pact By location Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Navajo Nation Arkansas California timeline S.F. Bay Area Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland timeline Massachusetts timeline Boston timeline Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada timeline New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York New York City timeline North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Columbus Oklahoma Oregon Portland Pennsylvania Philadelphia Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas timeline Austin U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington, D.C. White House West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Easter Island Federated States of Micronesia Fiji French Polynesia Guam Hawaii Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Caledonia Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Bougainville Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Wallis and Futuna Australia timeline 2020 2021 January–June July–December 2022 Australian Capital Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands New South Wales Norfolk Island Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia New Zealand timeline 2020 2021 2022 2023 economic impact government response Alert levels Traffic light system social impact managed isolation SouthAmerica Argentina statistics human rights Bolivia Brazil São Paulo Chile statistics Easter Island Colombia timeline Ecuador Falkland Islands French Guiana Guyana Paraguay Peru statistics Cusco Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Others Antarctica Cruise ships Diamond Princess Grand Princess Naval ships Charles de Gaulle USS Theodore Roosevelt ImpactCulture and entertainmentArts andcultural heritage References in popular culture Cinema films affected Corona-chan Disney Fashion industry Music industry Performing arts Television U.S. U.S. sports programs affected Video games Education Female education Homeschooling By country Ghana Ireland United Kingdom exam grading controversy United States Sports Bio-secure bubble By country Ireland Philippines By sport Association football Baseball Basketball NBA Combat sports Cricket Disc golf Gaelic games Gridirion football (NCAAF, NFL, and CFL) Ice hockey Motorsport Rugby league Society and rightsSocial impact Social media Stigma COVID-19 parties Children foster care in the U.S. Pandemic baking Labor Healthcare workers Indian migrant workers Great Resignation Strikes Human rights Argentina Hong Kong Myanmar North Korea Turkmenistan Legal Abortion in the U.S. Crime Domestic violence Prisons U.S. immigration detention Minority Gender LGBT community African communities Disability community Native American communities Xenophobia and racism Religion Catholic Church Hajj Economic Charitable activity COVID-19 scams Travel restrictions By country Canada India Ireland COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment Malaysia New Zealand Russia U.K. U.S. By industry Aviation Airlines Cannabis industry Food industry meat industry in Canada meat industry in the U.S. restaurant industry in the U.S. Hospitals ICU capacity Long-term care facilities Mink farming Public transport Retail Tourism Supply and trade Shortages Chip supply Energy Global supply chain Oil price war Food security Financial markets Global stock market crash COVID-19 recession Inflation Information Journalism Media coverage Wikipedia's response Misinformation Governments China United States By country Canada Philippines Ivermectin Plandemic Politics National responses Legislation European Union Political impact Ireland Malaysia Russia Protests Abkhazia Argentina Australia Convoy to Canberra Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Brazil 2020 protests 2021 protests Bulgaria Canada convoy protest Chile China Beijing Sitong Bridge protest healthcare reform protests Colombia 2021 protests 2022 protests Cuba France Yellow vests protests labor protests French West Indies social unrest convoy protest Germany Idar-Oberstein shooting Greece Israel protests against Benjamin Netanyahu Italy Mongolia Netherlands curfew riots New Zealand Wellington protest Paraguay Serbia Tunisia United Kingdom United States Open the States International relations Aid Italy Moldovan–Romanian collaboration Nicaragua–Taiwan relations Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan Vaccine diplomacy Language Anthropause Doomscrolling Flattening the curve Green recovery Long COVID Quarantini Social distancing Superspreader Twindemic Zero-COVID Zoom Zoom towns Others Animals Cluster 5 Environment Military Pregnant women Science and technology Health issuesMedical topics Transmission Symptoms Cancer Endemic COVID-19 Skin manifestations Long COVID Mental health neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes Pregnancy Non-COVID-19–related health issues Shortages Raise the line Rehabilitation Unproven medical methods Testing andepidemiology Datasets Death rates by country Disease testing Breathalyzer Operation Moonshot Test to Release UK Rapid Test Consortium AbC-19 rapid antibody test investigations into the origins lab leak theory Rapid antigen test Software Surveillance Undercounting COVID-19 deaths Apps Aarogya Setu BlueTrace careFIJI Coronavirus Australia Corona-Warn-App COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application COVID Alert (Canada) COVID AlertSA (South Africa) COVIDSafe COVID Tracker Ireland Covid Watch Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing Exposure Notification Health Code Healthy Together Immuni Koronavilkku LeaveHomeSafe MySejahtera NHS COVID-19 NZ COVID Tracer NZ Pass Verifier PathCheck PeduliLindungi SafeEntry SafePass StaySafe.ph SwissCovid TCN Protocol Test, Trace, Protect Thai Chana TousAntiCovid TraceTogether Valtrace Zoe Health Study Prevention Air purifier (Corsi–Rosenthal Box) Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine COVID fatigue Evacuations Face masks Anti-mask sentiment United States Flattening the curve Great Barrington Declaration International aid Lockdowns Public health mitigation Safe Hands Challenge Social distancing Workplace hazard controls Zero-COVID VaccinesTopics Authorizations Clinical research Deployment Development EU Certificate Misinformation and hesitancy Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates US Operation Warp Speed (U.S.) Post-vaccination complications Vaccine card Vaccine passports AuthorizedDNA ZyCoV-D Inactivated Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences CoronaVac Covaxin COVIran Barekat CoviVac (Russia) FAKHRAVAC Minhai QazCovid-in Sinopharm BIBP Sinopharm WIBP Turkovac Valneva mRNA Moderna Pfizer–BioNTech Subunit Abdala Corbevax (Bio E COVID-19) COVAX-19 EpiVacCorona IndoVac MVC Noora Novavax Razi Cov Pars Sinopharm CNBG Soberana 02 Soberana Plus ZF2001 (Zifivax) Viral vector Convidecia Janssen Oxford–AstraZeneca Sputnik V Sputnik Light Virus-like particles CoVLP In trialsAttenuated COVI-VAC (United States) DNA AG0302-COVID‑19 GX-19 Inovio Inactivated KD-414 NDV-HXP-S RNA ARCT-021 ARCT-154 Bangavax CureVac (terminated) HGC019 mRNA-1283 PTX-COVID19-B Sanofi–Translate Bio (terminated) Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine Walvax Subunit 202-CoV AKS-452 EuCorVac-19 IVX-411 Nanocovax ReCOV Sanofi–GSK S-268019 SCB-2019 SCTV01C Skycovione UB-612 V-01 V451 (terminated) Vabiotech West China Hospital Zhongyianke Biotech–Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotech Viral vector AdCLD-CoV19 BriLife COH04S1 DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT GRAd-COV2 ImmunityBio iNCOVACC INNA-051 NDV-HXP-S Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine Virus-like particles ABNCoV2 LYB001 MigVax-101 VBI-2902 Deploymentby locationAfrica Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Cameroon Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eswatini Ghana Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Zimbabwe Asia Bangladesh Bhutan Mainland China India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Kazakhstan Malaysia Nepal Philippines Russia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates Vietnam Europe Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Denmark France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Moldova Norway Portugal Romania Russia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom North America Canada Ontario Quebec Cuba Haiti Mexico United States mandates Oceania Australia Fiji New Zealand South America Argentina Brazil Colombia Peru Others Antarctica Treatment Drug development Drug repurposing research Baricitinib Dexamethasone Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation Open-source ventilator PANORAMIC trial (UK) RECOVERY Trial (UK) Solidarity trial (WHO) Monoclonal antibodies Bamlanivimab/etesevimab Bamlanivimab Etesevimab Bebtelovimab Casirivimab/imdevimab Regdanvimab Sarilumab Sotrovimab Tixagevimab/cilgavimab Tocilizumab Small molecule antivirals Broad-spectrum Ensitrelvir Molnupiravir Remdesivir Co-packaged Nirmatrelvir ritonavir VariantsSpecific Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon Zeta Eta Theta Iota Kappa Lambda Mu Omicron timeline General Cluster 5 Lineage B.1.617 Lineage B.1.640.2 Variant of concern InstitutionsHospitals andmedical clinicsMainland China Central Hospital of Wuhan Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre Fangcang hospitals Huoshenshan Hospital Leishenshan Hospital Xinjia Express Hotel Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital Others Hospital ships Garran Surge Centre (Australia) Hospital El Salvador SevenHills Hospital (India) Kemayoran Athletes Village (Indonesia) Pyongyang General Hospital (North Korea) Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang (Malaysia) Mega Ligtas COVID Centers (Philippines) Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre (Sri Lanka) Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital (Turkey) Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital (Turkey) COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom NHS Nightingale Hospitals (England) Birmingham London North East North West Yorkshire and the Humber NHS Louisa Jordan (Scotland) Dragon's Heart Hospital (Wales) OrganizationsGlobal By location National Cabinet (Australia) ScienceUpFirst (Canada) Wuhan Institute of Virology (China) Independent SAGE (United Kingdom) Healthinstitutes Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (African Union) Ghana Infectious Disease Centre (Ghana) Department of Health (Hong Kong) Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (South Korea) National Institute for Communicable Diseases (South Africa) Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (Taiwan) Pandemicinstitutes National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board (Australia) COVID-19 Immunity Task Force (Canada) COVID-19 Supply Council (Canada) PREPARE (European Union) National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19 (India) COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force (Indonesia) National Public Health Emergency Team (Ireland) Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting (Japan) Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre (Malaysia) Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee (Philippines) Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases (Philippines) Central Epidemic Command Center (Taiwan) Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board (Turkey) COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium (United Kingdom) Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team (United Kingdom) Joint Biosecurity Centre (United Kingdom) Vaccine Taskforce (United Kingdom) COVID-19 Advisory Board (United States) Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups (United States) White House Coronavirus Task Force (United States) White House COVID-19 Response Team (United States) GACH (Uruguay) Relief funds PM CARES Fund (India) SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund (India) Artist Relief (United States) PeopleMedicalprofessionals Ai Fen Corona Rintawan Li Wenliang Liu Wen Xie Linka Zhang Wenhong Researchers Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud Roberto Burioni Chen Wei Kizzmekia Corbett Andrea Crisanti Peter Daszak Christian Drosten Neil Ferguson Dale Fisher George F. Gao Azra Ghani Sarah Gilbert Guan Yi Kentaro Iwata Katalin Karikó Matt Keeling Trudie Lang Li Lanjuan W. Ian Lipkin Ma Xiaowei Shabir Madhi Allison McGeer Camilla Rothe Shi Zhengli Moncef Slaoui Mike Tildesley John Todd Wang Chen Wang Guangfa Drew Weissman Yuen Kwok-yung Zeng Guang Zhang Jixian Zhang Yongzhen Zhong Nanshan OfficialsWHO Tedros Adhanom (Director-General of the WHO) Bruce Aylward (Team lead of WHO-China COVID-19 mission) Maria Van Kerkhove (Technical Lead for COVID-19 response) Michael J. Ryan (Executive Director of the WHO Health Emergencies Programme) By location Frank Atherton (Wales) Ashley Bloomfield (New Zealand) Catherine Calderwood (Scotland) Chang Shan-chwen (Taiwan) Anutin Charnvirakul (Thailand) Chen Shih-chung (Taiwan) Kenneth Chuang Yin-ching (Taiwan) Victor Costache (Romania) Fabrizio Curcio (Italy) Carmen Deseda (Puerto Rico) Jaap van Dissel (the Netherlands) Christian Drosten (Germany) Francisco Duque III (Philippines) Anthony Fauci (United States) Francesco Paolo Figliuolo (Italy) Graça Freitas (Portugal) Henrique Gouveia e Melo (Portugal) Matt Hancock (United Kingdom) Hamad Hasan (Lebanon) Greg Hunt (Australia) Tony Holohan (Ireland) Jeong Eun-kyeong (South Korea) Fahrettin Koca (Turkey) Li Keqiang (China) Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez (Mexico) Michael McBride (Northern Ireland) Oriol Mitjà (Andorra) Zweli Mkhize (South Africa) Doni Monardo (Indonesia) Alma Möller (Iceland) Saeed Namaki (Iran) Ala Nemerenco (Moldova) Nguyễn Thanh Long (Vietnam) Noor Hisham Abdullah (Malaysia) Ali Pilli (Northern Cyprus) Daniel Salinas (Uruguay) Jérôme Salomon (France) Fernando Simón (Spain) Gregor Smith (Scotland) Su Ih-jen (Taiwan) Łukasz Szumowski (Poland) Theresa Tam (Canada) Anders Tegnell (Sweden) Þórólfur Guðnason (Iceland) Sotiris Tsiodras (Greece) Harsh Vardhan (India) Víðir Reynisson (Iceland) Carla Vizzotti (Argentina) Vlad Voiculescu (Romania) Chris Whitty (United Kingdom) Lawrence Wong (Singapore) Jeff Zients (United States) Others Chen Qiushi Brett Crozier Fang Bin Fang Fang Joseph Ashitey Hammond Li Zehua Captain Tom Moore Qiu Menghuang Ren Zhiqiang Deaths List Data (templates)Global Cases, deaths, recoveries by country Tests, cases, tests per capita, cases per capita by country Tests, cases, tests per capita, cases per capita by country subdivision WHO situation reports cases January 2020 February 2020 March 2020 April 2020 May 2020 June 2020 July 2020 August 2020 September 2020 October 2020 November 2020 December 2020 January 2021 February 2021 March 2021 April 2021 May 2021 June 2021 July 2021 August 2021 deaths World map by countries: confirmed per capita China Hospital beds by country Lockdowns< Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Comoros Egypt Eswatini Ethiopia Ghana cases chart Ivory Coast Kenya Libya Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco (including occupied Western Sahara) Mozambique Namibia Nigera cases chart São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone South Africa cases chart South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe cases chart Americas Argentina Bolivia Brazil Canada by province vaccinations by province Chile by commune Colombia Costa Rica cases chart Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Mexico cases chart Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru United States by state Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh by division Bhutan cases chart Brunei Cambodia cases chart summary China cases chart confirmed per capita lockdowns by province Hong Kong Macau Cyprus East Timor Egypt Georgia India Indonesia cases chart Iran cases chart Iraq Israel cases chart Japan cases chart Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait cases chart Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia cases chart charts Myanmar cases chart summary Nepal cases chart Oman cases chart Pakistan cases chart Philippines cases chart areas of quarantine vaccinations chart Qatar Russia cases chart by federal subject North Asia Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea cases chart vaccinations charts Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan vaccination charts Tajikistan Thailand cases chart Turkey cases chart United Arab Emirates cases chart Uzbekistan cases chart Vietnam statistics charts Yemen Europe Albania Austria cases chart Belarus Belgium cases chart Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria cases chart Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark cases chart Faroe Islands Estonia cases chart Finland France cases chart Germany cases chart Greece Hungary Iceland cases chart Ireland cases chart Italy cases chart statistics charts vaccinations chart Kosovo Latvia cases chart Lithuania cases chart Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway cases chart Poland cases chart by voivodeship Portugal cases chart Romania cases chart Russia cases chart by federal subject North Asia San Marino Serbia Slovakia cases chart by region Slovenia cases chart Spain cases chart Sweden cases chart Switzerland cases chart Turkey cases chart Ukraine United Kingdom Scotland 2020 2021 Gibraltar vaccinations chart daily by nation Vatican City Oceania Australia by state/territory Fiji French Polynesia New Caledonia New Zealand Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Others Cruise ships Diamond Princess This article about the COVID-19 pandemic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Iraqi Kurdistan-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory"},{"title":"COVID-19 pandemic in Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iraq"},{"title":"COVID-19 pandemic in Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh!K
Oh!K
["1 Background","2 Closure","3 References","4 External links"]
Southeast Asian pay television channel This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Oh!K" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Television channel Oh!KCountrySingaporeBroadcast areaSingaporeBruneiPhilippinesThailandHeadquartersSingaporeProgrammingLanguage(s)KoreanFilipinoEnglishThaiMandarinCantoneseIndonesianMalayPicture format1080i HDTVOwnershipOwnerWarner Bros. Discovery Asia-Pacific (Warner Bros. Discovery International)Sister channelsCartoon Network AsiaCartoon Network PhilippinesCNN InternationalCinemax Asia HBO AsiaHLNWarner TVHistoryLaunched20 October 2014 (2014-10-20)12 January 2016 (2016-01-12) (Hong Kong)Closed29 January 2019 (2019-01-29) (Hong Kong)1 September 2019 (2019-09-01) (Indonesia)1 June 2022 (2022-06-01) (Malaysia)16 September 2022 (2022-09-16) (Singapore, Philippines, Brunei and Thailand)LinksWebsiteohk-tv.com Oh!K was a Southeast Asian pay television channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery, with content supplied by MBC. Background It was launched on 20 October 2014 on StarHub TV in Singapore. Its programming consists of South Korean drama, entertainment, variety and music programs supplied from Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation. Oh!K's programming was available subtitled in local languages on optional subtitle tracks, depending on the country of the reception's market. Closure Oh!K was discontinued in Malaysia via Astro on 1 June 2022 and in Singapore on 15 September 2022 via SingTel TV and 16 September 2022 via StarHub TV. References ^ "OhK Enthral Audences StarHub TV". Turner Pressroom. ^ "Turner launches OhK, New TV Channel Powered MBC Content". Turner Pressroom. External links Official website Oh!K on Facebook vteWarner Bros. DiscoveryExecutivesBoard of directors Samuel DiPiazza (Chairman) David Zaslav (CEO) Robert Bennett Li Haslett Chen Richard Fisher Paul Gould Debra Lee John C. Malone Fazal Merchant Paula Price Geoff Yang Senior management David Zaslav (President and CEO) Michael De Luca Pamela Abdy Channing Dungey Casey Bloys Kathleen Finch Sir Mark Thompson JB Perrette Gerhard Zeiler David Decker Warner Bros.EntertainmentWarner Bros.Motion Picture Group Warner Bros. Pictures New Line Cinema DC Studios Warner Bros. Pictures Animation Castle Rock Entertainment Discovery Films Spyglass Media Group (minority) Flagship Entertainment Group (49%) Warner Bros. Studios Burbank Leavesden Warner Bros.Television GroupUnited States Warner Bros. Television Warner Horizon Unscripted Television Telepictures A Very Good Production Alloy Entertainment Blue Ribbon Content Cartoon Network Studios Williams Street Warner Bros. Animation The CW (12.5%) The CW Plus CW Seed International Warner Bros. International Television Production Netherlands UK Ricochet Twenty Twenty Television Wall to Wall Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe Spain Australia CN LA Original Productions Other units Warner Bros. Theatre Ventures WaterTower Music Fandango Media (25% with NBCUniversal) Fandango Movieclips Movies.com MovieTickets.com Rotten Tomatoes Fandango Latam Vudu Turner Entertainment Co. Wolper Organization U.S. linear networks American Heroes Channel Animal Planet Destination America Discovery Channel Discovery en Español Discovery Life Food NetworkJV Cooking Channel Free TV NetworksJV The365 Outlaw Dare (50%) VCR Action VCR Haha HGTV Hogar de HGTV Investigation Discovery HLN Magnolia NetworkJV MeTV Toons (50%) Oprah Winfrey Network (95%) Science Channel TBS TCM TLC TNT Travel Channel TruTV WBTV Watchlist Keeping It Real All Together Sweet Escapes Paws & Claws Slice of Life Welcome Home At the Movies How To Supernatural Crime Series Mysteries Love & Marriage Family Rules The Cartoon Network, Inc. Boomerang Cartoon Network Adult Swim Adult Swim Games Toonami Cartoonito brand Discovery Family (60%) Discovery Familia Home Box Office HBO HBO Kids block Cinemax Production HBO Films HBO Documentary Films CNN Worldwide CNN CNN-News18 CNN Türk CNN Business CNN International EMEA Asia-Pacific South Asia CNN en Español CNN Headlines CNN Fast Production CNN Films Licensed A2 CNN Antena 3 CNN CNN Chile CNN Brazil CNN Indonesia CNN Philippines (defunct) CNN Portugal CNN Prima News N1 TNT Sports Bleacher Report NBA TV MLB Network (16.67%) Golf Digest Golf World Motor Trend Group Motor Trend Motor Trend TV Hot Rod Four Wheeler Global Streaming& InteractiveEntertainment Streaming Services Boomerang CNNgo Discovery+ HBO Go Max Player.pl TVN24 GO TVN24.pl Kontakt 24 TVN Warszawa TVN Meteo TVN Zdrowie ThreeNow BluTV Warner Bros. Games Avalanche Software Cartoon Network Games Monolith Productions NetherRealm Studios Portkey Games Rocksteady Studios TT Games Traveller's Tales WB Games Boston WB Games Montréal Vox Media (minority) Global Brands andExperiences Consumer Products Themed Entertainment Warner Bros. Movie World Parque Warner Madrid Warner Bros. World Abu Dhabi Studio Tours Hollywood London The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Harry Potter: The Exhibition Content Sales & Distribution Television Distribution Domestic International Home Entertainment Studio Distribution Services (50%) The Burbank Studios DC Entertainment DC Comics DC Black Label DC's Young Animal Milestone Media WildStorm DC Universe Infinite Mad InternationalNetworksvteWarner Bros. Discovery AmericasUSA headquarters: Miami LATAM headquarters: Buenos Aires, Mexico City, Santiago, São Paulo, BogotáCanadaJV Animal Planet Adult Swim Boomerang Cartoon Network Cooking Channel Discovery Channel Discovery Science Discovery Velocity Food Network HGTV HBO Investigation Discovery Magnolia Network Oprah Winfrey Network Latin America, the Caribbean and Brazil Adult Swim Cartoon Network Cartoonito Cinemax Discovery Discovery Home & Health Discovery Kids Discovery Science Discovery Theater HD Discovery Turbo Discovery World HD Food Network Golf Channel HBO + 2 Brasil Caribbean Family Mundi Pop Signature Xtreme HGTV HTV ID Space TCM TLC TNT Novelas Series TNT Sports Argentina Brazil Chile Mexico Tooncast Warner TV vteWarner Bros. Discovery Asia-PacificHeadquarters: SingaporePan-Asia Animal Planet Asian Food Network Cartoon Network Cartoonito Discovery Asia Discovery Channel Discovery Science DMAX Eurosport Asia Pacific EVE Food Network TLC Travel Channel East Asia Boomerang Korea Cartoon Network Japan Korea Taiwan Mondo TV (Japan) Tabi Channel South Asia Cartoon Network India HD+ Pakistan Pogo Animal Planet India Discovery Channel India HGTV India Travel Channel Food Network DTamil India Discovery Science India Discovery Turbo India Discovery Kids India Eurosport India Investigation Discovery TLC India Southeast Asia Boomerang Thailand Cartoon Network Asia Philippines Cartoonito Asia Cinemax Asia HBO Asia Family Hits Signature World Heritage Channel Warner TV Australasia Animal Planet Cartoon Network Discovery Discovery Turbo Investigation Discovery TLC Australia 9Rush (co-owned with Nine) Boomerang New Zealand Bravo Eden Living Newshub Rush Three Online Discovery+ (India only) HBO Go Asia Newshub ThreeNow Defunct C4 C42 China Entertainment Television (36%) Four + 1 Imagine TV Imagine Showbiz Lumiere Movies Mondo Mah-jong Oh!K Red by HBO Setanta Sports Asia Tabi Tele ThreeLife + 1 Food Network NZ The Edge TV Breeze TV vteWarner Bros. Discovery EMEAHeadquarters: London and AmsterdamFrance, Belgium & Switzerland Animal Planet Boomerang Cartoon Network Cartoonito Discovery Channel Eurosport 1 2 2 Xtra Investigation Discovery TCM Cinéma TLC Warner TV Warner TV Next Germany, Benelux & CEE Animal Planet Germany Netherlands & Flanders Cartoon Network Central & Eastern Europe Germany Netherlands & Flanders Bulgaria, CIS & SEE Cartoonito Discovery Flanders Germany Hungary CIS Discovery Science DMAX (Germany) Eurosport 1 2 HGTV Netherlands Tele 5 (Germany) TLC Germany MENA Netherlands Warner TV Czech Republic Germany Comedy Film Serie Romania Travel Channel Italy Boing Boomerang Cartoon Network Cartoonito CNN International Discovery Channel DMAX Eurosport 1 2 Frisbee Giallo K2 Motor Trend Nove Real Time Warner TV Scandinavia Animal Planet Cartoon Network Cartoonito Discovery Denmark Finland Sweden Norway Eurosport 1 2 TLC Sweden Norway Travel Channel Denmark 6'eren Canal 9 Kanal 4 Kanal 5 Max Finland Frii Kutonen TV5 Kanal 5 Kanal 9 Kanal 11 Norway FEM REX Travel Channel TVNorge VOX Sweden Kanal 5 Kanal 9 Kanal 11 Iberia Boing Spain Cartoon Network Portugal Cartoonito Portugal Discovery Portugal Spain DMAX Spain TCM Spain Warner TV Spain UK & Ireland Adult Swim Animal Planet Boomerang Cartoon Network Cartoonito Discovery Discovery History Discovery Turbo DMAX Eurosport 1 Eurosport 2 Food Network HGTV Investigation Discovery Quest Quest Red Really TLC TNT Sports TNT Sports 4 TNT Sports Box Office Turkey Cartoon Network Cartoonito DMAX Eurosport 1 Eurosport 2 TLC Middle East & Africa Asharq Discovery Boing (Africa) Cartoon Network Arabic Hindi Cartoonito Toonami (Africa) TNT Africa Warner TV Defunct Boomerang Germany Boomerang Spain Cartoonito Spain Cartoon Network Spain CNN+ DTX TCM Scandinavia, Netherlands & Flanders TCM UK & Ireland TNT Benelux TNT Sweden vteTVN Warner Bros. DiscoveryHeadquarters: WarsawTV channels TVN TVN 7 TVN24 TVN24 BiS TVN Fabuła iTVN iTVN Extra TVN Style TVN Turbo TTV Food Network HGTV Travel Channel Discovery Discovery Science Animal Planet TLC Discovery Life ID DTX Discovery Historia Metro Eurosport 1 Eurosport 2 HBO HBO 2 HBO 3 Cinemax Cinemax 2 Warner TV Cartoon Network Cartoonito FAST channels TVN Rewolucje w Kuchni TVN Millionerzy TVN Kultowe Seriale TVN Rajska Miłość TVN Telenowele TVN Kryminalnie TVN Momenty Prawdy TVN Życie Jak w Bajce TVN Szpitalne Historie TVN Talk Show TVN Szkoła Życia TVN Seriale o Kobietach TVN W Domu TVN Moto TVN Usterka TVN Prawo i Życie TVN Pora na Show Online services Max Player.pl TVN24 GO TVN24.pl Kontakt 24 TVN Warszawa TVN Meteo TVN Zdrowie Other assets Platforma Canal+ Warner Bros. Entertainment Polska Former unitsfrom WB Crunchyroll DramaFever eleveneleven Hooq (17.5%) Shed Productions In2TV Midway Games New Line Home Entertainment Infinifilm Outright Distribution QuibiJV Rooster Teeth (Global Streaming & Interactive Entertainment) Shed Productions Snowblind Studios Stage 13 Surreal Software The WB The WB 100+ Station Group Warner Premiere Raw Feed Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Warner Bros. Global Kids, Young Adults and Classics Warner Independent Pictures DC Universe Warner Max Watershed Television Yalli Productions fromTurner Audience Network AT&T SportsNet Root Sports Northwest (29%) Pittsburgh SportsNet Rocky Mountain Southwest Boomerang (Germany) Boomerang (Latin America) Cable Music Channel Cartoon Network Too CNN+ CNN+ (Channel) CNNfn CNNSI CNN Airport CNX FilmStruck Game Show Network (42%) Great Big Story Hulu (10%) iStreamPlanet LazyTown Entertainment Oh!K Retro Super Deluxe Studio T Toonami Channel (Asia) Toonami India Toonami UK TNT Sweden TCM South East Asia TCM Northern Europe Turner Program Services Turner South WB Channel Woohoo (Brazil) Universal Wrestling Corporation WPCH-TV from HBO Festival HBO Boxing Pay-Per-View HBO Defined (India) HBO Downtown Productions HBO en Español HBO España HBO Hits HBO Home Entertainment HBO Independent Productions HBO Latin America Group HBO Netherlands HBO Nordic HBO Now HBO NYC Productions HBO Portugal Red by HBO Take 2 Time Life Television fromDiscovery& Scripps All3MediaJV 3netJV 7food network Animal Planet Italy Canal 8 Sport Canal+ DiscoveryJV (Poland) Discovery Channel Radio Discovery Channel Romania Discovery Civilization Discovery Digital Networks Discovery Family (France) Discovery Geschichte Discovery Health Channel Discovery Home & Health Southeast Asia UK & Ireland Discovery Kids Australia Canada Southeast Asia United Kingdom Discovery Kids on NBC Discovery Networks CEEMEA Northern Europe Discovery People Discovery Real Time France UK and Ireland Discovery Shed Discovery Showcase HD Discovery Travel & Living Europe Discovery Turbo Asia Discovery Wings Discovery World Europe DKids Dplay Eurosport 360° Eurosport 2 Xtra Portugal Eurosport DK Eurosport News Eurosport Pluss (Norway) Fine Living Europe FitTV Focus Food Network New Zealand FYI Canada GB News (minority) Great American Country Good Food GolfTV GXT Joyn PixL Quest Arabiya Ready Set Learn! SBS Radio Nordic Setanta Sports Asia VivoltaJV (France) See also AT&T's WarnerMedia Kinney National Company Time Inc. AOL Turner Broadcasting System Discovery, Inc. Discovery Holding Company Scripps Networks Interactive
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost:_Smyrna_1922
Giles Milton
["1 Biography","2 Works","3 Bibliography","3.1 Non-fiction","3.2 Novels","3.3 Children's books","4 References","5 External links"]
British writer and historian A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (December 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Giles MiltonFRHistSBorn15 January 1966Buckinghamshire, EnglandOccupationWriter, historianSubjectCold War, World War Two, Slavery, East India Company, Elizabethan and Jacobean explorationSpouseAlexandra MiltonChildrenThree daughters Giles Milton FRHistS (born 15 January 1966) is a British writer and journalist, who specialises in narrative history. He writes non-fiction, historical fiction, and children's history books, and is best known for Churchill's Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare, and Nathaniel's Nutmeg. Milton's books have sold more than one million copies in the UK, and been published in twenty-five languages. He also writes and narrates the podcast series Ministry of Secrets, produced by Somethin' Else and Sony. Biography Born in Buckinghamshire, Milton was educated at Latymer Upper School and the University of Bristol. He lives in London and Burgundy and is married to the artist and illustrator, Alexandra Milton. He has three daughters. He has been a Trustee of the London Library since 2015. Works This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Giles Milton" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Milton's Checkmate in Berlin explores post-war Berlin from 1945 to 1949, focusing on the city's division between the United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. D-Day: The Soldiers' Story focuses on the experiences of survivors during Operation Overlord, giving voice to unheard accounts. Churchill's Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare contains the story of a secret irregular warfare organization and its missions during World War II. Fascinating Footnotes From History is a collection of lesser-known stories from world history, featuring topics like Adolf Hitler's cocaine use, Josef Stalin's criminal experience, and other anecdotes about famous historical figures. The stories have been drawn from Milton's research and previously published as separate e-books. The book is available in the United States as two volumes, When Hitler Took Cocaine and Lenin Lost His Brain: History's Unknown Chapters and When Churchill Slaughtered Sheep and Stalin Robbed A Bank. Russian Roulette is a historical account of British spies who were sent to Soviet Russia after the 1917 Bolshevik revolution, aiming to thwart Lenin's plans. The book is based on previously unknown secret documents found in archives. Wolfram: The Boy Who Went to War tells the story of Wolfram Aichele, a young artist who grew up during the Third Reich. The book follows his life, including his time in the Reich Labour Service, his experiences in the war, and his time as a prisoner of war. Paradise Lost: Smyrna 1922 is a historical narrative that recounts the sacking of Smyrna (modern-day Izmir) and the subsequent population exchange between Turkey and Greece in 1922. The book makes use of unpublished diaries and letters written by Smyrna's Levantine elite to provide an impartial perspective on this event. It has been praised for its balanced approach to history and has been published in both Turkish and Greek. The narrative provides a day-by-day account of the events that took place when the Turkish army entered Smyrna, looking closely at the individuals involved and the humanitarian efforts made by American charity workers. Milton's books focus on lesser-known stories from history, chronicling the lives of extraordinary people and their exploits. His works include White Gold, which explores North African slave markets, the enslavement of white people in the 17th and 18th centuries, and the story of a young English cabin boy named Thomas Pellow; Samurai William, the historical portrayal of the life and adventures of Englishman William Adams who was shipwrecked in Japan in 1600; Big Chief Elizabeth, about English and Dutch colonial adventurers competing for control of the world supply of nutmeg in the 17th century; The Riddle and the Knight, a historical investigation into the voyages of medieval knight Sir John Mandeville through Persia, Arabia, Ethiopia, India, Sumatra, and China; and Nathaniel's Nutmeg, an account of Nathaniel Courthope's role in the 17th-century battle between the English and Dutch over nutmeg, which was highly sought after for its purported medicinal properties. Bibliography Non-fiction The Riddle and the Knight: In Search of Sir John Mandeville, 1996 ISBN 978-0340819456 Nathaniel's Nutmeg: How One Man's Courage Changed the Course of History, 1999 ISBN 978-0340696767 Big Chief Elizabeth: The Adventures and Fate of the First English Colonists in America, 2000 ISBN 978-0340748824 Samurai William: The Englishman Who Opened Japan, 2002 ISBN 978-0340794685 White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and North Africa's One Million European Slaves, 2005, Sceptre, ISBN 978-0-340-79469-2 Paradise Lost: Smyrna 1922, 2008, Sceptre, ISBN 978-0-340-83786-3 Wolfram: The Boy Who Went To War, 2011, Sceptre, ISBN 978-0-340-83788-7 Russian Roulette: A Deadly Game: How British Spies Thwarted Lenin's Global Plot, 2013, Sceptre, ISBN 978-1-444-73702-8 Fascinating Footnotes from History, 2015, John Murray. ISBN 978-1473624993 When Hitler Took Cocaine and Lenin Lost His Brain, 2016, Picador, ISBN 978-1-250-07877-3 When Churchill Slaughtered Sheep and Stalin Robbed a Bank, 2016, Picador, ISBN 978-1-250-07875-9 Churchill's Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare, 2016, John Murray. ISBN 978-1-444-79895-1 D-Day: The Soldiers' Story, 2019, John Murray. ISBN 978-1473649040 Soldier, Sailor, Frogman, Spy, Airman, Gangster, Kill or Die: How the Allies Won on D-Day, 2019, Henry Holt & Company, ISBN 978-1-250-13492-9 (paperback published as Soldier, Sailor, Frogman, Spy, 2021, ISBN 9781250134936 Checkmate Berlin: The Cold War Showdown That Shaped the Modern World, 2021, Henry Holt & Company, ISBN 9781250247568 Novels Edward Trencom's Nose: A Novel of History, Dark Intrigue, and Cheese, 2007 According to Arnold: A Novel of Love and Mushrooms, 2009 The Perfect Corpse, 2014, ISBN 978-0992897222 Children's books Call Me Gorgeous, 2009, Alexandra Milton, illustrator. Zebedee's Zoo, 2009, Kathleen McEwen, illustrator. Good Luck Baby Owls, 2012, Alexandra Milton, illustrator. Children of the Wild, 2013. References ^ Jake Kerridge (26 June 2021). "How Colonel Howlin' Mad and Brigadier Looney saved West Berlin". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 26 June 2021. ^ The Bookseller https://www.thebookseller.com/news/john-murray-signs-miltons-exhilarating-stalin-tale-1295370 ^ Distinguished Latymerians https://docplayer.net/45347177-Distinguished-latymerians.html ^ Patrons, Presidents and Trustees https://www.londonlibrary.co.uk/about-us/patron-president-trustees ^ Milton, Giles (1 June 2021). "Soldier, Sailor, Frogman, Spy". Macmillan Publishers. Retrieved 1 July 2021. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Giles Milton. The official website of Giles Milton Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Japan Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
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He lives in London and Burgundy and is married to the artist and illustrator, Alexandra Milton. He has three daughters.He has been a Trustee of the London Library[4] since 2015.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operation Overlord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Overlord"},{"link_name":"Wolfram Aichele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_Aichele"},{"link_name":"Smyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna"},{"link_name":"Thomas Pellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pellow"},{"link_name":"William Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Adams_(pilot)"}],"text":"Milton's Checkmate in Berlin explores post-war Berlin from 1945 to 1949, focusing on the city's division between the United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. D-Day: The Soldiers' Story focuses on the experiences of survivors during Operation Overlord, giving voice to unheard accounts. Churchill's Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare contains the story of a secret irregular warfare organization and its missions during World War II.Fascinating Footnotes From History is a collection of lesser-known stories from world history, featuring topics like Adolf Hitler's cocaine use, Josef Stalin's criminal experience, and other anecdotes about famous historical figures. The stories have been drawn from Milton's research and previously published as separate e-books. The book is available in the United States as two volumes, When Hitler Took Cocaine and Lenin Lost His Brain: History's Unknown Chapters and When Churchill Slaughtered Sheep and Stalin Robbed A Bank.Russian Roulette is a historical account of British spies who were sent to Soviet Russia after the 1917 Bolshevik revolution, aiming to thwart Lenin's plans. The book is based on previously unknown secret documents found in archives.Wolfram: The Boy Who Went to War tells the story of Wolfram Aichele, a young artist who grew up during the Third Reich. The book follows his life, including his time in the Reich Labour Service, his experiences in the war, and his time as a prisoner of war.Paradise Lost: Smyrna 1922 is a historical narrative that recounts the sacking of Smyrna (modern-day Izmir) and the subsequent population exchange between Turkey and Greece in 1922. The book makes use of unpublished diaries and letters written by Smyrna's Levantine elite to provide an impartial perspective on this event. It has been praised for its balanced approach to history and has been published in both Turkish and Greek. The narrative provides a day-by-day account of the events that took place when the Turkish army entered Smyrna, looking closely at the individuals involved and the humanitarian efforts made by American charity workers.Milton's books focus on lesser-known stories from history, chronicling the lives of extraordinary people and their exploits. His works include White Gold, which explores North African slave markets, the enslavement of white people in the 17th and 18th centuries, and the story of a young English cabin boy named Thomas Pellow; Samurai William, the historical portrayal of the life and adventures of Englishman William Adams who was shipwrecked in Japan in 1600; Big Chief Elizabeth, about English and Dutch colonial adventurers competing for control of the world supply of nutmeg in the 17th century; The Riddle and the Knight, a historical investigation into the voyages of medieval knight Sir John Mandeville through Persia, Arabia, Ethiopia, India, Sumatra, and China; and Nathaniel's Nutmeg, an account of Nathaniel Courthope's role in the 17th-century battle between the English and Dutch over nutmeg, which was highly sought after for its purported medicinal properties.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John 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ISBN 978-0340748824\nSamurai William: The Englishman Who Opened Japan, 2002 ISBN 978-0340794685\nWhite Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and North Africa's One Million European Slaves, 2005, Sceptre, ISBN 978-0-340-79469-2\nParadise Lost: Smyrna 1922, 2008, Sceptre, ISBN 978-0-340-83786-3\nWolfram: The Boy Who Went To War, 2011, Sceptre, ISBN 978-0-340-83788-7\nRussian Roulette: A Deadly Game: How British Spies Thwarted Lenin's Global Plot, 2013, Sceptre, ISBN 978-1-444-73702-8\nFascinating Footnotes from History, 2015, John Murray. ISBN 978-1473624993\nWhen Hitler Took Cocaine and Lenin Lost His Brain, 2016, Picador, ISBN 978-1-250-07877-3\nWhen Churchill Slaughtered Sheep and Stalin Robbed a Bank, 2016, Picador, ISBN 978-1-250-07875-9\nChurchill's Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare, 2016, John Murray. ISBN 978-1-444-79895-1\nD-Day: The Soldiers' Story, 2019, John Murray. ISBN 978-1473649040\nSoldier, Sailor, Frogman, Spy, Airman, Gangster, Kill or Die: How the Allies Won on D-Day, 2019, Henry Holt & Company, ISBN 978-1-250-13492-9 (paperback published as Soldier, Sailor, Frogman, Spy, 2021, ISBN 9781250134936 [5]\nCheckmate Berlin: The Cold War Showdown That Shaped the Modern World, 2021, Henry Holt & Company, ISBN 9781250247568","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Novels","text":"Edward Trencom's Nose: A Novel of History, Dark Intrigue, and Cheese, 2007\nAccording to Arnold: A Novel of Love and Mushrooms, 2009\nThe Perfect Corpse, 2014, ISBN 978-0992897222","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexandra Milton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Milton"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Milton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Milton"}],"sub_title":"Children's books","text":"Call Me Gorgeous, 2009, Alexandra Milton, illustrator.\nZebedee's Zoo, 2009, Kathleen McEwen, illustrator.\nGood Luck Baby Owls, 2012, Alexandra Milton, illustrator.\nChildren of the Wild, 2013.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Limardo
Rubén Limardo
["1 Olympics","2 Fencing background","3 Medal record","3.1 Olympic Games","3.2 World Championship","3.3 Pan American Championship","3.4 Grand Prix","3.5 World Cup","4 References","5 External links"]
Venezuelan fencer (born 1985) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Limardo and the second or maternal family name is Gascón. Ruben LimardoLimardo at the Masters épée 2012Personal informationBorn (1985-08-03) 3 August 1985 (age 38)Ciudad Bolívar, Bolívar, VenezuelaHeight175 cm (5 ft 9 in)Weight75 kg (165 lb)SportSportFencingWeaponÉpéeClubPiast GliwiceFIE rankingcurrent ranking Medal record Men’s épée Representing  Venezuela Olympic Games 2012 London Épée World Championships 2013 Budapest Individual 2018 Wuxi Individual 2023 Milan Team Pan American Championships 2009 San Salvador Individual 2009 San Salvador Team 2012 Cancún Team 2013 Cartagena Team 2015 Santiago Individual 2016 Panama City Team 2017 Montreal Individual 2017 Montreal Team 2019 Toronto Individual 2008 Querétaro Individual 2008 Querétaro Team 2011 Reno 2012 Cancún Individual 2015 Santiago Team 2018 Havana Individual 2018 Havana Team 2011 Reno Team 2013 Cartagena Individual] Pan American Games 2007 Rio de Janeiro Individual 2015 Toronto Individual 2015 Toronto Team 2019 Lima Individual 2007 Rio de Janeiro Team 2011 Guadalajara Individual 2011 Guadalajara Team 2019 Lima Team Central American and Caribbean Games 2010 Mayagüez Team 2006 CartagenaTeam {{{2}}} 2010 Mayagüez Individual 2006 Cartagena Individual Rubén Dario Limardo Gascón (born 3 August 1985) is a Venezuelan left-handed épée fencer, five-time team Pan American champion, four-time individual Pan American champion, three-time Olympian, and 2012 individual Olympic champion. Limardo competed in the 2012 London Olympic Games, the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games, and the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. His younger brother, Francisco, also competes in fencing on the international level. In 2015 he was elected to the National Assembly for the United Socialist Party of Venezuela. Olympics Born in Ciudad Bolívar, Limardo competed for his native country in the 2008 Olympics épée competition, placing 23rd. Limardo competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London winning a gold medal in the individual épée event at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre on 1 August, two days before his 27th birthday. He won the gold when he defeated Norway's Bartosz Piasecki 15–10 in the men's épée final, winning Venezuela's first ever fencing medal, and Latin America's first Olympic gold medal in épée in 108 years, after Ramón Fonst won the event in 1904. Limardo earned Venezuela's second gold medal in any Olympic Games with the first being at the 1968 Summer Olympic Games when Francisco Rodríguez won gold as a boxer in the light flyweight division. He competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro in the individual épée and the team épée competition. In the individual event, he was defeated by Ayman Mohamed Fayez of Egypt during the round of 32. He was the flagbearer for Venezuela during the opening ceremony. Fencing background Limardo began fencing at the age of seven, encouraged by an uncle who had discovered the sport in Hungary. He was originally a right-handed foil fencer before injury caused him to switch both hand and weapon. He was awarded the Venezuelan Order of the Liberator after winning his gold medal at the London Olympic Games. President Hugo Chávez also presented him with a gold replica of Simon Bolivar's sword encrusted with precious stones. His brother Jesús Limardo also competes in fencing competitions. He has been a member of Piast Gliwice fencing club and currently resides in Łódź, Poland. Medal record Olympic Games Year Location Event Position 2012 London, United Kingdom Individual Men's Épée 1st World Championship Year Location Event Position 2013 Budapest, Hungary Individual Men's Épée 2nd 2018 Wuxi, China Individual Men's Épée 2nd Pan American Championship Year Location Event Position 2007 Montreal, Canada Team Men's Épée 2nd 2008 Querétaro, Mexico Individual Men's Épée 2nd 2009 San Salvador, El Salvador Individual Men's Épée 1st 2009 San Salvador, El Salvador Team Men's Épée 1st 2011 Reno, Nevada Individual Men's Épée 2nd 2011 Reno, Nevada Team Men's Épée 3rd 2012 Cancún, Mexico Individual Men's Épée 2nd 2012 Cancún, Mexico Team Men's Épée 1st 2013 Cartagena, Colombia Individual Men's Épée 3rd 2013 Cartagena, Colombia Team Men's Épée 1st 2015 Santiago, Chile Individual Men's Épée 1st 2015 Santiago, Chile Team Men's Épée 2nd 2016 Panama City, Panama Team Men's Épée 1st 2017 Montreal, Canada Individual Men's Épée 1st 2017 Montreal, Canada Team Men's Épée 1st 2018 Havana, Cuba Individual Men's Épée 2nd 2018 Havana, Cuba Team Men's Épée 2nd 2019 Toronto, Canada Individual Men's Épée 1st 2022 Asunción, Paraguay Individual Men's Épée 1st 2022 Asunción, Paraguay Team Men's Épée 1st Grand Prix Date Location Event Position 2007-06-01 Montreal, Canada Individual Men's Épée 3rd 2011-02-11 Doha, Qatar Individual Men's Épée 3rd 2022-03-04 Budapest, Hungary Individual Men's Épée 1st World Cup Date Location Event Position 2006-06-23 Bogotá, Colombia Individual Men's Épée 1st 2009-06-20 Buenos Aires, Argentina Individual Men's Épée 1st 2010-02-27 Bern, Switzerland Individual Men's Épée 3rd 2010-05-07 Paris, France Individual Men's Épée 2nd 2011-03-18 Paris, France Individual Men's Épée 3rd 2013-05-24 Buenos Aires, Argentina Individual Men's Épée 1st 2015-02-13 Vancouver, Canada Individual Men's Épée 3rd 2020-02-07 Vancouver, Canada Individual Men's Épée 3rd 2021-11-19 Bern, Switzerland Individual Men's Épée 1st References ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ Archived 15 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine ^ "London Olympics: Venezuela win first gold since 1968". The Times of India. 2 August 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012. ^ "Venezuela wins first gold since 1968". Reuters. 1 August 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012. ^ "Fencer Ruben Limardo returns to hero's welcome in Venezuela". NBC Olympics. 7 August 2012. Archived from the original on 17 August 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012. ^ "Rio 2016". Rio 2016. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016. ^ "The Flagbearers for the Rio 2016 Opening Ceremony". 16 August 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016. ^ a b "Ruben Limardo Biography". fie.org. FIE. Retrieved 18 December 2015. ^ "Chavez gives symbolic sword to Venezuela fencer". NewsOK. Associated Press. 7 August 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2017. ^ "Szpadzista Piasta Gliwice Mistrzem Olimpijskim!". Retrieved 12 November 2020. ^ "Kryzys i pandemia. Mistrz olimpijski z Londynu, Ruben Limardo, rozwozi jedzenie... w Łodzi". Retrieved 12 November 2020. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 16 June 2022. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 19 June 2022. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 7 March 2022. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 21 November 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rubén Limardo. Rubén Limardo at the International Fencing Federation Rubén Limardo at the European Fencing Confederation Rubén Limardo at Olympics.com Rubén Limardo at Olympedia Olympic Games Preceded byFabiola Ramos Flagbearer for  Venezuela Rio de Janeiro 2016 Succeeded byYulimar Rojas& Antonio Díaz vteOlympic Fencing Champions in Men's Individual Épée 1900:  Ramón Fonst (CUB) 1904:  Ramón Fonst (CUB) 1908:  Gaston Alibert (FRA) 1912:  Paul Anspach (BEL) 1920:  Armand Massard (FRA) 1924:  Charles Delporte (BEL) 1928:  Lucien Gaudin (FRA) 1932:  Giancarlo Cornaggia-Medici (ITA) 1936:  Franco Riccardi (ITA) 1948:  Luigi Cantone (ITA) 1952:  Edoardo Mangiarotti (ITA) 1956:  Carlo Pavesi (ITA) 1960:  Giuseppe Delfino (ITA) 1964:  Grigory Kriss (URS) 1968:  Győző Kulcsár (HUN) 1972:  Csaba Fenyvesi (HUN) 1976:  Alexander Pusch (FRG) 1980:  Johan Harmenberg (SWE) 1984:  Philippe Boisse (FRA) 1988:  Arnd Schmitt (FRG) 1992:  Éric Srecki (FRA) 1996:  Aleksandr Beketov (RUS) 2000:  Pavel Kolobkov (RUS) 2004:  Marcel Fischer (SUI) 2008:  Matteo Tagliariol (ITA) 2012:  Rubén Limardo (VEN) 2016:  Park Sang-young (KOR) 2020:  Romain Cannone (FRA)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"épée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89p%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"fencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing"},{"link_name":"Olympian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2012 London Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2020 Tokyo Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Limardo"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)"},{"link_name":"United Socialist Party of Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Venezuelan fencer (born 1985)In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Limardo and the second or maternal family name is Gascón.Rubén Dario Limardo Gascón (born 3 August 1985) is a Venezuelan left-handed épée fencer, five-time team Pan American champion, four-time individual Pan American champion, three-time Olympian, and 2012 individual Olympic champion.[1]Limardo competed in the 2012 London Olympic Games, the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games, and the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games.His younger brother, Francisco, also competes in fencing on the international level. In 2015 he was elected to the National Assembly for the United Socialist Party of Venezuela.[2]","title":"Rubén Limardo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ciudad Bolívar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Bol%C3%ADvar"},{"link_name":"épée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89p%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"placing 23rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e#Final_classification"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"2012 Summer Olympics in London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_2012"},{"link_name":"gold medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_medal"},{"link_name":"ExCeL Exhibition Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExCeL_London"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bartosz Piasecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartosz_Piasecki"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Ramón Fonst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Fonst"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1968 Summer Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Francisco Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(boxer,_born_1945)"},{"link_name":"light flyweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_flyweight"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2016 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"individual épée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"team épée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Ayman Mohamed Fayez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayman_Mohamed_Fayez"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Born in Ciudad Bolívar, Limardo competed for his native country in the 2008 Olympics épée competition, placing 23rd.[citation needed]Limardo competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London winning a gold medal in the individual épée event at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre on 1 August, two days before his 27th birthday.[3] He won the gold when he defeated Norway's Bartosz Piasecki 15–10 in the men's épée final, winning Venezuela's first ever fencing medal, and Latin America's first Olympic gold medal in épée in 108 years, after Ramón Fonst won the event in 1904.[4]Limardo earned Venezuela's second gold medal in any Olympic Games with the first being at the 1968 Summer Olympic Games when Francisco Rodríguez won gold as a boxer in the light flyweight division.[5]He competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro in the individual épée and the team épée competition. In the individual event, he was defeated by Ayman Mohamed Fayez of Egypt during the round of 32.[6] He was the flagbearer for Venezuela during the opening ceremony.[7]","title":"Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Order of the Liberator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Liberator"},{"link_name":"Hugo Chávez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"},{"link_name":"Simon Bolivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Jesús Limardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Limardo"},{"link_name":"Gliwice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliwice"},{"link_name":"Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Limardo began fencing at the age of seven, encouraged by an uncle who had discovered the sport in Hungary.[8] He was originally a right-handed foil fencer before injury caused him to switch both hand and weapon.[8]He was awarded the Venezuelan Order of the Liberator after winning his gold medal at the London Olympic Games. President Hugo Chávez also presented him with a gold replica of Simon Bolivar's sword encrusted with precious stones.[9]His brother Jesús Limardo also competes in fencing competitions. He has been a member of Piast Gliwice fencing club and currently resides in Łódź, Poland.[10][11]","title":"Fencing background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medal record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Olympic Games","title":"Medal record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"World Championship","title":"Medal record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pan American Championship","title":"Medal record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Grand Prix","title":"Medal record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"World Cup","title":"Medal record"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://fie.org/athletes/10222","url_text":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"London Olympics: Venezuela win first gold since 1968\". The Times of India. 2 August 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/london-olympics-2012/news/London-Olympics-Venezuela-win-first-gold-since-1968/articleshow/15320614.cms","url_text":"\"London Olympics: Venezuela win first gold since 1968\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Venezuela wins first gold since 1968\". Reuters. 1 August 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/news/venezuela-wins-first-gold-since-1968-202317375--spt.html","url_text":"\"Venezuela wins first gold since 1968\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fencer Ruben Limardo returns to hero's welcome in Venezuela\". NBC Olympics. 7 August 2012. Archived from the original on 17 August 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120817001621/http://www.nbcolympics.com/news-blogs/fencing/fencer-ruben-limardo-returns-to-heros-welcome-in-venezuela.html","url_text":"\"Fencer Ruben Limardo returns to hero's welcome in Venezuela\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympics_on_NBC","url_text":"NBC Olympics"},{"url":"http://www.nbcolympics.com/news-blogs/fencing/fencer-ruben-limardo-returns-to-heros-welcome-in-venezuela.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rio 2016\". Rio 2016. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160826101729/https://www.rio2016.com/en/fencing-standings-fe-mens-epee-individual","url_text":"\"Rio 2016\""},{"url":"https://www.rio2016.com/en/fencing-standings-fe-mens-epee-individual","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Flagbearers for the Rio 2016 Opening Ceremony\". 16 August 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympic.org/news/the-flagbearers-for-the-rio-2016-opening-ceremony","url_text":"\"The Flagbearers for the Rio 2016 Opening Ceremony\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruben Limardo Biography\". fie.org. FIE. Retrieved 18 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://fie.html.infostradasports.com/cache/2/TheASP.asp@pageid%3D8937&personid%3D454659&sportid%3D208&Cache%3D2.html?182750","url_text":"\"Ruben Limardo Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chavez gives symbolic sword to Venezuela fencer\". NewsOK. Associated Press. 7 August 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsok.com/article/feed/416272","url_text":"\"Chavez gives symbolic sword to Venezuela fencer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Szpadzista Piasta Gliwice Mistrzem Olimpijskim!\". Retrieved 12 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://piast.gliwice.pl/2012/08/01/szpadzista-piast-gliwice-ma-juz-srebrny-medal-igrzysk-olimpijskich-i-walczy-o-zloto/","url_text":"\"Szpadzista Piasta Gliwice Mistrzem Olimpijskim!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kryzys i pandemia. Mistrz olimpijski z Londynu, Ruben Limardo, rozwozi jedzenie... w Łodzi\". Retrieved 12 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://sport.tvp.pl/50728362/koronawirus-i-kryzys-mistrz-olimpijski-w-szermierce-rozwozi-jedzenie-w-lodzi","url_text":"\"Kryzys i pandemia. Mistrz olimpijski z Londynu, Ruben Limardo, rozwozi jedzenie... w Łodzi\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://fie.org/competitions/2012/242?tab=results","url_text":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://fie.org/competitions/2013/242?tab=results","url_text":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://fie.org/competitions/2018/242?tab=results","url_text":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://fie.org/competitions/2007/804?tab=results","url_text":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://fie.org/competitions/2008/799?tab=results","url_text":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://fie.org/competitions/2009/799?tab=results","url_text":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://fie.org/competitions/2009/804?tab=results","url_text":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://fie.org/competitions/2011/799?tab=results","url_text":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://fie.org/competitions/2011/804?tab=resultshttps://fie.org/competitions/2011/804?tab=results","url_text":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://fie.org/competitions/2012/799?tab=results","url_text":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. 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Retrieved 24 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://fie.org/competitions/2013/804?tab=results","url_text":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://fie.org/competitions/2015/799?tab=results","url_text":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. 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Retrieved 24 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://fie.org/competitions/2018/799?tab=results","url_text":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://fie.org/competitions/2018/804?tab=results","url_text":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://fie.org/competitions/2019/799?tab=results","url_text":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 16 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://fie.org/competitions/2022/799?tab=results","url_text":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. 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Retrieved 24 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://fie.org/competitions/2011/387?tab=results","url_text":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 7 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://fie.org/competitions/2022/112","url_text":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://fie.org/competitions/2006/106?tab=results","url_text":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://fie.org/competitions/2009/111?tab=results","url_text":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://fie.org/competitions/2010/113?tab=results","url_text":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://fie.org/competitions/2010/104?tab=results","url_text":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION – The International Fencing Federation official website. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Anne_Barnard
Lady Anne Barnard
["1 Early life","2 Stay at the Cape","3 Later life","4 Other works","5 Legacy","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
Scottish travel writer, artist and socialite This article is about the Scottish writer. For the American journalist, see Anne Barnard. For the botanical illustrator, see Anne Henslow Barnard. Lady Anne BarnardBornLady Anne Lindsay(1750-12-12)12 December 1750Balcarres House, Fife, ScotlandDied6 May 1825(1825-05-06) (aged 74)London, EnglandOccupation(s)poet, visual artistNotable workAuld Robin GrayPartnerAndrew Barnard Lady Anne Barnard (née Lindsay; 8 December 1750 – 6 May 1825) was a Scottish travel writer, artist and socialite, and the author of the ballad Auld Robin Gray. Her five-year residence in Cape Town, South Africa, although brief, had a significant impact on the cultural and social life of the time. Early life From Historic Houses of South Africa by Dorothea Fairbridge An example of a drawing, of "Paradise", her South African residence Lady Anne Lindsay was born at Balcarres House in Fife, the first of nine children of Anne Lindsay (née Dalrymple) and James Lindsay, 5th Earl of Balcarres. Her mother arranged for Henrietta Cumming to be the governess to Anne and her sisters Margaret, and Elizabeth Lindsay. Anne later noted that Cumming was unusual. She refused to eat at all until she was allowed to eat with the family. She wanted to look after her charges and she was annoyed when she offered payment. Cumming (later Fordyce) served until the early 1780s. In 1793, Anne moved to London, where she met and was married to Andrew Barnard, becoming Lady Anne Barnard. Her husband was twelve years her junior and the son of Thomas Barnard, Bishop of Limerick. She later obtained from Viscount Melville an appointment for him as colonial secretary at the Cape of Good Hope, which was then under British military occupation. Stay at the Cape The Barnards travelled to the Cape in March 1797, Lady Anne remaining there until January 1802. Her letters written to Melville, then secretary for war and the colonies, and her diaries of travels into the interior have become an important source of information about the people, events and social life of the time. She is also retained in popular memory as a socialite, known for entertaining at the Castle of Good Hope as the official hostess of Earl Macartney. The remarkable series of letters, journals and drawings she produced was published in 1901 under the title South Africa a Century Ago. Later life In 1806, on the reconquest of the Cape by the British, Andrew Barnard was reappointed colonial secretary, but Anne chose to remain in London rather than accompany him to the Cape. Andrew died there in 1807, and the remainder of Anne's life was passed in London, where she died at Berkeley Square on 6 May 1825. Other works An example of her oil work, believed to depict Raby Castle in the County Palatine of Durham, seat of the Lords Barnard Lady Anne was also an accomplished artist, some of her works being included in her published accounts of life in the 18th and 19th centuries. Her works include oil paintings and drawings. The Rev. William Leeves revealed in 1812 that Auld Robin Gray had been written by her in 1772 and set to music by him. It was published anonymously in 1783, Lady Anne only acknowledging the authorship of the words two years before her death in a letter to Sir Walter Scott (1823), who subsequently edited it for the Bannatyne Club with two continuations. American composer Florence Turner-Maley used text by Lady Anne for her song "In a Garden Wild", published in 1921. Legacy Lady Anne is commemorated in several ways in Cape Town. A chamber in the Castle of Good Hope is known as "Lady Anne Barnard's Ballroom"; a road in the suburb of Newlands, where the Barnards lived, is named "Lady Anne Avenue" and a carved sculpture of her is displayed in the foyer of the civic centre in the neighbouring suburb of Claremont. The Barnards' country house, The Vineyard, survives as part of a hotel. References ^ The Claremont Clarion (June, 2010) Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ Moran, Mary Catherine (23 September 2004). "Fordyce , Henrietta (1734–1823), governess". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/65013. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 3 June 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ a b c  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Barnard, Lady Anne". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 409. This cites the memoir edited by Wilkins (see "External links"). ^ "South Africa a century ago; letters written from the Cape of Good Hope (1791-1801)". digital.library.upenn.edu. Retrieved 22 May 2019. Further reading Library resources about Lady Anne Barnard Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Lady Anne Barnard Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Stephen Taylor - Defiance: The Life and Choices of Lady Anne Barnard (Faber, 2016) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lady Anne Barnard. "Archival material relating to Lady Anne Barnard". UK National Archives. Sheet Music for Auld Robin Gray South Africa a century ago; letters written from the Cape of Good Hope (1791–1801) by Barnard, Anne Lindsay, Lady, 1750–1825, editor William Henry Wilkins. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1910 at A Celebration of Women Writers Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Australia Netherlands Artists MusicBrainz RKD Artists ULAN People Trove Other RISM SNAC IdRef
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Her five-year residence in Cape Town, South Africa, although brief, had a significant impact on the cultural and social life of the time.[1]","title":"Lady Anne Barnard"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lady_Anne_Andrew_Barnard.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dorothea Fairbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Fairbridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LadyAnneBarnardDrawing.jpg"},{"link_name":"Balcarres House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balcarres_House"},{"link_name":"Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fife"},{"link_name":"James Lindsay, 5th Earl of Balcarres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lindsay,_5th_Earl_of_Balcarres"},{"link_name":"Henrietta Cumming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Fordyce"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Thomas Barnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Barnard"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Viscount Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Dundas,_1st_Viscount_Melville"},{"link_name":"colonial secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Secretary_(British_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Cape of Good Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope"}],"text":"From Historic Houses of South Africa by Dorothea FairbridgeAn example of a drawing, of \"Paradise\", her South African residenceLady Anne Lindsay was born at Balcarres House in Fife, the first of nine children of Anne Lindsay (née Dalrymple) and James Lindsay, 5th Earl of Balcarres. Her mother arranged for Henrietta Cumming to be the governess to Anne and her sisters Margaret, and Elizabeth Lindsay. Anne later noted that Cumming was unusual. She refused to eat at all until she was allowed to eat with the family. She wanted to look after her charges and she was annoyed when she offered payment. Cumming (later Fordyce) served until the early 1780s.[2]In 1793, Anne moved to London, where she met and was married to Andrew Barnard, becoming Lady Anne Barnard. Her husband was twelve years her junior and the son of Thomas Barnard, Bishop of Limerick. She later obtained from Viscount Melville an appointment for him as colonial secretary at the Cape of Good Hope, which was then under British military occupation.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-3"},{"link_name":"Castle of Good Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_of_Good_Hope"},{"link_name":"Earl Macartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Macartney"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Barnards travelled to the Cape in March 1797, Lady Anne remaining there until January 1802.[3]Her letters written to Melville, then secretary for war and the colonies, and her diaries of travels into the interior have become an important source of information about the people, events and social life of the time. She is also retained in popular memory as a socialite, known for entertaining at the Castle of Good Hope as the official hostess of Earl Macartney.The remarkable series of letters, journals and drawings she produced was published in 1901 under the title South Africa a Century Ago.[4]","title":"Stay at the Cape"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berkeley Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Square"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-3"}],"text":"In 1806, on the reconquest of the Cape by the British, Andrew Barnard was reappointed colonial secretary, but Anne chose to remain in London rather than accompany him to the Cape. Andrew died there in 1807, and the remainder of Anne's life was passed in London, where she died at Berkeley Square on 6 May 1825.[3]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LadyAnneBarnardPainting.jpg"},{"link_name":"Raby Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raby_Castle"},{"link_name":"Lords Barnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Barnard"},{"link_name":"William Leeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Leeves"},{"link_name":"Walter Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scott"},{"link_name":"Bannatyne Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bannatyne_Club"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-3"},{"link_name":"Florence Turner-Maley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Turner-Maley"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"An example of her oil work, believed to depict Raby Castle in the County Palatine of Durham, seat of the Lords BarnardLady Anne was also an accomplished artist, some of her works being included in her published accounts of life in the 18th and 19th centuries. Her works include oil paintings and drawings.The Rev. William Leeves revealed in 1812 that Auld Robin Gray had been written by her in 1772 and set to music by him. It was published anonymously in 1783, Lady Anne only acknowledging the authorship of the words two years before her death in a letter to Sir Walter Scott (1823), who subsequently edited it for the Bannatyne Club with two continuations.[3]American composer Florence Turner-Maley used text by Lady Anne for her song \"In a Garden Wild\", published in 1921.[citation needed]","title":"Other works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Newlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newlands,_Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Claremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claremont,_Cape_Town"}],"text":"Lady Anne is commemorated in several ways in Cape Town. A chamber in the Castle of Good Hope is known as \"Lady Anne Barnard's Ballroom\"; a road in the suburb of Newlands, where the Barnards lived, is named \"Lady Anne Avenue\" and a carved sculpture of her is displayed in the foyer of the civic centre in the neighbouring suburb of Claremont. The Barnards' country house, The Vineyard, survives as part of a hotel.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Library resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library"},{"link_name":"Resources in your library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Barnard%2C+Anne+Lindsay%2C+Lady%2C+1750-1825"},{"link_name":"Resources in other libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Barnard%2C+Anne+Lindsay%2C+Lady%2C+1750-1825&library=0CHOOSE0"},{"link_name":"Online books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=&au=Barnard%2C+Anne+Lindsay%2C+Lady%2C+1750-1825&library=OLBP"},{"link_name":"Resources in your library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=&au=Barnard%2C+Anne+Lindsay%2C+Lady%2C+1750-1825"},{"link_name":"Resources in other libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=&au=Barnard%2C+Anne+Lindsay%2C+Lady%2C+1750-1825&library=0CHOOSE0"}],"text":"Library resources about Lady Anne Barnard \n\nResources in your library\nResources in other libraries\n\nBy Lady Anne Barnard\n\nOnline books\nResources in your library\nResources in other librariesStephen Taylor - Defiance: The Life and Choices of Lady Anne Barnard (Faber, 2016)","title":"Further reading"}]
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null
[{"reference":"Moran, Mary Catherine (23 September 2004). \"Fordyce [née Cumming; also Cuming, Cummyng], Henrietta (1734–1823), governess\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/65013. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 3 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-65013","url_text":"\"Fordyce [née Cumming; also Cuming, Cummyng], Henrietta (1734–1823), governess\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F65013","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/65013"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8","url_text":"978-0-19-861412-8"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Barnard, Lady Anne\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 409.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Barnard,_Lady_Anne","url_text":"Barnard, Lady Anne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"South Africa a century ago; letters written from the Cape of Good Hope (1791-1801)\". digital.library.upenn.edu. Retrieved 22 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/barnard/letters/letters.html","url_text":"\"South Africa a century ago; letters written from the Cape of Good Hope (1791-1801)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archival material relating to Lady Anne Barnard\". UK National Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F69648","url_text":"\"Archival material relating to Lady Anne Barnard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"UK National Archives"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MANET_database
MANET database
["1 External links","2 References"]
Bioinformatics database The Molecular Ancestry Network (MANET) database is a bioinformatics database that maps evolutionary relationships of protein architectures directly onto biological networks. It was originally developed by Hee Shin Kim, Jay E. Mittenthal and Gustavo Caetano-Anolles in the Department of Crop Sciences of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. MANET traces for example the ancestry of individual metabolic enzymes in metabolism with bioinformatic, phylogenetic, and statistical methods. MANET currently links information in the Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database, the metabolic pathways database of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and phylogenetic reconstructions describing the evolution of protein fold architecture at a universal level. The database has been updated to reflect evolution of metabolism at the level of protein fold families. MANET literally "paints" the ancestries of enzymes derived from rooted phylogenetic trees directly onto over one hundred metabolic pathways representations, paying homage to one of the fathers of impressionism. It also provides numerous functionalities that enable searching specific protein folds with defined ancestry values, displaying the distribution of enzymes that are painted, and exploring quantitative details describing individual protein folds. This permits the study of global and local metabolic network architectures, and the extraction of evolutionary patterns at global and local levels. A statistical analysis of the data in MANET showed for example a patchy distribution of ancestry values assigned to protein folds in each subnetwork, indicating that evolution of metabolism occurred globally by widespread recruitment of enzymes. MANET was used recently to sort out enzymatic recruitment processes in metabolic networks and propose that modern metabolism originated in the purine nucleotide metabolic subnetwork. The database is useful for the study of metabolic evolution. External links Molecular Ancestry Network (MANET) database References ^ "Molecular Ancestry Network, University of Illinois". www.manet.uiuc.edu. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2022. ^ a b Kim HS, Mittenthal JE, Caetano-Anolles G (2006). "MANET:tracing evolution of protein architecture in metabolic networks". BMC Bioinformatics. 7: 351. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-7-351. PMC 1559654. PMID 16854231. ^ Caetano-Anolles G, Caetano-Anolles D (2003). "An evolutionarily structured universe of protein architecture". Genome Res. 13 (7): 1563–71. doi:10.1101/gr.1161903. PMC 403752. PMID 12840035. ^ Mughal F, Caetano-Anolles G (2019). "MANET 3.0: Hierarchy and modularity in evolving metabolic networks". PLOS ONE. 14 (10): e0224201. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1424201M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224201. PMC 6812854. PMID 31648227. ^ Caetano-Anolles G, Kim HS, Mittenthal JE (2007). "The origin of modern metabolic networks inferred from phylogenomic analysis of protein architecture". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 104 (22): 9358–63. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.9358C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0701214104. PMC 1890499. PMID 17517598.
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_House_(Quebec)
Government House (Quebec)
["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 46°47′20″N 71°14′24″W / 46.788888900000074°N 71.23999999999995°W / 46.788888900000074; -71.23999999999995Official residence in Quebec from 1870 to 1966 This article is about the provincial Government House of Quebec. For the federal Government House in Quebec, see Citadelle of Quebec. Spencer Wood, the former official residence of the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec. Quebec's Government House, known as Spencer Wood, was the viceregal residence of Quebec. It was built in 1854. Located at Bois-de-Coulonge Park (upstream of the Plains of Abraham and overlooking Anse-au-Foulon) in Sillery, it was purchased by the Quebec government in 1870, and served as the residence of Quebec lieutenant governors until 1966, when a major fire destroyed the main residence. History Originally, the residence of the governor of New France was at the Château St-Louis, in the capital, Quebec City. The monarch's representative continues to work and reside in that city; however, like Ontario, Quebec no longer has an official Government House, after Spencer Wood burned down in 1966. Instead the governor holds an office and a suite of rooms for entertaining near the Parliament Building. From 1867 to 1881 lieutenant governors of Quebec maintained a separate working office at the Maison Sewell, after which it was moved to the old parliament buildings. It remained there until 1979 when the office moved again to the Édifice André-Laurendeau, where all the fittings and furniture were brought to from the former location. Inside are reception rooms, offices and support facilities. The royal suite is the site of swearing-in ceremonies for Cabinet ministers, where royal assent is granted, and where the lieutenant governor receives the premier. Whenever the sovereign or other members of the Royal Family are in the provincial capital, the lieutenant governor resides at a hotel, usually the Château Frontenac. The history of this park goes back at the very start of the French regime in 1633, when Louis d'Ailleboust de Coulonge, third governor of New France, occupied it. This estate and several other properties of the governor became one large estate (much larger than today’s park) on 9 April 1657 and was named the châtellenie of Coulonge. It was after his death that the estate was sold to the sisters of the Augustine order the Hôtel-Dieu, and on 12 May 1676, the Quebec Seminary acquired the property. After the British conquest, the seminary, not having enough funds, sold one of the lots in 1780 to an English officer, Henry Watson Powell, who named this area Powell Place. To create comfortable living quarters, he had a villa, greenhouses and trails built. The park again changed its name in 1811, when Michael Henry Perceval became owner and called it Spencer Wood. However, its splendour today is owed in part to Henry Atkinson, who bought this land in 1833. With his gardener, he created an English-style garden with elms, oaks and trails. Without an owner in 1854, the estate was divided into several sections and the most imposing lot was bought by the government of the Province of Canada to house the governor general. Six years later, a fire completely destroyed the governor general’s residence. The house was rebuilt in 1862, with a castle-like length of 56 metres (184 ft), a servant’s wing, and a winter garden. In 1870, Spencer Wood was sold to the province of Quebec and was then home to the lieutenant governor. A few modifications were made throughout the years, namely the fountain that we see today. The Spencer Wood estate was renamed Bois-de-Coulonge in 1950. In total, 21 lieutenant governors succeeded each other at this estate and the last one, Paul Comtois, died in the fire which destroyed the house on 21 February 1966, while trying to save the Blessed Sacrament from the private chapel. It was in 1986, after the estate was abandoned, that restoration was undertaken. Finally, the National Capital Commission of Quebec became its owner in 1996. Bois-de-Coulonge Park See also Government Houses of Canada Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth Lieutenant Governor of Quebec References ^ "Parc du Bois-de-Coulonge — EKHSW". Canadian Geographical Names Database. Natural Resources Canada. 1980-10-02. Retrieved 2018-10-11. ^ a b "Site du Lieutenant-gouverneur du Québec — Residence". www.lieutenant-gouverneur.qc.ca. Retrieved 2018-11-22. ^ Lieutenant-gouverneur du Québec: Album de photographies Archived 2005-03-25 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c d e f g h i j "L'HISTOIRE DU PARC DU BOIS-DE-COULONGE". Commission de la capitale nationale du Québec (in Canadian French). Retrieved 2018-11-22. ^ a b c d e "DE SPENCER WOOD À BOIS DE COULONGE : UN SPICILÈGE-TÉMOIN" (PDF). Société historique de Québec (in Canadian French) (published 2017). 2016. Retrieved 2018-11-22. External links Media related to Spencer Wood at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Parc du Bois-de-Coulonge at Wikimedia Commons Official website (in French) Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Vatican vteOfficial residences of CanadaFederalGovernor General Rideau Hall, Ottawa La Citadelle, Quebec City Prime Minister 24 Sussex Drive, Ottawa Harrington Lake, Gatineau Park Rideau Cottage, Ottawa (temporary) Leader of the Opposition Stornoway, Ottawa Speaker of the House The Farm, Gatineau Park State guest house 7 Rideau Gate, Ottawa ProvincialResidencesof thelieutenantgovernorsBritish Columbia Government House, Victoria Manitoba Government House, Winnipeg Newfoundland and Labrador Government House, St. John's New Brunswick Government House, Fredericton Nova Scotia Government House, Halifax Prince Edward Island Government House, Charlottetown Former Government House, Edmonton Government House, Regina Government House, Toronto Government House, Quebec City The Monklands, Montreal See: Government Houses in Canada 46°47′20″N 71°14′24″W / 46.788888900000074°N 71.23999999999995°W / 46.788888900000074; -71.23999999999995
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Citadelle of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadelle_of_Quebec"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:06M_P16S4D19P029.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Governor of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"viceregal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EKHSW-1"},{"link_name":"Plains of Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains_of_Abraham"},{"link_name":"Anse-au-Foulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anse-au-Foulon"},{"link_name":"Sillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sillery,_Quebec_City"},{"link_name":"Quebec lieutenant governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG-2"}],"text":"Official residence in Quebec from 1870 to 1966This article is about the provincial Government House of Quebec. For the federal Government House in Quebec, see Citadelle of Quebec.Spencer Wood, the former official residence of the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec.Quebec's Government House, known as Spencer Wood, was the viceregal residence of Quebec. It was built in 1854. Located at Bois-de-Coulonge Park[1] (upstream of the Plains of Abraham and overlooking Anse-au-Foulon) in Sillery, it was purchased by the Quebec government in 1870, and served as the residence of Quebec lieutenant governors until 1966, when a major fire destroyed the main residence.[2]","title":"Government House (Quebec)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_France"},{"link_name":"Château St-Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_St-Louis"},{"link_name":"Quebec City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Government House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_House"},{"link_name":"Parliament Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_Building_(Quebec)"},{"link_name":"Édifice André-Laurendeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89difice_Andr%C3%A9-Laurendeau"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cabinet ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"royal assent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_assent"},{"link_name":"premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"sovereign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Sovereign"},{"link_name":"Royal Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Royal_Family"},{"link_name":"Château Frontenac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Frontenac"},{"link_name":"Louis d'Ailleboust de Coulonge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_d%27Ailleboust_de_Coulonge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCNQ-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ShQ-5"},{"link_name":"châtellenie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2telain"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCNQ-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ShQ-5"},{"link_name":"Augustine order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augustine_order&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCNQ-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ShQ-5"},{"link_name":"Henry Watson Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Watson_Powell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCNQ-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ShQ-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCNQ-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ShQ-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCNQ-4"},{"link_name":"Province of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"governor general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_general"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCNQ-4"},{"link_name":"lieutenant governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCNQ-4"},{"link_name":"Paul Comtois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Comtois"},{"link_name":"Blessed Sacrament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blessed_Sacrament"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCNQ-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCNQ-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qu%C3%A9bec-Bois_de_Coulonge-fleuve.JPG"}],"text":"Originally, the residence of the governor of New France was at the Château St-Louis, in the capital, Quebec City. The monarch's representative continues to work and reside in that city; however, like Ontario, Quebec no longer has an official Government House, after Spencer Wood burned down in 1966. Instead the governor holds an office and a suite of rooms for entertaining near the Parliament Building.From 1867 to 1881 lieutenant governors of Quebec maintained a separate working office at the Maison Sewell, after which it was moved to the old parliament buildings. It remained there until 1979 when the office moved again to the Édifice André-Laurendeau, where all the fittings and furniture were brought to from the former location.[3] Inside are reception rooms, offices and support facilities. The royal suite is the site of swearing-in ceremonies for Cabinet ministers, where royal assent is granted, and where the lieutenant governor receives the premier. Whenever the sovereign or other members of the Royal Family are in the provincial capital, the lieutenant governor resides at a hotel, usually the Château Frontenac.The history of this park goes back at the very start of the French regime in 1633, when Louis d'Ailleboust de Coulonge, third governor of New France, occupied it.[4][5] This estate and several other properties of the governor became one large estate (much larger than today’s park) on 9 April 1657 and was named the châtellenie of Coulonge.[4][5] It was after his death that the estate was sold to the sisters of the Augustine order the Hôtel-Dieu, and on 12 May 1676, the Quebec Seminary acquired the property.[4][5]After the British conquest, the seminary, not having enough funds, sold one of the lots in 1780 to an English officer, Henry Watson Powell, who named this area Powell Place.[4][5] To create comfortable living quarters, he had a villa, greenhouses and trails built. The park again changed its name in 1811, when Michael Henry Perceval became owner and called it Spencer Wood.[4][5] However, its splendour today is owed in part to Henry Atkinson, who bought this land in 1833.[4] With his gardener, he created an English-style garden with elms, oaks and trails. Without an owner in 1854, the estate was divided into several sections and the most imposing lot was bought by the government of the Province of Canada to house the governor general.[4]Six years later, a fire completely destroyed the governor general’s residence. The house was rebuilt in 1862, with a castle-like length of 56 metres (184 ft), a servant’s wing, and a winter garden. In 1870, Spencer Wood was sold to the province of Quebec and was then home to the lieutenant governor. A few modifications were made throughout the years, namely the fountain that we see today. The Spencer Wood estate was renamed Bois-de-Coulonge in 1950.[4] In total, 21 lieutenant governors succeeded each other at this estate and the last one, Paul Comtois, died in the fire which destroyed the house on 21 February 1966, while trying to save the Blessed Sacrament from the private chapel.[4][2] It was in 1986, after the estate was abandoned, that restoration was undertaken. Finally, the National Capital Commission of Quebec became its owner in 1996.[4]Bois-de-Coulonge Park","title":"History"}]
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[{"title":"Government Houses of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Houses_of_Canada"},{"title":"Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Houses_of_the_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth"},{"title":"Lieutenant Governor of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Quebec"}]
[{"reference":"\"Parc du Bois-de-Coulonge — EKHSW\". Canadian Geographical Names Database. Natural Resources Canada. 1980-10-02. Retrieved 2018-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://geogratis.gc.ca/services/geoname/en/geonames/EKHSW.html","url_text":"\"Parc du Bois-de-Coulonge — EKHSW\""}]},{"reference":"\"Site du Lieutenant-gouverneur du Québec — Residence\". www.lieutenant-gouverneur.qc.ca. Retrieved 2018-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lieutenant-gouverneur.qc.ca/roles-et-fonctions/residence-en.asp","url_text":"\"Site du Lieutenant-gouverneur du Québec — Residence\""}]},{"reference":"\"L'HISTOIRE DU PARC DU BOIS-DE-COULONGE\". Commission de la capitale nationale du Québec (in Canadian French). Retrieved 2018-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.capitale.gouv.qc.ca/parcs-et-places-publiques/parcs/parc-du-bois-de-coulonge/historique","url_text":"\"L'HISTOIRE DU PARC DU BOIS-DE-COULONGE\""}]},{"reference":"\"DE SPENCER WOOD À BOIS DE COULONGE : UN SPICILÈGE-TÉMOIN\" (PDF). Société historique de Québec (in Canadian French) (published 2017). 2016. Retrieved 2018-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://societehistoriquedequebec.qc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/bois-de-coulonge.pdf","url_text":"\"DE SPENCER WOOD À BOIS DE COULONGE : UN SPICILÈGE-TÉMOIN\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubeykino
Bubeykino
["1 Geography","2 References"]
Village in Vologda Oblast, RussiaBubeykino БубейкиноVillageBubeykinoShow map of Vologda OblastBubeykinoShow map of RussiaCoordinates: 58°45′N 40°51′E / 58.750°N 40.850°E / 58.750; 40.850CountryRussiaRegionVologda OblastDistrictGryazovetsky DistrictTime zoneUTC+3:00 Bubeykino (Russian: Бубейкино) is a rural locality (a village) in Sidorovskoye Rural Settlement, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 8 as of 2002. Geography Bubeykino is located 47 km southeast of Gryazovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Markashovo is the nearest rural locality. References ^ Деревня Бубейкино на карте ^ Данные переписи 2002 года: таблица 2С. М.: Федеральная служба государственной статистики, 2004. ^ Расстояние от Бубейкина до Грязовеца vteRural localities in Gryazovetsky District 18 km Abanino Agrafenka Akinfovitsa Aleksino Anankino Andrakovo Anninskoye Anokhino Anopino Anosovo Antipino Arefino Arkatovo Arsenka Artemovo Baksheyka Bakshino Balagurovo Barskoye Barskoye-Syrishchevo Basarigino Batovo Bekrenevo Bel Belovo Blazny Bogdanovo Bokotovo Bolshiye Dvorishcha Bolshoy Dor Bolshoye Brodino Bolshoye Denisyevo Bolshoye Kosikovo Bolshoye Kostino Bolshoye Zaymishche Bubeykino Burtsevo Bushuikha Bushuikha Chagrino Chernava Chernetskoye Chernitsyno Chernogubovo Chistopyanovo Chukharitsa Chuprovo Chuvaksino Demyankovo Demyanovo Devyat Izb Dikarevo Dolotovo Dresvishche Dubovka Dudenevo Dvorets Dyadinskoye Dyakonovo Dyakovo Dyukosovo Fedorkovo Fedyaykino Fetinino Filippovo Fomskoye Frol Galkino Gari Gavrakovo Gerasimovo Golubkovo Gora Goritsy Gorka Ileykino Ilyinskoye Isady Isakovo Ivnyak Ivonino Iyevlevo Kalinkino Kameshnik Kanevo Kargino Kashino Kastikha Kelyino Khaymino Khlebnikovo Khlyzino Khoroshevo Khudynino Khvastovo Kirpichnoye Kirpichny Zavod Kiselevo Klikunovo Klimkovo Klobukino Knyazevo Kobyakovo Kolotilikha Konstantinovo Korbino Kornilyevo Kornilyevskaya Sloboda Korotygino Koryuchevo Kosarovo Koshkino Kostino Krasnoye Krestovka Krivodino Krutets Kuksimovo Kurapovo Kurochkino Kuzemkino Lezha Loginovo Lomok Lukyanovo Lupochino Lyabzunka Maklakovo Maksimovitsa Markashovo Martyakovo Martynovo Mikhalevo Mikhalkovo Minkino Mishutino Mokeyevo Mukhino Munikovo Muravyovo Myasnikovka Myasnikovo Nadorozhny Lipovik Nazarka Nekhotovo Neklyudovo Nikola-Penye Nikulkino Nikultsevo Nizhnyaya Pustyn Nizovka Novoye Novoye-na-Lukhte Novy Dor Oberikha Obnorskaya Sloboda Obraztsovo Obukhovo Okhlyuyevo Ostanino Ovinishcha Palkino Paltsevo Panfilovo Pankratovo Panovo Parshino Pavlovskoye Peredkovo Pirogovo Piterimka Ploskoye Plyushchevo Podberezhsky Podkamenka Pogiblovo Polovoz Poltinino Polukhino Polushkino Popovkino Popovo Posyolok Lnozavoda Prokopyevo Putilovo Puzovo Ragozino Rakovo Ramenye Remennikovo Rodionovo Rostilovo Ryabinovka Rzhishcha Savkino Sementsevo Semeykino Senga Serezhino Shaldanovo Shemeykino Shepyakovo Shevyakovo Shilmyashevo Shirakovo Shnyakino Shushukovo Sidorovo Sidorovskoye Silifonovo Sitnikovo Skalino Skalino Slobodishcha Sopelkino Spas-Nurma Spasskoye Stanovishchevo Stary Dor Stepanovo Stepkovo Stepurino Stroyevo Studenets Suvorkovo Suvorovo Svinino Svistunovo Sychevo Tarasovo Tarshino Telebino Tretnikovo Troitskoye Tselennikovo Tsepelka Tufanovo Tufanovo Uglentsevo Ulyanovka Vaganovo Vanchino Varaksino Vasilevo Vasilyevka Vasyukovo Vederkovo Velikoretsky Lipovik Verkhnyaya Pustyn Vislyakovo Vokhtoga Volnoye-Syrishchevo Volotskoy Volynevo Voronino Voskresenskoye Vostorgsky Vosya Vosya Vozdvizhenskoye Voznesenye Vyborovo Vysokovo Yelkhovka Yelnik Yermolino Yesyutkino Yevdokimovo Yevsyukovo Yudino Yunosheskoye Yurovo Zadorka Zakharovo Zasechnoye Zayemye Zazholka Zhelominino Zhernokovo Zimnyak Zvyaglovka This Gryazovetsky District location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"rural locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Gryazovetsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryazovetsky_District"},{"link_name":"Vologda Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Bubeykino (Russian: Бубейкино) is a rural locality (a village) in Sidorovskoye Rural Settlement, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 8 as of 2002.[2]","title":"Bubeykino"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gryazovets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryazovets"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Bubeykino is located 47 km southeast of Gryazovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Markashovo is the nearest rural locality.[3]","title":"Geography"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrymailiv_settlement_hromada
Hrymailiv settlement hromada
["1 History","2 Settlements","3 References"]
Coordinates: 49°19′43″N 26°00′33″E / 49.32861°N 26.00917°E / 49.32861; 26.00917Hromada in Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine Hromada in Ternopil Oblast, UkraineHrymailiv settlement hromada Гримайлівська селищна громадаhromadaHrymailiv settlement hromadaShow map of Ternopil OblastHrymailiv settlement hromadaShow map of UkraineCoordinates: 49°19′43″N 26°00′33″E / 49.32861°N 26.00917°E / 49.32861; 26.00917Country UkraineOblast Ternopil OblastRaionChortkiv RaionAdministrative centerHrymailivGovernment • Hromada headMykola SidliarArea • Total339.9 km2 (131.2 sq mi)Population (2022) • Total9,334Urban-type settlement1Villages24Websitegrymaylivska-gromada.gov.ua Hrymailiv settlement hromada (Ukrainian: Гримайлівська селищна територіальна громада, romanized: Hrymailivska selyshchna terytorialna hromada is a hromada in Ukraine, in Chortkiv Raion of Ternopil Oblast. The administrative center is the urban-type settlement of Hrymailiv. Its population is 9,334 (2022 estimate) History It was formed on 2 September 2016 by the merger of Hrymailiv settlement council and Lezhanivka village council of Husiatyn Raion. Settlements The hromada consists of 1 urban-type settlement (Hrymailiv) and 24 villages: Bilynivka Butsyky Vikno Volytsia Hlibiv Zelene Kalaharivka Kozyna Kokoshyntsi Krasne Krutyliv Kut Lezhanivka Mala Luka Mali Birky Monastyrykha Novosilka Olenivka Paivka Piznanka Rashtivtsi Sadzhivka Stavky Tovste References ^ Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022. ^ ВВРУ, 2017, № 9, s. 35 ^ Лист Тернопільської ОДА від 16 грудня 2020 року № 04-8690/42 vteAdministrative divisions of Ternopil OblastAdministrative center: TernopilRaions Chortkiv Kremenets Ternopil Hromadas Baikivtsi Berezhany Bila Bilche-Zolote Bilobozhnytsia Borshchiv Borsuky‎ Buchach Chortkiv Hrymailiv Husiatyn Ivane-Puste Ivanivka Khorostkiv Kolyndiany Kopychyntsi Koropets Kozliv Kozova Kremenets Kupchyntsi Lanivtsi Lopushne Melnytsia-Podilska Monastyryska Mykulyntsi Nahirianka Naraiv Ozerna Pidhaitsi Pidhorodne Pidvolochysk Pochaiv Saranchuky Shumsk Skala-Podilska Skalat Skoryky Terebovlia Ternopil Tovste Trybukhivtsi Vasylkivtsi Velyka Berezovytsia Velyki Birky Velyki Dederkaly Velyki Hayi Vyshnivets Zalishchyky Zaliztsi Zavodske Zbarazh Zboriv Zolotnyky‎ Zolotyi Potik Cities Berezhany Borshchiv Buchach Chortkiv Khorostkiv Kopychyntsi Kremenets Lanivtsi Monastyryska Pidhaitsi Pochaiv Shumsk Skalat Terebovlia Ternopil Zalishchyky Zbarazh Zboriv
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian"},{"link_name":"hromada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hromada"},{"link_name":"Chortkiv Raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chortkiv_Raion"},{"link_name":"Ternopil Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternopil_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Hrymailiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrymailiv"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ua2022estimate-1"}],"text":"Hromada in Ternopil Oblast, UkraineHromada in Ternopil Oblast, UkraineHrymailiv settlement hromada (Ukrainian: Гримайлівська селищна територіальна громада, romanized: Hrymailivska selyshchna terytorialna hromada is a hromada in Ukraine, in Chortkiv Raion of Ternopil Oblast. The administrative center is the urban-type settlement of Hrymailiv. Its population is 9,334 (2022 estimate)[1]","title":"Hrymailiv settlement hromada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"It was formed on 2 September 2016 by the merger of Hrymailiv settlement council and Lezhanivka village council of Husiatyn Raion.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hrymailiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrymailiv"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bilynivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilynivka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Butsyky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Butsyky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vikno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikno,_Ternopil_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Volytsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volytsia,_Hrymailiv_settlement_hromada,_Chortkiv_Raion,_Ternopil_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hlibiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hlibiv,_Ternopil_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zelene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zelene,_Hrymailiv_settlement_hromada,_Chortkiv_Raion,_Ternopil_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kalaharivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalaharivka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kozyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozyna,_Ternopil_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Kokoshyntsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kokoshyntsi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Krasne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krasne,_Ternopil_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Krutyliv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krutyliv&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kut,_Ternopil_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lezhanivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lezhanivka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mala Luka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mala_Luka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mali Birky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mali_Birky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Monastyrykha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monastyrykha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Novosilka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Novosilka,_Hrymailiv_settlement_hromada,_Chortkiv_Raion,_Ternopil_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olenivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olenivka,_Ternopil_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paivka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Piznanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piznanka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rashtivtsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rashtivtsi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sadzhivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sadzhivka,_Hrymailiv_settlement_hromada,_Chortkiv_Raion,_Ternopil_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stavky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stavky,_Hrymailiv_settlement_hromada,_Chortkiv_Raion,_Ternopil_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tovste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tovste_(village)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The hromada consists of 1 urban-type settlement (Hrymailiv) and 24 villages:[3]Bilynivka\nButsyky\nVikno\nVolytsia\nHlibiv\nZelene\nKalaharivka\nKozyna\nKokoshyntsi\nKrasne\nKrutyliv\nKut\nLezhanivka\nMala Luka\nMali Birky\nMonastyrykha\nNovosilka\nOlenivka\nPaivka\nPiznanka\nRashtivtsi\nSadzhivka\nStavky\nTovste","title":"Settlements"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://db.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/ukr/publ_new1/2022/zb_%D0%A1huselnist.pdf","url_text":"Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Statistics_Service_of_Ukraine","url_text":"State Statistics Service of Ukraine"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220704164521/https://ukrstat.gov.ua/druk/publicat/kat_u/2022/zb/05/zb_%D0%A1huselnist.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1990
List of foreign ministers in 1990
["1 Africa","2 Asia","3 Australia and Oceania","4 Europe","5 North America and the Caribbean","6 South America"]
This is a list of foreign ministers in 1990. Africa Flag Country Foreign minister Term Algeria Sid Ahmed Ghozali 1989-1991 Angola Pedro de Castro van Dúnem 1989-1992 Benin Daniel TawémaThéophile Nata 1989-19901990-1991 Botswana Gaositwe K.T. Chiepe 1985-1994 Burkina Faso Prosper Vokouma 1989-1992 Burundi Cyprien Mbonimpa 1987-1992 Cameroon Jacques-Roger Booh-Booh 1988-1992 Cape Verde Silvino Manuel da Luz 1981-1991 Central African Republic Michel Gbezera-BriaLaurent Gomina-Pampali 1988-19901990-1992 Chad Acheikh ibn OumarSoungui Ahmad 1989-19901990-1992 Comoros Said KafeMtara Maécha 1982-19901990-1991 Congo Antoine Ndinga Oba 1985-1991 Côte d'Ivoire Siméon AkéAmara Essy 1977-19901990-2000 Djibouti Moumin Bahdon Farah 1978-1993 Egypt Ahmed Asmat Abdel-Meguid 1984-1991 Equatorial Guinea Marcelino Nguema OngueneSantiago Eneme Ovono 1983-19901990-1992 Ethiopia Tesfaye Dinka 1989-1991 Gabon Ali Bongo Ondimba 1989-1991 The Gambia Omar Sey 1987-1994 Ghana Obed Asamoah 1981-1997 Guinea Jean Traoré 1985-1993 Guinea-Bissau Júlio Semedo 1984-1992 Kenya Robert OukoWilson Ndolo Ayah 1988-19901990-1993 Lesotho Thaabe LetsieTom Thabane 1988-19901990-1991 Liberia J. Rudolph JohnsonGabriel Bacchus Matthews 1987-19901990-1993 Libya Jadallah Azzuz at-TalhiIbrahim al-Bishari 1987-19901990-1992 Madagascar Jean Bemananjara 1983-1991 Malawi Hastings Banda 1964-1993 Mali N'Golo Traoré 1989-1991 Mauritania Sid'Ahmed Ould Baba Hasni Ould Didi 1989-19901990-1992 Mauritius Sir Satcam BoolellMadan DullooJean-Claude de l'Estrac 1986-199019901990-1991 Morocco Abdellatif Filali 1985-1999 Mozambique Pascoal Mocumbi 1987-1994 Namibia Theo-Ben Gurirab 1990-2002 Niger Mahamane Sani Bako 1989-1991 Nigeria Rilwanu LukmanIke Nwachukwu 1989-19901990-1993 Rwanda Casimir Bizimungu 1989-1992 São Tomé and Príncipe Carlos GraçaGuilherme Posser da Costa 1988-19901990-1991 Senegal Ibrahima FallSeydina Oumar Sy 1984-19901990-1991 Seychelles Danielle de St. Jorre 1989-1997 Sierra Leone Abdul Karim Koroma 1985-1992 Somalia Abdirahman Jama BarreAli Ahmed Jama JangaliAhmed Muhammad Aden 1989-199019901990-1991 South Africa Pik Botha 1977-1994 Sudan Ali Sahloul 1989-1993 Swaziland Sir George Mbikwakhe Mamba 1987-1993 Tanzania Benjamin MkapaAhmed Hassan Diria 1984-19901990-1993 Togo Yaovi Adodo 1987-1991 Tunisia Abdelhamid EscheikhIsmail KhelilHabib Boularès 1988-199019901990-1991 Uganda Paul Ssemogerere 1988-1994 Western Sahara Mohamed Salem Ould Salek 1988-1995 Zaire Jean Nguza Karl-i-BondMushobekwa Kalimba Wa Katana 1988-19901990-1991 Zambia Luke MwananshikuBenjamin Mibenge 1986-19901990-1991 Zimbabwe Nathan Shamuyarira 1987-1995 Asia Flag Country Foreign minister Term Afghanistan Abdul Wakil 1986-1992 Bahrain Sheikh Muhammad ibn Mubarak ibn Hamad Al Khalifah 1971-2005 Bangladesh Anisul Islam MahmudFakhruddin Ahmed 1988-19901990-1991 Bhutan Dawa Tsering 1972-1998 Brunei Pengiran Muda Mohamed Bolkiah 1984–2015 Cambodia Hun SenHor Namhong 1987-19901990-1993 China (People's Republic) Qian Qichen 1988-1998 India I. K. GujralVidya Charan Shukla 1989-19901990-1991 Indonesia Ali Alatas 1988-1999 Iran Ali Akbar Velayati 1981-1997 Iraq Tariq Aziz 1983-1991 Israel Moshe ArensDavid Levy 1988-19901990-1992 Japan Taro Nakayama 1989-1991 Jordan Marwan al-Qasim 1988-1991 North Korea Kim Yong-nam 1983-1998 South Korea Choe Ho-jungYi Sang-ok 1988-19901990-1993 Kuwait Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah 1978-2003 Laos Phoune Sipraseuth 1975-1993 Lebanon Selim HossFarès Boueiz 1987-19901990-1992 Malaysia Abu Hassan Omar 1987-1991 Maldives Fathulla Jameel 1978-2005 Mongolia Tserenpiliin Gombosüren 1988-1996 Myanmar Saw Maung 1988-1991 Nepal Shailendra Kumar UpadhyayaHari Bahadur BasnetPashupati Shamsher Jang Bahadur RanaKrishna Prasad Bhattarai 1986-1990199019901990-1991 Oman Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah 1982–2020 Pakistan Sahabzada Yaqub Khan 1988-1991 Philippines Raul Manglapus 1987-1992 Qatar Abdullah ibn Khalifa al-AttiyahMubarak Ali al-Khater 1989-19901990-1992 Saudi Arabia Prince Saud bin Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud 1975–2015 Singapore Wong Kan Seng 1988-1994 Sri Lanka Ranjan WijeratneHarold Herath 1989-19901990-1993 Syria Farouk al-Sharaa 1984-2006 Taiwan (Republic of China) Lien ChanFredrick Chien 1988-19901990-1996 Thailand Siddhi SavetsilaSubin PinkayanArthit Ourairat 1980-199019901990-1991 Turkey Mesut YılmazAli BozerAhmet Kurtcebe Alptemoçin 1987-199019901990-1991 United Arab Emirates Rashid Abdullah Al Nuaimi 1980-2006 Vietnam Nguyễn Cơ Thạch 1980-1991 Yemen Abdul Aziz al-DaliAbd Al-Karim Al-Iryani South Yemen, 1982-1990North Yemen, 1984–1990; unified Yemen 1990-1993 Australia and Oceania Flag Country Foreign minister Term Australia Gareth Evans 1988-1996 Fiji Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara 1988-1992 Kiribati Ieremia Tabai 1983-1991 Marshall Islands Tom Kijiner 1988-1994 Micronesia Andon Amaraich 1979-1991 Nauru Bernard Dowiyogo 1989-1995 New ZealandCook Islands Russell MarshallMike MooreDon McKinnonInatio Akaruru 1987-199019901990-19991989-1999 Papua New Guinea Sir Michael Somare 1988-1992 Solomon Islands Sir Baddeley DevesiSir Peter Kenilorea 1989-19901990-1993 Tonga Prince Tupouto'a Tungi 1979-1998 Tuvalu Bikenibeu Paeniu 1989-1993 Vanuatu Donald Kalpokas 1987-1991 Western Samoa Tofilau Eti Alesana 1988-1998 Europe Flag Country Foreign minister Term Albania Reiz Malile 1982-1991 Austria Alois Mock 1987-1995 BelgiumBrussels-Capital RegionWallonia Mark EyskensJos ChabertAlbert Liénard 1989-19921989-19991988-1992 Bulgaria Boiko DimitrovLyuben GotsevViktor Valkov 1989-199019901990-1991 CyprusNorthern Cyprus Georgios IacovouKenan Atakol 1983-19931985-1993 Czechoslovakia Jiří Dienstbier 1989-1992 Denmark Uffe Ellemann-Jensen 1982-1993 Finland Pertti Paasio 1989-1991 France Roland Dumas 1988-1993 East Germany Oskar FischerMarkus MeckelLothar de Maizière 1975-199019901990 West Germany Hans-Dietrich Genscher 1982-1992 Greece Antonis SamarasGeorgios PapouliasAntonis Samaras 1989-199019901990-1992 Hungary Gyula HornGéza Jeszenszky 1989-19901990-1994 Iceland Jón Baldvin Hannibalsson 1988-1995 Ireland Gerry Collins 1989-1992 Italy Gianni De Michelis 1989-1992 Liechtenstein Hans Brunhart 1978-1993 Lithuania Algirdas Saudargas 1990-1992 Luxembourg Jacques Poos 1984-1999 Malta Guido de Marco 1989-1996 Netherlands Hans van den Broek 1982-1993 Norway Kjell Magne BondevikThorvald Stoltenberg 1989-19901990-1993 Poland Krzysztof Skubiszewski 1989-1993 Portugal João de Deus Pinheiro 1987-1992 Romania Sergiu CelacAdrian Năstase 1989-19901990-1992 San Marino Gabriele Gatti 1986-2002 Soviet UnionRussian SFSRUkrainian SSRByelorussian SSRMoldavian SSREstonian SSRLatvian SSRLithuanian SSRGeorgian SSRArmenian SSRAzerbaijan SSRKazakh SSRUzbek SSRTurkmen SSRTajik SSRKirghiz SSR Eduard ShevardnadzeAndrey KozyrevVolodymyr KravetsAnatoliy ZlenkoAnatoly GurinovichPetr KrauchenkaPetru ComendantNicolae ȚâuArnold GreenLennart MeriLeonards BartkēvičsJānis JurkānsVladislovas MikučiauskasAlgirdas SaudargasGiorgi JavakhishviliGiorgi KhoshtariaAnatoly MkrtchyanHuseynaga SadigovAkmaral ArystanbekovaSarvar AzimovTuvakbibi AmangeldyevaAwdy KulyýewLakim KayumovZhanyl Tumenbayeva 1985-19911990-19961984-19901990-19941966-19901990-19941981-19901990-19931962-19901990-19921985-19901990-19941988-19901990-19921985-19901990-19911986-19911988-19921989-19911988-19911988-19901990-19921989-19921989-1991 Spain Francisco Fernández Ordóñez 1985-1992 Sweden Sten Andersson 1985-1991 Switzerland René Felber 1988-1993 United Kingdom Douglas Hurd 1989-1995 Vatican City Archbishop Angelo SodanoArchbishop Jean-Louis Tauran 1988-19901990-2003 YugoslaviaBosnia and HerzegovinaCroatiaMontenegroSerbiaSlovenia Budimir LončarHaris SilajdžićZdravko MršićFrane Vinko GolemIgor JovovićBranko LukovacAleksandar PrljaDimitrij Rupel 1987-19911990-199319901990-19911985-19901990-19911989-19911990-1993 North America and the Caribbean Flag Country Foreign minister Term Antigua and Barbuda Lester Bird 1982-1991 The Bahamas Clement T. Maynard 1984-1992 Barbados Maurice King 1989-1993 Belize Said Musa 1989-1993 CanadaQuebec Joe ClarkJohn Ciaccia 1984-19911989-1994 Costa Rica Rodrigo Madrigal NietoBernd H. Niehaus Quesada 1986-19901990-1994 Cuba Isidoro Malmierca Peoli 1976-1992 Dominica Eugenia CharlesBrian George Keith Alleyne 1980-19901990-1995 Dominican Republic Joaquín Ricardo García 1988-1991 El Salvador José Manuel Pacas Castro 1989-1994 Grenada Ben JonesNicholas BrathwaiteBen Jones 1984-199019901990-1991 Guatemala Ariel Rivera Irias 1989-1991 Haiti Yvon PerrierKesler ClermontAlex ToussaintPaul Christian Latortue 1989-1990199019901990-1991 Honduras Carlos López ContrerasMario Carías Zapata 1986-19901990-1994 Jamaica David Coore 1989-1993 Mexico Fernando Solana 1988-1993 Nicaragua Miguel d'Escoto BrockmannEnrique Dreyfus 1979-19901990-1992 Panama Julio Linares 1989-1993 Puerto Rico Sila M. Calderon Antonio Colorado 1988–1990 1990–1992 Saint Kitts and Nevis Kennedy Simmonds 1983-1995 Saint Lucia Neville Cenac 1987-1992 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines James Fitz-Allen Mitchell 1984-1992 Trinidad and Tobago Sahadeo Basdeo 1988-1991 United States James Baker 1989-1992 South America Flag Country Foreign minister Term Argentina Domingo Cavallo 1989-1991 Bolivia Carlos Iturralde Ballivián 1989-1992 Brazil Roberto Costa de Abreu SodréFrancisco Rezek 1986-19901990-1992 Chile Hernán Felipe ErrázurizEnrique Silva Cimma 1988-19901990-1994 Colombia Julio Londoño ParedesLuis Fernando Jaramillo Correa 1986-19901990-1991 Ecuador Diego Cordovez Zegers 1988-1992 Guyana Rashleigh E. JacksonDesmond Hoyte 1978-19901990-1992 Paraguay Luis María ArgañaAlexis Frutos Vaesken 1989-19901990-1993 Peru Guillermo Larco CoxLuis Marchand Stens 1989-19901990-1991 Suriname E.J. Sedoc 1988-1990 Uruguay Luis Barrios TassanoHéctor Gros Espiell 1988-19901990-1993 Venezuela Reinaldo Figueredo 1989-1992 vteForeign ministers by year since 1950 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"foreign ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_minister"}],"text":"This is a list of foreign ministers in 1990.","title":"List of foreign ministers in 1990"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Africa"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Asia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Australia and Oceania"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"North America and the Caribbean"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Foreign_ministers_by_year"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_ministers_by_year"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_ministers_by_year"},{"link_name":"Foreign ministers by year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lists_of_foreign_ministers_by_year"},{"link_name":"1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1950"},{"link_name":"1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1951&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1952&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1953&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1954&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1955&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1956&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1957&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1958&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1959&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1960&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1961&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1962&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1963&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1964&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1965&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1966&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1967&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1968&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1969&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1970&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1971&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1972&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1973&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1974&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1975&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1976&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1977&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1978&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1979&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1980&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1981&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1982&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1983&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1984&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1985&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1986&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1987&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1988&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1989"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1991"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1992"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1993"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1994"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1995"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1996"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1997"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1998"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_1999"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2000"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2001"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2002"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2003"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2004"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2005"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2006"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2007"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2008"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2009"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2010"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2011"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2012"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2013"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2014"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2015"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2016"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2017"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2018"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2019"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2020"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2021"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2022"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2023"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2024&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2025","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2025&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2026","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2026&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2027","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2027&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2028","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2028&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2029","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2029&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"vteForeign ministers by year since 1950\n1950\n1951\n1952\n1953\n1954\n1955\n1956\n1957\n1958\n1959\n\n1960\n1961\n1962\n1963\n1964\n1965\n1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\n\n1970\n1971\n1972\n1973\n1974\n1975\n1976\n1977\n1978\n1979\n\n1980\n1981\n1982\n1983\n1984\n1985\n1986\n1987\n1988\n1989\n\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999\n\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\n2025\n2026\n2027\n2028\n2029","title":"South America"}]
[]
null
[]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restless_Eyes
Restless Eyes
["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","3 Charts","4 Notes","5 References"]
1981 studio album by Janis IanRestless EyesStudio album by Janis IanReleased1981Recorded1980StudioSound Labs, Los AngelesGenrePop/RockFolkLength34:37LabelColumbiaProducerGary KleinJanis Ian chronology Night Rains(1979) Restless Eyes(1981) Uncle Wonderful(1985) Restless Eyes, released in 1981, is the twelfth studio album by singer/songwriter Janis Ian, and her last album for Columbia Records, although at the time Ian had a contract with the label for four further albums. At the time of Restless Eyes, Janis Ian had completely disappeared from the United States charts – her previous album Night Rains had not even dented the Billboard Top 200 despite a re-release during the summer of 1980 and a big push by Columbia who had originally released it on a glutted US market in September 1979. Nevertheless, her efforts to adopt a highly commercial pop sound plus a new focus on writing film music had gained Night Rains significant success outside North America. For her new album, Ian teamed up with producer Gary Klein, who had produced several hit albums for Barbra Streisand, and she saw Restless Eyes as a move back to her folk roots after the pop of Night Rains. The first single, “Under the Covers”, gained publicity in the United States because of its lyrics alluding to the power of Latino lovers, just as “Society's Child” fifteen years previously had depicted interracial relationships. The controversy led Ian to make many appearances on American talk shows at the height of the summer, and despite many radio stations refusing to play the song, “Under the Covers” did gain major airplay in certain other parts of the US; for instance, during mid-July it was the second most played song on one station in Tampa. Although this publicity would make “Under the Covers” Ian’s first Top 100 US single since “At Seventeen” and would see her return to the Billboard Top 200 for three weeks, the publicity soon faded and so did both the album and single. Restless Eyes would nonetheless remain Ian‘s last charting album in the United States, and indeed her last release there for twelve years, although nothing from Restless Eyes is known to have been performed by Janis in concerts after the album’s tour, and only “Passion Play” has ever appeared on any of her compilations. Critical reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe Rolling Stone Album Guide The Hartford Courant opined that "most of the music is over-orchestrated, unfocused, and undistinguished." Track listing All tracks are written by Janis IanSide 1No.TitleLength1."Under the Covers"4:252."I Remember Yesterday"4:023."I Believe I'm Myself Again"2:314."Restless Eyes"3:575."Get Ready To Roll"2:58Total length:16:53 Side 2No.TitleLength1."Passion Play"4:432."Down and Away"3:333."Bigger Than Real"3:174."Dear Billy"2:475."Sugar Mountain"3:25Total length:17:45 Charts Chart (1981) Peakposition US Billboard 200 156 Australian (Kent Music Report) 57 Netherlands (Dutch Charts) 15 Notes ^ Columbia would issue her next album Uncle Wonderful in Europe in 1995. Uncle Wonderful was recorded between 1981 and 1983 but rejected by Columbia and released nowhere until 1985 and then only in Australia, followed by a New Zealand release in 1986. Although included with Night Rains and Restless Eyes in a 2010 UK Edsel Records two-CD compilation, Uncle Wonderful has never seen US release in any form. References ^ Holder, Stephen (1989-06-24). "At 38: Janis Ian's First Big Hit Looked Back, but Now She's Only Looking Ahead". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Fort Lauderdale, Florida. p. 8D. ^ a b Garner, Jack (1980-07-27). "Learning To Live with Peaks and Troughs". Democrat and Chronicle. Rochester, New York. p. 1C. ^ Beck, Marilyn (1980-08-08). "Producers Dig In for Long Actors' Strike". Green Bay Press-Gazette. p. A-6. ^ Hunt, Dennis (1980-10-11). "Believe It or Not, Janis Ian Has Changed". The Journal-Herald. Dayton, Ohio. p. 22. ^ Samson, Blake A. (1981-06-21). "The World Is Changing for This Society's Child". The Sacramento Bee. p. B5. ^ a b Lloyd, Jack (1981-07-17). "Janis Ian Is up to Her Old Tricks". Philadelphia Inquirer. p. 30. ^ Lloyd, Jack (1981-08-02). "Controversy – What Else – From Janis Ian". The Detroit Free Press. p. 3C. ^ Radel, Cliff (1981-09-12). "What's So Good about Summer Music, Anyway". The News-Messenger. Fremont, Ohio. p. B-7. ^ William Ruhlmann. "Restless Eyes – Janis Ian". All Music Group. ^ DeCurtis, Anthony; George-Warren, Holly and Henke, James; The Rolling Stone Album Guide – Completely New Reviews: Every Essential Album, Every Essential Artist, p. 339 ISBN 0679737294 ^ McEnroe, Colin (13 Sep 1981). "New Pop/Rock Releases". Hartford Courant. p. G10. ^ "Janis Ian Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved September 26, 2021. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 145. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. ^ van Slooten, Johan; Albumdossier 1969-2002 GottmerBecht, 2002. vteJanis IanStudio albums Janis Ian (1967) For All the Seasons of Your Mind (1967) The Secret Life of J. Eddy Fink (1968) Who Really Cares (1969) Present Company (1971) Stars (1974) Between the Lines (1975) Aftertones (1976) Miracle Row (1977) Janis Ian (1978) Night Rains (1979) Restless Eyes (1981) Uncle Wonderful (1985) Breaking Silence (1992) Revenge (1995) Hunger (1997) God and the FBI (2000) The Light at the End of the Line (2021) Singles "Society's Child" "At Seventeen" "Fly Too High" Live albums Remember... (1978) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Janis Ian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janis_Ian"},{"link_name":"Columbia Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Night Rains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Rains"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Top 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Learning-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Learning-3"},{"link_name":"Gary Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Klein_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Barbra Streisand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbra_Streisand"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(demonym)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-up-7"},{"link_name":"Society's Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society%27s_Child"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-up-7"},{"link_name":"At Seventeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_Seventeen"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Top 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Restless Eyes, released in 1981, is the twelfth studio album by singer/songwriter Janis Ian, and her last album for Columbia Records,[a] although at the time Ian had a contract with the label for four further albums.[1]At the time of Restless Eyes, Janis Ian had completely disappeared from the United States charts – her previous album Night Rains had not even dented the Billboard Top 200 despite a re-release during the summer of 1980[2] and a big push by Columbia who had originally released it on a glutted US market in September 1979.[3] Nevertheless, her efforts to adopt a highly commercial pop sound[4] plus a new focus on writing film music had gained Night Rains significant success outside North America.[2]For her new album, Ian teamed up with producer Gary Klein, who had produced several hit albums for Barbra Streisand, and she saw Restless Eyes as a move back to her folk roots after the pop of Night Rains.[5] The first single, “Under the Covers”, gained publicity in the United States because of its lyrics alluding to the power of Latino lovers,[6] just as “Society's Child” fifteen years previously had depicted interracial relationships. The controversy led Ian to make many appearances on American talk shows at the height of the summer,[7] and despite many radio stations refusing to play the song, “Under the Covers” did gain major airplay in certain other parts of the US; for instance, during mid-July it was the second most played song on one station in Tampa.[6] Although this publicity would make “Under the Covers” Ian’s first Top 100 US single since “At Seventeen” and would see her return to the Billboard Top 200 for three weeks, the publicity soon faded and so did both the album and single.[8]Restless Eyes would nonetheless remain Ian‘s last charting album in the United States, and indeed her last release there for twelve years, although nothing from Restless Eyes is known to have been performed by Janis in concerts after the album’s tour, and only “Passion Play” has ever appeared on any of her compilations.","title":"Restless Eyes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hartford Courant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Courant"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The Hartford Courant opined that \"most of the music is over-orchestrated, unfocused, and undistinguished.\"[11]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Janis Ian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janis_Ian"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Janis IanSide 1No.TitleLength1.\"Under the Covers\"4:252.\"I Remember Yesterday\"4:023.\"I Believe I'm Myself Again\"2:314.\"Restless Eyes\"3:575.\"Get Ready To Roll\"2:58Total length:16:53Side 2No.TitleLength1.\"Passion Play\"4:432.\"Down and Away\"3:333.\"Bigger Than Real\"3:174.\"Dear Billy\"2:475.\"Sugar Mountain\"3:25Total length:17:45","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Uncle Wonderful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Wonderful"},{"link_name":"Night Rains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Rains"}],"text":"^ Columbia would issue her next album Uncle Wonderful in Europe in 1995. Uncle Wonderful was recorded between 1981 and 1983 but rejected by Columbia and released nowhere until 1985 and then only in Australia, followed by a New Zealand release in 1986. Although included with Night Rains and Restless Eyes in a 2010 UK Edsel Records two-CD compilation, Uncle Wonderful has never seen US release in any form.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Holder, Stephen (1989-06-24). \"At 38: Janis Ian's First Big Hit Looked Back, but Now She's Only Looking Ahead\". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Fort Lauderdale, Florida. p. 8D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Florida_Sun-Sentinel","url_text":"South Florida Sun-Sentinel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida","url_text":"Fort Lauderdale"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida","url_text":"Florida"}]},{"reference":"Garner, Jack (1980-07-27). \"Learning To Live with Peaks and Troughs\". Democrat and Chronicle. Rochester, New York. p. 1C.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrat_and_Chronicle","url_text":"Democrat and Chronicle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York","url_text":"Rochester"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)","url_text":"New York"}]},{"reference":"Beck, Marilyn (1980-08-08). \"Producers Dig In for Long Actors' Strike\". Green Bay Press-Gazette. p. A-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Press-Gazette","url_text":"Green Bay Press-Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Hunt, Dennis (1980-10-11). \"Believe It or Not, Janis Ian Has Changed\". The Journal-Herald. Dayton, Ohio. p. 22.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal-Herald","url_text":"The Journal-Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio","url_text":"Dayton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio","url_text":"Ohio"}]},{"reference":"Samson, Blake A. (1981-06-21). \"The World Is Changing for This Society's Child\". The Sacramento Bee. p. B5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sacramento_Bee","url_text":"The Sacramento Bee"}]},{"reference":"Lloyd, Jack (1981-07-17). \"Janis Ian Is up to Her Old Tricks\". Philadelphia Inquirer. p. 30.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Inquirer","url_text":"Philadelphia Inquirer"}]},{"reference":"Lloyd, Jack (1981-08-02). \"Controversy – What Else – From Janis Ian\". The Detroit Free Press. p. 3C.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Detroit_Free_Press","url_text":"The Detroit Free Press"}]},{"reference":"Radel, Cliff (1981-09-12). \"What's So Good about Summer Music, Anyway\". The News-Messenger. Fremont, Ohio. p. B-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont,_Ohio","url_text":"Fremont"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio","url_text":"Ohio"}]},{"reference":"William Ruhlmann. \"Restless Eyes – Janis Ian\". All Music Group.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/restless-eyes-mw0000474580","url_text":"\"Restless Eyes – Janis Ian\""}]},{"reference":"McEnroe, Colin (13 Sep 1981). \"New Pop/Rock Releases\". Hartford Courant. p. G10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 145. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1707_in_literature
1707 in literature
["1 Events","2 New books","2.1 Prose","2.2 Drama","2.3 Poetry","3 Births","4 Deaths","5 References"]
Overview of the events of 1707 in literature List of years in literature (table) … 1697 1698 1699 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 … In poetry 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 Art Archaeology Architecture Literature Music Philosophy Science +... This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1707. Events January – The publisher Edmund Curll announces he will publish Matthew Prior's Poems on Several Occasions, even though the rights belong to someone else. March 8 – George Farquhar's Restoration comedy The Beaux' Stratagem is first staged, at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket, London. May 1 – The new sovereign Kingdom of Great Britain comes into being under the Acts of Union. It combines the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland into a single realm under Anne, Queen of Great Britain. Supporters of this include Daniel Defoe and John Arbuthnot. May 30 – Thomas Wilson, Anglican Bishop of Sodor and Man, publishes Principles and Duties of Christianity... in English and Manks (Coyrie Sodjey), the first book in the Manx language. September 9 – Richard Steele marries Mary Scurlock. Their literary marriage gains fame through their correspondence. New books Prose Anonymous Memoirs of the Court of England (translation) The History of the Earl of Warwick; Sirnam'd the King-maker (transl.) Richard Baxter – The Poetical Works of the Late Richard Baxter Thomas Brown – The Works of Mr Thomas Brown Anthony Collins – Essay Concerning the Use of Reason Jean de Beaugué – Histoire de la guerre d'Ecosse (translation by Patrick Abercromby) François Pétis de la Croix (translated and adapted) – Contes Turcs (Turkish Tales) Thomas D'Urfey – Stories, Moral and Comical Laurence Echard – The History of England vol. 1 William Fleetwood – Chronicon Preciosum Aaron Hart – Urim v'tumim (the first book printed in Hebrew in London) Alain-René Lesage – Le Diable boiteux (The Devil upon Two Sticks) Edward Lhuyd – Archaeologia Britannica: an Account of the Languages, Histories and Customs of Great Britain... Delarivière Manley – The Lady's Pacquet of Letters (fiction) Isaac Newton – Arithmetica Universalis John Oldmixon – The Muses Mercury (periodical) Matthäus Schiner – A Philippick Oration to Incite the English Against the French (translated by John Toland) Hans Sloane – A Voyage to the Islands Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers and Jamaica, v. 1 Dr. Thomas Smith – Vitæ quorundam Eruditissimorum et Illustrium Virorum Jonathan Swift – A Critical Essay upon the Faculties of the Mind Matthew Tindal – A Defence of the Rights of the Christian Church (sequel to 1706 work) Catherine Trotter – A Discourse Concerning a Guide in Controversies Isaac Watts – Hymns and Spiritual Songs (frequently reprinted) John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester – The Miscellaneous Works of the Late Earls of Rochester and Roscommon Drama Joseph Addison – Rosamond (opera) Susanna Centlivre – The Platonick Lady Colley Cibber The Lady's Last Stake The Double Gallant Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon – Atrée et Thyeste George Farquhar – The Beaux' Stratagem Alain-René Lesage – Crispin rival de son maître Peter Anthony Motteux – Thomyris, Queen of Scythia (opera) Nicholas Rowe – The Royal Convert Nahum Tate – Injur'd Love (an adaptation of Webster's The White Devil) Poetry Main article: 1707 in poetry Samuel Cobb – Poems on Several Occasions John Pomfret – Quae Rara, Chara (poem) Nicholas Rowe – A Poem Upon the Late Glorious Successes Nahum Tate – The Triumph of Union Births January 13 – John Boyle, 5th Earl of Cork, English writer (died 1762) January 28 (baptized) – John Baskerville, English printer and typographer (died 1775) February 14 – Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon, French novelist (died 1777) February 25 – Carlo Goldoni, Venetian dramatist (died 1793) April 20 – Robert Foulis, Scottish printer and publisher (died 1776) April 22 – Henry Fielding, English novelist (died 1754) June 22 (baptized) – Elizabeth Blackwell, Scottish botanic writer and illustrator (died 1758) August 14 – Johann August Ernesti, German philologist (died 1781) September 7 – Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, French philosopher (died 1788) December 18 – Charles Wesley, English hymnist, religious writer and cleric (died 1788) unknown date – Moshe Chaim Luzzatto, Italian rabbi, kabbalist and philosopher (died 1746) Deaths January 20 – Humphrey Hody, English theologian (born 1659) April 20 – George Farquhar, Irish dramatist (born 1677) June 23 – John Mill, English theologian and exegete (born c. 1645) August 17 – Petter Dass, Norwegian poet (born 1647) September 15 – George Stepney, English poet and diplomat (born 1663) September 23 – John Tutchin, English controversialist (born c. 1660–64) September 24 – Vincenzo da Filicaja, Italian poet (born 1642) December 27 – Jean Mabillon, French scholar (born 1632) References ^ Frances Mayhew Rippy (1986). Matthew Prior. Twayne Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8057-6902-9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Cox, Michael, ed. (2004). The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860634-6. ^ Gow, Andrew Colin (2004). "Hart, Aaron (1670–1756)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2011-12-09. (subscription or UK public library membership required) ^ Moshe Chaim Luzzatto; Moshe Ḥayyim Luzzatto (1997). דרך ה׳. Feldheim Publishers. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-87306-769-0.
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Overview of the events of 1707 in literatureThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1707.","title":"1707 in literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edmund Curll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Curll"},{"link_name":"Matthew Prior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Prior"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"March 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_8"},{"link_name":"George Farquhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Farquhar"},{"link_name":"Restoration comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_comedy"},{"link_name":"The Beaux' Stratagem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beaux%27_Stratagem"},{"link_name":"Theatre Royal, Haymarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Haymarket"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cocel-2"},{"link_name":"May 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Acts of Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Anne, Queen of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Daniel Defoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe"},{"link_name":"John Arbuthnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Arbuthnot"},{"link_name":"May 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_30"},{"link_name":"Thomas Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wilson_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Sodor and Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Sodor_and_Man"},{"link_name":"Manx language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manx_language"},{"link_name":"September 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_9"},{"link_name":"Richard Steele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Steele"},{"link_name":"Mary Scurlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Steele"}],"text":"January – The publisher Edmund Curll announces he will publish Matthew Prior's Poems on Several Occasions, even though the rights belong to someone else.[1]\nMarch 8 – George Farquhar's Restoration comedy The Beaux' Stratagem is first staged, at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket, London.[2]\nMay 1 – The new sovereign Kingdom of Great Britain comes into being under the Acts of Union. It combines the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland into a single realm under Anne, Queen of Great Britain. Supporters of this include Daniel Defoe and John Arbuthnot.\nMay 30 – Thomas Wilson, Anglican Bishop of Sodor and Man, publishes Principles and Duties of Christianity... in English and Manks (Coyrie Sodjey), the first book in the Manx language.\nSeptember 9 – Richard Steele marries Mary Scurlock. Their literary marriage gains fame through their correspondence.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"New books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cocel-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cocel-2"},{"link_name":"Richard Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Baxter"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cocel-2"},{"link_name":"Thomas Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Brown_(satirist)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cocel-2"},{"link_name":"Anthony Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Collins_(philosopher)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cocel-2"},{"link_name":"Jean de Beaugué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Beaugu%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Patrick Abercromby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Abercromby"},{"link_name":"François Pétis de la Croix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_P%C3%A9tis_de_la_Croix"},{"link_name":"Thomas D'Urfey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_D%27Urfey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cocel-2"},{"link_name":"Laurence Echard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Echard"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cocel-2"},{"link_name":"William Fleetwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fleetwood"},{"link_name":"Aaron Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Hart_(rabbi)"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Alain-René Lesage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage"},{"link_name":"Le Diable boiteux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Diable_boiteux_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Edward Lhuyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lhuyd"},{"link_name":"Delarivière Manley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delarivi%C3%A8re_Manley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cocel-2"},{"link_name":"Isaac Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton"},{"link_name":"Arithmetica Universalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetica_Universalis"},{"link_name":"John Oldmixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Oldmixon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cocel-2"},{"link_name":"Matthäus Schiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Schiner"},{"link_name":"John Toland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Toland"},{"link_name":"Hans Sloane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane"},{"link_name":"Thomas Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Smith_(scholar)"},{"link_name":"Vitæ quorundam Eruditissimorum et Illustrium Virorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/vitquorundameru00smitgoog"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift"},{"link_name":"Matthew Tindal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Tindal"},{"link_name":"1706","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1706_in_literature"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cocel-2"},{"link_name":"Catherine Trotter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Trotter_Cockburn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cocel-2"},{"link_name":"Isaac Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Watts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cocel-2"},{"link_name":"John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilmot,_Earl_of_Rochester"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cocel-2"}],"sub_title":"Prose","text":"Anonymous\nMemoirs of the Court of England (translation)[2]\nThe History of the Earl of Warwick; Sirnam'd the King-maker (transl.)[2]\nRichard Baxter – The Poetical Works of the Late Richard Baxter[2]\nThomas Brown – The Works of Mr Thomas Brown[2]\nAnthony Collins – Essay Concerning the Use of Reason[2]\nJean de Beaugué – Histoire de la guerre d'Ecosse (translation by Patrick Abercromby)\nFrançois Pétis de la Croix (translated and adapted) – Contes Turcs (Turkish Tales)\nThomas D'Urfey – Stories, Moral and Comical[2]\nLaurence Echard – The History of England vol. 1[2]\nWilliam Fleetwood – Chronicon Preciosum\nAaron Hart – Urim v'tumim (the first book printed in Hebrew in London)[3]\nAlain-René Lesage – Le Diable boiteux (The Devil upon Two Sticks)\nEdward Lhuyd – Archaeologia Britannica: an Account of the Languages, Histories and Customs of Great Britain...\nDelarivière Manley – The Lady's Pacquet of Letters (fiction)[2]\nIsaac Newton – Arithmetica Universalis\nJohn Oldmixon – The Muses Mercury (periodical)[2]\nMatthäus Schiner – A Philippick Oration to Incite the English Against the French (translated by John Toland)\nHans Sloane – A Voyage to the Islands Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers and Jamaica, v. 1\nDr. Thomas Smith – Vitæ quorundam Eruditissimorum et Illustrium Virorum\nJonathan Swift – A Critical Essay upon the Faculties of the Mind\nMatthew Tindal – A Defence of the Rights of the Christian Church (sequel to 1706 work)[2]\nCatherine Trotter – A Discourse Concerning a Guide in Controversies[2]\nIsaac Watts – Hymns and Spiritual Songs (frequently reprinted)[2]\nJohn Wilmot, Earl of Rochester – The Miscellaneous Works of the Late Earls of Rochester and Roscommon[2]","title":"New books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Addison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Addison"},{"link_name":"Rosamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosamond_(opera)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cocel-2"},{"link_name":"Susanna Centlivre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Centlivre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cocel-2"},{"link_name":"Colley Cibber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colley_Cibber"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cocel-2"},{"link_name":"The Double Gallant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Double_Gallant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cocel-2"},{"link_name":"Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_Jolyot_de_Cr%C3%A9billon"},{"link_name":"George Farquhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Farquhar"},{"link_name":"The Beaux' Stratagem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beaux%27_Stratagem"},{"link_name":"Alain-René Lesage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage"},{"link_name":"Crispin rival de son maître","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crispin_rival_de_son_ma%C3%AEtre"},{"link_name":"Peter Anthony Motteux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Anthony_Motteux"},{"link_name":"Thomyris, Queen of Scythia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomyris,_Queen_of_Scythia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cocel-2"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Rowe_(dramatist)"},{"link_name":"The Royal Convert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Convert"},{"link_name":"Nahum Tate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahum_Tate"},{"link_name":"Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Webster"},{"link_name":"The White Devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Devil"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cocel-2"}],"sub_title":"Drama","text":"Joseph Addison – Rosamond (opera)[2]\nSusanna Centlivre – The Platonick Lady[2]\nColley Cibber\nThe Lady's Last Stake[2]\nThe Double Gallant[2]\nProsper Jolyot de Crébillon – Atrée et Thyeste\nGeorge Farquhar – The Beaux' Stratagem\nAlain-René Lesage – Crispin rival de son maître\nPeter Anthony Motteux – Thomyris, Queen of Scythia (opera)[2]\nNicholas Rowe – The Royal Convert\nNahum Tate – Injur'd Love (an adaptation of Webster's The White Devil)[2]","title":"New books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samuel Cobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Cobb_(poet)"},{"link_name":"John Pomfret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pomfret_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Rowe_(writer)"},{"link_name":"A Poem Upon the Late Glorious Successes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Poem_Upon_the_Late_Glorious_Successes"},{"link_name":"Nahum Tate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahum_Tate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cocel-2"}],"sub_title":"Poetry","text":"Samuel Cobb – Poems on Several Occasions\nJohn Pomfret – Quae Rara, Chara (poem)\nNicholas Rowe – A Poem Upon the Late Glorious Successes\nNahum Tate – The Triumph of Union[2]","title":"New books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"January 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_13"},{"link_name":"John Boyle, 5th Earl of Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boyle,_5th_Earl_of_Cork"},{"link_name":"1762","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1762_in_literature"},{"link_name":"January 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_28"},{"link_name":"John Baskerville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Baskerville"},{"link_name":"1775","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1775_in_literature"},{"link_name":"February 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_14"},{"link_name":"Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Prosper_Jolyot_de_Cr%C3%A9billon"},{"link_name":"1777","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1777_in_literature"},{"link_name":"February 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_25"},{"link_name":"Carlo Goldoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Goldoni"},{"link_name":"1793","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1793_in_literature"},{"link_name":"April 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_20"},{"link_name":"Robert Foulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Foulis_(printer)"},{"link_name":"1776","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1776_in_literature"},{"link_name":"April 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_22"},{"link_name":"Henry Fielding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fielding"},{"link_name":"1754","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1754_in_literature"},{"link_name":"June 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_22"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Blackwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackwell_(illustrator)"},{"link_name":"1758","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1758_in_literature"},{"link_name":"August 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_14"},{"link_name":"Johann August Ernesti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_August_Ernesti"},{"link_name":"1781","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781_in_literature"},{"link_name":"September 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_7"},{"link_name":"Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon"},{"link_name":"1788","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788_in_literature"},{"link_name":"December 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_18"},{"link_name":"Charles Wesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wesley"},{"link_name":"1788","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Moshe Chaim Luzzatto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto"},{"link_name":"1746","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1746_in_literature"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"January 13 – John Boyle, 5th Earl of Cork, English writer (died 1762)\nJanuary 28 (baptized) – John Baskerville, English printer and typographer (died 1775)\nFebruary 14 – Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon, French novelist (died 1777)\nFebruary 25 – Carlo Goldoni, Venetian dramatist (died 1793)\nApril 20 – Robert Foulis, Scottish printer and publisher (died 1776)\nApril 22 – Henry Fielding, English novelist (died 1754)\nJune 22 (baptized) – Elizabeth Blackwell, Scottish botanic writer and illustrator (died 1758)\nAugust 14 – Johann August Ernesti, German philologist (died 1781)\nSeptember 7 – Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, French philosopher (died 1788)\nDecember 18 – Charles Wesley, English hymnist, religious writer and cleric (died 1788)\nunknown date – Moshe Chaim Luzzatto, Italian rabbi, kabbalist and philosopher (died 1746)[4]","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"January 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_20"},{"link_name":"Humphrey Hody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Hody"},{"link_name":"1659","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1659_in_literature"},{"link_name":"April 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_20"},{"link_name":"George Farquhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Farquhar"},{"link_name":"1677","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1677_in_literature"},{"link_name":"June 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_23"},{"link_name":"John Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mill_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"August 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_17"},{"link_name":"Petter Dass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petter_Dass"},{"link_name":"1647","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1647_in_literature"},{"link_name":"September 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_15"},{"link_name":"George Stepney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stepney"},{"link_name":"1663","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1663_in_literature"},{"link_name":"September 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_23"},{"link_name":"John Tutchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tutchin"},{"link_name":"September 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_24"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo da Filicaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_da_Filicaja"},{"link_name":"1642","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1642_in_literature"},{"link_name":"December 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_27"},{"link_name":"Jean Mabillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Mabillon"},{"link_name":"1632","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1632_in_literature"}],"text":"January 20 – Humphrey Hody, English theologian (born 1659)\nApril 20 – George Farquhar, Irish dramatist (born 1677)\nJune 23 – John Mill, English theologian and exegete (born c. 1645)\nAugust 17 – Petter Dass, Norwegian poet (born 1647)\nSeptember 15 – George Stepney, English poet and diplomat (born 1663)\nSeptember 23 – John Tutchin, English controversialist (born c. 1660–64)\nSeptember 24 – Vincenzo da Filicaja, Italian poet (born 1642)\nDecember 27 – Jean Mabillon, French scholar (born 1632)","title":"Deaths"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Frances Mayhew Rippy (1986). Matthew Prior. Twayne Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8057-6902-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GUtbAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Matthew Prior"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-6902-9","url_text":"978-0-8057-6902-9"}]},{"reference":"Cox, Michael, ed. (2004). The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860634-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/conciseoxfordchr00coxm","url_text":"The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860634-6","url_text":"0-19-860634-6"}]},{"reference":"Gow, Andrew Colin (2004). \"Hart, Aaron (1670–1756)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2011-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12467","url_text":"\"Hart, Aaron (1670–1756)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Moshe Chaim Luzzatto; Moshe Ḥayyim Luzzatto (1997). דרך ה׳. Feldheim Publishers. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-87306-769-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a0VRxo5_3_cC&pg=PA16","url_text":"דרך ה׳"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87306-769-0","url_text":"978-0-87306-769-0"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/vitquorundameru00smitgoog","external_links_name":"Vitæ quorundam Eruditissimorum et Illustrium Virorum"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GUtbAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Matthew Prior"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/conciseoxfordchr00coxm","external_links_name":"The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature"},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12467","external_links_name":"\"Hart, Aaron (1670–1756)\""},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a0VRxo5_3_cC&pg=PA16","external_links_name":"דרך ה׳"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_1JJ_Tarot
Swiss Tarot
["1 History","2 Cards","3 Footnotes","4 References","5 External links"]
Jupiter, the fifth trump The Swiss Tarot deck is a 78-card deck used for the tarot card games Troccas and Troggu. It is also sometimes called the JJ Tarot due to the replacement of the usual second and fifth trumps with cards depicting Juno and Jupiter, or as 1JJ Tarot in reference to the catalog number of a common release of the deck by A.G. Müller. History The deck is derived from the Tarot de Besançon, which itself comes from the Tarot of Marseilles. It is an Italian suited pack which substitutes the figures of Juno and Jupiter in place of the Popess and Pope of the Tarot of Marseilles. The first version was produced between 1831 and 1838 in the card factory of Johann Georg Rauch. It was the first tarot pack made by the factory and was unexpectedly successful in the American market. The first version was manufactured, unaltered, by his successor, Johannes Müller in Diessenhofen until 1860. In 1965 the Swiss card game firm, A.G. Müller, issued a reprint which is distinguished by its cleaner lines. The alternative name for the pack comes from this edition, the "1" simply being a number within the product line and "JJ" the replacement of 2 trumps by Juno and Jupiter (see below). Cards The face cards are not double headed and both the trumps and pip cards use additive Roman numeral indexing. The lack of modern features like vertically symmetrical face cards, corner indices, and Arabic numerals has made this deck unpopular for tarot players outside of their native communities. For example, the French-speaking Swiss (Romands) prefer using the Tarot Nouveau to play French tarot. It is still the official deck for Troccas tournaments. Troccas players use the French-language version but refer to their cards with their Romansh (Rhæto-Romanic) nicknames. Troggu players use the German version. The names of the trump cards are as follows: Number Caption Rhæto-Romanic French German English Name(s) Translation O Le Mat Der Narr The Fool il matto The Fool I Le Bateleur Der Magier The Magician il bagat the shell game player II Junon la gaglinala biua the chickenthe chicken (baby-talk) III L'Impératrice Die Herrscherin The Empress l'imperatura the empress IIII L'Empéreur Der Herrscher The Emperor igl imperatur the emperor V Jupiter il da Cuozil Diu fauls the man from Cuoz (a suburb of Disentis)the false God VI L'Amoureux Die Liebenden The Lovers ils inamurai the lovers VII Le Chariot Der Wagen The Chariot il carrla Catrina en crotscha the carriageCatherine's chariot VIII La Justice Gerechtigkeit Justice la giustiala stadera Justicethe scales VIIII L'Ermite Der Eremit The Hermit il pader the monk X La Roue de Fortune Rad des Schicksals Wheel of Fortune la roda dalla fortunala ventira the wheel of Fortunefortune XI La Force Kraft Strength la forza strength XII Le Pendu Der Gehängte The Hanged Man il pendiu the hanged man XIII La Mort Der Tod Death la mort death XIIII Tempérance Die Mässigkeit Temperance la tempronzaigl aunghel Temperancethe angel XV Le Diable Der Teufel The Devil il giavelil da cornasil naucliil bab dallas femnas the devilthe one with the hornsthe Evil Onethe Father of Women XVI La Maison de Dieu Der Turm The Tower la casa da Diuil tiaratriembelil cametgla Cadila claustra barschada the house of Godthe earthquakelightningthe Churchthe burning monastery XVII L'Étoile Der Stern The Star las steilas the stars XVIII La Lune Der Mond The Moon la glina the moon XVIIII Le Soleil Die Sonne The Sun il sulegl the sun XX Le Jugement Gericht Judgment la dertgirails blutsla giuventetgna (divine) Judgementthe naked onesyouth XXI Le Monde Die Welt The World il mundla vacala bialail minil miaula ferma the worldthe cowbeautythe cat (baby-talk)the catbeauty Footnotes ^ "Swiss Tarot" is the name recommended by the International Playing-Card Society. References ^ a b Swiss Tarot at i-p-c-s.org. Retrieved 24 October 2023. ^ Mann, Sylvia (1990). All Cards on the Table. Leinfelden: Deutsches Spielkarten-Museum. pp. 166–168, 172. ^ Ruh, Max (2005) Schaffhauser Spielkarten. Schweizer Pioniere der Wirtschaft und Technik. Verein für wirtschaftshistorische Studien, Zurich 2005, ISBN 3-909059-32-5, pp 27–31, 52 and 73. ^ McLeod, John. Troccas at pagat.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018. External links Media related to Tarot 1JJ at Wikimedia Commons vteOccult tarotOccultists Paul Foster Case Antoine Court de Gébelin Aleister Crowley Gérard Encausse Etteilla Manly P. Hall Lady Frieda Harris Éliphas Lévi G. O. Mebes Mouni Sadhu Pamela Colman Smith Valentin Tomberg Arthur Edward Waite Oswald Wirth Major Arcananumbered cards O The Fool I The Magician II The High Priestess III The Empress IV The Emperor V The Hierophant VI The Lovers VII The Chariot VIII (XI) Justice IX The Hermit X Wheel of Fortune XI (VIII) Strength XII The Hanged Man XIII Death XIV Temperance XV The Devil XVI The Tower XVII The Star XVIII The Moon XIX The Sun XX Judgement XXI The World Minor Arcanasuit cardsCoins, disks, or pentacles Ace Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Page Knight Queen King Wands, rods, staffs, or staves Ace Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Page Knight Queen King Cups, goblets, or vessels Ace Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Page Knight Queen King Swords or blades Ace Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Page Knight Queen King Decks B.O.T.A. Marseilles Motherpeace Salvador Dali's Tarot Sola Busca Swiss 1JJ Rider–Waite The Pictorial Key to the Tarot Thoth Tarot The Book of Thoth Related Cartomancy Hermetic Qabalah Tarot Tarot Garden Tarot category Card games category WikiProject Occult Religion portal vteTarot and Tarock card gamesType I / II(Fool as an excuse) Minchiate Tarocchini Danish Tarok Droggn French Tarot Grosstarock Scarto Taroc l'Hombre Troccas Troggu (hybrid type II/III) Type III(Fool as highest trump) Cego Dreierles Dreiertarock Galician Tarok Hungarian Tarokk Husarln Illustrated Tarock Königrufen Kosakeln Neunzehnerrufen Point Tarock Strohmandeln Tapp Tarock Troggu Viennese Grosstarock Zwanzigerrufen Related games Bauerntarock Bavarian Tarock / Haferltarock Dapp Dobbm Frog German Tarok Six-bid solo Tapp Württemberg Tarock (all played with 36-card French or German packs) Suits French: ♣Clubs ♠Spades ♥Hearts ♦Diamonds German: Acorns Leaves Hearts Bells Packs (French suits) Industrie und Glück Bourgeois Tarot (Tarot Nouveau, Black Forest Cego) Animal tarot (Adler Cego, Bavarian Animal Tarot, Belgian Animal Tarot, Danish Animal Tarot, etc.) Packs (Latin suits) Bolognese Marseilles (Cartes de Suisses, Flemish Tarot, Piemontese, Besançon, Swiss) Minchiate Siciliano Tarot de Besançon Related articles Playing card Trick-taking game Trionfi Trull (Sküs, Mond and Pagat) Category WikiProject Card Games This tarot-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tarot card games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarot_card_games"},{"link_name":"Troccas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troccas"},{"link_name":"Troggu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troggu"},{"link_name":"Juno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(god)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Swiss Tarot deck is a 78-card deck used for the tarot card games Troccas and Troggu. It is also sometimes called the JJ Tarot due to the replacement of the usual second and fifth trumps with cards depicting Juno and Jupiter, or as 1JJ Tarot in reference to the catalog number of a common release of the deck by A.G. Müller.[a]","title":"Swiss Tarot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tarot de Besançon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarot_de_Besan%C3%A7on"},{"link_name":"Tarot of Marseilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarot_of_Marseilles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPCS-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mann-3"},{"link_name":"Italian suited pack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_playing_cards"},{"link_name":"Johann Georg Rauch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Rauch_(politician)"},{"link_name":"tarot pack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarot_playing_cards"},{"link_name":"Diessenhofen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diessenhofen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ruh-4"}],"text":"The deck is derived from the Tarot de Besançon, which itself comes from the Tarot of Marseilles.[1][2] It is an Italian suited pack which substitutes the figures of Juno and Jupiter in place of the Popess and Pope of the Tarot of Marseilles. The first version was produced between 1831 and 1838 in the card factory of Johann Georg Rauch. It was the first tarot pack made by the factory and was unexpectedly successful in the American market. The first version was manufactured, unaltered, by his successor, Johannes Müller in Diessenhofen until 1860.[3]In 1965 the Swiss card game firm, A.G. Müller, issued a reprint which is distinguished by its cleaner lines. The alternative name for the pack comes from this edition, the \"1\" simply being a number within the product line and \"JJ\" the replacement of 2 trumps by Juno and Jupiter (see below).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"face cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_card"},{"link_name":"double headed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-headed_cards"},{"link_name":"trumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_(card_games)"},{"link_name":"additive Roman numeral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals#Alternative_forms"},{"link_name":"French-speaking Swiss (Romands)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romandy"},{"link_name":"Tarot Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarot_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"French tarot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_tarot"},{"link_name":"Romansh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romansh_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The face cards are not double headed and both the trumps and pip cards use additive Roman numeral indexing. The lack of modern features like vertically symmetrical face cards, corner indices, and Arabic numerals has made this deck unpopular for tarot players outside of their native communities. For example, the French-speaking Swiss (Romands) prefer using the Tarot Nouveau to play French tarot. It is still the official deck for Troccas tournaments.Troccas players use the French-language version but refer to their cards with their Romansh (Rhæto-Romanic) nicknames.[4] Troggu players use the German version. The names of the trump cards are as follows:","title":"Cards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"International Playing-Card Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Playing-Card_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPCS-1"}],"text":"^ \"Swiss Tarot\" is the name recommended by the International Playing-Card Society.[1]","title":"Footnotes"}]
[{"image_text":"Jupiter, the fifth trump","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tarot_1JJ_-_Jupiter.png/220px-Tarot_1JJ_-_Jupiter.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Mann, Sylvia (1990). All Cards on the Table. Leinfelden: Deutsches Spielkarten-Museum. pp. 166–168, 172.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribat_of_Monastir
Ribat of Monastir
["1 History and architecture","2 References"]
Coordinates: 35°46′34″N 10°49′58″E / 35.7761°N 10.8329°E / 35.7761; 10.8329Fort in Tunisia Ribat of Monastirرباط المنستيرMonastir, Tunisia TypeAbbasid RibatSite informationConditionIntactSite historyBuilt796Built byHarthama ibn A'yan The Ribat of Monastir (Arabic: رباط المنستير) is a ribat, an Islamic defensive structure, located in Monastir, Tunisia. It is the oldest ribat built by the Arab conquerors during the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb. It is also the most prominent monument of the city of Monastir. History and architecture Southwestern gate Founded in 796 by the Abbasid leader and the governor of Ifriqiya, Harthama ibn A'yan, several improvements and changes were introduced to the building throughout the medieval times, including the expansion carried out by Abu al-Qasim ibn Tammam in 966. Initially it was quadrilateral shaped and then renovated into a composition of four buildings with two inner courtyards. There's also a spiral stair of about a hundred steps leading to the watchtower where visual messages were exchanged at night with the towers of neighboring ribats. Many watchtowers were added between 11th and 13th, 17th and 19th centuries in order to accommodate the artillery. The towers are also climbable, allowing visitors to enjoy a view of the city and the beach. In addition to the small rooms dedicated to the worshiping Mujahideen who were performing prayer and meditation during their military duty, the ribat has two mosques, the largest of which hosts a unique collection of worshiping materials and traditional medieval industrial materials today. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ribat of Monastir. ^ a b c Monastir Ribat Museum with No Frontiers. Retrieved 8-1-2017. ^ a b c d رباط المنستير Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 8-1-2017. 35°46′34″N 10°49′58″E / 35.7761°N 10.8329°E / 35.7761; 10.8329 This military base or fortification article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"ribat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribat"},{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic"},{"link_name":"Monastir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastir,_Tunisia"},{"link_name":"ribat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribat"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab"},{"link_name":"Muslim conquest of the Maghreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mi-2"}],"text":"Fort in TunisiaThe Ribat of Monastir (Arabic: رباط المنستير) is a ribat, an Islamic defensive structure, located in Monastir, Tunisia. It is the oldest ribat built by the Arab conquerors during the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb.[2] It is also the most prominent monument of the city of Monastir.","title":"Ribat of Monastir"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribat_of_Monastir,_Tunisia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Abbasid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid"},{"link_name":"Ifriqiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya"},{"link_name":"Harthama ibn A'yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harthama_ibn_A%27yan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-di-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mi-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mi-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-di-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mi-2"},{"link_name":"Mujahideen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujahideen"},{"link_name":"mosques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"}],"text":"Southwestern gateFounded in 796 by the Abbasid leader and the governor of Ifriqiya, Harthama ibn A'yan, several improvements and changes were introduced to the building throughout the medieval times, including the expansion carried out by Abu al-Qasim ibn Tammam in 966.[1] Initially it was quadrilateral shaped and then renovated into a composition of four buildings with two inner courtyards.[2] There's also a spiral stair of about a hundred steps leading to the watchtower where visual messages were exchanged at night with the towers of neighboring ribats.[2] Many watchtowers were added between 11th and 13th, 17th and 19th centuries in order to accommodate the artillery.[1] The towers are also climbable, allowing visitors to enjoy a view of the city and the beach.[2]In addition to the small rooms dedicated to the worshiping Mujahideen who were performing prayer and meditation during their military duty, the ribat has two mosques, the largest of which hosts a unique collection of worshiping materials and traditional medieval industrial materials today.","title":"History and architecture"}]
[{"image_text":"Southwestern gate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ribat_of_Monastir%2C_Tunisia.jpg/150px-Ribat_of_Monastir%2C_Tunisia.jpg"}]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashen
Kashen
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 27°34′00″N 61°00′00″E / 27.56667°N 61.00000°E / 27.56667; 61.00000Village in Sistan and Baluchestan, IranKashen كاشنvillageKashenCoordinates: 27°34′00″N 61°00′00″E / 27.56667°N 61.00000°E / 27.56667; 61.00000Country IranProvinceSistan and BaluchestanCountyKhashBakhshIrandeganRural DistrictIrandeganPopulation (2006) • Total85Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Kashen (Persian: كاشن, also Romanized as Kāshen) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 85, in 20 families. References ^ Kashen can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3743810" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Khash CountyCapital Khash DistrictsCentralCities Khash Rural Districts and villagesEsmailabad Abbasabad Akbarabad Aliabad Chah-e Sam Eftekharabad Esmailabad Espidak Gharibabad Hajjiabad Hajjiabad-e Esmailabad Hasanabad Industrial Estate Kalchat-e Heydarabad Karimabad-e Kheybar Karuji Khash Garrison Khosrowabad Mahmudabad Mashay-e Dasht Kalla Chat Menab Ab Mohammadabad Mohammadabad Mowtowr-e Davazdah Bahman Mowtowr-e Davazdah Farurdin Mowtowr-e Fajr Mowtowr-e Hajj Azim Gangu Zehi Mowtowr-e Hajji Gaza Beyk Mowtowr-e Hajji Hanif Mowtowr-e Jamhuri Mowtowr-e Jehad Mowtowr-e Nazer Mowtowr-e Panzdah Khordad Najafabad Naserabad Nasirabad Nematabad Nikabad Nushabad Qasemabad Rostamabad Rud-e Gaz Saidabad Seh Chahan Shahid Chamran Shahid Rejai Shahid Modarres Karvandar Ab Gushtukan Agosk Akramabad Allahabad Allahabad Allahabad-e Bala Chah-e Baluch Khan Chah-e Kamal Chah-e Kan Chah-e Salar Chah-e Shahi Darreh Garm Eslamabad Gadukan Gardak Gazdivan Gidbast Gol Shir Gunich Gur Mordan Tigh Ab Habibabad Hajjiabad Heydarabad Hoseynabad Hoseynabad Junazi Kahnak Karvandar Kohan Nuk Kug Mirzaabad Mohammadabad Mohammadabad Mohammadabad-e Padgan Mojtame-ye Mowtowr-e Hay Tigh Ab Mowtowr-e Nur Mohmmadabad Mowtowr-e Seyyed Mohammad Ney Padan Nukabad Nurabad-e Dasht Abkhvan Nurabad-e Sar Talap Padgan-e Golzar Pigol Rahmanabad Richkan Saidabad Shahruk Sharifabad-e Chah Kan Siah Kut Tang-e Hanzab Kuh Sefid Abbasabad Aliabad-e Garnechin Allahabad Bayatabad Borhanabad Chah-e Dar Mohammad Chah-e Gargin Chah-e Isa Chah-e Jelai Chah-e Mohammad Omar Dasht Robat Chah-e Rahmat Chah-e Saadat Emamiyeh Eslamabad-e Garnechin Gharibabad Gharibabad Gidbast Hesharkeh Judin Kalak Dinar Kalkali Kalkali-ye Now Kamalabad Khan Bibi Mahmudabad Mehrabad Mirabad Mirzaabad Mohammadabad Mohammadi Mowtowr-e Garsaz Hoseynabad Mowtowr-e Qader Bakhsh Mowtowr-e Saheb Khan Muzan Naseri Nosratabad Nukabad Posht Gorg Qasemabad Rahmatabad Saidabad Shahrak-e Piman Poshtkuh Afzalabad Allahabad Azadabad Balalabad Baluchabad Bilari Chah-e Dekal Chah-e Kamal Nurollah Chah-e Kamal Siah Jinad Chah-e Nali Chah-e Rahmat Chahok Chahtuk Dasht-e Zar Deh-e Bala Esmailabad Feyzabad Gazdanan Gazeh Shahnavazi Gazu Gurchan Hasanabad-e Dastgerd Heydarabad Hoseynabad-e Nilgun Kahn-e Karam Shah Kalleh Sakan Kam Zard Kamalabad Karimabad-e Seyyed Ali Khamenehi Kashtag-e Dastgerd Khalilabad Lulakdan Mohammadabad Mohammadabad Mowtowr-e Khvabiar Mowtowr-e Mirza Naderabad Nasrabad-e Rutak Nukabad Pil Gushkan Posht Giaban Poshteh-ye Kamal Rahmatabad-e Pain Roknabad Sabz Gaz-e Olya Sabz Gaz-e Sofla Sabz Gaz-e Vosta Shahid Qalanbar Shahrak-e Posht Giaban Shahr-e Deraz Sharifabad Tilag Sangan Aliabad-e Chah Zar Amidiyeh-ye Chah Zar Bar Abak Bulani Chah Zaman Chakol Cheh-e Zar Deh-e Now Deruk Deruneh Dorudi Dumak Espetk-e Hajji Gholam Estakhr Gazok Golkan-e Shahid Medani Gorz Gurehi Hajjiabad Kalleh Kaz Kand-e Zard Kashik Khalband Kulaku Khvoshab Mowtowr-e Hajji Abbas Paval Sangan Sangan-e Sofla Sarsaru Shundeh Suleki Tang-e Vajeg Tappeh-ye Lal Mohammad Terati Terati-ye Sang Tiab Torshab Tudi Zaghak IrandeganCities none Rural Districts and villagesIrandegan Bala Qaleh Dadkan Dahaneh Dakab-e Rughan Damikan Darin Darreh-ye Shargan Darsan Deh Qaleh Eslamabad Gar Abdy Gazaki Genz Genzerig Hakimabad Hedkan Heshik Hitgar Jangal Jangal-e Mukan Jangaluk Javadabad Kah Gishan Kaminak Kashen Kuh-e Nurk Kuh-e Pasan Nimgan Perom Pusar Shahrak Shavatk Varedan Zirkeyk Kahnuk Akbarabad Ali Morady Angiar Anjirak Anjirak Baghak Baha ol Din Barataki Bibah Binag Bok Bumask Chah-e Nikabakht Chegerd Cheshmeh-ye Kondur Dak Jamal Darenan Darkeshan Dasht Kuh-e Anjirak Deh Qola Deh-e Rais Del Morad Espah Gari Dasht Kuh Gary Gat Rais Golestan Gavatamak Gavatamak Gavi Gomn Gunak Gur Band Hashemabad Hirgan Hisek Hushab Aluk Kahurak Kal Shab Ravan Kallah Gur Kalleh Garmak Kalleh Maran Karuchi Kasab Kasap Dasht Kuh Kerstan Keshikan Khuki Kuy Patkuk Dasht Kuh Lashkeran Mahmudabad Marandegan Mareghan Kand Mirabad Nabahri Nagan Nali Nargan Nilgan Palizan Pedehi Pestak Purjangi Qaderabad Qanat-e Mir Qalandar Rahmanabad Randak Rasulabad Rishpesh Saptuk Sar Kand Seh Rud Seyah Takan Shamgat Shandan Sharaf ol Din Shirabad Shurak Sir Gavanani Sorkh Degar Sorkh Gazi Sorkhkan Sur Chahi Yek Muki Yusefabad Zardian Zardin Gar Ziarat Konar Zirogdan Zohian NukabadCities Nukabad Rural Districts and villagesEskelabad Allahabad Anjir Mehi Baluchabad-e Kahnaki Bidak-e Bala Bidak-e Pain Bidan Sarzeh Biduk-e Murtak Chahak Chah-e Nabiabad Chah-e Shur Deh-e Pabid Eskelabad Garjumak Garuk Gharibabad Gunak Gushan-e Bala Hajjiabad Kafeh Hajjiabad Kahnak Kahn-e Nuk Karimabad-e Deh Tajgi Khalilabad Khaz-e Bahari Kolli Malekabad Milman Mohammadabad Mohammadabad Murtak-e Pain Narap Rahmatabad Rigabad Rostamabad Rubahuk Sar Band Sazink-e Olya Senjedak Siah Tir-e Pain Sohrababad Takhtun Gowhar Kuh Abd ol Azizabad Aliabad Arzantak Azimabad Azizabad Bag Bahadorabad Beheshtiabad Chacheragh Chah-e Hajji Siah Khan Chah-e Mirza Deh-e Bala Ebrahimabad Eslamabad Esmailabad (south) Esmailabad (north) Eydabad Faqirabad Fiselabad Gowhar Kuh Shahrak Habibabad Hafezabad Hajjiabad Hajjiabad Hasanabad-e Shandak Hoseynabad Jadidabad-e Shandak Kalleh Shahu Kalleh-ye Espid Kalleh-ye Espid-e Eslamabad Karimabad Karimabad-e Hajji Karim Kavari Kureh-ye Bi Barg Khan Lalabad Malek Mohammadabad Mansurabad Mazraeh-ye Barani Mohsenabad Mowtowr-e Amirabad Mowtowr-e Bajar Mowtowr-e Bulan Zehi Kach Mowtowr-e Hajji Mehrab Mowtowr-e Hajji Qader Bakhsh Mowtowr-e Hajji Yar Mohammad Mowtowr-e Kamal ol Din Mohammadani Mowtowr-e Khoda Nazer Mowtowr-e Khodadad Mowtowr-e Nowruz Mowtowr-e Pasran Mahmud Isa Zehi Mowtowr-e Qalandar Mowtowr-e Saraj Naserabad Nazarabad Nazarabad Nazarabad Nematabad Nematabad Nukabad Nurabad Padagi Pardelabad Qaderabad Rahmatabad Rigabad Seyyedabad Shahid Shah Nazar Shahidayit-e Shandak Sharifabad Sherkat-e Tamp Shirabad Shurabad-e Fandaq Tajabad Vali Mohammadabad Valiabad Zafarabad Ziruki-ye Gowhar Kuh Nazil Ab Namard Ahmadabad Akbarabad Alamabad Amirabad Anari Anjirak Arzuni Azizabad Bahrabad Bidak Biduk-e Bala Biduk-e Pain Chah-e Ahmad Chah-e Hajji Ahmad Deh Nadam Deh Shahdust Dehnow Eslamabad Eslamabad Esmailabad Estakhru Gharibabad-e Allah Dad Gharibabad-e Nark Gholam Nabi Gol Gaz Gol Kan Golabad Gorgunak Gunak Hajji Rasul Hajjiabad Haqabad Hasanabad Hasanabad Hoseynabad Hoseynabad Hoseynabad Hulmadian-e Bala Hulmadian-e Pain Kalak Shiman Kalleh Shahtut Kam-e Zard Karamabad Karimabad Kheyrabad Lalabad-e Huti Mahmudabad Malekabad Mehrababad Mirabad Mohammadabad Mohammadabad Mohammadabad Mohammadabad-e Pain Talarak Mohammadabad-e Shah Nur Molla Qus Moradabad Mowtowr-e Abdol Vahad Mowtowr-e Amid Mowtowr-e Baluch Khan Mowtowr-e Emanollah Mowtowr-e Gol Zaman Mowtowr-e Golab Mowtowr-e Hajji Pir Mohammad Mowtowr-e Hajji Yar Mohammad Shah Bakhsh Mowtowr-e Khoda Nazer Mowtowr-e Mir Beyk Mowtowr-e Nader Mowtowr-e Pasand Mowtowr-e Rasul Mowtowr-e Sharif Mowtowr-e Zaman Musaabad Nabiabad Nabiabad Naimabad |Nalaki Naserabad Naserabad Naserabad Naserabad-e Talarak Nazil Nukabad Patmati Pur Janki Rahimabad Rahmatabad Rahmatabad Rasulabad Rihani Saidabad Sangary Sar Kang Sar Tall Seyah Darreh Shah Nazerabad Shahidabad-e Saruk Shahrak Shand Shirabad Shurcheh-ye Purgazy Siah Kelak Siah Kut-e Anjireh Tah Rud Tuzaki Valiabad Yusefabad Yusefabad Taftan-e Jonubi(South Taftan) Aliyeh Dorudy Biahu Dushing-e Pain Bida Setar Chah Zilan Chahak Cheshmeh-ye Abek Chihaki Darreh-ye Talayi Deh-e Mir Baluch Dejang-e Bala Dejang-e Pain Do Dar Do Rudi Do Rudi Narun Do Shang Dowlatabad Eslamabad Firuzabad Garuk Gati Gazmeh-ye Marishan Gurmurik Hamidabad Jamchin Kalleh-ye Shurehi Kamsegari Karimabad Khanak Kharaki Kheyrabad Kolangur Kusheh Kusheh-ye Gardak Kusheh-ye Qaleh Rashid Khan Kuteh Lisabad Mahmudabad Malekabad Marishan Mashin Mehran Mohammadabad Narun Narun Posht-e Zard Rahmatabad Rahmatabad Rud-e Sanib Sangan-e Kuknak Sar Kam Shandi Sihaki Sihaki Kuteh Takht Tamandan Towd Lang Tudak-e Taqiabad Vellan Yusefabad Yusefabad-e Tudak Iran portal This Khash County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Nara
Empress Nara
["1 Debate over historical maiden name","2 Early life","3 As empress","3.1 Downfall","4 Death","5 Titles","6 Issue","7 In popular culture","8 See also","9 Notes on Chinese years","10 References","11 Sources"]
Empress of the Qing dynasty Not to be confused with Empress Ula Nara (disambiguation) or Empress Yehe Nara (disambiguation). Empress of the Nara clanEmpress of QingLa Concubine (1750) by the French Catholic priest Jean Denis Attiret, purported to depict Empress Nara (formerly claimed as Imperial Noble Consort Shujia)Empress consort of the Qing dynastyTenure2 September 1750 – 19 August 1766PredecessorEmpress XiaoxianchunSuccessorEmpress XiaoshuruiBorn(1718-03-11)11 March 1718Died19 August 1766(1766-08-19) (aged 48)Forbidden City, BeijingBurialYu Mausoleum, Eastern Qing tombsSpouse Qianlong Emperor ​(m. 1734)​Issue Yongji, Prince of the Third Rank Unnamed daughter Yongjing ClanNara (那拉氏; by birth)Aisin-Gioro (愛新覺羅氏; by marriage)FatherNarbuReligionVajrayana Buddhism The Empress of the Nara clan (11 March 1718 – 19 August 1766) of the Manchu Bordered Blue Banner, was the second wife of the Qianlong Emperor. She was the empress consort of the Qing dynasty from 1750 until her death in 1766. Informally known as the Step-Empress, she is one of the most controversial female figures in Chinese history. Originally a noble consort, she was elevated to empress rank after Empress Xiaoxianchun's death. In her role as empress consort, she accompanied the Qianlong Emperor on many leisure and hunting trips, as well as ancestral worship ceremonies. Historical records give little information about her life or even her physical appearance. Because of this lack of documentation, there has been intense speculation among Chinese academicians regarding her historicity and character. It is widely suspected that the Qianlong Emperor destroyed all her imperial records and portraits. Although never officially deposed, she lost her authority as chief of the imperial harem in 1765, reputedly because she cut her hair, an act that was considered a grave offense according to ancient Manchurian custom. Consequently, the Qianlong Emperor ordered that her four titular imperial edicts, accompanying gifts, and imperial seal be confiscated. After her death, she was not given an imperial funeral or a posthumous name, nor was she buried with the Qianlong Emperor. Debate over historical maiden name In the Draft History of Qing, the future Step-Empress is noted as being a member of the Ula clan. However, the Draft History of Qing is noted to be riddled with errors, due to a hasty publication that precluded an editing process. Her father was listed as Narbu, found in the Genealogy of the Manchu clans (八旗滿洲氏族通譜) as being a descendant of Wangginu (王機砮), a leader of the Hoifa clan, and the family's ancestors are listed under the section "People with the surname Nara in the Hoifa area" (輝發地方納喇氏) as having lived in the Hoifa area for generations. Therefore, some modern publications have stated the Step-Empress is a member of the Hoifa-Nara clan. But due to the fact that the Ula-Nara clan is the most ancient Nara clan, the Step-Empress's ancestors might have changed their last name to Ula-Nara to make their name more noble. However, at least one author has noted that with members of the Nara clan, the name that comes before Nara merely denotes the geographical area in which the family resided in, and that all members of the clan share the same last name, regardless of their area of residence. In the Factual Record of Qing (清實錄), when the Step-Empress, at the time the secondary consort of Qianlong, was elevated to Consort Xian, she was referred to as being of the Nara clan, rather than as a member of the Ula-Nara or Hoifa-Nara. The debate over the Step-Empress's maiden name has manifested itself in two 2018 media portrayals of the Step-Empress's life. In the Story of Yanxi Palace, the character based on the Step-Empress is named Hoifa-Nara Shushen. In Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace, the character based on the Step-Empress is named Ula-Nara Qingying/Ruyi. Early life The date of the Step-Empress's birth is a matter of debate, with the book Four Genealogies of the Qing Royal House stating that she was born some time in the second lunar month of an unknown year, and at least one modern book stating that she was born on the 10th day of the 2nd month of the 57th year of Kangxi Emperor's reign. She was born to Narbu, a niru ejen, or assistant captain. Before Hongli's enthronement in 1735, his father, the Yongzheng Emperor, appointed Lady Nara as his secondary consort. Lady Nara was noted to have gained Hongli's favour during this time. After the death of Yongzheng, Hongli succeeded him as the Qianlong Emperor, and Lady Nara was granted the title "Consort Xian" (嫻妃) on 23 January 1738. Her pleasant character also won the favour of Qianlong's mother, Empress Dowager Chongqing, and on 9 December 1745, she was promoted to "Noble Consort Xian" (嫻貴妃). As empress Qianlong's first wife, Empress Xiaoxianchun, died on the 8th day of the 3rd month of the 13th year of Qianlong at the age of 36, but it was not well documented by historical sources. Some say that she died on a boat in Dezhou, but most believe that she made it back to the Forbidden City in Beijing. The Emperor later promoted Lady Nara to the position of "Imperial Noble Consort" (皇貴妃) via an edict issued on the 5th day of the 4th month of the 13th year of his reign, giving her administrative powers over the harem as acting empress. Two years later, an edict to appoint the Imperial Noble Consort as the new empress was issued on the 12th day of the 7th month of the 15th year of Qianlong. The decision was made following the end of the mourning period for Empress Xiaoxianchun. From then on, Empress Nara accompanied Qianlong on many trips, ancestral worship ceremonies, and hunts. Between the 17th year of Qianlong to the 20th year, the Step-Empress gave birth to three children: the 12th prince, Yongji (永璂), an unnamed daughter and the 13th prince, Yongjing (永璟), respectively. Downfall According to the Draft History of Qing, in 1765, during the 30th year of Qianlong's reign, the Step-Empress accompanied the Emperor on a tour to Southern China. As the group arrived in Hangzhou, under circumstances that remain the subject of debate, the Step-Empress cut her hair. Contemporary Qing customs held that Manchu people could not shave the hair on the top of their heads until a hundred days after a funeral, and that the hair of a queue was cut only as a sign of deep mourning. The Step Empress' action was considered a grave offense, as it was taken as a gesture meant to curse the Emperor and the Empress Dowager. She was commanded to return to the capital, and Fulong'an (福隆安), the husband of the Emperor's fourth daughter, escorted her via the waterways. Chinese author Li Shu, in her 2019 book on Qing imperial cuisine, claimed to pinpoint the exact moment the incident happened, using Qing dynasty records of the portions of food the Emperor gave to his imperial consorts. She argued that the granting of a food portion represents an act of honor and love by the Emperor to his imperial consort, whereas withholding such a grant indicates displeasure. She postulated that the incident happened at some point following breakfast on the 18th day of the leap 2nd month of the 30th year of Qianlong, when the Step-Empress received a portion of assorted meats, and before dinner that same day, when the Step-Empress was not mentioned as having received any portion of food from the Emperor. In addition, starting from that dinner and thereafter, the Step-Empress' name was covered up with yellow paper on records of food portion grants. After the incident and following the Step-Empress' return to the capital, she was still granted the same amount of daily food and charcoal rations as would be accorded to an empress, and she was given five eunuchs and two cooks. But on the 14th day of the 5th month of the 30th year of Qianlong, following the Qianlong Emperor's return to Beijing, he ordered that the Step-Empress' four written edicts that bestowed her ranks and titles, as well as the accompanying gifts, be confiscated. In addition, the Step-Empress' tenfold maid workforce was reduced to two, the same amount of maids that a second class attendant (答應; lowest imperial consort) was allowed to have. Furthermore, the Qianlong Emperor conferred the title of imperial noble consort on Noble Consort Ling half a month after his return to the capital. Under Qing dynasty’s ranking of consorts, an imperial noble consort was only a step below the empress, meaning that while Noble Consort Ling was not explicitly granted administrative powers over the harem, the Step-Empress had definitely fallen out of favour with the Emperor. Death The Step-Empress died in the 7th month of the 31st year of Qianlong. However, the exact date of her death is a matter of debate. The Draft History of Qing, which has accuracy and reliability concerns, states that she died on the Jiawu, while modern works typically list her death as having happened on the 14th day of the 7th month. The Step-Empress was already seriously ill by the 6th month of that same year, but despite her illness, Qianlong did not delay his trip to the summer residence in Chengde. At the time of the Step-Empress's death, the Qianlong Emperor was on his annual hunting excursion at the Mulan Hunting Grounds (木蘭圍場, in present-day Weichang Manchu and Mongol Autonomous County). Instead of ending his excursion immediately to head back to the Forbidden City, he ordered his 12th son, Yongji (the Step-Empress's biological son), to return to the palace to handle the funerary affairs. By the Qianlong Emperor's order, the Step-Empress's funeral was treated as that of an Imperial Noble Consort, but in reality, the ceremony was a much more scaled-down affair. For example, the usual cancellation of imperial cabinet meetings for five days was not carried out, and the requirement for princesses, nobles, and high-ranking court officials to attend the mourning sessions was waived. In addition, the coffin used for the Step-Empress was of a much lower quality. For her burial, the Step-Empress was laid to rest in the Yu Mausoleum of the Eastern Qing tombs, next to Imperial Noble Consort Chunhui, instead of being entombed beside the Emperor's future resting place. Titles During the reign of the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722): Lady Nara (那拉氏) During the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor (r. 1722–1735): Secondary consort (側福晉; from 2 December 1734) During the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796): Consort Xian (嫻妃; from 23 January 1738), fourth rank consort Noble Consort Xian (嫻貴妃; from 9 December 1745), third rank consort Imperial Noble Consort (皇貴妃; from 20 May 1749), second rank consort Empress (皇后; from 2 September 1750) Issue As empress: Yongji (永璂), Prince of the Third Rank (貝勒; 7 June 1752 – 17 March 1776), the Qianlong Emperor's 12th son Unnamed daughter (23 July 1753 – 1 June 1755), the Qianlong Emperor's fifth daughter Yongjing (永璟; 22 January 1756 – 7 September 1757), the Qianlong Emperor's 13th son In popular culture Portrayed as Consort Lan by Tsui Si-fei in The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty (1988) Portrayed as the Empress by Dai Chunrong in My Fair Princess (1998) Portrayed by Li Yun in Qianlong Dynasty (2003) Portrayed by Jiang Lili in My Fair Princess III (2003) Portrayed by Xu Xiaodan in The Eloquent Ji Xiaolan (2004) Portrayed by Sheren Tang in New My Fair Princess (2011) Portrayed as Ula-Nara Qingying by Zhang Yan in Empresses in the Palace (2011) Portrayed as Empress Ula-Nara by Fan Bingbing in The Lady in the Portrait (2017) Portrayed as Hoifa-Nara Shushen by Charmaine Sheh in Story of Yanxi Palace (2018) Portrayed as Ula-Nara Qingying/Ruyi by Zhou Xun in Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace (2018) See also Imperial Chinese harem system Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty Notes on Chinese years Many historical materials on the Step Empress utilize the ancient Chinese lunisolar calendar, coupled with the Chinese era name system. The following Gregorian calendar dates were derived, using a date converter developed by the Academia Sinica in Taiwan. ^ 11 March 1718 ^ 23 January 1738 ^ 5 April 1748 ^ 20 May 1749 ^ 13 August 1750 ^ A time period spanning from 15 February 1752 to 30 January 1756. ^ 7 April 1765 ^ 1 July 1765 ^ A time period spanning from 6 August to 3–4 September 1766. ^ 31 August 1766 ^ 19 August 1766 ^ A time period spanning from 7 July to 5 August 1766. References ^ a b Disputed. See the Early life section of this article. ^ a b Disputed. See the Death section of this article. ^ a b c Xu 2013, p. 256 ^ Zhang & Wu 1928: "皇后，烏喇那拉氏，佐領那爾布女。(The Empress, of the Ula-Nara, daughter of niru ejen Narbu)." ^ Chuang, Chi-fa. "清史館與清史稿: 清史館未刊紀志表傳的纂修及其史料價值" (PDF). National Palace Museum (in Traditional Chinese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2019. 《清史稿》彙集了大批的史料，將清朝歷史的輪廓，公開向世人亮相。《清史稿》出版後，流傳甚廣，久為中外學術界廣泛研究利用。《清史稿》謬誤百出，是不爭的事實，長久以來，多將《清史稿》的疏漏舛訛等缺點歸咎於《清史稿》的倉卒成書，未遑審訂。(The Draft History of Qing gathered a lot of historical information, and revealed to the public a contour of Qing Dynasty history. After the Draft History of Qing was published, it was widely disseminated, and has long been researched and used by academia, domestic and abroad. It is undisputed fact that the Draft History of Qing is riddled with errors. For a long time, the errors are blamed on the Draft History of Qing being rushed to publication, with no time for editing.) ^ 八旗滿洲氏族通譜卷二十四 輝發地方納喇氏 (in Traditional Chinese). Retrieved 24 May 2019. ^ Lee, Zoey (15 October 2018). "【有雷】周迅、范冰冰、佘詩曼都演過乾隆繼皇后！從《如懿》《延禧》解開烏拉（輝發）那拉氏的歷史爭議之謎" . Harper’s Bazaar (in Traditional Chinese). 由於《清史稿》和《清皇室四譜》都是民國之後才編定的，而且編定過程有很多問題，所以就可信度而言，《八旗滿洲氏族通譜》的資料比較可靠，可以推定繼皇后應當是輝發那拉氏。(As the "Draft History of Qing" and the "Four Genealogies of the Qing Royal House" are written during and after the Republican era, and the editorial process was riddled with problems, so, from a reliability standpoint, information from the Genealogy of the Manchu Clans are more reliable, and it can be said that the Empress is of the Hoifa-Nara tribe.) ^ Chung 2018: 那拉氏是滿清八大姓之一，支系繁多，烏拉那拉、輝發那拉、葉赫那拉、哈達那拉都屬那拉氏的分支。而所謂分支，即地域之分，也就是說，「那拉」才是真正姓氏，而前面的「烏拉」、「輝發」等則是地域上的區分。因此，這位乾隆繼后，無論是來自「烏拉」地區還是「輝發」地區，都不影響她被稱作「那拉氏」。(The Clan Nara is one of Qing Dynasty's 8 major clans, and has a complicated system of branches. Ula-Nara, Hoifa-Nara, Yehe-Nara, Hada-Nara are all branches of the Clan Nara. As for what "branches" mean, it's a geographical distinguisher, meaning "Nara" is the real surname, and that the prefix, such as "Ula" and "Hoifa", is merely a geographical identifier. That means, for this Qianlong Emperor consort, it doesn't matter whether she hails from the Ula or Hoifa area, she is still of the Clan Nara.) ^ a b "乾隆二年十二月上4日" . 高宗純皇帝實錄 (Factual History of Gaozhong, Emperor Chun) (in Traditional Chinese). 58: 939–942. ...冊封庶妃那拉氏為嫻妃... (...Confer the title Consort Xian to Secondary Consort of the Nara clan...) ^ "佘詩曼周迅同演繼皇后 為何斷髮失常成千古謎團" . Bastille Post (in Traditional Chinese). 29 August 2018. 《如懿傳》主要講述女主角（由周迅飾）烏拉那拉·如懿與乾隆之間的恩怨情仇。而如懿的歷史原型，就是乾隆第二任皇后純帝繼皇后輝發那拉氏，亦即是在《延禧》中，由佘詩曼輝發那拉·淑慎。("Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace" mainly portrays the female lead (portrayed by Zhou Xun) Ula-Nara Ruyi and her dealings with the Qianlong Emperor. Ruyi is based on Qianlong's 2nd Empress, Lady Hoifa-Nara, which is the character Hoifa-Nara Shushen, portrayed by Charmaine Sheh in "Story of Yanxi Palace".) ^ a b Chung 2018: 據《清皇室四譜》，那拉氏出生年份不詳，只知生於二月，鑲藍旗佐領那爾布之女... (According to the Four Genealogies of the Qing Royal House, Lady Nara's year of birth is unknown. It is only known that she was born in the second month. She was the daughter of niru ejen Narbu, of the Bordered Blue Banner.) ^ a b c Lee, Lau & Stefanowska 2015, p. 356. ^ "乾隆十年十一月下17日" . 高宗純皇帝實錄 (Factual History of Gaozhong, Emperor Chun) (in Traditional Chinese). 58: 939-2. ...冊封嫻妃那拉氏為貴妃... (...Confer the title of Noble Consort to Consort Xian of the Nara clan...) ^ "明清第一任皇后之悲（下）" . People's Daily (in Traditional Chinese). Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. 10 October 2012. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019. ^ Chang 2020, p. 381. ^ "乾隆十四年四月上9日" . 高宗純皇帝實錄 (Factual History of Gaozhong, Emperor Chun) (in Traditional Chinese). 338: 661–2. ...於乾隆十四年四月初五日｡冊命那拉氏為皇貴妃攝六宮事｡ (...On the 5th Day of the 4th Month of the 14th year of Qianlong, Appoint Lady Nara as Imperial Noble Consort, with administrative powers over the palaces...) ^ "乾隆十五年七月上12日" . 高宗純皇帝實錄 (Factual History of Gaozhong, Emperor Chun) (in Traditional Chinese). 368: 1067-1. ...冊命皇貴妃攝六宮事 那拉氏為皇后｡ (...Appoint the Imperial Noble Consort, with administrative powers over the six palaces, Lady Nara as the Empress.) ^ Xu 2013, p. 257 ^ a b c d e f Xu 2013, p. 258 ^ Zhang & Wu 1928: "三十年，從上南巡，至杭州，忤上旨，后剪髮，上益不懌，令后先還京師。(On the 30th year, followed the Emperor for a southern tour. She defied an imperial order in Hangzhou, and cut her hair, causing growing displeasure with the Emperor, who ordered the Step Empress to return to the capital. ^ Chen 2018 ^ "乾隆四十三年九月上9日" . 高宗純皇帝實錄 (Factual History of Gaozhong, Emperor Chun) (in Traditional Chinese). 1616: 259-2. ...乃至自行翦髮｡則國俗所最忌者｡ (...Leading to cutting her own hair, which is a big faux pas under our national customs.) ^ a b c d e Xu 2013, p. 260 ^ "【皇上吃什麼】繼皇后如懿失寵的關鍵時刻 藏在乾隆南巡餐單內！" . HK01 (in Traditional Chinese). 8 February 2019. ^ "《皇上吃什麼》：從乾隆南巡菜單，一窺如懿失寵的秘密" . The News Lens (in Traditional Chinese). 20 January 2019. ^ Xu 2013, pp. 260–261 ^ a b c d Xu 2013, p. 261 ^ a b Zhang & Wu 1928: "三十一年七月甲午，崩。上方幸木蘭，命喪儀視皇貴妃。(Died on the Jiawu of the 7th month of the 31st year . His Majesty was at Mulan at the time, and ordered to treat the funeral as that of an Imperial Noble Consort.) ^ Xu 2013, pp. 261–262 ^ "列傳八 諸王七" . Draft History of Qing (in Traditional Chinese). 221. Retrieved 30 May 2019. ^ Chu, Yik Min (25 July 2018). "【延禧攻略】嫻妃大戰《還珠格格》小燕子 兩劇角色「駁得埋」？" . HK01 (in Traditional Chinese). ...一定要數在劇中扮演佘詩曼母親的戴春榮，單看名字大家可能不認識，但相信大家都沒有忘記在《還珠格格》前兩部中，專登同小燕子（趙薇飾）和紫薇（林心如飾）作對的可惡皇后，其實她就是嫻妃... (...We must count Dai Chunrong, who plays Charmaine Sheh's mother. People may not know her from her name, but people probably remember the wretched Empress that had a rivalry with Xiao Yanzi (portrayed by Vicki Zhao) and Ziwei (portrayed by Ruby Lin) in the first two installments of My Fair Empress. That character is actually Consort Xian.) ^ "演甄嬛儿媳不讨喜 她曾是中国史上最小影后！" . China Times (in Simplified Chinese). 9 May 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2019. 将于2017年亮相的电视剧新作《后宫·如懿传》，由周迅主演，讲述的是甄嬛的儿媳妇－如懿的宫斗歷程，有关注《甄嬛传》和《如懿传》的观眾也一定知道，在《甄嬛传》中，主角如懿早就出现过，她在里头叫做青樱...(In Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace, set to be released in 2017, Zhou Xun plays Zhen Huan's daughter-in-law, and portrays a story of strifes in the palace. Those who pay attention to "Empresses in the Palace" and "Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace" will know that in "Empresses in the Palace", Ruyi's role already appeared. She was named Qingying in the series...) ^ Lee, Maggie (24 May 2017). "Cannes Film Review: 'The Lady in the Portrait'". Variety. Fan, at perhaps her most imperious and brittle, plays the beautiful Ulanara, second empress to Qianlong. ^ Jiang, Ada (3 September 2018). "4 biggest back-stabbing female villains in Chinese imperial palace TV dramas". South China Morning Post. Yet the rise of Wei is far from easy; Consort Xian, Hoifa-Nara Shushen, who becomes the new empress after the death of Empress Fucha, is her biggest enemy in the series. Xian, played by Hong Kong actress Charmaine Sheh... Sources Zhang, Caitian; Wu, Changshou (1928). "列傳一" . 清史稿 (The Draft History of Qing) (in Traditional Chinese). 214. Retrieved 25 May 2019. Chung, Yik (28 August 2018). "乾隆繼后那拉氏" . Ta Kung Pao (in Traditional Chinese). Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019. Xu, Guangyuan (2013). You, Qihui (ed.). 大清后妃寫真 (in Traditional Chinese). Taipei, Taiwan: Yuan-Liou Publishing Co Ltd. ISBN 978-957-32-7139-0. Chen, Jiexian (May 2018). Jiang, Jiawei (ed.). 以史為鑑―漫談明清史事 (in Traditional Chinese) (初版第一刷 (Early Edition, First Printing) ed.). Taipei: San Min Book. ISBN 978-957-14-6398-8. Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Lau, Clara; Stefanowska, A.D. (17 July 2015). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: v. 1: The Qing Period, 1644-1911. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-47588-0. Chang, Michael G (23 March 2020). A Court on Horseback: Imperial Touring & the Construction of Qing Rule, 1680–1785. BRILL. ISBN 978-1-68417-456-0. Empress Nara Nara Clan Chinese royalty Preceded byEmpress Xiaoxianchunof the Fuca clan Empress consort of China 2 September 1750 – 19 August 1766 Succeeded byEmpress Xiaoshuruiof the Hitara clan
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Empress Ula Nara (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Ula_Nara_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Empress Yehe Nara (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Yehe_Nara_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BirthDispute-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeathDispute-2"},{"link_name":"Manchu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_people"},{"link_name":"Bordered Blue Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordered_Blue_Banner"},{"link_name":"Qianlong Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birth1-3"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Empress Xiaoxianchun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaoxianchun"},{"link_name":"academicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academicians"},{"link_name":"Manchurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria"},{"link_name":"posthumous name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumous_name"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Empress Ula Nara (disambiguation) or Empress Yehe Nara (disambiguation).The Empress of the Nara clan (11 March 1718[1] – 19 August 1766[2]) of the Manchu Bordered Blue Banner, was the second wife of the Qianlong Emperor.[3] She was the empress consort of the Qing dynasty from 1750 until her death in 1766. Informally known as the Step-Empress, she is one of the most controversial female figures in Chinese history.Originally a noble consort, she was elevated to empress rank after Empress Xiaoxianchun's death. In her role as empress consort, she accompanied the Qianlong Emperor on many leisure and hunting trips, as well as ancestral worship ceremonies.Historical records give little information about her life or even her physical appearance. Because of this lack of documentation, there has been intense speculation among Chinese academicians regarding her historicity and character. It is widely suspected that the Qianlong Emperor destroyed all her imperial records and portraits.Although never officially deposed, she lost her authority as chief of the imperial harem in 1765, reputedly because she cut her hair, an act that was considered a grave offense according to ancient Manchurian custom. Consequently, the Qianlong Emperor ordered that her four titular imperial edicts, accompanying gifts, and imperial seal be confiscated. After her death, she was not given an imperial funeral or a posthumous name, nor was she buried with the Qianlong Emperor.","title":"Empress Nara"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Draft History of Qing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_History_of_Qing"},{"link_name":"Ula clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_clan#Ula_Nara"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Hoifa clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_clan#Hoifa_Nara"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Nara clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_clan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConsortXian-9"},{"link_name":"Story of Yanxi Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Story_of_Yanxi_Palace"},{"link_name":"Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruyi%27s_Royal_Love_in_the_Palace"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In the Draft History of Qing, the future Step-Empress is noted as being a member of the Ula clan.[4] However, the Draft History of Qing is noted to be riddled with errors, due to a hasty publication that precluded an editing process.[5]Her father was listed as Narbu, found in the Genealogy of the Manchu clans (八旗滿洲氏族通譜) as being a descendant of Wangginu (王機砮), a leader of the Hoifa clan, and the family's ancestors are listed under the section \"People with the surname Nara in the Hoifa area\" (輝發地方納喇氏) as having lived in the Hoifa area for generations.[6] Therefore, some modern publications have stated the Step-Empress is a member of the Hoifa-Nara clan.[7] But due to the fact that the Ula-Nara clan is the most ancient Nara clan, the Step-Empress's ancestors might have changed their last name to Ula-Nara to make their name more noble.However, at least one author has noted that with members of the Nara clan, the name that comes before Nara merely denotes the geographical area in which the family resided in, and that all members of the clan share the same last name, regardless of their area of residence.[8] In the Factual Record of Qing (清實錄), when the Step-Empress, at the time the secondary consort of Qianlong, was elevated to Consort Xian, she was referred to as being of the Nara clan, rather than as a member of the Ula-Nara or Hoifa-Nara.[9]The debate over the Step-Empress's maiden name has manifested itself in two 2018 media portrayals of the Step-Empress's life.In the Story of Yanxi Palace, the character based on the Step-Empress is named Hoifa-Nara Shushen.\nIn Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace, the character based on the Step-Empress is named Ula-Nara Qingying/Ruyi.[10]","title":"Debate over historical maiden name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birth2-11"},{"link_name":"Kangxi Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birth1-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birth2-11"},{"link_name":"Yongzheng Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeLauStefanowska2015356-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birth1-3"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConsortXian-9"},{"link_name":"Empress Dowager Chongqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaoshengxian"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeLauStefanowska2015356-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The date of the Step-Empress's birth is a matter of debate, with the book Four Genealogies of the Qing Royal House stating that she was born some time in the second lunar month of an unknown year,[11] and at least one modern book stating that she was born on the 10th day of the 2nd month of the 57th year of Kangxi Emperor's reign.[a][3] She was born to Narbu, a niru ejen, or assistant captain.[11]Before Hongli's enthronement in 1735, his father, the Yongzheng Emperor, appointed Lady Nara as his secondary consort.[12] Lady Nara was noted to have gained Hongli's favour during this time.[3] After the death of Yongzheng, Hongli succeeded him as the Qianlong Emperor, and Lady Nara was granted the title \"Consort Xian\" (嫻妃) on 23 January 1738.[b][9] Her pleasant character also won the favour of Qianlong's mother, Empress Dowager Chongqing,[12] and on 9 December 1745, she was promoted to \"Noble Consort Xian\" (嫻貴妃).[13]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Empress Xiaoxianchun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaoxianchun"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Dezhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezhou"},{"link_name":"Forbidden City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_City"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang2020381-18"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeLauStefanowska2015356-13"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XianPromotion-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XianEmpress-24"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XianEmpress-24"}],"text":"Qianlong's first wife, Empress Xiaoxianchun, died on the 8th day of the 3rd month of the 13th year of Qianlong at the age of 36,[c] but it was not well documented by historical sources.[14] Some say that she died on a boat in Dezhou, but most believe that she made it back to the Forbidden City in Beijing.The Emperor later promoted Lady Nara to the position of \"Imperial Noble Consort\"[15][12] (皇貴妃) via an edict issued on the 5th day of the 4th month of the 13th year of his reign,[d] giving her administrative powers over the harem as acting empress.[16]Two years later, an edict to appoint the Imperial Noble Consort as the new empress was issued on the 12th day of the 7th month of the 15th year of Qianlong.[e][17] The decision was made following the end of the mourning period for Empress Xiaoxianchun.[18] From then on, Empress Nara accompanied Qianlong on many trips, ancestral worship ceremonies, and hunts.[19] Between the 17th year of Qianlong to the 20th year,[f] the Step-Empress gave birth to three children: the 12th prince, Yongji (永璂), an unnamed daughter and the 13th prince, Yongjing (永璟), respectively.[19]","title":"As empress"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhou"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"fourth daughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Hejia"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmpressDownfall-29"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XianEmpress-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewsLens1-32"},{"link_name":"[h]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmpressDownfall-29"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmpressDownfall-29"},{"link_name":"Noble Consort Ling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaoyichun"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmpressDownfall-29"},{"link_name":"ranking of consorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_harem_system#Qing"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmpressDownfall-29"}],"sub_title":"Downfall","text":"According to the Draft History of Qing, in 1765, during the 30th year of Qianlong's reign, the Step-Empress accompanied the Emperor on a tour to Southern China. As the group arrived in Hangzhou, under circumstances that remain the subject of debate, the Step-Empress cut her hair.[20] Contemporary Qing customs held that Manchu people could not shave the hair on the top of their heads until a hundred days after a funeral, and that the hair of a queue was cut only as a sign of deep mourning.[21] The Step Empress' action was considered a grave offense,[22] as it was taken as a gesture meant to curse the Emperor and the Empress Dowager. She was commanded to return to the capital, and Fulong'an (福隆安), the husband of the Emperor's fourth daughter, escorted her via the waterways.[23]Chinese author Li Shu, in her 2019 book on Qing imperial cuisine, claimed to pinpoint the exact moment the incident happened, using Qing dynasty records of the portions of food the Emperor gave to his imperial consorts. She argued that the granting of a food portion represents an act of honor and love by the Emperor to his imperial consort, whereas withholding such a grant indicates displeasure. She postulated that the incident happened at some point following breakfast on the 18th day of the leap 2nd month of the 30th year of Qianlong,[g] when the Step-Empress received a portion of assorted meats, and before dinner that same day, when the Step-Empress was not mentioned as having received any portion of food from the Emperor.[24] In addition, starting from that dinner and thereafter, the Step-Empress' name was covered up with yellow paper on records of food portion grants.[19]After the incident and following the Step-Empress' return to the capital, she was still granted the same amount of daily food and charcoal rations as would be accorded to an empress, and she was given five eunuchs and two cooks.[25] But on the 14th day of the 5th month of the 30th year of Qianlong,[h] following the Qianlong Emperor's return to Beijing, he ordered that the Step-Empress' four written edicts that bestowed her ranks and titles, as well as the accompanying gifts, be confiscated.[23] In addition, the Step-Empress' tenfold maid workforce was reduced to two, the same amount of maids that a second class attendant (答應; lowest imperial consort) was allowed to have.[23] Furthermore, the Qianlong Emperor conferred the title of imperial noble consort on Noble Consort Ling half a month after his return to the capital.[23] Under Qing dynasty’s ranking of consorts, an imperial noble consort was only a step below the empress, meaning that while Noble Consort Ling was not explicitly granted administrative powers over the harem, the Step-Empress had definitely fallen out of favour with the Emperor.[23]","title":"As empress"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Draft History of Qing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_History_of_Qing"},{"link_name":"[j]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[k]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[l]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Chengde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengde"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmpressDeath-39"},{"link_name":"Weichang Manchu and Mongol Autonomous County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weichang_Manchu_and_Mongol_Autonomous_County"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StepEmpressDeath-40"},{"link_name":"Forbidden City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_City"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmpressDeath-39"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StepEmpressDeath-40"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmpressDeath-39"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmpressDeath-39"},{"link_name":"Eastern Qing tombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Qing_tombs"},{"link_name":"Imperial Noble Consort Chunhui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Noble_Consort_Chunhui"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmpressBurial-41"}],"text":"The Step-Empress died in the 7th month of the 31st year of Qianlong.[i] However, the exact date of her death is a matter of debate. The Draft History of Qing, which has accuracy and reliability concerns, states that she died on the Jiawu,[j] while modern works typically list her death as having happened on the 14th day of the 7th month.[k][26]The Step-Empress was already seriously ill by the 6th month of that same year,[l] but despite her illness, Qianlong did not delay his trip to the summer residence in Chengde.[27]At the time of the Step-Empress's death, the Qianlong Emperor was on his annual hunting excursion at the Mulan Hunting Grounds (木蘭圍場, in present-day Weichang Manchu and Mongol Autonomous County).[28] Instead of ending his excursion immediately to head back to the Forbidden City, he ordered his 12th son, Yongji (the Step-Empress's biological son),[27] to return to the palace to handle the funerary affairs.By the Qianlong Emperor's order, the Step-Empress's funeral was treated as that of an Imperial Noble Consort,[28] but in reality, the ceremony was a much more scaled-down affair. For example, the usual cancellation of imperial cabinet meetings for five days was not carried out, and the requirement for princesses, nobles, and high-ranking court officials to attend the mourning sessions was waived.[27] In addition, the coffin used for the Step-Empress was of a much lower quality.[27] For her burial, the Step-Empress was laid to rest in the Yu Mausoleum of the Eastern Qing tombs, next to Imperial Noble Consort Chunhui, instead of being entombed beside the Emperor's future resting place.[29]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kangxi Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Yongzheng Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Qianlong Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor"}],"text":"During the reign of the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722):\nLady Nara (那拉氏)\nDuring the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor (r. 1722–1735):\nSecondary consort (側福晉; from 2 December 1734)\nDuring the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796):\nConsort Xian (嫻妃; from 23 January 1738), fourth rank consort\nNoble Consort Xian (嫻貴妃; from 9 December 1745), third rank consort\nImperial Noble Consort (皇貴妃; from 20 May 1749), second rank consort\nEmpress (皇后; from 2 September 1750)","title":"Titles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XianEmpress-24"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IssuesMale-42"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XianEmpress-24"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XianEmpress-24"}],"text":"As empress:\nYongji (永璂), Prince of the Third Rank (貝勒; 7 June 1752 – 17 March 1776), the Qianlong Emperor's 12th son[19][30]\nUnnamed daughter (23 July 1753 – 1 June 1755), the Qianlong Emperor's fifth daughter[19]\nYongjing (永璟; 22 January 1756 – 7 September 1757), the Qianlong Emperor's 13th son[19]","title":"Issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Qing_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Dai Chunrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai_Chunrong"},{"link_name":"My Fair Princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Fair_Princess"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Qianlong Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianlong_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Jiang Lili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Lili"},{"link_name":"My Fair Princess III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Fair_Princess_III"},{"link_name":"The Eloquent Ji Xiaolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eloquent_Ji_Xiaolan"},{"link_name":"Sheren Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheren_Tang"},{"link_name":"New My Fair Princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_My_Fair_Princess"},{"link_name":"Empresses in the Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empresses_in_the_Palace"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Fan Bingbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_Bingbing"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Charmaine Sheh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmaine_Sheh"},{"link_name":"Story of Yanxi Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Story_of_Yanxi_Palace"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Zhou Xun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Xun"},{"link_name":"Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruyi%27s_Royal_Love_in_the_Palace"}],"text":"Portrayed as Consort Lan by Tsui Si-fei in The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty (1988)\nPortrayed as the Empress by Dai Chunrong in My Fair Princess (1998)[31]\nPortrayed by Li Yun in Qianlong Dynasty (2003)\nPortrayed by Jiang Lili in My Fair Princess III (2003)\nPortrayed by Xu Xiaodan in The Eloquent Ji Xiaolan (2004)\nPortrayed by Sheren Tang in New My Fair Princess (2011)\nPortrayed as Ula-Nara Qingying by Zhang Yan in Empresses in the Palace (2011)[32]\nPortrayed as Empress Ula-Nara by Fan Bingbing in The Lady in the Portrait (2017)[33]\nPortrayed as Hoifa-Nara Shushen by Charmaine Sheh in Story of Yanxi Palace (2018)[34]\nPortrayed as Ula-Nara Qingying/Ruyi by Zhou Xun in Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace (2018)","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lunisolar calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_calendar"},{"link_name":"era name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_era_name"},{"link_name":"Gregorian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar"},{"link_name":"a date converter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sinocal.sinica.edu.tw/"},{"link_name":"Academia Sinica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"}],"text":"Many historical materials on the Step Empress utilize the ancient Chinese lunisolar calendar, coupled with the Chinese era name system. The following Gregorian calendar dates were derived, using a date converter developed by the Academia Sinica in Taiwan.^ 11 March 1718\n\n^ 23 January 1738\n\n^ 5 April 1748\n\n^ 20 May 1749\n\n^ 13 August 1750\n\n^ A time period spanning from 15 February 1752 to 30 January 1756.\n\n^ 7 April 1765\n\n^ 1 July 1765\n\n^ A time period spanning from 6 August to 3–4 September 1766.\n\n^ 31 August 1766\n\n^ 19 August 1766\n\n^ A time period spanning from 7 July to 5 August 1766.","title":"Notes on Chinese years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"列傳一\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2%E7%A8%BF/%E5%8D%B7214#%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E%EF%BC%8C%E7%83%8F%E5%96%87%E9%82%A3%E6%8B%89%E6%B0%8F"},{"link_name":"\"乾隆繼后那拉氏\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190524094544/http://www.takungpao.com.hk/culture/237140/2018/0828/208932.html"},{"link_name":"Ta Kung Pao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta_Kung_Pao"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.takungpao.com.hk/culture/237140/2018/0828/208932.html"},{"link_name":"大清后妃寫真","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=fce7AAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-957-32-7139-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-957-32-7139-0"},{"link_name":"以史為鑑―漫談明清史事","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3VqSDwAAQBAJ&q=%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%89%AA%E9%AB%AE+%E5%96%AA%E4%BA%8B&pg=PT29"},{"link_name":"Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-957-14-6398-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-957-14-6398-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-317-47588-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47588-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-68417-456-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68417-456-0"}],"text":"Zhang, Caitian; Wu, Changshou (1928). \"列傳一\" [Biography 1]. 清史稿 (The Draft History of Qing) (in Traditional Chinese). 214. Retrieved 25 May 2019.\nChung, Yik (28 August 2018). \"乾隆繼后那拉氏\" [Qianlong's Step Empress of the Clan Nara]. Ta Kung Pao (in Traditional Chinese). Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.\nXu, Guangyuan (2013). You, Qihui (ed.). 大清后妃寫真 [An Accurate Description of Great Qing's Empresses and Concubines] (in Traditional Chinese). Taipei, Taiwan: Yuan-Liou Publishing Co Ltd. ISBN 978-957-32-7139-0.\nChen, Jiexian (May 2018). Jiang, Jiawei (ed.). 以史為鑑―漫談明清史事 [Taking History as a Guide: A detailed discussion of Ming and Qing Historical Events] (in Traditional Chinese) (初版第一刷 (Early Edition, First Printing) ed.). Taipei: San Min Book. ISBN 978-957-14-6398-8.\nLee, Lily Xiao Hong; Lau, Clara; Stefanowska, A.D. (17 July 2015). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: v. 1: The Qing Period, 1644-1911. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-47588-0.\nChang, Michael G (23 March 2020). A Court on Horseback: Imperial Touring & the Construction of Qing Rule, 1680–1785. BRILL. ISBN 978-1-68417-456-0.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
[{"title":"Imperial Chinese harem system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_harem_system"},{"title":"Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty"}]
[{"reference":"Chuang, Chi-fa. \"清史館與清史稿: 清史館未刊紀志表傳的纂修及其史料價值\" [Qing History Office and the Draft History of Qing: The editing of Qing History Office's unpublished records and annals and its historical value] (PDF). National Palace Museum (in Traditional Chinese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2019. 《清史稿》彙集了大批的史料，將清朝歷史的輪廓，公開向世人亮相。《清史稿》出版後，流傳甚廣，久為中外學術界廣泛研究利用。《清史稿》謬誤百出，是不爭的事實，長久以來，多將《清史稿》的疏漏舛訛等缺點歸咎於《清史稿》的倉卒成書，未遑審訂。(The Draft History of Qing gathered a lot of historical information, and revealed to the public a contour of Qing Dynasty history. After the Draft History of Qing was published, it was widely disseminated, and has long been researched and used by academia, domestic and abroad. It is undisputed fact that the Draft History of Qing is riddled with errors. For a long time, the errors are blamed on the Draft History of Qing being rushed to publication, with no time for editing.)","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuang_Chi-fa","url_text":"Chuang, Chi-fa"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200907015236/http://npmhost.npm.gov.tw/tts/ching/0509all.pdf","url_text":"\"清史館與清史稿: 清史館未刊紀志表傳的纂修及其史料價值\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Palace_Museum","url_text":"National Palace Museum"},{"url":"http://npmhost.npm.gov.tw/tts/ching/0509all.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"八旗滿洲氏族通譜卷二十四 輝發地方納喇氏 [Genealogy of the Manchu Clans Vol. 24: People with the surname Nala in the Hoifa area] (in Traditional Chinese). Retrieved 24 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%97%97%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2%E6%B0%8F%E6%97%8F%E9%80%9A%E8%AD%9C_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%8D%B724","url_text":"八旗滿洲氏族通譜卷二十四 輝發地方納喇氏"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Zoey (15 October 2018). \"【有雷】周迅、范冰冰、佘詩曼都演過乾隆繼皇后！從《如懿》《延禧》解開烏拉（輝發）那拉氏的歷史爭議之謎\" [(Spoiler) Zhou Xun, Fan Bingbing, and Charmaine Sheh all played Qianlong's Step Empress! Solving the mystery of the Ula (Hoifa) Nara historical debate from Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace and Story of Yanxi Palace]. Harper’s Bazaar (in Traditional Chinese). 由於《清史稿》和《清皇室四譜》都是民國之後才編定的，而且編定過程有很多問題，所以就可信度而言，《八旗滿洲氏族通譜》的資料比較可靠，可以推定繼皇后應當是輝發那拉氏。(As the \"Draft History of Qing\" and the \"Four Genealogies of the Qing Royal House\" are written during and after the Republican era, and the editorial process was riddled with problems, so, from a reliability standpoint, information from the Genealogy of the Manchu Clans are more reliable, and it can be said that the Empress is of the Hoifa-Nara tribe.)","urls":[{"url":"https://www.harpersbazaar.com/tw/culture/filmandmusic/g23583415/ruyi-history/","url_text":"\"【有雷】周迅、范冰冰、佘詩曼都演過乾隆繼皇后！從《如懿》《延禧》解開烏拉（輝發）那拉氏的歷史爭議之謎\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%E2%80%99s_Bazaar","url_text":"Harper’s Bazaar"}]},{"reference":"\"乾隆二年十二月上4日\" [4th Day of the upper 12th Month of the 2nd Year of Qianlong]. 高宗純皇帝實錄 (Factual History of Gaozhong, Emperor Chun) (in Traditional Chinese). 58: 939–942. ...冊封庶妃那拉氏為嫻妃... (...Confer the title Consort Xian to [the] Secondary Consort of the Nara clan...)","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"佘詩曼周迅同演繼皇后 為何斷髮失常成千古謎團\" [Charmaine Sheh and Zhou Xun both portrayed the Step Empress. Why she cut her hair is a historical mystery]. Bastille Post (in Traditional Chinese). 29 August 2018. 《如懿傳》主要講述女主角（由周迅飾）烏拉那拉·如懿與乾隆之間的恩怨情仇。而如懿的歷史原型，就是乾隆第二任皇后純帝繼皇后輝發那拉氏，亦即是在《延禧》中，由佘詩曼輝發那拉·淑慎。(\"Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace\" mainly portrays the female lead (portrayed by Zhou Xun) Ula-Nara Ruyi and her dealings with the Qianlong Emperor. Ruyi is based on Qianlong's 2nd Empress, Lady Hoifa-Nara, which is the character Hoifa-Nara Shushen, portrayed by Charmaine Sheh in \"Story of Yanxi Palace\".)","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bastillepost.com/hongkong/article/3408082-%E4%BD%98%E8%A9%A9%E6%9B%BC%E5%91%A8%E8%BF%85%E5%90%8C%E6%BC%94%E7%B9%BC%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E-%E7%82%BA%E4%BD%95%E5%BF%A4%E6%97%A8%E6%88%AA%E9%AB%AE%E6%88%90%E5%8D%83%E5%8F%A4%E8%AC%8E%E5%9C%98","url_text":"\"佘詩曼周迅同演繼皇后 為何斷髮失常成千古謎團\""}]},{"reference":"\"乾隆十年十一月下17日\" [17th Day of the lower 11th Month of the 10th Year of Qianlong]. 高宗純皇帝實錄 (Factual History of Gaozhong, Emperor Chun) (in Traditional Chinese). 58: 939-2. ...冊封嫻妃那拉氏為貴妃... (...Confer the title of Noble Consort to Consort Xian of the Nara clan...)","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"明清第一任皇后之悲（下）\" [The Tragedy of Ming, Qing's first Empresses (2nd Half)]. People's Daily (in Traditional Chinese). Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. 10 October 2012. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190530083047/http://book.people.com.cn/BIG5/n/2012/1010/c350044-19221540.html","url_text":"\"明清第一任皇后之悲（下）\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Daily","url_text":"People's Daily"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party","url_text":"Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party"},{"url":"http://book.people.com.cn/BIG5/n/2012/1010/c350044-19221540.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"乾隆十四年四月上9日\" [9th Day of the upper 4th Month of the 14th Year of Qianlong]. 高宗純皇帝實錄 (Factual History of Gaozhong, Emperor Chun) (in Traditional Chinese). 338: 661–2. ...於乾隆十四年四月初五日｡冊命那拉氏為皇貴妃攝六宮事｡ (...On the 5th Day of the 4th Month of the 14th year of Qianlong, Appoint Lady Nara as Imperial Noble Consort, with administrative powers over the palaces...)","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"乾隆十五年七月上12日\" [12th Day of the upper 7th Month of the 15th Year of Qianlong]. 高宗純皇帝實錄 (Factual History of Gaozhong, Emperor Chun) (in Traditional Chinese). 368: 1067-1. ...冊命皇貴妃攝六宮事 那拉氏為皇后｡ (...Appoint the Imperial Noble Consort, with administrative powers over the six palaces, Lady Nara as the Empress.)","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"乾隆四十三年九月上9日\" [9th Day of the upper 9th Month of the 43rd Year of Qianlong]. 高宗純皇帝實錄 (Factual History of Gaozhong, Emperor Chun) (in Traditional Chinese). 1616: 259-2. ...乃至自行翦髮｡則國俗所最忌者｡ (...Leading to [her] cutting her own hair, which is a big faux pas under our national customs.)","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"【皇上吃什麼】繼皇后如懿失寵的關鍵時刻 藏在乾隆南巡餐單內！\" [(What The Emperor Ate) The key moments that led to Step Empress Ruyi's loss of imperial favour is hidden in the menu of Qianlong's southern tour!]. HK01 (in Traditional Chinese). 8 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hk01.com/%E7%86%B1%E7%88%86%E8%A9%B1%E9%A1%8C/289637/%E7%9A%87%E4%B8%8A%E5%90%83%E4%BB%80%E9%BA%BC-%E7%B9%BC%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E%E5%A6%82%E6%87%BF%E5%A4%B1%E5%AF%B5%E7%9A%84%E9%97%9C%E9%8D%B5%E6%99%82%E5%88%BB-%E8%97%8F%E5%9C%A8%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1%E9%A4%90%E5%96%AE%E5%85%A7","url_text":"\"【皇上吃什麼】繼皇后如懿失寵的關鍵時刻 藏在乾隆南巡餐單內！\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HK01","url_text":"HK01"}]},{"reference":"\"《皇上吃什麼》：從乾隆南巡菜單，一窺如懿失寵的秘密\" [(What The Emperor Ate) Taking a look at the secrets behind Ruyi's loss of favour inside the menus from Qianlong's southern tour]. The News Lens (in Traditional Chinese). 20 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenewslens.com/article/112055","url_text":"\"《皇上吃什麼》：從乾隆南巡菜單，一窺如懿失寵的秘密\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News_Lens","url_text":"The News Lens"}]},{"reference":"\"列傳八 諸王七\" [Biography No. 8, Various Princes No. 7]. Draft History of Qing (in Traditional Chinese). 221. Retrieved 30 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2%E7%A8%BF/%E5%8D%B7221","url_text":"\"列傳八 諸王七\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_History_of_Qing","url_text":"Draft History of Qing"}]},{"reference":"Chu, Yik Min (25 July 2018). \"【延禧攻略】嫻妃大戰《還珠格格》小燕子 兩劇角色「駁得埋」？\" [(Story of Yanxi Palace) Consort Xian battles Xiao Yanzi in My Fair Empress: The two characters \"can be connected\"?]. HK01 (in Traditional Chinese). ...一定要數在劇中扮演佘詩曼母親的戴春榮，單看名字大家可能不認識，但相信大家都沒有忘記在《還珠格格》前兩部中，專登同小燕子（趙薇飾）和紫薇（林心如飾）作對的可惡皇后，其實她就是嫻妃... (...We must count Dai Chunrong, who plays Charmaine Sheh's mother. People may not know her from her name, but people probably remember the wretched Empress that had a rivalry with Xiao Yanzi (portrayed by Vicki Zhao) and Ziwei (portrayed by Ruby Lin) in the first two installments of My Fair Empress. That character is actually Consort Xian.)","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hk01.com/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82%E5%A8%9B%E6%A8%82/215079/%E5%BB%B6%E7%A6%A7%E6%94%BB%E7%95%A5-%E5%AB%BB%E5%A6%83%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0-%E9%82%84%E7%8F%A0%E6%A0%BC%E6%A0%BC-%E5%B0%8F%E7%87%95%E5%AD%90-%E5%85%A9%E5%8A%87%E8%A7%92%E8%89%B2-%E9%A7%81%E5%BE%97%E5%9F%8B","url_text":"\"【延禧攻略】嫻妃大戰《還珠格格》小燕子 兩劇角色「駁得埋」？\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HK01","url_text":"HK01"}]},{"reference":"\"演甄嬛儿媳不讨喜 她曾是中国史上最小影后！\" [She was not well-liked as Zhen Huan's daughter-in-law, but she was the youngest winner of a movie award in Chinese history]. China Times (in Simplified Chinese). 9 May 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2019. 将于2017年亮相的电视剧新作《后宫·如懿传》，由周迅主演，讲述的是甄嬛的儿媳妇－如懿的宫斗歷程，有关注《甄嬛传》和《如懿传》的观眾也一定知道，在《甄嬛传》中，主角如懿早就出现过，她在里头叫做青樱...(In Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace, set to be released in 2017, Zhou Xun plays Zhen Huan's daughter-in-law, and portrays a story of strifes in the palace. Those who pay attention to \"Empresses in the Palace\" and \"Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace\" will know that in \"Empresses in the Palace\", Ruyi's role already appeared. She was named Qingying in the series...)","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chinatimes.com/cn/hottopic/20160509004701-260806?chdtv","url_text":"\"演甄嬛儿媳不讨喜 她曾是中国史上最小影后！\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Times","url_text":"China Times"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Maggie (24 May 2017). \"Cannes Film Review: 'The Lady in the Portrait'\". Variety. Fan, at perhaps her most imperious and brittle, plays the beautiful Ulanara, second empress to Qianlong.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2017/film/asia/the-lady-in-the-portrait-review-hua-kuang-nv-ren-1202437431/","url_text":"\"Cannes Film Review: 'The Lady in the Portrait'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Jiang, Ada (3 September 2018). \"4 biggest back-stabbing female villains in Chinese imperial palace TV dramas\". South China Morning Post. Yet the rise of Wei is far from easy; Consort Xian, Hoifa-Nara Shushen, who becomes the new empress after the death of Empress Fucha, is her biggest enemy in the series. Xian, played by Hong Kong actress Charmaine Sheh...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/news-trends/article/2162261/4-biggest-back-stabbing-female-villains-chinese-imperial","url_text":"\"4 biggest back-stabbing female villains in Chinese imperial palace TV dramas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post","url_text":"South China Morning Post"}]},{"reference":"Zhang, Caitian; Wu, Changshou (1928). \"列傳一\" [Biography 1]. 清史稿 (The Draft History of Qing) (in Traditional Chinese). 214. Retrieved 25 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2%E7%A8%BF/%E5%8D%B7214#%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E%EF%BC%8C%E7%83%8F%E5%96%87%E9%82%A3%E6%8B%89%E6%B0%8F","url_text":"\"列傳一\""}]},{"reference":"Chung, Yik (28 August 2018). \"乾隆繼后那拉氏\" [Qianlong's Step Empress of the Clan Nara]. Ta Kung Pao (in Traditional Chinese). Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190524094544/http://www.takungpao.com.hk/culture/237140/2018/0828/208932.html","url_text":"\"乾隆繼后那拉氏\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta_Kung_Pao","url_text":"Ta Kung Pao"},{"url":"http://www.takungpao.com.hk/culture/237140/2018/0828/208932.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Xu, Guangyuan (2013). You, Qihui (ed.). 大清后妃寫真 [An Accurate Description of Great Qing's Empresses and Concubines] (in Traditional Chinese). Taipei, Taiwan: Yuan-Liou Publishing Co Ltd. ISBN 978-957-32-7139-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fce7AAAAQBAJ","url_text":"大清后妃寫真"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei","url_text":"Taipei"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China","url_text":"Taiwan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-957-32-7139-0","url_text":"978-957-32-7139-0"}]},{"reference":"Chen, Jiexian (May 2018). Jiang, Jiawei (ed.). 以史為鑑―漫談明清史事 [Taking History as a Guide: A detailed discussion of Ming and Qing Historical Events] (in Traditional Chinese) (初版第一刷 (Early Edition, First Printing) ed.). Taipei: San Min Book. ISBN 978-957-14-6398-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3VqSDwAAQBAJ&q=%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%89%AA%E9%AB%AE+%E5%96%AA%E4%BA%8B&pg=PT29","url_text":"以史為鑑―漫談明清史事"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei","url_text":"Taipei"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-957-14-6398-8","url_text":"978-957-14-6398-8"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Lau, Clara; Stefanowska, A.D. (17 July 2015). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: v. 1: The Qing Period, 1644-1911. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-47588-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47588-0","url_text":"978-1-317-47588-0"}]},{"reference":"Chang, Michael G (23 March 2020). A Court on Horseback: Imperial Touring & the Construction of Qing Rule, 1680–1785. BRILL. ISBN 978-1-68417-456-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68417-456-0","url_text":"978-1-68417-456-0"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Fofanov
Konstantin Fofanov
["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
Russian poet Konstantin FofanovBorn(1862-05-30)May 30, 1862St Petersburg, RussiaDiedMay 30, 1911(1911-05-30) (aged 49)St Petersburg, RussiaChildrenKonstantin Olimpov Konstantin Mikhailovich Fofanov (Russian: Константи́н Миха́йлович Фо́фанов, IPA: ⓘ; May 30, 1862 – May 30, 1911) was a Russian poet. Biography Konstantin was born into a family of St. Petersburg merchants. His father had been born a peasant, but had risen to the merchant class through the selling of firewood. Konstantin was one of ten children. At the age of six he began attending a primary school. He later attended the cheap private Aimee and Kestner pensions, as well as the St. Petersburg city school, but left before completing the second form after his father went bankrupt and became a mystic. As a result, Konstantin didn't receive a formal education. He made up for his lack of education by the constant reading of magazines and books, sometimes messy, but extremely diverse. His reading was clearly on an ad hoc basis, but he was fascinated by books, becoming addicted to poetry at the age of thirteen, and beginning to write his own verses. He made his debut in print in 1881. He published poems in the illustrated weeklies, and in the newspaper New Times, run by Aleksey Suvorin. After the success of his first collection Poems (1887), Suvorin issued a second book of poetry by Fofanov with the same title in 1889. After this Fofanov published Shadows and Mystery (1892), a novella in verse The Baron Clasco (1892) and Poems (in five parts, 1896). In general, the period from the mid-1880s to the mid-1890s in the history of Russian poetry, is often called "Fofanovism" because the poetry of Fofanov had the support of popular sentiment, found a wide response from readers and provoked much imitation. His talent was praised by fellow poets Yakov Polonsky and Apollon Maykov and writers such as Leo Tolstoy and Nikolai Leskov. Fofanov is considered to be a precursor of the Symbolists. Fofanov was an alcoholic, and in the early 1890s suffered from a severe mental illness. The last ten years of his life were spent in poverty and drunkenness. He continued to write, but published only a collection of poems Illusions (1900), a poem in octaves Uncommon Romance and the poem After Calvary (1910). References ^ a b c Fofanov at the Russian Writers dictionary // "Русские писатели". Биобиблиографический словарь. Том 2. М--Я. Под редакцией П. А. Николаева. М., "Просвещение", 1990 ^ Wolfgang Kasack / Казак В. Лексикон русской литературы XX века = Lexikon der russischen Literatur ab 1917 / . — М. : РИК «Культура», 1996. ISBN 5-8334-0019-8. С. 440. External links The works by Konstantin Fofanov at Lib.ru Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[kənstɐnʲˈtʲin mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪtɕ ˈfofənəf]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/Konstantin_Mihaylovich_Fofanov.ru.vorb.oga/Konstantin_Mihaylovich_Fofanov.ru.vorb.oga.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Konstantin_Mihaylovich_Fofanov.ru.vorb.oga"}],"text":"Konstantin Mikhailovich Fofanov (Russian: Константи́н Миха́йлович Фо́фанов, IPA: [kənstɐnʲˈtʲin mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪtɕ ˈfofənəf] ⓘ; May 30, 1862 – May 30, 1911) was a Russian poet.","title":"Konstantin Fofanov"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dic_90-1"},{"link_name":"New Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novoye_Vremya_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"Aleksey Suvorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksey_Suvorin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dic_90-1"},{"link_name":"Yakov Polonsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakov_Polonsky"},{"link_name":"Apollon Maykov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollon_Maykov"},{"link_name":"Leo Tolstoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Leskov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Leskov"},{"link_name":"Symbolists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_symbolism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dic_90-1"}],"text":"Konstantin was born into a family of St. Petersburg merchants. His father had been born a peasant, but had risen to the merchant class through the selling of firewood. Konstantin was one of ten children. At the age of six he began attending a primary school. He later attended the cheap private Aimee and Kestner pensions, as well as the St. Petersburg city school, but left before completing the second form after his father went bankrupt and became a mystic. As a result, Konstantin didn't receive a formal education. He made up for his lack of education by the constant reading of magazines and books, sometimes messy, but extremely diverse. His reading was clearly on an ad hoc basis, but he was fascinated by books, becoming addicted to poetry at the age of thirteen, and beginning to write his own verses.[1]He made his debut in print in 1881. He published poems in the illustrated weeklies, and in the newspaper New Times, run by Aleksey Suvorin. After the success of his first collection Poems (1887), Suvorin issued a second book of poetry by Fofanov with the same title in 1889. After this Fofanov published Shadows and Mystery (1892), a novella in verse The Baron Clasco (1892) and Poems (in five parts, 1896).[1]In general, the period from the mid-1880s to the mid-1890s in the history of Russian poetry, is often called \"Fofanovism\" because the poetry of Fofanov had the support of popular sentiment, found a wide response from readers and provoked much imitation. His talent was praised by fellow poets Yakov Polonsky and Apollon Maykov and writers such as Leo Tolstoy and Nikolai Leskov.Fofanov is considered to be a precursor of the Symbolists.[2]Fofanov was an alcoholic, and in the early 1890s suffered from a severe mental illness. The last ten years of his life were spent in poverty and drunkenness. He continued to write, but published only a collection of poems Illusions (1900), a poem in octaves Uncommon Romance and the poem After Calvary (1910).[1]","title":"Biography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu%27s_Back_in_Town
Lulu's Back in Town
["1 First performances","2 Lyrics","3 Other recordings and performances","4 References"]
"Lulu's Back in Town" is a popular song and jazz standard written in 1935 by Al Dubin (words) and Harry Warren (music). First performances "Lulu's Back in Town" was performed in the 1935 film Broadway Gondolier, directed by Lloyd Bacon, where it was sung by Dick Powell and The Mills Brothers. The arrangement was by George Roumanis. It was also used as the title song of the Warner Brothers animated short Buddy the Gee Man. Lyrics The chorus runs Gotta get my old tuxedo pressed, Gotta sew a button on my vest, 'Cause tonight I've gotta look my best, Lulu's back in town. One line has a reference to Cole Porter: You can tell all my pets, all my Harlem coquettes, Mister Otis regrets, that he won't be aroun' This refers to the macabre Porter song "Miss Otis Regrets". Other recordings and performances "Lulu's Back in Town" was popularized by Fats Waller in his recording of 8 May 1935 for Victor Records which made the US charts. Others who recorded it include Dick Powell, Mel Tormé, Mills Brothers, Wingy Manone, Chick Bullock, Bob Howard, Teddy Hill, Bert Ambrose, Ted Fiorito, Thelonious Monk, Art Tatum, Oscar Peterson, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and Leon Redbone. In the 1969–70 premiere season of Sesame Street, the song was performed by a pair of Muppets: "Lulu" was an aggressive monster with red-ribboned black hair, and the lead singer was a mild-mannered mustached man in a tuxedo who was simultaneously fascinated and frightened by Lulu. Redd Foxx and Timmie Rogers performed the song on Sanford and Son in the episode, "Brother, Can You Spare an Act?". Rachel York, as the character of Circe, sang a cover of "Lulu's Back In Town" in the fifth episode of Justice League Unlimited. The 2008 film Be Kind Rewind uses the version done by Booker T. and the M.G.'s. References ^ Jazzstandards.com ^ Swing! Here and Now: 3rd Trumpet, 2001, P.8 ^ Philip Furia: American Song Lyricists, 1920-1960, 2002, P.120 ^ Sesame Street - Lulu's Back in Town, YouTube Authority control databases National United States Other MusicBrainz work
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mareuil-sur-Ay
Mareuil-sur-Ay
["1 Champagne","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 49°02′53″N 4°01′55″E / 49.048°N 4.0319°E / 49.048; 4.0319Delegated commune of Aÿ-Champagne in Grand Est, FranceMareuil-sur-AÿDelegated commune of Aÿ-Champagne Coat of armsLocation of Mareuil-sur-Aÿ Mareuil-sur-AÿShow map of FranceMareuil-sur-AÿShow map of Grand EstCoordinates: 49°02′53″N 4°01′55″E / 49.048°N 4.0319°E / 49.048; 4.0319CountryFranceRegionGrand EstDepartmentMarneArrondissementÉpernayCantonAyCommuneAÿ-Champagne Area111.48 km2 (4.43 sq mi)Population (2019)1,113 • Density97/km2 (250/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal code51160Elevation89 m (292 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Mareuil-sur-Ay (French pronunciation: , literally Mareuil on Ay) is a former commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France. Since January 2016, Mareuil-sur-Aÿ is part of the administrative commune Aÿ-Champagne. Its population was 1,113 in 2019. The patron saint is Saint Trésain. Champagne Its vineyards are located in the Vallée de la Marne subregion of Champagne, and are classified as Premier Cru (99%) in the Champagne vineyard classification. Together with Tauxières-Mutry it is the highest rated of the Premier Cru villages, and has therefore just missed out on Grand Cru (100%) status. Château Montebello. Regardless, the vineyards, harvest huts, presses, and cellars in Mareuil-sur-Ay were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2015 as part of the Champagne hillsides, houses and cellars site, because of the region's testimony to the development of champagne. See also Billecart-Salmon Communes of the Marne department Montagne de Reims Regional Natural Park Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mareuil-sur-Ay. References ^ a b Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2019, INSEE ^ Arrêté préfectoral 9 November 2015 (in French). ^ Majoret, Laurent (1743), La vie de S. Tresain, Confesseur, Patron de Mareuil sur Marne & Patron de l'Église Paroissiale d'Avenay, Rheims: François Jeunehomme, retrieved 2021-08-20 ^ "Champagne Hillsides, Houses and Cellars". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 12 December 2021. Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data United States Geographic MusicBrainz area This Marne geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Balfour
Sebastian Balfour
["1 Works","1.1 Author","1.2 Co-author","1.3 Editor","2 Notes","3 References","4 Links"]
British historian Sebastian BalfourSebastian Balfour in 2017Born1941Occupation(s)Historian, hispanist Sebastian Balfour (born in 1941) is an English historian and Professor Emeritus of Contemporary Spanish Studies at the London School of Economics. Works Author Books Castro. Profiles in power. London and New York: Longman. 1990. La dictadura, los trabajadores y la ciudad. El movimiento obrero en el área metropolitana de Barcelona (1939-1988). Valencia: Edicions Alfons El Magnànim. 1994. The End of the Spanish Empire 1898-1923. Clarendon Press. 1997. Deadly Embrace. Morocco and The Road to The Spanish Civil War. Oxford University Press. 2002. Chapters in collective works "Nuevas y viejas interpretaciones del 98 y de sus consecuencias en España". XIII Coloquio de Historia Canario-Americana. VIII Congreso Internacional de Historia de América (AEA). Casa de Colón. 1998. pp. 35–42. "El 98 y El Nacionalismo Español". Imágenes del 98 (in Spanish). Fundación BBV. 1999. J. Álvarez-Junco, J. & Adrian Shubert, ed. (1999). "The Desarrollo years, 1955-1975". In A History of Spain since 1808. A. Macmillan. pp. 277–288. Ismael Saz & Edward Acton, ed. (2001). "War, Nationalism and the Masses in Spain, 1898-1939". La transición a la política de masas : V Seminario Histórico Hispano-Británico. pp. 75–92. ISBN 84-370-5148-7. Angel Smith & Emma Dávila-Cox, ed. (1999). "The Impact of the War Within Spain: Continuity or Crisis?". The Crisis of 1898. Colonial Redistribution and Nationalist Mobilization. pp. 180–194. Articles in academic journals Balfour, Sebastian (2001). "Secret Wars in Forgotten Africa". Journal of Romance Studies. 1 (3): 121–132. doi:10.3828/jrs.1.3.121. Balfour, Sebastian (2008). "The concept of historical revisionism: Spain since the 1930s". International Journal of Iberian Studies. 21 (3): 179–186. doi:10.1386/ijis.21.3.179_1. Co-author Balfour, Sebastian; Quiroga, Alejandro (2007). España reinventada. Nación e identidad desde la transición. Barcelona: Península. Editor Sebastian Balfour, ed. (2005). The Politics of Contemporary Spain. Routledge. Sebastian Balfour & Paul Preston, ed. (1999). Spain and the Great Powers in the Twentieth Century. Routledge. Sebastian Balfour; Laurie Howes; Michael de Larrabeiti; Anthony Weale, eds. (2008). Trinity Tales: Tales from Trinity College Dublin in Sixties. Lilliput Press. Notes ^ First edition in 1990. Re-edited in 1995 and 2008 ^ Published by Peninsula in Spanish as Abrazo mortal. De la Guerra Colonial a La Guerra Civil. España y Marruecos (1909-1939) ^ Also re-published as España y las grandes potencias y los efectos del Desastre de 1898. Preston, P. Critica. 2002. and España y las grandes potencias en el siglo XX. Critica. 2002. References ^ "Great Hispanists Series: Sebastian Balfour". EUNIC London. ^ "New Books Received". Journal of Latin American Studies. 23 (1). Cambridge University Press: 265–272. 1991. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00013705. JSTOR 157568. ^ Artaraz, Kepa (2009). "Sebastian Balfour, Castro: Profiles in Power". Journal of Latin American Studies. 41 (3). Cambridge University Press: 592–594. doi:10.1017/S0022216X09990289. S2CID 146210080. ^ a b Hugo, Markus M. (2001). "Reviewed Works: The End of the Spanish Empire 1898-1923. by Sebastian Balfour; Spain and the Great Powers in the Twentieth Century by Sebastian Balfour, Paul Preston". Iberoamericana. 1 (1). Iberoamericana Editorial Vervuert: 255–257. JSTOR 41673881. ^ Abrazo mortal. De la Guerra Colonial a La Guerra Civil. España y Marruecos (1909-1939) (in Spanish). Peninsula. 2002. Links Professor Sebastian Balfour - Sebastian Balfour official website Professor Sebastian Balfour - London School of Economics Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Netherlands Portugal Other IdRef This article about a British historian or genealogist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Professor Emeritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Emeritus"},{"link_name":"Contemporary Spanish Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"London School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"}],"text":"Sebastian Balfour (born in 1941)[1] is an English historian and Professor Emeritus of Contemporary Spanish Studies at the London School of Economics.","title":"Sebastian Balfour"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[n. 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hugo-5"},{"link_name":"[n. 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ismael Saz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismael_Saz"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"84-370-5148-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-370-5148-7"},{"link_name":"Journal of Romance Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Romance_Studies"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3828/jrs.1.3.121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3828%2Fjrs.1.3.121"},{"link_name":"\"The concept of historical revisionism: Spain since the 1930s\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.intellectbooks.co.uk/journals/view-journal,id=140/"},{"link_name":"International Journal of Iberian Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Journal_of_Iberian_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1386/ijis.21.3.179_1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1386%2Fijis.21.3.179_1"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"}],"sub_title":"Author","text":"BooksCastro. Profiles in power. London and New York: Longman. 1990.[n. 1]\nLa dictadura, los trabajadores y la ciudad. El movimiento obrero en el área metropolitana de Barcelona (1939-1988). Valencia: Edicions Alfons El Magnànim. 1994.\nThe End of the Spanish Empire 1898-1923. Clarendon Press. 1997.[4]\nDeadly Embrace. Morocco and The Road to The Spanish Civil War. Oxford University Press. 2002.[n. 2]Chapters in collective works\"Nuevas y viejas interpretaciones del 98 y de sus consecuencias en España\". XIII Coloquio de Historia Canario-Americana. VIII Congreso Internacional de Historia de América (AEA). Casa de Colón. 1998. pp. 35–42.\n\"El 98 y El Nacionalismo Español\". Imágenes del 98 (in Spanish). Fundación BBV. 1999.\nJ. Álvarez-Junco, J. & Adrian Shubert, ed. (1999). \"The Desarrollo years, 1955-1975\". In A History of Spain since 1808. A. Macmillan. pp. 277–288.\nIsmael Saz & Edward Acton, ed. (2001). \"War, Nationalism and the Masses in Spain, 1898-1939\". La transición a la política de masas : V Seminario Histórico Hispano-Británico. pp. 75–92. ISBN 84-370-5148-7.\nAngel Smith & Emma Dávila-Cox, ed. (1999). \"The Impact of the War Within Spain: Continuity or Crisis?\". The Crisis of 1898. Colonial Redistribution and Nationalist Mobilization. pp. 180–194.Articles in academic journalsBalfour, Sebastian (2001). \"Secret Wars in Forgotten Africa\". Journal of Romance Studies. 1 (3): 121–132. doi:10.3828/jrs.1.3.121.\nBalfour, Sebastian (2008). \"The concept of historical revisionism: Spain since the 1930s\". International Journal of Iberian Studies. 21 (3): 179–186. doi:10.1386/ijis.21.3.179_1.[failed verification]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Co-author","text":"Balfour, Sebastian; Quiroga, Alejandro (2007). España reinventada. Nación e identidad desde la transición. Barcelona: Península.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"Paul Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Preston"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hugo-5"},{"link_name":"[n. 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Editor","text":"Sebastian Balfour, ed. (2005). The Politics of Contemporary Spain. Routledge.\nSebastian Balfour & Paul Preston, ed. (1999). Spain and the Great Powers in the Twentieth Century. Routledge.[4][n. 3]\nSebastian Balfour; Laurie Howes; Michael de Larrabeiti; Anthony Weale, eds. (2008). Trinity Tales: Tales from Trinity College Dublin in Sixties. Lilliput Press.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"}],"text":"^ First edition in 1990.[2] Re-edited in 1995 and 2008[3]\n\n^ Published by Peninsula in Spanish as Abrazo mortal. De la Guerra Colonial a La Guerra Civil. España y Marruecos (1909-1939)[5]\n\n^ Also re-published as España y las grandes potencias y los efectos del Desastre de 1898. Preston, P. Critica. 2002. and España y las grandes potencias en el siglo XX. Critica. 2002.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Professor Sebastian Balfour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sebastianbalfour.com/"},{"link_name":"Professor Sebastian Balfour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lse.ac.uk/people/[email protected]/publications.htm"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7442368#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000081722179"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/107019677"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgmRRcHfDqfGcKBcXf6rq"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90351736"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX963519"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121345326"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121345326"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058520836006706"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/135986672"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007258015705171"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14458568"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n88013458"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074730193"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/774452"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/02979627X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Gibbon.jpg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sebastian_Balfour&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:UK-historian-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:UK-historian-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK-historian-stub"}],"text":"Professor Sebastian Balfour - Sebastian Balfour official website\nProfessor Sebastian Balfour - London School of EconomicsAuthority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nCatalonia\nGermany\nIsrael\nBelgium\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nPortugal\nOther\nIdRefThis article about a British historian or genealogist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Links"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_Bowl_Nationals
Chili Bowl Nationals
["1 History","2 Facility","3 Drivers","3.1 List of A-Main Winners","4 References","5 External links"]
Indoor midget car racing event For other uses, see Chili Bowl (disambiguation). Tony Stewart racing at the 2008 Chili Bowl The Chili Bowl Midget Nationals is an indoor midget car race that takes place in January on a 1/5 mile dirt oval track at the Tulsa Expo Center in Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States. NASCAR calls it the "biggest Midget race of the year". It is nicknamed the "Super Bowl of midget racing". History The inaugural Chili Bowl was organized by Lanny Edwards and partner Emmett Hahn. It was named after a local company who sponsored the first event. The inaugural 1987 event consisted of 52 midgets competing in the 2-day event. The event now consists of five days of qualifiers for the Saturday night A-main event, with over 341 cars entered for the 2020 race. One fifth of the drivers compete in each qualifying night's event, attempting to qualify for the A-main. Each qualifying night has heat races, dash-type events, and a 25 lap feature. Drivers who finish poorly in their heat event in their qualifying night start deep in final night qualifying events and have to finish high in many events to make the A-main field. A driver who started in the lowest "P" event would have to finish high in P, O, N, M, L, K, J, I, H, G, F, E, D, C, and B events to reach the A-main. The top two finishers in the qualifying night's feature event, plus the top seven finishers from the two Saturday night B-main events will progress into the Saturday 55-lap A feature, with a field of between 24 and 26 cars. The event also has rewards for winning. The winner of the second-night Race of Champions between past Chili Bowl winning drivers, drivers nominated by former race champion teams, and the reigning national Midget Driver of the Year will be awarded a guaranteed starting position. If the driver who won the preceding year's Chili Bowl or the Race of Champions fail to qualify, they are added as the 25th and 26th cars in the field. The National Midget Auto Racing Hall of Fame uses the event to induct its next class of members. Originally, the event was held in the week ending on the second Saturday of January. Since 2009, the event usually ends on the third Saturday of January. The fans of the Chili Bowl have long supported the flip count, and though for a while the flip count was maintained by event staff, and even given a digital read out courtesy of World Wide Technology Raceway. The Chili Bowl has never officially recognized the stat. The flip count over the years: 2024-TBD 2023-Stopped at 29 2022-67 2021-69 2020-77 2019-75 2018-70 2017-46 2016-59 2015-61 Facility Home of the Chili Bowl, the Tulsa Expo Center The event is held at the Tulsa Expo Center, the home of The Golden Driller. It accommodates hundreds of race cars, bleachers for 15,000 fans, and a trade show, all under one roof. The clay which once covered the adjacent fairgrounds is used for the event. The fifth-mile indoor track is not affected by adverse weather or drying from the wind or sun. Drivers Drivers in other series who come from a midget car background frequently race in the event. The 2007 competitors included NASCAR drivers Tony Stewart, Justin Allgaier, J. J. Yeley, A. J. Fike, Josh Wise, Kasey Kahne, and Jason Leffler, World of Outlaws sprint car drivers Terry McCarl, Tim McCreadie, Danny Lasoski, and Sammy Swindell, NHRA drag racing champions Cruz Pedregon and Gary Scelzi, IndyCar drivers Santino Ferrucci, A. J. Foyt IV, Tom Bigelow and Billy Boat, and numerous USAC racers. Drivers in 2008 came from 29 American states, Canada, and Australia. NASCAR driver Tony Stewart, a two-time winner of the event, said, This is the only place that you can take the best Midget drivers from USAC and Badger , and guys in the Rocky Mountain Midget Association, guys from USAC Sprint Cars and Silver Crown Cars and the World of Outlaws, all the best in dirt open-wheel racing. Those drivers are all at one place for the weekend, and when you've got guys competing for just the 24 starting spots in the A-Main, you have some of the best racing that you're going to see all year all in one week at the Chili Bowl. USAC Triple Crown winner Dave Darland said, "You've got guys from all over the world. New Zealand, Australia, NASCAR, NHRA, Indy Cars -- you know, there's just all sorts of different competition there, all sorts of different levels of drivers." List of A-Main Winners Five-time Chili Bowl winner Sammy Swindell 1987 winner Rich Vogler Kyle Larson leading at the 2020 Chili Bowl Nationals The A-Main feature was originally a 50-lap main event. In 2012, following a family domestic violence incident that killed driver Donnie Ray Crawford III, who was participating in the event and was leaving for the venue to participate in Saturday's races when the incident occurred, and was to have attended the University of Oklahoma the next week, the race was expanded to 55 laps (his car number). Drivers with multiple wins include five-time winner Sammy Swindell, Sammy's son Kevin Swindell with four wins, three-time winner Christopher Bell, and two-time winners Dan Boorse, Tony Stewart, Cory Kruseman, Rico Abreu, Kyle Larson and Logan Seavey. The winning driver wins a trophy dubbed the "Golden Driller" after the 76-foot (23 m) statue outside the building. 1987 Rich Vogler 1988 Scott Hatton 1989 Sammy Swindell 1990 Johnny Heydenreich 1991 Lealand McSpadden 1992 Sammy Swindell (2) 1993 Dave Blaney 1994 Andy Hillenburg 1995 Donnie Beechler 1996 Sammy Swindell (3) 1997 Billy Boat 1998 Sammy Swindell (4) 1999 Dan Boorse 2000 Cory Kruseman 2001 Jay Drake 2002 Tony Stewart 2003 Dan Boorse (2) 2004 Cory Kruseman (2) 2005 Tracy Hines 2006 Tim McCreadie 2007 Tony Stewart (2) 2008 Damion Gardner 2009 Sammy Swindell (5) 2010 Kevin Swindell 2011 Kevin Swindell (2) 2012 Kevin Swindell (first 55 lap race) (3) 2013 Kevin Swindell (4) 2014 Bryan Clauson 2015 Rico Abreu 2016 Rico Abreu (2) 2017 Christopher Bell 2018 Christopher Bell (2) 2019 Christopher Bell (3) 2020 Kyle Larson 2021 Kyle Larson (2) 2022 Tanner Thorson 2023 Logan Seavey 2024 Logan Seavey (2) References ^ "The Official Website for the Lucas Oil Chili Bowl Nationals presented by General Tire". www.chilibowl.com. Retrieved 2020-01-18. ^ a b c "Chili Bowl Midget National". SCRA Fan. Retrieved 2008-10-16. ^ "Tony Stewart Racing ready to defend Chili Bowl title". NASCAR. 2008-01-11. Retrieved 2008-10-16. ^ "Leffler hopes experience equals Chili Bowl victory". NASCAR. 2007-01-02. Retrieved 2008-10-16. ^ a b c d "Chili Bowl has different meanings, same prestige". NASCAR. 2008-01-07. Retrieved 2008-10-16. ^ Wheatley, Lonnie (2008-12-08). "20th Annual Chili Bowl Entries Unveiled!". Speedway Star.com. Retrieved 2008-10-16. ^ a b c d "Dirt-track legends among talented Chili Bowl drivers". NASCAR. 2008-01-11. Retrieved 2008-10-16. ^ "Stewart still fighting for berth in Chili Bowl main". NASCAR. 2008-01-11. Retrieved 2008-10-16. ^ a b c Miller, Tim (2008-01-10). "Chili Bowl flavour catches hold, even Down Under". The Hamilton Spectator. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-16. ^ Klein, John (January 18, 2010). "Chili Bowl a big boon for Tulsa". Tulsa World. Retrieved 2010-01-18. ^ "Chili Bowl often becomes a David vs. Goliath storyline". NASCAR. 2008-01-08. Retrieved 2008-10-16. ^ "21st Annual O'Reilly Chili Bowl Midget Nationals Saturday Lineups". Racing West.com. 2007-01-13. Archived from the original on 2008-12-03. Retrieved 2008-10-16. ^ Hembree, Mike (January 18, 2015). "Rico Abreu wins Chili Bowl with bold pass". USA Today. Retrieved January 19, 2015. ^ "Tanner Thorson wins Chili Bowl over Christopher Bell". Jayski's Silly Season Site. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. January 16, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2022. External links Official website Chili Bowl Nationals Registration, Tickets, and More Info vteLucas Oil Chili Bowl Midget Nationals winnersMultipleFive-time Sammy Swindell Four-time Kevin Swindell Three-time Christopher Bell Two-time Rico Abreu Dan Boorse Cory Kruseman Kyle Larson Logan Seavey Tony Stewart One-time Donnie Beechler Dave Blaney Billy Boat Bryan Clauson Jay Drake Damion Gardner Scott Hatton Jon Heydenreich Andy Hillenburg Tracy Hines Tim McCreadie Lealand McSpadden Rich Vogler
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chili Bowl (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_Bowl_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tony_Stewart_@_The_Chili_Bowl_in_Tulsa,_Ok.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tony Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Stewart"},{"link_name":"midget car race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midget_car_racing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tulsa Expo Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa_Expo_Center"},{"link_name":"Tulsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCRA_Fan-2"},{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASCAR20080111-3"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASCAR20070102-4"}],"text":"For other uses, see Chili Bowl (disambiguation).Tony Stewart racing at the 2008 Chili BowlThe Chili Bowl Midget Nationals is an indoor midget car race that takes place in January on a 1/5 mile dirt oval track[1] at the Tulsa Expo Center in Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States.[2] NASCAR calls it the \"biggest Midget race of the year\".[3] It is nicknamed the \"Super Bowl of midget racing\".[4]","title":"Chili Bowl Nationals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASCAR20080107-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASCAR20080107-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SpeedwayStar-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASCAR20080111Dirt-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASCAR20080111Dirt-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASCAR20080111Dirt-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASCAR20080111StewartStillFighting-8"},{"link_name":"National Midget Auto Racing Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Midget_Auto_Racing_Hall_of_Fame"}],"text":"The inaugural Chili Bowl was organized by Lanny Edwards and partner Emmett Hahn.[5] It was named after a local company who sponsored the first event.[5]The inaugural 1987 event consisted of 52 midgets competing in the 2-day event.[6] The event now consists of five days of qualifiers for the Saturday night A-main event, with over 341 cars entered for the 2020 race.[7] One fifth of the drivers compete in each qualifying night's event, attempting to qualify for the A-main.[7] Each qualifying night has heat races, dash-type events, and a 25 lap feature.[7][8] Drivers who finish poorly in their heat event in their qualifying night start deep in final night qualifying events and have to finish high in many events to make the A-main field. A driver who started in the lowest \"P\" event would have to finish high in P, O, N, M, L, K, J, I, H, G, F, E, D, C, and B events to reach the A-main. The top two finishers in the qualifying night's feature event, plus the top seven finishers from the two Saturday night B-main events will progress into the Saturday 55-lap A feature, with a field of between 24 and 26 cars.The event also has rewards for winning. The winner of the second-night Race of Champions between past Chili Bowl winning drivers, drivers nominated by former race champion teams, and the reigning national Midget Driver of the Year will be awarded a guaranteed starting position. If the driver who won the preceding year's Chili Bowl or the Race of Champions fail to qualify, they are added as the 25th and 26th cars in the field.The National Midget Auto Racing Hall of Fame uses the event to induct its next class of members.Originally, the event was held in the week ending on the second Saturday of January. Since 2009, the event usually ends on the third Saturday of January.The fans of the Chili Bowl have long supported the flip count, and though for a while the flip count was maintained by event staff, and even given a digital read out courtesy of World Wide Technology Raceway. The Chili Bowl has never officially recognized the stat.The flip count over the years:\n2024-TBD\n2023-Stopped at 29\n2022-67\n2021-69\n2020-77\n2019-75\n2018-70\n2017-46\n2016-59\n2015-61","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Expo_Center,_East_side.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tulsa Expo Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa_Expo_Center"},{"link_name":"Tulsa Expo Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa_Expo_Center"},{"link_name":"Golden Driller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Driller"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamilton-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamilton-9"}],"text":"Home of the Chili Bowl, the Tulsa Expo CenterThe event is held at the Tulsa Expo Center, the home of The Golden Driller. It accommodates hundreds of race cars, bleachers for 15,000 fans,[9] and a trade show, all under one roof.[10]The clay which once covered the adjacent fairgrounds is used for the event. The fifth-mile indoor track is not affected by adverse weather or drying from the wind or sun.[9]","title":"Facility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"Tony Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Justin Allgaier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Allgaier"},{"link_name":"J. J. Yeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Yeley"},{"link_name":"A. J. Fike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Fike"},{"link_name":"Josh Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Wise"},{"link_name":"Kasey Kahne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasey_Kahne"},{"link_name":"Jason Leffler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Leffler"},{"link_name":"World of Outlaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_of_Outlaws"},{"link_name":"sprint car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_car_racing"},{"link_name":"Terry McCarl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terry_McCarl&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tim McCreadie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_McCreadie"},{"link_name":"Danny Lasoski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Lasoski"},{"link_name":"Sammy Swindell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Swindell"},{"link_name":"NHRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hot_Rod_Association"},{"link_name":"drag racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_racing"},{"link_name":"Cruz Pedregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruz_Pedregon"},{"link_name":"Gary Scelzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Scelzi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASCAR20080108-11"},{"link_name":"IndyCar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndyCar_Series"},{"link_name":"Santino Ferrucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santino_Ferrucci"},{"link_name":"A. J. Foyt IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Foyt_IV"},{"link_name":"Tom Bigelow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bigelow"},{"link_name":"Billy Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Boat"},{"link_name":"USAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RacingWest-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamilton-9"},{"link_name":"Tony Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Badger [Midget Auto Racing Association]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angell_Park_Speedway"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountain Midget Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Mountain_Midget_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASCAR20080111Dirt-7"},{"link_name":"Dave Darland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Darland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASCAR20080107-5"}],"text":"Drivers in other series who come from a midget car background frequently race in the event. The 2007 competitors included NASCAR drivers Tony Stewart, Justin Allgaier, J. J. Yeley, A. J. Fike, Josh Wise, Kasey Kahne, and Jason Leffler, World of Outlaws sprint car drivers Terry McCarl, Tim McCreadie, Danny Lasoski, and Sammy Swindell, NHRA drag racing champions Cruz Pedregon and Gary Scelzi,[11] IndyCar drivers Santino Ferrucci, A. J. Foyt IV, Tom Bigelow and Billy Boat, and numerous USAC racers.[12] Drivers in 2008 came from 29 American states, Canada, and Australia.[9]NASCAR driver Tony Stewart, a two-time winner of the event, said,This is the only place that you can take the best Midget drivers from USAC and Badger [Midget Auto Racing Association], and guys in the Rocky Mountain Midget Association, guys from USAC Sprint Cars and Silver Crown Cars and the World of Outlaws, all the best in dirt open-wheel racing. Those drivers are all at one place for the weekend, and when you've got [all those] guys competing for just the 24 starting spots in the A-Main, you have some of the best racing that you're going to see all year all in one week at the Chili Bowl.[7]USAC Triple Crown winner Dave Darland said, \"You've got guys from all over the world. New Zealand, Australia, NASCAR, NHRA, Indy Cars -- you know, there's just all sorts of different competition there, all sorts of different levels of drivers.\"[5]","title":"Drivers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SammySwindell0.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sammy Swindell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Swindell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RichVoglerPortRoyal1986.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rich Vogler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Vogler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kyle_Larson_leads_at_2020_Chili_Bowl.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kyle Larson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Larson"},{"link_name":"University of Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Sammy Swindell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Swindell"},{"link_name":"Kevin Swindell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Swindell"},{"link_name":"Christopher Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Bell_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Tony Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Cory Kruseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Kruseman"},{"link_name":"Rico Abreu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rico_Abreu"},{"link_name":"Kyle Larson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Larson"},{"link_name":"Logan Seavey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_Seavey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCRA_Fan-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASCAR20080107-5"},{"link_name":"Rich Vogler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Vogler"},{"link_name":"Scott Hatton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scott_Hatton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sammy Swindell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Swindell"},{"link_name":"Johnny Heydenreich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnny_Heydenreich&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lealand McSpadden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lealand_McSpadden"},{"link_name":"Dave Blaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Blaney"},{"link_name":"Andy Hillenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andy_Hillenburg_(Dirt_racer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Donnie Beechler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnie_Beechler"},{"link_name":"Billy Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Boat"},{"link_name":"Dan Boorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan_Boorse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cory Kruseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Kruseman"},{"link_name":"Jay Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Drake"},{"link_name":"Tony Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Tracy Hines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Hines"},{"link_name":"Tim McCreadie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_McCreadie"},{"link_name":"Damion Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damion_Gardner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCRA_Fan-2"},{"link_name":"Kevin Swindell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Swindell"},{"link_name":"Bryan Clauson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Clauson"},{"link_name":"Rico Abreu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rico_Abreu"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Christopher Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Bell_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Kyle Larson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Larson"},{"link_name":"Tanner Thorson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanner_Thorson"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Logan Seavey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_Seavey"}],"sub_title":"List of A-Main Winners","text":"Five-time Chili Bowl winner Sammy Swindell1987 winner Rich VoglerKyle Larson leading at the 2020 Chili Bowl NationalsThe A-Main feature was originally a 50-lap main event. In 2012, following a family domestic violence incident that killed driver Donnie Ray Crawford III, who was participating in the event and was leaving for the venue to participate in Saturday's races when the incident occurred, and was to have attended the University of Oklahoma the next week, the race was expanded to 55 laps (his car number). Drivers with multiple wins include five-time winner Sammy Swindell, Sammy's son Kevin Swindell with four wins, three-time winner Christopher Bell, and two-time winners Dan Boorse, Tony Stewart, Cory Kruseman, Rico Abreu, Kyle Larson and Logan Seavey.\n[2] The winning driver wins a trophy dubbed the \"Golden Driller\" after the 76-foot (23 m) statue outside the building.[5]1987\tRich Vogler\n1988\tScott Hatton\n1989\tSammy Swindell\n1990\tJohnny Heydenreich\n1991\tLealand McSpadden\n1992\tSammy Swindell (2)\n1993\tDave Blaney\n1994\tAndy Hillenburg\n1995\tDonnie Beechler\n1996\tSammy Swindell (3)\n1997\tBilly Boat\n1998\tSammy Swindell (4)\n1999\tDan Boorse\n2000\tCory Kruseman\n2001\tJay Drake\n2002\tTony Stewart\n2003\tDan Boorse (2)\n2004\tCory Kruseman (2)\n2005\tTracy Hines\n2006\tTim McCreadie\n2007\tTony Stewart (2)\n2008\tDamion Gardner[2]\n2009\tSammy Swindell (5)\n2010\tKevin Swindell\n2011 Kevin Swindell (2)\n2012 Kevin Swindell (first 55 lap race) (3)\n2013 Kevin Swindell (4)\n2014 Bryan Clauson\n2015 Rico Abreu[13]\n2016 Rico Abreu (2)\n2017\tChristopher Bell\n2018 Christopher Bell (2)\n2019 Christopher Bell (3)\n2020 Kyle Larson\n2021 Kyle Larson (2)\n2022 Tanner Thorson[14]\n2023 Logan Seavey\n2024 Logan Seavey (2)","title":"Drivers"}]
[{"image_text":"Tony Stewart racing at the 2008 Chili Bowl","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tony_Stewart_%40_The_Chili_Bowl_in_Tulsa%2C_Ok.jpg/220px-Tony_Stewart_%40_The_Chili_Bowl_in_Tulsa%2C_Ok.jpg"},{"image_text":"Home of the Chili Bowl, the Tulsa Expo Center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Expo_Center%2C_East_side.jpg/220px-Expo_Center%2C_East_side.jpg"},{"image_text":"Five-time Chili Bowl winner Sammy Swindell","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/SammySwindell0.jpg/220px-SammySwindell0.jpg"},{"image_text":"1987 winner Rich Vogler","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/RichVoglerPortRoyal1986.jpg/220px-RichVoglerPortRoyal1986.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kyle Larson leading at the 2020 Chili Bowl Nationals","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kyle_Larson_leads_at_2020_Chili_Bowl.jpg/220px-Kyle_Larson_leads_at_2020_Chili_Bowl.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"The Official Website for the Lucas Oil Chili Bowl Nationals presented by General Tire\". www.chilibowl.com. Retrieved 2020-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chilibowl.com/about/","url_text":"\"The Official Website for the Lucas Oil Chili Bowl Nationals presented by General Tire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chili Bowl Midget National\". SCRA Fan. Retrieved 2008-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scrafan.com/events/chilbowl.html","url_text":"\"Chili Bowl Midget National\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tony Stewart Racing ready to defend Chili Bowl title\". NASCAR. 2008-01-11. Retrieved 2008-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nascar.com/2008/news/headlines/cup/01/10/tstewart.chili.bowl.preview/index.html","url_text":"\"Tony Stewart Racing ready to defend Chili Bowl title\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR","url_text":"NASCAR"}]},{"reference":"\"Leffler hopes experience equals Chili Bowl victory\". NASCAR. 2007-01-02. Retrieved 2008-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nascar.com/2007/news/headlines/bg/01/02/jleffler.chili.bowl/index.html","url_text":"\"Leffler hopes experience equals Chili Bowl victory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR","url_text":"NASCAR"}]},{"reference":"\"Chili Bowl has different meanings, same prestige\". NASCAR. 2008-01-07. Retrieved 2008-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nascar.com/2008/news/headlines/cup/01/07/chili.bowl.preview.ppv/index.html","url_text":"\"Chili Bowl has different meanings, same prestige\""}]},{"reference":"Wheatley, Lonnie (2008-12-08). \"20th Annual Chili Bowl Entries Unveiled!\". Speedway Star.com. Retrieved 2008-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.speedwaystar.com/release.asp?NewsId=17096","url_text":"\"20th Annual Chili Bowl Entries Unveiled!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dirt-track legends among talented Chili Bowl drivers\". NASCAR. 2008-01-11. Retrieved 2008-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nascar.com/2008/news/headlines/cup/01/11/chili.dirt.track/index.html","url_text":"\"Dirt-track legends among talented Chili Bowl drivers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR","url_text":"NASCAR"}]},{"reference":"\"Stewart still fighting for berth in Chili Bowl main\". NASCAR. 2008-01-11. Retrieved 2008-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nascar.com/2008/news/headlines/cup/01/11/chili.bowl.tstewart.thursday/index.html","url_text":"\"Stewart still fighting for berth in Chili Bowl main\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Tim (2008-01-10). \"Chili Bowl flavour catches hold, even Down Under\". The Hamilton Spectator. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080905230724/http://www.thespec.com/article/307397","url_text":"\"Chili Bowl flavour catches hold, even Down Under\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hamilton_Spectator","url_text":"The Hamilton Spectator"},{"url":"http://www.thespec.com/article/307397","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Klein, John (January 18, 2010). \"Chili Bowl a big boon for Tulsa\". Tulsa World. Retrieved 2010-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tulsaworld.com/sportsextra/article.aspx?subjectid=203&articleid=20100118_203_B1_THEODD283513","url_text":"\"Chili Bowl a big boon for Tulsa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa_World","url_text":"Tulsa World"}]},{"reference":"\"Chili Bowl often becomes a David vs. Goliath storyline\". NASCAR. 2008-01-08. Retrieved 2008-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nascar.com/2008/news/headlines/cup/01/08/chili.bowl.david.goliath/index.html","url_text":"\"Chili Bowl often becomes a David vs. Goliath storyline\""}]},{"reference":"\"21st Annual O'Reilly Chili Bowl Midget Nationals Saturday Lineups\". Racing West.com. 2007-01-13. Archived from the original on 2008-12-03. Retrieved 2008-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081203200327/http://www.racingwest.com/news/articles/14686-21st-annual-oreilly-chili-bowl-midget-nationals.html","url_text":"\"21st Annual O'Reilly Chili Bowl Midget Nationals Saturday Lineups\""},{"url":"http://www.racingwest.com/news/articles/14686-21st-annual-oreilly-chili-bowl-midget-nationals.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hembree, Mike (January 18, 2015). \"Rico Abreu wins Chili Bowl with bold pass\". USA Today. Retrieved January 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/motor/2015/01/18/rico-abreu-wins-chili-bowl-nationals/21949361/","url_text":"\"Rico Abreu wins Chili Bowl with bold pass\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Tanner Thorson wins Chili Bowl over Christopher Bell\". Jayski's Silly Season Site. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. January 16, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jayski.com/2022/01/16/tanner-thorson-wins-chili-bowl-over-christopher-bell/","url_text":"\"Tanner Thorson wins Chili Bowl over Christopher Bell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayski%27s_Silly_Season_Site","url_text":"Jayski's Silly Season Site"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_Hot_Springs
Mono Hot Springs
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Recreation","4 Natural history","5 Flora","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 37°19′36″N 119°01′03″W / 37.32667°N 119.01750°W / 37.32667; -119.01750Mono Hot SpringsCoordinates37°19′36″N 119°01′03″W / 37.32667°N 119.01750°W / 37.32667; -119.01750Elevation6,562 feet (2,000 m)Temperature112 °F (44.4 °C)Location in CaliforniaShow map of CaliforniaMono Hot Springs (the United States)Show map of the United States Mono Hot Springs (formerly Lower Hot Springs and Lower Mineral Hot Springs) is a summer resort and campground at a group of hot springs in Fresno County, central California. It is located within the Sierra National Forest, 70 miles (110 km) northeast of Fresno via California State Route 168. History The Mono Hot Springs post office was established in 1945. A general store and stone cabins are located at the rustic Mono Hot Springs Resort. The resort was built in 1935, a few years after Southern California Edison completed this section of the Kaiser Pass Road for the Big Creek Hydroelectric Project. Geography Mono Hot Springs lies at an elevation of 6,562 feet (2,000 m), in the central Sierra Nevada. There are six separate hot springs, with the hottest 112 °F (44.4 °C). The public springs are on the hillside across the South Fork of the San Joaquin River from the campground and resort. Mono Hot Springs has thermal pools that drain into the San Joaquin River. From the developed area one fords the river to get to the pools. The locale is between Florence Lake and Lake Thomas A Edison reservoirs of the Big Creek Hydroelectric Project. It is reached via the forest service's Kaiser Pass Road, 17 miles (27 km) northeast from its start at Huntington Lake. The road crosses the 9,184 feet (2,799 m) Kaiser Pass before reaching the hot springs and reservoirs. Recreation The Sierra National Forest's Mono Hot Springs Campground is located adjacent to the springs and resort, on the river. The Mono Creek Campground, is in the vicinity to the north, on a meadow along Mono Creek. Ward Lake and Jackass Meadow Campgrounds in the area. Mono Hot Springs is a trailhead for hiking trails to local mountains, a volcanic plug, lakes, and to reach the Ansel Adams Wilderness area on the north and John Muir Wilderness area on the east. Natural history Large rounded rock formations of Sierra granite predominate the terrain, rising above the vegetation and river. Flora The Mono Hot Springs Evening-primrose, Camissonia sierrae subsp. alticola, is endemic and limited to this area and several sites in Yosemite National Park. It is listed on the California Native Plant Society Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants of California. Predominant trees in the surrounding forest include Sierra lodgepole pines (Pinus contorta) and Ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa). See also List of plants of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.) References ^ a b c "Mono Hot Springs". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. ^ a b c Durham, David L. (1998). California's Geographic Names: A Gazetteer of Historic and Modern Names of the State. Clovis, Calif.: Word Dancer Press. p. 1074. ISBN 1-884995-14-4. ^ a b c d "Mono Hot Springs Campground". Sierra National Forest. USFS. Retrieved 2018-11-18. ^ "Mono Hot Springs Resort". Retrieved 2018-11-18. ^ "Follow Kaiser Pass Road to the heart of the Central Sierra". Sunset Magazine. 2014-10-27. Archived from the original on 2014-10-27. ^ "Mono Creek Campground". USFS. Retrieved 2018-11-18. ^ "Mono Hot Springs". Fresh Faces Blog. UC Berkeley. 2014-07-14. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. ^ "Ward Lake Campground". Public Lands Information Center. ^ "Mono Creek Trailhead". Sierra National Forest. USFS. Retrieved 2018-11-18. ^ "Camissonia sierrae subsp. alticola (Mono Hot Springs Evening-primrose)". CalFlora Database. ^ "Camissonia sierrae ssp. alticola". California Native Plant Society Inventory Plant Detail. CNPS. External links Media related to Mono Hot Springs at Wikimedia Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CGN-2"},{"link_name":"hot springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_spring"},{"link_name":"Fresno County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno_County,_California"},{"link_name":"central California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"},{"link_name":"Sierra National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Fresno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno"},{"link_name":"California State Route 168","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_168"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usfs-3"}],"text":"Mono Hot Springs (formerly Lower Hot Springs and Lower Mineral Hot Springs)[2] is a summer resort and campground at a group of hot springs in Fresno County, central California.[1] It is located within the Sierra National Forest, 70 miles (110 km) northeast of Fresno via California State Route 168.[3]","title":"Mono Hot Springs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CGN-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Southern California Edison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California_Edison"},{"link_name":"Big Creek Hydroelectric Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Creek_Hydroelectric_Project"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Mono Hot Springs post office was established in 1945.[2] A general store and stone cabins are located at the rustic Mono Hot Springs Resort.[4] The resort was built in 1935, a few years after Southern California Edison completed this section of the Kaiser Pass Road for the Big Creek Hydroelectric Project.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sierra Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usfs-3"},{"link_name":"hot springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_spring"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CGN-2"},{"link_name":"South Fork of the San Joaquin River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Fork_San_Joaquin_River"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crossing_the_San_Joaquin_River_at_Mono_Hot_Springs,_California_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Florence Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Lake_(reservoir)"},{"link_name":"Lake Thomas A Edison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Thomas_A_Edison"},{"link_name":"Huntington Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Lake"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usfs-3"}],"text":"Mono Hot Springs lies at an elevation of 6,562 feet (2,000 m), in the central Sierra Nevada.[1][3] There are six separate hot springs, with the hottest 112 °F (44.4 °C).[2] The public springs are on the hillside across the South Fork of the San Joaquin River from the campground and resort.Mono Hot Springs has thermal pools that drain into the San Joaquin River. From the developed area one fords the river to get to the pools.The locale is between Florence Lake and Lake Thomas A Edison reservoirs of the Big Creek Hydroelectric Project. It is reached via the forest service's Kaiser Pass Road, 17 miles (27 km) northeast from its start at Huntington Lake.[3] The road crosses the 9,184 feet (2,799 m) Kaiser Pass before reaching the hot springs and reservoirs.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usfs-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"volcanic plug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_plug"},{"link_name":"Ansel Adams Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansel_Adams_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"John Muir Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Muir_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Sierra National Forest's Mono Hot Springs Campground is located adjacent to the springs and resort, on the river.[3] The Mono Creek Campground, is in the vicinity to the north, on a meadow along Mono Creek.[6] Ward Lake and Jackass Meadow Campgrounds in the area.[7][8]Mono Hot Springs is a trailhead for hiking trails to local mountains, a volcanic plug, lakes, and to reach the Ansel Adams Wilderness area on the north and John Muir Wilderness area on the east.[9]","title":"Recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock formations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_formation"},{"link_name":"granite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite"}],"text":"Large rounded rock formations of Sierra granite predominate the terrain, rising above the vegetation and river.","title":"Natural history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camissonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camissonia"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"California Native Plant Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Native_Plant_Society"},{"link_name":"Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventory_of_Rare_and_Endangered_Plants_of_California"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sierra lodgepole pines (Pinus contorta)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_contorta"},{"link_name":"Ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_ponderosa"}],"text":"The Mono Hot Springs Evening-primrose, Camissonia sierrae subsp. alticola, is endemic and limited to this area and several sites in Yosemite National Park.[10] It is listed on the California Native Plant Society Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants of California.[11]Predominant trees in the surrounding forest include Sierra lodgepole pines (Pinus contorta) and Ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa).","title":"Flora"}]
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[{"title":"List of plants of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plants_of_the_Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largs_Thistle_F.C.
Largs Thistle F.C.
["1 History","2 Stadium","3 Current squad","4 Non-playing staff","5 Notable former players","6 Notable former managers and coaches","7 Honours","7.1 Other honours","8 References","9 External links"]
Association football club in North Ayrshire, Scotland, UK Football clubLargs ThistleFull nameLargs Thistle Football ClubNickname(s)The TheeselFounded1889GroundBarrfields Park, LargsCapacity4,500PresidentAlistair McMasterManagerStuart DavidsonLeagueWest of Scotland League Premier Division2023–24West of Scotland League Premier Division, 5th of 16WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Largs Thistle Football Club are a Scottish football club, based in the town of Largs, North Ayrshire. Nicknamed The Theesel, they were formed in 1889 and play at Barrfields Park. Currently playing in the West of Scotland League Premier Division, they wear gold and black strips. Their main rivals are Beith Juniors and Kilbirnie Ladeside. The team are managed since October 2016 by Stuart Davidson, who stepped up from his assistants role following the resignation of previous manager Bryan Slavin. History In the 1993–94 season, Largs Thistle lifted the Scottish Junior Cup beating Glenafton Athletic 1–0 in the final at Ibrox Stadium on 15 May 1994. Largs won the match in front of 8,000 spectators and claimed their first Scottish Junior Cup. In the 2009–10 season, Largs again reached the final of the Scottish Junior Cup, however this time losing 1–0 to Linlithgow Rose at Rugby Park on 23 May 2010. The following season Largs achieved their highest position in the West Premier Division by finishing fifth place. Largs' third appearance in the Scottish Junior Cup final came in 2018–19, when they lost 0–2 to Auchinleck Talbot at New Douglas Park on 2 June 2019. Stadium Barrfields Park has been the home of Largs Thistle F.C. since 1930. The stadium first opened on 21 July 1930, with crowds of over 9,000 attending the first scheduled events. The surface was upgraded to an all-weather 3G pitch in August 2012. Current squad Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player — GK  SCO Jamie Wilton — GK  SCO Matt Johnston — DF  SCO Blair Devine — DF  SCO Laurie McMaster — DF  SCO Craig Forbes — DF  SCO Ryan McCreath — DF  SCO Cory Hughes — DF  SCO John Cumming — MF  SCO Stuart Faulds No. Pos. Nation Player — MF  SCO Lewis Davidson — MF  ENG Cole Ojungu — MF  SCO Jamie McLean — MF  SCO Sean McLeod — MF  SCO David McGrath — FW  SCO David Ramsay — FW  SCO Jamie Martin — FW  SCO William Sewell — FW  SCO Darryl Duffy Non-playing staff Name Role Alistair McMaster President Alex Anderson Club Secretary Jacqui Faulds Treasurer Stuart Davidson Manager Martin Crawford Assistant Manager Andy Scott Coach Kevin Struthers Coach Allan Hamilton Goalkeeping Coach Notable former players Gordon McQueen - Scotland, Leeds United, Manchester United, St Mirren Tommy Turner - St Mirren, Partick Thistle, St Johnstone, Greenock Morton, Gretna Jimmy Frizzell - Greenock Morton, Oldham Athletic Phil Bonnyman - Rangers, Hamilton Academical, Carlisle United, Chesterfield, Grimsby Town Crawford Boyd - Queen of the South, Hearts Derek Grierson - Queen's Park, Rangers, Falkirk, Arbroath Tommy Halliday - Dumbarton, Cardiff City, Stranraer William Kinniburgh - Motherwell, Ayr United, Partick Thistle, Clyde Phil Cannie - Greenock Morton, Clyde Davie Elliott - Ayr United, Dumbarton, East Fife Jackie Rafferty - Dumbarton, Partick Thistle Dougie McCracken - Ayr United, Dumbarton, East Fife Johnny McIntyre - Clydebank Ryan McWilliams - Greenock Morton, East Stirlingshire Steve Morrison - Dunfermline Athletic, Dumbarton, Clyde, Alloa Athletic, Clydebank, East Stirling Rashid Sarwar - Kilmarnock Kenny Meechan - Dumbarton Andrew Kean Craig Brown - Greenock Morton, Port Glasgow Joe Knowles - Perth Glory Joel Kasubandi - Greenock Morton Notable former managers and coaches Phil Bonnyman - Rangers, Hamilton Academical, Carlisle United, Chesterfield, Grimsby Town Erik Sørensen - Denmark, Rangers, Greenock Morton Jim George - Dumbarton, St Johnstone, East Fife Bobby Lawrie - Partick Thistle, Stranraer David McKellar - Derby County, Carlisle United, Hamilton Academical, Rangers Bryan Slavin - Greenock Morton Stephen Swift - Cowdenbeath, Linlithgow Rose, Stranraer, Irvine Meadow, BSC Glasgow Tom Spence - Stirling Albion, East Fife, Albion Rovers Honours Scottish Junior Cup Winners: 1993–94 Runners-up: 2009–10, 2018–19 SJFA West Super League First Division Winners: 2008–09 Runners-up: 2015–16 West Region Ayrshire League Winners: 2004–05 West of Scotland Cup Winners: 1990–91 Ayrshire Weekly Press Cup Winners: 2012–13 Other honours Ayrshire Second Division winners: 1983–84, 1993–94, 2001–02 North Ayrshire Cup: 2005–06 Ardrossan & Saltcoats Herald Cup: 1922–23, 1956–57, 1958–59 Western League North Division: 1955–56 Ayrshire League (Kerr & Smith) Cup: 1924–25, 1957–58 Ayrshire District (Irvine Times) Cup: 1895–96, 1956–57 References ^ "Thistle's new boss praises Bryan's impact at Barrfields". Largs & Millport Weekly News. 11 October 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016. External links Official website Largs Thistle F.C. on Facebook Largs Thistle F.C. on X vteWest of Scotland Football LeaguePremier Division Arthurlie Auchinleck Talbot Beith Juniors Benburb Clydebank Cumnock Juniors Darvel Gartcairn Glenafton Athletic Hurlford United Irvine Meadow XI Kirkintilloch Rob Roy Largs Thistle Pollok St Cadoc's Troon First Division Ashfield Blantyre Victoria Cambuslang Rangers Drumchapel United Johnstone Burgh Kilbirnie Ladeside Kilwinning Rangers Maybole Juniors Neilston Petershill Renfrew Rutherglen Glencairn Shotts Bon Accord St Roch's Thorniewood United Whitletts Victoria Second Division Ardrossan Winton Rovers Bonnyton Thistle Caledonian Locomotives Craigmark Burntonians Cumbernauld United Forth Wanderers Glasgow Perthshire Glasgow University Kilsyth Rangers Larkhall Thistle Maryhill Muirkirk Juniors St Anthony's Vale of Clyde Wishaw Yoker Athletic Third Division Ardeer Thistle Bellshill Athletic Dalry Thistle Finnart Girvan Glasgow United Greenock Juniors Irvine Victoria Kello Rovers Kilsyth Athletic Lanark United Lesmahagow Juniors Port Glasgow Threave Rovers Vale of Leven West Park United Fourth Division BSC Glasgow Campbeltown Pupils Carluke Rovers Easterhouse East Kilbride Thistle Eglinton Giffnock Glenvale Knightswood Lugar Boswell Thistle Newmains United Rossvale Royal Albert Saltcoats Victoria St. Peter's Thorn Athletic Seasons 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 vteScottish Junior Football Association, West RegionLeagues Premiership Championship League One League Two Ayrshire District Central 1st Central 2nd Premiership seasons 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 Championship seasons 2016–17 2017–18 Cups Evening Times Champions Cup West of Scotland Junior Cup Former teams Annbank United Ardeer Thistle Ardrossan Winton Rovers Arthurlie Ashfield Auchinleck Talbot Baillieston Juniors Beith Juniors Bellshill Athletic Benburb Blantyre Victoria Cambuslang Rangers Carluke Rovers Clydebank Craigmark Burntonians Cumbernauld United Cumnock Juniors Dalry Thistle Darvel Dunipace Juniors East Kilbride Thistle Forth Wanderers Gartcairn Juniors Girvan Glasgow Perthshire Glenafton Athletic Greenock Juniors Hurlford United Irvine Meadow XI Irvine Victoria Johnstone Burgh Kello Rovers Kilbirnie Ladeside Kilsyth Rangers Kilwinning Rangers Kirkintilloch Rob Roy Lanark United Largs Thistle Larkhall Thistle Lesmahagow Juniors Lugar Boswell Thistle Maryhill Maybole Juniors Muirkirk Juniors Neilston Juniors Newmains United Petershill Pollok Port Glasgow Juniors Renfrew Rossvale Royal Albert Rutherglen Glencairn Saltcoats Victoria Shettleston Shotts Bon Accord St Anthony's St Roch's Stonehouse Violet Thorniewood United Troon Vale of Clyde Vale of Leven Whitletts Victoria Wishaw Juniors Yoker Athletic Authority control databases International VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Largs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largs"},{"link_name":"North Ayrshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Ayrshire"},{"link_name":"West of Scotland League Premier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_of_Scotland_Football_League#Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"Beith Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beith_Juniors_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kilbirnie Ladeside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilbirnie_Ladeside_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stuart Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Davidson_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Bryan Slavin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Slavin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Football clubLargs Thistle Football Club are a Scottish football club, based in the town of Largs, North Ayrshire. Nicknamed The Theesel, they were formed in 1889 and play at Barrfields Park. Currently playing in the West of Scotland League Premier Division, they wear gold and black strips. Their main rivals are Beith Juniors and Kilbirnie Ladeside.The team are managed since October 2016 by Stuart Davidson, who stepped up from his assistants role following the resignation of previous manager Bryan Slavin.[1]","title":"Largs Thistle F.C."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Junior Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Junior_Cup"},{"link_name":"Glenafton Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenafton_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ibrox Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrox_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Linlithgow Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linlithgow_Rose_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rugby Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Park_Stadium"},{"link_name":"fifth place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_West_of_Scotland_Super_League_Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"Auchinleck Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auchinleck_Talbot_F.C."},{"link_name":"New Douglas Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Douglas_Park"}],"text":"In the 1993–94 season, Largs Thistle lifted the Scottish Junior Cup beating Glenafton Athletic 1–0 in the final at Ibrox Stadium on 15 May 1994. Largs won the match in front of 8,000 spectators and claimed their first Scottish Junior Cup.In the 2009–10 season, Largs again reached the final of the Scottish Junior Cup, however this time losing 1–0 to Linlithgow Rose at Rugby Park on 23 May 2010. The following season Largs achieved their highest position in the West Premier Division by finishing fifth place. Largs' third appearance in the Scottish Junior Cup final came in 2018–19, when they lost 0–2 to Auchinleck Talbot at New Douglas Park on 2 June 2019.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Barrfields Park has been the home of Largs Thistle F.C. since 1930. The stadium first opened on 21 July 1930, with crowds of over 9,000 attending the first scheduled events. The surface was upgraded to an all-weather 3G pitch in August 2012.","title":"Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Non-playing staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Gordon McQueen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_McQueen"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"St Mirren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Tommy Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Turner_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"St Mirren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C."},{"link_name":"Partick Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partick_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"St Johnstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Johnstone_F.C."},{"link_name":"Greenock Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenock_Morton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Gretna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretna_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Frizzell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Frizzell"},{"link_name":"Greenock Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenock_Morton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Oldham Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldham_Athletic_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Phil Bonnyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Bonnyman"},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hamilton Academical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Academical_F.C."},{"link_name":"Carlisle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Chesterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterfield_F.C."},{"link_name":"Grimsby Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimsby_Town_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Crawford Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford_Boyd"},{"link_name":"Queen of the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_the_South_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Derek Grierson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Grierson"},{"link_name":"Queen's Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Falkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkirk_F.C."},{"link_name":"Arbroath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbroath_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Tommy Halliday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Halliday"},{"link_name":"Dumbarton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cardiff City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stranraer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranraer_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"William Kinniburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kinniburgh"},{"link_name":"Motherwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherwell_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ayr United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayr_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Partick Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partick_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Phil Cannie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Cannie"},{"link_name":"Greenock Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenock_Morton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Davie Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Elliott_(footballer,_born_1968)"},{"link_name":"Ayr United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayr_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dumbarton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_F.C."},{"link_name":"East Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Fife_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Jackie Rafferty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Rafferty"},{"link_name":"Dumbarton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Partick Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partick_Thistle_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Dougie McCracken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dougie_McCracken"},{"link_name":"Ayr United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayr_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dumbarton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_F.C."},{"link_name":"East Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Fife_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Johnny McIntyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_McIntyre_(footballer_born_1956)"},{"link_name":"Clydebank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clydebank_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Ryan McWilliams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_McWilliams"},{"link_name":"Greenock Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenock_Morton_F.C."},{"link_name":"East Stirlingshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Stirlingshire_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Steve Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Morrison_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Dunfermline Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dumbarton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_F.C."},{"link_name":"Alloa Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloa_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Clydebank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clydebank_F.C."},{"link_name":"East Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Stirlingshire_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Rashid Sarwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Sarwar"},{"link_name":"Kilmarnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmarnock_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Kenny Meechan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Meechan"},{"link_name":"Dumbarton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Andrew Kean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Kean"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Craig Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Brown_(footballer,_born_1971)"},{"link_name":"Greenock Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenock_Morton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Port Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Glasgow_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Joe Knowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Knowles"},{"link_name":"Perth Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Glory_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Joel Kasubandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Kasubandi"},{"link_name":"Greenock Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenock_Morton_F.C."}],"text":"Gordon McQueen - Scotland, Leeds United, Manchester United, St Mirren\n Tommy Turner - St Mirren, Partick Thistle, St Johnstone, Greenock Morton, Gretna\n Jimmy Frizzell - Greenock Morton, Oldham Athletic\n Phil Bonnyman - Rangers, Hamilton Academical, Carlisle United, Chesterfield, Grimsby Town\n Crawford Boyd - Queen of the South, Hearts\n Derek Grierson - Queen's Park, Rangers, Falkirk, Arbroath\n Tommy Halliday - Dumbarton, Cardiff City, Stranraer\n William Kinniburgh - Motherwell, Ayr United, Partick Thistle, Clyde\n Phil Cannie - Greenock Morton, Clyde\n Davie Elliott - Ayr United, Dumbarton, East Fife\n Jackie Rafferty - Dumbarton, Partick Thistle\n Dougie McCracken - Ayr United, Dumbarton, East Fife\n Johnny McIntyre - Clydebank\n Ryan McWilliams - Greenock Morton, East Stirlingshire\n Steve Morrison - Dunfermline Athletic, Dumbarton, Clyde, Alloa Athletic, Clydebank, East Stirling\n Rashid Sarwar - Kilmarnock\n Kenny Meechan - Dumbarton\n Andrew Kean\n Craig Brown - Greenock Morton, Port Glasgow\n Joe Knowles - Perth Glory\n Joel Kasubandi - Greenock Morton","title":"Notable former players"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Phil Bonnyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Bonnyman"},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hamilton Academical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Academical_F.C."},{"link_name":"Carlisle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Chesterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterfield_F.C."},{"link_name":"Grimsby Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimsby_Town_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Erik Sørensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_S%C3%B8rensen"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Greenock Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenock_Morton_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Jim George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_George_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Dumbarton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_F.C."},{"link_name":"St Johnstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Johnstone_F.C."},{"link_name":"East Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Fife_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Bobby Lawrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Lawrie"},{"link_name":"Partick Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partick_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stranraer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranraer_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"David McKellar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McKellar"},{"link_name":"Derby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"Carlisle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hamilton Academical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Academical_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Bryan Slavin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Slavin"},{"link_name":"Greenock Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenock_Morton_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Stephen Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Swift_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Cowdenbeath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowdenbeath_F.C."},{"link_name":"Linlithgow Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linlithgow_Rose_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stranraer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranraer_F.C."},{"link_name":"Irvine Meadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvine_Meadow_F.C."},{"link_name":"BSC Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broomhill_F.C._(Scotland)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Tom Spence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Spence"},{"link_name":"Stirling Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"East Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Fife_F.C."},{"link_name":"Albion Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion_Rovers_F.C."}],"text":"Phil Bonnyman - Rangers, Hamilton Academical, Carlisle United, Chesterfield, Grimsby Town\n Erik Sørensen - Denmark, Rangers, Greenock Morton\n Jim George - Dumbarton, St Johnstone, East Fife\n Bobby Lawrie - Partick Thistle, Stranraer\n David McKellar - Derby County, Carlisle United, Hamilton Academical, Rangers\n Bryan Slavin - Greenock Morton\n Stephen Swift - Cowdenbeath, Linlithgow Rose, Stranraer, Irvine Meadow, BSC Glasgow\n Tom Spence - Stirling Albion, East Fife, Albion Rovers","title":"Notable former managers and coaches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Junior Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Junior_Cup"},{"link_name":"SJFA West Super League First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SJFA_West_Region_Championship"},{"link_name":"West Region Ayrshire League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Junior_Football_Ayrshire_Division_One"},{"link_name":"West of Scotland Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_of_Scotland_Junior_Cup"}],"text":"Scottish Junior Cup\nWinners: 1993–94\nRunners-up: 2009–10, 2018–19\nSJFA West Super League First Division\nWinners: 2008–09\nRunners-up: 2015–16\nWest Region Ayrshire League\nWinners: 2004–05\nWest of Scotland Cup\nWinners: 1990–91\nAyrshire Weekly Press Cup\nWinners: 2012–13","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ayrshire Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrshire_Junior_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Western League North Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrshire_Junior_Football_League"}],"sub_title":"Other honours","text":"Ayrshire Second Division winners: 1983–84, 1993–94, 2001–02\nNorth Ayrshire Cup: 2005–06\nArdrossan & Saltcoats Herald Cup: 1922–23, 1956–57, 1958–59\nWestern League North Division: 1955–56\nAyrshire League (Kerr & Smith) Cup: 1924–25, 1957–58\nAyrshire District (Irvine Times) Cup: 1895–96, 1956–57","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Thistle's new boss praises Bryan's impact at Barrfields\". Largs & Millport Weekly News. 11 October 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.largsandmillportnews.com/sport/14794756.Thistle_new_boss_praises_Bryan_s_impact_at_Barrfields/","url_text":"\"Thistle's new boss praises Bryan's impact at Barrfields\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://largsthistle.info/","external_links_name":"Club website"},{"Link":"http://www.largsandmillportnews.com/sport/14794756.Thistle_new_boss_praises_Bryan_s_impact_at_Barrfields/","external_links_name":"\"Thistle's new boss praises Bryan's impact at Barrfields\""},{"Link":"http://www.largsthistle.info/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/LargsThistle","external_links_name":"Largs Thistle F.C."},{"Link":"https://x.com/LargsThistleFC","external_links_name":"Largs Thistle F.C."},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/152905726","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2003032914","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi_Theological_Seminary
Tbilisi Theological Seminary
["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°41′28″N 44°48′24″E / 41.6911°N 44.8068°E / 41.6911; 44.8068Educational institution in Tbilisi, Georgia The Russian Orthodox Theological Seminary from the side of the Soldier's Bazaar, 1870s Tbilisi Theological Academy and Seminary (Georgian: თბილისის სასულიერო სემინარია, romanized: tbilisis sasuliero seminaria; Russian: Тбили́сская духо́вная семина́рия, romanized: Tbilisskaya dukhovnaya seminariya) is a seminary in Tbilisi, Georgia. It operated from 1817 to 1919 under the name Tiflis Theological Seminary in the Georgian exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church. The facility closed during the wake of the Russian Revolution and the subsequent 1921 invasion of Georgia. The building housing the seminary closed in 1917, and one of the major buildings the seminary used was eventually repurposed in 1950 to become the Art Museum of Georgia. After Georgian independence in 1991 and the concurrent fall of communism and its discouragement of religion, there was interest in creating a successor. The institution reopened on new premises in 1993 as a higher educational institution of the Georgian Orthodox Church. The institution's most famous attendee was Joseph Besarionis dze Jughashvili, better known by his Russianized name of Joseph Stalin. Stalin received a scholarship and attended when he was age fourteen in 1894. The language of instruction was Russian, and use of the Georgian language was discouraged by the Russian priests who taught there. Stalin was a voracious reader in both languages. He became a cultural nationalist for Georgia. He participated in student politics and anonymously published poetry in Georgian in the local newspaper. Although his academic performance was good, he was expelled in 1899 after missing his final exams. While at the seminary, Stalin met a circle of friends who would go on to be influential in later Marxist politics, including joining the Mesame Dasi party. Another notable graduate was the poet Galaktion Tabidze. History The seminary building used from 1912 to 1917 in the Vake neighborhood of Tiflis Tiflis Theological Seminary opened in 1817. In 1838, the Swiss architects brothers Giovanni and Giuseppe Bernardazzi built a new building for the seminary opposite Paskevich-Erivansky Square (modern Freedom Square, Tbilisi). In 1872, as part of a Pan-Slavism initiative under the leadership of Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich, a ban was introduced on the use of the Georgian language for teaching in seminaries, as the seminary was seen as a hotbed of Georgian nationalism. All instruction was to take place in Russian instead. In 1903, construction began on a new complex of buildings in the Vake neighborhood of Tiflis, headed by architect Alexander Rogoisky. The seminary moved in 1912, and the old building became a hotel. It did not last long, though; in the chaos of the Russian Revolution, the buildings were requisitioned in 1917. The seminary may have operated on a temporary basis for a time, but it too eventually closed in the following years. One of old buildings in the complex used by the seminary was repurposed to house the Art Museum of Georgia in 1950, the location it still occupies. The two main courses of instruction were Orthodox theology and rhetoric. Various related topics were also taught, including Church Slavonic, history, mathematics, literature, French, and German. See also Nersisian School, another Orthodox school of education in Tiflis, but centered on the Armenian community References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Category:Tiflis Orthodox Theological Seminary. ^ "The Mission of the Academy". ^ Kotkin 2014, pp. 31–36 ^ Minorsky, V., and C.E. Bosworth. "al-Kurd̲j̲". P. Bearman (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online (EI-2 English). Brill, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0545 ^ "Нугзар ЦХОВРЕБОВ. Синие кони" (in Russian). Bibliography Jones, Stephen F. (2005), Socialism in Georgian Colors: The European Road to Social Democracy 1883–1917, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-67-401902-7 Kotkin, Stephen (2014), Stalin, Volume I: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928, New York City: Penguin Press, ISBN 978-1-59420-379-4 External links Official website (Georgian), official website (Russian), official website (English) vteJoseph Stalin General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1952) Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1946–1953) Historyand politicsOverviews Early life Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War Rise Rule as Soviet leader Political views Cult of personality Death and state funeral Death toll Chronology August Uprising Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)/(1928–1941) Collectivization Kolkhoz Sovkhoz Chinese Civil War First five-year plan Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 16th / 17th Congress of the Communist Party 1931 Menshevik Trial Spanish Civil War Soviet invasion of Xinjiang Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang 1937 legislative election 18th Congress of the Communist Party Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact World War II Invasion of Poland Winter War Moscow Peace Treaty Occupation of the Baltic states German–Soviet Axis talks Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact Great Patriotic War Tehran Conference Yalta Conference Potsdam Conference Soviet atomic bomb project Ili Rebellion Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 1946 legislative election Cold War 1946 Iran crisis Turkish Straits crisis First Indochina War Eastern Bloc Comecon Cominform Greek Civil War 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Berlin Blockade Korean War Sino-Soviet Treaty Tito–Stalin split 1950 legislative election 19th Congress of the Communist Party Concepts Stalinism Neo-Stalinism Korenizatsiya Socialism in One Country Great Break Socialist realism Stalinist architecture Aggravation of class struggle under socialism Five-year plans Great Construction Projects of Communism Engineers of the human soul 1936 Soviet Constitution New Soviet man Stakhanovite Transformation of nature Backwardness brings on beatings by others Crimes, repressions,and controversies 1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi 1907 Tiflis bank robbery National delimitation in the Soviet Union Georgian Affair Decossackization Dekulakization Wittorf affair Great Break Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour Soviet famine of 1932–33 Holodomor Gulag Murder of Sergey Kirov Great Purge Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization NKVD prisoner massacres Berezhany Berezwecz Dubno Chortkiv Kurapaty Katyn Lutsk Lviv Medvedev Forest Sambir Valozhyn Vileyka Vinnytsia Zolochiv Moscow Trials Hotel Lux Repressions in Azerbaijan Ideological repression in science Suppressed research Lysenkoism Japhetic theory, Slavists case 1937 Soviet Census 1941 Red Army purge Soviet offensive plans controversy Hitler Youth Conspiracy Soviet war crimes Allegations of antisemitism Population transfer (German–Soviet) Deportations Operation "Lentil" Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Koreans Operation "North" Operation "Priboi" Nazino affair Forced settlement Tax on trees 1946–1947 Soviet famine Leningrad Affair Mingrelian Affair Rootless cosmopolitan Night of the Murdered Poets Doctors' plot Censorship of images Works "Anarchism or Socialism?" "Marxism and the National Question" "Foundations of Leninism" "Dizzy with Success" "Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia" "Ten Blows" speech Alleged 19 August 1939 speech Falsifiers of History Stalin Note The History of the Communist Party 1936 Soviet Constitution Stalin's poetry Dialectical and Historical Materialism Order No. 227 Order No. 270 "Marxism and Problems of Linguistics" Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR De-Stalinization 20th Congress of the Communist Party Pospelov Commission Rehabilitation Khrushchev Thaw On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences Gomulka thaw (Polish October) Soviet Nonconformist Art Shvernik Commission 22nd Congress of the Communist Party Era of Stagnation Criticism andopposition Stalin Epigram Lenin's Testament Ryutin Affair Anti-Stalinist left Trotskyism Kremlin Plot True Communists Darkness at Noon Animal Farm Nineteen Eighty-Four Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism The Soviet Story Antisemitism Remembrance Iosif Stalin tank Iosif Stalin locomotive Generalissimus of the Soviet Union Stalin statues Pantheon, Moscow 1956 Georgian demonstrations List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin Stalin Monument in Budapest Stalin Monument in Prague Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori Batumi Stalin Museum Places named after Stalin State Stalin Prize Stalin Peace Prize Stalin Society Stalin Bloc – For the USSR Cultural depictions Apocalypse: Stalin Family Besarion Jughashvili (father) Keke Geladze (mother) Kato Svanidze (first wife) Yakov Dzhugashvili (son) Konstantin Kuzakov (son) Artyom Sergeyev (adopted son) Nadezhda Alliluyeva (second wife) Vasily Stalin (son) Svetlana Alliluyeva (daughter) Yevgeny Dzhugashvili (grandson) Galina Dzhugashvili (granddaughter) Joseph Alliluyev (grandson) Sergei Alliluyev (second father-in-law) Alexander Svanidze (brother-in-law) Yuri Zhdanov (son-in-law) William Wesley Peters (son-in-law) Stalin's residences Stalin's house, Gori Tiflis Seminary Kureika Room at Kremlin Dachas Kuntsevo Sochi Uspenskoye Semyonovskoye New Athos Kholodnaya Rechka Lake Ritsa Sukhumi Stalin's bunker Category 41°41′28″N 44°48′24″E / 41.6911°N 44.8068°E / 41.6911; 44.8068
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It operated from 1817 to 1919 under the name Tiflis Theological Seminary in the Georgian exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church. The facility closed during the wake of the Russian Revolution and the subsequent 1921 invasion of Georgia. The building housing the seminary closed in 1917, and one of the major buildings the seminary used was eventually repurposed in 1950 to become the Art Museum of Georgia.After Georgian independence in 1991 and the concurrent fall of communism and its discouragement of religion, there was interest in creating a successor. The institution reopened on new premises in 1993 as a higher educational institution of the Georgian Orthodox Church.[1]The institution's most famous attendee was Joseph Besarionis dze Jughashvili, better known by his Russianized name of Joseph Stalin. Stalin received a scholarship and attended when he was age fourteen in 1894. The language of instruction was Russian, and use of the Georgian language was discouraged by the Russian priests who taught there. Stalin was a voracious reader in both languages. He became a cultural nationalist for Georgia. He participated in student politics and anonymously published poetry in Georgian in the local newspaper. Although his academic performance was good, he was expelled in 1899 after missing his final exams. \nWhile at the seminary, Stalin met a circle of friends who would go on to be influential in later Marxist politics, including joining the Mesame Dasi party.[2] Another notable graduate was the poet Galaktion Tabidze.","title":"Tbilisi Theological Seminary"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vake-Tiflis_seminary.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vake neighborhood of Tiflis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vake,_Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"Freedom Square, Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Square,_Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"Pan-Slavism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Slavism"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Nikolaevich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Georgian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Vake neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vake,_Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"Russian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Art Museum of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Museum_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Orthodox theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology"},{"link_name":"Church Slavonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Slavonic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The seminary building used from 1912 to 1917 in the Vake neighborhood of TiflisTiflis Theological Seminary opened in 1817. In 1838, the Swiss architects brothers Giovanni and Giuseppe Bernardazzi built a new building for the seminary opposite Paskevich-Erivansky Square (modern Freedom Square, Tbilisi). In 1872, as part of a Pan-Slavism initiative under the leadership of Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich, a ban was introduced on the use of the Georgian language for teaching in seminaries, as the seminary was seen as a hotbed of Georgian nationalism.[3] All instruction was to take place in Russian instead. In 1903, construction began on a new complex of buildings in the Vake neighborhood of Tiflis, headed by architect Alexander Rogoisky. The seminary moved in 1912, and the old building became a hotel. It did not last long, though; in the chaos of the Russian Revolution, the buildings were requisitioned in 1917. The seminary may have operated on a temporary basis for a time, but it too eventually closed in the following years. One of old buildings in the complex used by the seminary was repurposed to house the Art Museum of Georgia in 1950, the location it still occupies.The two main courses of instruction were Orthodox theology and rhetoric. Various related topics were also taught, including Church Slavonic, history, mathematics, literature, French, and German.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jones, Stephen F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_F._Jones"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-67-401902-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-67-401902-7"},{"link_name":"Kotkin, Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Kotkin"},{"link_name":"Penguin Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59420-379-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-379-4"}],"text":"Jones, Stephen F. (2005), Socialism in Georgian Colors: The European Road to Social Democracy 1883–1917, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-67-401902-7\nKotkin, Stephen (2014), Stalin, Volume I: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928, New York City: Penguin Press, ISBN 978-1-59420-379-4","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"title":"Nersisian School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nersisian_School"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_War_Badge
Destroyer War Badge
["1 Design","2 Criteria for award","3 Notes","4 References"]
World War II German military decoration AwardDestroyer War BadgeZerstörerkriegsabzeichen1957 version (swastika removed)TypeBadgeAwarded forservice in Kriegsmarine destroyersPresented byNazi GermanyEligibilityMilitary personnelCampaign(s)World War IIStatusObsoleteEstablished4 June 1940 The Destroyer War Badge (German: Zerstörerkriegsabzeichen) as a World War II German military decoration and awarded to officers and crew for service on Kriegsmarine destroyers. It was instituted on 4 June 1940 by Grand Admiral Erich Raeder following the battle of Narvik. It was also awarded to the crews of torpedo boats and fast attack craft until the institution of the Fast Attack Craft War Badge. Design The medal, designed by Paul Carsberg of Berlin, consists of an outer oakleaf laurel wreath of oak leaves with the national emblem of eagle clutching a swastika (both golden coloured) at its apex. The central area features a side-view of a destroyer cutting through a wave (both silver-grey to black in colour). It was worn on the lower part of the left breast pocket of the naval service tunic, underneath the 1st class Iron Cross if awarded. Additionally, an embroidered cloth version was produced. Criteria for award Required qualifications prior to 10 October 1940 included participation in the battles of Narvik. After this date: Wounded in action Served on ship sunk in action (Z1) Participation in three enemy engagements or at least in 12 non-enemy sorties Outstanding performance or other heroic deeds in a single action Notes ^ a b Angolia 1987, p. 127. ^ Angolia 1987, pp. 127–130. ^ Angolia 1987, p. 130. References Angolia, John (1987). For Führer and Fatherland: Military Awards of the Third Reich. R. James Bender Publishing. ISBN 0912138149. vteOrders, decorations, and medals of Nazi GermanyDecorations to all services Bandit-warfare Badge Clasp to the Iron Cross Condor Legion Tank Badge Driver Proficiency Badge Eastern Medal German Cross German Occupation Medals Grand Cross of the Iron Cross Honour Roll Clasp Iron Cross Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross Spanish Cross War Merit Cross War Merit Medal Wehrmacht Long Service Award West Wall Medal Wound Badge Wehrmacht / Waffen-SS Army Anti-Aircraft Badge Blue Division Medal Close Combat Clasp General Assault Badge Infantry Assault Badge Mountain Guide Badge Panzer Badge Sniper's Badge Tank Destruction Badge Luftwaffe Aircrew Badge Air Gunner Badge Anti-Aircraft Flak Battle Badge Aviator badge Balloon Observer's Badge Flyer's Commemorative Badge Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe Glider Pilot Badge Ground Assault Badge of the Luftwaffe Luftwaffe Honor Goblet Luftwaffe Honor plate Observer Badge Parachutist Badge Pilot/Observer Badge Radio Operator Badge Kriegsmarine Auxiliary Cruiser Badge Blockade Runner Badge Destroyer War Badge Fast Attack Craft War Badge High Seas Fleet Badge Minesweeper War Badge Naval Artillery War Badge Naval Front Clasp U-boat Front Clasp U-boat War Badge ‎Campaign Shields Cholm Shield Crimea Shield Demyansk Shield Kuban Shield Lapland Shield Narvik Shield Warsaw Shield ‎Campaign Cuff Titles Crete Cuff Title Africa Cuff Title Metz 1944 Cuff Title Courland Cuff Title
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Kriegsmarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsmarine"},{"link_name":"destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"Grand Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Admiral"},{"link_name":"Erich Raeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder"},{"link_name":"Fast Attack Craft War Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Attack_Craft_War_Badge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngolia1987127-1"}],"text":"AwardThe Destroyer War Badge (German: Zerstörerkriegsabzeichen) as a World War II German military decoration and awarded to officers and crew for service on Kriegsmarine destroyers. It was instituted on 4 June 1940 by Grand Admiral Erich Raeder following the battle of Narvik. It was also awarded to the crews of torpedo boats and fast attack craft until the institution of the Fast Attack Craft War Badge.[1]","title":"Destroyer War Badge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngolia1987127%E2%80%93130-2"},{"link_name":"Iron Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Cross"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngolia1987130-3"}],"text":"The medal, designed by Paul Carsberg of Berlin, consists of an outer oakleaf laurel wreath of oak leaves with the national emblem of eagle clutching a swastika (both golden coloured) at its apex. The central area features a side-view of a destroyer cutting through a wave (both silver-grey to black in colour).[2] It was worn on the lower part of the left breast pocket of the naval service tunic, underneath the 1st class Iron Cross if awarded. Additionally, an embroidered cloth version was produced.[3]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"battles of Narvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Narvik"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngolia1987127-1"},{"link_name":"Z1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_destroyer_Z1_Leberecht_Maass"}],"text":"Required qualifications prior to 10 October 1940 included participation in the battles of Narvik. After this date:[1]Wounded in action\nServed on ship sunk in action (Z1)\nParticipation in three enemy engagements or at least in 12 non-enemy sorties\nOutstanding performance or other heroic deeds in a single action","title":"Criteria for award"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngolia1987127_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngolia1987127_1-1"},{"link_name":"Angolia 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAngolia1987"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngolia1987127%E2%80%93130_2-0"},{"link_name":"Angolia 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAngolia1987"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngolia1987130_3-0"},{"link_name":"Angolia 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAngolia1987"}],"text":"^ a b Angolia 1987, p. 127.\n\n^ Angolia 1987, pp. 127–130.\n\n^ Angolia 1987, p. 130.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
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[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_(bicycle_company)
Ross (bicycle company)
["1 History","2 Bicycles","3 References","4 External links"]
American bicycle manufacturer Ross Bicycles Inc.Company typePrivateIndustryBicyclesFounded1946; 78 years ago (1946)FateBankruptcy in 1988; 36 years ago (1988), re-established July 31, 2017; 6 years ago (2017-07-31)HeadquartersRockaway Beach, QueensCurrently: Totowa, New JerseyKey peopleShaun Ross, Randy Ross, Barbara Ross Sherwood Ross, Patrick Cunnane, Albert Ross, John Kirkpatrick, Fred Wilkens Ross road bike circa 1980 Ross cruiser bicycle Ross Bicycles Inc. manufactured over 15 million bicycles under the Ross brand between 1946 and 1988. The company began in Williamsburg, New York, United States, later moving its headquarters and manufacturing to Rockaway Beach, Queens. The headquarters remained in Rockaway when manufacturing was later moved to Allentown, Pennsylvania where Sherwood could focus on designing his high end Gran Eurosport model which featured synthetic grease, polished bearings, and 26 skip tooth front sprocket for friction reduction. Sherwood Ross, against the advice of his vice president Randy Ross, retooled the Allentown factory and experimented in unrelated bicycle endeavors involving government contracts. Randy Ross moved Ross bicycles manufacturing to Taiwan to keep margins competitive and bicycle manufacturing profitable, but Sherwood Ross's decision to keep the Allentown factory working on government contracts ultimately led to the company having to file for bankruptcy protection in 1988 Ross Bicycles was re-established on July 31, 2017 by Shaun Ross, the current CEO of Ross Bicycles. Ross competed domestically with bicycle manufacturers including Schwinn and Huffy, and was noted as a pioneering manufacturer of mountain bikes. History Ross was started by Albert Ross as Ross Galvanizing Works in 1940, "manufacturing and galvanizing pipes and pipe fittings for the fencing industry and later galvanized steel parts for military ships during World War II." After World War II, it was incorporated as Chain Bike Corp. in 1946. Ross' first factory was on Kent Avenue in Williamsburg, New York, near the Schaefer Brewery and the Brooklyn Navy Yard before the company moved to Beach 79th Street in Rockaway Beach, Queens some time around 1960. In 1973 manufacturing was moved to a new, purpose-built plant in Allentown, Pennsylvania and on May 21, 1982 the company was renamed Ross Bicycles Inc. In 1982, Ross Bicycles was the first ever bicycle manufacturer to mass produce the mountain bike. In 1983, Randy Ross created the first mountain bike race team, the Ross Indians. Ross had models that directly competed with the Schwinn Side Winder called the Ross Diamond Cruiser. Ross introduced their first production MTB, the Force 1, during the first Interbike Show in October 1982; the bike's name was later changed to the Mt. Hood. In early 1982 Ross Signature (hand made bike department) was making custom mountain bikes. Jim Redcay was the builder; Tom Kellogg was working on road bikes. Redcay was also involved in the Force 1 frame development. This was the first bike Ross had built in Allentown with cantilever brakes. The Allentown factory was said to be retooled for government contracts by Sherwood Ross. Ross moved bicycle production to Taiwan in 1986 to keep the margins profitable, but the government contracts and financial strain from the Allentown factories unsuccessful government endeavors, led to Ross Bicycles filing for bankruptcy protection in 1988. In addition to bicycles, Ross manufactured ammunition boxes for the US government at its Lehigh facility, and cited the government contract as the source of its financial difficulties at the time of filing for Chapter 11 protection. The Ross name was purchased by Rand Cycle in Farmingdale, New York, which suffered a recall of 11,000 mountain bikes in 1998. Randy Ross, grandson of Albert, introduced a stair stepper bike in 2007. Shaun Ross re-established Ross Bicycles on July 31, 2017. Albert Ross' son Sherwood (Jerry) B. Ross (1921-2013) was CEO of Ross Bicycles from 1946 to 1990, held several bicycle-related patents, served as President of the Bicycle Institute of America (BIA) and the Bicycle Manufacturers Association (BMA), and acted as an expert witness in product liability cases. Bicycles Ross began making bicycles in 1946, and by the late 1960s, manufactured about 1 million bicycles per year. By 1985, it had sold 10 million bicycles. The company, still known as Chain Bicycle Corporation, marketed bikes under the Ross brand, including children's bikes as well as BMX, touring, cruiser, mountain, racing, wheelie, and stationary exercise bicycles. In 1968, Ross joined the muscle bike craze with models such as the Marlin with a console mounted stick brake, the Barracuda with a chrome twin stick shift console, and the Barracuda Beast with a Futura sports car steering wheel. In 1982, Ross introduced one of the first production mountain bikes, the Force One, at Interbike. In 1983, they launched the first professional factory sponsored mountain bike race team, the Ross Indians. With the rising popularity of mountain bikes, Randy Ross, Sherwood Ross's son and executive vice president of Ross Bicycles Inc., said in the New York Times, "these bikes are one of the biggest things that ever happened to the biking industry. Its basic look constitutes 'a total shift in image' for the industry." By 1989, Nyle Nims, then a vice president at Ross Bicycles (and later founder of Cycle Force Group), said that 40 percent of bicycle sales were mountain bikes, adding, "we see a lot of people who previously owned the dropped bar, 10-speed bike buying the wide-tire bikes, they are people who don't want to ride fast; they want to ride for recreation." References ^ a b c United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit. (July 22, 1985). "ROSS BICYCLES, INC., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CYCLES USA, INC., Defendant-Appellee". Public.Resource.Org. Archived from the original on August 4, 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-05. ^ a b c Moylan, Tom (February 11, 1988). "Ross Bicycle Files For Bankruptcy - U.S. Contract Blamed In Move". The Morning Call. Retrieved 2012-06-05. ^ a b Moynihan, Colin (March 15, 2008). "A Blue Ross 10-Speed Isn't Hard to Find; A Bomber Who Rode It Is". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-06-05. ^ a b Lloyd, Barbara (May 22, 1989). "ON YOUR OWN; Bicycle Oldies Are Making Good". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-06-05. ^ a b "Ross Bicycle". Fine Vintage Collectibles. Retrieved 2012-06-05. ^ a b c DANIEL E. SLOTNIK (June 18, 2013). "Sherwood Ross, President of Ross Bicycles, Dies at 92". The New York Times. ^ "Ross Bicycle Files for Bankruptcy U.S. Contract Blamed in Move". ^ "Division of Corporations - Filing". ^ Hardy Menagh (2008). "History of the ROSS Bicycles Company 1946 - 1989". Retrieved 2012-06-05. ^ a b "Engineer behind Ross Bicycles remembered". Bicycle Retailer, June 5, 2013, Lynette Carpiet. ^ COLIN MOYNIHAN (December 2, 2004). "A Blue Ross 10-Speed Isn't Hard to Find; A Bomber Who Rode It Is". The New York Times. ^ a b "MOMBAT: Ross Bicycles History". ^ "Ross Bicycles, Inc., Plaintiff-appellant, v. Cycles Usa, Inc., Defendant-appellee, 765 F.2d 1502 (11th Cir. 1985)". Justia.com. July 22, 1985. ^ Howie Cohen. "Chain Bike Corp of Rockaway Beach, New York". Everything Bicycles. Retrieved 2012-06-05. ^ "CPSC, Rand/Ross Bicycle Co. Announce Recall to Repair Mountain Bikes". U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). April 27, 1998. Retrieved 2012-06-05. ^ "Ross History". MOMBAT. Retrieved 2012-06-05. ^ a b c d "Curricula Vitae for Professor Sherwood B. Ross, BSME". witness.net. Retrieved 2012-06-05. ^ "Patent number: 2997145 - Wheel Hub for Disc Type Coaster Brakes, Sherwood B. Ross et al". Aug 22, 1961. Retrieved 2012-06-05. ^ "Patent number: 3473404 - Operating-Lever Console for a Gearshift Mechanism or the like, Sherwood B. Ross et al". Oct 21, 1969. Retrieved 2012-06-05. ^ "Sherwood B Ross: Inventor". PatentBuddy.com. Retrieved 2012-06-05. ^ "Inventor: Ross; Sherwood B." PatentGenius.com. Retrieved 2012-06-05. ^ "Patents by Inventor Sherwood B. Ross". Justia.com. Retrieved 2012-06-05. ^ "Bicycle History". SoCalBicycles.com. Archived from the original on 2012-01-02. Retrieved 2012-06-05. ^ John Brain. "Volume Three: The third five years, 1968-'73". ^ Mark Wilson. "The Ross model 494-3 Barracuda Beast with the Futura steering wheel". The New England Muscle Bicycle Museum. Retrieved 2012-06-05. ^ "John Kirkpatrick". Mountain Bike Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 2014-01-28. Retrieved 2012-06-05. ^ "1983 Ross Force 1 - Ross Indians Mountain Bike Team Bicycle". GhostNation.Org. Retrieved 2012-06-05. ^ John Kirkpatrick (1985). "Ross Indians". Retrieved 2012-06-05. ^ "Engineer behind Ross Bicycles remembered | Bicycle Retailer and Industry News". www.bicycleretailer.com. Archived from the original on 2013-06-09. ^ JOSEPH GIOVANNINI (July 30, 1983). "A STURDY MOUNTAIN BIKE WINS HEARTS IN THE CITY". The New York Times. ^ Barbara Lloyd (May 22, 1989). "ON YOUR OWN; Bicycle Oldies Are Making Good". The New York Times. External links RandyRossStepper Corp. vteAmerican bicycle manufacturersCurrent American Star Bike Friday Bilenky Bohemian Brooklyn Calfee Cannondale Catrike Centurion Co-Motion Columbia Cortina Cruzbike Cycle Force Dahon Diamondback Dynacraft DYNO Electra Ellsworth Handcrafted Felt Fuji Fyxation Gendron GT Haro Huffy Hutch BMX Ibis Independent Fabrication International Surrey Italvega Jamis K2 Sports Kent Kestrel Kona Litespeed Magna Marin Masi Milwaukee Mongoose Moots Next Niner Nishiki Novara Pacific Pope Priority Pure Quality Quintana Roo R+E Rans Razor Redline Richard Sachs Ritchey Design Rivendell Rhoades Car Roadmaster Salsa Santa Cruz Santana Schwinn SE Seven Shinola Detroit Solé SOMA Specialized Surly TerraCycle Terrible One Tommaso Torker Trek Turner Suspension Univega Van Dessel Villy Volagi Waterford Wilderness Trail Worksman Yamaguchi Yeti Yuba Zigo Defunct American AMF Chicago Clark-Kent E. C. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ross.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vintage_Ross_Bicycle.jpg"},{"link_name":"bicycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moynihan-3"},{"link_name":"Williamsburg, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Rockaway Beach, Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockaway_Beach,_Queens"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lloyd-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ross_Bicycle-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Schwinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwinn"},{"link_name":"Huffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffy"},{"link_name":"mountain bikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_bike"}],"text":"Ross road bike circa 1980Ross cruiser bicycleRoss Bicycles Inc. manufactured over 15 million bicycles[3] under the Ross brand between 1946 and 1988. The company began in Williamsburg, New York, United States, later moving its headquarters and manufacturing to Rockaway Beach, Queens.[4] The headquarters remained in Rockaway when manufacturing was later moved to Allentown, Pennsylvania where Sherwood could focus on designing his high end Gran Eurosport model which featured synthetic grease, polished bearings, and 26 skip tooth front sprocket for friction reduction.[5] Sherwood Ross,[6] against the advice of his vice president Randy Ross, retooled the Allentown factory and experimented in unrelated bicycle endeavors involving government contracts. Randy Ross moved Ross bicycles manufacturing to Taiwan to keep margins competitive and bicycle manufacturing profitable, but Sherwood Ross's decision to keep the Allentown factory working on government contracts ultimately led to the company having to file for bankruptcy protection in 1988[7] Ross Bicycles was re-established[8] on July 31, 2017 by Shaun Ross, the current CEO of Ross Bicycles.Ross competed domestically with bicycle manufacturers including Schwinn and Huffy, and was noted as a pioneering manufacturer of mountain bikes.","title":"Ross (bicycle company)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jerry-10"},{"link_name":"Schaefer Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaefer_Beer"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Rockaway Beach, Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockaway_Beach,_Queens"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref5-11"},{"link_name":"Allentown, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ross_Bicycle-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mombat_hist1-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref6-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRO-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lloyd-4"},{"link_name":"mountain bike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_bike"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt1-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moylan-2"},{"link_name":"ammunition boxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition_box"},{"link_name":"Chapter 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_11,_Title_11,_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moylan-2"},{"link_name":"Farmingdale, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmingdale,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOMBAT-16"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jerry-10"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Witness-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Witness-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Witness-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Witness-17"}],"text":"Ross was started by Albert Ross as Ross Galvanizing Works in 1940,[9] \"manufacturing and galvanizing pipes and pipe fittings for the fencing industry and later galvanized steel parts for military ships during World War II.\"[10] After World War II, it was incorporated as Chain Bike Corp. in 1946.Ross' first factory was on Kent Avenue in Williamsburg, New York, near the Schaefer Brewery and the Brooklyn Navy Yard before the company moved to Beach 79th Street in Rockaway Beach, Queens some time around 1960.[11] In 1973 manufacturing was moved to a new, purpose-built plant in Allentown, Pennsylvania[5][12] and on May 21, 1982 the company was renamed Ross Bicycles Inc.[13][1][14][4]In 1982, Ross Bicycles was the first ever bicycle manufacturer to mass produce the mountain bike. In 1983, Randy Ross created the first mountain bike race team, the Ross Indians. Ross had models that directly competed with the Schwinn Side Winder called the Ross Diamond Cruiser. Ross introduced their first production MTB, the Force 1, during the first Interbike Show in October 1982; the bike's name was later changed to the Mt. Hood.In early 1982 Ross Signature (hand made bike department) was making custom mountain bikes. Jim Redcay was the builder; Tom Kellogg was working on road bikes. Redcay was also involved in the Force 1 frame development. This was the first bike Ross had built in Allentown with cantilever brakes. The Allentown factory was said to be retooled for government contracts by Sherwood Ross.[6]Ross moved bicycle production to Taiwan in 1986 to keep the margins profitable, but the government contracts and financial strain from the Allentown factories unsuccessful government endeavors, led to Ross Bicycles filing for bankruptcy protection in 1988.[2]In addition to bicycles, Ross manufactured ammunition boxes for the US government at its Lehigh facility, and cited the government contract as the source of its financial difficulties at the time of filing for Chapter 11 protection.[2]The Ross name was purchased by Rand Cycle in Farmingdale, New York, which suffered a recall of 11,000 mountain bikes in 1998.[15] Randy Ross, grandson of Albert, introduced a stair stepper bike in 2007.[16] Shaun Ross re-established Ross Bicycles on July 31, 2017.Albert Ross' son Sherwood (Jerry) B. Ross (1921-2013)[10] was CEO of Ross Bicycles from 1946 to 1990,[17] held several bicycle-related patents,[18][19][20][21][22] served as President of the Bicycle Institute of America (BIA)[17] and the Bicycle Manufacturers Association (BMA),[17] and acted as an expert witness in product liability cases.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moynihan-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt1-6"},{"link_name":"BMX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMX_bike"},{"link_name":"touring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touring_bicycle"},{"link_name":"cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser_bicycle"},{"link_name":"mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_bike"},{"link_name":"racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_bicycle"},{"link_name":"wheelie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelie_bike"},{"link_name":"stationary exercise bicycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary_bicycle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRO-1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Interbike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbike"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mombat_hist1-12"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref7-30"},{"link_name":"Cycle Force Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_Force_Group"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref8-31"}],"text":"Ross began making bicycles in 1946,[23] and by the late 1960s, manufactured about 1 million bicycles per year.[3] By 1985, it had sold 10 million bicycles. The company, still known as Chain Bicycle Corporation, marketed bikes under the Ross brand,[6] including children's bikes as well as BMX, touring, cruiser, mountain, racing, wheelie, and stationary exercise bicycles.[1]In 1968, Ross joined the muscle bike craze with models such as the Marlin with a console mounted stick brake, the Barracuda with a chrome twin stick shift console, and the Barracuda Beast with a Futura sports car steering wheel.[24][25]In 1982, Ross introduced one of the first production mountain bikes, the Force One, at Interbike.[26][27] In 1983, they launched the first professional factory sponsored mountain bike race team, the Ross Indians.[28]With the rising popularity of mountain bikes, Randy Ross,[12] Sherwood Ross's[29] son and executive vice president of Ross Bicycles Inc., said in the New York Times, \"these bikes are one of the biggest things that ever happened to the biking industry. Its basic look constitutes 'a total shift in image' for the industry.\"[30]By 1989, Nyle Nims, then a vice president at Ross Bicycles (and later founder of Cycle Force Group), said that 40 percent of bicycle sales were mountain bikes, adding, \"we see a lot of people who previously owned the dropped bar, 10-speed bike buying the wide-tire bikes, they are people who don't want to ride fast; they want to ride for recreation.\"[31]","title":"Bicycles"}]
[{"image_text":"Ross road bike circa 1980","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/Ross.JPG/220px-Ross.JPG"},{"image_text":"Ross cruiser bicycle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Vintage_Ross_Bicycle.jpg/220px-Vintage_Ross_Bicycle.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit. (July 22, 1985). \"ROSS BICYCLES, INC., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CYCLES USA, INC., Defendant-Appellee\". Public.Resource.Org. Archived from the original on August 4, 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120804010404/http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/765/765.F2d.1502.84-3354.html","url_text":"\"ROSS BICYCLES, INC., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CYCLES USA, INC., Defendant-Appellee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public.Resource.Org","url_text":"Public.Resource.Org"},{"url":"https://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/765/765.F2d.1502.84-3354.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Moylan, Tom (February 11, 1988). \"Ross Bicycle Files For Bankruptcy - U.S. Contract Blamed In Move\". The Morning Call. Retrieved 2012-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.mcall.com/1988-02-11/business/2617619_1_government-contract-filing-ross-s-vice-president","url_text":"\"Ross Bicycle Files For Bankruptcy - U.S. Contract Blamed In Move\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Morning_Call","url_text":"The Morning Call"}]},{"reference":"Moynihan, Colin (March 15, 2008). \"A Blue Ross 10-Speed Isn't Hard to Find; A Bomber Who Rode It Is\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/15/nyregion/15bike.html","url_text":"\"A Blue Ross 10-Speed Isn't Hard to Find; A Bomber Who Rode It Is\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Lloyd, Barbara (May 22, 1989). \"ON YOUR OWN; Bicycle Oldies Are Making Good\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/22/sports/on-your-own-bicycle-oldies-are-making-good.html","url_text":"\"ON YOUR OWN; Bicycle Oldies Are Making Good\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Ross Bicycle\". Fine Vintage Collectibles. Retrieved 2012-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fine-vintage-collectibles.info/vintage-bicycles/ross-bicycle/","url_text":"\"Ross Bicycle\""}]},{"reference":"DANIEL E. SLOTNIK (June 18, 2013). \"Sherwood Ross, President of Ross Bicycles, Dies at 92\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/19/business/sherwood-ross-president-of-ross-bicycles-dies-at-92.html","url_text":"\"Sherwood Ross, President of Ross Bicycles, Dies at 92\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ross Bicycle Files for Bankruptcy U.S. Contract Blamed in Move\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-1988-02-11-2617619-story.html","url_text":"\"Ross Bicycle Files for Bankruptcy U.S. Contract Blamed in Move\""}]},{"reference":"\"Division of Corporations - Filing\".","urls":[{"url":"https://icis.corp.delaware.gov/Ecorp/EntitySearch/NameSearch.aspx","url_text":"\"Division of Corporations - Filing\""}]},{"reference":"Hardy Menagh (2008). \"History of the ROSS Bicycles Company 1946 - 1989\". Retrieved 2012-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://backroom.hardsdisk.net/eurotour.html#history","url_text":"\"History of the ROSS Bicycles Company 1946 - 1989\""}]},{"reference":"\"Engineer behind Ross Bicycles remembered\". Bicycle Retailer, June 5, 2013, Lynette Carpiet.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bicycleretailer.com/north-america/2013/06/05/engineer-behind-ross-bicycles-remembered","url_text":"\"Engineer behind Ross Bicycles remembered\""}]},{"reference":"COLIN MOYNIHAN (December 2, 2004). \"A Blue Ross 10-Speed Isn't Hard to Find; A Bomber Who Rode It Is\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/15/nyregion/15bike.html","url_text":"\"A Blue Ross 10-Speed Isn't Hard to Find; A Bomber Who Rode It Is\""}]},{"reference":"\"MOMBAT: Ross Bicycles History\".","urls":[{"url":"http://mombatbicycles.com/MOMBAT/BikeHistoryPages/Ross.html","url_text":"\"MOMBAT: Ross Bicycles History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ross Bicycles, Inc., Plaintiff-appellant, v. Cycles Usa, Inc., Defendant-appellee, 765 F.2d 1502 (11th Cir. 1985)\". Justia.com. July 22, 1985.","urls":[{"url":"http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/765/1502/414066/","url_text":"\"Ross Bicycles, Inc., Plaintiff-appellant, v. Cycles Usa, Inc., Defendant-appellee, 765 F.2d 1502 (11th Cir. 1985)\""}]},{"reference":"Howie Cohen. \"Chain Bike Corp of Rockaway Beach, New York\". Everything Bicycles. Retrieved 2012-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.proteanpaper.com/scart_results.cgi?comp=howiebik&part=ChainBikeCorp-ROSS","url_text":"\"Chain Bike Corp of Rockaway Beach, New York\""}]},{"reference":"\"CPSC, Rand/Ross Bicycle Co. Announce Recall to Repair Mountain Bikes\". U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). April 27, 1998. Retrieved 2012-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cpsc.gov/en/Recalls/1998/CPSC-RandRoss-Bicycle-Co-Announce-Recall-to-Repair-Mountain-Bikes-/","url_text":"\"CPSC, Rand/Ross Bicycle Co. Announce Recall to Repair Mountain Bikes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Consumer_Product_Safety_Commission","url_text":"U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Ross History\". MOMBAT. Retrieved 2012-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://mombat.org/MOMBAT/BikeHistoryPages/Ross.html","url_text":"\"Ross History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Curricula Vitae for Professor Sherwood B. Ross, BSME\". witness.net. Retrieved 2012-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.witness.net/cv_files/SBRoss.htm","url_text":"\"Curricula Vitae for Professor Sherwood B. Ross, BSME\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patent number: 2997145 - Wheel Hub for Disc Type Coaster Brakes, Sherwood B. Ross et al\". Aug 22, 1961. Retrieved 2012-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US2997145","url_text":"\"Patent number: 2997145 - Wheel Hub for Disc Type Coaster Brakes, Sherwood B. Ross et al\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patent number: 3473404 - Operating-Lever Console for a Gearshift Mechanism or the like, Sherwood B. Ross et al\". Oct 21, 1969. Retrieved 2012-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US3473404","url_text":"\"Patent number: 3473404 - Operating-Lever Console for a Gearshift Mechanism or the like, Sherwood B. Ross et al\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sherwood B Ross: Inventor\". PatentBuddy.com. Retrieved 2012-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.patentbuddy.com/Inventor/Ross-Sherwood-B/10050189","url_text":"\"Sherwood B Ross: Inventor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inventor: Ross; Sherwood B.\" PatentGenius.com. Retrieved 2012-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.patentgenius.com/inventedby/RossSherwoodBMiamiFL.html","url_text":"\"Inventor: Ross; Sherwood B.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patents by Inventor Sherwood B. Ross\". Justia.com. Retrieved 2012-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://patents.justia.com/inventor/sherwood-b-ross","url_text":"\"Patents by Inventor Sherwood B. Ross\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bicycle History\". SoCalBicycles.com. Archived from the original on 2012-01-02. Retrieved 2012-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120102035708/http://www.socalbicycles.com/BikeHistory.htm","url_text":"\"Bicycle History\""},{"url":"http://www.socalbicycles.com/BikeHistory.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"John Brain. \"Volume Three: The third five years, 1968-'73\".","urls":[{"url":"http://bikerodnkustom5.homestead.com/brainhistory68.html","url_text":"\"Volume Three: The third five years, 1968-'73\""}]},{"reference":"Mark Wilson. \"The Ross model 494-3 Barracuda Beast with the Futura steering wheel\". The New England Muscle Bicycle Museum. Retrieved 2012-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nemusclebikes.com/bc45.php","url_text":"\"The Ross model 494-3 Barracuda Beast with the Futura steering wheel\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Kirkpatrick\". Mountain Bike Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 2014-01-28. Retrieved 2012-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140128014829/http://www.mtnbikehalloffame.com/page.cfm?pageid=26560","url_text":"\"John Kirkpatrick\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Bike_Hall_of_Fame","url_text":"Mountain Bike Hall of Fame"},{"url":"http://www.mtnbikehalloffame.com/page.cfm?pageid=26560","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1983 Ross Force 1 - Ross Indians Mountain Bike Team Bicycle\". GhostNation.Org. Retrieved 2012-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ghostnation.org/bike/index.htm","url_text":"\"1983 Ross Force 1 - Ross Indians Mountain Bike Team Bicycle\""}]},{"reference":"John Kirkpatrick (1985). \"Ross Indians\". Retrieved 2012-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://randyrrross.com/ross/bicycles.php","url_text":"\"Ross Indians\""}]},{"reference":"\"Engineer behind Ross Bicycles remembered | Bicycle Retailer and Industry News\". www.bicycleretailer.com. Archived from the original on 2013-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130609085913/http://www.bicycleretailer.com/north-america/2013/06/05/engineer-behind-ross-bicycles-remembered","url_text":"\"Engineer behind Ross Bicycles remembered | Bicycle Retailer and Industry News\""},{"url":"https://www.bicycleretailer.com/north-america/2013/06/05/engineer-behind-ross-bicycles-remembered#.W6A-UlVKjU8","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"JOSEPH GIOVANNINI (July 30, 1983). \"A STURDY MOUNTAIN BIKE WINS HEARTS IN THE CITY\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/30/style/a-sturdy-mountain-bike-wins-hearts-in-the-city.html","url_text":"\"A STURDY MOUNTAIN BIKE WINS HEARTS IN THE CITY\""}]},{"reference":"Barbara Lloyd (May 22, 1989). \"ON YOUR OWN; Bicycle Oldies Are Making Good\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/22/sports/on-your-own-bicycle-oldies-are-making-good.html","url_text":"\"ON YOUR OWN; Bicycle Oldies Are Making Good\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120804010404/http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/765/765.F2d.1502.84-3354.html","external_links_name":"\"ROSS BICYCLES, INC., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CYCLES USA, INC., Defendant-Appellee\""},{"Link":"https://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/765/765.F2d.1502.84-3354.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://articles.mcall.com/1988-02-11/business/2617619_1_government-contract-filing-ross-s-vice-president","external_links_name":"\"Ross Bicycle Files For Bankruptcy - U.S. Contract Blamed In Move\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/15/nyregion/15bike.html","external_links_name":"\"A Blue Ross 10-Speed Isn't Hard to Find; A Bomber Who Rode It Is\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/22/sports/on-your-own-bicycle-oldies-are-making-good.html","external_links_name":"\"ON YOUR OWN; Bicycle Oldies Are Making Good\""},{"Link":"http://www.fine-vintage-collectibles.info/vintage-bicycles/ross-bicycle/","external_links_name":"\"Ross Bicycle\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/19/business/sherwood-ross-president-of-ross-bicycles-dies-at-92.html","external_links_name":"\"Sherwood Ross, President of Ross Bicycles, Dies at 92\""},{"Link":"https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-1988-02-11-2617619-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Ross Bicycle Files for Bankruptcy U.S. Contract Blamed in Move\""},{"Link":"https://icis.corp.delaware.gov/Ecorp/EntitySearch/NameSearch.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Division of Corporations - Filing\""},{"Link":"http://backroom.hardsdisk.net/eurotour.html#history","external_links_name":"\"History of the ROSS Bicycles Company 1946 - 1989\""},{"Link":"http://www.bicycleretailer.com/north-america/2013/06/05/engineer-behind-ross-bicycles-remembered","external_links_name":"\"Engineer behind Ross Bicycles remembered\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/15/nyregion/15bike.html","external_links_name":"\"A Blue Ross 10-Speed Isn't Hard to Find; A Bomber Who Rode It Is\""},{"Link":"http://mombatbicycles.com/MOMBAT/BikeHistoryPages/Ross.html","external_links_name":"\"MOMBAT: Ross Bicycles History\""},{"Link":"http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/765/1502/414066/","external_links_name":"\"Ross Bicycles, Inc., Plaintiff-appellant, v. Cycles Usa, Inc., Defendant-appellee, 765 F.2d 1502 (11th Cir. 1985)\""},{"Link":"http://www.proteanpaper.com/scart_results.cgi?comp=howiebik&part=ChainBikeCorp-ROSS","external_links_name":"\"Chain Bike Corp of Rockaway Beach, New York\""},{"Link":"https://www.cpsc.gov/en/Recalls/1998/CPSC-RandRoss-Bicycle-Co-Announce-Recall-to-Repair-Mountain-Bikes-/","external_links_name":"\"CPSC, Rand/Ross Bicycle Co. Announce Recall to Repair Mountain Bikes\""},{"Link":"http://mombat.org/MOMBAT/BikeHistoryPages/Ross.html","external_links_name":"\"Ross History\""},{"Link":"http://www.witness.net/cv_files/SBRoss.htm","external_links_name":"\"Curricula Vitae for Professor Sherwood B. Ross, BSME\""},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US2997145","external_links_name":"\"Patent number: 2997145 - Wheel Hub for Disc Type Coaster Brakes, Sherwood B. Ross et al\""},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US3473404","external_links_name":"\"Patent number: 3473404 - Operating-Lever Console for a Gearshift Mechanism or the like, Sherwood B. Ross et al\""},{"Link":"http://www.patentbuddy.com/Inventor/Ross-Sherwood-B/10050189","external_links_name":"\"Sherwood B Ross: Inventor\""},{"Link":"http://www.patentgenius.com/inventedby/RossSherwoodBMiamiFL.html","external_links_name":"\"Inventor: Ross; Sherwood B.\""},{"Link":"http://patents.justia.com/inventor/sherwood-b-ross","external_links_name":"\"Patents by Inventor Sherwood B. Ross\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120102035708/http://www.socalbicycles.com/BikeHistory.htm","external_links_name":"\"Bicycle History\""},{"Link":"http://www.socalbicycles.com/BikeHistory.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://bikerodnkustom5.homestead.com/brainhistory68.html","external_links_name":"\"Volume Three: The third five years, 1968-'73\""},{"Link":"http://www.nemusclebikes.com/bc45.php","external_links_name":"\"The Ross model 494-3 Barracuda Beast with the Futura steering wheel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140128014829/http://www.mtnbikehalloffame.com/page.cfm?pageid=26560","external_links_name":"\"John Kirkpatrick\""},{"Link":"http://www.mtnbikehalloffame.com/page.cfm?pageid=26560","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ghostnation.org/bike/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"1983 Ross Force 1 - Ross Indians Mountain Bike Team Bicycle\""},{"Link":"http://randyrrross.com/ross/bicycles.php","external_links_name":"\"Ross Indians\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130609085913/http://www.bicycleretailer.com/north-america/2013/06/05/engineer-behind-ross-bicycles-remembered","external_links_name":"\"Engineer behind Ross Bicycles remembered | Bicycle Retailer and Industry News\""},{"Link":"https://www.bicycleretailer.com/north-america/2013/06/05/engineer-behind-ross-bicycles-remembered#.W6A-UlVKjU8","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/30/style/a-sturdy-mountain-bike-wins-hearts-in-the-city.html","external_links_name":"\"A STURDY MOUNTAIN BIKE WINS HEARTS IN THE CITY\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/22/sports/on-your-own-bicycle-oldies-are-making-good.html","external_links_name":"\"ON YOUR OWN; Bicycle Oldies Are Making Good\""},{"Link":"http://randyrrross.com/ross/bicycles.php","external_links_name":"RandyRossStepper Corp."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehingen_am_Ries
Ehingen am Ries
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 48°58′N 10°33′E / 48.967°N 10.550°E / 48.967; 10.550Municipality in Bavaria, GermanyEhingen am Ries MunicipalityGeneral view of the village from the south. Church of Saint Stephen to the right. Coat of armsLocation of Ehingen am Ries within Donau-Ries district Ehingen am Ries Show map of GermanyEhingen am Ries Show map of BavariaCoordinates: 48°58′N 10°33′E / 48.967°N 10.550°E / 48.967; 10.550CountryGermanyStateBavariaAdmin. regionSchwaben DistrictDonau-Ries Government • Mayor (2020–26) Thomas MeyerArea • Total15.64 km2 (6.04 sq mi)Elevation440 m (1,440 ft)Population (2022-12-31) • Total768 • Density49/km2 (130/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes86741Dialling codes09082Vehicle registrationDONWebsitewww.ehingen-am-ries.de Ehingen am Ries is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. References ^ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden, Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik, 15 July 2021. ^ Genesis Online-Datenbank des Bayerischen Landesamtes für Statistik Tabelle 12411-003r Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes: Gemeinden, Stichtag (Einwohnerzahlen auf Grundlage des Zensus 2011). vteTowns and municipalities in Donau-Ries Alerheim Amerdingen Asbach-Bäumenheim Auhausen Buchdorf Daiting Deiningen Donauwörth Ederheim Ehingen am Ries Forheim Fremdingen Fünfstetten Genderkingen Hainsfarth Harburg Hohenaltheim Holzheim Huisheim Kaisheim Maihingen Marktoffingen Marxheim Megesheim Mertingen Mönchsdeggingen Monheim Möttingen Munningen Münster Niederschönenfeld Nördlingen Oberndorf am Lech Oettingen in Bayern Otting Rain Reimlingen Rögling Tagmersheim Tapfheim Wallerstein Wechingen Wemding Wolferstadt Coat of Arms of Donau-Ries district Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany United States This Donau-Ries location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Donau-Ries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donau-Ries"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"}],"text":"Municipality in Bavaria, GermanyEhingen am Ries is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany.","title":"Ehingen am Ries"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things_Can_Only_Get_Better_(D:Ream_song)
Things Can Only Get Better (D:Ream song)
["1 Background and release","2 Chart performance","3 Critical reception","4 Music video","5 In popular culture","5.1 As a campaign song","5.2 Other uses","6 Track listings","7 Charts","7.1 Weekly charts","7.2 Year-end charts","8 Certifications","9 Release history","10 References"]
1993 single by D:Ream "Things Can Only Get Better"Single by D:Reamfrom the album D:Ream On Volume 1 Released18 January 1993StudioRoundhouseGenreDance-popLength4:03Label Magnet FXU Songwriter(s) Peter Cunnah Jamie Petrie Producer(s) D:Ream Tom Frederikse D:Ream singles chronology "Unforgiven" (1993) "Things Can Only Get Better" (1993) "U R the Best Thing" (1993) "Star" / "I Like It"(1993) "Things Can Only Get Better"(1993) "U R the Best Thing (Perfecto Mix)"(1994) Music video"Things Can Only Get Better" on YouTube "Things Can Only Get Better" is a song by Northern Irish musical group D:Ream, released in 1993 by Magnet Records and FXU as the second single from the group's debut album, D:Ream On Volume 1 (1993). It was written by Peter Cunnah and Jamie Petrie, and was a sleeper hit. The single was remixed and re-released in January 1994, to coincide with the band being a support act for Take That's UK tour, spending four weeks at number one. The song also reached the top 10 in eight countries. In the US, it peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart. Background and release "There used to be this idea that rock music was intellectual and dance music was just a totally physical thing. I think we're one of the bands that has succeeded in breaking that down. If people just want to dance to our music, that's fine. If they want to sit down and take in some of the serious points addressed by the lyrics, that's also fine. If they want to listen to it on both levels, that's even better." —Peter Cunnah of D:Ream. Peter Cunnah's inspiration for the song came while living in London following his previous groups breakup, working an office job and being told by a co-worker "Don't worry. Things can only get better." Cunnah soon after started work on the track but did not complete it. Two years later, after Cunnah started D:Ream, he resumed work on the track, alongside producer Tom Frederikse. While the initial version of the track was a instrumental with a reggae break, the final version of the track was described as sounding like a "stadium full of people singing". The single was released in January 1993. In 1994, the song was remixed, selling 600,000 copies and spending four weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart. The single also reached the top 10 in eight other countries. The Labour Party's central use of the song in their successful 1997 campaign led the song to appear on the UK Singles Chart for a third time. Chart performance "Things Can Only Get Better" was originally a club hit, reaching number 24 in the UK in January 1993. A remixed version was released in October 1993, while the group were supporting Take That on their UK tour, which reached number one on the UK Singles Chart on 16 January 1994, spending four weeks at Number One, and also topping the UK Dance Singles Chart. In Europe, the song entered the top 10 also in Belgium (10), Finland (2), Iceland (4), Ireland (2), and Sweden (7). Additionally, it was a top 20 hit in Denmark (19), Germany (20), the Netherlands (20) and Scotland (17). On the Eurochart Hot 100, "Things Can Only Get Better" reached number five in February 1994. Outside Europe, the song peaked at number three in Israel, and number nine in Australia. In the US, the 1994 version peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart. It was awarded a gold record in Australia after 35,000 units were sold. Critical reception Scottish Aberdeen Evening Express complimented the song as "incredibly catchy". Larry Flick from Billboard described it as a "radio-friendly ditty that blends an insinuating groove with rollicking gospel chants and a wildly infectious pop melody. Track builds to a fitting, anthemic musical climax that is complemented by choir vocals and heartfelt lead belting." Simon Warner from The Guardian declared it as "the sort of insistent pop anthem that comes along only once in a while." Irish Evening Herald called it a "prophetic anthem". Tom Ewing of Freaky Trigger described it as "tune-heavy, hands-high dance-pop". Ian Gittins from Melody Maker declared it as an "infectious, euphoric anthem". Pan-European magazine Music & Media called it a "poppy rave anthem" and concluded that "this optimistic perspective on life deserves your support." Andy Beevers from Music Week named it a "stand-out tune" and a "tuneful, epic house track". John Kilgo from The Network Forty felt the house approach gives this tune "a cutting edge feel." He explained, "D:Ream sends a positive message to disenchanted youth. Featuring powerful vibes flavored by techno bass thumps as well as Peter Cunnah's searing harmonies, this record will stir up the request lines for months. Encompassing the best of dance, rock, and alternative, D:Ream hits a home run." Iestyn George from NME found that D:Ream's "Hammond-driven lead track "Things Can Only Get Better" is supremely uplifting stuff, crossing melody lines from Elton John's "Song for Guy", Yello's "The Race" and (gulp) The Farm's "All Together Now". More, please." Another NME editor, Mandi James, praised its "hallelujah chorus of good vibrations, positive power and disco magic gift wrapped in gospel glory." In an retrospective review, Pop Rescue complimented its "funky saxophone, a relentlessly thumping bass drum, house piano and Peter’s strong vocals." The reviewer stated that "it’s still a bloody good song". James Hamilton from the Record Mirror Dance Update described it as a "infectious" and "jiggly chugger". Adam Higginbotham from Select deemed it a "perfect feelgood pop-dance record". Leesa Daniels from Smash Hits gave it five out of five, stating that D:Ream "are the best dance act this side of the moon and it's a crime that they're not as big as M People already with all their fab dancey tunes. Stick it on, stick it out and let 'em down. Just watch the elastic on your knickers burst with the sheer excitement of it all. Bloomin' marvellous." Music video The accompanying music video for "Things Can Only Get Better" was directed by British film and music video director James Lebon. It depicts the band performing the song in front of a backdrop of various scenes and images, such as art, burning flames and skies, prominently including Hieronymus Bosch's "The Garden of Earthly Delights". In between, they are performing on stage in front of a dancing audience. A young female sometimes appears. The chorus scenes shows Cunnah in front of a large white-clad choir in a heaven-like setting, singing and clapping in unison. Both the opening and the closing depicts a stage curtain that opens and closes in front of Cunnah. The video was A-listed on Germany's VIVA in March 1994 and was nominated for the International Viewer's Choice Award for MTV Europe at the 1994 MTV Europe Music Awards. In popular culture "Things Can Only Get Better" was frequently used by the Labour Party, then led by Tony Blair (pictured), in their successful 1997 campaign. As a campaign song During the 1997 general election, the Labour Party adopted the song as their campaign theme (the title claiming that things "cannot get worse"). Having spent eighteen years as the Opposition, the song was seen as reflective of the new direction of the party under Tony Blair. In an attempt to appear more relevant to voters the Labour Party stopped using the campaign song used by previous leaders, The Red Flag. The song's usage returned it to the chart, reaching number 19 in May 1997, when Labour returned to power with Blair as Prime Minister. In 2024, the song was unexpectedly played by the political activist Steve Bray as Prime Minister Rishi Sunak announced the date of the 2024 general election, outside 10 Downing Street. This led to the song entering the top 10 on the iTunes Charts within 24 hours. The band later stated they regretted the use of the song in political campaigns and would not grant permission for it to be used in future campaigns. Other uses In February 1998, the song was featured in an episode of Top Gear, during the review of the Toyota Avensis, with a voice-over by presenter Jeremy Clarkson. In 2013, the song was adopted as a chant by fans of Sunderland, after the team's revival under manager Gus Poyet. On 3 March 2014, following a campaign by Sunderland Fans, the song re entered in the UK Dance Chart at number 19. D:Ream member, Al Mackenzie described the resurgence to a Sunderland website as "a bit bizarre" but he was "revelling in it". A running gag on The Infinite Monkey Cage, which D:Ream's former keyboardist Brian Cox co-presents, highlights that the lyric "Things Can Only Get Better" violates the second law of thermodynamics. The song was covered in a choral style in episode six of the sixth season of The Crown. The song was played by Brian Cox in an end-credits scene cameo in the 2019 film A Shaun the Sheep Movie: Farmageddon. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the song was used in Nottingham as part of the Clap for Carers campaign. Track listings CD maxi, Europe (first 1993 release) "Things Can Only Get Better" (7-inch D:reamix) – 3:23 "Things Can Only Get Better" (12-inch D:reamix) – 7:10 "Things Can Only Get Better" (12-inch vocal dub) – 8:00 "Things Can Only Get Better" (12-inch instrumental) – 6:10 "Things Can Only Get Better" (12-inch Danny Rampling mix) – 5:55 CD maxi, Europe (second 1993 release) "Things Can Only Get Better" (D·Reamix edit) – 4:01 "Things Can Only Get Better" (12-inch D·Reamix) – 7:04 "Things Can Only Get Better" (Cleveland City Style) – 6:15 "Things Can Only Get Better" (Superfly Development vocal) – 5:58 "Things Can Only Get Better" (Cleveland Main Vocal) – 6:32 "Things Can Only Get Better" 8Cleveland Euro Style) – 5:58 CD maxi, Europe (1997) "Things Can Only Get Better" (D:reamix edit) – 3:59 "Things Can Only Get Better" (D:reamix '97 edit) – 4:06 "Things Can Only Get Better" (12-inch D:reamix) – 7:03 "Things Can Only Get Better" (12-inch D:reamix '97) – 8:14 "Things Can Only Get Better" (Cleveland City Style) – 6:14 "Things Can Only Get Better" (Superfly Development vocal) – 5:59 Digital download (2014) "Things Can Only Get Better" (D·Reamix edit) – 4:01 Charts Weekly charts Weekly chart performance for "Things Can Only Get Better" Chart (1993) Peakposition Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) 96 UK Singles (OCC) 24 UK Airplay (Music Week) 39 UK Dance (Music Week) 1 UK Club Chart (Music Week) 15 Chart (1994) Peakposition Australia (ARIA) 9 Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) 23 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 10 Denmark (IFPI) 19 Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) 5 Europe (European AC Radio) 15 Europe (European Dance Radio) 22 Finland (Suomen virallinen lista) 2 Germany (Official German Charts) 20 Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40) 4 Ireland (IRMA) 2 Israel (IBA) 3 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 21 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 20 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 46 Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) 7 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 11 UK Singles (OCC) 1 UK Airplay (Music Week) 1 UK Dance (Music Week) 1 UK Club Chart (Music Week) 14 US Dance Club Songs (Billboard) 7 Chart (1997) Peakposition Scotland (OCC) 17 UK Singles (OCC) 19 UK Dance (OCC) 30 Year-end charts Year-end chart performance for "Things Can Only Get Better" Chart (1994) Position Australia (ARIA) 32 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 64 Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) 32 Germany (Official German Charts) 77 Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40) 71 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 155 Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) 100 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 50 UK Singles (OCC) 9 Certifications Certifications and sales for "Things Can Only Get Better" Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA) Gold 35,000^ United Kingdom (BPI) Platinum 600,000‡ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Release history Release dates and formats for "Things Can Only Get Better" Region Version Date Format(s) Label(s) Ref. United Kingdom Original release 18 January 1993 7-inch vinyl12-inch vinylCDcassette MagnetFXU First re-release 29 December 1993 12-inch vinylCDcassette Second re-release 21 April 1997 References ^ Sexton, Paul (9 April 1994). "Gerry Bron Stays on Pop's Leading Edge". Billboard. p. 62. ^ Kutner, Jon; Leigh, Spencer (26 May 2010). 1,000 UK Number One Hits. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-85712-360-2. Retrieved 27 September 2020. ^ a b c d Simpson, Dave (5 June 2017). "How we made D:Ream's election anthem Things Can Only Get Better". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 23 May 2024. ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. pp. 562–3. ISBN 1-904994-10-5. ^ "Dream Team". Aberdeen Evening Express. 28 January 1993. p. 15. ^ Flick, Larry (20 November 1993). "Single Reviews" (PDF). Billboard. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2018. ^ Warner, Simon (5 February 1994). "Pop: D:Ream". The Guardian. ^ "A D:Ream come true for Peter". Evening Herald. 26 September 1995. page 16. ^ Ewing, Tom (21 September 2011). "D:REAM – "Things Can Only Get Better"". Freaky Trigger. Archived from the original on 19 July 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020. ^ Gittins, Ian (22 January 1994). "Day D:Ream Believer". Melody Maker. Retrieved 6 March 2020. ^ "New Releases: Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 11, no. 5. 29 January 1994. p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2019. ^ Beevers, Andy (16 January 1993). "Market Preview: Dance" (PDF). Music Week. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021. ^ Kilgo, John (12 November 1993). "Mainstream: Music Meeting" (PDF). The Network Forty. p. 22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2018. ^ George, Iestyn (28 November 1992). "Singles". NME. p. 17. Retrieved 29 March 2023. ^ James, Mandi (30 January 1993). "The Sleep Smell Of Success". NME. p. 25. Retrieved 5 May 2023. ^ "Review: "On Vol. 1" by D:ream (CD, 1994)". Pop Rescue. 11 September 2015. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020. ^ Hamilton, James (30 January 1993). "Djdirectory" (PDF). Music Week, in Record Mirror (Dance Update Supplemental Insert). p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021. ^ Higginbotham, Adam (1 September 1993). "Reviews: New Albums". Select. p. 86. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020. ^ Daniels, Leesa (12 April 1993). "New Singles". Smash Hits. p. 57. Retrieved 16 May 2019. ^ Desmet, Annelies (22 December 2023). "Dat ziet ge niet op Instagram he!". Graag geschreven. Retrieved 22 May 2024. ^ "Station Reports > VIVA TV/Cologne" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 11, no. 11. 12 March 1994. p. 21. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ O'Connor, Roisin (23 May 2024). "Things Can Only Get Better: Story behind song that ruined Sunak's election speech". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 24 May 2024. Labour wanted to show the public that the party under Blair was dynamic and relevant, therefore ditched 1889 song "The Red Flag", the campaign song of choice for Labour leaders of the past. ^ Gillett, Ed (22 July 2023). "'From the dancefloor to the ballot box': how house music helped Labour win a landslide in 1997". Archived from the original on 29 January 2024. Retrieved 29 January 2024 – via The Guardian. ^ Gecsoyler, Sammy (22 May 2024). "Things can only get wetter: D:Ream song drowns out Sunak's damp election announcement". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024. ^ Levison, Jake (23 May 2024). "Things Can Only Get Better climbing chart after PM's speech". Sky News. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024. Since it was played during the PM's speech calling an election for 4 July, it has surged up the iTunes music chart - hitting number five in under 24 hours (we'll have to wait a few more days to see if it's made its way onto the UK's official music chart). ^ "'Never again': D:Ream ban Labour from using Things Can Only Get Better". PA Media. 31 May 2024. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024 – via The Guardian. The band members expressed regret at letting Tony Blair use the track for his general election victory celebrations in 1997, saying they were accused of "having blood on their hands" after the UK got involved with the war in Iraq. ^ Jeremy Clarkson (2 April 2017). Old Top Gear Saloons 1/2. YouTube. Event occurs at 8:13. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2017. ^ Johns, Craig (3 October 2018). "Sunderland AFC chants: Memorable songs from supporters of the Black Cats". ChronicleLive. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2021. ^ Randall, Colin (8 May 2014). "Things could only get better at Sunderland". ESPN. ^ "Campaign to get 1990s Sunderland anthem Things Can Only Get Better to No1". Sunderland Echo. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2014. ^ "The Human Voice". BBC. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2021. ^ Carvel, Bertie (15 December 2023). "The Crown season 6: Bertie Carvel on playing Tony Blair and portraying his nightmare coronation". GQ (Interview). Interviewed by Jack King. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on 29 January 2024. You've said you hated filming the Queen's nightmare sequence, where Blair is coronated with a choir singing 'Things Can Only Get Better' by D:Ream. ^ Milner, Sarah Bea (16 February 2020). "Shaun The Sheep 2's Post-Credits Scene Joke Explained". ScreenRant. Retrieved 13 April 2024. ^ Beaumont, Mark (29 May 2024). "D:Ream on being booked for Glastonbury and the return of 'Things Can Only Get Better'". NME. Retrieved 30 May 2024. ^ "Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 10, no. 8. 20 February 1993. p. 23. Retrieved 27 April 2024. ^ "Official Singles Chart 31 January 1993 - 6 February 1993". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 27 April 2024. ^ "Top 50 Airplay Chart" (PDF). Music Week. 20 February 1993. p. 14. Retrieved 27 April 2024. ^ "Top 60 Dance Singles" (PDF). Music Week. 30 January 1993. p. 24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021. ^ "The RM Club Chart" (PDF). Music Week, in Record Mirror (Dance Update Supplemental Insert). 6 February 1993. p. 4. Retrieved 27 April 2024. ^ "D:Ream – Things Can Only Get Better". ARIA Top 50 Singles. ^ "D:Ream – Things Can Only Get Better" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. ^ "D:Ream – Things Can Only Get Better" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. ^ Danish Singles Chart. 11 March 1994. ^ "Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 11, no. 8. 19 February 1994. p. 17. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2018. ^ "Adult Contemporary Europe Top 25" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 11, no. 13. 26 March 1994. p. 26. Retrieved 28 May 2023. ^ "European Dance Radio Top 25" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 11, no. 11. 12 March 1994. p. 21. Retrieved 23 May 2023. ^ Pennanen, Timo (2006). Sisältää hitin - levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. ISBN 978-951-1-21053-5. ^ "D:Ream – Things Can Only Get Better" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. ^ "Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 03.03.1994 – 09.03.1994". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). 3 March 1994. p. 20. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2018. ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Things Can Only Get Better". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 11 January 2021. ^ 1 February 1994 ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – D-Ream" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. ^ "D:Ream – Things Can Only Get Better" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. ^ "D:Ream – Things Can Only Get Better". Top 40 Singles. ^ "D:Ream – Things Can Only Get Better". Singles Top 100. ^ "D:Ream – Things Can Only Get Better". Swiss Singles Chart. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 11 January 2021. ^ "The Airplay Chart" (PDF). Music Week. 29 January 1994. p. 22. Retrieved 27 April 2024. ^ "Dance Singles" (PDF). Music Week. 8 January 1994. p. 12. Retrieved 27 April 2024. ^ "The RM Club Chart" (PDF). Music Week, in Record Mirror (Dance Update Supplemental Insert). 15 January 1994. p. 4. Retrieved 15 May 2023. ^ "Dance Club Songs The week of January 15, 1994". Billboard. Archived from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2021. ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 11 January 2021. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 7 March 2023. ^ "Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 11 January 2021. ^ a b "1994 ARIA Singles Chart". ARIA. Archived from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019. ^ "jaaroverzichten 1994" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019. ^ "1994 Year-End Sales Charts: Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 11, no. 52. 24 December 1994. p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2019. ^ "Top 100 Singles–Jahrescharts 1994" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2011. ^ "Árslistinn 1994". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). 2 January 1995. p. 25. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020. ^ "Jaarlijsten 1994" (in Dutch). Stichting Nederlandse Top 40. Archived from the original on 2 November 2003. Retrieved 29 November 2019. ^ "Årslista Singlar, 1994" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2019. ^ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1994". Archived from the original on 19 November 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019. ^ "Top 100 Singles 1994". Music Week. 14 January 1995. p. 9. ^ "British single certifications – D:Ream – Things Can Only Get Better". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 17 May 2024. ^ "Single Releases". Music Week. 25 December 1993. p. 23. ^ "News" (PDF). Music Week. 29 March 1997. p. 4. Retrieved 28 May 2022. vteD:Ream Peter Cunnah Al Mackenzie D'borah Asher Linda Duggan Brian Cox Studio albums D:Ream on Volume 1 World Compilations The Best of D:Ream Singles "U R the Best Thing" "Things Can Only Get Better" "Unforgiven" "Blame It on Me" "Shoot Me with Your Love" vteNew LabourKey figures Tony Blair Gordon Brown Peter Mandelson Alastair Campbell Anthony Giddens Anthony Crosland Philip Gould David Sainsbury Political ethos Blairism Third Way Blatcherism Brownism General elections 1997 2001 2005 2010 Post-election events Leadership elections 1994 2007 2010 Government Premiership of Tony Blair Blair I Blair II Blair III Chancellorship of Gordon Brown Premiership of Gordon Brown Brown Publications The Future of Socialism A Journey The Third Man The Blair Years The Purple Book Funders Michael Levy Trevor Chinn Alexander Bernstein Robert Gavron David Garrard Related One more heave Labour Co-ordinating Committee Blair–Brown deal Clause Four moment New Labour, New Life For Britain New Labour, New Danger "Things Can Only Get Better" "Tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime" Progress Blair Babe Tony's Cronies Cash for Honours Future Britain Group Neoconservatism Labour Party (UK) Category vteTony Blair Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1997–2007) Leader of the Labour Party (1994–2007) Leader of the Opposition (1994–1997) MP for Sedgefield (1983–2007) Politics New Labour, New Life for Britain Premiership Blair ministry First, 1997–2001 Second, 2001–2005 Third, 2005–2007 Blair–Brown deal Electoral history Shadow Cabinet of Tony Blair 1999 British cabinet reshuffle Bush–Blair 2003 Iraq memo 2006 cabinet reshuffle Ideology Blairism New Labour Third Way General elections 1997 2001 2005 Party election 1994 Shadow Cabinet elections 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 Post-premiership 2007 Sedgefield by-election Tony Blair Institute for Global Change Quartet on the Middle East Africa Progress Panel Tony Blair Faith Foundation Commission for Africa Books A Journey Related topics Ugly Rumours Respect agenda Blatcherism Cool Britannia Blair Babes Tony's Cronies Iraq Inquiry People's princess Hand of history Tonibler Family Cherie Blair (wife) Euan Blair (son) Leo Blair (father) William Blair (brother) ← John Major Gordon Brown →   Category vte1997 United Kingdom general election MPs elected Northern Ireland Scotland Wales MPs who lost their seat Opinion polling Results by constituency Incumbent prime minister: John Major (Conservative) Appointed prime minister: Tony Blair (Labour) Parties elected to the House of Commons Labour (Tony Blair) Conservative (John Major) Liberal Democrats (Paddy Ashdown) Ulster Unionist Party (David Trimble) Scottish National Party (Alex Salmond) Plaid Cymru (Dafydd Wigley) Social Democratic and Labour Party (John Hume) Sinn Féin (Gerry Adams) Democratic Unionist Party (Ian Paisley) UK Unionist Party (Robert McCartney) Results by area England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales See also "Things Can Only Get Better" Blair Babe Martin Bell Enfield Southgate in the election Portillo moment New Labour, New Danger Referendum Party The Queen 1997 United Kingdom local electionsvte2024 United Kingdom general election ← 2019 election Candidates Constituencies Debates Endorsements MPs elected seniority lost their seat stood down Notional results Opinion polling Parties Results breakdown by constituency Target seats next election → Incumbent prime minister: Rishi Sunak (Conservative) Appointed prime minister: TBD Parties elected to the House of Commons before the election Conservative - Rishi Sunak manifesto Labour - Keir Starmer manifesto Scottish National Party John Swinney Liberal Democrats Ed Davey Democratic Unionist Party Gavin Robinson Sinn Féin Mary Lou McDonald Plaid Cymru Rhun ap Iorwerth Social Democratic and Labour Party Colum Eastwood Green Party of England and Wales Carla Denyer Adrian Ramsay Alliance Party of Northern Ireland Naomi Long Workers Party George Galloway Reform UK Nigel Farage Results by country and region England (list) East of England East Midlands London North East England North West England South East England South West England West Midlands Yorkshire and the Humber Northern Ireland (list) Scotland (list) Wales (list) Related topics Glossary of terms "Things Can Only Get Better" Red wall Blue wall Sea wall Stevenage woman 2024 State Opening of Parliament 2024 UK local elections Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz work
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"D:Ream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_Ream"},{"link_name":"Magnet Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet_Records"},{"link_name":"D:Ream On Volume 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Ream_On_Volume_1"},{"link_name":"Peter Cunnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cunnah"},{"link_name":"sleeper hit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeper_hit"},{"link_name":"Take That's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_That"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot Dance Club Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dance_Club_Play"}],"text":"\"Things Can Only Get Better\" is a song by Northern Irish musical group D:Ream, released in 1993 by Magnet Records and FXU as the second single from the group's debut album, D:Ream On Volume 1 (1993). It was written by Peter Cunnah and Jamie Petrie, and was a sleeper hit.The single was remixed and re-released in January 1994, to coincide with the band being a support act for Take That's UK tour, spending four weeks at number one. The song also reached the top 10 in eight countries. In the US, it peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart.","title":"Things Can Only Get Better (D:Ream song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"dance music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_dance_music"},{"link_name":"D:Ream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_Ream"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Peter Cunnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cunnah"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"D:Ream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_Ream"},{"link_name":"Tom Frederikse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Frederikse"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"\"There used to be this idea that rock music was intellectual and dance music was just a totally physical thing. I think we're one of the bands that has succeeded in breaking that down. If people just want to dance to our music, that's fine. If they want to sit down and take in some of the serious points addressed by the lyrics, that's also fine. If they want to listen to it on both levels, that's even better.\"\n\n\n—Peter Cunnah of D:Ream.[2]Peter Cunnah's inspiration for the song came while living in London following his previous groups breakup, working an office job and being told by a co-worker \"Don't worry. Things can only get better.\" Cunnah soon after started work on the track but did not complete it.[3]Two years later, after Cunnah started D:Ream, he resumed work on the track, alongside producer Tom Frederikse. While the initial version of the track was a instrumental with a reggae break, the final version of the track was described as sounding like a \"stadium full of people singing\". The single was released in January 1993.[3]In 1994, the song was remixed, selling 600,000 copies and spending four weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart. The single also reached the top 10 in eight other countries. The Labour Party's central use of the song in their successful 1997 campaign led the song to appear on the UK Singles Chart for a third time.[3]","title":"Background and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_music"},{"link_name":"Take That","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_That"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"UK Dance Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Dance_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-4"},{"link_name":"Eurochart Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurochart_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot Dance Club Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dance_Club_Play"}],"text":"\"Things Can Only Get Better\" was originally a club hit, reaching number 24 in the UK in January 1993. A remixed version was released in October 1993, while the group were supporting Take That on their UK tour, which reached number one on the UK Singles Chart on 16 January 1994, spending four weeks at Number One, and also topping the UK Dance Singles Chart.[3][4]In Europe, the song entered the top 10 also in Belgium (10), Finland (2), Iceland (4), Ireland (2), and Sweden (7). Additionally, it was a top 20 hit in Denmark (19), Germany (20), the Netherlands (20) and Scotland (17). On the Eurochart Hot 100, \"Things Can Only Get Better\" reached number five in February 1994.Outside Europe, the song peaked at number three in Israel, and number nine in Australia. In the US, the 1994 version peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart. It was awarded a gold record in Australia after 35,000 units were sold.","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aberdeen Evening Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Evening_Express"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Larry Flick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Flick"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Evening Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Herald"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Freaky Trigger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freaky_Trigger"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Melody Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_Maker"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Music & Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_music"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"techno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno"},{"link_name":"Peter Cunnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cunnah"},{"link_name":"dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_dance_music"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"alternative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Iestyn George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iestyn_George"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond_organ"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"Song for Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_for_Guy"},{"link_name":"Yello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yello"},{"link_name":"The Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Race_(Yello_song)"},{"link_name":"The Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Farm_(British_band)"},{"link_name":"All Together Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Together_Now_(The_Farm_song)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"James Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hamilton_(DJ_and_journalist)"},{"link_name":"Record Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Mirror"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Adam Higginbotham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Higginbotham"},{"link_name":"Select","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Select_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Smash Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smash_Hits"},{"link_name":"M People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_People"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Scottish Aberdeen Evening Express complimented the song as \"incredibly catchy\".[5] Larry Flick from Billboard described it as a \"radio-friendly ditty that blends an insinuating groove with rollicking gospel chants and a wildly infectious pop melody. Track builds to a fitting, anthemic musical climax that is complemented by choir vocals and heartfelt lead belting.\"[6] Simon Warner from The Guardian declared it as \"the sort of insistent pop anthem that comes along only once in a while.\"[7] Irish Evening Herald called it a \"prophetic anthem\".[8] Tom Ewing of Freaky Trigger described it as \"tune-heavy, hands-high dance-pop\".[9] Ian Gittins from Melody Maker declared it as an \"infectious, euphoric anthem\".[10] Pan-European magazine Music & Media called it a \"poppy rave anthem\" and concluded that \"this optimistic perspective on life deserves your support.\"[11] Andy Beevers from Music Week named it a \"stand-out tune\" and a \"tuneful, epic house track\".[12] John Kilgo from The Network Forty felt the house approach gives this tune \"a cutting edge feel.\" He explained, \"D:Ream sends a positive message to disenchanted youth. Featuring powerful vibes flavored by techno bass thumps as well as Peter Cunnah's searing harmonies, this record will stir up the request lines for months. Encompassing the best of dance, rock, and alternative, D:Ream hits a home run.\"[13]Iestyn George from NME found that D:Ream's \"Hammond-driven lead track \"Things Can Only Get Better\" is supremely uplifting stuff, crossing melody lines from Elton John's \"Song for Guy\", Yello's \"The Race\" and (gulp) The Farm's \"All Together Now\". More, please.\"[14] Another NME editor, Mandi James, praised its \"hallelujah chorus of good vibrations, positive power and disco magic gift wrapped in gospel glory.\"[15] In an retrospective review, Pop Rescue complimented its \"funky saxophone, a relentlessly thumping bass drum, house piano and Peter’s strong vocals.\" The reviewer stated that \"it’s still a bloody good song\".[16] James Hamilton from the Record Mirror Dance Update described it as a \"infectious\" and \"jiggly chugger\".[17] Adam Higginbotham from Select deemed it a \"perfect feelgood pop-dance record\".[18] Leesa Daniels from Smash Hits gave it five out of five, stating that D:Ream \"are the best dance act this side of the moon and it's a crime that they're not as big as M People already with all their fab dancey tunes. Stick it on, stick it out and let 'em down. Just watch the elastic on your knickers burst with the sheer excitement of it all. Bloomin' marvellous.\"[19]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hieronymus Bosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch"},{"link_name":"The Garden of Earthly Delights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"VIVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIVA_(German_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"MTV Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Europe"},{"link_name":"1994 MTV Europe Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_MTV_Europe_Music_Awards"}],"text":"The accompanying music video for \"Things Can Only Get Better\" was directed by British film and music video director James Lebon. It depicts the band performing the song in front of a backdrop of various scenes and images, such as art, burning flames and skies, prominently including Hieronymus Bosch's \"The Garden of Earthly Delights\".[20] In between, they are performing on stage in front of a dancing audience. A young female sometimes appears. The chorus scenes shows Cunnah in front of a large white-clad choir in a heaven-like setting, singing and clapping in unison. Both the opening and the closing depicts a stage curtain that opens and closes in front of Cunnah. The video was A-listed on Germany's VIVA in March 1994[21] and was nominated for the International Viewer's Choice Award for MTV Europe at the 1994 MTV Europe Music Awards.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tony_Blair_in_1997.jpg"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"}],"text":"\"Things Can Only Get Better\" was frequently used by the Labour Party, then led by Tony Blair (pictured), in their successful 1997 campaign.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1997 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Tony Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair"},{"link_name":"The Red Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Red_Flag"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Steve Bray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bray"},{"link_name":"Rishi Sunak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi_Sunak"},{"link_name":"2024 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"10 Downing Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Downing_Street"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"iTunes Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"As a campaign song","text":"During the 1997 general election, the Labour Party adopted the song as their campaign theme (the title claiming that things \"cannot get worse\"). Having spent eighteen years as the Opposition, the song was seen as reflective of the new direction of the party under Tony Blair. In an attempt to appear more relevant to voters the Labour Party stopped using the campaign song used by previous leaders, The Red Flag.[22]The song's usage returned it to the chart, reaching number 19 in May 1997, when Labour returned to power with Blair as Prime Minister.[23]In 2024, the song was unexpectedly played by the political activist Steve Bray as Prime Minister Rishi Sunak announced the date of the 2024 general election, outside 10 Downing Street.[24] This led to the song entering the top 10 on the iTunes Charts within 24 hours.[25] The band later stated they regretted the use of the song in political campaigns and would not grant permission for it to be used in future campaigns.[26]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top Gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Gear_(1977_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Toyota Avensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Avensis"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Clarkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Clarkson"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Gus Poyet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Poyet"},{"link_name":"UK Dance Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Dance_Chart"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"running gag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_gag"},{"link_name":"The Infinite Monkey Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Infinite_Monkey_Cage"},{"link_name":"Brian Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Cox_(physicist)"},{"link_name":"second law of thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"The Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"end-credits scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-credits_scene"},{"link_name":"cameo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_appearance"},{"link_name":"A Shaun the Sheep Movie: Farmageddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Shaun_the_Sheep_Movie:_Farmageddon"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Clap for Carers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clap_for_Carers"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Other uses","text":"In February 1998, the song was featured in an episode of Top Gear, during the review of the Toyota Avensis, with a voice-over by presenter Jeremy Clarkson.[27]In 2013, the song was adopted as a chant by fans of Sunderland,[28][29] after the team's revival under manager Gus Poyet. On 3 March 2014, following a campaign by Sunderland Fans, the song re entered in the UK Dance Chart at number 19. D:Ream member, Al Mackenzie described the resurgence to a Sunderland website as \"a bit bizarre\" but he was \"revelling in it\".[30]A running gag on The Infinite Monkey Cage, which D:Ream's former keyboardist Brian Cox co-presents, highlights that the lyric \"Things Can Only Get Better\" violates the second law of thermodynamics.[31]The song was covered in a choral style in episode six of the sixth season of The Crown.[32]The song was played by Brian Cox in an end-credits scene cameo in the 2019 film A Shaun the Sheep Movie: Farmageddon.[33]During the COVID-19 pandemic, the song was used in Nottingham as part of the Clap for Carers campaign.[34]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danny Rampling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Rampling"}],"text":"CD maxi, Europe (first 1993 release)\n\"Things Can Only Get Better\" (7-inch D:reamix) – 3:23\n\"Things Can Only Get Better\" (12-inch D:reamix) – 7:10\n\"Things Can Only Get Better\" (12-inch vocal dub) – 8:00\n\"Things Can Only Get Better\" (12-inch instrumental) – 6:10\n\"Things Can Only Get Better\" (12-inch Danny Rampling mix) – 5:55\nCD maxi, Europe (second 1993 release)\n\"Things Can Only Get Better\" (D·Reamix edit) – 4:01\n\"Things Can Only Get Better\" (12-inch D·Reamix) – 7:04\n\"Things Can Only Get Better\" (Cleveland City Style) – 6:15\n\"Things Can Only Get Better\" (Superfly Development vocal) – 5:58\n\"Things Can Only Get Better\" (Cleveland Main Vocal) – 6:32\n\"Things Can Only Get Better\" 8Cleveland Euro Style) – 5:58\nCD maxi, Europe (1997)\n\"Things Can Only Get Better\" (D:reamix edit) – 3:59\n\"Things Can Only Get Better\" (D:reamix '97 edit) – 4:06\n\"Things Can Only Get Better\" (12-inch D:reamix) – 7:03\n\"Things Can Only Get Better\" (12-inch D:reamix '97) – 8:14\n\"Things Can Only Get Better\" (Cleveland City Style) – 6:14\n\"Things Can Only Get Better\" (Superfly Development vocal) – 5:59\nDigital download (2014)\n\"Things Can Only Get Better\" (D·Reamix edit) – 4:01","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Things_Can_Only_Get_Better_(D:Ream_song)&action=edit&section=10"},{"link_name":"Eurochart Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurochart_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"UK Club Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Mirror_Club_Chart"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Australia_D:Ream-40"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Austria_D:Ream-41"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_D:Ream-42"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Denmark"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Eurochart Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurochart_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"European Dance Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Dance_Radio_Chart"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomen_virallinen_lista"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Book-47"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Germany_D:Ream-48"},{"link_name":"Íslenski Listinn Topp 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dslenski_listinn"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_D:Ream-50"},{"link_name":"IBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Broadcasting_Authority"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_D-Ream-52"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_D:Ream-53"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_D:Ream-54"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Sweden_D:Ream-55"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Switzerland_D:Ream-56"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-57"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"UK Club Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Mirror_Club_Chart"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Dance Club Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Scotland_D:Ream-62"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_D:Ream-63"},{"link_name":"UK Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Dance_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UKdance_D:Ream-64"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Things_Can_Only_Get_Better_(D:Ream_song)&action=edit&section=11"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ausye-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for \"Things Can Only Get Better\"\n\n\nChart (1993)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nEurope (Eurochart Hot 100)[35]\n\n96\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[36]\n\n24\n\n\nUK Airplay (Music Week)[37]\n\n39\n\n\nUK Dance (Music Week)[38]\n\n1\n\n\nUK Club Chart (Music Week)[39]\n\n15\n\n\n\nChart (1994)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[40]\n\n9\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[41]\n\n23\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[42]\n\n10\n\n\nDenmark (IFPI)[43]\n\n19\n\n\nEurope (Eurochart Hot 100)[44]\n\n5\n\n\nEurope (European AC Radio)[45]\n\n15\n\n\nEurope (European Dance Radio)[46]\n\n22\n\n\nFinland (Suomen virallinen lista)[47]\n\n2\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[48]\n\n20\n\n\nIceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)[49]\n\n4\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[50]\n\n2\n\n\nIsrael (IBA)[51]\n\n3\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[52]\n\n21\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[53]\n\n20\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[54]\n\n46\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[55]\n\n7\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[56]\n\n11\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[57]\n\n1\n\n\nUK Airplay (Music Week)[58]\n\n1\n\n\nUK Dance (Music Week)[59]\n\n1\n\n\nUK Club Chart (Music Week)[60]\n\n14\n\n\nUS Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[61]\n\n7\n\n\n\nChart (1997)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[62]\n\n17\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[63]\n\n19\n\n\nUK Dance (OCC)[64]\n\n30\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\nYear-end chart performance for \"Things Can Only Get Better\"\n\n\nChart (1994)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[65]\n\n32\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[66]\n\n64\n\n\nEurope (Eurochart Hot 100)[67]\n\n32\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[68]\n\n77\n\n\nIceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)[69]\n\n71\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[70]\n\n155\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[71]\n\n100\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[72]\n\n50\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[73]\n\n9","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
[{"image_text":"\"Things Can Only Get Better\" was frequently used by the Labour Party, then led by Tony Blair (pictured), in their successful 1997 campaign.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tony_Blair_in_1997.jpg/183px-Tony_Blair_in_1997.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tony_Blair_in_2002_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Tony_Blair_in_2002_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Sexton, Paul (9 April 1994). \"Gerry Bron Stays on Pop's Leading Edge\". Billboard. p. 62.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QQgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA62","url_text":"\"Gerry Bron Stays on Pop's Leading Edge\""}]},{"reference":"Kutner, Jon; Leigh, Spencer (26 May 2010). 1,000 UK Number One Hits. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-85712-360-2. Retrieved 27 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BwwLBaH9488C","url_text":"1,000 UK Number One Hits"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85712-360-2","url_text":"978-0-85712-360-2"}]},{"reference":"Simpson, Dave (5 June 2017). \"How we made D:Ream's election anthem Things Can Only Get Better\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. 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Aberdeen Evening Express. 28 January 1993. p. 15.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Evening_Express","url_text":"Aberdeen Evening Express"}]},{"reference":"Flick, Larry (20 November 1993). \"Single Reviews\" (PDF). Billboard. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Flick","url_text":"Flick, Larry"},{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/90s/1993/BB-1993-11-20.pdf","url_text":"\"Single Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210122001727/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/90s/1993/BB-1993-11-20.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ewing, Tom (21 September 2011). \"D:REAM – \"Things Can Only Get Better\"\". Freaky Trigger. Archived from the original on 19 July 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://freakytrigger.co.uk/popular/2012/09/dream-things-can-only-get-better/#more-23648","url_text":"\"D:REAM – \"Things Can Only Get Better\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freaky_Trigger","url_text":"Freaky Trigger"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200719060800/http://freakytrigger.co.uk/popular/2012/09/dream-things-can-only-get-better/#more-23648","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gittins, Ian (22 January 1994). \"Day D:Ream Believer\". Melody Maker. Retrieved 6 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archivedmusicpress.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/ian-gittins-interviews-dream-22nd-december-1994.jpg","url_text":"\"Day D:Ream Believer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_Maker","url_text":"Melody Maker"}]},{"reference":"\"New Releases: Singles\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 11, no. 5. 29 January 1994. p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2020. 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Retrieved 29 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iestyn_George","url_text":"George, Iestyn"},{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/nothingelseon/52752152523/","url_text":"\"Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"James, Mandi (30 January 1993). \"The Sleep Smell Of Success\". NME. p. 25. Retrieved 5 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/nothingelseon/52807297277/","url_text":"\"The Sleep Smell Of Success\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"\"Review: \"On Vol. 1\" by D:ream (CD, 1994)\". Pop Rescue. 11 September 2015. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020. 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Retrieved 22 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://goodcopyink.substack.com/p/dat-ziet-ge-niet-op-instagram-he","url_text":"\"Dat ziet ge niet op Instagram he!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Station Reports > VIVA TV/Cologne\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 11, no. 11. 12 March 1994. p. 21. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1994/MM-1994-03-12.pdf","url_text":"\"Station Reports > VIVA TV/Cologne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, Roisin (23 May 2024). \"Things Can Only Get Better: Story behind song that ruined Sunak's election speech\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 24 May 2024. Labour wanted to show the public that the party under Blair was dynamic and relevant, therefore ditched 1889 song \"The Red Flag\", the campaign song of choice for Labour leaders of the past.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/sunak-things-can-only-get-better-dream-labour-b2550071.html","url_text":"\"Things Can Only Get Better: Story behind song that ruined Sunak's election speech\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/CPArC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gillett, Ed (22 July 2023). \"'From the dancefloor to the ballot box': how house music helped Labour win a landslide in 1997\". Archived from the original on 29 January 2024. Retrieved 29 January 2024 – via The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/jul/21/new-labour-1997-rave-culture-ed-gillett-book-extract","url_text":"\"'From the dancefloor to the ballot box': how house music helped Labour win a landslide in 1997\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240129115946/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/jul/21/new-labour-1997-rave-culture-ed-gillett-book-extract","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Gecsoyler, Sammy (22 May 2024). \"Things can only get wetter: D:Ream song drowns out Sunak's damp election announcement\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024. 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Since it was played during the PM's speech calling an election for 4 July, it has surged up the iTunes music chart - hitting number five in under 24 hours (we'll have to wait a few more days to see if it's made its way onto the UK's official music chart).","urls":[{"url":"https://news.sky.com/story/things-can-only-get-better-climbing-chart-after-pms-speech-13141643","url_text":"\"Things Can Only Get Better climbing chart after PM's speech\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News","url_text":"Sky News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240602132536/https://news.sky.com/story/things-can-only-get-better-climbing-chart-after-pms-speech-13141643","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Never again': D:Ream ban Labour from using Things Can Only Get Better\". PA Media. 31 May 2024. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024 – via The Guardian. The band members expressed regret at letting Tony Blair use the track for his general election victory celebrations in 1997, saying they were accused of \"having blood on their hands\" after the UK got involved with the war in Iraq.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/article/2024/jun/01/things-can-only-get-better-group-ban-labour-from-using-song","url_text":"\"'Never again': D:Ream ban Labour from using Things Can Only Get Better\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PA_Media","url_text":"PA Media"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240602131820/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/article/2024/jun/01/things-can-only-get-better-group-ban-labour-from-using-song","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jeremy Clarkson (2 April 2017). Old Top Gear Saloons 1/2. YouTube. Event occurs at 8:13. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. 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Retrieved 29 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/sunderland-afc-player-chants-memorable-11043723","url_text":"\"Sunderland AFC chants: Memorable songs from supporters of the Black Cats\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200827230425/https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/sunderland-afc-player-chants-memorable-11043723","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Randall, Colin (8 May 2014). \"Things could only get better at Sunderland\". ESPN.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.co.uk/football/story/_/id/37334751/things-only-get-better-sunderland","url_text":"\"Things could only get better at Sunderland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"\"Campaign to get 1990s Sunderland anthem Things Can Only Get Better to No1\". Sunderland Echo. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035921/http://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/local/all-news/campaign-to-get-1990s-sunderland-anthem-things-can-only-get-better-to-no1-1-6458677","url_text":"\"Campaign to get 1990s Sunderland anthem Things Can Only Get Better to No1\""},{"url":"http://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/local/all-news/campaign-to-get-1990s-sunderland-anthem-things-can-only-get-better-to-no1-1-6458677","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Human Voice\". BBC. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0bd7zhy","url_text":"\"The Human Voice\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201112012551/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0bd7zhy","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Carvel, Bertie (15 December 2023). \"The Crown season 6: Bertie Carvel on playing Tony Blair and portraying his nightmare coronation\". GQ (Interview). Interviewed by Jack King. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on 29 January 2024. You've said you hated filming the Queen's nightmare sequence, where Blair is coronated with a choir singing 'Things Can Only Get Better' by D:Ream.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertie_Carvel","url_text":"Carvel, Bertie"},{"url":"https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/the-crown-season-6-bertie-carvel-interview","url_text":"\"The Crown season 6: Bertie Carvel on playing Tony Blair and portraying his nightmare coronation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240129112342/https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/the-crown-season-6-bertie-carvel-interview","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Milner, Sarah Bea (16 February 2020). \"Shaun The Sheep 2's Post-Credits Scene Joke Explained\". ScreenRant. 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Retrieved 1 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ariacharts.com.au/annual-charts/1994/singles-chart","url_text":"\"1994 ARIA Singles Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA","url_text":"ARIA"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190425134830/https://www.ariacharts.com.au/annual-charts/1994/singles-chart","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"jaaroverzichten 1994\" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=1994","url_text":"\"jaaroverzichten 1994\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191216023226/https://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=1994","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1994 Year-End Sales Charts: Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 11, no. 52. 24 December 1994. p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2020. 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Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). 2 January 1995. p. 25. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://timarit.is/page/2723094#page/n15/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Árslistinn 1994\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200706150546/https://timarit.is/page/2723094#page/n15/mode/2up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jaarlijsten 1994\" (in Dutch). Stichting Nederlandse Top 40. Archived from the original on 2 November 2003. Retrieved 29 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.top40web.nl/jaarlijsten/jr1994.html","url_text":"\"Jaarlijsten 1994\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031102042816/http://www.top40web.nl/jaarlijsten/jr1994.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Årslista Singlar, 1994\" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=1994&dspp=1","url_text":"\"Årslista Singlar, 1994\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan","url_text":"Sverigetopplistan"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200609144922/https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=1994&dspp=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1994\". Archived from the original on 19 November 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://hitparade.ch/charts/jahreshitparade/1994","url_text":"\"Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1994\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191119223947/https://hitparade.ch/charts/jahreshitparade/1994","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Singles 1994\". Music Week. 14 January 1995. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"\"British single certifications – D:Ream – Things Can Only Get Better\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 17 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/7536-1375-1","url_text":"\"British single certifications – D:Ream – Things Can Only Get Better\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"Single Releases\". Music Week. 25 December 1993. p. 23.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"\"News\" (PDF). Music Week. 29 March 1997. p. 4. Retrieved 28 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1997/Music-Week-1997-03-29.pdf","url_text":"\"News\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadruple_prime
Prime (symbol)
["1 Designation of units","2 Use in mathematics, statistics, and science","3 Use in linguistics","4 Use in music","5 Computer encodings","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
"Prime 2" and "Prime 3" redirect here. For the respective games in the Metroid Prime series, see Metroid Prime 2: Echoes and Metroid Prime 3: Corruption. Not to be confused with prime number or apostrophe. Typographical symbol ′Prime ″ ‴ ⁗ Double prime Triple prime Quadruple prime The prime symbol ′, double prime symbol ″, triple prime symbol ‴, and quadruple prime symbol ⁗ are used to designate units and for other purposes in mathematics, science, linguistics and music. Although the characters differ little in appearance from those of the apostrophe and single and double quotation marks, the uses of the prime symbol are quite different. While an apostrophe is now often used in place of the prime, and a double quote in place of the double prime (due to the lack of prime symbols on everyday writing keyboards), such substitutions are not considered appropriate in formal materials or in typesetting. Designation of units See also: Positional notation § Sexagesimal systemThe prime symbol ′ is commonly used to represent feet (ft), and the double prime ″ is used to represent inches (in). The triple prime ‴, as used in watchmaking, represents a ligne (1⁄12 of a "French" inch, or pouce, about 2.26 millimetres or 0.089 inches). Primes are also used for angles. The prime symbol ′ is used for arcminutes (1⁄60 of a degree), and the double prime ″ for arcseconds (1⁄60 of an arcminute). As an angular measurement, 3° 5′ 30″ means 3 degrees, 5 arcminutes and 30 arcseconds. In historical astronomical works, the triple prime was used to denote "thirds" (1⁄60 of an arcsecond) and a quadruple prime ⁗ "fourths" (1⁄60 of a third of arc), but modern usage has replaced this with decimal fractions of an arcsecond. Primes are sometimes used to indicate minutes, and double primes to indicate seconds of time, as in the John Cage composition 4′33″ (spoken as "four thirty-three"), a composition that lasts exactly 4 minutes 33 seconds. This notation only applies to duration, and is seldom used for durations longer than 60 minutes. Use in mathematics, statistics, and science In mathematics, the prime is generally used to generate more variable names for similar things without resorting to subscripts, with x′ generally meaning something related to (or derived from) x. For example, if a point is represented by the Cartesian coordinates (x, y), then that point rotated, translated or reflected might be represented as (x′, y′). Usually, the meaning of x′ is defined when it is first used, but sometimes, its meaning is assumed to be understood: A derivative or differentiated function: in Lagrange's notation, f ′(x) and f ″(x) are the first and second derivatives of f (x) with respect to x. Likewise are f ‴(x) and f ⁗(x) . Similarly, if y = f (x), then y′ and y″ are the first and second derivatives of y with respect to x. Other notation for derivatives also exists (see Notation for differentiation). Set complement: A′ is the complement of the set A (other notation also exists). The negation of an event in probability theory: Pr(A′) = 1 − Pr(A) (other notation also exists). The result of a transformation: Tx = x′ The transpose of a matrix (other notation also exists) The dual of a vector space The prime is said to "decorate" the letter to which it applies. The same convention is adopted in functional programming, particularly in Haskell. In geometry, geography and astronomy, prime and double prime are used as abbreviations for minute and second of arc (and thus latitude, longitude, elevation and right ascension). In physics, the prime is used to denote variables after an event. For example, vA′ would indicate the velocity of object A after an event. It is also commonly used in relativity: the event at (x, y,  z, t) in frame S, has coordinates (x′, y′, z′, t′) in frame S′. In chemistry, it is used to distinguish between different functional groups connected to an atom in a molecule, such as R and R′, representing different alkyl groups in an organic compound. The carbonyl carbon in proteins is denoted as C′, which distinguishes it from the other backbone carbon, the alpha carbon, which is denoted as Cα. In physical chemistry, it is used to distinguish between the lower state and the upper state of a quantum number during a transition. For example, J ′ denotes the upper state of the quantum number J while J ″ denotes the lower state of the quantum number J. In molecular biology, the prime is used to denote the positions of carbon on a ring of deoxyribose or ribose. The prime distinguishes places on these two chemicals, rather than places on other parts of DNA or RNA, like phosphate groups or nucleic acids. Thus, when indicating the direction of movement of an enzyme along a string of DNA, biologists will say that it moves from the 5′ end to the 3′ end, because these carbons are on the ends of the DNA molecule. The chemistry of this reaction demands that the 3′ OH be extended by DNA synthesis. Prime can also be used to indicate which position a molecule has attached to, such as 5′-monophosphate. Use in linguistics The prime can be used in the transliteration of some languages, such as Slavic languages, to denote palatalization. Prime and double prime are used to transliterate Cyrillic yeri (the soft sign, ь) and yer (the hard sign, ъ). However, in ISO 9, the corresponding modifier letters are used instead. Originally, X-bar theory used a bar over syntactic units to indicate bar-levels in syntactic structure, generally rendered as an overbar. While easy to write, the bar notation proved difficult to typeset, leading to the adoption of the prime symbol to indicate a bar. (Despite the lack of bar, the unit would still be read as "X bar", as opposed to "X prime".) With contemporary development of typesetting software such as LaTeX, typesetting bars is considerably simpler; nevertheless, both prime and bar markups are accepted usages. Some X-bar notations use a double prime (standing in for a double-bar) to indicate a phrasal level, indicated in most notations by "XP". Use in music You may need rendering support to display the uncommon Unicode characters in this section correctly. Prime, double prime and triple prime The prime symbol is used in combination with lower case letters in the Helmholtz pitch notation system to distinguish notes in different octaves from middle C upwards. Thus c represents the ⟨C⟩ below middle C, c′ represents middle C, c″ represents the ⟨C⟩ in the octave above middle C, and c‴ the ⟨C⟩ in the octave two octaves above middle C. A combination of upper case letters and sub-prime symbols is used to represent notes in lower octaves. Thus C represents the ⟨C⟩ below the bass stave, while C ͵ represents the ⟨C⟩ in the octave below that. In some musical scores, the double prime ″ is used to indicate a length of time in seconds. It is used over a fermata 𝄐 denoting a long note or rest. Computer encodings Unicode and HTML representations of the prime and related symbols are as follows. U+2032 ′ PRIME (&prime;) (lower case p) U+2033 ″ DOUBLE PRIME (&Prime;) (upper case P) U+2034 ‴ TRIPLE PRIME (&tprime;) U+2035 ‵ REVERSED PRIME (&backprime;, &bprime;) U+2036 ‶ REVERSED DOUBLE PRIME U+2037 ‷ REVERSED TRIPLE PRIME U+2057 ⁗ QUADRUPLE PRIME (&qprime;) U+02B9 ʹ MODIFIER LETTER PRIME U+02BA ʺ MODIFIER LETTER DOUBLE PRIME The "modifier letter prime" and "modifier letter double prime" characters are intended for linguistic purposes, such as the indication of stress or the transliteration of certain Cyrillic characters. In a context when the character set used does not include the prime or double prime character (e.g., in an online discussion context where only ASCII or ISO 8859-1 is expected), they are often respectively approximated by ASCII apostrophe (U+0027) or quotation mark (U+0022). LaTeX provides an oversized prime symbol, \prime ( ′ {\displaystyle \prime } ), which, when used in super- or sub-scripts, renders appropriately; e.g., f_\prime^\prime appears as f ′ ′ {\displaystyle f_{\prime }^{\prime }} . An apostrophe, ', is a shortcut for a superscript prime; e.g., f' appears as f ′ {\displaystyle f'\,\!} . See also List of mathematical symbols by subject – Meanings of symbols used in mathematicsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks Rubik's Cube move notation, where the prime is used to invert moves or move sequences. Table of mathematical symbols by introduction date Typewriter conventions – Mechanical device for typing characters Notes ^ John Wallis, in his Mathesis universalis, generalized this notation to include higher multiples of 60; giving as an example the number 49‵‵‵‵36‵‵‵25‵‵15‵1°15′2″36‴49⁗; where the numbers to the left are multiplied by higher powers of 60, the numbers to the right are divided by powers of 60, and the number marked with the superscripted zero is multiplied by 1. ^ Some systems fail to display this symbol. In picture form, it is . References ^ Goldberg, Ron (2000). "Quotes". In Frank J. Romano (ed.). Digital Typography: Practical Advice for Getting the Type You Want When You Want It. San Diego: Windsor Professional Information. p. 68. ISBN 1-893190-05-6. OCLC 44619239. ^ Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. ¶ 10.66. ^ "Pourquoi les horlogers utilisent-ils la ligne pour mesurer le diamètre d'encageage d'un mouvement?" . Le Point (in French). Une ligne équivaut à 2,2558 mm, que l'on arrondit généralement à 2,26 mm. ^ "Positions and Sizes of Cosmic Objects". Las Cumbres Observatory. 2019. ^ Schultz, Johann (1797). Kurzer Lehrbegriff der Mathematik. Zum Gebrauch der Vorlesungen und für Schulen (in German). Königsberg. p. 185. ^ Wade, Nicholas (1998). A natural history of vision. MIT Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-262-73129-4. ^ Cajori, Florian (2007) , A History of Mathematical Notations, vol. 1, New York: Cosimo, Inc., p. 216, ISBN 9781602066854 ^ "time - English notation for hour, minutes and seconds". English Language & Usage Stack Exchange. Retrieved 6 June 2020. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Prime". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 31 August 2020. ^ "Triatomic Spectral Database - List of Symbols". www.physics.nist.gov. Retrieved 22 January 2020. ^ Bethin, Christina Y (1998). Slavic Prosody: Language Change and Phonological Theory. Cambridge University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-52-159148-5. ^ "WCA Regulations - World Cube Association". www.worldcubeassociation.org. Retrieved 22 March 2018. External links Unicode General Punctuation code chart Unicode Spacing Modifier Letters code chart vteTypographyPage Canons of page construction Column Even working Margin Page numbering Paper size Pagination Pull quote Recto and verso Intentionally blank page Paragraph Alignment Leading River Runaround Widows and orphans runt CharacterTypeface anatomy Counter Diacritics Dingbat Glyph Ink trap Ligature Rotation Subscript and superscript Swash Text figures Tittle Capitalization All caps Camel case Initial Letter case Small caps Snake case Title case Visual distinction Italics Oblique Bold Color printing Underline Blackboard bold Blackletter Horizontal aspects Figure space Kerning Letter-spacing Sentence spacing Space Thin space Vertical aspects Ascender Baseline Body height Cap height Descender Median Overshoot x-height Typeface classificationsRoman type Serif Antiqua Didone slab serif Sans-serif Blackletter type Fraktur Rotunda Schwabacher Gaelic type Insular Uncial Specialist Record type Display typeface script fat face reverse-contrast Punctuation Dashes Hanging punctuation Hyphen-minus Hyphenation Prime mark Quotation mark Typesetting Etaoin shrdlu Font computer monospaced Font catalog For position only Letterpress Lorem ipsum Microprinting Microtypography Movable type Pangram Phototypesetting Punchcutting Reversing type Sort Type color Type design Typeface list Typographic units Agate Cicero Em En Measure Pica Point traditional point-size names Proposed metric units Twip Digital typography Character encoding Hinting Rasterization Typographic features Web typography Bézier curves Desktop publishing Typography in otherwriting systems Arabic Cyrillic East Asian Thai Related articles Penmanship Handwriting Handwriting script Calligraphy Style guide Type design Type foundry History of Western typography Intellectual property protection of typefaces Technical lettering Vox-ATypI classification Related tables List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks Punctuation and other typographic symbols (template) Category vteCommon punctuation and other typographical symbols       space    ,   comma    :   colon    ;   semicolon    ‐   hyphen    ’   '   apostrophe    ′   ″   ‴   prime    .   full stop    &   ampersand    @   at sign    ^   caret    /   slash    \   backslash    …   ellipsis    *   asterisk    ⁂   asterism      *  *  *      dinkus    -   hyphen-minus    ‒   –   —   dash    ⹀   ⸗   double hyphen    ?   question mark    !   exclamation mark    ‽   interrobang    ¡   ¿   inverted ! and ?    ⸮   irony punctuation    #   number sign    №   numero sign    º   ª   ordinal indicator    %   percent sign    ‰   per mille    ‱   basis point    °   degree symbol    ⌀   diameter sign    +   −   plus and minus signs    ×   multiplication sign    ÷   division sign    ~   tilde    ±   plus–minus sign    ∓   minus-plus sign    ^   caret    _   underscore    ⁀   tie    |   ¦   ‖   vertical bar    •   bullet    ·   interpunct    ©   copyright symbol    ©   copyleft    ℗   sound recording copyright    ®   registered trademark    SM   service mark symbol    TM   trademark symbol    ‘ ’   “ ”   ' '   " "   quotation mark    ‹ ›   « »   guillemet    ( )      { }   ⟨ ⟩   bracket    ”   ditto mark    †   ‡   dagger    ❧   fleuron (hedera, aldus)    ☞   manicule    ◊   ⌑   lozenge    ¶   ⸿   pilcrow (paragraph mark)    §   section mark  Version of this table as a sortable list Currency symbols Diacritics (accents) Logic symbols Math symbols Whitespace Chinese punctuation Hebrew punctuation Japanese punctuation Korean punctuation
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metroid Prime 2: Echoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroid_Prime_2:_Echoes"},{"link_name":"Metroid Prime 3: Corruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroid_Prime_3:_Corruption"},{"link_name":"prime number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number"},{"link_name":"apostrophe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostrophe"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science"},{"link_name":"linguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics"},{"link_name":"music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music"},{"link_name":"apostrophe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostrophe"},{"link_name":"quotation marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotation_mark"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"typesetting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typesetting"}],"text":"\"Prime 2\" and \"Prime 3\" redirect here. For the respective games in the Metroid Prime series, see Metroid Prime 2: Echoes and Metroid Prime 3: Corruption.Not to be confused with prime number or apostrophe.Typographical symbolThe prime symbol ′, double prime symbol ″, triple prime symbol ‴, and quadruple prime symbol ⁗ are used to designate units and for other purposes in mathematics, science, linguistics and music.Although the characters differ little in appearance from those of the apostrophe and single and double quotation marks, the uses of the prime symbol are quite different.[1] While an apostrophe is now often used in place of the prime, and a double quote in place of the double prime (due to the lack of prime symbols on everyday writing keyboards), such substitutions are not considered appropriate in formal materials or in typesetting.","title":"Prime (symbol)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Positional notation § Sexagesimal system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positional_notation#Sexagesimal_system"},{"link_name":"feet (ft)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(length)"},{"link_name":"inches (in)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"watchmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchmaking"},{"link_name":"ligne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligne"},{"link_name":"pouce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pouce"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"angles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle"},{"link_name":"arcminutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcminute"},{"link_name":"arcseconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcsecond"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Las_Cumbres-4"},{"link_name":"degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)"},{"link_name":"arcminutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_of_arc"},{"link_name":"arcseconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcsecond"},{"link_name":"thirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_(angle)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schultz_1797-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"fourths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_(angle)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"decimal fractions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal#Decimal_fractions"},{"link_name":"John Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cage"},{"link_name":"4′33″","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%E2%80%B233%E2%80%B3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"}],"text":"See also: Positional notation § Sexagesimal systemThe prime symbol ′ is commonly used to represent feet (ft), and the double prime ″ is used to represent inches (in).[2] The triple prime ‴, as used in watchmaking, represents a ligne (1⁄12 of a \"French\" inch, or pouce, about 2.26 millimetres or 0.089 inches).[3]Primes are also used for angles. The prime symbol ′ is used for arcminutes (1⁄60 of a degree), and the double prime ″ for arcseconds (1⁄60 of an arcminute).[4] As an angular measurement, 3° 5′ 30″ means 3 degrees, 5 arcminutes and 30 arcseconds. In historical astronomical works, the triple prime was used to denote \"thirds\" (1⁄60 of an arcsecond)[5][6] and a quadruple prime ⁗ \"fourths\" (1⁄60 of a third of arc),[a] but modern usage has replaced this with decimal fractions of an arcsecond.Primes are sometimes used to indicate minutes, and double primes to indicate seconds of time, as in the John Cage composition 4′33″ (spoken as \"four thirty-three\"), a composition that lasts exactly 4 minutes 33 seconds. This notation only applies to duration, and is seldom used for durations longer than 60 minutes.[8][better source needed]","title":"Designation of units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cartesian coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_coordinates"},{"link_name":"derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative"},{"link_name":"Lagrange's notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange%27s_notation"},{"link_name":"Notation for differentiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notation_for_differentiation"},{"link_name":"Set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"complement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_(set_theory)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_(probability_theory)"},{"link_name":"transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"transpose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpose"},{"link_name":"dual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_space"},{"link_name":"vector space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space"},{"link_name":"functional programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming"},{"link_name":"Haskell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry"},{"link_name":"geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography"},{"link_name":"astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy"},{"link_name":"minute and second of arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc"},{"link_name":"latitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude"},{"link_name":"longitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude"},{"link_name":"elevation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation"},{"link_name":"right ascension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ascension"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_frame_of_reference"},{"link_name":"chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"alkyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyl"},{"link_name":"organic compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound"},{"link_name":"carbonyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonyl"},{"link_name":"backbone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein#Biochemistry"},{"link_name":"alpha carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_and_beta_carbon"},{"link_name":"physical chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_chemistry"},{"link_name":"quantum number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_number"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"molecular biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology"},{"link_name":"deoxyribose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribose"},{"link_name":"ribose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribose"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA"},{"link_name":"phosphate groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate_group"},{"link_name":"nucleic acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid"},{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"}],"text":"In mathematics, the prime is generally used to generate more variable names for similar things without resorting to subscripts, with x′ generally meaning something related to (or derived from) x. For example, if a point is represented by the Cartesian coordinates (x, y), then that point rotated, translated or reflected might be represented as (x′, y′).Usually, the meaning of x′ is defined when it is first used, but sometimes, its meaning is assumed to be understood:A derivative or differentiated function: in Lagrange's notation, f ′(x) and f ″(x) are the first and second derivatives of f (x) with respect to x. Likewise are f ‴(x) and f ⁗(x) . Similarly, if y = f (x), then y′ and y″ are the first and second derivatives of y with respect to x. Other notation for derivatives also exists (see Notation for differentiation).\nSet complement: A′ is the complement of the set A (other notation also exists).[9]\nThe negation of an event in probability theory: Pr(A′) = 1 − Pr(A) (other notation also exists).\nThe result of a transformation: Tx = x′\nThe transpose of a matrix (other notation also exists)\nThe dual of a vector spaceThe prime is said to \"decorate\" the letter to which it applies. The same convention is adopted in functional programming, particularly in Haskell.In geometry, geography and astronomy, prime and double prime are used as abbreviations for minute and second of arc (and thus latitude, longitude, elevation and right ascension).In physics, the prime is used to denote variables after an event. For example, vA′ would indicate the velocity of object A after an event. It is also commonly used in relativity: the event at (x, y,  z, t) in frame S, has coordinates (x′, y′, z′, t′) in frame S′.In chemistry, it is used to distinguish between different functional groups connected to an atom in a molecule, such as R and R′, representing different alkyl groups in an organic compound. The carbonyl carbon in proteins is denoted as C′, which distinguishes it from the other backbone carbon, the alpha carbon, which is denoted as Cα. In physical chemistry, it is used to distinguish between the lower state and the upper state of a quantum number during a transition. For example, J ′ denotes the upper state of the quantum number J while J ″ denotes the lower state of the quantum number J.[10]In molecular biology, the prime is used to denote the positions of carbon on a ring of deoxyribose or ribose. The prime distinguishes places on these two chemicals, rather than places on other parts of DNA or RNA, like phosphate groups or nucleic acids. Thus, when indicating the direction of movement of an enzyme along a string of DNA, biologists will say that it moves from the 5′ end to the 3′ end, because these carbons are on the ends of the DNA molecule. The chemistry of this reaction demands that the 3′ OH be extended by DNA synthesis. Prime can also be used to indicate which position a molecule has attached to, such as 5′-monophosphate.","title":"Use in mathematics, statistics, and science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transliteration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteration"},{"link_name":"languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language"},{"link_name":"Slavic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages"},{"link_name":"palatalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)"},{"link_name":"yeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_sign"},{"link_name":"yer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"ISO 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9"},{"link_name":"X-bar theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-bar_theory"},{"link_name":"syntactic structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntactic_structure"},{"link_name":"overbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overbar"},{"link_name":"LaTeX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeX"}],"text":"The prime can be used in the transliteration of some languages, such as Slavic languages, to denote palatalization. Prime and double prime are used to transliterate Cyrillic yeri (the soft sign, ь) and yer (the hard sign, ъ).[11] However, in ISO 9, the corresponding modifier letters are used instead.Originally, X-bar theory used a bar over syntactic units to indicate bar-levels in syntactic structure, generally rendered as an overbar. While easy to write, the bar notation proved difficult to typeset, leading to the adoption of the prime symbol to indicate a bar. (Despite the lack of bar, the unit would still be read as \"X bar\", as opposed to \"X prime\".) With contemporary development of typesetting software such as LaTeX, typesetting bars is considerably simpler; nevertheless, both prime and bar markups are accepted usages.Some X-bar notations use a double prime (standing in for a double-bar) to indicate a phrasal level, indicated in most notations by \"XP\".","title":"Use in linguistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character"},{"link_name":"rendering support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support"},{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helmholtz_pitch_notation_c.svg"},{"link_name":"Helmholtz pitch notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz_pitch_notation"},{"link_name":"octaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave"},{"link_name":"middle C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_C"},{"link_name":"fermata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermata"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"You may need rendering support to display the uncommon Unicode characters in this section correctly.Prime, double prime and triple primeThe prime symbol is used in combination with lower case letters in the Helmholtz pitch notation system to distinguish notes in different octaves from middle C upwards. Thus c represents the ⟨C⟩ below middle C, c′ represents middle C, c″ represents the ⟨C⟩ in the octave above middle C, and c‴ the ⟨C⟩ in the octave two octaves above middle C. A combination of upper case letters and sub-prime symbols is used to represent notes in lower octaves. Thus C represents the ⟨C⟩ below the bass stave, while C ͵ represents the ⟨C⟩ in the octave below that.In some musical scores, the double prime ″ is used to indicate a length of time in seconds. It is used over a fermata 𝄐 denoting a long note or rest.[b]","title":"Use in music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"modifier letter prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modifier_letter_prime"},{"link_name":"stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ISO 8859-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8859-1"},{"link_name":"LaTeX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeX"}],"text":"Unicode and HTML representations of the prime and related symbols are as follows.U+2032 ′ PRIME (&prime;) (lower case p)\nU+2033 ″ DOUBLE PRIME (&Prime;) (upper case P)\nU+2034 ‴ TRIPLE PRIME (&tprime;)\nU+2035 ‵ REVERSED PRIME (&backprime;, &bprime;)\nU+2036 ‶ REVERSED DOUBLE PRIME\nU+2037 ‷ REVERSED TRIPLE PRIME\nU+2057 ⁗ QUADRUPLE PRIME (&qprime;)\nU+02B9 ʹ MODIFIER LETTER PRIME\nU+02BA ʺ MODIFIER LETTER DOUBLE PRIMEThe \"modifier letter prime\" and \"modifier letter double prime\" characters are intended for linguistic purposes, such as the indication of stress or the transliteration of certain Cyrillic characters.[citation needed]In a context when the character set used does not include the prime or double prime character (e.g., in an online discussion context where only ASCII or ISO 8859-1 [ISO Latin 1] is expected), they are often respectively approximated by ASCII apostrophe (U+0027) or quotation mark (U+0022).LaTeX provides an oversized prime symbol, \\prime (\n \n \n \n ′\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\prime }\n \n), which, when used in super- or sub-scripts, renders appropriately; e.g., f_\\prime^\\prime appears as \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n ′\n \n \n ′\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{\\prime }^{\\prime }}\n \n. An apostrophe, ', is a shortcut for a superscript prime; e.g., f' appears as \n \n \n \n \n f\n ′\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f'\\,\\!}\n \n.","title":"Computer encodings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"John Wallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wallis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fermata.svg"}],"text":"^ John Wallis, in his Mathesis universalis, generalized this notation to include higher multiples of 60; giving as an example the number 49‵‵‵‵36‵‵‵25‵‵15‵1°15′2″36‴49⁗; where the numbers to the left are multiplied by higher powers of 60, the numbers to the right are divided by powers of 60, and the number marked with the superscripted zero is multiplied by 1.[7]\n\n^ Some systems fail to display this symbol. In picture form, it is .","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"reference":"Goldberg, Ron (2000). \"Quotes\". In Frank J. Romano (ed.). Digital Typography: Practical Advice for Getting the Type You Want When You Want It. San Diego: Windsor Professional Information. p. 68. ISBN 1-893190-05-6. OCLC 44619239.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uo1j1buy2qYC&pg=PA67","url_text":"\"Quotes\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/digitaltypograph0000gold/page/67","url_text":"Digital Typography: Practical Advice for Getting the Type You Want When You Want It"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego","url_text":"San Diego"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/digitaltypograph0000gold/page/68","url_text":"68"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-893190-05-6","url_text":"1-893190-05-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44619239","url_text":"44619239"}]},{"reference":"Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. ¶ 10.66.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Pourquoi les horlogers utilisent-ils la ligne pour mesurer le diamètre d'encageage d'un mouvement?\" [Why do watchmakers use the ligne to measure the casing diameter of a movement?]. Le Point (in French). Une ligne équivaut à 2,2558 mm, que l'on arrondit généralement à 2,26 mm. [A ligne equates to 2.2558 mm, which is typically rounded to 2.26mm]","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lepoint.fr/montres/Magazine/Le-saviez-vous/pourquoi-les-horlogers-utilisent-ils-la-ligne-pour-mesurer-le-diametre-d-encageage-d-un-mouvement-06-12-2012-2002329_3013.php#","url_text":"\"Pourquoi les horlogers utilisent-ils la ligne pour mesurer le diamètre d'encageage d'un mouvement?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Point","url_text":"Le Point"}]},{"reference":"\"Positions and Sizes of Cosmic Objects\". Las Cumbres Observatory. 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://lco.global/spacebook/using-angles-describe-positions-and-apparent-sizes-objects/","url_text":"\"Positions and Sizes of Cosmic Objects\""}]},{"reference":"Schultz, Johann (1797). Kurzer Lehrbegriff der Mathematik. Zum Gebrauch der Vorlesungen und für Schulen (in German). Königsberg. p. 185.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wade, Nicholas (1998). A natural history of vision. MIT Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-262-73129-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryof0000wade","url_text":"A natural history of vision"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryof0000wade/page/193","url_text":"193"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-73129-4","url_text":"978-0-262-73129-4"}]},{"reference":"Cajori, Florian (2007) [1928], A History of Mathematical Notations, vol. 1, New York: Cosimo, Inc., p. 216, ISBN 9781602066854","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florian_Cajori","url_text":"Cajori, Florian"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OQZxHpG2y3UC","url_text":"A History of Mathematical Notations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781602066854","url_text":"9781602066854"}]},{"reference":"\"time - English notation for hour, minutes and seconds\". English Language & Usage Stack Exchange. Retrieved 6 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/114205/english-notation-for-hour-minutes-and-seconds","url_text":"\"time - English notation for hour, minutes and seconds\""}]},{"reference":"Weisstein, Eric W. \"Prime\". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 31 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Prime.html","url_text":"\"Prime\""}]},{"reference":"\"Triatomic Spectral Database - List of Symbols\". www.physics.nist.gov. Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/MolSpec/Triatomic/Html/sec4.html","url_text":"\"Triatomic Spectral Database - List of Symbols\""}]},{"reference":"Bethin, Christina Y (1998). Slavic Prosody: Language Change and Phonological Theory. Cambridge University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-52-159148-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52-159148-5","url_text":"978-0-52-159148-5"}]},{"reference":"\"WCA Regulations - World Cube Association\". www.worldcubeassociation.org. Retrieved 22 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcubeassociation.org/regulations/#article-12-notation","url_text":"\"WCA Regulations - World Cube Association\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._David_Kingery
W. David Kingery
["1 Life","2 Awards","3 Works","3.1 Articles","3.2 Books","4 References","5 Further reading"]
Ceramic engineer William David KingeryBorn(1926-07-27)July 27, 1926White Plains, New York, United StatesDiedJune 30, 2000(2000-06-30) (aged 73)Wickford, Rhode IslandAlma materMassachusetts Institute of TechnologySpouseLily Koers KingeryChildrenWilliam Kingery, Rebecca JonesScientific careerFieldsMaterials scienceInstitutionsMassachusetts Institute of Technology; University of ArizonaThesis (1950)Doctoral advisorFrederick Harwood Norton William David Kingery (July 27, 1926 – June 30, 2000) was an American material scientist who developed systematic methods for the study of ceramics. For his work, he was awarded the Kyoto Prize in 1999. Life Kingery was born on July 27, 1926, in White Plains, New York, one of four children. His father was a doctor in private practice. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), he majored in inorganic chemistry, receiving his BSc in 1948. A professor at MIT, Frederick Harwood Norton, gave Kingery a stipend to remain at MIT and work on his PhD. Norton had been at MIT since 1939. He was a specialist in refractory materials, materials that retain their strength at high temperatures. He had published the standard textbook on the subject, Refractories. Kingery later described him as a "gifted ceramic sculptor" and also credited him with creating, in the Metallurgy Department at MIT, "the first interdisciplinary ceramic science program anywhere." Kingery took two years to complete a thesis on the chemical phosphate bonding of refractories and obtained his PhD in 1950. In 1951, he became a member of the faculty at MIT. When Kingery began working on ceramics, it was a collection of technologies that he later described as "akin to a craft industry". Each type of ceramic – including heavy clays (used for building), refractories, glass, pottery and porcelain – had its own subculture and empirical methods. Kingery built a theoretical foundation for ceramics on solid state physics and crystallography, creating a new field called physical ceramics. He developed quantitative models for the properties of ceramics; and to test them, made advances in the methods of measuring properties such as thermal conductivity. He contributed greatly to methods for processing ceramics, particularly sintering, a method for creating objects out of powders by heating them until they bond. He wrote a series of books on ceramics, culminating in Introduction to Ceramics, a book that became the "founding treatise" for ceramics. Kingery became a full professor in 1962. In 1987 he left MIT for Johns Hopkins University, and in 1988 joined the University of Arizona as Professor of Anthropology and Materials Science. In the departments of Anthropology and Materials Science and Engineering, he established an interdisciplinary program in Culture, Science and Technology. Among the students he advised was W. Patrick McCray (Ph.D., 1996) who is now a professor of the history of science and technology at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Kingery and his wife renovated an 18th-century cottage in Rhode Island, which they used as a summer home. An active ocean sailor, he made a single-handed voyage to Bermuda in 1975, and subsequently organized the Marion-Bermuda Yacht Race, an event that has occurred every two years since 1977. He also sailed across the Atlantic for a sabbatical in France and across the Pacific to Tahiti and to the Marquesas Islands, the site of Herman Melville's book Typee. Other interests included horse riding and flying a Piper aircraft. Kingery died of a heart attack at the age of 73. Awards In 1975, Kingery became a member of the National Academy of Engineering. In 1980 he gave the Edward Orton Jr. Memorial Lecture, "Social needs and ceramic technology", to the American Ceramic Society. In 1983 he became a Distinguished Life Member of the society. In 1984 he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. From 1989 to 1993, he was chairman of the board of trustees for the Academy of Ceramics. In 1992 the society gave him the Outstanding Ceramic Educator Award; and in 1998 it established the W. David Kingery Prize, with him as the first recipient. In 1999 the Inamori Foundation awarded him the Kyoto Prize for “Fundamental Contribution to Development of the Ceramics Science and Technology Based on the Physicochemical Theory”. The prize came with $400,000. In the citation for the prize, he was called the "father of modern ceramics". Works Articles Kingery published over 200 articles and his work was cited over 7500 times. —; Berg, M. (1955). "Study of the Initial Stages of Sintering Solids by Viscous Flow, Evaporation-Condensation, and Self-Diffusion". Journal of Applied Physics. 26 (10): 1205. Bibcode:1955JAP....26.1205K. doi:10.1063/1.1721874. — (1959). "Densification during Sintering in the Presence of a Liquid Phase. I. Theory". Journal of Applied Physics. 30 (3): 301–306. Bibcode:1959JAP....30..301K. doi:10.1063/1.1735155. —; Narasimhan, M. D. (1959). "Densification during Sintering in the Presence of a Liquid Phase. II. Experimental". Journal of Applied Physics. 30 (3): 307. Bibcode:1959JAP....30..307K. doi:10.1063/1.1735156. —; Pappis, J.; Doty, M. E.; Hill, D. C. (1959). "Oxygen Ion Mobility in Cubic Zr0.85Ca0.15O1.85". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 42 (8): 393–398. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1959.tb13599.x. — (1974). "Plausible Concepts Necessary and Sufficient for Interpretation of Ceramic Grain-Boundary Phenomena: I, Grain-Boundary Characteristics, Structure, and Electrostatic Potential". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 57 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1974.tb11350.x. — (1974). "Plausible Concepts Necessary and Sufficient for Interpretation of Ceramic Grain-Boundary Phenomena: II, Solute Segregation, Grain-Boundary Diffusion, and General Discussion". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 57 (2): 74–83. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1974.tb10818.x. Books — (1960). Introduction to Ceramics. John Wiley & Sons. —; Pamela B. Vandiver (1986). Ceramic masterpieces : art, structure, and technology. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-0029184806. References ^ a b c d "W. David Kingery". Kyoto Prize: The 1999 Laureates / Advanced Technology Category / Materials Science and Engineering. Inamori Foundation. Retrieved May 6, 2013. ^ a b c "W. David Kingery: Life history". Kyoto Prize eMuseum. Inamori Foundation. Retrieved May 7, 2013. ^ Norton, Frederick Harwood (1968). Refractories (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ^ a b c Kingery, W. David (1999), The science and technology of made things (commemorative lecture for Kyoto Prize) (PDF), Inamori Foundation, retrieved May 7, 2013 ^ a b Saxon, Wolfgang (July 8, 2000). "W. David Kingery, 73, Dies; Modernized Ceramics Making". The New York Times. Retrieved May 6, 2013. ^ Brook, Richard J. (2000). "Obituary: W. David Kingery (1926–2000)". Nature. 406 (6796): 582. doi:10.1038/35020685. PMID 10949287. ^ a b Givens, Douglas R. (2001). "Death Notices of Colleagues". Bulletin of the History of Archaeology. 11 (1): 32. doi:10.5334/bha.11111. ^ "Memory Lane". Marion-Bermuda Cruising Yacht Race Association, Inc. Retrieved May 11, 2013. ^ a b c Sales, Robert J. (September 11, 1999). "Longtime MIT professor wins Kyoto Prize". MIT news. Retrieved May 7, 2013. ^ "Edward Orton, Jr. Memorial Lecture: History of Winners" (PDF). The American Ceramic Society. Retrieved May 7, 2013. ^ "W. David Kingery: Citation". Kyoto Prize: The 1999 Laureates / Advanced Technology Category / Materials Science and Engineering. Inamori Foundation. Retrieved May 20, 2013. ^ "Web of Science". Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on July 1, 2011. Retrieved May 11, 2013. Further reading Bever, Michael Berliner (1988). Metallurgy and Materials Science and Engineering at MIT, 1865-1988. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Cahn, Robert W. (2001). The Coming of Materials Science (1st ed.). Burlington: Elsevier. ISBN 9780080529424. Carter, C. Barry; M. Grant Norton (2007). Ceramic materials science and engineering. New York: Springer. ISBN 9780387462707. Uhlmann, Donald; Vandiver, Pamela B. (2015). "W. David Kingery 1926–2000". In National Academy of Engineering (ed.). Memorial Tributes: Volume 19. The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/21785. ISBN 978-0-309-37720-1. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Latvia Japan Korea Netherlands Academics CiNii Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"material scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_scientist"},{"link_name":"ceramics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_materials"},{"link_name":"Kyoto Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Prize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KyotoProfile-1"}],"text":"William David Kingery (July 27, 1926 – June 30, 2000) was an American material scientist who developed systematic methods for the study of ceramics. For his work, he was awarded the Kyoto Prize in 1999.[1]","title":"W. David Kingery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"White Plains, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Plains,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KyotoLife-2"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"inorganic chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry"},{"link_name":"BSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KyotoProfile-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KyotoLife-2"},{"link_name":"refractory materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractory_material"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KyotoLecture-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KyotoLecture-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KyotoLecture-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KyotoProfile-1"},{"link_name":"porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcelain"},{"link_name":"solid state physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_state_physics"},{"link_name":"crystallography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallography"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KyotoLife-2"},{"link_name":"thermal conductivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivity"},{"link_name":"sintering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintering"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NatureObit-6"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"University of Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Givens-7"},{"link_name":"W. Patrick McCray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Patrick_McCray"},{"link_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara"},{"link_name":"Marion-Bermuda Yacht Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion-Bermuda_Yacht_Race"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tahiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahiti"},{"link_name":"Marquesas Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquesas_Islands"},{"link_name":"Herman Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Melville"},{"link_name":"Typee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typee"},{"link_name":"Piper aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MITnews-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-5"}],"text":"Kingery was born on July 27, 1926, in White Plains, New York, one of four children. His father was a doctor in private practice.[2] At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), he majored in inorganic chemistry, receiving his BSc in 1948.[1][2]A professor at MIT, Frederick Harwood Norton, gave Kingery a stipend to remain at MIT and work on his PhD. Norton had been at MIT since 1939. He was a specialist in refractory materials, materials that retain their strength at high temperatures. He had published the standard textbook on the subject, Refractories.[3][4] Kingery later described him as a \"gifted ceramic sculptor\" and also credited him with creating, in the Metallurgy Department at MIT, \"the first interdisciplinary ceramic science program anywhere.\"[4]Kingery took two years to complete a thesis on the chemical phosphate bonding of refractories and obtained his PhD in 1950.[4] In 1951, he became a member of the faculty at MIT.[1]When Kingery began working on ceramics, it was a collection of technologies that he later described as \"akin to a craft industry\". Each type of ceramic – including heavy clays (used for building), refractories, glass, pottery and porcelain – had its own subculture and empirical methods. Kingery built a theoretical foundation for ceramics on solid state physics and crystallography, creating a new field called physical ceramics.[2] He developed quantitative models for the properties of ceramics; and to test them, made advances in the methods of measuring properties such as thermal conductivity. He contributed greatly to methods for processing ceramics, particularly sintering, a method for creating objects out of powders by heating them until they bond.[5] He wrote a series of books on ceramics, culminating in Introduction to Ceramics, a book that became the \"founding treatise\" for ceramics.[6]Kingery became a full professor in 1962. In 1987 he left MIT for Johns Hopkins University, and in 1988 joined the University of Arizona as Professor of Anthropology and Materials Science. In the departments of Anthropology and Materials Science and Engineering, he established an interdisciplinary program in Culture, Science and Technology.[7] Among the students he advised was W. Patrick McCray (Ph.D., 1996) who is now a professor of the history of science and technology at the University of California, Santa Barbara.Kingery and his wife renovated an 18th-century cottage in Rhode Island, which they used as a summer home. An active ocean sailor, he made a single-handed voyage to Bermuda in 1975, and subsequently organized the Marion-Bermuda Yacht Race, an event that has occurred every two years since 1977.[8] He also sailed across the Atlantic for a sabbatical in France and across the Pacific to Tahiti and to the Marquesas Islands, the site of Herman Melville's book Typee. Other interests included horse riding and flying a Piper aircraft.[9]Kingery died of a heart attack at the age of 73.[5]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Academy of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"American Ceramic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ceramic_Society"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Givens-7"},{"link_name":"Kyoto Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Prize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KyotoProfile-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MITnews-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KyotoCitation-11"}],"text":"In 1975, Kingery became a member of the National Academy of Engineering. In 1980 he gave the Edward Orton Jr. Memorial Lecture, \"Social needs and ceramic technology\", to the American Ceramic Society.[10] In 1983 he became a Distinguished Life Member of the society. In 1984 he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[7] From 1989 to 1993, he was chairman of the board of trustees for the Academy of Ceramics. In 1992 the society gave him the Outstanding Ceramic Educator Award; and in 1998 it established the W. David Kingery Prize, with him as the first recipient. In 1999 the Inamori Foundation awarded him the Kyoto Prize for “Fundamental Contribution to Development of the Ceramics Science and Technology Based on the Physicochemical Theory”. The prize came with $400,000.[1][9] In the citation for the prize, he was called the \"father of modern ceramics\".[11]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MITnews-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1955JAP....26.1205K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1955JAP....26.1205K"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1063/1.1721874","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1721874"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1959JAP....30..301K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1959JAP....30..301K"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1063/1.1735155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1735155"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1959JAP....30..307K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1959JAP....30..307K"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1063/1.1735156","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1735156"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1151-2916.1959.tb13599.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1151-2916.1959.tb13599.x"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1151-2916.1974.tb11350.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1151-2916.1974.tb11350.x"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1151-2916.1974.tb10818.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1151-2916.1974.tb10818.x"}],"sub_title":"Articles","text":"Kingery published over 200 articles and his work was cited over 7500 times.[9][12]—; Berg, M. (1955). \"Study of the Initial Stages of Sintering Solids by Viscous Flow, Evaporation-Condensation, and Self-Diffusion\". Journal of Applied Physics. 26 (10): 1205. Bibcode:1955JAP....26.1205K. doi:10.1063/1.1721874.\n— (1959). \"Densification during Sintering in the Presence of a Liquid Phase. I. Theory\". Journal of Applied Physics. 30 (3): 301–306. Bibcode:1959JAP....30..301K. doi:10.1063/1.1735155.\n—; Narasimhan, M. D. (1959). \"Densification during Sintering in the Presence of a Liquid Phase. II. Experimental\". Journal of Applied Physics. 30 (3): 307. Bibcode:1959JAP....30..307K. doi:10.1063/1.1735156.\n—; Pappis, J.; Doty, M. E.; Hill, D. C. (1959). \"Oxygen Ion Mobility in Cubic Zr0.85Ca0.15O1.85\". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 42 (8): 393–398. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1959.tb13599.x.\n— (1974). \"Plausible Concepts Necessary and Sufficient for Interpretation of Ceramic Grain-Boundary Phenomena: I, Grain-Boundary Characteristics, Structure, and Electrostatic Potential\". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 57 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1974.tb11350.x.\n— (1974). \"Plausible Concepts Necessary and Sufficient for Interpretation of Ceramic Grain-Boundary Phenomena: II, Solute Segregation, Grain-Boundary Diffusion, and General Discussion\". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 57 (2): 74–83. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1974.tb10818.x.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Introduction to Ceramics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/introductiontoce00king"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0029184806","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0029184806"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"— (1960). Introduction to Ceramics. John Wiley & Sons.\n—; Pamela B. Vandiver (1986). Ceramic masterpieces : art, structure, and technology. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-0029184806.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780080529424","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080529424"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780387462707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780387462707"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.17226/21785","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.17226%2F21785"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-309-37720-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-37720-1"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15447222#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000116109770"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/27154928"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkhHCHP7D88thYHg4gVG3"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90174760"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12420293x"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12420293x"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1089212283"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007441615105171"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14392667"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n83828156"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000124175&P_CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00445725"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018M3320"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072428635"},{"link_name":"CiNii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00086185?l=en"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/033325847"}],"text":"Bever, Michael Berliner (1988). Metallurgy and Materials Science and Engineering at MIT, 1865-1988. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.\nCahn, Robert W. (2001). The Coming of Materials Science (1st ed.). Burlington: Elsevier. ISBN 9780080529424.\nCarter, C. Barry; M. Grant Norton (2007). Ceramic materials science and engineering. New York: Springer. ISBN 9780387462707.\nUhlmann, Donald; Vandiver, Pamela B. (2015). \"W. David Kingery 1926–2000\". In National Academy of Engineering (ed.). Memorial Tributes: Volume 19. The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/21785. ISBN 978-0-309-37720-1.Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nBelgium\nUnited States\nLatvia\nJapan\nKorea\nNetherlands\nAcademics\nCiNii\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"—; Berg, M. (1955). \"Study of the Initial Stages of Sintering Solids by Viscous Flow, Evaporation-Condensation, and Self-Diffusion\". Journal of Applied Physics. 26 (10): 1205. Bibcode:1955JAP....26.1205K. doi:10.1063/1.1721874.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1955JAP....26.1205K","url_text":"1955JAP....26.1205K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1721874","url_text":"10.1063/1.1721874"}]},{"reference":"— (1959). \"Densification during Sintering in the Presence of a Liquid Phase. I. Theory\". Journal of Applied Physics. 30 (3): 301–306. Bibcode:1959JAP....30..301K. doi:10.1063/1.1735155.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1959JAP....30..301K","url_text":"1959JAP....30..301K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1735155","url_text":"10.1063/1.1735155"}]},{"reference":"—; Narasimhan, M. D. (1959). \"Densification during Sintering in the Presence of a Liquid Phase. II. Experimental\". Journal of Applied Physics. 30 (3): 307. Bibcode:1959JAP....30..307K. doi:10.1063/1.1735156.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1959JAP....30..307K","url_text":"1959JAP....30..307K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1735156","url_text":"10.1063/1.1735156"}]},{"reference":"—; Pappis, J.; Doty, M. E.; Hill, D. C. (1959). \"Oxygen Ion Mobility in Cubic Zr0.85Ca0.15O1.85\". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 42 (8): 393–398. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1959.tb13599.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1151-2916.1959.tb13599.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1151-2916.1959.tb13599.x"}]},{"reference":"— (1974). \"Plausible Concepts Necessary and Sufficient for Interpretation of Ceramic Grain-Boundary Phenomena: I, Grain-Boundary Characteristics, Structure, and Electrostatic Potential\". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 57 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1974.tb11350.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1151-2916.1974.tb11350.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1151-2916.1974.tb11350.x"}]},{"reference":"— (1974). \"Plausible Concepts Necessary and Sufficient for Interpretation of Ceramic Grain-Boundary Phenomena: II, Solute Segregation, Grain-Boundary Diffusion, and General Discussion\". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 57 (2): 74–83. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1974.tb10818.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1151-2916.1974.tb10818.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1151-2916.1974.tb10818.x"}]},{"reference":"— (1960). Introduction to Ceramics. John Wiley & Sons.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/introductiontoce00king","url_text":"Introduction to Ceramics"}]},{"reference":"—; Pamela B. Vandiver (1986). Ceramic masterpieces : art, structure, and technology. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-0029184806.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0029184806","url_text":"978-0029184806"}]},{"reference":"\"W. David Kingery\". Kyoto Prize: The 1999 Laureates / Advanced Technology Category / Materials Science and Engineering. Inamori Foundation. Retrieved May 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inamori-f.or.jp/laureates/k15_a_david/prf_e.html","url_text":"\"W. David Kingery\""}]},{"reference":"\"W. David Kingery: Life history\". Kyoto Prize eMuseum. Inamori Foundation. Retrieved May 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://emuseum.kyotoprize.org/en/WDavidKingery","url_text":"\"W. David Kingery: Life history\""}]},{"reference":"Norton, Frederick Harwood (1968). Refractories (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kingery, W. David (1999), The science and technology of made things (commemorative lecture for Kyoto Prize) (PDF), Inamori Foundation, retrieved May 7, 2013","urls":[{"url":"http://emuseum.kyotoprize.org/sites/default/files/WDavidKingery_e.pdf","url_text":"The science and technology of made things (commemorative lecture for Kyoto Prize)"}]},{"reference":"Saxon, Wolfgang (July 8, 2000). \"W. David Kingery, 73, Dies; Modernized Ceramics Making\". The New York Times. Retrieved May 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/08/us/w-david-kingery-73-dies-modernized-ceramics-making.html","url_text":"\"W. David Kingery, 73, Dies; Modernized Ceramics Making\""}]},{"reference":"Brook, Richard J. (2000). \"Obituary: W. David Kingery (1926–2000)\". Nature. 406 (6796): 582. doi:10.1038/35020685. PMID 10949287.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35020685","url_text":"\"Obituary: W. David Kingery (1926–2000)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35020685","url_text":"10.1038/35020685"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10949287","url_text":"10949287"}]},{"reference":"Givens, Douglas R. (2001). \"Death Notices of Colleagues\". Bulletin of the History of Archaeology. 11 (1): 32. doi:10.5334/bha.11111.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fbha.11111","url_text":"\"Death Notices of Colleagues\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fbha.11111","url_text":"10.5334/bha.11111"}]},{"reference":"\"Memory Lane\". Marion-Bermuda Cruising Yacht Race Association, Inc. Retrieved May 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marionbermuda.com/index.php?page=memory","url_text":"\"Memory Lane\""}]},{"reference":"Sales, Robert J. (September 11, 1999). \"Longtime MIT professor wins Kyoto Prize\". MIT news. Retrieved May 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mit.edu/newsoffice/1999/kingery-0911.html","url_text":"\"Longtime MIT professor wins Kyoto Prize\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edward Orton, Jr. Memorial Lecture: History of Winners\" (PDF). The American Ceramic Society. Retrieved May 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://ceramics.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/orton_recipient_list_2012.pdf","url_text":"\"Edward Orton, Jr. Memorial Lecture: History of Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"W. David Kingery: Citation\". Kyoto Prize: The 1999 Laureates / Advanced Technology Category / Materials Science and Engineering. Inamori Foundation. Retrieved May 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inamori-f.or.jp/laureates/k15_a_david/ctn_e.html","url_text":"\"W. David Kingery: Citation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Web of Science\". Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on July 1, 2011. Retrieved May 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110701061806/http://thomsonreuters.com/products_services/science/science_products/a-z/web_of_science/","url_text":"\"Web of Science\""},{"url":"http://thomsonreuters.com/products_services/science/science_products/a-z/web_of_science/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bever, Michael Berliner (1988). Metallurgy and Materials Science and Engineering at MIT, 1865-1988. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cahn, Robert W. (2001). The Coming of Materials Science (1st ed.). Burlington: Elsevier. ISBN 9780080529424.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080529424","url_text":"9780080529424"}]},{"reference":"Carter, C. Barry; M. Grant Norton (2007). Ceramic materials science and engineering. New York: Springer. ISBN 9780387462707.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780387462707","url_text":"9780387462707"}]},{"reference":"Uhlmann, Donald; Vandiver, Pamela B. (2015). \"W. David Kingery 1926–2000\". In National Academy of Engineering (ed.). Memorial Tributes: Volume 19. The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/21785. ISBN 978-0-309-37720-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17226%2F21785","url_text":"10.17226/21785"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-37720-1","url_text":"978-0-309-37720-1"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegnesischer_Blumenorden
Pegnesischer Blumenorden
["1 History","2 See also","3 Citations","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
Seal of the Pegnesischer Blumenorden The Pegnesischer Blumenorden (English: Pegnitz Flower Society; Latin: Societas Florigera ad Pegnesum; abbr. P.Bl.O.) is a German literary society that was founded in Nuremberg in 1644. It is the sole Baroque literary society that remains active today. The name derived from the river Pegnitz, which flows through Nuremberg. History Cover of the society's periodical, centennial edition (1744) The Society was founded in 1644 by the poets Georg Philipp Harsdörffer and Johann Klaj on the model of the Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft (Fruitbearing Society). Members called themselves Pegnitzschäfer (Pegnitz shepherds). The stated goal of the society was the "support and improvement of German language and poetry." After the deaths of Klaj and Harsdörffer (1656, 1658, resp.), Sigmund von Birken revived the Society and became its director until his death in 1681. Under his leadership a total of almost 60 new members were inducted. Unusually for the time, Birken also allowed women to join; a total of 14 did so. The best known among these was Maria Catharina Stockfleth  (1634–1692). The 1660s and 1670s saw the society at its most fertile; its members produced many pastorals in the style of Virgil and Opitz. After Birken's death the Society began a slow decline. His successors Martin Limburger  and Magnus Daniel Omeis  were not especially successful in their attempt to promote and propagate the florid Baroque style in the 18th century, by which time the more structured neoclassical style had become the norm. Nevertheless, the society has continually maintained a membership of some sort, and remains active to this day. See also Irrhain Citations ^ "Institut Deutsche Adelsforschung: Edelleute im Pegnesischen Blumenorden". Archived from the original on 2012-06-20. Retrieved 2012-01-18. Further reading Irmtraud Andrian-Werburg, Eberhard Slenczka: 350 Jahre Pegnesischer Blumenorden. 1644–1994. Exhibit catalog. Nürnberg: Verlag des Germanischen Nationalmuseums, 1994, ISBN 3-926982-36-5. Renate Jürgensen: Utile cum dulci = Mit Nutzen erfreulich. Die Blütezeit des Pegnesischen Blumenordens in Nürnberg 1644 bis 1744. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1994, ISBN 3-447-03578-1. Jane O. Newman, Pastoral Conventions: Poetry, Language, and Thought in Seventeenth-Century Nuremberg. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8018-3996-3. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pegnesischer Blumenorden. Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Pegnitz Order. Pegnesischer Blumenorden, official website Private site concerning the Pegnesischen Blumenorden History of the Pegnesischen Blumenorden Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Other IdRef
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The name derived from the river Pegnitz, which flows through Nuremberg.","title":"Pegnesischer Blumenorden"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blumenorden.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georg Philipp Harsdörffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Harsd%C3%B6rffer"},{"link_name":"Johann Klaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Klaj"},{"link_name":"Fruitbearing Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruitbearing_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mdz-1|-1"},{"link_name":"Sigmund von Birken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_von_Birken"},{"link_name":"Maria Catharina Stockfleth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Catharina_Stockfleth&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Catharina_Stockfleth"},{"link_name":"pastorals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral"},{"link_name":"Virgil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil"},{"link_name":"Opitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Opitz"},{"link_name":"Martin Limburger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Limburger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Limburger"},{"link_name":"Magnus Daniel Omeis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Daniel_Omeis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Daniel_Omeis"},{"link_name":"neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicism"}],"text":"Cover of the society's periodical, centennial edition (1744)The Society was founded in 1644 by the poets Georg Philipp Harsdörffer and Johann Klaj on the model of the Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft (Fruitbearing Society). Members called themselves Pegnitzschäfer (Pegnitz shepherds). The stated goal of the society was the \"support and improvement of German language and poetry.\"[1]After the deaths of Klaj and Harsdörffer (1656, 1658, resp.), Sigmund von Birken revived the Society and became its director until his death in 1681. Under his leadership a total of almost 60 new members were inducted. Unusually for the time, Birken also allowed women to join; a total of 14 did so. The best known among these was Maria Catharina Stockfleth [de] (1634–1692).The 1660s and 1670s saw the society at its most fertile; its members produced many pastorals in the style of Virgil and Opitz.After Birken's death the Society began a slow decline. His successors Martin Limburger [de] and Magnus Daniel Omeis [de] were not especially successful in their attempt to promote and propagate the florid Baroque style in the 18th century, by which time the more structured neoclassical style had become the norm. Nevertheless, the society has continually maintained a membership of some sort, and remains active to this day.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mdz-1|_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Institut Deutsche Adelsforschung: Edelleute im Pegnesischen Blumenorden\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120620082559/http://home.foni.net/~adelsforschung/blum00.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//home.foni.net/~adelsforschung/blum00.htm"}],"text":"^ \"Institut Deutsche Adelsforschung: Edelleute im Pegnesischen Blumenorden\". Archived from the original on 2012-06-20. Retrieved 2012-01-18.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-926982-36-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-926982-36-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-447-03578-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-03578-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8018-3996-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-3996-3"}],"text":"Irmtraud Andrian-Werburg, Eberhard Slenczka: 350 Jahre Pegnesischer Blumenorden. 1644–1994. Exhibit catalog. Nürnberg: Verlag des Germanischen Nationalmuseums, 1994, ISBN 3-926982-36-5.\nRenate Jürgensen: Utile cum dulci = Mit Nutzen erfreulich. Die Blütezeit des Pegnesischen Blumenordens in Nürnberg 1644 bis 1744. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1994, ISBN 3-447-03578-1.\nJane O. Newman, Pastoral Conventions: Poetry, Language, and Thought in Seventeenth-Century Nuremberg. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8018-3996-3.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"title":"Irrhain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrhain"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dad_Country
Dad Country
["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"]
2013 studio album by Jonny FritzDad CountryStudio album by Jonny FritzReleasedApril 15, 2013 (2013-04-15)StudioJackson Browne's studio in Los Angeles, CaliforniaGenreCountry musicLength34:18LabelATO RecordsProducerJonny Fritz, Taylor GoldsmithJonny Fritz chronology Down on the Bikini Line(2011) Dad Country(2013) Sweet Creep(2016) Dad Country is the third album by American country musician Jonny Fritz, and his first under his real name (as opposed to his stage name, Jonny Corndawg). It was released on ATO Records on April 15, 2013, and was co-produced by Fritz and Dawes guitarist-singer Taylor Goldsmith. Critical reception Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic(70/100)Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusic(unrated)American SongwriterBlurtPaste(5.0/10)Robert ChristgauA– According to review aggregator Metacritic, Dad Country received generally favorable reviews from critics. For example, Robert Christgau gave the album an A−, and said that it "presents as an ordinary Southern-accented male with an unusually high-strung larynx who goes to bars and forgets the garbage and bathes in the holy pool of the Mount of Venus and catches sick and drives 250 miles to get tossed from your birthday party just like any other fella." Track listing Goodbye Summer 03:30 All We Do Is Complain 03:14 Holy Water 02:40 Social Climbers 03:01 Aint It Your Birthday (free) 03:12 Shut Up 04:22 Wrong Crowd 02:21 Have You Ever Wanted To Die 01:56 Fever Dreams 02:32 Trash Day 02:58 Suck In Your Gut 01:55 Instrumental 02:37 Personnel Rachel Briggs- Cover Photo Spencer Cullum- Pedal Steel Jonny Fritz- Back Cover Photo, Composer, Photography, Primary Artist, Producer, Vocals Wylie Gelber- Bass Griffin Goldsmith- Drums, Vocals (Background) Taylor Goldsmith- Guitar, Guitar (Rhythm), Producer, Vocals (Background) Kevin Hayes- Cover Photo Josh Hedley- Fiddle, Vocals (Background) Blake Mills- Guitar Jerry Pentecost- Drums Tay Strathairn- Piano Taylor Zachry- Bass References ^ a b Leggett, Steve. "Dad Country". AllMusic. ^ a b "Dad Country". Metacritic. ^ Horowitz, Hal (2013-04-16). "Dad Country Review". American Songwriter. ^ Deusner, Stephen M. (2013-04-16). "Jonny Fritz: Dad Country". Paste. ^ a b Christgau, Robert (2013-04-16). "Jonny Fritz/Brad Paisley". MSN Music. MSN. ^ Berick, Michael (2013-04-16). "Review: Dad Country". Blurt. Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEPs_for_Austria_2009%E2%80%932014
List of members of the European Parliament for Austria, 2009–2014
["1 Lists","2 Footnotes","3 External links"]
Members of theEuropean Parliament for Austria Delegation (1995) 4th term (1996) 5th term (1999) 6th term (2004) 7th term (2009) 8th term (2014) 9th term (2019) vte This is a list of the 17 members of the European Parliament for Austria in the 2009 to 2014 session. One person from Alliance for the Future and one from Social Democratic Party entered the Parliament in December 2011, bringing the number of MEPs to 19. Lists Name National party EP Group Martin Ehrenhauser   Hans-Peter Martin's List   NI Karin Kadenbach   Social Democratic Party   S&D Othmar Karas   People's Party   EPP Elisabeth Köstinger   People's Party   EPP Jörg Leichtfried   Social Democratic Party   S&D Eva Lichtenberger   The Greens–The Green Alternative   G–EFA Ulrike Lunacek   The Greens–The Green Alternative   G–EFA Hans-Peter Martin   Hans-Peter Martin's List   NI Andreas Mölzer   Freedom Party   NI Franz Obermayr   Freedom Party   NI Hella Ranner   People's Party   EPP Evelyn Regner   Social Democratic Party   S&D Paul Rübig   People's Party   EPP Richard Seeber   People's Party   EPP Ewald Stadler   Alliance for the Future   NI Ernst Strasser   People's Party   EPP Hannes Swoboda   Social Democratic Party   S&D Angelika Werthmann   Hans-Peter Martin's List   NI Josef Weidenholzer   Social Democratic Party   S&D Footnotes ^ Resigned in 2011 following media allegations of her intention to repay a business debt with parliamentary fees. Replaced by Heinz Becker on 1 April 2011. ^ MEP since the Lisbon Treaty. ^ Resigned in 2011 because of the 2011 cash for laws scandal. Replaced by Hubert Pirker on 31 March 2011. ^ MEP since the Lisbon Treaty. External links European Parliament in Austria website with results, accessed 21 June 2009 Article about the two new MEP's ,accessed 13 December 2010 -Wiener Zeitung vte Members of the European Parliament1952–1958 Belgium France West Germany Italy Luxembourg Netherlands 1958–1979 Belgium Denmark (1973) France West Germany Ireland (1973), (1973–1977), (1977–1979) Italy Luxembourg Netherlands United Kingdom (1973) 1979–1984 Belgium Denmark France West Germany Greece (1981) Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands United Kingdom 1984–1989 Belgium Denmark France West Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Portugal (1987) Spain (1987) United Kingdom 1989–1994 Belgium Denmark France (West) Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Portugal Spain United Kingdom 1994–1999 Austria (1996) Belgium Denmark Finland (1996) France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Portugal Spain Sweden (1995) United Kingdom 1999–2004 Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom 2004–2009 Austria Belgium Bulgaria (2007) Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania (2007) Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom 2009–2014 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia (2013) Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom 2014–2019 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom 2019–2024 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom (2019–2020) 2024–2029 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Women Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Delegations Greece (1981) Portugal (1986) Spain (1986) Sweden (1995) Austria (1995) Finland (1995) Cyprus (2004) Czech Republic (2004)  Estonia (2004)  Hungary (2004)  Latvia (2004)  Lithuania (2004)  Malta (2004)  Poland (2004) Slovakia (2004) Slovenia (2004)  Bulgaria (2007) Romania (2007) Observers Portugal Spain East Germany Cyprus (2003) Czech Republic (2003) Estonia (2003) Hungary (2003) Latvia (2003) Lithuania (2003) Malta (2003) Poland (2003) Slovakia (2003) Slovenia (2003) Bulgaria (2005) Romania (2005) Croatia (2012)
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Trumbull
Edward Trumbull
["1 Biography","2 Personal life and bigamy scandal","3 References"]
American painter Edward Trumbull (1884 – 1968) was an American painter known primarily as a muralist. Illustration by Trumbull for an advertisement from the Standard Sanitary Mfg. Co. of Pittsburgh Biography Edward Trumbull was born in Michigan and raised in Stonington, Connecticut. He studied at the Art Students League in New York City. He next worked in London, England as an assistant to the Welsh artist Frank Brangwyn. He was introduced to the condiment mogul Henry J. Heinz by the painter Sir Alfred East. Heinz then hired him to create the murals in Heinz administration building in Pittsburgh. In 1915 Trumbull executed two murals for the Pennsylvania Building at the Panama-Pacific Exposition in San Francisco designed by architect Henry Hornbostel, “William Penn’s Treaty with the Indians” and “The Steel Industries of Pittsburgh”.Trumbull resided in Pittsburgh between 1912 and 1920. Trumbull then moved to New York City. In Manhattan Trumbull created the art-deco terra cotta façade bas relief on the Chanin Building, the "Graybar passage mural" in Grand Central Terminal (1927) rendered on one of the seven vaults comprising the passage's ceiling and depicting transportation, and the mural "Transport and Human Endeavor" on the celing of the lobby of the Chrysler Building (1930), the largest ever painting at the time, Personal life and bigamy scandal In 1911, Trumbull was engaged to the painter Katherine Sophie Dreier, when they both lived in London. In August 1911, he married Dreier at her home at 6 Montague Terrace in Brooklyn. Shortly after the marriage ceremony, Dreier found out that he was already married as Trumbull's existing betrothal had not come to a legal conclusion. Trumbull and Dreier's marriage was thus annulled. References ^ a b "Architecture Feature: Edward Trumbull in Pittsburgh". Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation. October 2, 2017. ^ History, Bookworm (April 23, 2017). "The Story of Grand Central's OTHER Ceiling Mural". ^ "Chrysler Building celebrates 85th birthday | Boo York City". ^ "12 Beautiful Works of Art to Discover in Grand Central Terminal - Page 3 of 15". May 13, 2020. ^ "The Iconic Chrysler Building is Up for Sale". February 5, 2019. ^ "CultureNOW - Chrysler Building Murals: William Van Alen and Edward Trumbull". culturenow.org. ^ Kort, Carol; Sonneborn, Liz (May 14, 2014). A to Z of American Women in the Visual Arts. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438107912 – via Google Books. ^ "Katherine Sophie Dreier". March 21, 2019. Authority control databases International VIAF Artists ULAN
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_abad%C3%ADa_del_crimen
La Abadía del Crimen
["1 Gameplay","2 Ports","3 Features","4 Reception","5 Legacy","5.1 Port","5.2 Remakes","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
1987 video game 1987 video gameLa abadía del crimenDeveloper(s)Opera SoftPublisher(s)Opera SoftDesigner(s)Paco MenéndezArtist(s)Juan DelcánPlatform(s)Amstrad CPC, MSX, MS-DOS, ZX SpectrumRelease1987Genre(s)AdventureMode(s)Single-player La abadía del crimen (The Abbey of Crime) is a video game written by Paco Menéndez with graphics made by Juan Delcán and published in 1987 by Opera Soft. It was conceived as a version of Umberto Eco's 1980 book The Name of the Rose. Paco Menéndez and Opera Soft were unable to secure the rights for the name, so the game was released as La abadía del crimen. "The Abbey of the Crime" was the working title of the novel The Name of the Rose. This game is an adventure with isometric graphics. A Franciscan friar, William of Occam (William of Baskerville in the book) and his young novice Adso have to discover the perpetrator of a series of murders in a medieval Italian abbey. Gameplay The main characters: Guillermo Adso and the Abbot (Amstrad screenshot) The player controls the movement of the friar Fra William (mistakenly described as a monk in the user manual). The player also has the possibility of controlling the movement of the novice Adso within the same screen in which Fra William is. If the key for controlling the novice is not pressed, he follows Fra William most of the time. The game features other characters representing the monks of the abbey who behave according to programmed artificial intelligence to move throughout the mapping of the abbey and show a series of dialogs shown by written text which is moved along the lower part of the screen. An extensive mapping of the abbey is represented in a large series of screens with 3D isometric graphics. A series of objects has to be collected in order to successfully complete the game. The action occurs in seven days subdivided in different Canonical hours. The time (day + current hour) is indicated at the bottom left of the screen. The game starts with the abbot welcoming Fra William and explaining that a monk has disappeared. He also explains to Fra William that he is obligated to obey the orders of the abbot and the rules of the monastery, attend religious services and meals and stay in his cell at night while the research of the crimes is pursued. During the game, the novice Adso would remind players when they have to attend offices and meals, and players can just follow him if they forget the way to the church or the refectory. If the player disobeys any orders, or are late for services or meals, then their obsequium level, indicated on the bottom right-hand-side of the screen, will drop (obsequium is Latin for subservience or obedience). If the player's obsequium level drops to zero, the abbot will not tolerate their disrespect any longer, and the player is asked to leave the abbey, while missing a prayer office or being caught wandering around at night results in immediate expulsion - both mean that the game is over. Ports The game was originally developed for the Amstrad CPC 6128 8-bit platform and ported to other systems: ZX Spectrum, MSX, and MS-DOS. The Amstrad CPC 464 version was different from the 6128 original, since several rooms and decoration were removed to fit the game on the 64K of the 464. The only ZX Spectrum version is for the 128 platform. Features The music played in the game corresponds to the Minuet in G major and the sonata for flute BWV 1033 by Bach, and Crystal Palace from Gwendal. The original PC version also featured "Ave Maria" from Schubert, in a short chorus recording that played through the speaker when the player went to the church. There is also a form of copy protection: if an illegal copy of the game was detected, then once the player entered the church, instead of "Ave Maria" playing, a voice would cry "¡Pirata!" (Spanish for "pirate") ten times in descending tones before the game crashed. Reception The game had a modest commercial success and was never officially released outside of Spain, a country where it came to achieve a cult following. The game is considered one of the perfect ten games for the Spectrum 128 according to Retro Gamer. The game was referenced on a Spanish postal stamp. Legacy Port Microsoft Windows version from the original MS-DOS version with 256 colour graphics and translations. MSX2 version from the original MSX version adding a 16-colour palette and load/save from the disk. Amstrad PCW version from the original Amstrad CPC version. Remakes Game Boy Advance version J2ME commercial version A complete disassembly of the original Z80 code for the Amstrad CPC and a rewrite of it in C++ was made by Manuel Abadia (Vigasoco project). There is a Simple DirectMedia Layer (SDL) port of Vigasoco that runs on Linux-x86, Linux-PowerPC (PS3), PS2, Windows XP, Mac OS X, Dreamcast, Google Native Client and WebAssembly. VigasocoSDL patches to run on RG350 (Anbernic), and Android. Vigasoco is translated to Java and GWT and runs on web browsers. Several ports were based on disassembly of the original. Swift version to run on iOS devices. Visual Basic (unfinished) VB.net Java version The Abbey of Crime Extensum, extended J2SE edition, available for free on Steam. See also Golden era of Spanish software References ^ Postscript to The Name of the Rose, 1984, Umberto Eco. ^ a b Hernández, Álvaro (11 May 2017). "Treinta años de 'La abadía del crimen', el Quijote de los videojuegos en España". eldiario.es (in Spanish). Diario de Prensa Digital S.L. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020. ^ Spectrum 128 perfect ten games. Retro Gamer 48, pages 64 and 65 ^ "Remake de la Abadía del Crimen". Archived from the original on 21 July 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2016. ^ "La Abadía del Crimen - Remake MSX2". ^ "La Abadía del Crimen (PCW)". Archived from the original on 24 April 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2013. ^ "Parcial". Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016. ^ "Vigasoco". Archived from the original on 26 June 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2007. ^ "VigasocoSDL". Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2013. ^ "Abbey". GitHub. 20 September 2021. ^ "La abadía del crimen". GitHub. 4 August 2021. ^ "Abadia_iOS". GitHub. 4 August 2021. ^ "AbadiaVb". GitHub. 4 August 2021. ^ "Abadia.net". GitHub. 4 August 2021. ^ "La Abadía del Crimen". Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2010. ^ "La Abadía del Crimen Extensum". Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016. External links La abadía del crimen at Spectrum Computing Remake for PC Archived 10 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish) vteUmberto Eco's The Name of the Rose (1980)CharactersFictional William of Baskerville Historical Ubertino of Casale Michael of Cesena Bernard Gui Bertrand du Pouget Adaptations 1986 film 2019 miniseries Related games La Abadía del Crimen Murder in the Abbey Mystery of the Abbey
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paco Menéndez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paco_Men%C3%A9ndez"},{"link_name":"Opera Soft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Soft"},{"link_name":"Umberto Eco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco"},{"link_name":"The Name of the Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Name_of_the_Rose"},{"link_name":"Paco Menéndez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paco_Men%C3%A9ndez"},{"link_name":"Opera Soft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Soft"},{"link_name":"working title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_title"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"isometric graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometric_graphics"},{"link_name":"William of Occam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Occam"},{"link_name":"William of Baskerville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Baskerville"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey"}],"text":"1987 video gameLa abadía del crimen (The Abbey of Crime) is a video game written by Paco Menéndez with graphics made by Juan Delcán and published in 1987 by Opera Soft. It was conceived as a version of Umberto Eco's 1980 book The Name of the Rose. Paco Menéndez and Opera Soft were unable to secure the rights for the name, so the game was released as La abadía del crimen. \"The Abbey of the Crime\" was the working title of the novel The Name of the Rose.[1]This game is an adventure with isometric graphics. A Franciscan friar, William of Occam (William of Baskerville in the book) and his young novice Adso have to discover the perpetrator of a series of murders in a medieval Italian abbey.","title":"La Abadía del Crimen"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Abadia_del_Crimen_Guillermo_Adso_y_el_Abad.jpg"},{"link_name":"friar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friar"},{"link_name":"monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_monasticism"},{"link_name":"isometric graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometric_graphics"},{"link_name":"Canonical hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_hours"},{"link_name":"abbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot"},{"link_name":"religious services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_service"},{"link_name":"cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastic_cell"},{"link_name":"offices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours"},{"link_name":"refectory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refectory"},{"link_name":"game is over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_over"}],"text":"The main characters: Guillermo Adso and the Abbot (Amstrad screenshot)The player controls the movement of the friar Fra William (mistakenly described as a monk in the user manual). The player also has the possibility of controlling the movement of the novice Adso within the same screen in which Fra William is. If the key for controlling the novice is not pressed, he follows Fra William most of the time. The game features other characters representing the monks of the abbey who behave according to programmed artificial intelligence to move throughout the mapping of the abbey and show a series of dialogs shown by written text which is moved along the lower part of the screen.An extensive mapping of the abbey is represented in a large series of screens with 3D isometric graphics. A series of objects has to be collected in order to successfully complete the game. The action occurs in seven days subdivided in different Canonical hours. The time (day + current hour) is indicated at the bottom left of the screen.The game starts with the abbot welcoming Fra William and explaining that a monk has disappeared. He also explains to Fra William that he is obligated to obey the orders of the abbot and the rules of the monastery, attend religious services and meals and stay in his cell at night while the research of the crimes is pursued. During the game, the novice Adso would remind players when they have to attend offices and meals, and players can just follow him if they forget the way to the church or the refectory.If the player disobeys any orders, or are late for services or meals, then their obsequium level, indicated on the bottom right-hand-side of the screen, will drop (obsequium is Latin for subservience or obedience). If the player's obsequium level drops to zero, the abbot will not tolerate their disrespect any longer, and the player is asked to leave the abbey, while missing a prayer office or being caught wandering around at night results in immediate expulsion - both mean that the game is over.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amstrad CPC 6128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstrad_CPC_6128"},{"link_name":"ZX Spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX_Spectrum"},{"link_name":"MSX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSX"},{"link_name":"MS-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS"},{"link_name":"Amstrad CPC 464","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstrad_CPC_464"},{"link_name":"ZX Spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX_Spectrum"}],"text":"The game was originally developed for the Amstrad CPC 6128 8-bit platform and ported to other systems: ZX Spectrum, MSX, and MS-DOS. The Amstrad CPC 464 version was different from the 6128 original, since several rooms and decoration were removed to fit the game on the 64K of the 464.The only ZX Spectrum version is for the 128 platform.","title":"Ports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minuet in G major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuet_in_G_major,_(BWV_Anh._114)"},{"link_name":"sonata for flute BWV 1033","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonata_in_C_major_for_flute_or_recorder_and_basso_continuo"},{"link_name":"Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"Ave Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellens_dritter_Gesang"},{"link_name":"Schubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Schubert"},{"link_name":"copy protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copy_protection"}],"text":"The music played in the game corresponds to the Minuet in G major and the sonata for flute BWV 1033 by Bach, and Crystal Palace from Gwendal. The original PC version also featured \"Ave Maria\" from Schubert, in a short chorus recording that played through the speaker when the player went to the church.There is also a form of copy protection: if an illegal copy of the game was detected, then once the player entered the church, instead of \"Ave Maria\" playing, a voice would cry \"¡Pirata!\" (Spanish for \"pirate\") ten times in descending tones before the game crashed.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cult following","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_following"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eldiario-2"},{"link_name":"Retro Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retro_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eldiario-2"}],"text":"The game had a modest commercial success and was never officially released outside of Spain, a country where it came to achieve a cult following.[2] The game is considered one of the perfect ten games for the Spectrum 128 according to Retro Gamer.[3]The game was referenced on a Spanish postal stamp.[2]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"MSX2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSX2"},{"link_name":"MSX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSX"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Amstrad PCW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstrad_PCW"},{"link_name":"Amstrad CPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstrad_CPC"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Port","text":"Microsoft Windows version from the original MS-DOS version with 256 colour graphics and translations.[4]\nMSX2 version from the original MSX version adding a 16-colour palette and load/save from the disk.[5]\nAmstrad PCW version from the original Amstrad CPC version.[6]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Game Boy Advance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"J2ME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J2ME"},{"link_name":"Z80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z80"},{"link_name":"Amstrad CPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstrad_CPC"},{"link_name":"C++","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Simple DirectMedia Layer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"x86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"PowerPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC"},{"link_name":"PS3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS3"},{"link_name":"PS2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS2"},{"link_name":"Windows XP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XP"},{"link_name":"Mac OS X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X"},{"link_name":"Dreamcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamcast"},{"link_name":"Google Native Client","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Native_Client"},{"link_name":"WebAssembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAssembly"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_applet"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"J2SE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J2SE"},{"link_name":"Steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_(service)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Remakes","text":"Game Boy Advance version[7]\nJ2ME commercial version\nA complete disassembly of the original Z80 code for the Amstrad CPC and a rewrite of it in C++ was made by Manuel Abadia (Vigasoco project).[8]\nThere is a Simple DirectMedia Layer (SDL) port of Vigasoco that runs on Linux-x86, Linux-PowerPC (PS3), PS2, Windows XP, Mac OS X, Dreamcast, Google Native Client and WebAssembly.[9]\nVigasocoSDL patches to run on RG350 (Anbernic), and Android.[10]\nVigasoco is translated to Java and GWT and runs on web browsers.[11]\nSeveral ports were based on disassembly of the original.\nSwift version to run on iOS devices.[12]\nVisual Basic (unfinished)[13]\nVB.net[14]\nJava version[15]\nThe Abbey of Crime Extensum, extended J2SE edition, available for free on Steam.[16]","title":"Legacy"}]
[{"image_text":"The main characters: Guillermo Adso and the Abbot (Amstrad screenshot)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f6/La_Abadia_del_Crimen_Guillermo_Adso_y_el_Abad.jpg/220px-La_Abadia_del_Crimen_Guillermo_Adso_y_el_Abad.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Golden era of Spanish software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_era_of_Spanish_software"}]
[{"reference":"Hernández, Álvaro (11 May 2017). \"Treinta años de 'La abadía del crimen', el Quijote de los videojuegos en España\". eldiario.es (in Spanish). Diario de Prensa Digital S.L. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eldiario.es/hojaderouter/La_abadia_del_crimen-Juan_Delcan-Paco_Menendez-videojuego_0_642186348.html","url_text":"\"Treinta años de 'La abadía del crimen', el Quijote de los videojuegos en España\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldiario.es","url_text":"eldiario.es"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200610182155/https://www.eldiario.es/hojaderouter/La_abadia_del_crimen-Juan_Delcan-Paco_Menendez-videojuego_0_642186348.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Remake de la Abadía del Crimen\". Archived from the original on 21 July 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abadiadelcrimen.com/","url_text":"\"Remake de la Abadía del Crimen\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160721173443/http://www.abadiadelcrimen.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"La Abadía del Crimen - Remake MSX2\".","urls":[{"url":"http://msxcartridgeshop.com/VientoSur/abadia/","url_text":"\"La Abadía del Crimen - Remake MSX2\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Abadía del Crimen (PCW)\". Archived from the original on 24 April 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://habisoft.com/abadia/","url_text":"\"La Abadía del Crimen (PCW)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150424113627/http://www.habisoft.com/abadia/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Parcial\". Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160314081204/http://www.emulatronia.com/parcial/P_A_C_O.zip","url_text":"\"Parcial\""},{"url":"http://www.emulatronia.com/parcial/P_A_C_O.zip","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Vigasoco\". Archived from the original on 26 June 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abadiadelcrimen.com/vigasoco.html","url_text":"\"Vigasoco\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070626043313/http://www.abadiadelcrimen.com/vigasoco.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"VigasocoSDL\". Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/vigasocosdl/","url_text":"\"VigasocoSDL\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141024105414/https://sites.google.com/site/vigasocosdl/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Abbey\". GitHub. 20 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/Samuel85/Abbey","url_text":"\"Abbey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub","url_text":"GitHub"}]},{"reference":"\"La abadía del crimen\". GitHub. 4 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/ibaca/la-abadia-del-crimen","url_text":"\"La abadía del crimen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub","url_text":"GitHub"}]},{"reference":"\"Abadia_iOS\". GitHub. 4 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/jabadiagm/Abadia_IOS","url_text":"\"Abadia_iOS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub","url_text":"GitHub"}]},{"reference":"\"AbadiaVb\". GitHub. 4 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/jabadiagm/AbadiaVb","url_text":"\"AbadiaVb\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub","url_text":"GitHub"}]},{"reference":"\"Abadia.net\". GitHub. 4 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/jabadiagm/Abadia.net","url_text":"\"Abadia.net\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub","url_text":"GitHub"}]},{"reference":"\"La Abadía del Crimen\". Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abadiadelcrimen.com/guillian/java/","url_text":"\"La Abadía del Crimen\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100323083750/http://abadiadelcrimen.com/guillian/java/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"La Abadía del Crimen Extensum\". Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160405133746/http://www.abadiadelcrimenextensum.com/","url_text":"\"La Abadía del Crimen Extensum\""},{"url":"http://abadiadelcrimenextensum.com/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Muraru
Andrei Muraru
["1 Notes","2 External links"]
Romanian historian (born 1982) Dan-Andrei MuraruAndrei Muraru in 2017Born (1982-05-20) May 20, 1982 (age 42) Dan-Andrei Muraru (born May 20, 1982) is a Romanian historian and diplomat. Muraru was born in Iași and grew up in the city's Tătărași  neighborhood. He graduated from the history faculty of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University in Iași in 2005. He earned a master’s degree from the same institution in 2007, and a doctorate in 2011, with a thesis on the war crimes trials for Transnistria Governorate. From 2012 to 2014, he headed the Institute for the Investigation of Communist Crimes in Romania. He began teaching at Bucharest’s National University of Political Studies and Public Administration in 2018. He has been an adviser to Klaus Iohannis since summer 2014, several months before the latter became President of Romania. In 2021, Iohannis named Muraru ambassador of Romania to the United States. His twin brother Alexandru  is a historian and politician. Notes ^ "Despre mine". andreimuraru.ro (in Romanian). April 27, 2014. Retrieved September 12, 2022. ^ (in Romanian) Curriculum vitae at the SNSPA site ^ (in Romanian) Andreea Pavel, “Andrei Muraru a fost acreditat oficial de Casa Albă ca ambasador al României în SUA”, G4Media, 18 September 2021 ^ (in Romanian) Dan Duca, "Vladimir Tismăneanu și Marius Oprea, atac la Andrei Muraru", Libertatea, 26 February 2021 External links Andrei Muraru publications indexed by Google Scholar Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Poland Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iași","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia%C8%99i"},{"link_name":"Tătărași","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C4%83t%C4%83ra%C8%99i&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%83t%C4%83ra%C8%99i,_Ia%C8%99i"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Alexandru Ioan Cuza University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza_University"},{"link_name":"Transnistria Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistria_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Institute for the Investigation of Communist Crimes in Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_the_Investigation_of_Communist_Crimes_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"National University of Political Studies and Public Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Political_Studies_and_Public_Administration"},{"link_name":"Klaus Iohannis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Iohannis"},{"link_name":"President of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ambassador of Romania to the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Romania_to_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Alexandru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_Muraru&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Muraru"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acr-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cre-4"}],"text":"Dan-Andrei Muraru (born May 20, 1982) is a Romanian historian and diplomat.Muraru was born in Iași and grew up in the city's Tătărași [ro] neighborhood.[1] He graduated from the history faculty of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University in Iași in 2005. He earned a master’s degree from the same institution in 2007, and a doctorate in 2011, with a thesis on the war crimes trials for Transnistria Governorate. From 2012 to 2014, he headed the Institute for the Investigation of Communist Crimes in Romania. He began teaching at Bucharest’s National University of Political Studies and Public Administration in 2018. He has been an adviser to Klaus Iohannis since summer 2014, several months before the latter became President of Romania.[2]In 2021, Iohannis named Muraru ambassador of Romania to the United States. His twin brother Alexandru [ro] is a historian and politician.[3][4]","title":"Andrei Muraru"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Despre mine\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//andreimuraru.ro/despre-mine/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Curriculum vitae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//snspa.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/CV_Europass_Andrei-Muraru_febr-2021.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-acr_3-0"},{"link_name":"“Andrei Muraru a fost acreditat oficial de Casa Albă ca ambasador al României în SUA”","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.g4media.ro/andrei-muraru-a-fost-acreditat-oficial-de-casa-alba-ca-ambasador-al-romaniei-in-sua-muraru-este-fratele-consilierului-lui-citu-pe-probleme-de-antisemitism-si-xenofobie.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cre_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Vladimir Tismăneanu și Marius Oprea, atac la Andrei Muraru\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.libertatea.ro/stiri/vladimir-tismaneanu-si-marius-oprea-atac-la-andrei-muraru-dupa-ce-iohannis-i-a-propus-acestuia-sa-fie-ambasador-in-sua-creatia-lui-relu-fenechiu-reactia-lui-muraru-3429314"},{"link_name":"Libertatea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertatea"}],"text":"^ \"Despre mine\". andreimuraru.ro (in Romanian). April 27, 2014. Retrieved September 12, 2022.\n\n^ (in Romanian) Curriculum vitae at the SNSPA site\n\n^ (in Romanian) Andreea Pavel, “Andrei Muraru a fost acreditat oficial de Casa Albă ca ambasador al României în SUA”, G4Media, 18 September 2021\n\n^ (in Romanian) Dan Duca, \"Vladimir Tismăneanu și Marius Oprea, atac la Andrei Muraru\", Libertatea, 26 February 2021","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanga_Group
Tanga Islands
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 3°30′S 153°13′E / 3.500°S 153.217°E / -3.500; 153.217Tanga IslandsTanga IslandsGeographyLocationOceaniaAdministration Papua New GuineaProvinceNew Ireland ProvinceDistrictNamatanai DistrictLLGTanir Rural LLGDemographicsEthnic groupsTanga people Tanga IslandsTanga IslandsPapua New Guinea Highest pointProminence472 m (1,549 ft)Coordinates3°30′S 153°13′E / 3.500°S 153.217°E / -3.500; 153.217GeographyLocationPapua New GuineaGeologyMountain typeStratovolcano with calderaLast eruptionPleistocene The Tanga Islands are an island group in Papua New Guinea, located north-east of New Ireland and part of the Bismarck Archipelago. Tanga is made up of four main islands — Boang, Maledok, Lif and Tefa — and a number of smaller, uninhabited islands. Boang (ca. 27 km2) consists entirely of a raised, relatively flat-topped plateau of Pleistocene, coralline limestone, which rises up to 170 m above sea level (asl.) and has sheer cliffs around a large part of its perimeter. The islands are the remnants of a stratovolcano which collapsed to form a caldera. Lif (283 m), Tefa (155 m), and Malendok (472 m) islands are on the caldera rim, while Bitlik and Bitbok islands are lava domes constructed near the center of the caldera. They are inhabited by the Tanga people. Former Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea Sir Julius Chan and Sumsuma, the leader of the Rabaul Strike of 1929 and Papua New Guinea's First Unionist are from the Tanga Islands. Secret Societies practiced on the Islands are Sokapana, Tubuan and Ingiet. Mask dances include Lor, Tedak and Kipong are performed during cultural occasions. References "Tanga". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. F. L. S. Bell Sokapana: A Melanesian Secret Society The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute Vol. 65 (Jul. - Dec., 1935), pp. 311–341 Foster, Robert J. 1995, Social Reproduction and History in Melanesia: Mortuary Ritual, Gift Exchange and Custom in the Tanga Islands. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Holding, A. 2000. Anatomy of Context: Issues in Understanding of Tangan Views of Illness, Unpublished PhD thesis,Darwin College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. Garling, Stephanie J 2007 Post-Lapita Evolutions or Revolutions?Interaction and Exchange in Island Melanesia:The View from the Tanga Islands Canberra: Australian National University. vteIslands of Papua New Guinea Admiralty Islands Ali Ambitle Aua Auriroa Bam Baudisson Bougainville Bagabag Bagaman Babase Baluan Barahun Basilaki Big Ndrova Bipi Bismarck Archipelago Blup Blup Boagis Boang Bonvouloir Islands Brumer Buka Calvados Chain Carteret Islands Conflict Group D'Entrecasteaux Islands Daloloia Group Dart Reefs Daru Deboyne Islands Dobu Duchateau Islands Duke of York Island / Duke of York Islands Dyaul East Emirau Feni Islands Fergusson Goaribari Gonubalabala Island Goodenough Green Islands Gulowa Hastings Hemenahei Hermit Islands Kabakon Kaniet Islands Karkar Kadovar Kerawara Kiriwina Kiwai Kui Kuwanak Lihir Island / Lihir Group Lif Little Ndrova Long Los Negros Lou Louisiade Archipelago Lunn Island Madau Mailu Malendok Makada Manam Manne Manus Marshall Bennett Mioko Misima Motorina Mualim Mussau Mut Mut New Britain New Hanover New Guinea New Ireland Ninigo Islands Nissan Normanby North Solomon Islands Nuakata Nubara Nukumanu Nusam Pak Pam Islands Panapompom Islands Pana Tinani Panaeati Panarairai Island Panatinane Pana Wina Island Patio Pinipel Pocklington Reef Purdy Purutu Rambutyo Renard Islands Ritter Rossel (Yela) Sae Sakar Samarai Sanaroa Schouten Islands Selapiu Seleo Sideia Simberi Sirot St. Andrews Islands St Matthias Islands Strathord Islands Sudest Tabar Group Tabar Takuu Tanga Islands Tatau Tefa Tolokiwa Tong Trobriands Tsoilaunung Tumleo Ulu Umboi Unea Utian Vanatinai Vial Vitu Islands Wabuda Wagifa Western Islands Woodlark Wuvulu Yeina Yule New Guinea portal • Islands portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Geographic Global Volcanism Program Other NARA This article about an island in Papua New Guinea is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Pharmacy
Eagle Pharmacy
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 50°02′47″N 19°57′15″E / 50.04625°N 19.95414°E / 50.04625; 19.95414For the former pharmacy in Stolberg, Germany, see Adler-Apotheke. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Eagle Pharmacy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Wording issues. Please help improve this article if you can. (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Polish. (April 2019) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Polish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Polish Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|pl|Apteka Pod Orłem w Krakowie}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. (Learn how and when to remove this message) History museum in Kraków, PolandEagle PharmacyApteka Pod Orłem w KrakowieBranch of Historical Museum of KrakówEstablished1910LocationKraków, PolandCoordinates50°02′47″N 19°57′15″E / 50.04625°N 19.95414°E / 50.04625; 19.95414TypeHistory museumManagerMonika BednarekDirectorMichał Niezabitowski CuratorMonika BednarekPublic transit accessMiejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacyjne w Krakowie  how to get there, see external linksWebsitewww.mhk.pl/branches/eagle-pharmacy/ The Eagle Pharmacy Museum is located on the southwest edge of the Bohaterów Getta Square, under number 18 (formerly Maly Rynek, then Plac Zgody) in Kraków, Poland. Since 1910, its proprietor was Jozef Pankiewicz and after him Tadeusz Pankiewicz (21 November 1908 – 5 November 1993), his son who ran it since 1933. Before World War II, it was one of the four pharmacies in the Podgórze district. Its clients were both Polish and Jewish residents of the district. A frequent customer was, e.g., "Bikkur Cholim" charity. In March 1941, the Germans established a ghetto in Podgórze for Kraków's Jews, Pankiewicz's pharmacy was the only one within its borders and its proprietor was the only Pole with rights to stay in it. The Germans also decreed that all signs and other public inscriptions in Polish had to be redone in Hebrew throughout the Krakow ghetto. The only exception was the Polish sign over the entranceway to Tadeusz Pankiewicz’s pharmacy, 'Pod Orłem'. The Jews that lived in the ghetto chose the pharmacy as the place for conspiratorial meetings. Among them were: writer Mordechai Gebirtig, painter Abraham Neumann, Dr. Julian Aleksandrowicz, neurologist Dr. Bernhard Bornstein, Dr Leon Steinberg and pharmacists: Emanuel Herman, Roman Imerglück. Soon it also became a source of various resources and medicaments, which helped in avoiding deportation: hair dyes used for rejuvenating the appearance, luminal (fenobarbital) used to calm children while hidden, smuggled in luggage beyond the ghetto. During the bloody displacement at the Plac Zgody in 1942, Pharmacy personnel issued free medicines and dressings while its recesses areas were used as shelters for saving Jews from deportation to extermination camps. During the bloody liquidation of the Krakow ghetto in March 1943, Pankiewicz provided many parents with drugs to help their children sleep while in hiding. Pankiewicz and his assistants Irena Drozdzikowska, Aurelia Danek and Helena Krywaniuk were liaisons between Jews in the ghetto and beyond it, passing the information and smuggling food. They also were depositaries of valuables entrusted to them by deported Jews in the last moments before leaving the ghetto. After the War, as early as 1951 the former pharmacy was nationalized by the Polish state, but Pankiewicz retained a right to use the building until 1955. The pharmacy was finally closed in 1967, and the bar was located here until 1981. Two years later, in 1983 a small historical exhibition was opened in the building while Pankiewicz was still alive, and in 2003, thanks to the donation of the director Roman Polanski, once a prisoner of the Krakow ghetto himself, the museum was expanded. References ^ Museum's History at the Museum's Home page Archived 2018-05-23 at the Wayback Machine (in Polish) ^ a b Crowe, David (2004). Oskar Schindler : the untold account of his life, wartime activities, and the true story behind the list. Cambridge, Mass.: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-3375-X. OCLC 55679121. ^ a b Pankiewicz, Tadeusz (2007). Apteka w getcie krakowskim. Czesław Brzoza. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie. ISBN 978-83-08-04071-3. OCLC 189666313. ^ Photos of Pharmacy Under the Eagle. "Photos of Pharmacy under the Eagle.", Magiczny Kraków. ^ Pharmacy Under the Eagle. "About History of Pharmacy under the Eagle.", Magiczny Kraków. ^ Chornyi, Maxim (2018-12-01). "Krakow ghetto today: Jewish ghetto in Krakow". WAR-DOCUMENTARY.INFO. Retrieved 2022-12-22. External links Media related to Pharmacy Pod Orłem at Wikimedia Commons The Eagle Pharmacy location vteKrakówDistricts Stare Miasto (I) Grzegórzki (II) Prądnik Czerwony (III) Prądnik Biały (IV) Krowodrza (V) Bronowice (VI) Zwierzyniec (VII) Dębniki (VIII) Łagiewniki-Borek Fałęcki (IX) Swoszowice (X) Podgórze Duchackie (XI) Bieżanów-Prokocim (XII) Podgórze (XIII) Czyżyny (XIV) Mistrzejowice (XV) Bieńczyce (XVI) Wzgórza Krzesławickie (XVII) Nowa Huta (XVIII)Neighborhoods: Old Town Wawel Kleparz Kazimierz Bielany Attractions Wawel Kazimierz National Museum Sigismund Bell Sukiennice Basilica of Saint Mary Veit Stoss altarpiece Saints Peter and Paul Church Collegium Maius Museums Wawel Castle Historical Museum of Kraków Manggha Museum of Insurances Archaeological Museum of Kraków Archdiocesal Museum in Kraków Museum of Independence Movement Museum of the Armed Act Ethnographic Museum of Kraków Geomogical museum Museum of the History of Photography Museum of Municipal Engineering John Paul II Cathedral Museum National Museum, Kraków Czartoryski Museum Jan Matejko Manor House Sukiennice Museum Polish Aviation Museum Armia Krajowa Museum Museum of Contemporary Art Galicia Jewish Museum History Timeline Jewish Kraków Ghetto Judaica Foundation Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Czech Republic This article related to a museum in Poland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantean
Atlantean
["1 See also"]
Look up atlantean in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. As an adjective, Atlantean (or Atlantian) means "of or pertaining to Atlas or Atlantis". Atlantean may also refer to: Atlantean figures, a type of ancient artifacts Atlantean (documentary series), a trilogy of TV films discussing the origins of the European coastal peoples Atlanteans (DC Comics), a fictional species in the DC Universe Atlanteans (Marvel Comics), a fictional species in the Marvel Universe Leyland Atlantean, a model of double-decker bus Atlantean language, a constructed language created for Disney's film Atlantis: The Lost Empire Atlantean Scion, a fictional device in the game Tomb Raider Ancient (Stargate), a race in the Stargate universe, also known as Atlanteans or Lanteans See also Atlantan, an inhabitant of Atlanta Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Atlantean.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Mendy
Benjamin Mendy
["1 Club career","1.1 Le Havre","1.2 Marseille","1.3 Monaco","1.4 Manchester City","1.5 Lorient","2 International career","2.1 Youth","2.2 Senior","3 Personal life","3.1 Religious beliefs","3.2 Rape charges and acquittals","4 Career statistics","4.1 Club","4.2 International","5 Honours","6 References","7 External links"]
French footballer (born 1994) Benjamin Mendy Mendy with France U19 in 2013Personal informationFull name Benjamin MendyDate of birth (1994-07-17) 17 July 1994 (age 29)Place of birth Longjumeau, FranceHeight 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)Position(s) Left-backTeam informationCurrent team LorientNumber 5Youth career2000–2007 Palaiseau2007–2011 Le HavreSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2010–2013 Le Havre II 12 (0)2011–2013 Le Havre 57 (0)2013 Marseille II 2 (0)2013–2016 Marseille 81 (2)2016–2017 Monaco 25 (0)2017–2023 Manchester City 50 (2)2023– Lorient 15 (2)International career‡2009–2010 France U16 15 (1)2010–2011 France U17 17 (1)2011–2012 France U18 5 (1)2012–2013 France U19 12 (0)2014–2016 France U21 9 (0)2017–2019 France 10 (0) Medal record Men's football Representing  France FIFA World Cup Winner 2018 *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 23:12, 19 May 2024 (UTC)‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 23:56, 17 November 2019 (UTC) Benjamin Mendy (born 17 July 1994) is a French professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Ligue 2 club Lorient. After coming through Le Havre's youth academy, Mendy began his playing career with the club's reserve team in 2010, being promoted to the first team a year later. He remained with the club until 2013, when he joined Ligue 1 club Marseille. Mendy spent the next three seasons with Les Olympiens before leaving for Monaco, with whom he won the national championship in 2016–17. In 2017, Mendy moved to English club Manchester City for a reported £52 million, then the world-record transfer fee for a defender. He won the Premier League in his first season in England. In 2021, Mendy was arrested on allegations of sexual offences and suspended by City. He was acquitted of all charges against him in two trials in 2023. Released by Manchester City in June 2023 at the end of his contract, he joined Lorient. Mendy made his senior debut for France in 2017 after previously being capped by France youth teams at under-16, under-17, under-18, under-19 and under-21 levels. He was chosen in France's squad for the 2018 World Cup, which they won. Club career Le Havre On 24 July 2011, Mendy signed his first professional contract, a three-year contract with Ligue 2 club Le Havre. Mendy made his professional debut on 9 August 2011 in the team's 2–1 Coupe de la Ligue second-round defeat to Amiens. Marseille On 8 July 2013, Mendy signed for Ligue 1 club Olympique de Marseille. Mendy was signed by manager Élie Baup, who had led Marseille to a second-place finish and qualification for the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League in the previous season. He made his club and Ligue 1 debut on 11 August against Guingamp, and scored his first goal for Marseille on 24 September against Saint-Étienne. Mendy was in the squad for all six group-stage matches, and made his European debut on 1 October at Borussia Dortmund. However, Marseille lost all their group-stage matches while falling out of the competition, and Baup was sacked in favor of former club manager José Anigo. Mendy was sparingly used toward the end of the season by Anigo, and made just one start in Marseille's final fourteen games. His performance in the start, against Lille on 20 April 2014, was criticized by former Marseille left-back Éric Di Meco, who claimed he would "eat a rat" if Mendy ever made the France national team. After the season, Mendy was included on the 40-man shortlist for the 2014 Golden Boy award. Mendy developed his game the following season under Argentinian manager Marcelo Bielsa, as Mendy claimed Bielsa had "given back to him the strength and aggressiveness lost last year." Mendy made 33 starts in the league in the 2014–15 campaign, getting 6 assists, as Marseille qualified for the Europa League. On 23 September 2015, Mendy was shown a straight red card shortly after coming on as a substitute against Toulouse, after he committed a professional foul on Toulouse's Jean-Daniel Akpa Akpro. Mendy would be given a two-match ban, and later missed a further 13 games for Marseille after picking up a hamstring injury against Caen in the Coupe de France on 3 January 2016. Mendy played for five different managers in three seasons at the Stade Vélodrome. He made 101 competitive appearances with the club and had 14 assists to his name. Monaco Mendy playing for Monaco in 2016 On 22 June 2016, Olympique de Marseille's Ligue 1 rivals Monaco announced that they had signed Mendy on a five-year contract. Mendy made his debut for the club in the first leg of the Champions League third round against Turkish club Fenerbahçe on 27 July. On 18 December against Lyon in Ligue 1, Mendy was shown a red card for kicking at the backside of Lyon midfielder Corentin Tolisso. This was his second dismissal of the season after he was sent off in the play-off round of the Champions League against Villarreal. Mendy was banned for five matches for the incident, later reduced to four as he made his return against Lorient on 22 January 2017. On 4 February, Mendy assisted two of Monaco's goals by crossing the ball to the scorers Valère Germain and Radamel Falcao in their 3–0 Ligue 1 home win over Nice. Mendy scored his first goal for Monaco in the Coupe de France against former club Marseille on 1 March. The goal, scored in extra time, gave Monaco a 3–2 lead, as Mendy also provided two assists in the 4–3 victory. Monaco made a run to the semi-finals of the Champions League, and Mendy provided 4 assists in the campaign before they were eliminated by Juventus. Mendy was a key part of Monaco's 2016–17 Ligue 1 championship season, making 24 starts in the league for Les Monégasques under manager Leonardo Jardim. Monaco scored a league-leading 107 goals during the season, and Mendy was noted along with fellow full-back Djibril Sidibé for their forward play. On 16 May, Mendy was named to the 2017 UNFP Team of the Year, along with 5 of his teammates. The next day, Monaco clinched the Ligue 1 title against Saint-Étienne on the penultimate day of the season, their first in 17 seasons in what would be Mendy's final game with the club. After the season, Mendy was part of the exodus away from the Stade Louis II that included starlets Bernardo Silva, Tiémoué Bakayoko, and later Kylian Mbappé. Manchester City On 24 July 2017, it was announced that Premier League club Manchester City had signed Mendy on a six-year contract, for a fee reported to be £52 million. The transfer fee eclipsed the previous record for a defender, set ten days prior by City on teammate Kyle Walker. On 23 September, Mendy sustained an injury against Crystal Palace, hurting his right knee in a challenge against Palace forward Andros Townsend. The club later confirmed that he had ruptured the anterior cruciate ligament in his knee, and he underwent surgery in Barcelona on 29 September. Mendy returned from injury on 22 April 2018, as a 75th-minute substitute for Fabian Delph in a game against Swansea City at the City of Manchester Stadium. This appearance gave him the minimum five league games required to receive a Premier League winners' medal. In the 2018–19 season, Mendy played in 10 of the first 12 Premier League games for City, assisting five goals in the process. On 14 November 2018, days after the 3–1 win against Manchester United, it was announced Mendy had once again undergone surgery in Barcelona for a cartilage problem in his left knee, and was expected to be out for 12 weeks. On 28 November 2020, Mendy scored his first goal for City in a 5–0 home league win over Burnley. On 15 August 2021, he featured in the opening match of the 2021–22 season in a 1–0 defeat against Tottenham Hotspur, to be his last match at the club. Having not played in nearly two years due to his arrest, City announced they would release Mendy when his contract expired on 30 June 2023. Lorient On 19 July 2023, 23 months after his last appearance in professional football, Mendy signed a two-year contract with Ligue 1 club Lorient. Club owner Loïc Féry refused to comment when asked about the signing by radio station France Bleu. On 17 September, he made his debut for Lorient, coming off the bench in a 2–2 draw against Monaco. On 10 December, he scored his first goal since his return to football, in a 4–2 home loss to former club Marseille. International career Youth Mendy was a French youth international, having represented his nation at under-16 and under-17 level. In 2011, he was a part of the under-17 team that reached the quarter-finals at the 2011 U-17 World Cup. Senior Mendy holding the FIFA World Cup Trophy with Kylian Mbappé and Ousmane Dembélé, 2018 Mendy was called up to the senior France squad for the first time to face Luxembourg and Spain in March 2017. He made his debut on 25 March 2017 against the former, playing the whole game in a 3–1 2018 World Cup qualification away win. On 17 May 2018, he was called up to the French squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia. He played 40 minutes as a substitute in a goalless group game against Denmark as France won the tournament. Personal life Religious beliefs Mendy is a Muslim. He has made the Hajj to Mecca. Rape charges and acquittals On 26 August 2021, Cheshire Constabulary charged Mendy with four counts of rape and one count of sexual assault and remanded him in custody. The initial charges related to alleged offences against three different female complainants, all aged over 16, between October 2020 and August 2021. His application for bail was refused, as he had broken prior bail conditions imposed that he should not host any house parties. Manchester City suspended him pending a trial. Mendy appeared in court on 10 September and was remanded in custody. While he was in custody, Mendy was charged with three more counts of rape. On 7 January 2022, he was granted bail on condition that he live at his home address in Prestbury, Cheshire, not contact complainants and surrender his passport. Mendy pleaded not guilty on 22 May to seven charges of rape, one of attempted rape and one of sexual assault, relating to six complainants. On 1 June, Mendy was charged with an additional rape brought forward by a new complainant. The trial began on 10 August 2022 at Chester Crown Court. Mendy was charged with eight rapes, one attempted rape and a sexual assault. He pleaded not guilty to all charges. The jury was made up of 14 jurors, eight men and six women, including two alternates; all had to certify that they had no connection to Manchester City, Manchester United or the police. On 13 September 2022, Mendy was found not guilty of one count of rape against a 19-year-old woman. Judge Stephen Everett told the jury to deliver a not guilty verdict after the prosecution decided not to pursue a guilty verdict on the one count. This was after footage emerged of the complainant having consensual sex with Mendy's co-accused, Louis Saha Matturie, on an occasion that she alleged was rape. On 13 January 2023, Mendy was found not guilty of six counts of rape and one count of sexual assault, while Matturie was found not guilty of six counts of rape and three of sexual assault. The same jury could not reach a verdict on another count of rape and one count of attempted rape against Mendy, as well as three counts of rape and three of sexual assault against Matturie. On 26 June, Mendy's retrial for his outstanding charges began at the same venue, with a new jury. Matturie was tried separately for his outstanding charges; two weeks later, Mendy was found not guilty of one charge of rape and one of attempted rape. Following the result of his court case and acquittal, fellow footballers such as Jack Grealish, Paul Pogba, Vinícius Júnior, Rio Ferdinand, and Memphis Depay released messages in support of Mendy, with Depay showing concern for the lack of support for Mendy by FIFA, his club, national team, and the Premier League during the legal process. In November 2023, it was announced that Mendy would be taking Manchester City to an employment tribunal after claiming that he was owed millions of pounds in unauthorised wage deductions. He alleged that the club had stopped paying him in September 2021 after he was initially charged and held in custody. Career statistics Club As of match played 19 May 2024 Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League National cup League cup Europe Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Le Havre II 2010–11 CFA 10 0 — — — — 10 0 2012–13 CFA 2 0 — — — — 2 0 Total 12 0 — — — — 12 0 Le Havre 2011–12 Ligue 2 29 0 2 0 1 0 — — 32 0 2012–13 Ligue 2 28 0 3 0 1 0 — — 32 0 Total 57 0 5 0 2 0 — — 64 0 Marseille II 2013–14 CFA 2 2 0 — — — — 2 0 Marseille 2013–14 Ligue 1 24 1 2 0 2 1 2 0 — 30 2 2014–15 Ligue 1 33 0 1 0 1 0 — — 35 0 2015–16 Ligue 1 24 1 4 0 1 0 7 0 — 36 1 Total 81 2 7 0 4 1 9 0 — 101 3 Monaco 2016–17 Ligue 1 25 0 2 1 2 0 10 0 — 39 1 Manchester City 2017–18 Premier League 7 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 — 8 0 2018–19 Premier League 10 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 15 0 2019–20 Premier League 19 0 3 0 2 0 6 0 0 0 30 0 2020–21 Premier League 13 2 4 0 2 0 1 0 — 20 2 2021–22 Premier League 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 2022–23 Premier League 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 50 2 8 0 5 0 10 0 2 0 75 2 Lorient 2023–24 Ligue 1 15 2 0 0 — — — 15 2 Career total 242 6 22 1 13 1 29 0 2 0 308 8 ^ Includes Coupe de France, FA Cup ^ Includes Coupe de la Ligue, EFL Cup ^ a b c d e f Appearance(s) in UEFA Champions League ^ Appearances in UEFA Europa League ^ a b Appearance in FA Community Shield International As of match played 17 November 2019 Appearances and goals by national team and year National team Year Apps Goals France 2017 4 0 2018 5 0 2019 1 0 Total 10 0 Honours Marseille Coupe de France runner-up: 2015–16 Monaco Ligue 1: 2016–17 Coupe de la Ligue runner-up: 2016–17 Manchester City Premier League: 2017–18, 2018–19, 2020–21 EFL Cup: 2019–20, 2020–21 FA Community Shield: 2018 UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2020–21 France FIFA World Cup: 2018 Individual UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year: 2016–17 Orders Knight of the Legion of Honour: 2018 References ^ a b "Décret du 31 décembre 2018 portant promotion et nomination" . Official Journal of the French Republic (in French). 2019 (1). 1 January 2019. PRER1835394D. Retrieved 28 November 2020. ^ "FIFA World Cup Russia 2018: List of Players: France" (PDF). FIFA. 15 July 2018. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2019. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Benjamin Mendy at Soccerway. Retrieved 1 March 2017. ^ "Benjamin Mendy signe pro pour 3 saisons" (in French). Le Havre AC. 24 July 2011. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2011. ^ "Amiens v. Le Havre Report" (in French). Ligue de Football Professionnel. 9 August 2011. Archived from the original on 16 September 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2011. ^ "Transfer news: Marseille agree deal for Sunderland target Benjamin Mendy". Sky Sports. 8 July 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2017. ^ Akouete, Isidore (13 July 2013). "ELIE BAUP : " BENJAMIN MENDY EST UN JOUEUR D'AVENIR "". Africa Top Sports (in French). ^ "Elie Baup sacked as Marseille manager". BBC Sport. 7 December 2013. ^ "Di Meco prend les paris contre Mendy". Le Phocéen (in French). 22 April 2014. ^ Aarons, Ed (30 October 2014). "Five English players on 40-man shortlist for Golden Boy award". The Guardian. ^ "Benjamin Mendy en toute insouciance". Le Parisien (in French). 20 December 2014. ^ PA Sport (23 September 2015). "Toulouse 1–1 Marseille". ESPN FC. ^ "MENDY JOINS OM INJURY LIST". Ligue 1. 6 January 2016. ^ "Benjamin Mendy signs on a five-year contract". AS Monaco. 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 26 June 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2016. ^ "Form and head-to-head stats – Monaco vs Lyon". skysports.com. Sky UK. 18 December 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2020. ^ Recchimuzzi, Silvia (23 December 2016). "AS Monaco defender Mendy banned for five matches". Reuters. ^ "Benjamin Mendy de retour de suspension avec Monaco". L'Équipe (in French). 21 January 2017. ^ "Falcao at the double as Monaco power on". Ligue 1. 4 February 2017. ^ "Monaco down Marseille in French Cup thriller, PSG through". Eurosport. Reuters. 2 March 2017. ^ a b c Pretot, Julien (17 May 2017). "Monaco claim first title in 17 years with St Etienne win". Reuters. ^ Jones, Matt (17 May 2017). "Monaco Win 2016–17 Ligue 1 Title After 2–0 Win vs. Saint-Etienne". Bleacher Report. ^ "Ligue 1 Team of the Season 2016–17 Official- UNFP Team of the Year 2017". French Football Daily. 16 May 2017. ^ Devin, Eric (25 July 2017). "How will Monaco cope after losing so many of their title-winning stars?". The Guardian. ^ Johnson, Jonathan (31 August 2017). "Monaco star Kylian Mbappe, 18, follows Neymar in moving to PSG in huge deal". ESPN FC. ^ "Man City sign Benjamin Mendy". Manchester City Official Website. 24 July 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017. ^ "Benjamin Mendy: Man City sign Monaco defender for £52m". BBC Sport. Retrieved 24 July 2017. ^ Sunderland, Tom (23 September 2017). "Benjamin Mendy Suffers Knee Injury vs. Crystal Palace". Bleacher Report. ^ Jackson, Jamie (28 September 2017). "Manchester City confirm Benjamin Mendy has ruptured ACL in right knee". The Guardian. ^ "Benjamin Mendy eager to City place back as he hails Fabian Delph's form in his absence". The Independent. 24 April 2018. ^ "Benjamin Mendy". www.premierleague.com. Retrieved 15 November 2018. ^ "Mendy undergoes knee surgery". MCFC. Retrieved 15 November 2018. ^ Lee, Sam. "Mendy out for up to three months with latest knee injury". Goal.com. Retrieved 23 November 2018. ^ Stone, Simon (28 November 2020). "Man City 5–0 Burnley: Riyad Mahrez hat-trick in dominant win". BBC Sport. Retrieved 28 November 2020. ^ "Benjamin Mendy: Manchester City defender charged with another rape". Eurosport. 22 December 2021. ^ "Benjamin Mendy released by Man City ahead of rape retrial". SPORTbible. 16 June 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023. ^ Gouzerh, Paul-Marie (19 July 2023). "Benjamin Mendy signe deux ans au FC Lorient". FC Lorient (in French). Retrieved 20 July 2023. ^ "Benjamin Mendy: Former Manchester City defender signs for Lorient". BBC Sport. 19 July 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023. ^ Morin, Typhaine (19 July 2023). "Arrivée de Benjamin Mendy au FC Lorient : les réseaux sociaux s'enflamment". France Bleu (in French). Retrieved 19 July 2023. ^ "Benjamin Mendy: Lorient's ex-France defender plays first game in two years". BBC Sport. 17 September 2023. ^ Pelicart, Mathieu (10 December 2023). "FC Lorient - Olympique de Marseille : Benjamin Mendy convaincant, Julien Laporte dépassé, le carnet de notes ". Le Télégramme (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 April 2024. ^ "France U17 1–2 Mexico". FIFA. Retrieved 22 December 2022. ^ "Monaco star Mbappé given maiden France call-up". goal.com. 16 March 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2017. ^ "Luxembourg vs. France – 25 March 2017 – Soccerway". soccerway.com. Retrieved 25 March 2017. ^ Andy Charles (21 May 2018). "Alexandre Lacazette and Anthony Martial on standby for France World Cup squad and Dimitri Payet out". Sky Sports. Retrieved 18 September 2018. ^ Paine, Chris (16 July 2018). "World Cup 2018: Benjamin Mendy could be the luckiest footballer in the world". Fox Sports. Retrieved 6 October 2021. ^ Yarwood, Sam (21 August 2018). "Manchester City star Benjamin Mendy and pal spotted among hundreds at Eid al-Adha prayers". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 27 August 2021. ^ Baynes, Megan (26 August 2021). "Manchester City footballer Benjamin Mendy charged with four counts of rape". Sky News. Retrieved 26 August 2021. ^ "Benjamin Mendy: Manchester City footballer charged with rape". BBC News. 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021. ^ Halliday, Josh (27 August 2021). "Benjamin Mendy: footballer remanded in custody on rape charges". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 August 2021. ^ "Benjamin Mendy: Manchester City footballer remanded in custody on rape charges". BBC News. 27 August 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021. ^ "Benjamin Mendy: Manchester City footballer in court on rape charges". BBC News. 10 September 2021. ^ "Benjamin Mendy: Manchester City footballer charged with two further rapes". BBC News. 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021. ^ "Benjamin Mendy: Man City footballer charged with another rape". BBC News. 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021. ^ "Benjamin Mendy: Rape-accused Man City footballer granted bail". BBC News. 7 January 2022. ^ "Manchester City footballer Benjamin Mendy pleads not guilty to rapes". BBC News. 23 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022. ^ "Manchester City footballer Benjamin Mendy charged with another rape". BBC News. 1 June 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022. ^ "Premier League players' names read to jurors in Benjamin Mendy trial". 10 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022. ^ "Benjamin Mendy found not guilty of one count of rape". BBC News. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022. ^ "Benjamin Mendy: Jury in Man City footballer's rape trial told to 'question credibility of accusers'". Sky News. 21 November 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022. ^ Smart, Andrew (13 January 2023). "Manchester City breaks silence as Benjamin Mendy found not guilty". Bury Times. Retrieved 13 January 2023. ^ "Benjamin Mendy found not guilty of six counts of rape". BBC News. 13 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023. ^ "Footballer Benjamin Mendy faces retrial for alleged sex offences". France 24. 26 June 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2023. ^ "Ex-Man City footballer Benjamin Mendy found not guilty of rape". BBC News. 14 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023. ^ "Jack Grealish and Paul Pogba send support to Benjamin Mendy after ex-Man City defender is cleared of rape". talkSPORT. 15 July 2023. ^ "Mendy launches multi-million claim against Man City". BBC Sport. 20 November 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023. ^ "Games played by Benjamin Mendy in 2017/2018". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 8 August 2018. ^ "Games played by Benjamin Mendy in 2018/2019". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 8 August 2018. ^ "Games played by Benjamin Mendy in 2019/2020". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 8 August 2019. ^ "Games played by Benjamin Mendy in 2020/2021". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 21 September 2020. ^ "Games played by Benjamin Mendy in 2021/2022". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 9 August 2021. ^ "Games played by Benjamin Mendy in 2022/2023". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 29 May 2023. ^ "Benjamin Mendy – national football team player". EU-Football.info. Retrieved 17 September 2018. ^ "Mendy, Benjamin". National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann. Retrieved 18 September 2018. ^ "Résultat et résumé Marseille – Paris-SG, Coupe de France, Finale, Samedi 21 Mai 2016" . L'Équipe (in French). Paris. Retrieved 31 May 2021. ^ "Résultat et résumé Monaco – Paris-SG, Coupe de la Ligue, Finale, Samedi 01 Avril 2017" . L'Équipe (in French). Paris. Retrieved 31 May 2021. ^ "Benjamin Mendy: Overview". Premier League. Retrieved 28 May 2021. ^ McNulty, Phil (1 March 2020). "Aston Villa 1–2 Manchester City". BBC Sport. Retrieved 1 March 2020. ^ McNulty, Phil (25 April 2021). "Manchester City 1–0 Tottenham Hotspur". BBC Sport. Retrieved 25 April 2021. ^ Bevan, Chris (5 August 2018). "Chelsea 0–2 Manchester City". BBC Sport. Retrieved 5 August 2018. ^ "Man. City 0–1 Chelsea: Updates". UEFA. Retrieved 31 May 2021. ^ "France 4–2 Croatia: Line-ups". FIFA. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2019. ^ "Trophées UNFP : Le Palmarès Complet de l'Édition 2017". Retrieved 15 May 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Benjamin Mendy. Profile at the FC Lorient website Benjamin Mendy at the French Football Federation (in French) Benjamin Mendy – UEFA competition record (archive)  vteFC Lorient – current squad 1 Gomis 2 Igor Silva 3 Talbi 4 Mouyokolo 5 B. Mendy 6 Louza 7 Katseris 8 Innocent 9 Bamba 10 Bouanani 11 Dieng 12 Yongwa 13 F. Mendy 14 Bakayoko 15 Laporte 17 Makengo 19 Abergel 21 Ponceau 22 Kroupi 24 Kalulu 27 Aiyegun 32 Adjei 33 N'Diaye 37 T. Le Bris 38 Mvogo 44 Kari 94 Youfeigane 95 Touré 97 Boisgard Manager: R. Le Bris vteFrance squad – 2018 FIFA World Cup winners (2nd title) 1 Lloris (c) 2 Pavard 3 Kimpembe 4 Varane 5 Umtiti 6 Pogba 7 Griezmann 8 Lemar 9 Giroud 10 Mbappé 11 Dembélé 12 Tolisso 13 Kanté 14 Matuidi 15 Nzonzi 16 Mandanda 17 Rami 18 Fekir 19 Sidibé 20 Thauvin 21 Hernandez 22 Mendy 23 Areola Coach: Deschamps vte2016–17 Ligue 1 UNFP Team of the Year GK: Subašić DF: Sidibé DF: Glik DF: T. Silva DF: Mendy MF: Verratti MF: B. Silva MF: Seri FW: Lacazette FW: Cavani FW: Mbappé
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"left-back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-back"},{"link_name":"Ligue 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"Lorient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Lorient"},{"link_name":"Le Havre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre_AC"},{"link_name":"Ligue 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Monaco_FC"},{"link_name":"national championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ligue_1_champions"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"his first season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Manchester_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"capped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(sport)"},{"link_name":"France youth teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_youth_football_team"},{"link_name":"under-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_under-16_football_team"},{"link_name":"under-17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_under-17_football_team"},{"link_name":"under-18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_under-18_football_team"},{"link_name":"under-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_under-19_football_team"},{"link_name":"under-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_under-21_football_team"},{"link_name":"2018 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup"}],"text":"Benjamin Mendy (born 17 July 1994) is a French professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Ligue 2 club Lorient.After coming through Le Havre's youth academy, Mendy began his playing career with the club's reserve team in 2010, being promoted to the first team a year later. He remained with the club until 2013, when he joined Ligue 1 club Marseille. Mendy spent the next three seasons with Les Olympiens before leaving for Monaco, with whom he won the national championship in 2016–17.In 2017, Mendy moved to English club Manchester City for a reported £52 million, then the world-record transfer fee for a defender. He won the Premier League in his first season in England. In 2021, Mendy was arrested on allegations of sexual offences and suspended by City. He was acquitted of all charges against him in two trials in 2023. Released by Manchester City in June 2023 at the end of his contract, he joined Lorient.Mendy made his senior debut for France in 2017 after previously being capped by France youth teams at under-16, under-17, under-18, under-19 and under-21 levels. He was chosen in France's squad for the 2018 World Cup, which they won.","title":"Benjamin Mendy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ligue 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"Le Havre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre_AC"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Coupe de la Ligue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Coupe_de_la_Ligue"},{"link_name":"Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens_SC"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Le Havre","text":"On 24 July 2011, Mendy signed his first professional contract, a three-year contract with Ligue 2 club Le Havre.[4] Mendy made his professional debut on 9 August 2011 in the team's 2–1 Coupe de la Ligue second-round defeat to Amiens.[5]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ligue 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"Olympique de Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Élie Baup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie_Baup"},{"link_name":"2013–14 UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Guingamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_Avant_de_Guingamp"},{"link_name":"Saint-Étienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Saint-%C3%89tienne"},{"link_name":"group-stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Champions_League#Group_stage"},{"link_name":"Borussia Dortmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund"},{"link_name":"José Anigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Anigo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Lille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille_OSC"},{"link_name":"Éric Di Meco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ric_Di_Meco"},{"link_name":"France national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Golden Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Boy_(award)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Marcelo Bielsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Bielsa"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_UEFA_Europa_League#Group_stage"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse_FC"},{"link_name":"Jean-Daniel Akpa Akpro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Daniel_Akpa_Akpro"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Caen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_Caen"},{"link_name":"Coupe de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Coupe_de_France#Round_of_64"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Stade Vélodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_V%C3%A9lodrome"}],"sub_title":"Marseille","text":"On 8 July 2013, Mendy signed for Ligue 1 club Olympique de Marseille.[6] Mendy was signed by manager Élie Baup, who had led Marseille to a second-place finish and qualification for the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League in the previous season.[7] He made his club and Ligue 1 debut on 11 August against Guingamp, and scored his first goal for Marseille on 24 September against Saint-Étienne. Mendy was in the squad for all six group-stage matches, and made his European debut on 1 October at Borussia Dortmund. However, Marseille lost all their group-stage matches while falling out of the competition, and Baup was sacked in favor of former club manager José Anigo.[8]Mendy was sparingly used toward the end of the season by Anigo, and made just one start in Marseille's final fourteen games. His performance in the start, against Lille on 20 April 2014, was criticized by former Marseille left-back Éric Di Meco, who claimed he would \"eat a rat\" if Mendy ever made the France national team.[9] After the season, Mendy was included on the 40-man shortlist for the 2014 Golden Boy award.[10]Mendy developed his game the following season under Argentinian manager Marcelo Bielsa, as Mendy claimed Bielsa had \"given back to him the strength and aggressiveness lost last year.\"[11] Mendy made 33 starts in the league in the 2014–15 campaign, getting 6 assists, as Marseille qualified for the Europa League. On 23 September 2015, Mendy was shown a straight red card shortly after coming on as a substitute against Toulouse, after he committed a professional foul on Toulouse's Jean-Daniel Akpa Akpro.[12] Mendy would be given a two-match ban, and later missed a further 13 games for Marseille after picking up a hamstring injury against Caen in the Coupe de France on 3 January 2016.[13]Mendy played for five different managers in three seasons at the Stade Vélodrome. He made 101 competitive appearances with the club and had 14 assists to his name.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:399071_sPICT.jpg"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Monaco_FC"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Monaco_FC"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"third round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_UEFA_Champions_League#Third_qualifying_round"},{"link_name":"Fenerbahçe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_S.K._(football)"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_Lyonnais"},{"link_name":"Corentin Tolisso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corentin_Tolisso"},{"link_name":"play-off round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_UEFA_Champions_League#Play-off_round"},{"link_name":"Villarreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villarreal_CF"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Lorient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Lorient"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"assisted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(football)"},{"link_name":"crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Valère Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A8re_Germain"},{"link_name":"Radamel Falcao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radamel_Falcao"},{"link_name":"Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OGC_Nice"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Coupe de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Coupe_de_France#Round_of_16"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Juventus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus_FC"},{"link_name":"2016–17 Ligue 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"Leonardo Jardim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Jardim"},{"link_name":"full-back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Full-back"},{"link_name":"Djibril Sidibé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibril_Sidib%C3%A9_(footballer,_born_1992)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"2017 UNFP Team of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troph%C3%A9es_UNFP_du_football"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Saint-Étienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Saint-%C3%89tienne"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters-20"},{"link_name":"Stade Louis II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Louis_II"},{"link_name":"Bernardo Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Silva"},{"link_name":"Tiémoué Bakayoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%A9mou%C3%A9_Bakayoko"},{"link_name":"Kylian Mbappé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylian_Mbapp%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Monaco","text":"Mendy playing for Monaco in 2016On 22 June 2016, Olympique de Marseille's Ligue 1 rivals Monaco announced that they had signed Mendy on a five-year contract.[14] Mendy made his debut for the club in the first leg of the Champions League third round against Turkish club Fenerbahçe on 27 July. On 18 December against Lyon in Ligue 1, Mendy was shown a red card for kicking at the backside of Lyon midfielder Corentin Tolisso. This was his second dismissal of the season after he was sent off in the play-off round of the Champions League against Villarreal.[15] Mendy was banned for five matches for the incident, later reduced to four as he made his return against Lorient on 22 January 2017.[16][17]On 4 February, Mendy assisted two of Monaco's goals by crossing the ball to the scorers Valère Germain and Radamel Falcao in their 3–0 Ligue 1 home win over Nice.[18] Mendy scored his first goal for Monaco in the Coupe de France against former club Marseille on 1 March. The goal, scored in extra time, gave Monaco a 3–2 lead, as Mendy also provided two assists in the 4–3 victory.[19] Monaco made a run to the semi-finals of the Champions League, and Mendy provided 4 assists in the campaign before they were eliminated by Juventus.Mendy was a key part of Monaco's 2016–17 Ligue 1 championship season, making 24 starts in the league for Les Monégasques under manager Leonardo Jardim. Monaco scored a league-leading 107 goals during the season, and Mendy was noted along with fellow full-back Djibril Sidibé for their forward play.[20][21] On 16 May, Mendy was named to the 2017 UNFP Team of the Year, along with 5 of his teammates.[22] The next day, Monaco clinched the Ligue 1 title against Saint-Étienne on the penultimate day of the season, their first in 17 seasons in what would be Mendy's final game with the club.[20] After the season, Mendy was part of the exodus away from the Stade Louis II that included starlets Bernardo Silva, Tiémoué Bakayoko, and later Kylian Mbappé.[23][24]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Kyle Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Walker"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C."},{"link_name":"Andros Townsend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andros_Townsend"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"anterior cruciate ligament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Fabian Delph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Delph"},{"link_name":"Swansea City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_City_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"City of Manchester Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Manchester_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"2018–19 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Manchester_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"cartilage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Burnley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnley_F.C."},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"2021–22 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C."},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Manchester City","text":"On 24 July 2017, it was announced that Premier League club Manchester City had signed Mendy on a six-year contract,[25] for a fee reported to be £52 million.[26] The transfer fee eclipsed the previous record for a defender, set ten days prior by City on teammate Kyle Walker. On 23 September, Mendy sustained an injury against Crystal Palace, hurting his right knee in a challenge against Palace forward Andros Townsend.[27]The club later confirmed that he had ruptured the anterior cruciate ligament in his knee, and he underwent surgery in Barcelona on 29 September.[28] Mendy returned from injury on 22 April 2018, as a 75th-minute substitute for Fabian Delph in a game against Swansea City at the City of Manchester Stadium.[29] This appearance gave him the minimum five league games required to receive a Premier League winners' medal.In the 2018–19 season, Mendy played in 10 of the first 12 Premier League games for City, assisting five goals in the process.[30] On 14 November 2018, days after the 3–1 win against Manchester United, it was announced Mendy had once again undergone surgery in Barcelona for a cartilage problem in his left knee,[31] and was expected to be out for 12 weeks.[32]On 28 November 2020, Mendy scored his first goal for City in a 5–0 home league win over Burnley.[33] On 15 August 2021, he featured in the opening match of the 2021–22 season in a 1–0 defeat against Tottenham Hotspur, to be his last match at the club.[34]Having not played in nearly two years due to his arrest, City announced they would release Mendy when his contract expired on 30 June 2023.[35]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ligue 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"Lorient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Lorient"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Loïc Féry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_F%C3%A9ry"},{"link_name":"France Bleu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Bleu"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Monaco"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Lorient","text":"On 19 July 2023, 23 months after his last appearance in professional football, Mendy signed a two-year contract with Ligue 1 club Lorient.[36][37] Club owner Loïc Féry refused to comment when asked about the signing by radio station France Bleu.[38] On 17 September, he made his debut for Lorient, coming off the bench in a 2–2 draw against Monaco.[39] On 10 December, he scored his first goal since his return to football, in a 4–2 home loss to former club Marseille.[40]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French youth international","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_youth_football_team"},{"link_name":"under-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_under-16_football_team"},{"link_name":"under-17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_under-17_football_team"},{"link_name":"2011 U-17 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Youth","text":"Mendy was a French youth international, having represented his nation at under-16 and under-17 level. In 2011, he was a part of the under-17 team that reached the quarter-finals at the 2011 U-17 World Cup.[41]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benjamin_Mendy_World_Cup_Trophy.jpg"},{"link_name":"FIFA World Cup Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Kylian Mbappé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylian_Mbapp%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Ousmane Dembélé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ousmane_Demb%C3%A9l%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"2018 World Cup qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(UEFA)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soccerway1-43"},{"link_name":"2018 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Senior","text":"Mendy holding the FIFA World Cup Trophy with Kylian Mbappé and Ousmane Dembélé, 2018Mendy was called up to the senior France squad for the first time to face Luxembourg and Spain in March 2017.[42] He made his debut on 25 March 2017 against the former, playing the whole game in a 3–1 2018 World Cup qualification away win.[43]On 17 May 2018, he was called up to the French squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia.[44] He played 40 minutes as a substitute in a goalless group game against Denmark as France won the tournament.[45]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hajj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Religious beliefs","text":"Mendy is a Muslim. He has made the Hajj to Mecca.[46]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cheshire Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"rape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape"},{"link_name":"sexual assault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_assault"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"bail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bail"},{"link_name":"house parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_party"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Prestbury, Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestbury,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Chester Crown Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Crown_Court"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Jack Grealish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Grealish"},{"link_name":"Paul Pogba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Pogba"},{"link_name":"Vinícius Júnior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin%C3%ADcius_J%C3%BAnior"},{"link_name":"Rio Ferdinand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Ferdinand"},{"link_name":"Memphis Depay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Depay"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"employment tribunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_tribunal"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Rape charges and acquittals","text":"On 26 August 2021, Cheshire Constabulary charged Mendy with four counts of rape and one count of sexual assault and remanded him in custody. The initial charges related to alleged offences against three different female complainants, all aged over 16, between October 2020 and August 2021.[47][48] His application for bail was refused, as he had broken prior bail conditions imposed that he should not host any house parties.[49] Manchester City suspended him pending a trial.[50] Mendy appeared in court on 10 September and was remanded in custody.[51]While he was in custody, Mendy was charged with three more counts of rape.[52][53] On 7 January 2022, he was granted bail on condition that he live at his home address in Prestbury, Cheshire, not contact complainants and surrender his passport.[54] Mendy pleaded not guilty on 22 May to seven charges of rape, one of attempted rape and one of sexual assault, relating to six complainants.[55] On 1 June, Mendy was charged with an additional rape brought forward by a new complainant.[56]The trial began on 10 August 2022 at Chester Crown Court. Mendy was charged with eight rapes, one attempted rape and a sexual assault. He pleaded not guilty to all charges. The jury was made up of 14 jurors, eight men and six women, including two alternates; all had to certify that they had no connection to Manchester City, Manchester United or the police.[57] On 13 September 2022, Mendy was found not guilty of one count of rape against a 19-year-old woman. Judge Stephen Everett told the jury to deliver a not guilty verdict after the prosecution decided not to pursue a guilty verdict on the one count.[58] This was after footage emerged of the complainant having consensual sex with Mendy's co-accused, Louis Saha Matturie, on an occasion that she alleged was rape.[59]On 13 January 2023, Mendy was found not guilty of six counts of rape and one count of sexual assault, while Matturie was found not guilty of six counts of rape and three of sexual assault.[60] The same jury could not reach a verdict on another count of rape and one count of attempted rape against Mendy, as well as three counts of rape and three of sexual assault against Matturie.[61] On 26 June, Mendy's retrial for his outstanding charges began at the same venue, with a new jury. Matturie was tried separately for his outstanding charges;[62] two weeks later, Mendy was found not guilty of one charge of rape and one of attempted rape.[63]Following the result of his court case and acquittal, fellow footballers such as Jack Grealish, Paul Pogba, Vinícius Júnior, Rio Ferdinand, and Memphis Depay released messages in support of Mendy, with Depay showing concern for the lack of support for Mendy by FIFA, his club, national team, and the Premier League during the legal process.[64]In November 2023, it was announced that Mendy would be taking Manchester City to an employment tribunal after claiming that he was owed millions of pounds in unauthorised wage deductions. He alleged that the club had stopped paying him in September 2021 after he was initially charged and held in custody.[65]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-66"},{"link_name":"Coupe de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_France"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-67"},{"link_name":"Coupe de la Ligue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_la_Ligue"},{"link_name":"EFL Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Cup"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UCL_68-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UCL_68-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UCL_68-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UCL_68-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UCL_68-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UCL_68-5"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-69"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FACS_72-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FACS_72-1"},{"link_name":"FA Community Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Community_Shield"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"As of match played 19 May 2024^ Includes Coupe de France, FA Cup\n\n^ Includes Coupe de la Ligue, EFL Cup\n\n^ a b c d e f Appearance(s) in UEFA Champions League\n\n^ Appearances in UEFA Europa League\n\n^ a b Appearance in FA Community Shield","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFT-78"}],"sub_title":"International","text":"As of match played 17 November 2019[72][73]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coupe de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_France"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Coupe_de_France"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Ligue 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters-20"},{"link_name":"Coupe de la Ligue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_la_Ligue"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Coupe_de_la_Ligue"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"EFL Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Cup"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_EFL_Cup"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_EFL_Cup"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"FA Community Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Community_Shield"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_FA_Community_Shield"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shield2018-84"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Team of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troph%C3%A9es_UNFP_du_football#Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troph%C3%A9es_UNFP_du_football#2017"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Knight of the Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_of_the_Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Legion-1"}],"text":"MarseilleCoupe de France runner-up: 2015–16[74]MonacoLigue 1: 2016–17[20]\nCoupe de la Ligue runner-up: 2016–17[75]Manchester CityPremier League: 2017–18, 2018–19, 2020–21[76]\nEFL Cup: 2019–20,[77] 2020–21[78]\nFA Community Shield: 2018[79]\nUEFA Champions League runner-up: 2020–21[80]FranceFIFA World Cup: 2018[81]IndividualUNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year: 2016–17[82]OrdersKnight of the Legion of Honour: 2018[1]","title":"Honours"}]
[{"image_text":"Mendy playing for Monaco in 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/399071_sPICT.jpg/170px-399071_sPICT.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mendy holding the FIFA World Cup Trophy with Kylian Mbappé and Ousmane Dembélé, 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Benjamin_Mendy_World_Cup_Trophy.jpg/220px-Benjamin_Mendy_World_Cup_Trophy.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Décret du 31 décembre 2018 portant promotion et nomination\" [Decree of 31 December 2018 on promotion and appointment]. Official Journal of the French Republic (in French). 2019 (1). 1 January 2019. PRER1835394D. Retrieved 28 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000037909703","url_text":"\"Décret du 31 décembre 2018 portant promotion et nomination\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIFA World Cup Russia 2018: List of Players: France\" (PDF). FIFA. 15 July 2018. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190611000407/https://www.fifadata.com/documents/FWC/2018/pdf/FWC_2018_SQUADLISTS.PDF","url_text":"\"FIFA World Cup Russia 2018: List of Players: France\""},{"url":"https://www.fifadata.com/documents/FWC/2018/pdf/FWC_2018_SQUADLISTS.PDF","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Benjamin Mendy signe pro pour 3 saisons\" (in French). Le Havre AC. 24 July 2011. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170816194115/http://www.hac-foot.com/actualite/benjamin-mendy-signe-pro-pour-3-saisons.html","url_text":"\"Benjamin Mendy signe pro pour 3 saisons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre_AC","url_text":"Le Havre AC"},{"url":"http://www.hac-foot.com/actualite/benjamin-mendy-signe-pro-pour-3-saisons.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Amiens v. Le Havre Report\" (in French). Ligue de Football Professionnel. 9 August 2011. Archived from the original on 16 September 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120916073327/http://new.lfp.fr/coupeLigue/feuille_match/75258","url_text":"\"Amiens v. Le Havre Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_de_Football_Professionnel","url_text":"Ligue de Football Professionnel"},{"url":"http://new.lfp.fr/coupeLigue/feuille_match/75258","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Transfer news: Marseille agree deal for Sunderland target Benjamin Mendy\". Sky Sports. 8 July 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11695/8814061/transfer-news-marseille-agree-deal-for-sunderland-target-benjamin-mendy","url_text":"\"Transfer news: Marseille agree deal for Sunderland target Benjamin Mendy\""}]},{"reference":"Akouete, Isidore (13 July 2013). \"ELIE BAUP : \" BENJAMIN MENDY EST UN JOUEUR D'AVENIR \"\". Africa Top Sports (in French).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.africatopsports.com/2013/07/13/elie-baup-benjamin-mendy-est-un-joueur-davenir/","url_text":"\"ELIE BAUP : \" BENJAMIN MENDY EST UN JOUEUR D'AVENIR \"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elie Baup sacked as Marseille manager\". BBC Sport. 7 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/25282768","url_text":"\"Elie Baup sacked as Marseille manager\""}]},{"reference":"\"Di Meco prend les paris contre Mendy\". Le Phocéen (in French). 22 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lephoceen.fr/infos-om/decla/di-meco-prend-les-paris-contre-mendy-l-ancien-defenseur-marseillais-tacle-benjamin-mendy-125264","url_text":"\"Di Meco prend les paris contre Mendy\""}]},{"reference":"Aarons, Ed (30 October 2014). \"Five English players on 40-man shortlist for Golden Boy award\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/oct/30/five-english-players-shortlist-golden-boy","url_text":"\"Five English players on 40-man shortlist for Golden Boy award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Benjamin Mendy en toute insouciance\". Le Parisien (in French). 20 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leparisien.fr/espace-premium/sports/benjamin-mendy-en-toute-insouciance-20-12-2014-4388823.php","url_text":"\"Benjamin Mendy en toute insouciance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Parisien","url_text":"Le Parisien"}]},{"reference":"PA Sport (23 September 2015). \"Toulouse 1–1 Marseille\". ESPN FC.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espnfc.com/report?gameId=424679","url_text":"\"Toulouse 1–1 Marseille\""}]},{"reference":"\"MENDY JOINS OM INJURY LIST\". Ligue 1. 6 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ligue1.com/ligue1/article/mendy-joins-om-injury-list.htm","url_text":"\"MENDY JOINS OM INJURY LIST\""}]},{"reference":"\"Benjamin Mendy signs on a five-year contract\". AS Monaco. 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 26 June 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160626053352/http://www.asmonaco.com/en/article/benjamin-mendy-signs-on-a-five-year-contract-7293.html","url_text":"\"Benjamin Mendy signs on a five-year contract\""},{"url":"http://www.asmonaco.com/en/article/benjamin-mendy-signs-on-a-five-year-contract-7293.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Form and head-to-head stats – Monaco vs Lyon\". skysports.com. Sky UK. 18 December 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skysports.com/football/monaco-vs-lyon/355349","url_text":"\"Form and head-to-head stats – Monaco vs Lyon\""}]},{"reference":"Recchimuzzi, Silvia (23 December 2016). \"AS Monaco defender Mendy banned for five matches\". Reuters.","urls":[{"url":"https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-france-mon-mendy/as-monaco-defender-mendy-banned-for-five-matches-idUKKBN14C1O0","url_text":"\"AS Monaco defender Mendy banned for five matches\""}]},{"reference":"\"Benjamin Mendy de retour de suspension avec Monaco\". L'Équipe (in French). 21 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Benjamin-mendy-de-retour-de-suspension-avec-monaco/770940","url_text":"\"Benjamin Mendy de retour de suspension avec Monaco\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27%C3%89quipe","url_text":"L'Équipe"}]},{"reference":"\"Falcao at the double as Monaco power on\". Ligue 1. 4 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ligue1.com/ligue1/article/falcao-at-the-double-as-monaco-power-on.htm","url_text":"\"Falcao at the double as Monaco power on\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monaco down Marseille in French Cup thriller, PSG through\". Eurosport. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnetonka
Minnetonka, Minnesota
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Economy","3.1 Top employers","4 Education","4.1 Public schools","4.2 Private schools","4.3 Public libraries","5 Demographics","5.1 2010 census","5.2 2000 census","6 Government","7 Politics","8 Sports","9 Notable people","10 References","11 External links"]
Coordinates: 44°54′48″N 93°30′12″W / 44.91333°N 93.50333°W / 44.91333; -93.50333City in Minnesota, United States "Minnetonka" redirects here. For other uses, see Minnetonka (disambiguation). City in Minnesota, United StatesMinnetonkaCityMinnetonka Community CenterLocation of Minnetonkawithin Hennepin County, MinnesotaCoordinates: 44°54′48″N 93°30′12″W / 44.91333°N 93.50333°W / 44.91333; -93.50333CountryUnited StatesStateMinnesotaCountyHennepinFounded1852Incorporated1956Government • MayorBrad WiersumArea • City27.95 sq mi (72.39 km2) • Land26.91 sq mi (69.71 km2) • Water1.04 sq mi (2.69 km2)Elevation889 ft (271 m)Population (2020) • City53,781 • Estimate (2022)52,544 • RankUS: 761stMN: 18th • Density1,998.33/sq mi (771.55/km2) • Metro3,693,729 (US: 16th)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP codes55305, 55343, 55345, 55391Area code952FIPS code27-43252GNIS feature ID0647949Websiteminnetonkamn.gov Minnetonka (/ˌmɪnɪˈtɒŋkə/ MIN-i-TONG-kə) is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. A western suburb of the Twin Cities, Minnetonka is located about 10 miles (16 km) west of downtown Minneapolis. At the 2020 census, the city's population was 53,781. Minnetonka is the home of Cargill, the country's largest privately owned company, and UnitedHealth Group, the state's largest publicly owned company. Interstate 494 runs through the city while Interstate 394 (U.S. Route 12) and U.S. Route 169 are situated along the suburb's northern and eastern boundaries respectively. History Since the mid-19th century, Minnetonka has evolved from heavily wooded wilderness through extensive farming and industrialization to its present primarily residential suburban character. The Minnetonka area was home to the Dakota and Ojibwe Native American tribes before Euro-Americans arrived in the 1800s. They believed Lake Minnetonka (mni meaning water, and tanka meaning big, anglicized to Minnetonka) and the land around it to be sacred. The first recorded exploration of the area by Euro-Americans was in 1822, when a group from newly constructed Fort Snelling made its way up Minnehaha Creek (then known as Brown's Creek or Falls Creek) to the lake. In 1851, the Dakota sold the area including Minnetonka to the United States with the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux. The first census, the Territorial Census of 1857, lists 41 households. Twenty-nine of the heads of households are listed as farmers. The occupations of the remaining twelve are associated with the operations of Minnetonka Mill and a nearby hotel. In 1852, a claim was staked on Minnehaha Creek near McGinty Road. The sawmill that was constructed in the thick woods of maple, oak, elm, red cedar and basswood was the first privately operated mill in Minnesota west of the Mississippi River. Oak timbers from this mill were used to build the first suspension bridge across the Mississippi River at Saint Anthony Falls in 1853. The settlement of Minnetonka Mills that grew up around the mill was the first permanent European–American settlement west of Minneapolis in Hennepin County. In 1855, a two-story sawmill was constructed with a furniture factory on the second floor. A building for varnishing furniture was built on the south side of the creek, at the present Bridge Street. Production consisted mainly of chairs and bedsteads. The Charles H. Burwell House The Cargill Lake Office, occupying a former mansion, formerly housed the company's top executives. In 1860, after only 8 years of operation, the sawmill closed. In 1869, a flour and grist mill were constructed and operated until the late 1880s. In 1874, Charles H. Burwell came to manage the Minnetonka Mill Company, and he built a Victorian home on the north bank of Minnehaha Creek (Minnetonka Boulevard at McGinty Road East) for his family. The Charles H. Burwell House is now on the National Register of Historic Places and is owned by the city. There were two other mills in Minnetonka: the St. Alban's Mill, which was less than 1 mile (2 km) downstream from Minnetonka Mills on Minnehaha Creek, operated as a flour mill from 1874 to 1881. A grist mill built on Purgatory Creek was washed out in a flood shortly after construction. Minnetonka Mills, with its post office and port for Lake Minnetonka, was the principal business and trading center for a large area until the 1870s. Between 1883 and 1956, the area within the original 36-square-mile (93 km2) township grew smaller as Wayzata, Hopkins, Deephaven, Woodland and Saint Louis Park incorporated or annexed portions of then-Minnetonka Township. Until as late as the 1960s, many portions of Minnetonka were still rural in character, with horse pasture and farms. Those final areas have since been developed with the city now a fully developed suburban community. The Minnetonka Town Hall, built in 1906, is on the National Register of Historic Places. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 28.22 square miles (73.09 km2), of which 26.93 square miles (69.75 km2) is land and 1.29 square miles (3.34 km2) is water. Part of the city includes the eastern tip of Lake Minnetonka, one of the largest lakes in Minnesota. The outlet of Lake Minnetonka is Minnehaha Creek, which winds through south Minneapolis and flows over Minnehaha Falls and into the Mississippi River. Minnetonka is located 8 miles (13 km) west of Minneapolis, in Hennepin County. Economy The headquarters of Carlson is in Minnetonka. The headquarters of Cargill are located in Minnetonka and are in the Wayzata Post Office area. Founded in 1865, Cargill is the largest privately held corporation in the U.S. in terms of revenue. Other companies based in Minnetonka include UnitedHealth Group, Digital River, Radisson Hotel Group, and the uniform companies AmeriPride Services and G&K Services. Top employers According to the city's 2021 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are: # Employer # of Employees 1 UnitedHealth Group 4,400 2 Cargill 3,400 3 Minnetonka Public Schools 1,883 4 Rosemount Engineering (Emerson) 1,600 5 Starkey Laboratories 1,300 6 St. Jude Medical 1,300 7 Medica Health Plans 1,300 8 SuperValu 1,265 9 MTS 800 Education Public schools The city of Minnetonka is covered by three independent school districts. The Hopkins School District, which encompasses the central and eastern part of Minnetonka; the Minnetonka School District, in the western part of city; and the Wayzata School District, which covers an area along the northern boundary of the city. Some students attend public schools in other school districts chosen by their families under Minnesota's open enrollment statute. Public Schools in Minnetonka (Minnetonka School District) Elementary School Junior High School Senior High School Clear Springs Elementary Minnetonka Middle School East Minnetonka High School Groveland Elementary Scenic Heights Elementary The Minnetonka School District also includes four schools outside of the city of Minnetonka: Deephaven Elementary School (Deephaven), Excelsior Elementary School (Excelsior), Minnewashta Elementary School (Shorewood), and Minnetonka Middle School West (Chanhassen). Public Schools in Minnetonka (Hopkins School District) Elementary Schools Junior High School Senior High School Gatewood Elementary School Hopkins West Junior High School Hopkins High School Glen Lake Elementary School Hopkins North Junior High School L. H. Tanglen Elementary School The Hopkins School District comprises two-thirds of the city of Minnetonka, the entirety of Hopkins, and portions of the cities of Golden Valley, Edina, St. Louis Park, Wayzata, and Plymouth. In addition to schools located within Minnetonka, the Hopkins School District also includes four schools in the cities of Hopkins and Golden Valley: Eisenhower Elementary School/Xin Xing Academy (Hopkins), Alice Smith Elementary School (Hopkins), Meadowbrook Elementary School (Golden Valley), and Harley Hopkins Early Childhood/Family Center (Hopkins). Private schools There are three private and parochial schools within Minnetonka's city limits: Accell Academy, an accredited private college preparatory school serving grades K-12 Notre Dame Academy, preschool through eighth grade Minnetonka Christian Academy Public libraries The Hennepin County Library has its headquarters in the Ridgedale Library in Minnetonka. The system also operates the Minnetonka Library. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1860203—1870552171.9%18801,06993.7%18901,44134.8%19001,083−24.8%19101,53842.0%19202,29849.4%19304,601100.2%19406,46640.5%195011,89684.0%196025,037110.5%197035,77642.9%198038,6838.1%199048,37025.0%200051,3016.1%201049,734−3.1%202053,7818.1%2022 (est.)52,544−2.3%U.S. Decennial Census2020 Census 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 49,734 people, 21,901 households, and 13,619 families living in the city. The population density was 1,846.8 inhabitants per square mile (713.1/km2). There were 23,294 housing units at an average density of 865.0 per square mile (334.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 90.0% White, 3.7% African American, 0.3% Native American, 3.1% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.4% of the population. There were 21,901 households, of which 25.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.1% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.8% were non-families. 31.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.85. The median age in the city was 45 years. 20.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.2% were from 25 to 44; 33.3% were from 45 to 64; and 16.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.5% male and 52.5% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 51,301 people, 21,393 households, and 14,097 families living in the city. The population density was 1,893.0 persons per square mile (729.7/km2). There were 22,228 housing units at an average density of 818.9 per square mile (316.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.40% White, 1.50% African American, 0.20% Native American, 2.29% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.57% from other races, and 1.03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.28% of the population. 24.7% were of German, 13.8% Norwegian, 9.1% Irish, 8.2% Swedish and 6.7% English ancestry. There were 21,393 households, out of which 29.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.6% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.1% were non-families. 27.3% of all households were made up of single individuals and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.92. In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.1% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 28.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.7 males. According to the 2000 census, the median income for a household in the city was $83,437. Government Minnetonka Police Department and City Hall The City Council of Minnetonka consists of the mayor and six council members. Of the six council members, two are elected at large and the remaining four are elected from wards. The council exercises the legislative power of the city and determines all matters of policy. It has the responsibility of basic decisions for the community, including appointment of the city manager. The city manager is responsible for putting council policies into effect and administering affairs of city government. The United States Postal Service operates the Minnetonka Post Office and the Minnetonka Carrier Annex. In addition, Minnetonka is served by four zip codes: one representing Minnetonka (55345), two representing Hopkins and Minnetonka (55305, 55343) and one representing Wayzata (55391). Politics Minnetonka is located in Minnesota's 3rd congressional district, represented by Democrat Dean Phillips. Presidential election results 1956–2020 Precinct General Election Results Year Republican Democratic Third parties 2020 31.7% 11,851 66.3% 24,804 2.0% 752 2016 33.6% 11,378 57.7% 19,533 8.7% 3,057 2012 43.2% 14,819 55.1% 18,874 1.7% 579 2008 41.3% 13,814 57.3% 19,171 1.4% 499 2004 45.9% 15,347 53.5% 17,790 0.6% 294 2000 45.9% 14,359 48.9% 15,289 5.2% 1,702 1996 42.0% 11,861 48.7% 13,740 9.3% 2,612 1992 37.9% 11,921 39.3% 12,340 22.8% 7,177 1988 57.7% 15,468 42.3% 11,332 0.0% 0 1984 62.1% 15,056 37.9% 9,195 0.0% 0 1980 51.6% 11,209 34.0% 7,379 14.4% 3,082 1976 58.9% 11,334 39.0% 7,505 2.1% 394 1972 65.0% 10,902 33.6% 5,631 1.4% 235 1968 56.2% 7,946 40.7% 5,751 3.1% 439 1964 52.6% 6,805 47.1% 6,082 0.3% 40 1960 64.5% 7,442 35.3% 4,075 0.2% 25 1956 64.4% 4,835 35.5% 2,665 0.1% 7 Sports The Minnetonka Dynamo, a bandy club, became national champions of bandy in 1994, 1998 and 2000. The Minnetonka Millers, a Class A baseball club, became state champions in 2015, 2016, and 2017. The Millers play at Veterans Field, located on the campus of Minnetonka High School. Notable people Beau Allen – Defensive Tackle, NFL, Tampa Bay Buccaneers Douglas Ewald - Minnesota state legislator Jake Gardiner – professional hockey player currently with the Carolina Hurricanes Jack Hillen – retired professional ice hockey player Kris Humphries – retired professional basketball player. Gary Jacobson – professional golfer. Ryan McCartan – Disney channel actor Sidney Morin – professional ice hockey player currently with HV71 Tom Petters – former CEO of Petters Group Worldwide convicted of running a 3.65 billion dollar Ponzi scheme. Al Quie – former Governor of Minnesota (1979–1983) Gretchen Quie – artist and former First Lady of Minnesota (1979–1983) Mike Ramsey – member of United States 1980 Olympic Gold Medal hockey team, the "Miracle Team" Terrell Sinkfield – American football cornerback who is currently a free agent Dave Snuggerud – professional ice hockey player drafted by the Buffalo Sabres Wesley So – Chess Grandmaster David Stenshoel — musician (Boiled in Lead) Judy Traub – Minnesota state senator and community volunteer Jill Trenary – professional figure skater Will Leer – professional runner References Minnesota portalUnited States portal ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2022. ^ a b c "Explore Census Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 20, 2022. ^ a b "City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022". United States Census Bureau. June 25, 2023. Retrieved June 25, 2023. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ A Brief History of Minnetonka Archived June 4, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Minnetonka Historical Society ^ "History | City of Minnetonka, MN". www.minnetonkamn.gov. Retrieved October 7, 2022. ^ Tribune, Katy Read Star. "Downtown Excelsior, the Steamboat Minnehaha named to the National Register of Historic Places". Star Tribune. Retrieved November 8, 2021. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2012. ^ "Contact Archived March 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine." Carlson Companies. Retrieved on February 9, 2011. "Carlson 701 Carlson Parkway Minnetonka, MN 55305 U.S.A." ^ "Wayzata city, Minnesota." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on December 23, 2010. ^ "Twin Cities Locations Archived July 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine." Cargill. Retrieved on December 23, 2010. "15407 McGinty Rd Wayzata, MN 55391" ^ "Privacy Archived December 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine." Cargill. Retrieved on December 23, 2010. "Our headquarters are in Wayzata, Minnesota in the United States of America." ^ "#1 Cargill - Forbes.com". www.forbes.com. Archived from the original on July 31, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2018. ^ "City of Minnetonka CAFR" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 6, 2018. Retrieved May 30, 2018. ^ City of Minnetonka covered by three school districts Archived June 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, City of Minnetonka webpage ^ "Open Enrollment". Minnesota Department of Education. Archived from the original on August 26, 2010. Retrieved November 19, 2010. ^ "About Hennepin County Library Archived February 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine." Hennepin County Library. Retrieved on March 24, 2010. ^ "Minnetonka Library." Hennepin County Library. Retrieved on March 24, 2010. ^ United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Retrieved July 23, 2014. ^ "City Manager: City of Minnetonka". eminnetonka.com. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved January 15, 2022. ^ "Post Office Location – MINNETONKA Archived December 31, 2010, at the Wayback Machine." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on December 23, 2010. ^ "Post Office Location – MINNETONKA CARRIER ANNEX Archived December 21, 2010, at the Wayback Machine." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on December 23, 2010. ^ "Office of the Minnesota Secretary of State - Election Results". Archived from the original on February 22, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2021. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 5, 2018. Retrieved May 30, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Lawrence Journal-World – Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2018. ^ "LIVE BLOG: The 24 Hour Plays: Ryan McCartan Inspires – Twin Cities Arts Reader". twincitiesarts.com. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ a b Salisbury, Bill (December 14, 2015). "Gretchen Quie, opened governor's house to public, dies at 88". St. Paul Pioneer Press. Archived from the original on January 2, 2016. Retrieved January 2, 2016. ^ "Why Chess Genius Wesley So is Representing the US and Not the Philippines". news.yahoo.com. Retrieved November 9, 2022. External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Minnetonka. City website Minnetonka Historical Society vteMunicipalities and communities of Hennepin County, Minnesota, United StatesCounty seat: MinneapolisCities Bloomington Brooklyn Center Brooklyn Park Champlin Chanhassen‡ Corcoran Crystal Dayton‡ Deephaven Eden Prairie Edina Excelsior Golden Valley Greenfield Greenwood Hanover‡ Hopkins Independence Long Lake Loretto Maple Grove Maple Plain Medicine Lake Medina Minneapolis Minnetonka Minnetonka Beach Minnetrista Mound New Hope Orono Osseo Plymouth Richfield Robbinsdale Rockford‡ Rogers Shorewood Spring Park St. Anthony‡ St. Bonifacius St. Louis Park Tonka Bay Wayzata Woodland Map of Minnesota highlighting Hennepin CountyUnincorporatedarea Fort Snelling unorganized territory Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Minnesota portal United States portal vteState of MinnesotaSaint Paul (capital)Topics Index Outline Biking/Cycling Cities Climate (Climate change) Colleges and universities Congressional districts Delegations Ecology Geography Geology Governor Hiking Historical Landmarks History Indian reservations Lakes Legislature Local government Townships People Political parties Rivers School districts High schools Scouting State fair Statutes State parks Symbols Territory Tourist attractions Mall of America Transportation Society Abortion Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Homelessness Law Cannabis Guns LGBT Movies and TV Music Newspapers Politics Religion Sports Theater Regions Arrowhead Boundary Waters Buffalo Ridge Central Coteau des Prairies Dissected Till Plains Driftless Area Iron Range Minnesota River Valley North Shore Northwest Angle North Woods Pipestone Red River Valley Siouxland Southeast Twin Cities metropolitan area Largest citiespop. over 25,000 Andover Apple Valley Austin Blaine Bloomington Brooklyn Center Brooklyn Park Burnsville Chanhassen Chaska Coon Rapids Cottage Grove Duluth Eagan Eden Prairie Edina Elk River Fridley Inver Grove Heights Lakeville Mankato Maple Grove Maplewood Minneapolis Minnetonka Moorhead Oakdale Owatonna Plymouth Prior Lake Ramsey Richfield Rochester Rosemount Roseville St. Cloud St. Louis Park Saint Paul Savage Shakopee Shoreview Winona Woodbury Counties Aitkin Anoka Becker Beltrami Benton Big Stone Blue Earth Brown Carlton Carver Cass Chippewa Chisago Clay Clearwater Cook Cottonwood Crow Wing Dakota Dodge Douglas Faribault Fillmore Freeborn Goodhue Grant Hennepin Houston Hubbard Isanti Itasca Jackson Kanabec Kandiyohi Kittson Koochiching Lac qui Parle Lake Lake of the Woods Le Sueur Lincoln Lyon Mahnomen Marshall Martin McLeod Meeker Mille Lacs Morrison Mower Murray Nicollet Nobles Norman Olmsted Otter Tail Pennington Pine Pipestone Polk Pope Ramsey Red Lake Redwood Renville Rice Rock Roseau Saint Louis Scott Sherburne Sibley Stearns Steele Stevens Swift Todd Traverse Wabasha Wadena Waseca Washington Watonwan Wilkin Winona Wright Yellow Medicine Minnesota portal Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minnetonka (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnetonka_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/ˌmɪnɪˈtɒŋkə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"MIN-i-TONG-kə","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"Hennepin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennepin_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Twin Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Cities"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020_Census_(City)-2"},{"link_name":"Cargill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargill"},{"link_name":"largest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_private_non-governmental_companies_by_revenue"},{"link_name":"UnitedHealth Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnitedHealth_Group"},{"link_name":"Interstate 494","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_494"},{"link_name":"Interstate 394","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_394"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_12"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 169","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_169"}],"text":"City in Minnesota, United States\"Minnetonka\" redirects here. For other uses, see Minnetonka (disambiguation).City in Minnesota, United StatesMinnetonka (/ˌmɪnɪˈtɒŋkə/ MIN-i-TONG-kə) is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. A western suburb of the Twin Cities, Minnetonka is located about 10 miles (16 km) west of downtown Minneapolis. At the 2020 census, the city's population was 53,781.[2]Minnetonka is the home of Cargill, the country's largest privately owned company, and UnitedHealth Group, the state's largest publicly owned company. Interstate 494 runs through the city while Interstate 394 (U.S. Route 12) and U.S. Route 169 are situated along the suburb's northern and eastern boundaries respectively.","title":"Minnetonka, Minnesota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_people"},{"link_name":"Ojibwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe_people"},{"link_name":"Lake Minnetonka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Minnetonka"},{"link_name":"Euro-Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro-Americans"},{"link_name":"Fort Snelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Snelling"},{"link_name":"Minnehaha Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnehaha_Creek"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Traverse des Sioux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Traverse_des_Sioux"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"sawmill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawmill"},{"link_name":"maple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_tree"},{"link_name":"oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"},{"link_name":"elm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm_tree"},{"link_name":"red cedar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniperus_virginiana"},{"link_name":"basswood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basswood"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Saint Anthony Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Anthony_Falls"},{"link_name":"varnishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnish"},{"link_name":"bedsteads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedstead"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_H._Burwell_House.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles H. Burwell House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Burwell_House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2009-0612-07-CargillLakeOffice.jpg"},{"link_name":"flour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour_mill"},{"link_name":"grist mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grist_mill"},{"link_name":"Victorian home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecture"},{"link_name":"Charles H. Burwell House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Burwell_House"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Wayzata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayzata,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Deephaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deephaven,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Woodland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Park,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Since the mid-19th century, Minnetonka has evolved from heavily wooded wilderness through extensive farming and industrialization to its present primarily residential suburban character. The Minnetonka area was home to the Dakota and Ojibwe Native American tribes before Euro-Americans arrived in the 1800s. They believed Lake Minnetonka (mni meaning water, and tanka meaning big, anglicized to Minnetonka) and the land around it to be sacred. The first recorded exploration of the area by Euro-Americans was in 1822, when a group from newly constructed Fort Snelling made its way up Minnehaha Creek (then known as Brown's Creek or Falls Creek) to the lake. In 1851, the Dakota sold the area including Minnetonka to the United States with the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux. The first census, the Territorial Census of 1857, lists 41 households. Twenty-nine of the heads of households are listed as farmers. The occupations of the remaining twelve are associated with the operations of Minnetonka Mill and a nearby hotel.[5]In 1852, a claim was staked on Minnehaha Creek near McGinty Road. The sawmill that was constructed in the thick woods of maple, oak, elm, red cedar and basswood was the first privately operated mill in Minnesota west of the Mississippi River. Oak timbers from this mill were used to build the first suspension bridge across the Mississippi River at Saint Anthony Falls in 1853. The settlement of Minnetonka Mills that grew up around the mill was the first permanent European–American settlement west of Minneapolis in Hennepin County. In 1855, a two-story sawmill was constructed with a furniture factory on the second floor. A building for varnishing furniture was built on the south side of the creek, at the present Bridge Street. Production consisted mainly of chairs and bedsteads.The Charles H. Burwell HouseThe Cargill Lake Office, occupying a former mansion, formerly housed the company's top executives.In 1860, after only 8 years of operation, the sawmill closed. In 1869, a flour and grist mill were constructed and operated until the late 1880s. In 1874, Charles H. Burwell came to manage the Minnetonka Mill Company, and he built a Victorian home on the north bank of Minnehaha Creek (Minnetonka Boulevard at McGinty Road East) for his family. The Charles H. Burwell House is now on the National Register of Historic Places and is owned by the city. There were two other mills in Minnetonka: the St. Alban's Mill, which was less than 1 mile (2 km) downstream from Minnetonka Mills on Minnehaha Creek, operated as a flour mill from 1874 to 1881. A grist mill built on Purgatory Creek was washed out in a flood shortly after construction. Minnetonka Mills, with its post office and port for Lake Minnetonka, was the principal business and trading center for a large area until the 1870s.Between 1883 and 1956, the area within the original 36-square-mile (93 km2) township grew smaller as Wayzata, Hopkins, Deephaven, Woodland and Saint Louis Park incorporated or annexed portions of then-Minnetonka Township.Until as late as the 1960s, many portions of Minnetonka were still rural in character, with horse pasture and farms. Those final areas have since been developed with the city now a fully developed suburban community.[6]The Minnetonka Town Hall, built in 1906, is on the National Register of Historic Places.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-8"},{"link_name":"Lake Minnetonka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Minnetonka"},{"link_name":"Minnehaha Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnehaha_Creek"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Minnehaha Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnehaha_Falls"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Hennepin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennepin_County"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 28.22 square miles (73.09 km2), of which 26.93 square miles (69.75 km2) is land and 1.29 square miles (3.34 km2) is water.[8] Part of the city includes the eastern tip of Lake Minnetonka, one of the largest lakes in Minnesota. The outlet of Lake Minnetonka is Minnehaha Creek, which winds through south Minneapolis and flows over Minnehaha Falls and into the Mississippi River. Minnetonka is located 8 miles (13 km) west of Minneapolis, in Hennepin County.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carlson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlson_Companies"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Cargill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargill"},{"link_name":"Wayzata Post Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayzata_Post_Office"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"UnitedHealth Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnitedHealth_Group"},{"link_name":"Digital River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_River"},{"link_name":"Radisson Hotel Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radisson_Hotel_Group"},{"link_name":"AmeriPride Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmeriPride_Services"},{"link_name":"G&K Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%26K_Services"}],"text":"The headquarters of Carlson is in Minnetonka.[9] The headquarters of Cargill are located in Minnetonka and are in the Wayzata Post Office area.[10][11][12] Founded in 1865, Cargill is the largest privately held corporation in the U.S. in terms of revenue.[13] Other companies based in Minnetonka include UnitedHealth Group, Digital River, Radisson Hotel Group, and the uniform companies AmeriPride Services and G&K Services.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Top employers","text":"According to the city's 2021 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[14] the top employers in the city are:","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Hopkins School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins_Public_Schools_(Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"Wayzata School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayzata_School_District"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Deephaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deephaven,_MN"},{"link_name":"Excelsior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excelsior,_MN"},{"link_name":"Shorewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorewood,_MN"},{"link_name":"Chanhassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanhassen,_MN"},{"link_name":"Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Golden Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Valley,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins,_Minnesota"}],"sub_title":"Public schools","text":"The city of Minnetonka is covered by three independent school districts.[15] The Hopkins School District, which encompasses the central and eastern part of Minnetonka; the Minnetonka School District, in the western part of city; and the Wayzata School District, which covers an area along the northern boundary of the city. Some students attend public schools in other school districts chosen by their families under Minnesota's open enrollment statute.[16]The Minnetonka School District also includes four schools outside of the city of Minnetonka: Deephaven Elementary School (Deephaven), Excelsior Elementary School (Excelsior), Minnewashta Elementary School (Shorewood), and Minnetonka Middle School West (Chanhassen).The Hopkins School District comprises two-thirds of the city of Minnetonka, the entirety of Hopkins, and portions of the cities of Golden Valley, Edina, St. Louis Park, Wayzata, and Plymouth. In addition to schools located within Minnetonka, the Hopkins School District also includes four schools in the cities of Hopkins and Golden Valley: \nEisenhower Elementary School/Xin Xing Academy (Hopkins), Alice Smith Elementary School (Hopkins), Meadowbrook Elementary School (Golden Valley), and Harley Hopkins Early Childhood/Family Center (Hopkins).","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"college preparatory school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University-preparatory_school"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten"},{"link_name":"12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_12"},{"link_name":"preschool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preschool"},{"link_name":"eighth grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_grade"}],"sub_title":"Private schools","text":"There are three private and parochial schools within Minnetonka's city limits:Accell Academy, an accredited private college preparatory school serving grades K-12\nNotre Dame Academy, preschool through eighth grade\nMinnetonka Christian Academy","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hennepin County Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennepin_County_Library"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Public libraries","text":"The Hennepin County Library has its headquarters in the Ridgedale Library in Minnetonka.[17] The system also operates the Minnetonka Library.[18]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census of 2010, there were 49,734 people, 21,901 households, and 13,619 families living in the city. The population density was 1,846.8 inhabitants per square mile (713.1/km2). There were 23,294 housing units at an average density of 865.0 per square mile (334.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 90.0% White, 3.7% African American, 0.3% Native American, 3.1% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.4% of the population.There were 21,901 households, of which 25.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.1% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.8% were non-families. 31.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.85.The median age in the city was 45 years. 20.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.2% were from 25 to 44; 33.3% were from 45 to 64; and 16.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.5% male and 52.5% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_people"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_people"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census of 2000, there were 51,301 people, 21,393 households, and 14,097 families living in the city. The population density was 1,893.0 persons per square mile (729.7/km2). There were 22,228 housing units at an average density of 818.9 per square mile (316.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.40% White, 1.50% African American, 0.20% Native American, 2.29% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.57% from other races, and 1.03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.28% of the population. 24.7% were of German, 13.8% Norwegian, 9.1% Irish, 8.2% Swedish and 6.7% English ancestry.There were 21,393 households, out of which 29.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.6% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.1% were non-families. 27.3% of all households were made up of single individuals and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.92.In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.1% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 28.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.7 males.According to the 2000 census, the median income for a household in the city was $83,437.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2009-0612-06-MinnetonkaCH.jpg"},{"link_name":"legislative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative"},{"link_name":"city manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_manager"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"United States Postal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Wayzata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayzata,_Minnesota"}],"text":"Minnetonka Police Department and City HallThe City Council of Minnetonka consists of the mayor and six council members. Of the six council members, two are elected at large and the remaining four are elected from wards. The council exercises the legislative power of the city and determines all matters of policy. It has the responsibility of basic decisions for the community, including appointment of the city manager. The city manager is responsible for putting council policies into effect and administering affairs of city government.[20]The United States Postal Service operates the Minnetonka Post Office and the Minnetonka Carrier Annex.[21][22] In addition, Minnetonka is served by four zip codes: one representing Minnetonka (55345), two representing Hopkins and Minnetonka (55305, 55343) and one representing Wayzata (55391).","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minnesota's 3rd congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota%27s_3rd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Dean Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Phillips"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Third parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election"}],"text":"Minnetonka is located in Minnesota's 3rd congressional district, represented by Democrat Dean Phillips.Presidential election results 1956–2020\n\nPrecinct General Election Results[23]\n\n\nYear\n\nRepublican\n\nDemocratic\n\nThird parties\n\n\n2020\n\n31.7% 11,851\n\n66.3% 24,804\n\n2.0% 752\n\n\n2016\n\n33.6% 11,378\n\n57.7% 19,533\n\n8.7% 3,057\n\n\n2012\n\n43.2% 14,819\n\n55.1% 18,874\n\n1.7% 579\n\n\n2008\n\n41.3% 13,814\n\n57.3% 19,171\n\n1.4% 499\n\n\n2004\n\n45.9% 15,347\n\n53.5% 17,790\n\n0.6% 294\n\n\n2000\n\n45.9% 14,359\n\n48.9% 15,289\n\n5.2% 1,702\n\n\n1996\n\n42.0% 11,861\n\n48.7% 13,740\n\n9.3% 2,612\n\n\n1992\n\n37.9% 11,921\n\n39.3% 12,340\n\n22.8% 7,177\n\n\n1988\n\n57.7% 15,468\n\n42.3% 11,332\n\n0.0% 0\n\n\n1984\n\n62.1% 15,056\n\n37.9% 9,195\n\n0.0% 0\n\n\n1980\n\n51.6% 11,209\n\n34.0% 7,379\n\n14.4% 3,082\n\n\n1976\n\n58.9% 11,334\n\n39.0% 7,505\n\n2.1% 394\n\n\n1972\n\n65.0% 10,902\n\n33.6% 5,631\n\n1.4% 235\n\n\n1968\n\n56.2% 7,946\n\n40.7% 5,751\n\n3.1% 439\n\n\n1964\n\n52.6% 6,805\n\n47.1% 6,082\n\n0.3% 40\n\n\n1960\n\n64.5% 7,442\n\n35.3% 4,075\n\n0.2% 25\n\n\n1956\n\n64.4% 4,835\n\n35.5% 2,665\n\n0.1% 7","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandy"},{"link_name":"national champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_bandy_champions"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Minnetonka High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnetonka_High_School"}],"text":"The Minnetonka Dynamo, a bandy club, became national champions of bandy in 1994, 1998 and 2000.The Minnetonka Millers, a Class A baseball club, became state champions in 2015, 2016, and 2017.[24] The Millers play at Veterans Field, located on the campus of Minnetonka High School.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beau Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau_Allen"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Buccaneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers"},{"link_name":"Douglas Ewald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Ewald"},{"link_name":"Jake Gardiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Gardiner"},{"link_name":"Carolina Hurricanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes"},{"link_name":"Jack Hillen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Hillen"},{"link_name":"Kris Humphries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Humphries"},{"link_name":"Gary Jacobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Jacobson_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Ryan McCartan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_McCartan"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Sidney Morin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Morin"},{"link_name":"HV71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HV71"},{"link_name":"Tom Petters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Petters"},{"link_name":"Ponzi scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponzi_scheme"},{"link_name":"Al Quie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Quie"},{"link_name":"Governor of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ppress-27"},{"link_name":"Gretchen Quie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretchen_Quie"},{"link_name":"First Lady of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ppress-27"},{"link_name":"Mike Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Ramsey_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"\"Miracle Team\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_on_Ice"},{"link_name":"Terrell Sinkfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrell_Sinkfield"},{"link_name":"Dave Snuggerud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Snuggerud"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Sabres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Sabres"},{"link_name":"Wesley So","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_So"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"David Stenshoel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stenshoel"},{"link_name":"Boiled in Lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiled_in_Lead"},{"link_name":"Judy Traub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Traub"},{"link_name":"Jill Trenary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Trenary"},{"link_name":"Will Leer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Leer"}],"text":"Beau Allen – Defensive Tackle, NFL, Tampa Bay Buccaneers\nDouglas Ewald - Minnesota state legislator\nJake Gardiner – professional hockey player currently with the Carolina Hurricanes\nJack Hillen – retired professional ice hockey player\nKris Humphries – retired professional basketball player.\nGary Jacobson – professional golfer.[25]\nRyan McCartan – Disney channel actor[26]\nSidney Morin – professional ice hockey player currently with HV71\nTom Petters – former CEO of Petters Group Worldwide convicted of running a 3.65 billion dollar Ponzi scheme.\nAl Quie – former Governor of Minnesota (1979–1983)[27]\nGretchen Quie – artist and former First Lady of Minnesota (1979–1983)[27]\nMike Ramsey – member of United States 1980 Olympic Gold Medal hockey team, the \"Miracle Team\"\nTerrell Sinkfield – American football cornerback who is currently a free agent\nDave Snuggerud – professional ice hockey player drafted by the Buffalo Sabres\nWesley So – Chess Grandmaster[28]\nDavid Stenshoel — musician (Boiled in Lead)\nJudy Traub – Minnesota state senator and community volunteer\nJill Trenary – professional figure skater\nWill Leer – professional runner","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"The Charles H. Burwell House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Charles_H._Burwell_House.jpg/250px-Charles_H._Burwell_House.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Cargill Lake Office, occupying a former mansion, formerly housed the company's top executives.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/2009-0612-07-CargillLakeOffice.jpg/250px-2009-0612-07-CargillLakeOffice.jpg"},{"image_text":"Minnetonka Police Department and City Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/2009-0612-06-MinnetonkaCH.jpg/250px-2009-0612-06-MinnetonkaCH.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Minnesota highlighting Hennepin County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Hennepin_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Hennepin_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_27.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US2743252","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022\". United States Census Bureau. June 25, 2023. Retrieved June 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html","url_text":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120212191832/http://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"History | City of Minnetonka, MN\". www.minnetonkamn.gov. Retrieved October 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minnetonkamn.gov/our-city/about-minnetonka/history","url_text":"\"History | City of Minnetonka, MN\""}]},{"reference":"Tribune, Katy Read Star. \"Downtown Excelsior, the Steamboat Minnehaha named to the National Register of Historic Places\". Star Tribune. Retrieved November 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.startribune.com/downtown-excelsior-the-steamboat-minnehaha-named-to-the-national-register-of-historic-places/600111572/","url_text":"\"Downtown Excelsior, the Steamboat Minnehaha named to the National Register of Historic Places\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120112090031/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"#1 Cargill - Forbes.com\". www.forbes.com. Archived from the original on July 31, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/21/private-companies-09_Cargill_5ZUZ.html","url_text":"\"#1 Cargill - Forbes.com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170731063945/https://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/21/private-companies-09_Cargill_5ZUZ.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"City of Minnetonka CAFR\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 6, 2018. Retrieved May 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180806172625/http://eminnetonka.com/images/finance/cafr/2016-CAFR-Minnetonka.pdf","url_text":"\"City of Minnetonka CAFR\""},{"url":"http://eminnetonka.com/images/finance/cafr/2016-CAFR-Minnetonka.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Open Enrollment\". Minnesota Department of Education. Archived from the original on August 26, 2010. Retrieved November 19, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100826062337/http://education.state.mn.us/MDE/Academic_Excellence/School_Choice/Public_School_Choice/Open_Enrollment/index.html","url_text":"\"Open Enrollment\""},{"url":"http://education.state.mn.us/mde/Academic_Excellence/School_Choice/Public_School_Choice/Open_Enrollment/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"United States Census Bureau. \"Census of Population and Housing\". Retrieved July 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"City Manager: City of Minnetonka\". eminnetonka.com. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved January 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071012210249/http://eminnetonka.com/your_government/departments/city_manager.cfm","url_text":"\"City Manager: City of Minnetonka\""},{"url":"http://eminnetonka.com/your_government/departments/city_manager.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Office of the Minnesota Secretary of State - Election Results\". Archived from the original on February 22, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sos.state.mn.us/elections-voting/election-results/","url_text":"\"Office of the Minnesota Secretary of State - Election Results\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210222230838/https://www.sos.state.mn.us/elections-voting/election-results","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on August 5, 2018. Retrieved May 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://minnetonkamillers.com/","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180805210217/http://minnetonkamillers.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lawrence Journal-World – Google News Archive Search\". news.google.com. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19770831&id=DU0yAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BOYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5526,4804290","url_text":"\"Lawrence Journal-World – Google News Archive Search\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160506223608/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19770831&id=DU0yAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BOYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5526,4804290","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"LIVE BLOG: The 24 Hour Plays: Ryan McCartan Inspires – Twin Cities Arts Reader\". twincitiesarts.com. Retrieved November 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://twincitiesarts.com/2017/03/13/the-24-hour-plays-get-ready-for-melissa-gilbert/","url_text":"\"LIVE BLOG: The 24 Hour Plays: Ryan McCartan Inspires – Twin Cities Arts Reader\""}]},{"reference":"Salisbury, Bill (December 14, 2015). \"Gretchen Quie, opened governor's house to public, dies at 88\". St. Paul Pioneer Press. Archived from the original on January 2, 2016. Retrieved January 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.twincities.com/politics/ci_29249710/obituary-minnesotas-first-lady-gretchen-quie-worked-restore","url_text":"\"Gretchen Quie, opened governor's house to public, dies at 88\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul_Pioneer_Press","url_text":"St. Paul Pioneer Press"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160102042644/http://www.twincities.com/politics/ci_29249710/obituary-minnesotas-first-lady-gretchen-quie-worked-restore","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Why Chess Genius Wesley So is Representing the US and Not the Philippines\". news.yahoo.com. Retrieved November 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yahoo.com/why-chess-genius-wesley-representing-212621201.html","url_text":"\"Why Chess Genius Wesley So is Representing the US and Not the Philippines\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafcutter_John
Leafcutter John
["1 Career","2 Projects","3 Discography","4 References","5 External links"]
British musician and artist Leafcutter John Leafcutter John is the recording name of John Burton, a UK-based musician and artist. He makes frequent use of Max/MSP in his compositions. Much of Burton's style is based in computer music and use of samples of everyday sounds. However, he also has roots as a folk musician, and this influence is apparent in his more recent work. Career After graduating in Fine Art Painting at Norwich School of Art (1996–1998), Burton moved to London and after a year pursuing a career as a performance artist, began to concentrate on his musical work. He soon secured interest from Mike Paradinas, owner of independent electronics label Planet Mu. Paradinas encouraged Burton to develop his electro-acoustic folk hybrid and his first full-length release, Concourse EEP, was released in early 2000. His album, The Housebound Spirit, was a response to being mugged outside his London studio. The album deals with themes of increasing alienation and agoraphobia. His fourth album The Forest and the Sea was nominated for Best Album at the Qwartz Electronic Music Awards 2007 and was described by comedian James Acaster as "a criminally overlooked record". In 2019, Burton released his seventh album Yes! Come Parade With Us on James Holden’s label Border Community, featuring modular synth and field recordings from the Norfolk Coast Path. Burton was a full-time member of the contemporary British jazz pioneers and Mercury Music Prize nominees Polar Bear, founded by drummer Seb Rochford. He has performed with Imogen Heap, Shabaka Hutchings, Serafina Steer, Laura Jurd and Talvin Singh, supported Matmos and Otomo Yoshihide, and been in Beck's band at the Barbican, London. In 2007, he performed at Jarvis Cocker’s Meltdown Festival. He played alongside jazz pianist Michael Wollny at the opening night of the Bauhaus 100 festival in January 2019. In autumn/winter 2019, he supported The Comet Is Coming on their UK tour. Leafcutter John is also an accomplished producer and remixer, having worked on projects for: DJ /rupture, Ed Dowie, Melt Yourself Down, Mu-ziq/Speedy J, Electric Company, Badly Drawn Boy, Capitol K, Bas Jan and others. He lives in Sheffield, South Yorkshire. Projects Leafcutter John has engaged in several projects, both commissioned and DIY. Examples include installing microphones under a creaky wooden floor to record and manipulate the sounds in a software program, growing and constructing piezoelectric crystal microphones, touring the Grand Union Canal, building a laser "microphone" and creating a massive morse code chorus for BBC Radio 3. He has also worked on theatre, dance and poetry projects, including commissions from the Handspring Puppet Company, and choreographers Wayne McGregor and Shobana Jeyasingh. Burton is a prodigious instrument builder and uses a self-built light-controlled musical interface at his shows. He won the Qwartz Electronic Music Award for Innovation in 2015. In 2017, he was a recipient of an artists award from the Paul Hamlyn Foundation. Discography The Sky Is Darker Than the Road (1998) Concourse EEP (2000) Planet Mu (ZIQ017) 12" and CD Microcontact (2001) Planet Mu (ZIQ022) CD Zeagma (2001) Planet Mu (ZIQ036) 7" The Housebound Spirit (2003) Planet Mu (ZIQ061) CD The Forest and the Sea (2006) Staubgold Records (Staubgold 68) CD/LP Tunis (2010) Tsuku Boshi CD Resurrection (2015) Desire Path Recordings (PATHWAY009) 12"/Digital Yes! Come Parade With Us (2019) Border Community (52BC) CD/LP References ^ Forever, James Acaster (8 March 2019). "The Forest & The Sea by Leafcutter John is a criminally overlooked record. A concept album about getting lost, full of electronic experimentation, rooted in sad folk music.pic.twitter.com/fvVUngM1jP". Twitter.com. Retrieved 30 July 2019. ^ "Polar Bear Q&A - 2014 Mercury Prize". YouTube. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2019. ^ Leafcutter John live at Imogen Heap's Reverb, archived from the original on 12 December 2021, retrieved 2 August 2019 ^ "BBC - Radio 3 Live In Concert - Media Centre". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2 August 2019. ^ "Pulsar light controlled music with Serafina Steer's Harp". YouTube. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2019. ^ "FEATURE: Newcastle Festival of Jazz and Improvised Music | NARC. | Reliably Informed | Music and Creative Arts News for Newcastle and the North East". Narcmagazine.com. Retrieved 2 August 2019. ^ Welt, Haus der Kulturen der (7 July 2016). "Shruti Sonic feat. Talvin Singh". Hkw.de. Retrieved 3 July 2020. ^ "Somnambule ~ Review of The Owl Project / Dick Slessig Combo / Matmos / Leafcutter John in concert". Eleventhvolume.com. Retrieved 2 August 2019. ^ "Beck - Live At Barbican, London". Clash Magazine. Retrieved 2 August 2019. ^ "Jarvis Cocker's Meltdown – Forest Of No Return 17/06/07". Music Like Dirt. 27 June 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2019. ^ "BAU.HAUS.KLANG". Bauhaus100.com. Retrieved 2 August 2019. ^ "Yorkshire Post review". The Comet is Coming. Retrieved 8 December 2019. ^ "The Quietus | Features | A Quietus Interview | I Am What I Am: Ed Dowie Interviewed". The Quietus. Retrieved 1 April 2021. ^ "Leafcutter John → Our Favourite Places – Sheffield Culture Guide". Our Favourite Places – Sheffield Culture Guide. Retrieved 30 July 2019. ^ Hodgkinson, Will (27 August 2009). "Canal Music takes the scenic route". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 30 July 2019. ^ "THE LIGHT COMPOSER | HACKING A LIGHT INTERFACE TO PRODUCE LIVE MUSIC". YouTube. Retrieved 31 July 2019. ^ "Leafcutter John". Paul Hamlyn Foundation. Retrieved 2 August 2019. ^ "Leafcutter John - Yes Come Parade With Us review". The Quietus. 9 May 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019. External links Leafcutter John's Site vtePolar Bear Seb Rochford Pete Wareham Mark Lockheart Tom Herbert Leafcutter John Albums Dim Lit (2004) Held on the Tips of Fingers (2005) Polar Bear (2008) Peepers (2010) In Each and Every One (2014) Same as You (2015) Authority control databases International ISNI Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leafcutter_John_photo.jpg"},{"link_name":"recording name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_name"},{"link_name":"Max/MSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_(software)"},{"link_name":"computer music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_music"},{"link_name":"samples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(music)"},{"link_name":"folk musician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"}],"text":"Leafcutter JohnLeafcutter John is the recording name of John Burton, a UK-based musician and artist. He makes frequent use of Max/MSP in his compositions. Much of Burton's style is based in computer music and use of samples of everyday sounds. However, he also has roots as a folk musician, and this influence is apparent in his more recent work.","title":"Leafcutter John"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwich School of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_School_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Mike Paradinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Paradinas"},{"link_name":"Planet Mu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Mu"},{"link_name":"alienation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_alienation"},{"link_name":"agoraphobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agoraphobia"},{"link_name":"Qwartz Electronic Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qwartz_Electronic_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"James Acaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Acaster"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"James Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Holden_(producer)"},{"link_name":"modular synth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_synthesizer"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Coast Path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Coast_Path"},{"link_name":"Mercury Music Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Prize"},{"link_name":"Polar Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Bear_(British_band)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Seb Rochford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seb_Rochford"},{"link_name":"Imogen Heap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imogen_Heap"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Shabaka Hutchings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabaka_Hutchings"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Serafina Steer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serafina_Steer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Laura Jurd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Jurd"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Talvin Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talvin_Singh"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Matmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matmos"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Otomo Yoshihide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomo_Yoshihide"},{"link_name":"Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beck"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Barbican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbican_Centre"},{"link_name":"Jarvis Cocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarvis_Cocker"},{"link_name":"Meltdown Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meltdown_(festival)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Michael Wollny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Wollny"},{"link_name":"Bauhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The Comet Is Coming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comet_Is_Coming"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"remixer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix"},{"link_name":"DJ /rupture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_/rupture"},{"link_name":"Ed Dowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Dowie"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Melt Yourself Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melt_Yourself_Down"},{"link_name":"Mu-ziq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu-ziq"},{"link_name":"Speedy J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedy_J"},{"link_name":"Badly Drawn Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badly_Drawn_Boy"},{"link_name":"Capitol K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_K"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"After graduating in Fine Art Painting at Norwich School of Art (1996–1998), Burton moved to London and after a year pursuing a career as a performance artist, began to concentrate on his musical work. He soon secured interest from Mike Paradinas, owner of independent electronics label Planet Mu. Paradinas encouraged Burton to develop his electro-acoustic folk hybrid and his first full-length release, Concourse EEP, was released in early 2000. His album, The Housebound Spirit, was a response to being mugged outside his London studio. The album deals with themes of increasing alienation and agoraphobia.His fourth album The Forest and the Sea was nominated for Best Album at the Qwartz Electronic Music Awards 2007 and was described by comedian James Acaster as \"a criminally overlooked record\".[1]In 2019, Burton released his seventh album Yes! Come Parade With Us on James Holden’s label Border Community, featuring modular synth and field recordings from the Norfolk Coast Path.Burton was a full-time member of the contemporary British jazz pioneers and Mercury Music Prize nominees Polar Bear,[2] founded by drummer Seb Rochford.He has performed with Imogen Heap,[3] Shabaka Hutchings,[4] Serafina Steer,[5] Laura Jurd[6] and Talvin Singh,[7] supported Matmos[8] and Otomo Yoshihide, and been in Beck's band[9] at the Barbican, London. In 2007, he performed at Jarvis Cocker’s Meltdown Festival.[10] He played alongside jazz pianist Michael Wollny at the opening night of the Bauhaus 100 festival[11] in January 2019. In autumn/winter 2019, he supported The Comet Is Coming on their UK tour.[12]Leafcutter John is also an accomplished producer and remixer, having worked on projects for: DJ /rupture, Ed Dowie,[13] Melt Yourself Down, Mu-ziq/Speedy J, Electric Company, Badly Drawn Boy, Capitol K, Bas Jan and others.He lives in Sheffield, South Yorkshire.[14]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DIY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIY"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_3"},{"link_name":"Handspring Puppet Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handspring_Puppet_Company"},{"link_name":"Wayne McGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_McGregor"},{"link_name":"Shobana Jeyasingh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shobana_Jeyasingh"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Qwartz Electronic Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qwartz_Electronic_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Paul Hamlyn Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hamlyn_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Leafcutter John has engaged in several projects, both commissioned and DIY. Examples include installing microphones under a creaky wooden floor to record and manipulate the sounds in a software program, growing and constructing piezoelectric crystal microphones, touring the Grand Union Canal,[15] building a laser \"microphone\" and creating a massive morse code chorus for BBC Radio 3.He has also worked on theatre, dance and poetry projects, including commissions from the Handspring Puppet Company, and choreographers Wayne McGregor and Shobana Jeyasingh.Burton is a prodigious instrument builder and uses a self-built light-controlled musical interface at his shows.[16] He won the Qwartz Electronic Music Award for Innovation in 2015. In 2017, he was a recipient of an artists award from the Paul Hamlyn Foundation.[17]","title":"Projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Planet Mu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Mu"},{"link_name":"Planet Mu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Mu"},{"link_name":"Planet Mu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Mu"},{"link_name":"Planet Mu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Mu"},{"link_name":"Staubgold Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staubgold_Records&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tsuku Boshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsuku_Boshi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The Sky Is Darker Than the Road (1998)\nConcourse EEP (2000) Planet Mu (ZIQ017) 12\" and CD\nMicrocontact (2001) Planet Mu (ZIQ022) CD\nZeagma (2001) Planet Mu (ZIQ036) 7\"\nThe Housebound Spirit (2003) Planet Mu (ZIQ061) CD\nThe Forest and the Sea (2006) Staubgold Records (Staubgold 68) CD/LP\nTunis (2010) Tsuku Boshi CD\nResurrection (2015) Desire Path Recordings (PATHWAY009) 12\"/Digital\nYes! Come Parade With Us (2019) Border Community (52BC) CD/LP[18]","title":"Discography"}]
[{"image_text":"Leafcutter John","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Leafcutter_John_photo.jpg/220px-Leafcutter_John_photo.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Forever, James Acaster (8 March 2019). \"The Forest & The Sea by Leafcutter John is a criminally overlooked record. A concept album about getting lost, full of electronic experimentation, rooted in sad folk music.pic.twitter.com/fvVUngM1jP\". Twitter.com. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/jamesacaster/status/1104139812716580864","url_text":"\"The Forest & The Sea by Leafcutter John is a criminally overlooked record. A concept album about getting lost, full of electronic experimentation, rooted in sad folk music.pic.twitter.com/fvVUngM1jP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Polar Bear Q&A - 2014 Mercury Prize\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah7_9TT4N7k","url_text":"\"Polar Bear Q&A - 2014 Mercury Prize\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/ah7_9TT4N7k","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Leafcutter John live at Imogen Heap's Reverb, archived from the original on 12 December 2021, retrieved 2 August 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cIDnPZZjzuk","url_text":"Leafcutter John live at Imogen Heap's Reverb"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/cIDnPZZjzuk","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC - Radio 3 Live In Concert - Media Centre\". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/proginfo/2012/46/live-in-concert","url_text":"\"BBC - Radio 3 Live In Concert - Media Centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pulsar light controlled music with Serafina Steer's Harp\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3idz7FAtoqc","url_text":"\"Pulsar light controlled music with Serafina Steer's Harp\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/3idz7FAtoqc","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"FEATURE: Newcastle Festival of Jazz and Improvised Music | NARC. | Reliably Informed | Music and Creative Arts News for Newcastle and the North East\". Narcmagazine.com. Retrieved 2 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://narcmagazine.com/feature-newcastle-festival-of-jazz-and-improvised-music/","url_text":"\"FEATURE: Newcastle Festival of Jazz and Improvised Music | NARC. | Reliably Informed | Music and Creative Arts News for Newcastle and the North East\""}]},{"reference":"Welt, Haus der Kulturen der (7 July 2016). \"Shruti Sonic feat. Talvin Singh\". Hkw.de. Retrieved 3 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hkw.de/en/programm/projekte/veranstaltung/p_96311.php","url_text":"\"Shruti Sonic feat. Talvin Singh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Somnambule ~ Review of The Owl Project / Dick Slessig Combo / Matmos / Leafcutter John in concert\". Eleventhvolume.com. Retrieved 2 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eleventhvolume.com/reviews/concerts/files/matmos.html","url_text":"\"Somnambule ~ Review of The Owl Project / Dick Slessig Combo / Matmos / Leafcutter John in concert\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beck - Live At Barbican, London\". Clash Magazine. Retrieved 2 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clashmusic.com/live/beck-live-at-barbican-london","url_text":"\"Beck - Live At Barbican, London\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jarvis Cocker's Meltdown – Forest Of No Return 17/06/07\". Music Like Dirt. 27 June 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musiclikedirt.com/2007/06/27/jarvis-cockers-meltdown-forest-of-no-return-170607/","url_text":"\"Jarvis Cocker's Meltdown – Forest Of No Return 17/06/07\""}]},{"reference":"\"BAU.HAUS.KLANG\". Bauhaus100.com. Retrieved 2 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bauhaus100.com/programme/eventdetails/1431/","url_text":"\"BAU.HAUS.KLANG\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yorkshire Post review\". The Comet is Coming. Retrieved 8 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/what-s-on/gig-review-the-comet-is-coming-at-brudenell-social-club-leeds-1-10143702","url_text":"\"Yorkshire Post review\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Quietus | Features | A Quietus Interview | I Am What I Am: Ed Dowie Interviewed\". The Quietus. Retrieved 1 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://thequietus.com/articles/29596-ed-dowie-the-obvious-i-interview","url_text":"\"The Quietus | Features | A Quietus Interview | I Am What I Am: Ed Dowie Interviewed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leafcutter John → Our Favourite Places – Sheffield Culture Guide\". Our Favourite Places – Sheffield Culture Guide. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ourfaveplaces.co.uk/meet-the-locals/leafcutter-john/","url_text":"\"Leafcutter John → Our Favourite Places – Sheffield Culture Guide\""}]},{"reference":"Hodgkinson, Will (27 August 2009). \"Canal Music takes the scenic route\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/aug/28/canal-music-leafcutter-john","url_text":"\"Canal Music takes the scenic route\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"THE LIGHT COMPOSER | HACKING A LIGHT INTERFACE TO PRODUCE LIVE MUSIC\". YouTube. Retrieved 31 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vZ_4ZYCV7vs","url_text":"\"THE LIGHT COMPOSER | HACKING A LIGHT INTERFACE TO PRODUCE LIVE MUSIC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Leafcutter John\". Paul Hamlyn Foundation. Retrieved 2 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phf.org.uk/artist/leafcutter-john/","url_text":"\"Leafcutter John\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leafcutter John - Yes Come Parade With Us review\". The Quietus. 9 May 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://thequietus.com/articles/26442-leafcutter-john-yes-come-parade-with-us-review","url_text":"\"Leafcutter John - Yes Come Parade With Us review\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghafara
Ghafara
["1 External links"]
Forgiveness in Islam This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Ghafara" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In Islamic context, Ghafara (غفر) (v. past tense) or maghfira (forgiveness) is one of three ways of forgiveness, as written in the Qur'an and one of Allah's characteristics. It is to forgive, to cover up (sins) and to remit (absolution). External links The Concept of Forgiveness in Islam This Islam-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic"},{"link_name":"forgiveness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgiveness"},{"link_name":"Qur'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an"},{"link_name":"Allah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah"},{"link_name":"sins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sins"},{"link_name":"remit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remittance"},{"link_name":"absolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolution"}],"text":"In Islamic context, Ghafara (غفر) (v. past tense) or maghfira (forgiveness) is one of three ways of forgiveness, as written in the Qur'an and one of Allah's characteristics. It is to forgive, to cover up (sins) and to remit (absolution).","title":"Ghafara"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayan_Dharap
Narayan Dharap
["1 References","2 External links"]
Marathi Writer This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Narayan Dharap" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Narayan Dharap (27 August 1925 – 18 August 2008) was a Marathi writer from Maharashtra, India. He wrote more than 100 books in Marathi, primarily in the horror genre. Many of Dharap's novels and stories were inspired from contemporary American authors including Stephen King. Shapath was a story inspired by King's "IT" and "Gramma" (later made into the film Tumbbad). Narayan Dharap was also the first Marathi author to bring HP Lovecraft's Cthulhu to Marathi readers. Dharap earned a B.Sc. (Tech) degree from Mumbai University. The main characters which can be found often in his stories or novels are: Samartha, Appa Joshi, Krishnachandra, Pant and Jaidev. There are assorted stories as well, in which there can be individual heroes/heroines who overcome a situation, sometimes with a little external help, sometimes without it. Most of his stories feature a great battle between good and evil, usually concluding with good triumphant. Some similarities can be found between a few Dharap's stories and Stephen King's. However, Dharap's stories seem to come from Marathi culture and Marathi readers, so the similarity is seen only in a few stories, typically in the area of plot and geography. Horror writing is still not seen with the reverence the way other types of writings are seen in Marathi literature. Narayan Dharap is loved by most of the Marathi readers who have some interest in the horror genre. He wrote some strikingly original stories based on weird fiction in Marathi, also he introduced fictional mythologies in Marathi horror literature for the first time. The general characteristics of Dharap's books include "a victory of good over evil", "origination of the concepts in the book from Marathi culture", "keeping the story away from any kind of sexual references (which is considered an important factor in any "popular" horror or suspense literature)", "despite the books being of the horror genre, keeping the contents away from any kind of gore or offense against 'good taste'". Main characters that can be found in Dharap's stories are: Samartha: Samartha is one of the main characters that can be found in many of the Dharap's novels. He is a powerful saint-like person, who helps people out of difficult situations involving bad supernatural powers. He himself is a possessor of great supernatural power, which he has earned with great efforts. He is generally assisted by Appa Joshi, who is a common man with a good heart and highly esteems Samartha. Krishnachandra: Like Samartha, Krishnachandra too is a possessor of great supernatural powers, which he uses to help people in trouble(again with bad supernatural powers/ possessors of those powers/people helping these bad powers). However, unlike Samartha, he enjoys worldly pleasures as well. He is sometimes assisted by a character called Omkar. Pant: Pant is another character that can be found in a couple Dharap stories. However, he doesn't appear in as many books as Samartha and Krishnachandra do. He is a great Tantrik, whose prayer room can appear anywhere he wants. There are some brutal forces hidden behind the statues of various animals in those rooms, which help him to fight against brutal evil in the story. Jaidev: Jaidev is an occultist with supernatural powers. He uses his divine abilities to help people and cure them from the attacks of evil forces. His appearance is very similar to Samartha. Samartha - 1968 Kata 1970 Angarika 1976 Chaya 1971 Samarthanchi sahase 1970 Ubhe adave dhage 1969 Krishna 1971 Samarthanchi Shakti 1972 Kajli 1970 Bujagavane 1971 Krishnachandra, Samarthachiya Sevaka, Chetakeen, Dast, Samarthancha Prahar, Shapath, Sathe, Fayakas References ^ List of books written by Dharap External links विकिपीडिया
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UpStairs_Lounge
UpStairs Lounge arson attack
["1 Background","2 Incident","3 Victims","3.1 Funerals and memorial services","4 Investigation","5 Aftermath","6 Legacy","7 Depiction in media","7.1 Film and television","7.2 Theater","7.3 Books","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 29°57′13″N 90°04′03″W / 29.9535°N 90.0675°W / 29.9535; -90.06751973 arson attack on a gay bar in New Orleans UpStairs Lounge arson attackPart of violence against LGBT people in the United StatesSite of the UpStairs Lounge, 2019Location604 Iberville Street, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.Coordinates29°57′13″N 90°04′03″W / 29.9535°N 90.0675°W / 29.9535; -90.0675DateJune 24, 1973 7:56 – 8:12 p.m. (CDT)Attack typeArson, mass murder, androcideDeaths32Injured15PerpetratorsUnknownMotiveUnknown The UpStairs Lounge arson attack, sometimes called the UpStairs Lounge Fire, occurred on June 24, 1973, at a gay bar called the UpStairs (or Up Stairs) Lounge located on the 2nd floor of the 3-story building at 604 Iberville Street in New Orleans, Louisiana, in the United States. 32 people died and 15 were injured as a result of fire or smoke inhalation. The official cause is still listed as "undetermined origin". The primary suspect, a gay man with a history of psychiatric impairment named Roger Dale Nunez who had been ejected from the bar earlier in the day, was never charged and died by suicide in November 1974. Until the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting, in which 49 people were murdered, the UpStairs Lounge arson attack was the deadliest attack on a gay club in U.S. history. Background The club was located on the 2nd floor of a 3-story building at the corner of Chartres and Iberville Streets. Members of the Metropolitan Community Church, a pro-LGBT Protestant denomination, were there after service. The MCC was the United States' first national gay Christian fellowship, founded in Los Angeles in 1968; the local congregation had held services in the UpStairs Lounge's theatre for a while. The fire was the 3rd arson attack to affect the MCC, following a January 27, 1973, arson at the church's headquarters in Los Angeles (resulting in the destruction and collapse of the building with no injuries) and another 1973 arson at an MCC church in Nashville, Tennessee (also with complete destruction of the church and its furnishings but no injuries). Incident On June 24, 1973, the regular "beer bust" drink special attracted its usual blue-collar gay crowd to the UpStairs Lounge. That night's beer bust, from 5:00-7:00 pm, attracted approximately 110 patrons. After the drink special ended, about 60-90 patrons remained; they listened to pianist George Steven “Bud” Matyi perform and discussed an upcoming MCC fundraiser for the local Crippled Children's Hospital. At 7:56PM, a buzzer from downstairs sounded, and bartender Buddy Rasmussen, an Air Force veteran, asked Luther Boggs to answer the door, anticipating a taxi cab driver. Boggs opened the door to find the front staircase engulfed in flames, along with the smell of lighter fluid. Rasmussen immediately led some 20 patrons out of the back exit to the roof, where the group could access a neighbouring building's roof and climb down to the ground floor. Others saw the floor to ceiling windows as the most promising means of escape despite the fact that there were safety bars on the windows with a 14-inch gap between them to prevent dancers from breaking through the glass. Several people managed to squeeze through, some still burning when they reached the ground below. Luther Boggs was one who came through the window in flames after pushing his female friend through the gap. The flames on Boggs were extinguished by the owner of a neighbouring bar, but he died on the 10th of July (16 days later), from 3rd degree burns to 50% of his body. Reverend Bill Larson of the MCC removed an air conditioning unit from the bottom of one of the floor to ceiling windows and was attempting to get out when the upper pane of glass fell on top of him, pinning him to the window frame half in the building and half out. His charred remains would be visible to onlookers for hours afterward, recorded in many pictures taken of the front of the building in the aftermath of the 16-minute fire. MCC assistant pastor George "Mitch" Mitchell managed to escape, but returned in an attempt to rescue his partner (they considered themselves married based on a civil ceremony they had 2 years previously), Louis Horace Broussard. Both died in the fire, their remains found clinging to each other. Mitchell's children were visiting from out of town and watched the same movie 7 times as they waited for their father's return. Eventually, a friend took them to the airport and sent them home to their mother without telling them what happened to their father and his partner. Firefighters stationed 2 blocks away found themselves blocked by cars and pedestrian traffic. One fire truck tried to maneuver on the sidewalk but crashed into a taxi. They arrived to find bar patrons struggling against the security bars and quickly brought the fire under control. Victims List of fatalities Joseph Henry Adams Reginald E. Adams Guy D. Andersen Joe William Bailey Luther Boggs Louis Horace Broussard Herbert Dean Cooley Donald Walter Dunbar Adam Roland Fontenot Larry Norman Frost David Stuart Gary Horace “Skip” Getchell John Thomas Golding, Sr. Gerald Hoyt Gordon Glenn Richard “Dick” Green James Wall Hambrick Kenneth Paul Harrington Rev. William R. Larson Ferris LeBlanc Robert “Bob” Lumpkin Leon Richard Maples George Steven "Bud" Matyi Clarence Joseph McCloskey, Jr. Duane George “Mitch” Mitchell Larry Stratton Eddie Hosea Warren James Curtis Warren Willie Inez Warren Dr. Perry Lane Waters, Jr. Douglas Maxwell Williams Unidentified White Male Unidentified White Male Source: 28 people died at the scene of the 16-minute fire, and one died en route to the hospital. Another 18 suffered injuries, of whom 3, including Boggs, died. Funerals and memorial services Many churches refused to hold funerals for the dead. Reverend William P. Richardson of St. George's Episcopal Church agreed to hold a small prayer service for the victims on June 25. Approximately 80 people attended the event. The next day, Iveson B. Noland, the Episcopal bishop of New Orleans, rebuked Richardson for hosting the service. Noland received more than 100 complaints from parishioners concerning the service, and Richardson's mailbox filled with hate mail. Soon after two additional memorial services were held on July 1 at a Unitarian church and St. Mark's United Methodist Church, headed by Louisiana's Methodist bishop Finis Crutchfield and led by MCC founder Reverend Troy Perry, who came from Los Angeles to participate. Mourners exited through the church's main door rather than an available side exit, a demonstration of a new willingness to be identified on camera. Several families did not step forward to claim the bodies of the deceased. A few anonymous individuals stepped forward and paid for the three unknown men's burials, and they were buried with another victim identified as Ferris LeBlanc in a mass grave at Holt Cemetery. LeBlanc's family would not learn of his death in the arson attack until January 2015. In 2018, Robert L. Camina, director of the UpStairs Inferno documentary, announced in The Advocate that, after extensive research, one of the three unknown victims could finally be identified as 32-year-old Larry Norman Frost. This announcement and its underlying research received a negative peer review in The Advocate from fellow UpStairs Lounge scholars Clayton Delery and Robert Fieseler. These scholars pointed to a lack of forensic evidence, the omission of historic materials contradicting Camina’s case and the absence of comment from the coroner as reason for Frost to remain “a possible Up Stairs Lounge victim or even a probable one with an asterisk.” In June 1998, the 25th anniversary of the fire, as part of Gay Pride celebrations, a memorial service was organized by Rev. Dexter Brecht of Big Easy Metropolitan Community Church (also known as Vieux Carre MCC) and Toni J. P. Pizanie. It was held at the Royal Sonesta Hotel Grand Ball Room and attended by New Orleans Councilman Troy Carter, Rev. Carole Cotton Winn, Senior Rabbi Edward Paul Cohn of Temple Sinai, Rev. Kay Thomas from Grace Fellowship in Christ Jesus, Rev. Perry, and 32 members of the New Orleans community representing the victims. Carter then led a jazz funeral procession to the building on the corner of Chartres and Iberville Streets, the site of the club, and members of the local MCC laid a memorial plaque and wreaths at the grave. Among the attendees was the niece of victim Clarence McCloskey. Investigation The official investigation failed to yield any convictions. The only suspect in the attack was Roger Dale Nunez, who had been ejected from the bar earlier in the evening after fighting with another customer. Police attempted to question Nunez shortly after, but he was hospitalized with a broken jaw and could not respond. When questioned later, police records show, he did not appear nervous. Nunez had a witness who claimed that he had been in and out of the bar during the 10–20 minutes before the fire, and that he had seen nobody enter or leave the building. Because police observed that the witness was stressed, they dismissed the witness as a liar.: p.122  Nunez was diagnosed with "conversion hysteria" in 1970 and visited numerous psychiatric clinics. He was released from a treatment facility in the year before the fire.: p.127  After his arrest, Nunez escaped from psychiatric custody and was never picked up again by police, despite frequent appearances in the French Quarter. A friend later told investigators that Nunez confessed on at least four occasions to starting the fire. He told the friend he squirted the bottom steps with Ronsonol lighter fluid, bought at a local Walgreens, and tossed a match. He did not realize, he claimed, that the whole place would go up in flames. Nunez died by suicide in November 1974. In 1980, the state fire marshal's office, lacking leads, closed the case. Aftermath The space on the second floor formerly known as the UpStairs Lounge now contains business offices and a kitchen for the Jimani Lounge (established 1971), which is located on the first floor. The current owner, Jimmy Massacci, and his father, the former owner, personally witnessed the fire and its aftermath. The third floor, then owned by the UpStairs Lounge, remains unused and partially damaged. The building itself dates back to at least 1848, when the earliest-known sale of the building is documented. Legacy This article may contain irrelevant references to popular culture. Please remove the content or add citations to reliable and independent sources. (August 2022) The 45th Anniversary Memorial Procession in New OrleansIn 1998 the reconstituted MCC congregation in New Orleans (Big Easy Metropolitan Community Church, since renamed again to MCC of New Orleans) held a 25th anniversary service to commemorate the arson and its 32 deaths. This event is significant because, unlike the one it memorialized, the 300 members of the congregation refused to hide their faces and instead insisted on entering and leaving the event through the church's front doors. In 2003, a memorial plaque was placed in the sidewalk on the site of the fire; in 2019 it was refurbished. In April 2024, the plaque was stolen. In 2008 The North American Convocation of Pro-LGBT Christians planned to hold its "Many Stories, One Voice" event in New Orleans to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the conference (and the 35th anniversary of the tragedy), but eventually canceled the conference for the year due to Hurricane Gustav. In 2008 local artist Skylar Fein constructed an art installation titled Remember the Upstairs Lounge. The New Orleans Museum of Art has since acquired Fein's art exhibit, which includes a reproduction of the bar. In 2013, noting the 40th anniversary of the fire, the Archbishop of New Orleans, Gregory Michael Aymond, issued a statement of regret that his predecessor, Archbishop Philip Hannan, and the local church leadership ignored the arson attack. Aymond wrote to Time magazine that "In retrospect, if we did not release a statement we should have to be in solidarity with the victims and their families ... The church does not condone violence and hatred. If we did not extend our care and condolences, I deeply apologize." Depiction in media Coverage of the fire by news outlets minimized the fact that LGBT patrons constituted the majority of the victims, while editorials and talk radio hosts made light of the event. No government officials or major religious figures made mention of the fire for several days, if not weeks. After returning from a trip in Europe, New Orleans Mayor Moon Landrieu held a routine press conference on July 11, 1973, where a gay reporter questioned him about the “homosexual angle” to the tragedy affecting community response. Landrieu stated that he was “not aware of any lack of concern in the community.” New Orleans Archbishop Philip Hannan, silent for weeks, offered brief remarks at the end of a column about human rights in the archdiocesan newspaper The Clarion Herald in mid-July 1973. As Robert L. Camina, writer/director of a documentary about the fire (Upstairs Inferno), said in 2013, "I was shocked at the disproportionate reaction by the city government. The city declared days of mourning for victims of other mass tragedies in the city. It shocked me that despite the magnitude of the fire, it was largely ignored." Film and television In 2013, Royd Anderson wrote, directed, and produced the first film (a documentary) about the tragedy titled The UpStairs Lounge Fire. In 2015, Upstairs Inferno, a feature-length documentary written, directed, and produced by Robert L. Camina, had its World Premiere in New Orleans at the historic Prytania Theatre. The film's narration was provided by best selling author Christopher Rice (son of novelist Anne Rice). Upstairs Inferno was invited to screen at the Library of Congress on February 16, 2017. In 2018, the national ABC News investigative unit released a documentary entitled Prejudice & Pride: Fire at the UpStairs Lounge. The documentary won the Al Neuharth Award for Innovation in Investigative Journalism from the National Lesbian and Gay Journalists Association (NLGJA) and was a finalist for the Mosaic Award from The Deadline Club. A TAPS group in episode 15, Season 8 of Ghost Hunters visited the lounge to encounter alleged ghosts of the fire's casualties. The episode identified the event as the "Jimani Lounge Massacre." Theater Also in 2013, Wayne Self (a playwright and composer from Natchitoches, Louisiana), first presented a musical called Upstairs about the tragedy. In 2014, Melange Dance Company of New Orleans performed a tribute show as part of the New Orleans Fringe Festival. 'The UpStairs Lounge' show aimed to uplift with a combination of dance and film that celebrate the Lounge, its patrons, and the strides taken towards Human Rights since the incident. In 2015, Melange Dance Company of New Orleans presented an extended performance of 'The UpStairs Lounge' show originally performed as part of the 2014 New Orleans Fringe Festival. In 2017, an Off-Broadway musical called The View Upstairs about The UpStairs Lounge opened at The Lynn Redgrave Theater in New York City. Books In 2014, McFarland & Company released Clayton Delery-Edwards' account of the arson, The Up Stairs Lounge Arson: Thirty-Two Deaths in a New Orleans Gay Bar, June 24, 1973. The book was selected as one of the Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities 2015 Books of the Year. In 2018, Liveright Publishing released historian Robert W. Fieseler’s debut book Tinderbox: The Untold Story of the Up Stairs Lounge Fire and the Rise of Gay Liberation, which received multiple prizes including the Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America and the Louisiana Literary Award from the Louisiana Library Association. For his research, Fieseler was named the 2019 National Lesbian and Gay Journalists Association (NLGJA) "Journalist of the Year.” In 2019, The New York Times featured Bill Larson, a victim of the UpStairs Lounge arson attack, in their obituary feature Overlooked. On June 14, 2021, the book The Mayor of Oak Street, written by Vincent Traughber Meis, was published by NineStar Press. It is dedicated to the victims of the UpStairs Lounge arson attack. In 2021, Casey McQuiston published One Last Stop, which features the UpStairs Lounge arson attack. Elizabeth Dias and Jim Downs published an article, "The Horror Upstairs", in Time magazine, July 1, 2013 See also Colorado Springs nightclub shooting (2022), a similar attack which targeted a LGBTQ nightclub References ^ "Family solves mystery after learning uncle died in infamous up Stairs Lounge Fire 40-plus years ago in New Orleans". June 10, 2015. ^ "Upstairs Lounge Fire Memorial, 40 Years Later". Nola Defender. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2014. ^ "From the ashes: New book looks at impact of 1973 up Stairs Lounge fire in the French Quarter". June 23, 2018. ^ a b c Delery-Edwards, Clayton (2014). The Up Stairs Lounge Arson: Thirty-two Deaths in a New Orleans Gay Bar, June 24, 1973. McFarland. ISBN 978-0786479535. ^ a b c d e Freund, Helen (June 22, 2013). "UpStairs Lounge fire provokes powerful memories 40 years later". New Orleans Times-Picayune. Retrieved June 26, 2013. ^ a b c d Townsend, Johnny (2011). Let the Faggots Burn: The UpStairs Lounge Fire. BookLocker. ISBN 9781614344537. ^ Pearl, Mike (June 25, 2015). "Revisiting a Deadly Arson Attack on a New Orleans Gay Bar on Its 42nd Anniversary". Retrieved September 6, 2019. ^ Fieseler, Robert W. (2018). Tinderbox: The Untold Story of the Up Stairs Lounge Fire and the Rise of Gay Liberation. New York / London: Liveright. p. 27. ISBN 9781631491641. ^ a b c Camina, Robert L. (November 15, 2018). "Unknown Victim of Deadly 1973 Arson in Gay Bar Finally Identified". The Advocate. Retrieved November 16, 2018. ^ Vicki Lynn Eaklor (2008). Queer America: A GLBT History of the 20th Century. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 136. ISBN 9780313337499. ^ Dudley Clendinen; Adam Nagourney (June 5, 2001). Out For Good: The Struggle to Build a Gay Rights Movement in America. Simon and Schuster. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-684-86743-4. Retrieved December 13, 2012. ^ The Rev. Elder Troy D. Perry; The Rev. Elder Nancy Wilson (November 1, 1997). Report to the President for the White House Conference On Hate Crimes (PDF). UFMCC. ^ Fieseler, Robert W. (2018). Tinderbox: The Untold Story of the Up Stairs Lounge Fire and the Rise of Gay Liberation. New York / London: Liveright. pp. 53. ISBN 9781631491641. ^ Delery-Edwards, Clayton (2014). The Up Stairs Lounge Arson: Thirty-two Deaths in a New Orleans Gay Bar, June 24, 1973. McFarland. Pp. 35, 43. ISBN 978-0786479535. ^ Fieseler, Robert W. (2018). Tinderbox: The Untold Story of the Up Stairs Lounge Fire and the Rise of Gay Liberation. New York / London: Liveright. pp. 69. ISBN 9781631491641 ^ "Luther Boggs · LGBTQ Religious Archives Network". exhibits.lgbtran.org. Retrieved September 23, 2020. ^ Eric Newhouse, Associated Press (June 25, 1973). "Arson Eyed in New Orleans Fire". Abilene Reporter-News, Texas. Archived from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved November 8, 2021. ^ Preparatory School of Dallas, pp. 27. https://www.jesuitdallas.org/uploaded/Portals/Alumni/In_Memoriam/2020_Deceased_Alumni.pdf ^ Townsend, Johnny (2011). Let the Faggots Burn: The UpStairs Lounge Fire. BookLocker. ISBN 9781614344537. ^ Allman, 1272836 Kevin (June 15, 2018). "Remembering the Up Stairs Lounge: upcoming memorials and panels". The Advocate. Retrieved September 6, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ a b "William P. Richardson | Profiles | LGBTQ Religious Archives Network". lgbtqreligiousarchives.org. Retrieved September 6, 2019. ^ "Bill Richardson — rest in peace and rise in glory". episcopalcafe.com. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "Family solves mystery after learning uncle died in infamous UpStairs Lounge Fire 40-plus years ago in New Orleans". The New Orleans Advocate, June 6, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2016. ^ Delery, Clayton and Fieseler, Robert. (September 15, 2019). "Op-Ed: It's Too Soon to Identify the UpStairs Lounge Fire's Unknown.” The Advocate. http://advocate.com/exclusives/2019/9/10/op-ed-its-too-soon-identify-upstairs-fires-unknown ^ a b c Anderson-Minshall, Diane (November 15, 2013). Remembering the Worst Mass Killing of LGBT People in U.S. History. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ "The Upstairs Fire – June 24, 1973 – 25th Anniversary Memorial Service". gayworld.net. Retrieved September 21, 2014. ^ "The Building". The Jimani Lounge. ^ Perez, Frank (July 30, 2019). "Up Stairs Lounge Commemorative Plaque Restored". Ambush Magazine. Retrieved May 2, 2024. ^ Lowrey, Erin (April 30, 2024). "New Orleans police investigate after Upstairs Lounge memorial plaque stolen". WDSU. Retrieved May 2, 2024. ^ "Pro-LGBT Christians to mark 35th anniversary of deadliest fire in New Orleans' history". Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. ^ Doug MacCash (November 2, 2008). "Skylar Fein: Installation reignites memory of a deadly fire". The Times-Picayune. Archived from the original on September 18, 2012. Retrieved June 26, 2011. ^ "The Upstairs Lounge Fire: The Little Known Story of the Largest Killing of Gays in US History". Time. June 21, 2013. Archived from the original on June 24, 2013. Retrieved June 25, 2013. ^ "Up Stairs Lounge Fire". 64 Parishes. Retrieved June 22, 2023. ^ "Mass killing at New Orleans gay lounge remembered 40 years later". Nicole, Erin. WGNO-ABC. June 24, 2013. ^ "The UpStairs Lounge Fire (2013 trailer)". Royd Anderson Productions. Retrieved June 16, 2013. ^ "Acadiana Pride Festival, "a celebration of culture"". Berry, Brheanna. KLFY-CBS. March 29, 2015. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved April 2, 2015. ^ "Top Festively Gay Things to Do This Week (June 22 - 28, 2015) | NOLA on Review". June 20, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2020. ^ "Christopher Rice". IMDb. Retrieved July 9, 2020. ^ "Deadly 1973 hate crime recalled in new documentary". Washington Blade: Gay News, Politics, LGBT Rights. February 9, 2017. Retrieved July 9, 2020. ^ "City of New Orleans quietly launches search for lost remains of UpStairs Lounge fire victim". ABC News. Retrieved June 22, 2023. ^ "NLGJA Announces 2019 Excellence in Journalism Award Recipients - NLGJA". Retrieved June 22, 2023. ^ 2019 Deadline Club Awards Finalistsdeadlineclub.org Archived January 21, 2021, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Ghost Hunters – Season 8, Episode 15: French Quarter Massacre". Syfy. September 19, 2012. Archived from the original on February 3, 2013. ^ MacCash, Doug (May 31, 2013). "Upstairs Lounge fire is remembered in a musical by composer Wayne Self". Times-Picayune. Retrieved August 23, 2021. ^ Wayne Self. "Upstairs". ^ "Melange Dance Company Events". November 20, 2014. ^ "Melange Dance Company Events". March 27, 2015. ^ "The View Upstairs". February 28, 2017. ^ "Biography of Worst Mass Killing of Gays in U.S. History Named 2015 Book of the Year". www.advocate.com. March 3, 2015. Retrieved September 6, 2019. ^ "Robert Fieseler wins Louisiana Literary Award for 'Tinderbox'". NOLA.com. April 15, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2023. ^ "Columbia Alumnus Robert W. Fieseler Named 2019 NLGJA Journalist of the Year and Excellence in Book Writing Winner". apply.jrn.columbia.edu. Retrieved June 22, 2023. ^ "Overlooked No More: Bill Larson, Who Became a Symbol of Gay Loss in New Orleans". The New York Times. June 27, 2019. ^ "One Last Stop is the Inclusive Romance Novel Queer Readers Deserve". June 2, 2021. Retrieved June 5, 2021. ^ Dias, Elizabeth; Downs, Jim. "The Horror Upstairs". Time. Retrieved September 6, 2019. Dias, Elizabeth; Downs, Jim (July 1, 2013). "The Horror Upstairs". Time. Retrieved June 24, 2018. External links The Cinema Follies fire Archived February 12, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, about the October 24, 1977 blaze at a movie cinema in southeast Washington, DC, that killed nine people and caused a political scandal for U.S. Representative Jon C. Hinson of Mississippi, one of four survivors Remembering the UpStairs Lounge: The U.S.A.’s Largest LGBT Massacre Happened 40 Years Ago Today (June 24, 2013) Matthew Tharrett, "Survivors Of Largest Gay Mass Murder In History Recall Tragedy On 41st Anniversary," Queerty, 24 Jun 2014 (e-pub). Arson At The UpStairs Lounge (July 28, 2016) Orlando mass shooting is a haunting reminder of Upstairs Lounge arson Archived January 3, 2017, at the Wayback Machine (June 6, 2016) Also see, Opinion | Before Orlando, There Was New Orleans Skylar Fein Upstairs Lounge Fire Collection Archived April 11, 2023, at the Wayback Machine at The Historic New Orleans Collection vteNightclub fires, disasters, and attacksFires (accidental) 1929 Study Club fire 1940 Rhythm Club fire 1942 Cocoanut Grove fire 1947 Karlslust dance hall fire 1961 Top Storey Club fire 1970 Club Cinq-Sept fire 1972 Play Town Club fire 1973 Summerland disaster 1977 Beverly Hills Supper Club fire 1981 Stardust fire 1983 Alcalá 20 nightclub fire 1993 Kheyvis fire 1996 Ozone Disco fire 2000 Luoyang Christmas fire 2001 Volendam New Year's fire 2001 Canecão Mineiro nightclub fire 2002 Utopía nightclub fire 2003 The Station nightclub fire 2004 República Cromañón nightclub fire 2008 Wuwang Club fire 2009 Santika Club fire 2009 Lame Horse fire 2012 Sighetu Marmației explosions 2013 Kiss nightclub fire 2015 New Taipei water park fire 2015 Colectiv nightclub fire 2016 Ghost Ship warehouse fire 2022 Yaoundé nightclub fire 2022 Mountain B nightclub fire 2022 Binh Duong karaoke bar fire 2022 Kostroma café fire 2022 Poipet casino hotel fire 2023 Fonda Milagros nightclub fire 2024 Gayrettepe nightclub fire Crowd crushes 2000 Throb nightclub disaster 2003 E2 nightclub crush 2018 El Paraíso stampede 2018 Corinaldo stampede 2020 Los Olivos stampede Attacks 1972 Blue Bird Café fire 1973 Whiskey Au Go Go fire 1973 UpStairs Lounge arson attack 1974 Gulliver's nightclub fire 1975 Gargantua bar attack 1976 Puerto Rican Social Club fire 1980 Denmark Place fire 1982 Droppin Well bombing 1984 Dallas nightclub shooting 1986 West Berlin discotheque bombing 1990 Happy Land fire 1997 Otherside Lounge bombing 1998 Gothenburg discothèque fire 1998 Panda Bar massacre 2001 Dolphinarium discotheque massacre 2001 Myojo 56 building fire 2002 Bali bombings 2004 Columbus nightclub shooting 2005 Stage Club bombing 2006 Arua nightclub shooting 2007 London car bombs 2011 Tel Aviv nightclub attack 2015 Cairo restaurant fire 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting 2017 Istanbul nightclub shooting 2017 Cincinnati nightclub shooting 2017 Little Rock nightclub shooting 2018 Thousand Oaks shooting 2019 Salamanca nightclub shooting 2019 Coatzacoalcos nightclub fire 2022 Oslo shootings 2022 Colorado Springs nightclub shooting Other 1925 Pickwick Club collapse 2022 Enyobeni Tavern disaster (cause of death unknown) vteDeadliest terrorist attacks in the United States September 11 attacks (2001) (2,977 deaths) Oklahoma City bombing (1995) (168 deaths) Mountain Meadows Massacre (1857) (120 deaths) Tulsa race massacre (1921) (75–300 deaths) Orlando nightclub shooting (2016) (49 deaths) Bath School disaster (1927) (44 deaths) Wall Street bombing (1920) (38 deaths) UpStairs Lounge arson attack (1973) (32 deaths) El Paso Walmart shooting (2019) (23 deaths) Wilmington insurrection (1898) (22 deaths) Los Angeles Times bombing (1910) (21 deaths) Fort Hood shooting (2009) (14 deaths) San Bernardino attack (2015) (14 deaths) Haymarket affair (1886) (12 deaths) LaGuardia Airport bombing (1975) (11 deaths) Pittsburgh synagogue shooting (2018) (11 deaths) Preparedness Day Bombing (1916) (10 deaths) Buffalo supermarket shooting (2022) (10 deaths) Milwaukee Police Department bombing (1917) (10 deaths) Death counts do not include deceased perpetrator(s). 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gay bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_bar"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delery-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freund-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-townsend-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vice-7"},{"link_name":"Orlando nightclub shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_nightclub_shooting"}],"text":"1973 arson attack on a gay bar in New OrleansThe UpStairs Lounge arson attack, sometimes called the UpStairs Lounge Fire, occurred on June 24, 1973, at a gay bar called the UpStairs (or Up Stairs) Lounge located on the 2nd floor of the 3-story building at 604 Iberville Street in New Orleans, Louisiana, in the United States.[2] 32 people died and 15 were injured as a result of fire or smoke inhalation.[3] The official cause is still listed as \"undetermined origin\".[4] The primary suspect, a gay man with a history of psychiatric impairment named Roger Dale Nunez who had been ejected from the bar earlier in the day, was never charged and died by suicide in November 1974.[5][6][7]Until the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting, in which 49 people were murdered, the UpStairs Lounge arson attack was the deadliest attack on a gay club in U.S. history.","title":"UpStairs Lounge arson attack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metropolitan Community Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Community_Church"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frost-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Nashville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClendinenNagourney2001-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PerryWilson-12"}],"text":"The club was located on the 2nd floor of a 3-story building at the corner of Chartres and Iberville Streets. Members of the Metropolitan Community Church, a pro-LGBT Protestant denomination, were there after service. The MCC was the United States' first national gay Christian fellowship, founded in Los Angeles in 1968; the local congregation had held services in the UpStairs Lounge's theatre for a while.[8][9]The fire was the 3rd arson attack to affect the MCC,[10] following a January 27, 1973, arson at the church's headquarters in Los Angeles (resulting in the destruction and collapse of the building with no injuries) and another 1973 arson at an MCC church in Nashville, Tennessee (also with complete destruction of the church and its furnishings but no injuries).[11][12]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-townsend-6"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freund-5"}],"text":"On June 24, 1973, the regular \"beer bust\" drink special attracted its usual blue-collar gay crowd to the UpStairs Lounge.[13] That night's beer bust, from 5:00-7:00 pm, attracted approximately 110 patrons. After the drink special ended, about 60-90 patrons remained; they listened to pianist George Steven “Bud” Matyi perform and discussed an upcoming MCC fundraiser for the local Crippled Children's Hospital.[14][15]At 7:56PM, a buzzer from downstairs sounded, and bartender Buddy Rasmussen, an Air Force veteran, asked Luther Boggs to answer the door, anticipating a taxi cab driver. Boggs opened the door to find the front staircase engulfed in flames, along with the smell of lighter fluid.[6] Rasmussen immediately led some 20 patrons out of the back exit to the roof, where the group could access a neighbouring building's roof and climb down to the ground floor. Others saw the floor to ceiling windows as the most promising means of escape despite the fact that there were safety bars on the windows with a 14-inch gap between them to prevent dancers from breaking through the glass. Several people managed to squeeze through, some still burning when they reached the ground below. Luther Boggs was one who came through the window in flames after pushing his female friend through the gap. The flames on Boggs were extinguished by the owner of a neighbouring bar, but he died on the 10th of July (16 days later), from 3rd degree burns to 50% of his body.[16]Reverend Bill Larson of the MCC removed an air conditioning unit from the bottom of one of the floor to ceiling windows and was attempting to get out when the upper pane of glass fell on top of him, pinning him to the window frame half in the building and half out. His charred remains would be visible to onlookers for hours afterward, recorded in many pictures taken of the front of the building in the aftermath of the 16-minute fire. MCC assistant pastor George \"Mitch\" Mitchell managed to escape, but returned in an attempt to rescue his partner (they considered themselves married based on a civil ceremony they had 2 years previously), Louis Horace Broussard. Both died in the fire, their remains found clinging to each other. Mitchell's children were visiting from out of town and watched the same movie 7 times as they waited for their father's return. Eventually, a friend took them to the airport and sent them home to their mother without telling them what happened to their father and his partner.[17]Firefighters stationed 2 blocks away found themselves blocked by cars and pedestrian traffic. One fire truck tried to maneuver on the sidewalk but crashed into a taxi. They arrived to find bar patrons struggling against the security bars and quickly brought the fire under control.[5]","title":"Incident"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frost-9"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"List of fatalities\n\n\nJoseph Henry Adams\nReginald E. Adams[18][19]\nGuy D. Andersen\nJoe William Bailey\nLuther Boggs\nLouis Horace Broussard\nHerbert Dean Cooley\nDonald Walter Dunbar\nAdam Roland Fontenot\nLarry Norman Frost[9]\nDavid Stuart Gary\nHorace “Skip” Getchell\nJohn Thomas Golding, Sr.\nGerald Hoyt Gordon\nGlenn Richard “Dick” Green\nJames Wall Hambrick\nKenneth Paul Harrington\nRev. William R. Larson\nFerris LeBlanc\nRobert “Bob” Lumpkin\nLeon Richard Maples\nGeorge Steven \"Bud\" Matyi\nClarence Joseph McCloskey, Jr.\nDuane George “Mitch” Mitchell\nLarry Stratton\nEddie Hosea Warren\nJames Curtis Warren\nWillie Inez Warren\nDr. Perry Lane Waters, Jr.\nDouglas Maxwell Williams\nUnidentified White Male\nUnidentified White Male\n\n\nSource: [20]28 people died at the scene of the 16-minute fire, and one died en route to the hospital. Another 18 suffered injuries, of whom 3, including Boggs, died.","title":"Victims"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Iveson B. Noland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iveson_B._Noland"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-21"},{"link_name":"Unitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism"},{"link_name":"United Methodist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Methodist_Church"},{"link_name":"Finis Crutchfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finis_Crutchfield"},{"link_name":"Troy Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Perry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freund-5"},{"link_name":"Holt Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holt_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"The Advocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advocate_(LGBT_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frost-9"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Gay Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_Pride"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Advocate2-25"},{"link_name":"Rabbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi"},{"link_name":"jazz funeral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_funeral"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Funerals and memorial services","text":"Many churches refused to hold funerals for the dead. Reverend William P. Richardson[21] of St. George's Episcopal Church agreed to hold a small prayer service[22] for the victims on June 25. Approximately 80 people attended the event. The next day, Iveson B. Noland, the Episcopal bishop of New Orleans, rebuked Richardson for hosting the service. Noland received more than 100 complaints from parishioners concerning the service, and Richardson's mailbox filled with hate mail.[21]Soon after two additional memorial services were held on July 1 at a Unitarian church and St. Mark's United Methodist Church, headed by Louisiana's Methodist bishop Finis Crutchfield and led by MCC founder Reverend Troy Perry, who came from Los Angeles to participate. Mourners exited through the church's main door rather than an available side exit, a demonstration of a new willingness to be identified on camera.[5] Several families did not step forward to claim the bodies of the deceased. A few anonymous individuals stepped forward and paid for the three unknown men's burials, and they were buried with another victim identified as Ferris LeBlanc in a mass grave at Holt Cemetery. LeBlanc's family would not learn of his death in the arson attack until January 2015.[23] In 2018, Robert L. Camina, director of the UpStairs Inferno documentary, announced in The Advocate that, after extensive research, one of the three unknown victims could finally be identified as 32-year-old Larry Norman Frost.[9] This announcement and its underlying research received a negative peer review in The Advocate from fellow UpStairs Lounge scholars Clayton Delery and Robert Fieseler. These scholars pointed to a lack of forensic evidence, the omission of historic materials contradicting Camina’s case and the absence of comment from the coroner as reason for Frost to remain “a possible Up Stairs Lounge victim or even a probable one with an asterisk.” [24]In June 1998, the 25th anniversary of the fire, as part of Gay Pride celebrations, a memorial service was organized by Rev. Dexter Brecht of Big Easy Metropolitan Community Church (also known as Vieux Carre MCC) and Toni J. P. Pizanie.[25] It was held at the Royal Sonesta Hotel Grand Ball Room and attended by New Orleans Councilman Troy Carter, Rev. Carole Cotton Winn, Senior Rabbi Edward Paul Cohn of Temple Sinai, Rev. Kay Thomas from Grace Fellowship in Christ Jesus, Rev. Perry, and 32 members of the New Orleans community representing the victims. Carter then led a jazz funeral procession to the building on the corner of Chartres and Iberville Streets, the site of the club, and members of the local MCC laid a memorial plaque and wreaths at the grave. Among the attendees was the niece of victim Clarence McCloskey.[26]","title":"Victims"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-townsend-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delery-4"},{"link_name":"conversion hysteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_disorder"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delery-4"},{"link_name":"French Quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Quarter"},{"link_name":"Walgreens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walgreens"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-townsend-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freund-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freund-5"}],"text":"The official investigation failed to yield any convictions. The only suspect in the attack was Roger Dale Nunez, who had been ejected from the bar earlier in the evening after fighting with another customer.[6] Police attempted to question Nunez shortly after, but he was hospitalized with a broken jaw and could not respond. When questioned later, police records show, he did not appear nervous. Nunez had a witness who claimed that he had been in and out of the bar during the 10–20 minutes before the fire, and that he had seen nobody enter or leave the building. Because police observed that the witness was stressed, they dismissed the witness as a liar.[4]: p.122Nunez was diagnosed with \"conversion hysteria\" in 1970 and visited numerous psychiatric clinics. He was released from a treatment facility in the year before the fire.[4]: p.127  After his arrest, Nunez escaped from psychiatric custody and was never picked up again by police, despite frequent appearances in the French Quarter. A friend later told investigators that Nunez confessed on at least four occasions to starting the fire. He told the friend he squirted the bottom steps with Ronsonol lighter fluid, bought at a local Walgreens, and tossed a match. He did not realize, he claimed, that the whole place would go up in flames.[6] Nunez died by suicide in November 1974.[5]In 1980, the state fire marshal's office, lacking leads, closed the case.[5]","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"The space on the second floor formerly known as the UpStairs Lounge now contains business offices and a kitchen for the Jimani Lounge (established 1971), which is located on the first floor. The current owner, Jimmy Massacci, and his father, the former owner, personally witnessed the fire and its aftermath. The third floor, then owned by the UpStairs Lounge, remains unused and partially damaged. The building itself dates back to at least 1848, when the earliest-known sale of the building is documented.[27]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Upstairs_Lounge_53th_anniversary_memorial_procession_New_Orleans.jpg"},{"link_name":"Big Easy Metropolitan Community Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Easy_Metropolitan_Community_Church"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Gustav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Gustav"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Advocate2-25"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Gregory Michael Aymond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Michael_Aymond"},{"link_name":"Philip Hannan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Hannan"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"The 45th Anniversary Memorial Procession in New OrleansIn 1998 the reconstituted MCC congregation in New Orleans (Big Easy Metropolitan Community Church, since renamed again to MCC of New Orleans) held a 25th anniversary service to commemorate the arson and its 32 deaths. This event is significant because, unlike the one it memorialized, the 300 members of the congregation refused to hide their faces and instead insisted on entering and leaving the event through the church's front doors.In 2003, a memorial plaque was placed in the sidewalk on the site of the fire; in 2019 it was refurbished.[28] In April 2024, the plaque was stolen.[29]In 2008 The North American Convocation of Pro-LGBT Christians planned to hold its \"Many Stories, One Voice\" event in New Orleans to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the conference (and the 35th anniversary of the tragedy), but eventually canceled the conference for the year due to Hurricane Gustav.[30] In 2008 local artist Skylar Fein constructed an art installation titled Remember the Upstairs Lounge.[31] The New Orleans Museum of Art has since acquired Fein's art exhibit, which includes a reproduction of the bar.[25]In 2013, noting the 40th anniversary of the fire, the Archbishop of New Orleans, Gregory Michael Aymond, issued a statement of regret that his predecessor, Archbishop Philip Hannan, and the local church leadership ignored the arson attack. Aymond wrote to Time magazine that \"In retrospect, if we did not release a statement we should have to be in solidarity with the victims and their families ... The church does not condone violence and hatred. If we did not extend our care and condolences, I deeply apologize.\"[32]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Advocate2-25"}],"text":"Coverage of the fire by news outlets minimized the fact that LGBT patrons constituted the majority of the victims, while editorials and talk radio hosts made light of the event. No government officials or major religious figures made mention of the fire for several days, if not weeks. After returning from a trip in Europe, New Orleans Mayor Moon Landrieu held a routine press conference on July 11, 1973, where a gay reporter questioned him about the “homosexual angle” to the tragedy affecting community response. Landrieu stated that he was “not aware of any lack of concern in the community.” New Orleans Archbishop Philip Hannan, silent for weeks, offered brief remarks at the end of a column about human rights in the archdiocesan newspaper The Clarion Herald in mid-July 1973.[33] As Robert L. Camina, writer/director of a documentary about the fire (Upstairs Inferno), said in 2013, \"I was shocked at the disproportionate reaction by the city government. The city declared days of mourning for victims of other mass tragedies in the city. It shocked me that despite the magnitude of the fire, it was largely ignored.\"[25]","title":"Depiction in media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royd Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royd_Anderson"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Upstairs Inferno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstairs_Inferno"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-37"},{"link_name":"Christopher Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Rice"},{"link_name":"Anne Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Rice"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"TAPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic_Paranormal_Society"},{"link_name":"Ghost Hunters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Hunters_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Film and television","text":"In 2013, Royd Anderson wrote, directed, and produced the first film (a documentary) about the tragedy titled The UpStairs Lounge Fire.[34][35][36]In 2015, Upstairs Inferno, a feature-length documentary written, directed, and produced by Robert L. Camina, had its World Premiere in New Orleans at the historic Prytania Theatre.[37] The film's narration was provided by best selling author Christopher Rice (son of novelist Anne Rice).[38] Upstairs Inferno was invited to screen at the Library of Congress on February 16, 2017.[39]In 2018, the national ABC News investigative unit released a documentary entitled Prejudice & Pride: Fire at the UpStairs Lounge.[40] The documentary won the Al Neuharth Award for Innovation in Investigative Journalism from the National Lesbian and Gay Journalists Association (NLGJA) and was a finalist for the Mosaic Award from The Deadline Club.[41][42]A TAPS group in episode 15, Season 8 of Ghost Hunters visited the lounge to encounter alleged ghosts of the fire's casualties. The episode identified the event as the \"Jimani Lounge Massacre.\"[43]","title":"Depiction in media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Natchitoches, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natchitoches,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"The View Upstairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_View_UpStairs"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Theater","text":"Also in 2013, Wayne Self (a playwright and composer from Natchitoches, Louisiana), first presented a musical called Upstairs about the tragedy.[44][45] In 2014, Melange Dance Company of New Orleans performed a tribute show as part of the New Orleans Fringe Festival. 'The UpStairs Lounge' show aimed to uplift with a combination of dance and film that celebrate the Lounge, its patrons, and the strides taken towards Human Rights since the incident.[46] In 2015, Melange Dance Company of New Orleans presented an extended performance of 'The UpStairs Lounge' show originally performed as part of the 2014 New Orleans Fringe Festival.[47] In 2017, an Off-Broadway musical called The View Upstairs about The UpStairs Lounge opened at The Lynn Redgrave Theater in New York City.[48]","title":"Depiction in media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McFarland & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Overlooked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlooked_(obituary_feature)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Casey McQuiston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_McQuiston"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"In 2014, McFarland & Company released Clayton Delery-Edwards' account of the arson, The Up Stairs Lounge Arson: Thirty-Two Deaths in a New Orleans Gay Bar, June 24, 1973. The book was selected as one of the Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities 2015 Books of the Year.[49] In 2018, Liveright Publishing released historian Robert W. Fieseler’s debut book Tinderbox: The Untold Story of the Up Stairs Lounge Fire and the Rise of Gay Liberation, which received multiple prizes including the Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America and the Louisiana Literary Award from the Louisiana Library Association.[50] For his research, Fieseler was named the 2019 National Lesbian and Gay Journalists Association (NLGJA) \"Journalist of the Year.”[51] In 2019, The New York Times featured Bill Larson, a victim of the UpStairs Lounge arson attack, in their obituary feature Overlooked.[52] On June 14, 2021, the book The Mayor of Oak Street, written by Vincent Traughber Meis, was published by NineStar Press. It is dedicated to the victims of the UpStairs Lounge arson attack. In 2021, Casey McQuiston published One Last Stop, which features the UpStairs Lounge arson attack.[53] Elizabeth Dias and Jim Downs published an article, \"The Horror Upstairs\", in Time magazine, July 1, 2013[54]","title":"Depiction in media"}]
[{"image_text":"The 45th Anniversary Memorial Procession in New Orleans","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Upstairs_Lounge_53th_anniversary_memorial_procession_New_Orleans.jpg/220px-Upstairs_Lounge_53th_anniversary_memorial_procession_New_Orleans.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Colorado Springs nightclub shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs_nightclub_shooting"}]
[{"reference":"\"Family solves mystery after learning uncle died in infamous up Stairs Lounge Fire 40-plus years ago in New Orleans\". June 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/article_46a29642-5c77-5c98-8d59-2f0d3e012bd3.html","url_text":"\"Family solves mystery after learning uncle died in infamous up Stairs Lounge Fire 40-plus years ago in New Orleans\""}]},{"reference":"\"Upstairs Lounge Fire Memorial, 40 Years Later\". Nola Defender. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170729050322/http://www.noladefender.com/content/up45stairs-lo1unge-fire-memorial-40-years-later","url_text":"\"Upstairs Lounge Fire Memorial, 40 Years Later\""},{"url":"http://www.noladefender.com/content/up45stairs-lo1unge-fire-memorial-40-years-later","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"From the ashes: New book looks at impact of 1973 up Stairs Lounge fire in the French Quarter\". June 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/article_7aef8d26-896f-5f5b-8fa1-53fb5b9a33ac.html","url_text":"\"From the ashes: New book looks at impact of 1973 up Stairs Lounge fire in the French Quarter\""}]},{"reference":"Delery-Edwards, Clayton (2014). The Up Stairs Lounge Arson: Thirty-two Deaths in a New Orleans Gay Bar, June 24, 1973. McFarland. ISBN 978-0786479535.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786479535","url_text":"978-0786479535"}]},{"reference":"Freund, Helen (June 22, 2013). \"UpStairs Lounge fire provokes powerful memories 40 years later\". New Orleans Times-Picayune. Retrieved June 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nola.com/traffic/index.ssf/2013/06/upstairs_lounge_fire_40_years.html","url_text":"\"UpStairs Lounge fire provokes powerful memories 40 years later\""}]},{"reference":"Townsend, Johnny (2011). Let the Faggots Burn: The UpStairs Lounge Fire. BookLocker. ISBN 9781614344537.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781614344537","url_text":"9781614344537"}]},{"reference":"Pearl, Mike (June 25, 2015). \"Revisiting a Deadly Arson Attack on a New Orleans Gay Bar on Its 42nd Anniversary\". Retrieved September 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/kwxwvn/the-anniversary-of-the-upstairs-lounge-arson-the-biggest-gay-mass-murder-in-us-history-459","url_text":"\"Revisiting a Deadly Arson Attack on a New Orleans Gay Bar on Its 42nd Anniversary\""}]},{"reference":"Fieseler, Robert W. (2018). Tinderbox: The Untold Story of the Up Stairs Lounge Fire and the Rise of Gay Liberation. New York / London: Liveright. p. 27. ISBN 9781631491641.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781631491641","url_text":"9781631491641"}]},{"reference":"Camina, Robert L. (November 15, 2018). \"Unknown Victim of Deadly 1973 Arson in Gay Bar Finally Identified\". The Advocate. Retrieved November 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.advocate.com/crime/2018/11/15/unknown-victim-deadly-1973-arson-gay-bar-finally-identified","url_text":"\"Unknown Victim of Deadly 1973 Arson in Gay Bar Finally Identified\""}]},{"reference":"Vicki Lynn Eaklor (2008). Queer America: A GLBT History of the 20th Century. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 136. ISBN 9780313337499.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qJZdHuZ0aM0C&q=nashville+church+arson+1973&pg=PA136","url_text":"Queer America: A GLBT History of the 20th Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313337499","url_text":"9780313337499"}]},{"reference":"Dudley Clendinen; Adam Nagourney (June 5, 2001). Out For Good: The Struggle to Build a Gay Rights Movement in America. Simon and Schuster. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-684-86743-4. Retrieved December 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6zRFBGTSgoUC","url_text":"Out For Good: The Struggle to Build a Gay Rights Movement in America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86743-4","url_text":"978-0-684-86743-4"}]},{"reference":"The Rev. Elder Troy D. Perry; The Rev. Elder Nancy Wilson (November 1, 1997). Report to the President for the White House Conference On Hate Crimes (PDF). UFMCC.","urls":[{"url":"http://exhibits.lgbtran.org/files/original/05149e91fd558d0e1bb07878f11916d5.pdf","url_text":"Report to the President for the White House Conference On Hate Crimes"}]},{"reference":"\"Luther Boggs · LGBTQ Religious Archives Network\". exhibits.lgbtran.org. Retrieved September 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://exhibits.lgbtran.org/exhibits/show/upstairs-lounge-fire/item/76","url_text":"\"Luther Boggs · LGBTQ Religious Archives Network\""}]},{"reference":"Eric Newhouse, Associated Press (June 25, 1973). \"Arson Eyed in New Orleans Fire\". Abilene Reporter-News, Texas. Archived from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved November 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211203101916/http://www.gendisasters.com/louisiana/1484/new-orleans,-la-cocktail-lounge-fire,-june-1973","url_text":"\"Arson Eyed in New Orleans Fire\""},{"url":"https://www.gendisasters.com/louisiana/1484/new-orleans,-la-cocktail-lounge-fire,-june-1973","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Allman, 1272836 Kevin (June 15, 2018). \"Remembering the Up Stairs Lounge: upcoming memorials and panels\". The Advocate. Retrieved September 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theadvocate.com/gambit/new_orleans/news/the_latest/article_8ab7a460-70e1-534e-9a2a-e69f4bbc35e8.html","url_text":"\"Remembering the Up Stairs Lounge: upcoming memorials and panels\""}]},{"reference":"\"William P. Richardson | Profiles | LGBTQ Religious Archives Network\". lgbtqreligiousarchives.org. Retrieved September 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://lgbtqreligiousarchives.org/profiles/william-p-richardson","url_text":"\"William P. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Book_of_Esdras
2 Esdras
["1 Naming conventions","2 Contents","2.1 5 Ezra","2.2 4 Ezra","2.3 6 Ezra","3 Author and criticism","4 Usage","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Footnotes","6.2 Sources","7 External links"]
Apocalyptic appendix to Vulgate (70-218 CE) This article is about an apocryphal work attributed to Ezra. For the protocanonical book following the canonical Book of Ezra, see Book of Nehemiah. For other biblical books called "Esdras", see Esdras. 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Tradition ascribes it to Ezra, a scribe and priest of the fifth century BC, whom the book identifies with the sixth-century figure Shealtiel.: 37  2 Esdras forms a part of the canon of Scripture in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church (an Oriental Orthodoxy body), though it is reckoned among the apocrypha by Roman Catholics, Protestants, and most Eastern Orthodox Christians. 2 Esdras was excluded by Jerome from his Vulgate version of the Old Testament, but from the 9th century onwards, the Latin text is sporadically found as an appendix to the Vulgate, inclusion becoming more general after the 13th century. Naming conventions Main article: Esdras § Naming conventions As with 1 Esdras, some confusion exists about the numbering of this book. The Vulgate of Jerome includes only a single book of Ezra, but in the Clementine Vulgate 1, 2, 3 and 4 Esdras are separate books. Protestant writers, after the Geneva Bible, called 1 and 2 Esdras of the Vulgate, Ezra and Nehemiah; and called 3 and 4 Esdras of the Vulgate, 1 Esdras and 2 Esdras respectively. These then became the common names for these books in English Bibles. Medieval Latin manuscripts denoted it 4 Esdras, which to this day is the name used for chapters 3–14 in modern critical editions, which are typically in Latin, the language of its most complete exemplars. It appears in the Appendix to the Old Testament in the Slavonic Bible, where it is called 3 Esdras, and the Georgian Orthodox Bible numbers it 3 Ezra. This text is sometimes also known as Apocalypse of Ezra (chapters 3–14 known as the Jewish Apocalypse of Ezra or 4 Ezra. In modern critical editions, chapters 1–2 are named as 5 Ezra, and chapters 15–16 as 6 Ezra). Bogaert speculates that the "fourth book of Ezra" referred to by Jerome most likely corresponds to modern 5 Ezra and 6 Ezra combined – and notes a number of Latin manuscripts where these chapters are together in an appendix. Contents 5 Ezra The first two chapters of 2 Esdras are found only in the Latin version of the book, and are called 5 Ezra by scholars. They are considered by most scholars to be Christian in origin; they assert God's rejection of the Jews and describe a vision of the Son of God. These are generally considered to be late additions (possibly third century) to the work. 4 Ezra Chapters 3–14, or the great bulk of 2 Esdras, is a Jewish apocalypse, also sometimes known as 4 Ezra or the Jewish Apocalypse of Ezra. The latter name should not be confused with a later work called the Greek Apocalypse of Ezra. The Ethiopian Church considers 4 Ezra to be canonical, written during the Babylonian captivity, and calls it Izra Sutuel (ዕዝራ ሱቱኤል). It was also often cited by the Fathers of the Church. In the Eastern Armenian tradition, it is called 3 Ezra. It was written in the late first century CE following the destruction of the Second Temple. Among Greek Fathers of the Church, 4 Ezra is generally cited as Προφήτης Ἔσδρας Prophetes Esdras ("The Prophet Ezra") or Ἀποκάλυψις Ἔσδρα Apokalupsis Esdra ("Apocalypse of Ezra"). Most scholars agree that 4 Ezra was composed in Hebrew, which was translated into Greek, and then to Latin, Armenian, Ethiopian, and Georgian, but the Hebrew and Greek editions have been lost. Slightly differing Latin, Syriac, Arabic, Ethiopic, Georgian, and Armenian translations have survived in their entirety; the Greek version can be reconstructed, though without absolute certainty, from these different translations, while the Hebrew text remains more elusive. The modern Slavonic version is translated from the Latin. A medieval stained-glass panel depicting the Archangel Uriel with Ezra 4 Ezra consists of seven visions of Ezra the scribe. The first vision takes place as Ezra is still in Babylon. He asks God how Israel can be kept in misery if God is just. The archangel Uriel is sent to answer the question, responding that God's ways cannot be understood by the human mind. Soon, however, the end would come, and God's justice would be made manifest. Similarly, in the second vision, Ezra asks why Israel was delivered up to the Babylonians, and is again told that man cannot understand this and that the end is near. In the third vision, Ezra asks why Israel does not possess the world. Uriel responds that the current state is a period of transition. Here follows a description of the fate of evil-doers and the righteous. Ezra asks whether the righteous may intercede for the unrighteous on Judgment Day, but is told that "Judgment Day is final". The next three visions are more symbolic in nature. The fourth is of a woman mourning for her only son. She is transformed into a city when she hears of the desolation of Zion. Uriel says that the woman is a symbol of Zion. The fifth vision concerns an eagle with three heads and 20 wings (12 large wings and eight smaller wings "over against them"). The eagle is rebuked by a lion and then burned. The explanation of this vision is that the eagle refers to the fourth kingdom of the vision of Daniel, with the wings and heads as rulers. The final scene is the triumph of the Messiah over the empire. The sixth vision is of a man, representing the Messiah, who breathes fire on a crowd that is attacking him. This man then turns to another peaceful multitude, which accepts him. Ezra produces the 94 books (Codex Amiatinus, eighth century) Finally, a vision of the restoration of scripture is related. God appears to Ezra in a bush and commands him to restore the Law. Ezra gathers five scribes and begins to dictate. After 40 days, he has produced 204 books, including 70 works to be published last. 2 Esdras 14:44–48 KJV: 44 In forty days they wrote two hundred and four books. 45 And it came to pass, when the forty days were filled, that the Highest spake, saying, The first that thou hast written publish openly, that the worthy and unworthy may read it: 46 But keep the seventy last, that thou mayest deliver them only to such as be wise among the people: 47 For in them is the spring of understanding, the fountain of wisdom, and the stream of knowledge. 48 And I did so. The "seventy" might refer to the Septuagint, most of the apocrypha, or the lost books that are described in the Bible. But it is more probable that the number is just symbolic. Almost all Latin editions of the text have a large lacuna of 70 verses between 7:35 and 7:36 that is missing because they trace their common origin to one early manuscript, Codex Sangermanensis I, from which an entire page had been cut out very early in its history. In 1875 Robert Lubbock Bensly published the lost verses and in 1895 M.R. James oversaw a critical edition from Bensly's notes restoring the lost verses from the complete text found in the Codex Colbertinus; this edition is used in the Stuttgart edition of the Vulgate. The restored verses are numbered 7:35 to 7:105, with the former verses 7:36–7:70 renumbered to 7:106–7:140. For more information, see the article Codex Sangermanensis I. Second Esdras turns around a radical spiritual conversion of Ezra in a vision, where he stops to comfort a sobbing woman who turns instantly into a great city (2 Esd. 10:25–27). On this pivotal event, one scholar writes that Ezra: is badly frightened, he loses consciousness and calls for his angelic guide. The experience described is unique, not just in 4 Ezra, but in the whole Jewish apocalyptic literature. Its intensity complements the pressure of unrelieved stress evident in the first part of the vision, and it resembles the major orientation of personality usually connected with religious conversion.: 31  The following verses (10:28–59) reveal that Ezra had a vision of the heavenly Jerusalem, the true city of Zion, which the angel of the Lord invites him to explore. As the angel tells Ezra at the end of Chapter 10 in the Authorised Version: And therefore fear not,    let not thine heart be affrighted, but go thy way in,    and see the beauty and greatness of the building, as much as thine eyes be able to see;    and then shalt thou hear as much as thine ears may comprehend. For thou art blessed above many other    and art called with the Highest and so are but few. But tomorrow at night thou shalt remain here and so shall the Highest show thee visions of the high things which the Most High will do unto them that dwell upon earth in the last days. So I slept that night and another like as he commanded me (2 Esd. 10:55–59). 6 Ezra The last two chapters, also called 6 Ezra by scholars, and found in the Latin, but not in the Eastern texts, predict wars and rebuke sinners. Many assume that they probably date from a much later period (perhaps late third century) and may be Christian in origin; though not certain, they possibly were added at the same time as the first two chapters of the Latin version. They likely are Jewish in origin, however; 15:57–59 have been found in Greek, which most scholars agree was translated from a Hebrew original. Author and criticism The main body of the book appears to be written for consolation in a period of great distress (one scholarly hypothesis is that it dates to Titus' destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE). The author seeks answers, similar to Job's quest for understanding the meaning of suffering, but the author does not like or desire only the answer that was given to Job. Critics question whether even the main body of the book, not counting the chapters that exist only in the Latin version and in Greek fragments, has a single author. Kalisch, De Faye, and Charles hold that no fewer than five people worked on the text. However, Gunkel points to the unity in character and holds that the book is written by a single author; the author of 2 Esdras has also been suggested to have written the Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch. In any case, the two texts may date from about the same time, and one almost certainly depends on the other. Critics have widely debated the origin of the book. Hidden under two layers of translation, determining whether the author was Roman, Alexandrian, or Palestinian is impossible. The scholarly interpretation of the eagle being the Roman Empire (the eagle in the fifth vision, whose heads might be Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian if such is the case) and the destruction of the temple would indicate that the probable date of composition lies toward the end of the first century, perhaps 90–96, though some suggest a date as late as 218. Usage The book is found in the Orthodox Slavonic Bible (Ostrog Bible, Elizabeth Bible, and later consequently Russian Synodal Bible). 2 Esdras is in the Apocrypha of the King James Version, and Pope Clement VIII placed it in an appendix to the Vulgate along with 3 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh "lest they perish entirely". The chapters corresponding to 4 Ezra, i.e. 2 Esdras 3–14, make up the Book of II Izra, aka Izra Sutuel, canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church; it was also widely cited by early Fathers of the Church, particularly Ambrose of Milan, as the 'third book of Esdras'. Jerome states that it is apocryphal. It may also be found in many larger English Bibles included as part of the Biblical apocrypha, as they exist in the King James Version, the Revised Version, the Revised Standard Version, and the earliest editions of the Catholic Douay–Rheims Bible, among others. The introitus of the traditional Requiem Mass of the Extraordinary Form of the 1962 Missal in the Catholic Church is loosely based on 2:34–35: "Eternal rest grant unto them, O Lord, and let perpetual light shine upon them." Several other liturgical prayers are taken from the book. The same chapter, verses 36 and 37, is cited in the Introit of Pentecost Tuesday, "Accipite jucunditatem gloriae vestrae, alleluia: gratias agentes Deo, alleluia: qui vos ad caelestia regna vocavit, alleluia, alleluia, alleluia. Ps. 77 Attendite, popule meus, legem meam: inclinate aurem vestram in verba oris mei. Gloria Patri. Accipite. – Receive the delight of your glory, alleluia, giving thanks to God, alleluia, Who hath called ye to the heavenly kingdoms, alleluia, alleluia, alleluia. Psalm 77 Attend, O my people, to my law: incline your ears to the words of my mouth. Glory be. Receive.” The Alleluia verse Crastina die for the Vigil Mass of Christmas in the Roman Missal is taken from chapter 16, verse 52. Christopher Columbus quoted verse 6:42, which describes the Earth as being created with six parts land and one part water, in his appeal to the Catholic Monarchs for financial support for his first voyage of exploration. The book is appointed as a scripture reading in the Ordinariate’s Evensong service for All Hallows' Eve. See also Esdras 1 Esdras Deuterocanonical books in Orthodox Christianity Ostrog Bible Vision of Ezra References Footnotes ^ a b Among many, the KJB, RSV, NRSV, NEB, REB, and GNB. More in naming conventions. ^ 4 Ezra is the title used in modern English translations as in Charlesworth's. Sources ^ ISBN 978-0-385-09630-0. ^ NETBible, Apocalyptic Esdras Archived September 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Stone, Michael Edward (1990). Fourth Ezra: A Commentary on the Book of Fourth Ezra. Hermeneia. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-6026-0. ^ For example, it is listed with the apocrypha in the Anglican Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion. ^ "Esdras." Catholic Encyclopedia. ^ Bensley, R. The Fourth Book of Ezra, the Latin Edition edited form the MSS Cambridge 1895 ^ Metzger, B. M. "The Fourth Book of Ezra". In J. Charlesworth, ed., The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. vol 1, p. 517ss. ^ See for example Souvay, C. (1909). Esdras. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved January 10, 2020 from New Advent. ^ Bogaert, Pierre-Maurice (2000). "Les livres d'Esdras et leur numérotation dans l'histoire du canon de la Bible latin". Revue Bénédictine. 110 (1–2): 5–26. doi:10.1484/J.RB.5.100750. ^ a b c See for example B. M. Metzger, "The Fourth Book of Ezra", in Charlesworth, James H. (ed.) The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Vol 1 (1983). Garden City, NY: Doubleday. p. 517. ISBN 978-0-385-09630-0 ^ a b Theodore A. Bergren (2010). Michael D. Coogan (ed.). The New Oxford Annotated Apocrypha: New Revised Standard Version. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 317–318. ISBN 9780195289619. ^ Wong, A. C. K.; Penner, K. M.; Miller, D. M. (2010). "4 Ezra". The Online Critical Pseudepigrapha. Atlanta: The Society of Biblical Literature. Retrieved April 12, 2019. ^ 2 Esd 7:102–104, GNB ^ Ossandón Widow, Juan Carlos (2018). The Origins of the Canon of the Hebrew Bible: An Analysis of Josephus and 4 Ezra. Brill. pp. 170–176. ISBN 9789004381612. ^ Article from Early Jewish Writings ^ The Missing Fragment of the Latin Translation of the Fourth Book of Ezra (Cambridge UP, 1875) ^ The Fourth Book of Ezra (Texts & Studies 3.2, ed by J.A. Robinson, Cambridge UP, 1895) ^ Biblia Sacra Vulgata, 4th edition, 1994, ISBN 3-438-05303-9. ^ a b c d Jewish Encyclopedia article ^ Clementine Vulgate, Note to the Appendix ^ "St. Jerome, The Prologue on the Book of Ezra: English translation". ^ Actual Apocrypha in the Liturgy. ^ Longenecker, Bruce W. (1995). Two Esdras. A&C Black. p. 112. ISBN 9781850757269. ^ Ordinariates Established by Anglicanorum Coetibus. "CTS Divine Worship Daily Office". Isuu. Catholic Truth Society. p. 66. Archived from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023. External links Wikisource has original text related to this article: The King James Version of 2 Esdras Holy Bible, Douay-Rheims Version, O.T. Part 2 at Project Gutenberg. (See in the appendix: The Fovrth Booke of Esdras in a 1610 translation. Also included is Robert Lubbock Bensly's 1874 translation of a "rediscovered" 70-verse fragment (7:36–105) on a page that was omitted from the 1610 translation, though present in all earlier versions.) Revised Standard Version (includes the missing page with 7:36–105) 2 Esdras at earlyjewishwritings.com Latin text of 2 (4) Esdras World Wide Study Bible: 2 Esdras Catholic Encyclopedia: Esdras: The Books of Esdras: IV Esdras Jewish Encyclopedia: Esdras, Books of: II Esdras "Ezra, Fourth Book of" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. 2 Esdras 1—NRSV King James version of 2 Esdras. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Book of Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah"},{"link_name":"Esdras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esdras"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triple_Eagle_2_Esdras.gif"},{"link_name":"triple-headed eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-headed_eagle"},{"link_name":"Bowyer Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowyer_Bible"},{"link_name":"English versions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_translations_of_the_Bible"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-list-1"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra"},{"link_name":"scribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofer"},{"link_name":"priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohen"},{"link_name":"Shealtiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shealtiel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stone_1990-5"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church"},{"link_name":"apocrypha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Protestants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome"},{"link_name":"Old Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament"},{"link_name":"Vulgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgate"}],"text":"This article is about an apocryphal work attributed to Ezra. For the protocanonical book following the canonical Book of Ezra, see Book of Nehemiah. For other biblical books called \"Esdras\", see Esdras.Illustration of the triple-headed eagle from Ezra's vision (head-piece from Bowyer Bible, Apocrypha, 1815)2 Esdras (also called 4 Esdras, Latin Esdras, or Latin Ezra) is an apocalyptic book in some English versions of the Bible.[a][b][2] Tradition ascribes it to Ezra, a scribe and priest of the fifth century BC, whom the book identifies with the sixth-century figure Shealtiel.[3]: 372 Esdras forms a part of the canon of Scripture in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church (an Oriental Orthodoxy body), though it is reckoned among the apocrypha by Roman Catholics, Protestants, and most Eastern Orthodox Christians.[4] 2 Esdras was excluded by Jerome from his Vulgate version of the Old Testament, but from the 9th century onwards, the Latin text is sporadically found as an appendix to the Vulgate, inclusion becoming more general after the 13th century.","title":"2 Esdras"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Esdras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Esdras"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah"},{"link_name":"Geneva Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Bible"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezra"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah"},{"link_name":"1 Esdras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Esdras"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Slavonic Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavonic_Bible"},{"link_name":"Georgian Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"As with 1 Esdras, some confusion exists about the numbering of this book. The Vulgate of Jerome includes only a single book of Ezra, but in the Clementine Vulgate 1, 2, 3 and 4 Esdras are separate books. Protestant writers, after the Geneva Bible, called 1 and 2 Esdras of the Vulgate, Ezra and Nehemiah; and called 3 and 4 Esdras of the Vulgate, 1 Esdras and 2 Esdras respectively. These then became the common names for these books in English Bibles.[5]Medieval Latin manuscripts denoted it 4 Esdras, which to this day is the name used for chapters 3–14 in modern critical editions,[6][7] which are typically in Latin, the language of its most complete exemplars.[8]It appears in the Appendix to the Old Testament in the Slavonic Bible, where it is called 3 Esdras, and the Georgian Orthodox Bible numbers it 3 Ezra. This text is sometimes also known as Apocalypse of Ezra (chapters 3–14 known as the Jewish Apocalypse of Ezra or 4 Ezra. In modern critical editions, chapters 1–2 are named as 5 Ezra, and chapters 15–16 as 6 Ezra). Bogaert speculates that the \"fourth book of Ezra\" referred to by Jerome most likely corresponds to modern 5 Ezra and 6 Ezra combined – and notes a number of Latin manuscripts where these chapters are together in an appendix.[9]","title":"Naming conventions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Char-12"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"},{"link_name":"Son of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_God"}],"sub_title":"5 Ezra","text":"The first two chapters of 2 Esdras are found only in the Latin version of the book, and are called 5 Ezra by scholars.[10] They are considered by most scholars to be Christian in origin; they assert God's rejection of the Jews and describe a vision of the Son of God. These are generally considered to be late additions (possibly third century) to the work.","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew"},{"link_name":"apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypse"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Char-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergren-13"},{"link_name":"Greek Apocalypse of Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Apocalypse_of_Ezra"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church"},{"link_name":"canonical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_canon"},{"link_name":"Babylonian captivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivity"},{"link_name":"Sutuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shealtiel"},{"link_name":"Fathers of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Fathers"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church"},{"link_name":"Second Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergren-13"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Ethiopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopic"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"Slavonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Slavonic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archangel_Uriel_with_Esdras,_St_Michael_and_All_Angels,_Kingsland.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"},{"link_name":"archangel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archangel"},{"link_name":"Uriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uriel"},{"link_name":"Judgment Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgment_Day"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"eagle with three heads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-headed_eagle"},{"link_name":"lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion"},{"link_name":"Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Daniel"},{"link_name":"Messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cassiodorus_manuscript.png"},{"link_name":"Codex Amiatinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Amiatinus"},{"link_name":"Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah"},{"link_name":"Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint"},{"link_name":"apocrypha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocrypha"},{"link_name":"lost books that are described in the Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Codex Sangermanensis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Sangermanensis_I"},{"link_name":"Robert Lubbock Bensly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lubbock_Bensly"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"M.R. James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.R._James"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Codex Colbertinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Colbertinus"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart edition of the Vulgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart_edition_of_the_Vulgate"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Codex Sangermanensis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Sangermanensis_I"},{"link_name":"religious conversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_again_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stone_1990-5"},{"link_name":"Authorised Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorised_Version"},{"link_name":"called","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestination"},{"link_name":"visions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypse"},{"link_name":"last days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschatology"}],"sub_title":"4 Ezra","text":"Chapters 3–14, or the great bulk of 2 Esdras, is a Jewish apocalypse, also sometimes known as 4 Ezra[10] or the Jewish Apocalypse of Ezra.[11] The latter name should not be confused with a later work called the Greek Apocalypse of Ezra.The Ethiopian Church considers 4 Ezra to be canonical, written during the Babylonian captivity, and calls it Izra Sutuel (ዕዝራ ሱቱኤል). It was also often cited by the Fathers of the Church. In the Eastern Armenian tradition, it is called 3 Ezra. It was written in the late first century CE following the destruction of the Second Temple.[11]Among Greek Fathers of the Church, 4 Ezra is generally cited as Προφήτης Ἔσδρας Prophetes Esdras (\"The Prophet Ezra\") or Ἀποκάλυψις Ἔσδρα Apokalupsis Esdra (\"Apocalypse of Ezra\"). Most scholars agree that 4 Ezra was composed in Hebrew,[12] which was translated into Greek, and then to Latin, Armenian, Ethiopian, and Georgian, but the Hebrew and Greek editions have been lost.Slightly differing Latin, Syriac, Arabic, Ethiopic, Georgian, and Armenian translations have survived in their entirety; the Greek version can be reconstructed, though without absolute certainty, from these different translations, while the Hebrew text remains more elusive. The modern Slavonic version is translated from the Latin.A medieval stained-glass panel depicting the Archangel Uriel with Ezra4 Ezra consists of seven visions of Ezra the scribe. The first vision takes place as Ezra is still in Babylon. He asks God how Israel can be kept in misery if God is just. The archangel Uriel is sent to answer the question, responding that God's ways cannot be understood by the human mind. Soon, however, the end would come, and God's justice would be made manifest. Similarly, in the second vision, Ezra asks why Israel was delivered up to the Babylonians, and is again told that man cannot understand this and that the end is near. In the third vision, Ezra asks why Israel does not possess the world. Uriel responds that the current state is a period of transition. Here follows a description of the fate of evil-doers and the righteous. Ezra asks whether the righteous may intercede for the unrighteous on Judgment Day, but is told that \"Judgment Day is final\".[13]The next three visions are more symbolic in nature. The fourth is of a woman mourning for her only son. She is transformed into a city when she hears of the desolation of Zion. Uriel says that the woman is a symbol of Zion. The fifth vision concerns an eagle with three heads and 20 wings (12 large wings and eight smaller wings \"over against them\"). The eagle is rebuked by a lion and then burned. The explanation of this vision is that the eagle refers to the fourth kingdom of the vision of Daniel, with the wings and heads as rulers. The final scene is the triumph of the Messiah over the empire. The sixth vision is of a man, representing the Messiah, who breathes fire on a crowd that is attacking him. This man then turns to another peaceful multitude, which accepts him.Ezra produces the 94 books (Codex Amiatinus, eighth century)Finally, a vision of the restoration of scripture is related. God appears to Ezra in a bush and commands him to restore the Law. Ezra gathers five scribes and begins to dictate. After 40 days, he has produced 204 books, including 70 works to be published last. 2 Esdras 14:44–48 KJV:44 In forty days they wrote two hundred and four books.\n45 And it came to pass, when the forty days were filled, that the Highest spake, saying, The first that thou hast written publish openly, that the worthy and unworthy may read it:\n46 But keep the seventy last, that thou mayest deliver them only to such as be wise among the people:\n47 For in them is the spring of understanding, the fountain of wisdom, and the stream of knowledge.\n\n48 And I did so.The \"seventy\" might refer to the Septuagint, most of the apocrypha, or the lost books that are described in the Bible. But it is more probable that the number is just symbolic.[14]Almost all Latin editions of the text have a large lacuna[15] of 70 verses between 7:35 and 7:36 that is missing because they trace their common origin to one early manuscript, Codex Sangermanensis I, from which an entire page had been cut out very early in its history. In 1875 Robert Lubbock Bensly published the lost verses[16] and in 1895 M.R. James oversaw a critical edition from Bensly's notes[17] restoring the lost verses from the complete text found in the Codex Colbertinus; this edition is used in the Stuttgart edition of the Vulgate. The restored verses are numbered 7:35 to 7:105, with the former verses 7:36–7:70 renumbered to 7:106–7:140.[18] For more information, see the article Codex Sangermanensis I.Second Esdras turns around a radical spiritual conversion of Ezra in a vision, where he stops to comfort a sobbing woman who turns instantly into a great city (2 Esd. 10:25–27). On this pivotal event, one scholar writes that Ezra:is badly frightened, he loses consciousness and calls for his angelic guide. The experience described is unique, not just in 4 Ezra, but in the whole Jewish apocalyptic literature. Its intensity complements the pressure of unrelieved stress evident in the first part of the vision, and it resembles the major orientation of personality usually connected with religious conversion.[3]: 31The following verses (10:28–59) reveal that Ezra had a vision of the heavenly Jerusalem, the true city of Zion, which the angel of the Lord invites him to explore. As the angel tells Ezra at the end of Chapter 10 in the Authorised Version:And therefore fear not,\n   let not thine heart be affrighted,\nbut go thy way in,\n   and see the beauty and greatness of the building,\nas much as thine eyes be able to see;\n   and then shalt thou hear as much as thine ears may comprehend.\nFor thou art blessed above many other\n   and art called with the Highest and so are but few.But tomorrow at night thou shalt remain here and so shall the Highest show thee visions of the high things which the Most High will do unto them that dwell upon earth in the last days.\nSo I slept that night and another like as he commanded me (2 Esd. 10:55–59).","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Char-12"}],"sub_title":"6 Ezra","text":"The last two chapters, also called 6 Ezra by scholars,[10] and found in the Latin, but not in the Eastern texts, predict wars and rebuke sinners. Many assume that they probably date from a much later period (perhaps late third century) and may be Christian in origin; though not certain, they possibly were added at the same time as the first two chapters of the Latin version. They likely are Jewish in origin, however; 15:57–59 have been found in Greek, which most scholars agree was translated from a Hebrew original.","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Titus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus"},{"link_name":"Second Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JewE-21"},{"link_name":"Job","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_(Biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Apocalypse_of_Baruch"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JewE-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JewE-21"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Vespasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespasian"},{"link_name":"Titus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus"},{"link_name":"Domitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitian"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JewE-21"}],"text":"The main body of the book appears to be written for consolation in a period of great distress (one scholarly hypothesis is that it dates to Titus' destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE).[19] The author seeks answers, similar to Job's quest for understanding the meaning of suffering, but the author does not like or desire only the answer that was given to Job.Critics question whether even the main body of the book, not counting the chapters that exist only in the Latin version and in Greek fragments, has a single author. Kalisch, De Faye, and Charles hold that no fewer than five people worked on the text. However, Gunkel points to the unity in character and holds that the book is written by a single author; the author of 2 Esdras has also been suggested to have written the Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch.[19] In any case, the two texts may date from about the same time, and one almost certainly depends on the other.[19]Critics [who?] have widely debated the origin of the book. Hidden under two layers of translation, determining whether the author was Roman, Alexandrian, or Palestinian is impossible.The scholarly interpretation of the eagle being the Roman Empire (the eagle in the fifth vision, whose heads might be Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian if such is the case) and the destruction of the temple would indicate that the probable date of composition lies toward the end of the first century, perhaps 90–96, though some suggest a date as late as 218.[19]","title":"Author and criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ostrog Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrog_Bible"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bible"},{"link_name":"Russian Synodal Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Synodal_Bible"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII"},{"link_name":"Vulgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgate"},{"link_name":"3 Esdras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Esdras"},{"link_name":"Prayer of Manasseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Ambrose of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Biblical apocrypha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha"},{"link_name":"Douay–Rheims Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-list-1"},{"link_name":"traditional Requiem Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Requiem_Mass"},{"link_name":"Psalm 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalm_78"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Roman Missal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Missal"},{"link_name":"Christopher Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus"},{"link_name":"Catholic Monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"The book is found in the Orthodox Slavonic Bible (Ostrog Bible, Elizabeth Bible, and later consequently Russian Synodal Bible). 2 Esdras is in the Apocrypha of the King James Version, and Pope Clement VIII placed it in an appendix to the Vulgate along with 3 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh \"lest they perish entirely\".[20] The chapters corresponding to 4 Ezra, i.e. 2 Esdras 3–14, make up the Book of II Izra, aka Izra Sutuel, canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church; it was also widely cited by early Fathers of the Church, particularly Ambrose of Milan, as the 'third book of Esdras'. Jerome states that it is apocryphal.[21] It may also be found in many larger English Bibles included as part of the Biblical apocrypha, as they exist in the King James Version, the Revised Version, the Revised Standard Version, and the earliest editions of the Catholic Douay–Rheims Bible, among others.[a]The introitus of the traditional Requiem Mass of the Extraordinary Form of the 1962 Missal in the Catholic Church is loosely based on 2:34–35: \"Eternal rest grant unto them, O Lord, and let perpetual light shine upon them.\" Several other liturgical prayers are taken from the book. The same chapter, verses 36 and 37, is cited in the Introit of Pentecost Tuesday, \"Accipite jucunditatem gloriae vestrae, alleluia: gratias agentes Deo, alleluia: qui vos ad caelestia regna vocavit, alleluia, alleluia, alleluia. Ps. 77 Attendite, popule meus, legem meam: inclinate aurem vestram in verba oris mei. Gloria Patri. Accipite. – Receive the delight of your glory, alleluia, giving thanks to God, alleluia, Who hath called ye to the heavenly kingdoms, alleluia, alleluia, alleluia. Psalm 77 Attend, O my people, to my law: incline your ears to the words of my mouth. Glory be. Receive.”[22] The Alleluia verse Crastina die for the Vigil Mass of Christmas in the Roman Missal is taken from chapter 16, verse 52.Christopher Columbus quoted verse 6:42, which describes the Earth as being created with six parts land and one part water, in his appeal to the Catholic Monarchs for financial support for his first voyage of exploration.[23]The book is appointed as a scripture reading in the Ordinariate’s Evensong service for All Hallows' Eve.[24]","title":"Usage"}]
[{"image_text":"Illustration of the triple-headed eagle from Ezra's vision (head-piece from Bowyer Bible, Apocrypha, 1815)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Triple_Eagle_2_Esdras.gif/300px-Triple_Eagle_2_Esdras.gif"},{"image_text":"A medieval stained-glass panel depicting the Archangel Uriel with Ezra","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Archangel_Uriel_with_Esdras%2C_St_Michael_and_All_Angels%2C_Kingsland.jpg/180px-Archangel_Uriel_with_Esdras%2C_St_Michael_and_All_Angels%2C_Kingsland.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ezra produces the 94 books (Codex Amiatinus, eighth century)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cassiodorus_manuscript.png/220px-Cassiodorus_manuscript.png"}]
[{"title":"Esdras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esdras"},{"title":"1 Esdras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Esdras"},{"title":"Deuterocanonical books in Orthodox Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books#In_Orthodox_Christianity"},{"title":"Ostrog Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrog_Bible"},{"title":"Vision of Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_of_Ezra"}]
[{"reference":"Stone, Michael Edward (1990). Fourth Ezra: A Commentary on the Book of Fourth Ezra. Hermeneia. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-6026-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fourthezracommen0000ston","url_text":"Fourth Ezra: A Commentary on the Book of Fourth Ezra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress_Press","url_text":"Fortress Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-6026-0","url_text":"978-0-8006-6026-0"}]},{"reference":"Bogaert, Pierre-Maurice (2000). \"Les livres d'Esdras et leur numérotation dans l'histoire du canon de la Bible latin\". Revue Bénédictine. 110 (1–2): 5–26. doi:10.1484/J.RB.5.100750.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.RB.5.100750","url_text":"10.1484/J.RB.5.100750"}]},{"reference":"Theodore A. Bergren (2010). Michael D. Coogan (ed.). The New Oxford Annotated Apocrypha: New Revised Standard Version. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 317–318. ISBN 9780195289619.","urls":[{"url_text":"Theodore A. Bergren"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195289619","url_text":"9780195289619"}]},{"reference":"Wong, A. C. K.; Penner, K. M.; Miller, D. M. (2010). \"4 Ezra\". The Online Critical Pseudepigrapha. Atlanta: The Society of Biblical Literature. Retrieved April 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://pseudepigrapha.org/docs/intro/4Ezra","url_text":"\"4 Ezra\""}]},{"reference":"Ossandón Widow, Juan Carlos (2018). The Origins of the Canon of the Hebrew Bible: An Analysis of Josephus and 4 Ezra. Brill. pp. 170–176. ISBN 9789004381612.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004381612","url_text":"9789004381612"}]},{"reference":"\"St. Jerome, The Prologue on the Book of Ezra: English translation\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_preface_ezra.htm","url_text":"\"St. Jerome, The Prologue on the Book of Ezra: English translation\""}]},{"reference":"Longenecker, Bruce W. (1995). Two Esdras. A&C Black. p. 112. ISBN 9781850757269.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx5vj2RD3WoC&pg=PA112","url_text":"Two Esdras"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850757269","url_text":"9781850757269"}]},{"reference":"Ordinariates Established by Anglicanorum Coetibus. \"CTS Divine Worship Daily Office\". Isuu. Catholic Truth Society. p. 66. Archived from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230224231958/https://image.isu.pub/220411121517-10aacdba2670962437cb7e59683454f1/jpg/page_65.jpg","url_text":"\"CTS Divine Worship Daily Office\""},{"url":"https://issuu.com/catholictruthsociety/docs/divine_worship_-_the_daily_office_preview/65","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ezra, Fourth Book of\" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ezra,_Fourth_Book_of","url_text":"\"Ezra, Fourth Book of\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Eckert
Hans-Joachim Eckert
["1 Background and education","2 Professional career","3 Legal proceedings","4 FIFA Ethics Committee","5 Sports Governance Unit","6 Personal","7 References"]
German jurist Hans-Joachim EckertBorn1948 (age 75–76)PlochingenNationalityGermanOccupationJudgeYears active1978–2015TitleChairman of the Adjudicatory Chamber of the FIFA Ethics CommitteeTerm2012–2017SuccessorVassilios Skouris Hans-Joachim Eckert (born 1948, in Plochingen) is a German jurist. He was Presiding Judge of the business court division at the Regional Court Munich I from October 2005 to July 2015. Between 17 July 2012 and 10 May 2017, he was the first chairman of the Adjudicatory Chamber of the FIFA Ethics Committee. Background and education Eckert was born in Plochingen, Baden-Württemberg. Shortly after he was born, his family moved to Upper Bavaria. He completed his Abitur in Freising and then studied jurisprudence in Munich. Professional career Between 1978 and 1985 Eckert was judge at the Regional Court Munich I, criminal division, and then public prosecutor at the Munich public prosecutor's office II. From 1985 to 1991 he worked as a judge at the Regional Court Munich I, civil division, and from 1991 to 1998 he was a prosecutor at the prosecutor's office Munich II, as head of department responsible for tax evasion, economic crimes and organized crime. From 1998 to 1999 he was senior public prosecutor at the Higher Regional Court Munich, where he was head of division and responsible for money laundering, organized crime and international relations. From 1999 to 2003 he was then senior public prosecutor at the Munich public prosecutor's office I. As head of division for criminal cases and economic crime, Eckert was responsible for information privacy, Nazi crimes, economic and organized crimes. In September 2003 he became Presiding Judge at the Regional Court Munich I and until September 2005 was focused on drug-related crimes. From October 2005 until his retirement in July 2015, Eckert was Presiding Judge of the business court division at the Regional Court Munich I. The focus of his activities were corruption cases, tax evasion, general economic crime, organized crime, money laundering, cybercrime, and asset forfeiture. Eckert was also active internationally for the European Commission, in Bulgaria, Serbia, and Turkey. In Bulgaria he was assigned by the European Union to advise the government and to help build a prosecutor's office specialized on corruption. In addition, he examined in cooperation with an Italian Mafia investigator 300 unsolved murders there. Eckert lectures on organized crime, cybercrime and asset forfeiture at the German Judges Academy, the Academy of European Law and in the training institutes of the Bavarian State Police. Legal proceedings He has been a presiding judge at the Regional Court Munich I for a number of known court cases in relation to economic crime, including corruption processes associated with bribes at Siemens, Ferrostaal and MAN SE. He also led the court process for the purchase of Hypo Alpe-Adria-Bank International by BayernLB. FIFA Ethics Committee Hans Joachim Eckert was elected to the FIFA Ethics Committee in 2011. On 17 July 2012, he was named chairman of the adjudicatory chamber of the FIFA Ethics Committee by the FIFA Executive Committee. This decision was confirmed in May 2013 by a FIFA Congress. End of 2014, his work was criticized by the chief investigator of the FIFA Ethics Committee Michael J. Garcia. At the same time, Garcia stepped down from his position. In October 2015, the Adjudicatory Chamber of the FIFA Ethics Committee, chaired by Eckert, imposed a provisional suspension of 90 days against FIFA President Sepp Blatter, FIFA Secretary General Jérôme Valcke and UEFA President Michel Platini. On 23 November 2015, Eckert opened the official proceedings against Blatter and Platini. Upon closure of the procedure, Eckert announced on 21 December 2015 the sentence and imposed upon both a ban of eight years as well as fines. He opened the case against Valcke at the beginning of January 2016. The judgment was delivered on 12 January 2016. Valcke was banned for 12 years and fined SFr.100.000. In May 2017 he was controversially told that he would not be renominated after he had already been invited and traveled to the FIFA Congress in Bahrain. In an interview with Deutschlandfunk he explained that critical persons would apparently rather be replaced. He was replaced by Vassilios Skouris. Sports Governance Unit Together with Cornel Borbély, the former chairman of the investigatory chamber of the FIFA Ethics Committee, and Marc Tenbücken, a communications expert, Borbély founded the Sports Governance Unit in November 2017, which advises sports associations, clubs and sponsors on good governance. Personal Eckert is a passionate mushroom picker. In his spare time he also visits a Realschule in the Bavarian Oberland to explain the judiciary system to students and to answer their questions. References ^ a b c d "ECKERT Hans-Joachim - Germany" (PDF). FIFA. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 19, 2016. Retrieved 2016-04-06. ^ a b "Hans-Joachim Eckert" (in German). NWZ Online. Retrieved 2016-04-06. ^ a b c Ott, Klaus (2012-07-19). "Schieds-Richter für die Fifa" (in German). Süddeutsche Zeitung. Retrieved 2016-04-06. ^ "Mr Hans-Joachim Eckert" (PDF). FIFA. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 19, 2016. Retrieved 2016-04-06. ^ a b Ott, Klaus (2015-10-09). "Alles andere als Blatters Feigenblatt" (in German). Süddeutsche Zeitung. Retrieved 2016-04-06. ^ a b "Hans-Joachim Eckert" (in German). Compliance Circle München. Archived from the original on 2015-11-22. Retrieved 2016-04-06. ^ a b "Hans-Joachim Eckert: Blatters Schicksal in den Händen eines Münchners" (in German). Eurosport. 2015-09-29. Retrieved 2016-04-06. ^ a b Hujer, Marc; Wulzinger, Michael (2012-08-27). "Fahnder im Imperium". Spiegel. Retrieved 2016-04-06. ^ "Bewährungsstrafe für Ex-Landesbankchef Schmidt" (in German). Süddeutsche Zeitung. 2014-10-27. Retrieved 2016-04-06. ^ "Hans-Joachim Eckert: Ein Deutscher besiegelte Blatters Schicksal" (in German). Hannoversche Allgemeine. 2015-10-08. Retrieved 2016-04-06. ^ "Münchner Richter warnt Fifa-Präsident Blatter: "Entweder er klärt auf oder er ist weg"" (in German). Focus. 2012-08-18. Retrieved 2016-04-06. ^ "Gestählter Mann in Strafsachen: FIFA-Richter Eckert" (in German). Süddeutsche Zeitung. 2014-11-13. Retrieved 2016-04-06. ^ "Chairmen of Ethics Committee announced and new Code of Ethics approved". FIFA. 2012-07-17. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved 2016-04-06. ^ Ashelm, Michael (2013-05-31). "Ein bisschen Applaus" (in German). Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Retrieved 2016-04-06. ^ Fritsch, Oliver (2014-11-13). "Das war so nicht abgemacht, Herr Staatsanwalt!" (in German). Zeit. Retrieved 2016-04-06. ^ "Fifa-Chefermittler Michael Garcia tritt zurück" (in German). stern. 2014-12-17. Retrieved 2016-04-06. ^ Boren, Cindy (2015-10-08). "FIFA's Sepp Blatter suspended, along with Jerome Valcke and Michel Platini". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-04-06. ^ Becker, Christoph (2015-11-23). "Blatter hört die Engel singen" (in German). Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Retrieved 2016-04-06. ^ de Menezes, Jack (2015-12-21). "Sepp Blatter and Michel Platini banned: Fifa and Uefa presidents to appeal eight-year bans from football". Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-09. Retrieved 2016-04-06. ^ "Adjudicatory chamber of the independent Ethics Committee opens proceedings against Mr Valcke". FIFA. 2016-01-07. Archived from the original on January 8, 2016. Retrieved 2016-04-06. ^ Gibson, Owen (2016-02-12). "Fifa's former secretary general Jérôme Valcke banned for 12 years". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-06-30. ^ Collett, Mike (2016-02-24). "FIFA's Rogues' Gallery - banned, fined or suspended". Reuters. Retrieved 2016-06-30. ^ "Kritische Leute werden lieber ausgetauscht" auf deutschlandfunk.de, 11 May 2017, retrieved 25 June 2017. ^ Wagner, Elmar (2017-11-21). "Frühere Fifa-Chefethiker gründen Firma" (in German). Neue Zürcher Zeitung. Retrieved 2018-04-12. ^ "Frühere FIFA-Ethiker gründen Beratungsfirma" (in German). Zeit Online. 2017-11-16. Retrieved 2018-04-12. ^ "Ex-FIFA-Ethiker gründen neue "Sports Governance Unit"" (in German). Deutschlandfunk. 2017-11-26. Retrieved 2018-04-12.
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He was Presiding Judge of the business court division at the Regional Court Munich I from October 2005 to July 2015.[1] Between 17 July 2012 and 10 May 2017, he was the first chairman of the Adjudicatory Chamber of the FIFA Ethics Committee.[2]","title":"Hans-Joachim Eckert"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baden-Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"Upper Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Abitur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur"},{"link_name":"Freising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freising"},{"link_name":"jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schieds-Richter_f%C3%BCr_die_Fifa-3"}],"text":"Eckert was born in Plochingen, Baden-Württemberg. Shortly after he was born, his family moved to Upper Bavaria. He completed his Abitur in Freising and then studied jurisprudence in Munich.[3]","title":"Background and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tax evasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_evasion"},{"link_name":"economic crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-collar_crime"},{"link_name":"organized crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_crime"},{"link_name":"Higher Regional Court Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlandesgericht"},{"link_name":"money laundering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_laundering"},{"link_name":"information privacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_privacy"},{"link_name":"Nazi crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_crime"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"drug-related crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug-related_crime"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECKERT_Hans-Joachim_-_Germany-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alles_andere_als_Blatters_Feigenblatt-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECKERT_Hans-Joachim_-_Germany-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hans-Joachim_Eckert_Compliance-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hans-Joachim_Eckert:_Blatters_Schicksal_in_den_H%C3%A4nden_eines_M%C3%BCnchners-7"},{"link_name":"cybercrime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybercrime"},{"link_name":"asset forfeiture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset_forfeiture"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hans-Joachim_Eckert_Compliance-6"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schieds-Richter_f%C3%BCr_die_Fifa-3"},{"link_name":"Academy of European Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_European_Law"},{"link_name":"Bavarian State Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_State_Police"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECKERT_Hans-Joachim_-_Germany-1"}],"text":"Between 1978 and 1985 Eckert was judge at the Regional Court Munich I, criminal division, and then public prosecutor at the Munich public prosecutor's office II. From 1985 to 1991 he worked as a judge at the Regional Court Munich I, civil division, and from 1991 to 1998 he was a prosecutor at the prosecutor's office Munich II, as head of department responsible for tax evasion, economic crimes and organized crime. From 1998 to 1999 he was senior public prosecutor at the Higher Regional Court Munich, where he was head of division and responsible for money laundering, organized crime and international relations.From 1999 to 2003 he was then senior public prosecutor at the Munich public prosecutor's office I. As head of division for criminal cases and economic crime, Eckert was responsible for information privacy, Nazi crimes, economic and organized crimes.[4] In September 2003 he became Presiding Judge at the Regional Court Munich I and until September 2005 was focused on drug-related crimes.[1]From October 2005 until his retirement[5] in July 2015, Eckert was Presiding Judge of the business court division at the Regional Court Munich I.[1][6][7]The focus of his activities were corruption cases, tax evasion, general economic crime, organized crime, money laundering, cybercrime, and asset forfeiture.Eckert was also active internationally for the European Commission, in Bulgaria, Serbia, and Turkey.[6] In Bulgaria he was assigned by the European Union to advise the government and to help build a prosecutor's office specialized on corruption. In addition, he examined in cooperation with an Italian Mafia investigator 300 unsolved murders there.[3]Eckert lectures on organized crime, cybercrime and asset forfeiture at the German Judges Academy, the Academy of European Law and in the training institutes of the Bavarian State Police.[1]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens"},{"link_name":"Ferrostaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrostaal"},{"link_name":"MAN SE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAN_SE"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fahnder_im_Imperium-8"},{"link_name":"Hypo Alpe-Adria-Bank International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypo_Alpe-Adria-Bank_International"},{"link_name":"BayernLB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BayernLB"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"He has been a presiding judge at the Regional Court Munich I for a number of known court cases in relation to economic crime, including corruption processes associated with bribes at Siemens, Ferrostaal and MAN SE.[8]He also led the court process for the purchase of Hypo Alpe-Adria-Bank International by BayernLB.[9]","title":"Legal proceedings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA Ethics Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Ethics_Committee"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hans-Joachim_Eckert:_Blatters_Schicksal_in_den_H%C3%A4nden_eines_M%C3%BCnchners-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hans-Joachim_Eckert-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"FIFA Executive Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Executive_Committee"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"FIFA Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Congress"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Michael J. Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Garcia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Sepp Blatter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Blatter"},{"link_name":"Jérôme Valcke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Valcke"},{"link_name":"UEFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA"},{"link_name":"Michel Platini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Platini"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alles_andere_als_Blatters_Feigenblatt-5"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"sentence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(law)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"SFr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_franc"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Deutschlandfunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschlandfunk"},{"link_name":"Vassilios Skouris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassilios_Skouris"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Hans Joachim Eckert was elected to the FIFA Ethics Committee in 2011.[7][10]\nOn 17 July 2012, he was named chairman of the adjudicatory chamber of the FIFA Ethics Committee[2][11][12] by the FIFA Executive Committee.[13] This decision was confirmed in May 2013 by a FIFA Congress.[14] End of 2014, his work was criticized by the chief investigator of the FIFA Ethics Committee Michael J. Garcia. At the same time, Garcia stepped down from his position.[15][16] In October 2015, the Adjudicatory Chamber of the FIFA Ethics Committee, chaired by Eckert, imposed a provisional suspension of 90 days against FIFA President Sepp Blatter, FIFA Secretary General Jérôme Valcke and UEFA President Michel Platini.[5][17] On 23 November 2015, Eckert opened the official proceedings against Blatter and Platini.[18] Upon closure of the procedure, Eckert announced on 21 December 2015 the sentence and imposed upon both a ban of eight years as well as fines.[19] He opened the case against Valcke at the beginning of January 2016.[20] The judgment was delivered on 12 January 2016. Valcke was banned for 12 years[21] and fined SFr.100.000.[22]In May 2017 he was controversially told that he would not be renominated after he had already been invited and traveled to the FIFA Congress in Bahrain. In an interview with Deutschlandfunk he explained that critical persons would apparently rather be replaced. He was replaced by Vassilios Skouris.[23]","title":"FIFA Ethics Committee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cornel Borbély","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel_Borb%C3%A9ly"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"governance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Together with Cornel Borbély,[24] the former chairman of the investigatory chamber of the FIFA Ethics Committee, and Marc Tenbücken, a communications expert, Borbély founded the Sports Governance Unit in November 2017,[25] which advises sports associations, clubs and sponsors on good governance.[26]","title":"Sports Governance Unit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fahnder_im_Imperium-8"},{"link_name":"Realschule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realschule"},{"link_name":"Bavarian Oberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Oberland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schieds-Richter_f%C3%BCr_die_Fifa-3"}],"text":"Eckert is a passionate mushroom picker.[8] In his spare time he also visits a Realschule in the Bavarian Oberland to explain the judiciary system to students and to answer their questions.[3]","title":"Personal"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"ECKERT Hans-Joachim - Germany\" (PDF). FIFA. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 19, 2016. Retrieved 2016-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160419080125/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/committees/02/73/50/55/fifacveckertenglisch2015_neutral.pdf","url_text":"\"ECKERT Hans-Joachim - Germany\""},{"url":"http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/committees/02/73/50/55/fifacveckertenglisch2015_neutral.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hans-Joachim Eckert\" (in German). NWZ Online. Retrieved 2016-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nwzonline.de/politik/personen/hans-joachim-eckert_a_30,1,2618912434.html","url_text":"\"Hans-Joachim Eckert\""}]},{"reference":"Ott, Klaus (2012-07-19). \"Schieds-Richter für die Fifa\" (in German). Süddeutsche Zeitung. Retrieved 2016-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/neuer-job-fuer-joachim-eckert-schieds-richter-fuer-die-fifa-1.1416089","url_text":"\"Schieds-Richter für die Fifa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung","url_text":"Süddeutsche Zeitung"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr Hans-Joachim Eckert\" (PDF). FIFA. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 19, 2016. Retrieved 2016-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160419080006/http://de.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/bodies/01/66/50/17/hans-joachimeckert_en.pdf","url_text":"\"Mr Hans-Joachim Eckert\""},{"url":"http://de.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/bodies/01/66/50/17/hans-joachimeckert_en.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ott, Klaus (2015-10-09). \"Alles andere als Blatters Feigenblatt\" (in German). Süddeutsche Zeitung. Retrieved 2016-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sueddeutsche.de/sport/fifa-richter-eckert-alles-andere-als-blatters-feigenblatt-1.2685035","url_text":"\"Alles andere als Blatters Feigenblatt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hans-Joachim Eckert\" (in German). Compliance Circle München. Archived from the original on 2015-11-22. Retrieved 2016-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151122045816/http://www.compliancecircle.de/jahreskongress/referenten/hans-joachim-eckert.html","url_text":"\"Hans-Joachim Eckert\""},{"url":"http://www.compliancecircle.de/jahreskongress/referenten/hans-joachim-eckert.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hans-Joachim Eckert: Blatters Schicksal in den Händen eines Münchners\" (in German). Eurosport. 2015-09-29. Retrieved 2016-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurosport.de/fussball/hans-joachim-eckert-blatters-schicksal-in-den-handen-eines-munchners_sto4930876/story.shtml","url_text":"\"Hans-Joachim Eckert: Blatters Schicksal in den Händen eines Münchners\""}]},{"reference":"Hujer, Marc; Wulzinger, Michael (2012-08-27). \"Fahnder im Imperium\". Spiegel. Retrieved 2016-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-87908023.html","url_text":"\"Fahnder im Imperium\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bewährungsstrafe für Ex-Landesbankchef Schmidt\" (in German). Süddeutsche Zeitung. 2014-10-27. Retrieved 2016-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sueddeutsche.de/wirtschaft/bayernlb-prozess-bewaehrungsstrafe-fuer-ex-landesbankchef-schmidt-1.2193011","url_text":"\"Bewährungsstrafe für Ex-Landesbankchef Schmidt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hans-Joachim Eckert: Ein Deutscher besiegelte Blatters Schicksal\" (in German). Hannoversche Allgemeine. 2015-10-08. Retrieved 2016-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.haz.de/Nachrichten/Sport/Fussball/Nachrichtenticker/Hans-Joachim-Eckert-Ein-Deutscher-besiegelte-Blatters-Schicksal","url_text":"\"Hans-Joachim Eckert: Ein Deutscher besiegelte Blatters Schicksal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Münchner Richter warnt Fifa-Präsident Blatter: \"Entweder er klärt auf oder er ist weg\"\" (in German). Focus. 2012-08-18. Retrieved 2016-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.focus.de/sport/fussball/ermittlungen-gegen-fifa-praesident-blatter-entweder-er-klaert-auf-oder-er-ist-weg-_aid_802220.html","url_text":"\"Münchner Richter warnt Fifa-Präsident Blatter: \"Entweder er klärt auf oder er ist weg\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gestählter Mann in Strafsachen: FIFA-Richter Eckert\" (in German). Süddeutsche Zeitung. 2014-11-13. Retrieved 2016-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sueddeutsche.de/news/sport/fussball-gestaehlter-mann-in-strafsachenfifa-richter-eckert-dpa.urn-newsml-dpa-com-20090101-141113-99-06067","url_text":"\"Gestählter Mann in Strafsachen: FIFA-Richter Eckert\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chairmen of Ethics Committee announced and new Code of Ethics approved\". FIFA. 2012-07-17. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved 2016-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150512104654/http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2012/m=7/news=chairmen-ethics-committee-announced-and-new-code-ethics-approved-1664989.html","url_text":"\"Chairmen of Ethics Committee announced and new Code of Ethics approved\""},{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2012/m=7/news=chairmen-ethics-committee-announced-and-new-code-ethics-approved-1664989.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ashelm, Michael (2013-05-31). \"Ein bisschen Applaus\" (in German). Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Retrieved 2016-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.faz.net/aktuell/sport/fussball/fifa-kongress-ein-bisschen-applaus-12203552.html","url_text":"\"Ein bisschen Applaus\""}]},{"reference":"Fritsch, Oliver (2014-11-13). \"Das war so nicht abgemacht, Herr Staatsanwalt!\" (in German). Zeit. Retrieved 2016-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zeit.de/sport/2014-11/fifa-garcia-eckert-blatter-korruption","url_text":"\"Das war so nicht abgemacht, Herr Staatsanwalt!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fifa-Chefermittler Michael Garcia tritt zurück\" (in German). stern. 2014-12-17. Retrieved 2016-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stern.de/sport/fussball/michael-garcia-erklaert-seinen-ruecktritt-als-fifa-chefermittler-3456178.html","url_text":"\"Fifa-Chefermittler Michael Garcia tritt zurück\""}]},{"reference":"Boren, Cindy (2015-10-08). \"FIFA's Sepp Blatter suspended, along with Jerome Valcke and Michel Platini\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2015/10/08/fifas-sepp-blatter-suspended-along-with-jerome-valcke-and-michel-platini/","url_text":"\"FIFA's Sepp Blatter suspended, along with Jerome Valcke and Michel Platini\""}]},{"reference":"Becker, Christoph (2015-11-23). \"Blatter hört die Engel singen\" (in German). Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Retrieved 2016-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.faz.net/aktuell/sport/fussball/fifa-richter-verfahren-gegen-sepp-blatter-und-michel-platini-13927657.html","url_text":"\"Blatter hört die Engel singen\""}]},{"reference":"de Menezes, Jack (2015-12-21). \"Sepp Blatter and Michel Platini banned: Fifa and Uefa presidents to appeal eight-year bans from football\". Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-09. Retrieved 2016-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/sepp-blatter-banned-from-fifa-for-eight-years-michel-platini-a6781151.html","url_text":"\"Sepp Blatter and Michel Platini banned: Fifa and Uefa presidents to appeal eight-year bans from football\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220509/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/sepp-blatter-banned-from-fifa-for-eight-years-michel-platini-a6781151.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Adjudicatory chamber of the independent Ethics Committee opens proceedings against Mr Valcke\". FIFA. 2016-01-07. Archived from the original on January 8, 2016. Retrieved 2016-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160108201913/http://www.fifa.com/governance/news/y=2016/m=1/news=adjudicatory-chamber-of-the-independent-ethics-committee-opens-proceed-2754147.html","url_text":"\"Adjudicatory chamber of the independent Ethics Committee opens proceedings against Mr Valcke\""},{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/governance/news/y=2016/m=1/news=adjudicatory-chamber-of-the-independent-ethics-committee-opens-proceed-2754147.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gibson, Owen (2016-02-12). \"Fifa's former secretary general Jérôme Valcke banned for 12 years\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/feb/12/jerome-valcke-banned-12-years-fifa-world-cup-tickets","url_text":"\"Fifa's former secretary general Jérôme Valcke banned for 12 years\""}]},{"reference":"Collett, Mike (2016-02-24). \"FIFA's Rogues' Gallery - banned, fined or suspended\". Reuters. Retrieved 2016-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-fifa-banned-idUKKCN0VX2Q1","url_text":"\"FIFA's Rogues' Gallery - banned, fined or suspended\""}]},{"reference":"Wagner, Elmar (2017-11-21). \"Frühere Fifa-Chefethiker gründen Firma\" (in German). Neue Zürcher Zeitung. Retrieved 2018-04-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzz.ch/sport/fussball/fruehere-fifa-chefethiker-gruenden-firma-ld.1330638","url_text":"\"Frühere Fifa-Chefethiker gründen Firma\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frühere FIFA-Ethiker gründen Beratungsfirma\" (in German). Zeit Online. 2017-11-16. Retrieved 2018-04-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zeit.de/news/2017-11/16/fussball-fruehere-fifa-ethiker-gruenden-beratungsfirma-16130603","url_text":"\"Frühere FIFA-Ethiker gründen Beratungsfirma\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-FIFA-Ethiker gründen neue \"Sports Governance Unit\"\" (in German). Deutschlandfunk. 2017-11-26. Retrieved 2018-04-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deutschlandfunk.de/korruption-im-sport-ex-fifa-ethiker-gruenden-neue-sports.1346.de.html?dram:article_id=401630","url_text":"\"Ex-FIFA-Ethiker gründen neue \"Sports Governance Unit\"\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisades_School_District
Palisades School District
["1 Location","2 Schools","2.1 Elementary schools","2.2 Middle schools","2.3 High schools","3 Areas served","4 References","5 External links"]
School district in Pennsylvania This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Palisades School District" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Palisades School DistrictAddress39 Thomas Free Drive Kintnersville, Pennsylvania, 18930United StatesDistrict informationTypePublicGradesK–12NCES District ID4218330 Students and staffStudents1,404 (2020–2021)Teachers148.08 (on an FTE basis)Staff174.0 (on an FTE basis)Student–teacher ratio9.48:1Other informationWebsitewww.palisd.org Palisades School District is a public school district located in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, United States. It serves Bridgeton, Durham, Nockamixon, Springfield, and Tinicum Townships. On July 1, 2013, the borough of Riegelsville transferred from the Easton Area School District to Palisades School District. Location The Palisades School District is located in approximately 100 square miles of Upper Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and is immediately connected to the Delaware River. The Palisades School District comprises the municipalities of Bridgeton, Durham, Nockamixon, Springfield and Tinicum Townships, and Riegelsville Borough. Schools Elementary schools Durham Nockamixon Elementary School Springfield Elementary School Tinicum Elementary School - Extensive renovations to this school were completed in 2012. A new wing was added to the school and an upgraded HVAC systems utilizing Geothermal technology was added to the entire school. Middle schools Palisades Middle School High schools Palisades High School Areas served Bridgeton Township Upper Black Eddy Durham Township Monroe Nockamixon Township Riegelsville Springfield Township Pleasant Valley Springtown Tinicum Township Erwinna Ottsville References ^ a b c d e f "Search for Public School Districts – District Detail for Palisades SD". National Center for Education Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved 2022-03-05. External links Official website vteBucks County, Pennsylvania SchoolsMain School DistrictsBensalem Township Bensalem High School Bristol Borough Bristol High School Bristol Township Harry S. Truman High School Centennial William Tennent High School Central Bucks Central Bucks High School East Central Bucks High School South Central Bucks High School West Council Rock Council Rock High School North Council Rock High School South Morrisville Borough Morrisville Middle/Senior High School Neshaminy Neshaminy High School New Hope-Solebury New Hope-Solebury High School Palisades Palisades High School Pennridge Pennridge High School Pennsbury Pennsbury High School Quakertown Community Quakertown High School Other SchoolsCharter schools Bucks County Montessori Charter School Center Student Learning Charter School School Lane Charter School Private schools George School Holy Ghost Preparatory School Plumstead Christian School Solebury School Villa Joseph Marie High School Closed Lower Bucks Christian Academy Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia Archbishop Wood Catholic High School Conwell-Egan Catholic High School Souderton Area (partially located in Montgomery County) Souderton Area High School This Pennsylvania school-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Search for Public School Districts – District Detail for Palisades SD\". National Center for Education Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved 2022-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/districtsearch/district_detail.asp?Search=2&ID2=4218330","url_text":"\"Search for Public School Districts – District Detail for Palisades SD\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Education_Statistics","url_text":"National Center for Education Statistics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Education_Sciences","url_text":"Institute of Education Sciences"}]}]
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