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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_the_Funkee_Homosapien
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Del the Funky Homosapien
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["1 Music career","1.1 1988–1997: Early life and beginnings","1.2 1998–2006: Middle era","1.3 2006–present: Recent years","2 In other media","3 Collaborations","4 Discography","4.1 Solo studio albums","4.2 Mixtapes","4.3 Other releases","4.4 With Gorillaz","4.5 Mike Relm's \"Spectacle\"","4.6 N.A.S.A.","4.7 With Tame One","4.8 With Parallel Thought","4.9 Marcus D","4.10 With AmpLive","4.11 With Kool Keith","5 References","6 External links"]
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American rapper
Del the Funky HomosapienDel performing in 2008Background informationBirth nameTeren Delvon JonesAlso known asDeltron ZeroSir DZLDelDel the Ghost RapperFunky HomosapienJoe HigashiUnicronBorn (1972-08-12) August 12, 1972 (age 51)Oakland, California, U.S.GenresWest Coast hip hopalternative hip hopOccupationsRappersingersongwriterrecord producerYears active1988–presentLabelsElektraHiero ImperiumDefinitive JuxMember ofHieroglyphicsDeltron 3030Websitedelthefunkyhomosapien.comMusical artist
Teren Delvon Jones (born August 12, 1972), better known by his stage name Del the Funky Homosapien (sometimes stylized as Del tha Funkee Homosapien) or Sir DZL, is an American rapper.
Music career
1988–1997: Early life and beginnings
Born in Oakland, California, he is the cousin of seminal West Coast rapper Ice Cube, and began his career writing lyrics for Ice Cube's group Da Lench Mob. In 1991, with the help of Ice Cube, Del released his first solo album, I Wish My Brother George Was Here, at the age of 19. The album was a commercial success largely due to the popularity of the hit single "Mistadobalina". Ultimately Del, who was not pleased with the limited musical range of the album, severed his production-artist relationship with Ice Cube for his next album, No Need for Alarm.
No Need for Alarm saw the introduction of the Oakland clique Hieroglyphics, whose original members included Souls of Mischief (Opio, A-Plus, Phesto and Tajai), Casual, Pep Love, Del, and producer Domino. No Need for Alarm helped to expose both the regional Oakland sound of hip hop, as well as the freestyle based, "golden era 90s" style of hip hop being expanded at the time.
1998–2006: Middle era
Del would not produce another album for five years. About a month before the release of his third album, Future Development, Del received a letter from his label, Elektra, stating that his contract had been terminated. Together with his crew, Del established his own independent record label, Hieroglyphics Imperium Recordings, which primarily consists of an expanded Hieroglyphics roster and a few other artists with whom the group collaborates on a regular basis. Future Development became available in 1998 and was only available on the Hieroglyphics website in tape form but was re-released in 2002 on the Hieroglyphics Imperium label. Del also released another collaborative work with the Hieroglyphics crew in 1998, which was also the Hieroglyphics crew's first album, 3rd Eye Vision.
Del performing in Red Deer, Alberta in 2006
Two years later, Del released his fourth solo album, Both Sides of the Brain, as well as Deltron 3030 which was a collaborative work with artists Dan the Automator and Kid Koala. With Nakamura and Koala, Del was also a guest performer for Gorillaz's eponymous 2001 album. He appeared on the singles "Clint Eastwood" and "Rock the House". 2003 saw the release of Full Circle, the second full-length album from the Hieroglyphics crew.
In 2004, Elektra released The Best of Del tha Funkee Homosapien: The Elektra Years without Del's approval. The CD only includes songs from his first two albums, along with a handful of B-sides from that era. Del was not pleased and advised people to not buy the CD, saying it was just Elektra trying to make money off of him due to his newfound fame.
2006–present: Recent years
On March 11, 2008, Del released Eleventh Hour through Definitive Jux. On March 31, 2009, Del's next album Funk Man (The Stimulus Package) was made available for free download on the internet. The album is available at his page on Bandcamp, though he gave away some hard copies on his supporting Funk Man tour. In September of the same year, he released a new album, Automatik Statik, for an unfixed rate with a minimum of $3.
Del released his next album It Ain't Illegal Yet on August 6, 2010. There is no fixed price for the album, allowing listeners to pay whatever they wish for the album. Paying certain prices for the album will give certain incentives, including opportunities for personal collaborations with Del. Del released the album Golden Era on April 19, 2011, in a three-disc set including Funk Man (The Stimulus Package) and Automatik Statik.
Del shared a free LP entitled Iller Than Most on January 2, 2014. He uploaded the record to SoundCloud under the username Zartan Drednaught COBRA. He described the project as "lyrically ill but fun to listen to, nothing super heavy." Del handled the production on the project as well.
In other media
Del's songs have seen frequent use in various forms of media including video games, film soundtracks, as well as skateboarding, rollerblading and snowboarding videos. In 2000 the song "Catch All This" from Both Sides of the Brain was featured in the game Street Sk8er 2, "Jaw Gymnastics", featuring Casual, was featured in Knockout Kings, and "Positive Contact" from Deltron 3030 was featured in Mat Hoffman's Pro BMX. In 2001, "If You Must" was featured in Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3. In 2003, "Positive Contact" from Deltron 3030 was featured in Tony Hawk's Underground and "The Izm" was featured in Rolling. In 2005, the Hieroglyphics song "Soweto" is featured on ESPN NBA 2K5 (the Hieroglyphics crew is unlockable as a bonus team) and Del's song "Burnt" was featured in Tony Hawk's American Wasteland.
In 2006, "Catch a Bad One" was featured in Marc Ecko's Getting Up: Contents Under Pressure and "At the Helm" featuring Hieroglyphics was featured in Tony Hawk's Project 8. Also in 2006, his song "Dr. Bombay" was used in the movie Beerfest. The Hieroglyphics song "Don't Hate the Player" was also featured in NBA 2K7, and "Clint Eastwood" was featured in NBA 2K14. "Teamwork" is featured on PlayStation Home. Del has had many songs featured in snowboarding movies. "Press Rewind" was the song for Eero Ettala's part in the film White Balance and "If You Must" was featured in DC Mountain Lab.
Del collaborated with John King of the Dust Brothers and Mark Mothersbaugh of Devo to produce the original score for Skate 3, released in May 2010. In February 2016, Del, Black Thought, Murs and Fashawn recorded a new track called "Rise Up" for the video game Street Fighter V. A music video for the song was released by Capcom, and includes appearances by Del and his fellow collaborators.
In October 2018, Deltron 3030 collaborated with the Cartoon Network animated series Craig of the Creek, with Del making an appearance in the episode "The Kid from 3030" as Deltron. The episode featured original songs by Deltron 3030 made just for the episode of the show. Deltron briefly returns in the Season 3 finale singing "Positive Contact" from Deltron 3030's debut album of the same name.
He has also made cameo appearances in films, such as Ted Demme's directorial debut Who's the Man?, as a teen with two members of Da Youngsta's and an uncredited Ashanti, and Jonah Hill's directorial debut Mid90s, as a homeless bum alongside Chad Muska.
He made an guest appearance as a rapper named "Old Skool" (paying homage to Del's prominence in the 1990s) on the Nickelodeon series Middlemost Post on the episode "The Same Ol' Same".
Collaborations
In 1993, Del collaborated with the band Dinosaur Jr. to create the song "Missing Link", featured on the Judgment Night soundtrack.
In 1999–2000, Del collaborated with Kid Koala and Dan the Automator as the supergroup Deltron 3030 whose debut self-titled album was released in May 2000. Exposure from the 3030 project helped to expand Del's fan base—the 3030 project worked well as a marketing move because the CD capitalized on the growing interest of computer technology, incorporating motifs of science fiction, telling stories about life and hip hop based in the year 3030, and infusing much of the popular internet terminology and culture in circulation at the time.
A follow-up album, "Event II", was released in 2013. In 2005 Del worked with the Wu-Tang Clan and their affiliates on the collaboration album Wu-Tang Meets the Indie Culture.
Del collaborated with the virtual band Gorillaz on two songs on their debut album, "Clint Eastwood" and "Rock the House", both of which became singles and videos and achieved chart success. Del was not, however, originally selected to collaborate on these songs. By the time Del came onto the project, the album was already finished, and British hip-hop group Phi Life Cypher had already recorded verses for "Clint Eastwood". But when Del finished making Deltron 3030 with Dan the Automator, Dan asked if he could stay in the studio a little longer to record new verses for the Gorillaz songs. For the purposes of the music videos and the Gorillaz storyline canon, Del performed under the identity of "Del the Ghost Rapper", who was said to be a spirit that was hiding from death within the band's drummer, Russel Hobbs. Del later commented in an interview on the success of "Clint Eastwood" by saying that he actually wrote the song with the book How to Write a Hit Song, a book that he bought with a coupon his mother gave him. After the song went platinum he gave the plaque to his mother. As part of Russel Hobbs' back-story, the character of Del was one of Russel's friends that was gunned down in a drive-by shooting, whose ghost possessed Russel.
In 2009, Del is featured on the song "Lothar" by Sleep off his album Hesitation Wounds, as well as on the song "Dreamin'" by Gift of Gab off his album Escape 2 Mars. In March 2010, Del collaborated with independent pop/funk duo Modern Science on a track called "Do It Right Now" that is available on the band's Bandcamp website. Del collaborated on the track "Smoke Rings" with Dirty Heads on their 2012 album Cabin by the Sea. In August 2012, Del appeared on the track "The Ride" from the EP Thrift Store Halos by ¡Mayday!.
In September 2013, Del appeared on two tracks from Figure's Horns of the Apocalypse EP: "Beast Mode" and "War Call". In January 2014, Del appeared on the track "Viberian Son" with MF DOOM. In March 2014, Del appeared on the track "Life and Time" with Kool A.D. In 2016, Del was featured on the track "World Renown" with Mr. Lif's album Don't Look Down. In April 2017, Del appeared (along with Carnage The Executor) on the track "Lone Wolves" from Cas One Vs Figure's "So Our Egos Don't Kill Us". In 2017, Del was a guest artist on the debut album of Halo Orbit (a band featuring Juan Alderete, ex-The Mars Volta and Mark Guiliana) on the track "One Of These Days". He also appeared on the track "Pizza Shop Extended" from the album IWASVERYBAD by Jay IDK.
Using his Deltron persona, Del guests on the track "3030 Meets the Doc, Pt. 1" from Dr. Octagon's Moosebumps: An Exploration Into Modern Day Horripilation. Released on streaming services April 6, 2018, the album reunites Kool Keith with Dan the Automator and DJ Qbert.
On July 7, 2018, as he was appearing with Gorillaz during the final act of the 2018 Roskilde Festival, Del fell off the stage during a performance of "Clint Eastwood". He was unable to get back up, and it was decided to cut the performance short. Although he was at first thought to have suffered only minor injuries, it later transpired that he had fractured seven ribs and punctured one of his lungs. He was still hospitalized in Roskilde four days after the accident. According to his Facebook page and official website, Del was back out touring in September 2018.
Del once again collaborated with Gorillaz in 2023, appearing on the Cracker Island deluxe edition bonus track "Captain Chicken".
Discography
Main article: Del the Funky Homosapien discographySee also: Hieroglyphics Discography and Deltron 3030 Discography
Solo studio albums
I Wish My Brother George Was Here (1991)
No Need for Alarm (1993)
Future Development (1997)
Both Sides of the Brain (2000)
Eleventh Hour (2008)
Funk Man (The Stimulus Package) (2009)
Automatik Statik (2009)
It Ain't Illegal Yet (2010)
Golden Era (2011)
Root Stimulation (2012)
Iller Than Most (2014)
Mixtapes
West Coast Avengers (WCA D-Funk Limited) (2012)
West Coast Avengers II (Fela) (2012)
West Coast Avengers III (Frank Zappa) (TBR)
Other releases
"Missing Link" with Dinosaur Jr. – Judgment Night (1993)
One Big Trip (Soundtrack) (2002)
The Best of Del tha Funkee Homosapien: The Elektra Years (2004)
Del's Leak Pack #1 (2008)
Del's Leak Pack #2 (2008)
The Ice Cold – Leak Pack (2011)
Del's Funky Leak Pack Aug. (2011)
"Event 2" a collaboration as a part of Deltron 3030 (2013)
3rd World Vision (2015)
With Gorillaz
Gorillaz (2001 album)
"Clint Eastwood"
"Rock the House"
Cracker Island (Deluxe) (2023 album)
"Captain Chicken" (feat. Del the Funky Homosapien)
Mike Relm's "Spectacle"
Mike Relm (2008)
N.A.S.A.
The Spirit of Apollo Samba Soul (featuring Del the Funky Homosapien & DJ Qbert) (2009)
With Tame One
Parallel Uni-Verses (2009)
With Parallel Thought
Attractive Sin (June 19, 2012)
Marcus D
Simply Complex "Back to the Roots" (featuring Del the Funky Homosapien) (October 10, 2013)
With AmpLive
Gate 13 (April 20, 2018)
With Kool Keith
FNKPMPN (January 01, 2022)
References
^ Greg Prato. "Del the Funky Homosapien – Biography – AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
^ a b c d Hieroglyphics. "Del tha Amazing Homosapien". Hieroglyphics. Archived from the original on August 14, 2007. Retrieved September 5, 2007.
^ Colin Larkin, ed. (2000). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Nineties Music (First ed.). Virgin Books. p. 118. ISBN 0-7535-0427-8.
^ "Del The Funky Homosapien". Delthefunkyhomosapien.bandcamp.com. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
^ "Listen: Del the Funky Homosapien Shares Free LP". Pitchfork. January 2, 2014. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
^ "Rise Up feat. Del the Funky Homosapian, Murs, Fashawn, Quest Love, Black Thought & Domino". youtube.com. February 15, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2015.
^ Milligan, Mercedes (September 28, 2018). "Watch: Del The Funky Homosapien Guests on 'Craig of the Creek' Oct. 1". Animation Magazine. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
^ "CLIP: Del the Funky Homosapien Guests as Old Skool in 'Middlemost Post'".
^ Facebook Wall Photos – Automator and I "The album is done, Kid Koala put the final scratches/touches on it. Will probably be out sometime next year once the logistics are all figured out. Peace"
^ "Del The Funky Homosapien Interview « Made You Look Radio". April 11, 2013. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013.
^ "Del the Funky Homosapien Hit the Books for Famous Gorillaz Rap". Spinner. April 19, 2010. Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
^ Brown, Cass; Gorillaz (November 2, 2006). Rise of the Ogre. United Kingdom: Penguin. pp. 24–25. ISBN 1-59448-931-9.
^ "Do It Right Now | Modern Science". Modernscience.bandcamp.com. March 1, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
^ Mojica, Nick (April 6, 2018). "Dr. Octagon Drop New Album 'Moosebumps'". Xxlmag.co. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
^ Sodomsky, Sam (July 11, 2018). "Damon Albarn Says Del the Funky Homosapien Fractured Ribs, Punctured Lung in Gorillaz Stage Fall". Pitchfork.com. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
^ "Deltron 3030". M.facebook.com. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
External links
Official website
Del the Funky Homosapien discography at Discogs
vteDel the Funky HomosapienStudio albums
I Wish My Brother George Was Here
No Need for Alarm
Future Development
Both Sides of the Brain
Eleventh Hour
Funk Man (The Stimulus Package)
Automatik Statik
It Ain't Illegal Yet
Golden Era
Iller Than Most
Gate 13
Compilation albums
The Best of Del tha Funkee Homosapien: The Elektra Years
Singles
"Mistadobalina"
"If You Must"
Featured singles
"Clint Eastwood"
"Rock the House"
Related artists
Hieroglyphics
Souls of Mischief
Gorillaz
Deltron 3030
See also
Discography
Hieroglyphics Imperium Recordings
vteHieroglyphics
Casual
Del tha Funkee Homosapien
Domino
Pep Love
Souls of Mischief
A-Plus
Opio
Phesto
Tajai
Albums
3rd Eye Vision (1998)
Full Circle (2003)
The Kitchen (2013)
Compilation albums
Hiero Oldies (1996)
Hiero B Sides (1997)
Live.97 (1997)
Hiero Oldies II (1998)
Hiero Classix Vol.1 (2002)
The Building (2004)
The Corner (2005)
Over Time (2007)
Related artists
A Band Called Pain
Extra Prolific
Goapele
Handsome Boy Modeling School
Knobody
Musab
O.C.
Prince Ali
Yameen
Z-Man
See also
Hieroglyphics Imperium Recordings
vteGorillaz
Damon Albarn
Jamie Hewlett
Studio albums
Gorillaz
Demon Days
Plastic Beach
The Fall
Humanz
The Now Now
Song Machine, Season One: Strange Timez
Cracker Island
Compilations
G-Sides
D-Sides
The Singles Collection 2001–2011
Extended plays
Tomorrow Comes Today
Feel Good Inc. EP
Dare
El Mañana / Kids with Guns
iTunes Session
Meanwhile EP
Video albums
Celebrity Take Down
Demon Days Live
Slowboat to Hades
Remix albums
Laika Come Home
Singles
"Clint Eastwood"
"19-2000"
"Rock the House"
"911"
"Tomorrow Comes Today"
"Lil' Dub Chefin'"
"Feel Good Inc."
"Dare"
"Dirty Harry"
"El Mañana" / "Kids with Guns"
"Stylo"
"Superfast Jellyfish"
"On Melancholy Hill"
"Doncamatic"
"Revolving Doors" / "Amarillo"
"DoYaThing"
"Saturnz Barz"
"We Got the Power"
"Ascension"
"Andromeda"
"Let Me Out"
"Sleeping Powder"
"Strobelite"
"Garage Palace"
"Humility"
"Hollywood"
"Tranz"
"Momentary Bliss"
"Désolé"
"Aries"
"How Far?"
"Friday 13th"
"Pac-Man"
"Strange Timez"
"The Pink Phantom"
"The Valley of the Pagans"
"Cracker Island"
"New Gold"
"Baby Queen"
Other songs
"5/4"
"Rhinestone Eyes"
"Empire Ants"
"Phoner to Arizona"
"Hallelujah Money"
"Charger"
Tours
Gorillaz Live
Demon Days Live
Escape to Plastic Beach Tour
Humanz Tour
The Now Now Tour
Touring members
Damon Albarn
Mike Smith
Jeff Wootton
Seye Adelekan
Remi Kabaka Jr.
All contributors
Stephen Sedgwick
Dan the Automator
Kid Koala
Miho Hatori
Cass Browne
Simon Tong
Howie Weinberg
Danger Mouse
Mick Jones
Paul Simonon
Ben Mendelsohn
The Twilite Tone
Jean-Michel Jarre
James Ford
Simon Katz
Simon Jones
Morgan Nicholls
Roberto Occhipinti
Demon Strings
Related articles
Discography
Awards and nominations
Rise of the Ogre
Bananaz
Song Machine
Spacemonkeyz
Monkey: Journey to the West
"On Your Own"
Blur
The Good, the Bad & the Queen
Tank Girl
De La Soul
Del the Funky Homosapien
Category
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
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BnF data
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MusicBrainz
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IdRef
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The album was a commercial success largely due to the popularity of the hit single \"Mistadobalina\". Ultimately Del, who was not pleased with the limited musical range of the album, severed his production-artist relationship with Ice Cube for his next album, No Need for Alarm.No Need for Alarm saw the introduction of the Oakland clique Hieroglyphics,[2] whose original members included Souls of Mischief (Opio, A-Plus, Phesto and Tajai), Casual, Pep Love, Del, and producer Domino. No Need for Alarm helped to expose both the regional Oakland sound of hip hop, as well as the freestyle based, \"golden era 90s\" style of hip hop being expanded at the time.","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Future Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Development"},{"link_name":"Elektra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hiero-2"},{"link_name":"Hieroglyphics Imperium Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieroglyphics_Imperium_Recordings"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin90-3"},{"link_name":"3rd Eye Vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Eye_Vision"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Del_the_Funky_Homosapien.jpg"},{"link_name":"Red Deer, Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Deer,_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Both Sides of the Brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Both_Sides_of_the_Brain"},{"link_name":"Deltron 3030","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltron_3030_(album)"},{"link_name":"Dan the Automator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_the_Automator"},{"link_name":"Kid Koala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Koala"},{"link_name":"Gorillaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorillaz"},{"link_name":"eponymous 2001 album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorillaz_(album)"},{"link_name":"Clint Eastwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Eastwood_(song)"},{"link_name":"Rock the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_the_House_(Gorillaz_song)"},{"link_name":"Full Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Circle_(Hieroglyphics_album)"},{"link_name":"The Best of Del tha Funkee Homosapien: The Elektra Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_of_Del_tha_Funkee_Homosapien:_The_Elektra_Years"}],"sub_title":"1998–2006: Middle era","text":"Del would not produce another album for five years. About a month before the release of his third album, Future Development, Del received a letter from his label, Elektra, stating that his contract had been terminated.[2] Together with his crew, Del established his own independent record label, Hieroglyphics Imperium Recordings, which primarily consists of an expanded Hieroglyphics roster and a few other artists with whom the group collaborates on a regular basis. Future Development became available in 1998 and was only available on the Hieroglyphics website in tape form[3] but was re-released in 2002 on the Hieroglyphics Imperium label. Del also released another collaborative work with the Hieroglyphics crew in 1998, which was also the Hieroglyphics crew's first album, 3rd Eye Vision.Del performing in Red Deer, Alberta in 2006Two years later, Del released his fourth solo album, Both Sides of the Brain, as well as Deltron 3030 which was a collaborative work with artists Dan the Automator and Kid Koala. With Nakamura and Koala, Del was also a guest performer for Gorillaz's eponymous 2001 album. He appeared on the singles \"Clint Eastwood\" and \"Rock the House\". 2003 saw the release of Full Circle, the second full-length album from the Hieroglyphics crew.In 2004, Elektra released The Best of Del tha Funkee Homosapien: The Elektra Years without Del's approval. The CD only includes songs from his first two albums, along with a handful of B-sides from that era. Del was not pleased and advised people to not buy the CD, saying it was just Elektra trying to make money off of him due to his newfound fame.","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eleventh Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh_Hour_(Del_the_Funky_Homosapien_album)"},{"link_name":"Definitive Jux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitive_Jux"},{"link_name":"Funk Man (The Stimulus Package)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk_Man_(The_Stimulus_Package)"},{"link_name":"Bandcamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandcamp"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Automatik Statik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatik_Statik"},{"link_name":"It Ain't Illegal Yet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Ain%27t_Illegal_Yet"},{"link_name":"Golden Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Era_(Del_the_Funky_Homosapien_album)"},{"link_name":"Funk Man (The Stimulus Package)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk_Man_(The_Stimulus_Package)"},{"link_name":"Automatik Statik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatik_Statik"},{"link_name":"Iller Than Most","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iller_Than_Most"},{"link_name":"SoundCloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoundCloud"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"2006–present: Recent years","text":"On March 11, 2008, Del released Eleventh Hour through Definitive Jux. On March 31, 2009, Del's next album Funk Man (The Stimulus Package) was made available for free download on the internet. The album is available at his page on Bandcamp,[4] though he gave away some hard copies on his supporting Funk Man tour. In September of the same year, he released a new album, Automatik Statik, for an unfixed rate with a minimum of $3.Del released his next album It Ain't Illegal Yet on August 6, 2010. There is no fixed price for the album, allowing listeners to pay whatever they wish for the album. Paying certain prices for the album will give certain incentives, including opportunities for personal collaborations with Del. Del released the album Golden Era on April 19, 2011, in a three-disc set including Funk Man (The Stimulus Package) and Automatik Statik.Del shared a free LP entitled Iller Than Most on January 2, 2014. He uploaded the record to SoundCloud under the username Zartan Drednaught COBRA. He described the project as \"lyrically ill but fun to listen to, nothing super heavy.\" Del handled the production on the project as well.[5]","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Both Sides of the Brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Both_Sides_of_the_Brain"},{"link_name":"Street Sk8er 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Sk8er_2"},{"link_name":"Knockout Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockout_Kings"},{"link_name":"Mat Hoffman's Pro BMX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat_Hoffman%27s_Pro_BMX"},{"link_name":"If You Must","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_You_Must_(Del_the_Funky_Homosapien_song)"},{"link_name":"Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hawk%27s_Pro_Skater_3"},{"link_name":"Tony Hawk's Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hawk%27s_Underground"},{"link_name":"Rolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"ESPN NBA 2K5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN_NBA_2K5"},{"link_name":"Tony Hawk's American Wasteland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hawk%27s_American_Wasteland"},{"link_name":"Marc Ecko's Getting Up: Contents Under Pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Ecko%27s_Getting_Up:_Contents_Under_Pressure"},{"link_name":"Tony Hawk's Project 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hawk%27s_Project_8"},{"link_name":"Beerfest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerfest"},{"link_name":"NBA 2K7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_2K7"},{"link_name":"NBA 2K14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_2K14"},{"link_name":"DC Mountain Lab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Mountain_Lab#The_Video:_MTN._Lab"},{"link_name":"Dust Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Mark Mothersbaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Mothersbaugh"},{"link_name":"Devo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devo"},{"link_name":"Skate 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skate_3"},{"link_name":"Black Thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Thought"},{"link_name":"Murs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murs_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Fashawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashawn"},{"link_name":"Street Fighter V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighter_V"},{"link_name":"Capcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capcom"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-early_release-6"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network"},{"link_name":"Craig of the Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_of_the_Creek"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ted Demme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Demme"},{"link_name":"Who's the Man?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_the_Man%3F"},{"link_name":"Da Youngsta's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Youngsta%27s"},{"link_name":"Ashanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Jonah Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah_Hill"},{"link_name":"Mid90s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid90s"},{"link_name":"Chad Muska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Muska"},{"link_name":"Nickelodeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon"},{"link_name":"Middlemost Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlemost_Post"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Del's songs have seen frequent use in various forms of media including video games, film soundtracks, as well as skateboarding, rollerblading and snowboarding videos. In 2000 the song \"Catch All This\" from Both Sides of the Brain was featured in the game Street Sk8er 2, \"Jaw Gymnastics\", featuring Casual, was featured in Knockout Kings, and \"Positive Contact\" from Deltron 3030 was featured in Mat Hoffman's Pro BMX. In 2001, \"If You Must\" was featured in Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3. In 2003, \"Positive Contact\" from Deltron 3030 was featured in Tony Hawk's Underground and \"The Izm\" was featured in Rolling. In 2005, the Hieroglyphics song \"Soweto\" is featured on ESPN NBA 2K5 (the Hieroglyphics crew is unlockable as a bonus team) and Del's song \"Burnt\" was featured in Tony Hawk's American Wasteland.In 2006, \"Catch a Bad One\" was featured in Marc Ecko's Getting Up: Contents Under Pressure and \"At the Helm\" featuring Hieroglyphics was featured in Tony Hawk's Project 8. Also in 2006, his song \"Dr. Bombay\" was used in the movie Beerfest. The Hieroglyphics song \"Don't Hate the Player\" was also featured in NBA 2K7, and \"Clint Eastwood\" was featured in NBA 2K14. \"Teamwork\" is featured on PlayStation Home. Del has had many songs featured in snowboarding movies. \"Press Rewind\" was the song for Eero Ettala's part in the film White Balance and \"If You Must\" was featured in DC Mountain Lab.Del collaborated with John King of the Dust Brothers and Mark Mothersbaugh of Devo to produce the original score for Skate 3, released in May 2010. In February 2016, Del, Black Thought, Murs and Fashawn recorded a new track called \"Rise Up\" for the video game Street Fighter V. A music video for the song was released by Capcom, and includes appearances by Del and his fellow collaborators.[6]In October 2018, Deltron 3030 collaborated with the Cartoon Network animated series Craig of the Creek, with Del making an appearance in the episode \"The Kid from 3030\" as Deltron. The episode featured original songs by Deltron 3030 made just for the episode of the show.[7] Deltron briefly returns in the Season 3 finale singing \"Positive Contact\" from Deltron 3030's debut album of the same name.He has also made cameo appearances in films, such as Ted Demme's directorial debut Who's the Man?, as a teen with two members of Da Youngsta's and an uncredited Ashanti, and Jonah Hill's directorial debut Mid90s, as a homeless bum alongside Chad Muska.He made an guest appearance as a rapper named \"Old Skool\" (paying homage to Del's prominence in the 1990s) on the Nickelodeon series Middlemost Post on the episode \"The Same Ol' Same\".[8]","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dinosaur Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur_Jr."},{"link_name":"Judgment Night soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgment_Night_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Kid Koala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Koala"},{"link_name":"Dan the Automator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_the_Automator"},{"link_name":"supergroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergroup_(music)"},{"link_name":"Deltron 3030","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltron_3030"},{"link_name":"debut self-titled album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltron_3030_(album)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Wu-Tang Clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu-Tang_Clan"},{"link_name":"Wu-Tang Meets the Indie Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu-Tang_Meets_the_Indie_Culture"},{"link_name":"Gorillaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorillaz"},{"link_name":"Clint Eastwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Eastwood_(song)"},{"link_name":"Rock the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_the_House_(Gorillaz_song)"},{"link_name":"Dan the Automator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_the_Automator"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Russel Hobbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russel_Hobbs"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"possessed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_possession"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sleep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Hesitation Wounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesitation_Wounds_(album)"},{"link_name":"Gift of Gab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift_of_Gab_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Escape 2 Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_2_Mars"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Dirty Heads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Heads"},{"link_name":"Cabin by the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabin_by_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"¡Mayday!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%A1Mayday!"},{"link_name":"Figure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_(musician)"},{"link_name":"MF DOOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MF_DOOM"},{"link_name":"Kool A.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kool_A.D."},{"link_name":"Juan Alderete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Alderete"},{"link_name":"The Mars Volta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mars_Volta"},{"link_name":"Mark Guiliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Guiliana"},{"link_name":"Jay IDK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDK_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Deltron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltron_3030"},{"link_name":"Dr. Octagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Octagon"},{"link_name":"Kool Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kool_Keith"},{"link_name":"Dan the Automator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_the_Automator"},{"link_name":"DJ Qbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Qbert"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MoosebumpsRelease2018-14"},{"link_name":"2018 Roskilde Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskilde_Festival#2018"},{"link_name":"Roskilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskilde"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RoskildeIncident-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Cracker Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracker_Island"}],"text":"In 1993, Del collaborated with the band Dinosaur Jr. to create the song \"Missing Link\", featured on the Judgment Night soundtrack.\nIn 1999–2000, Del collaborated with Kid Koala and Dan the Automator as the supergroup Deltron 3030 whose debut self-titled album was released in May 2000. Exposure from the 3030 project helped to expand Del's fan base—the 3030 project worked well as a marketing move because the CD capitalized on the growing interest of computer technology, incorporating motifs of science fiction, telling stories about life and hip hop based in the year 3030, and infusing much of the popular internet terminology and culture in circulation at the time.\nA follow-up album, \"Event II\", was released in 2013.[9] In 2005 Del worked with the Wu-Tang Clan and their affiliates on the collaboration album Wu-Tang Meets the Indie Culture.Del collaborated with the virtual band Gorillaz on two songs on their debut album, \"Clint Eastwood\" and \"Rock the House\", both of which became singles and videos and achieved chart success. Del was not, however, originally selected to collaborate on these songs. By the time Del came onto the project, the album was already finished, and British hip-hop group Phi Life Cypher had already recorded verses for \"Clint Eastwood\". But when Del finished making Deltron 3030 with Dan the Automator, Dan asked if he could stay in the studio a little longer to record new verses for the Gorillaz songs.[10] For the purposes of the music videos and the Gorillaz storyline canon, Del performed under the identity of \"Del the Ghost Rapper\", who was said to be a spirit that was hiding from death within the band's drummer, Russel Hobbs. Del later commented in an interview on the success of \"Clint Eastwood\" by saying that he actually wrote the song with the book How to Write a Hit Song, a book that he bought with a coupon his mother gave him. After the song went platinum he gave the plaque to his mother.[11] As part of Russel Hobbs' back-story, the character of Del was one of Russel's friends that was gunned down in a drive-by shooting, whose ghost possessed Russel.[12]In 2009, Del is featured on the song \"Lothar\" by Sleep off his album Hesitation Wounds, as well as on the song \"Dreamin'\" by Gift of Gab off his album Escape 2 Mars. In March 2010, Del collaborated with independent pop/funk duo Modern Science on a track called \"Do It Right Now\" that is available on the band's Bandcamp website.[13] Del collaborated on the track \"Smoke Rings\" with Dirty Heads on their 2012 album Cabin by the Sea. In August 2012, Del appeared on the track \"The Ride\" from the EP Thrift Store Halos by ¡Mayday!.In September 2013, Del appeared on two tracks from Figure's Horns of the Apocalypse EP: \"Beast Mode\" and \"War Call\". In January 2014, Del appeared on the track \"Viberian Son\" with MF DOOM. In March 2014, Del appeared on the track \"Life and Time\" with Kool A.D. In 2016, Del was featured on the track \"World Renown\" with Mr. Lif's album Don't Look Down. In April 2017, Del appeared (along with Carnage The Executor) on the track \"Lone Wolves\" from Cas One Vs Figure's \"So Our Egos Don't Kill Us\". In 2017, Del was a guest artist on the debut album of Halo Orbit (a band featuring Juan Alderete, ex-The Mars Volta and Mark Guiliana) on the track \"One Of These Days\". He also appeared on the track \"Pizza Shop Extended\" from the album IWASVERYBAD by Jay IDK.Using his Deltron persona, Del guests on the track \"3030 Meets the Doc, Pt. 1\" from Dr. Octagon's Moosebumps: An Exploration Into Modern Day Horripilation. Released on streaming services April 6, 2018, the album reunites Kool Keith with Dan the Automator and DJ Qbert.[14]On July 7, 2018, as he was appearing with Gorillaz during the final act of the 2018 Roskilde Festival, Del fell off the stage during a performance of \"Clint Eastwood\". He was unable to get back up, and it was decided to cut the performance short. Although he was at first thought to have suffered only minor injuries, it later transpired that he had fractured seven ribs and punctured one of his lungs. He was still hospitalized in Roskilde four days after the accident.[15] According to his Facebook page and official website, Del was back out touring in September 2018.[16]Del once again collaborated with Gorillaz in 2023, appearing on the Cracker Island deluxe edition bonus track \"Captain Chicken\".","title":"Collaborations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hieroglyphics Discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieroglyphics_(group)#Discography"},{"link_name":"Deltron 3030 Discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltron_3030#Discography"}],"text":"See also: Hieroglyphics Discography and Deltron 3030 Discography","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I Wish My Brother George Was Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Wish_My_Brother_George_Was_Here"},{"link_name":"No Need for Alarm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Need_for_Alarm"},{"link_name":"Future Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Development"},{"link_name":"Both Sides of the Brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Both_Sides_of_the_Brain"},{"link_name":"Eleventh Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh_Hour_(Del_the_Funky_Homosapien_album)"},{"link_name":"Funk Man (The Stimulus Package)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk_Man_(The_Stimulus_Package)"},{"link_name":"Automatik Statik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatik_Statik"},{"link_name":"It Ain't Illegal Yet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Ain%27t_Illegal_Yet"},{"link_name":"Golden Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Era_(Del_the_Funky_Homosapien_album)"},{"link_name":"Iller Than Most","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iller_Than_Most"}],"sub_title":"Solo studio albums","text":"I Wish My Brother George Was Here (1991)\nNo Need for Alarm (1993)\nFuture Development (1997)\nBoth Sides of the Brain (2000)\nEleventh Hour (2008)\nFunk Man (The Stimulus Package) (2009)\nAutomatik Statik (2009)\nIt Ain't Illegal Yet (2010)\nGolden Era (2011)\nRoot Stimulation (2012)\nIller Than Most (2014)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mixtapes","text":"West Coast Avengers (WCA D-Funk Limited) (2012)\nWest Coast Avengers II (Fela) (2012)\nWest Coast Avengers III (Frank Zappa) (TBR)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dinosaur Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur_Jr."},{"link_name":"Judgment Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgment_Night_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"The Best of Del tha Funkee Homosapien: The Elektra Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_of_Del_tha_Funkee_Homosapien:_The_Elektra_Years"}],"sub_title":"Other releases","text":"\"Missing Link\" with Dinosaur Jr. – Judgment Night (1993)\nOne Big Trip (Soundtrack) (2002)\nThe Best of Del tha Funkee Homosapien: The Elektra Years (2004)\nDel's Leak Pack #1 (2008)\nDel's Leak Pack #2 (2008)\nThe Ice Cold – Leak Pack (2011)\nDel's Funky Leak Pack Aug. (2011)\n\"Event 2\" a collaboration as a part of Deltron 3030 (2013)\n3rd World Vision (2015)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gorillaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorillaz_(album)"},{"link_name":"Clint Eastwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Eastwood_(song)"},{"link_name":"\"Rock the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_the_House_(Gorillaz_song)"},{"link_name":"Cracker Island (Deluxe)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracker_Island"},{"link_name":"Captain Chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1kw9NL42a4"}],"sub_title":"With Gorillaz","text":"Gorillaz (2001 album)\n\"Clint Eastwood\"\n\"Rock the House\"\nCracker Island (Deluxe) (2023 album)\n\"Captain Chicken\" (feat. Del the Funky Homosapien)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mike Relm's \"Spectacle\"","text":"Mike Relm (2008)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Spirit of Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Apollo"}],"sub_title":"N.A.S.A.","text":"The Spirit of Apollo Samba Soul (featuring Del the Funky Homosapien & DJ Qbert) (2009)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parallel Uni-Verses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_Uni-Verses"}],"sub_title":"With Tame One","text":"Parallel Uni-Verses (2009)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"With Parallel Thought","text":"Attractive Sin (June 19, 2012)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Marcus D","text":"Simply Complex \"Back to the Roots\" (featuring Del the Funky Homosapien) (October 10, 2013)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gate 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_13_(album)"}],"sub_title":"With AmpLive","text":"Gate 13 (April 20, 2018)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"With Kool Keith","text":"FNKPMPN (January 01, 2022)","title":"Discography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Del performing in Red Deer, Alberta in 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Del_the_Funky_Homosapien.jpg/170px-Del_the_Funky_Homosapien.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Greg Prato. \"Del the Funky Homosapien – Biography – AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved November 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/del-the-funky-homosapien-mn0000194875/biography","url_text":"\"Del the Funky Homosapien – Biography – AllMusic\""}]},{"reference":"Hieroglyphics. \"Del tha Amazing Homosapien\". Hieroglyphics. Archived from the original on August 14, 2007. Retrieved September 5, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070814112553/http://ensim.hieroglyphics.com/artists/del/","url_text":"\"Del tha Amazing Homosapien\""},{"url":"http://ensim.hieroglyphics.com/artists/del/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (2000). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Nineties Music (First ed.). Virgin Books. p. 118. ISBN 0-7535-0427-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Virgin Encyclopedia of Nineties Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Books","url_text":"Virgin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7535-0427-8","url_text":"0-7535-0427-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Del The Funky Homosapien\". Delthefunkyhomosapien.bandcamp.com. Retrieved January 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://delthefunkyhomosapien.bandcamp.com/","url_text":"\"Del The Funky Homosapien\""}]},{"reference":"\"Listen: Del the Funky Homosapien Shares Free LP\". Pitchfork. January 2, 2014. Retrieved November 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/news/53474-listen-del-the-funky-homosapien-shares-free-lp/","url_text":"\"Listen: Del the Funky Homosapien Shares Free LP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rise Up feat. Del the Funky Homosapian, Murs, Fashawn, Quest Love, Black Thought & Domino\". youtube.com. February 15, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x7Ks4SuVqr0","url_text":"\"Rise Up feat. Del the Funky Homosapian, Murs, Fashawn, Quest Love, Black Thought & Domino\""}]},{"reference":"Milligan, Mercedes (September 28, 2018). \"Watch: Del The Funky Homosapien Guests on 'Craig of the Creek' Oct. 1\". Animation Magazine. Retrieved October 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/watch-del-the-funky-homosapien-guests-on-craig-of-the-creek-oct-1/","url_text":"\"Watch: Del The Funky Homosapien Guests on 'Craig of the Creek' Oct. 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"CLIP: Del the Funky Homosapien Guests as Old Skool in 'Middlemost Post'\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.awn.com/news/clip-del-funky-homosapien-guests-old-skool-middlemost-post","url_text":"\"CLIP: Del the Funky Homosapien Guests as Old Skool in 'Middlemost Post'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Del The Funky Homosapien Interview « Made You Look Radio\". April 11, 2013. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130411072554/http://www.madeyoulookradio.com/del-the-funky-homosapien-interview","url_text":"\"Del The Funky Homosapien Interview « Made You Look Radio\""},{"url":"http://www.madeyoulookradio.com/del-the-funky-homosapien-interview","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Del the Funky Homosapien Hit the Books for Famous Gorillaz Rap\". Spinner. April 19, 2010. Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120916213947/http://www.spinner.com/2010/04/19/del-the-funky-homosapien-gorillaz-clint-eastwood-rap/","url_text":"\"Del the Funky Homosapien Hit the Books for Famous Gorillaz Rap\""},{"url":"http://www.spinner.com/2010/04/19/del-the-funky-homosapien-gorillaz-clint-eastwood-rap/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Cass; Gorillaz (November 2, 2006). Rise of the Ogre. United Kingdom: Penguin. pp. 24–25. ISBN 1-59448-931-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_Browne","url_text":"Brown, Cass"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ogre","url_text":"Rise of the Ogre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59448-931-9","url_text":"1-59448-931-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Do It Right Now | Modern Science\". Modernscience.bandcamp.com. March 1, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://modernscience.bandcamp.com/track/do-it-right-now","url_text":"\"Do It Right Now | Modern Science\""}]},{"reference":"Mojica, Nick (April 6, 2018). \"Dr. Octagon Drop New Album 'Moosebumps'\". Xxlmag.co. Retrieved April 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xxlmag.com/rap-music/new-music/2018/04/dr-octagon-moosebumps-album/","url_text":"\"Dr. Octagon Drop New Album 'Moosebumps'\""}]},{"reference":"Sodomsky, Sam (July 11, 2018). \"Damon Albarn Says Del the Funky Homosapien Fractured Ribs, Punctured Lung in Gorillaz Stage Fall\". Pitchfork.com. Retrieved July 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/damon-albarn-says-del-the-funky-homosapien-fractured-ribs-punctured-lung-in-gorillaz-stage-fall","url_text":"\"Damon Albarn Says Del the Funky Homosapien Fractured Ribs, Punctured Lung in Gorillaz Stage Fall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deltron 3030\". M.facebook.com. Retrieved December 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.facebook.com/OfficialDELTRON/","url_text":"\"Deltron 3030\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_County
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Zhao County
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["1 Geography","1.1 Administrative Divisions","2 Climate","3 Notable residents","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 37°45′22″N 114°46′34″E / 37.756°N 114.776°E / 37.756; 114.776County in Hebei, People's Republic of ChinaZhao County
赵县CountyAnji BridgeZhao CountyLocation in HebeiShow map of HebeiZhao CountyZhao County (China)Show map of ChinaCoordinates: 37°45′22″N 114°46′34″E / 37.756°N 114.776°E / 37.756; 114.776CountryPeople's Republic of ChinaProvinceHebeiPrefecture-level cityShijiazhuangArea • Total675 km2 (261 sq mi)Population () • Total550,000 • Density810/km2 (2,100/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)Websitezhaoxian.gov.cn
Zhao County (Zhaoxian) (simplified Chinese: 赵县; traditional Chinese: 趙縣; pinyin: Zhào Xiàn), a historic town called Zhaozhou (赵州) in the past, is located in the southwest of Hebei province 40 km (25 mi) southeast of the provincial capital Shijiazhuang, and 280 km (170 mi) south of Beijing. Its total land area is 675 km2 (261 sq mi) and total population is around 550,000. There are many historical sites in Zhao County, including the Anji Bridge, Yongtong Bridge, Tuoluonijing Tower (陀罗尼经幢), and Bailin (Cypress Grove) Temple (柏林寺). The county is also famous for its agricultural products: snowflake pears (xuehua pear), asparagus, and wheat.
Geography
Zhao Xian is located in the middle of North China Plain; its elevation is fairly low and topography fairly flat.
Administrative Divisions
Towns:
Zhaozhou (赵州镇), Fanzhuang (范庄镇), Beiwangli (北王里镇), Xinzhaidian (新寨店镇), Hancun (韩村镇), Nanbaishe (南柏舍镇), Shahedian (沙河店镇)
Townships:
Qiandazhang Township (前大章乡), Xiezhuang Township (谢庄乡), Gaocun Township (高村乡), Wangxizhang Township (王西章乡)
Climate
Climate data for Zhaoxian (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
18.0(64.4)
25.4(77.7)
32.2(90.0)
32.7(90.9)
39.8(103.6)
42.1(107.8)
43.0(109.4)
36.6(97.9)
37.0(98.6)
33.1(91.6)
27.7(81.9)
21.7(71.1)
43.0(109.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
3.4(38.1)
7.7(45.9)
14.6(58.3)
20.9(69.6)
26.6(79.9)
32.4(90.3)
32.3(90.1)
30.3(86.5)
26.9(80.4)
20.8(69.4)
11.4(52.5)
4.7(40.5)
19.3(66.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)
−2.8(27.0)
0.9(33.6)
7.5(45.5)
14.3(57.7)
20.1(68.2)
25.5(77.9)
26.9(80.4)
25.2(77.4)
20.4(68.7)
14.1(57.4)
5.4(41.7)
−1.1(30.0)
13.0(55.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
−8.0(17.6)
−4.6(23.7)
1.1(34.0)
7.6(45.7)
13.3(55.9)
19.0(66.2)
22.2(72.0)
20.8(69.4)
15.0(59.0)
8.3(46.9)
0.4(32.7)
−5.8(21.6)
7.4(45.4)
Record low °C (°F)
−19.9(−3.8)
−19.0(−2.2)
−9.4(15.1)
−4.4(24.1)
1.7(35.1)
9.3(48.7)
15.5(59.9)
11.5(52.7)
4.3(39.7)
−3.7(25.3)
−16.6(2.1)
−22.2(−8.0)
−22.2(−8.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
2.0(0.08)
4.9(0.19)
8.7(0.34)
26.3(1.04)
34.7(1.37)
56.4(2.22)
125.8(4.95)
114.1(4.49)
49.7(1.96)
25.2(0.99)
14.5(0.57)
2.9(0.11)
465.2(18.31)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)
1.6
2.4
2.6
5.2
6.3
8.1
10.9
10.0
6.9
5.5
3.8
1.9
65.2
Average snowy days
2.2
2.4
1.0
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.2
2.2
9.2
Average relative humidity (%)
60
57
55
64
67
62
76
81
75
68
68
65
67
Mean monthly sunshine hours
135.7
155.1
200.8
223.4
246.2
212.7
179.7
176.9
179.4
167.5
138.3
135.3
2,151
Percent possible sunshine
44
51
54
56
56
48
40
42
49
49
46
46
48
Source: China Meteorological Administration
Notable residents
Li Qi (Tang Dynasty poet)
Li Yangbing, Tang Dynasty man of letters
Tie Ning
References
^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
^
中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
External links
County government website
Zhaoxian Online
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Chang'an District
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Xingtai
Nanhe District
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Baixiang County
Longyao County
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Baoding
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Xiong'an
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Anxin County
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Zhangjiakou
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Wanquan District
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Kangbao County
Shangyi County
Guyuan County
Yu County
Yangyuan County
Huai'an County
Huailai County
Zhuolu County
Chicheng County
Chengde
Shuangqiao District
Shuangluan District
Yingshouyingzi Mining District
Pingquan city
Chengde County
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Qing County
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Haixing County
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Suning County
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Yongqing County
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Hengshui
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Jizhou District
Shenzhou city
Zaoqiang County
Wuyi County
Wuqiang County
Raoyang County
Anping County
Gucheng County
Jing County
Fucheng County
Special jurisdictions
North China Oilfield single jurisdiction
This Shijiazhuang location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Hebei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebei"},{"link_name":"Shijiazhuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shijiazhuang"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Anji Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anji_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Yongtong Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongtong_Bridge"},{"link_name":"pears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear"},{"link_name":"asparagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagus"},{"link_name":"wheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat"}],"text":"County in Hebei, People's Republic of ChinaZhao County (Zhaoxian) (simplified Chinese: 赵县; traditional Chinese: 趙縣; pinyin: Zhào Xiàn), a historic town called Zhaozhou (赵州) in the past, is located in the southwest of Hebei province 40 km (25 mi) southeast of the provincial capital Shijiazhuang, and 280 km (170 mi) south of Beijing. Its total land area is 675 km2 (261 sq mi) and total population is around 550,000. There are many historical sites in Zhao County, including the Anji Bridge, Yongtong Bridge, Tuoluonijing Tower (陀罗尼经幢), and Bailin (Cypress Grove) Temple (柏林寺). The county is also famous for its agricultural products: snowflake pears (xuehua pear), asparagus, and wheat.","title":"Zhao County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North China Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_China_Plain"}],"text":"Zhao Xian is located in the middle of North China Plain; its elevation is fairly low and topography fairly flat.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zhaozhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhaozhou,_Zhao_County"},{"link_name":"Fanzhuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanzhuang"},{"link_name":"Beiwangli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiwangli"},{"link_name":"Xinzhaidian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinzhaidian"},{"link_name":"Hancun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hancun,_Zhao_County"},{"link_name":"Nanbaishe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanbaishe"},{"link_name":"Shahedian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahedian,_Zhao_County"},{"link_name":"Qiandazhang Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiandazhang_Township"},{"link_name":"Xiezhuang Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiezhuang_Township,_Hebei"},{"link_name":"Gaocun Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaocun_Township,_Zhao_County"},{"link_name":"Wangxizhang Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangxizhang_Township"}],"sub_title":"Administrative Divisions","text":"Towns:Zhaozhou (赵州镇), Fanzhuang (范庄镇), Beiwangli (北王里镇), Xinzhaidian (新寨店镇), Hancun (韩村镇), Nanbaishe (南柏舍镇), Shahedian (沙河店镇)Townships:Qiandazhang Township (前大章乡), Xiezhuang Township (谢庄乡), Gaocun Township (高村乡), Wangxizhang Township (王西章乡)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"China Meteorological Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cma_graphical-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Climate data for Zhaoxian (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n18.0(64.4)\n\n25.4(77.7)\n\n32.2(90.0)\n\n32.7(90.9)\n\n39.8(103.6)\n\n42.1(107.8)\n\n43.0(109.4)\n\n36.6(97.9)\n\n37.0(98.6)\n\n33.1(91.6)\n\n27.7(81.9)\n\n21.7(71.1)\n\n43.0(109.4)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n3.4(38.1)\n\n7.7(45.9)\n\n14.6(58.3)\n\n20.9(69.6)\n\n26.6(79.9)\n\n32.4(90.3)\n\n32.3(90.1)\n\n30.3(86.5)\n\n26.9(80.4)\n\n20.8(69.4)\n\n11.4(52.5)\n\n4.7(40.5)\n\n19.3(66.8)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−2.8(27.0)\n\n0.9(33.6)\n\n7.5(45.5)\n\n14.3(57.7)\n\n20.1(68.2)\n\n25.5(77.9)\n\n26.9(80.4)\n\n25.2(77.4)\n\n20.4(68.7)\n\n14.1(57.4)\n\n5.4(41.7)\n\n−1.1(30.0)\n\n13.0(55.5)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−8.0(17.6)\n\n−4.6(23.7)\n\n1.1(34.0)\n\n7.6(45.7)\n\n13.3(55.9)\n\n19.0(66.2)\n\n22.2(72.0)\n\n20.8(69.4)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n8.3(46.9)\n\n0.4(32.7)\n\n−5.8(21.6)\n\n7.4(45.4)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−19.9(−3.8)\n\n−19.0(−2.2)\n\n−9.4(15.1)\n\n−4.4(24.1)\n\n1.7(35.1)\n\n9.3(48.7)\n\n15.5(59.9)\n\n11.5(52.7)\n\n4.3(39.7)\n\n−3.7(25.3)\n\n−16.6(2.1)\n\n−22.2(−8.0)\n\n−22.2(−8.0)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n2.0(0.08)\n\n4.9(0.19)\n\n8.7(0.34)\n\n26.3(1.04)\n\n34.7(1.37)\n\n56.4(2.22)\n\n125.8(4.95)\n\n114.1(4.49)\n\n49.7(1.96)\n\n25.2(0.99)\n\n14.5(0.57)\n\n2.9(0.11)\n\n465.2(18.31)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n1.6\n\n2.4\n\n2.6\n\n5.2\n\n6.3\n\n8.1\n\n10.9\n\n10.0\n\n6.9\n\n5.5\n\n3.8\n\n1.9\n\n65.2\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n2.2\n\n2.4\n\n1.0\n\n0.2\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n1.2\n\n2.2\n\n9.2\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n60\n\n57\n\n55\n\n64\n\n67\n\n62\n\n76\n\n81\n\n75\n\n68\n\n68\n\n65\n\n67\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n135.7\n\n155.1\n\n200.8\n\n223.4\n\n246.2\n\n212.7\n\n179.7\n\n176.9\n\n179.4\n\n167.5\n\n138.3\n\n135.3\n\n2,151\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n44\n\n51\n\n54\n\n56\n\n56\n\n48\n\n40\n\n42\n\n49\n\n49\n\n46\n\n46\n\n48\n\n\nSource: China Meteorological Administration[1][2]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Li Qi (Tang Dynasty poet)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Qi_(Tang_Dynasty_poet)"},{"link_name":"Li Yangbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Yangbing"},{"link_name":"Tie Ning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie_Ning"}],"text":"Li Qi (Tang Dynasty poet)\nLi Yangbing, Tang Dynasty man of letters\nTie Ning","title":"Notable residents"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 25 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","url_text":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 25 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","url_text":"中国气象数据网"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zhao_County¶ms=37.756_N_114.776_E_type:adm3rd_region:CN-13_source:Gaode","external_links_name":"37°45′22″N 114°46′34″E / 37.756°N 114.776°E / 37.756; 114.776"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zhao_County¶ms=37.756_N_114.776_E_type:adm3rd_region:CN-13_source:Gaode","external_links_name":"37°45′22″N 114°46′34″E / 37.756°N 114.776°E / 37.756; 114.776"},{"Link":"http://zhaoxian.gov.cn/","external_links_name":"zhaoxian.gov.cn"},{"Link":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","external_links_name":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"Link":"https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","external_links_name":"中国气象数据网"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061004061816/http://zhaoxian.gov.cn/","external_links_name":"County government website"},{"Link":"http://www.zxok.net/","external_links_name":"Zhaoxian Online"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhao_County&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caro_Meldrum-Hanna
|
Caro Meldrum-Hanna
|
["1 Awards","2 References"]
|
Australian investigative journalist
Caro Meldrum-Hanna is an Australian investigative journalist.
Meldrum-Hanna is best known for her work with ABC Television's Four Corners program.
Among Meldrum-Hanna's stories on Four Corners, two notable reports are an investigation into the treatment of juveniles at the Don Dale Youth Detention Centre entitled "Australia's Shame" and an investigation into a greyhound racing live baiting scandal entitled "Making a Killing".
For "Making a Killing", Meldrum-Hanna was the co-recipient of the 2015 Gold Walkley, shared with producer Sam Clark and researcher Max Murch.
Also in 2015, she won Journalist of the Year at the Kennedy Awards.
Meldrum-Hanna is also known for a three-part ABC documentary which aired in 2018, Exposed: The Case of Keli Lane, which explored the case of waterpolo player Keli Lane, who was convicted of murdering her newborn daughter in 1996.
In 2015, Meldrum-Hanna spoke of the tribulations of being a female journalist covering sporting issues, recalling an alleged incident in which two male radio presenters in Adelaide insinuated during a live interview that she must have had a sexual relationship with sports scientist Stephen Dank for him to have granted her an interview during the Essendon Football Club supplements saga when he had refused other interview requests. According to Meldrum-Hanna, an apology was offered which she refused.
In 2021, Meldrum-Hanna produced a documentary Exposed: The Ghost Train Fire. The documentary contained allegations about corruption of former premier Neville Wran which were challenged by leaders from both sides of the political spectrum as 'unfair, uncorroborated and stretching credulity'.
Meldrum-Hanna is a graduate of the University of Technology Sydney.
Awards
UTS Alumni Award for Excellence, 2017 - Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences
Logie Award for Most Outstanding Public Affairs Report, 2016
Walkley Award winner, 2016, Jackson and Lawler
Journalist of the Year, 2015, Kennedy Awards
Gold Walkley Award winner, 2015, Making a killing (with Sam Clark and Max Murch)
Walkley Award winner, 2013, The Essendon Files, Demons in Damage control, The Cronulla Files
Walkley Award winner, 2011, Harness racing under scrutiny
References
^ Meade, Amanda (30 December 2016) 'You need to be prepared to make enemies': Caro Meldrum-Hanna on Four Corners, The Guardian, Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
^ Molloy, Shannon (28 July 2014) Four Corners reporter uncovers secret religious society accused of physical and mental abuse, news.com.au, News Corp Australia. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
^ (20 October 2014) Four Corners: Australian country towns in ice epidemic, news.com.au, News Corp Australia. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
^ Clun, Rachel (7 August 2017) Other states dump 1 million tonnes of rubbish in Queensland, The Sydney Morning Herald, Nine Entertainment Co. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
^ (4 April 2017) Former One Nation loyalist on Pauline Hanson: I get better respect from a sheepdog, news.com.au, News Corp Australia. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
^ Hunter, Fergus (26 July 2016) Previous youth abuse revelations didn't pique my interest: Nigel Scullion, The Sydney Morning Herald, Nine Entertainment Co. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
^ Levy, Megan; O'Sullivan, Matt (7 July 2016) Greyhound racing banned in NSW: Mike Baird announces ban after special inquiry, The Sydney Morning Herald, Nine Entertainment Co.
^ (3 December 2015) Four Corners' greyhound industry investigation wins Gold Walkley, ABC News, Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
^ "Kennedy Awards Honour Roll". The Kennedy Awards. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
^ Erikssen, Denise (8 October 2018) Guilty or not? Journalist who interviewed 'baby killer' speaks out, The New Daily, Industry Super Holdings. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
^ Quinn, Karl (20 September 2018) ABC's Exposed: Was Keli Lane wrongly convicted of murdering her baby?, The Sydney Morning Herald, Nine Entertainment Co. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
^ Johnson, Natasha (5 December 2018) 'I feel the weight of people's desire to solve this': Where to next in the Exposed investigation of the Keli Lane case?, Backstory, Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
^ Reynolds, Emma (5 October 2015) Trials of being a female sports reporter, news.com.au. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
^ Aedy, Richard (29 September 2015) Life as a female sports journalist, The Media Report, Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
^ "EXPOSED: The Ghost Train Fire". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
^ Meade, Amanda (30 August 2021). "Independent review criticises ABC's Luna Park ghost train fire series over Neville Wran claim". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
^ Alumni profiles: Caro Meldrum-Hanna, Bachelor of Arts in Communication (Journalism) and Bachelor of Laws (2007), University of Technology Sydney Alumni website. Accessed 11 April 2019.
^ "UTS Alumni Award for Excellence 2017 - Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences". University of Technology Sydney. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
^ "Caro Meldrum-Hanna". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
^ "Caro Meldrum-Hanna "Jackson and Lawler" Walkley Interview Award". The Walkley Foundation. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
^ "Caro Meldrum-Hanna, Sam Clark and Max Murch "Making a Killing" Walkley Interview Award". The Walkley Foundation. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
^ "Walkley Winners Archive". The Walkley Foundation. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
^ "Walkley Winners Archive". The Walkley Foundation. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
Authority control databases: People
Australian Women's Register
Trove
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"investigative journalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigative_journalist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"ABC Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Television_(Australian_TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Four Corners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Corners_(Australian_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Don Dale Youth Detention Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Dale_Youth_Detention_Centre"},{"link_name":"Australia's Shame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%27s_Shame"},{"link_name":"greyhound racing live baiting scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_greyhound_racing_live_baiting_scandal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gold Walkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Walkley"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Awards_(journalism)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-honourroll-9"},{"link_name":"waterpolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterpolo"},{"link_name":"Keli Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keli_Lane"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"sexual relationship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_relationship"},{"link_name":"Stephen Dank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Dank"},{"link_name":"Essendon Football Club supplements saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club_supplements_saga"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Neville Wran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Wran"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"University of Technology Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Technology_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Caro Meldrum-Hanna is an Australian investigative journalist.[1]Meldrum-Hanna is best known for her work with ABC Television's Four Corners program.[2][3][4][5]Among Meldrum-Hanna's stories on Four Corners, two notable reports are an investigation into the treatment of juveniles at the Don Dale Youth Detention Centre entitled \"Australia's Shame\" and an investigation into a greyhound racing live baiting scandal entitled \"Making a Killing\".[6][7]For \"Making a Killing\", Meldrum-Hanna was the co-recipient of the 2015 Gold Walkley, shared with producer Sam Clark and researcher Max Murch.[8]Also in 2015, she won Journalist of the Year at the Kennedy Awards.[9]Meldrum-Hanna is also known for a three-part ABC documentary which aired in 2018, Exposed: The Case of Keli Lane, which explored the case of waterpolo player Keli Lane, who was convicted of murdering her newborn daughter in 1996.[10][11][12]In 2015, Meldrum-Hanna spoke of the tribulations of being a female journalist covering sporting issues, recalling an alleged incident in which two male radio presenters in Adelaide insinuated during a live interview that she must have had a sexual relationship with sports scientist Stephen Dank for him to have granted her an interview during the Essendon Football Club supplements saga when he had refused other interview requests.[13] According to Meldrum-Hanna, an apology was offered which she refused.[14]In 2021, Meldrum-Hanna produced a documentary Exposed: The Ghost Train Fire.[15] The documentary contained allegations about corruption of former premier Neville Wran which were challenged by leaders from both sides of the political spectrum as 'unfair, uncorroborated and stretching credulity'.[16]Meldrum-Hanna is a graduate of the University of Technology Sydney.[17]","title":"Caro Meldrum-Hanna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Awards_(journalism)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"UTS Alumni Award for Excellence, 2017 - Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences [18]\nLogie Award for Most Outstanding Public Affairs Report, 2016[19]\nWalkley Award winner, 2016, Jackson and Lawler [20]\nJournalist of the Year, 2015, Kennedy Awards\nGold Walkley Award winner, 2015, Making a killing (with Sam Clark and Max Murch)[21]\nWalkley Award winner, 2013, The Essendon Files, Demons in Damage control, The Cronulla Files [22]\nWalkley Award winner, 2011, Harness racing under scrutiny [23]","title":"Awards"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Kennedy Awards Honour Roll\". The Kennedy Awards. Retrieved 13 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://kennedyawards.com.au/kennedy-awards-honour-roll/","url_text":"\"Kennedy Awards Honour Roll\""}]},{"reference":"\"EXPOSED: The Ghost Train Fire\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://iview.abc.net.au/show/exposed-the-ghost-train-fire","url_text":"\"EXPOSED: The Ghost Train Fire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation"}]},{"reference":"Meade, Amanda (30 August 2021). \"Independent review criticises ABC's Luna Park ghost train fire series over Neville Wran claim\". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/aug/30/independent-review-criticises-abcs-luna-park-ghost-train-fire-series-over-neville-wran-claim","url_text":"\"Independent review criticises ABC's Luna Park ghost train fire series over Neville Wran claim\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"UTS Alumni Award for Excellence 2017 - Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences\". University of Technology Sydney. Retrieved 20 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uts.edu.au/partners-and-community/alumni-and-supporters/alumni/your-alumni-community/game-changing-alumni/media-arts/caroline-meldrum-hanna","url_text":"\"UTS Alumni Award for Excellence 2017 - Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Technology_Sydney","url_text":"University of Technology Sydney"}]},{"reference":"\"Caro Meldrum-Hanna\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 20 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/caro-meldrum-hanna/6958936","url_text":"\"Caro Meldrum-Hanna\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"Caro Meldrum-Hanna \"Jackson and Lawler\" Walkley Interview Award\". The Walkley Foundation. Retrieved 20 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.walkleys.com/award-winners/walkleys-interview-winner-caro-meldrum-hanna/","url_text":"\"Caro Meldrum-Hanna \"Jackson and Lawler\" Walkley Interview Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Caro Meldrum-Hanna, Sam Clark and Max Murch \"Making a Killing\" Walkley Interview Award\". The Walkley Foundation. Retrieved 20 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.walkleys.com/award-winners/caro-meldrum-hanna-sam-clark-max-murch-making-a-killing/","url_text":"\"Caro Meldrum-Hanna, Sam Clark and Max Murch \"Making a Killing\" Walkley Interview Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Walkley Winners Archive\". The Walkley Foundation. Retrieved 20 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.walkleys.com/awards/walkley-winners-archive/","url_text":"\"Walkley Winners Archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Walkley Winners Archive\". The Walkley Foundation. Retrieved 20 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.walkleys.com/awards/walkley-winners-archive/","url_text":"\"Walkley Winners Archive\""}]}]
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Journalist who interviewed 'baby killer' speaks out"},{"Link":"https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/abc-s-exposed-was-keli-lane-wrongly-convicted-of-murdering-her-baby-20180917-p504ce.html","external_links_name":"ABC's Exposed: Was Keli Lane wrongly convicted of murdering her baby?"},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/about/backstory/television/2018-12-05/inside-the-exposed-investigation-into-the-keli-lane-case/10583046","external_links_name":"'I feel the weight of people's desire to solve this': Where to next in the Exposed investigation of the Keli Lane case?"},{"Link":"https://www.news.com.au/sport/sports-life/trials-of-being-a-female-sports-reporter/news-story/3275be7e65c311b6b34d082638806e97","external_links_name":"Trials of being a female sports reporter"},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/archived/mediareport/what-its-really-like-being-a-sports-journalist-in-a-mans-world/6810448","external_links_name":"Life as a female sports journalist"},{"Link":"https://iview.abc.net.au/show/exposed-the-ghost-train-fire","external_links_name":"\"EXPOSED: The Ghost Train Fire\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/aug/30/independent-review-criticises-abcs-luna-park-ghost-train-fire-series-over-neville-wran-claim","external_links_name":"\"Independent review criticises ABC's Luna Park ghost train fire series over Neville Wran claim\""},{"Link":"https://www.alumni.uts.edu.au/connect/alumni-profiles/caro-meldrum-hanna","external_links_name":"Alumni profiles: Caro Meldrum-Hanna, Bachelor of Arts in Communication (Journalism) and Bachelor of Laws (2007)"},{"Link":"https://www.uts.edu.au/partners-and-community/alumni-and-supporters/alumni/your-alumni-community/game-changing-alumni/media-arts/caroline-meldrum-hanna","external_links_name":"\"UTS Alumni Award for Excellence 2017 - Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/caro-meldrum-hanna/6958936","external_links_name":"\"Caro Meldrum-Hanna\""},{"Link":"https://www.walkleys.com/award-winners/walkleys-interview-winner-caro-meldrum-hanna/","external_links_name":"\"Caro Meldrum-Hanna \"Jackson and Lawler\" Walkley Interview Award\""},{"Link":"https://www.walkleys.com/award-winners/caro-meldrum-hanna-sam-clark-max-murch-making-a-killing/","external_links_name":"\"Caro Meldrum-Hanna, Sam Clark and Max Murch \"Making a Killing\" Walkley Interview Award\""},{"Link":"https://www.walkleys.com/awards/walkley-winners-archive/","external_links_name":"\"Walkley Winners Archive\""},{"Link":"https://www.walkleys.com/awards/walkley-winners-archive/","external_links_name":"\"Walkley Winners Archive\""},{"Link":"http://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AWE5551b.htm","external_links_name":"Australian Women's Register"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1707735","external_links_name":"Trove"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derricks
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Derrick
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["1 Types","1.1 A-frame","1.2 Basket","1.3 Breast","1.4 Chicago boom","1.5 Gin pole","1.6 Guy","1.7 Shearleg","1.8 Stiffleg","2 Oil derrick","3 Patent systems","3.1 Hallen","3.2 Velle","3.3 Stülcken","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
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Lifting device
For other uses, see Derrick (disambiguation) and Derricks (disambiguation).
Two guy derricks at a granite quarry
Iron oil derrick
A derrick is a lifting device composed at minimum of one guyed mast, as in a gin pole, which may be articulated over a load by adjusting its guys. Most derricks have at least two components, either a guyed mast or self-supporting tower, and a boom hinged at its base to provide articulation, as in a stiffleg derrick. The most basic type of derrick is controlled by three or four lines connected to the top of the mast, which allow it to both move laterally and cant up and down. To lift a load, a separate line runs up and over the mast with a hook on its free end, as with a crane.
Derricks are especially useful for high-rise rigging, jobs that cover a long period of time, or jobs when the impact to street or pedestrian traffic is a concern. Forms of derricks are commonly found aboard ships and at docking facilities. Large derricks mounted on dedicated vessels are known as floating derricks and shearlegs.
The term derrick is also applied to the framework supporting a drilling apparatus in an oil rig. The derrick derives its name from a type of gallows named after Thomas Derrick, an Elizabethan era English executioner.
Types
Types of derrick
A-frame derrick
Basket derrick
Breast derrick
Chicago boom derrick
Gin pole derrick
Guy derrick
Guy derrick with nonrotatable mast
Stiffleg derrick
There are various types of derrick based on how the tower or mast is set up and the use of boom:
A-frame
An A-frame derrick is one in which the boom is hinged from a cross member between the bottom ends of two upright members spread apart at the lower ends and joined at the top; the boom point secured to the junction of the side members, and the side members are braced or guyed from this junction point.
Basket
A basket derrick is a derrick without a boom that is supported by a rope-and-pole system that forms a basket. The basket is constructed from a group of poles to form a polygon. There are crossbars between the pole members to strengthen their support. The supporting ropes are tied to the top of the basket poles on one end and joined together on the other end at a lower elevation than the top of the basket poles to form the base for the derrick tower. The derrick tower can be a mast or a post with the bottom hinged at the base where all ropes meet. The top of the tower is secured with multiple reeved guys to position the top of the tower to the desired location by varying the length of the upper guy lines. The load is lifted using a pulley system connected to the top of the tower.
Breast
A breast derrick is a derrick without a boom and with a mast constructed from two upright members. The upright members are more spread at their bottom ends than their top ends. There are crossbars to join the two members from the bottom to the top to form a mast.
Chicago boom
A Chicago boom derrick is a derrick with a boom which is attached to an external structure. The external upright member of the structure serves as the mast, and the boom is stepped in a fixed socket clamped to the upright. The boom is connected to at least three pulley systems to control the position of the boom. For example, a pulley system is connected to the top of the boom and the higher area of the external structure and two pulley systems near the top of the boom connected on either side of the boom to the external structure. The position of the top of the boom can be controlled by manipulating these pulley systems. The load is lifted from a separate pulley system that is connected to the top of the boom.
Gin pole
Main article: Gin pole
A gin pole derrick (also known as standing derrick or pole derrick) is a derrick without a boom and with single tower or mast supported by four guy wires (two side guys, a fore guy and a rear guy). Its guys are so arranged from its top as to permit leaning the mast in any direction. The base of the tower is hinged and the top of the tower is connected to a pulley system for load lifting. As this is a simple derrick system, it is recommended for use by some agencies as an improvised rescue derrick in an emergency situation where no suitable rescue derrick or crane is available.
Guy
A guy derrick (also known as boom derrick) is a fixed guyed mast derrick that can be rotated and connected to a boom. The mast is in upright position with the base that can make the mast rotate, but not lean in any direction. The top of the mast is connected to many guy wires which are anchored to the ground to support the load. At the base, the mast is also connect to the bottom end of the boom. The boom extends outward and upward to the desired position. The top of the boom is a pulley system that is connected to the top of the mast to control how far the boom is to be from the mast. When the mast is rotated, the connected boom is swung from to the side. The control of the lifting location is done by the manipulation of the top pulley system and the rotation of the mast at the base. The load is lifted by another pulley system connected to the top of the boom. In a medium load lifting, another construction method can be used. In this case, the mast is fixed without being rotated, but the boom can be swung around the mast. This can be done by connecting the bottom of the boom with two boards on the opposite sides around the surface of the boom to form a fork. The fork and the bottom part of the boom are lashed to secure them together. Another lashing between the fork area and the mast at a higher position supports the weight of the boom. The fork is put around the mast such that the bottom of the boom rests on the mast without being permanently fixed to it. The fork prevents the boom from coming off the mast while it swings up to 180 degrees.
Shearleg
Further information: Shear legs
A shearleg derrick is similar to a breast derrick with the exception that, instead of fixed guy wires that secure the top of the mast, it is secured by multiple reeved guys to permit handling loads at various radii by means of load tackle pulley system suspended from the mast top. In a simpler construction, a shearleg derrick can be assembled from two posts to form A-frame shear legs without any crossbar. The bottom of the legs are set in two holes on the ground, spreading them apart. There is a rope to tie the two legs together near the bottom to prevent them from spreading apart further. On the top side, the two legs are connected together by a lashing but with a small spacer block placed between the legs. A sling, which may be made from ropes, is placed around the area that two legs meet to be used to put a tackle pulley system for lifting the load. There are two guy wires, front and rear, to support the shear legs. The rear guy may be reeved to allow adjustment of the angle of the shear legs.
Stiffleg
A stiffleg derrick, also known as a Scotch derrick, is a derrick with a boom similar to that of a guy derrick, but instead of using guy wires to secure the top of the mast, it uses two or more stiff members, called stifflegs, which are capable of resisting either tensile or compressive forces. Sills may also be used to connect between the bottom ends of the stifflegs and the base of the mast. There may be a counterweight to place on the sills behind the stifflegs in heavy load lifting. A stiffleg derrick on a vessel is called a floating stiffleg derrick.
Stiffleg derrick performing high rise rigging on a rooftop
Oil derrick
Main article: Drilling rig
Wooden derrick (1917)
Another kind of derrick is used on oil wells and other drilled holes. Both the structure itself and the complex set of machines associated with it are referred to as a derrick. A derrick is also used on some offshore oil and gas rigs.
Patent systems
This section includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this section by introducing more precise citations. (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Hallen
The boom is connected with the lower part of the mast which is shaped like a "Y" or a bipod and therefore it is a single swinging derrick. On the cross trees, two guys are fastened using swivel outriggers which are stayed vertically and horizontally. In order to maintain a good controlling angle between guys and derrick, the outriggers cannot pass the inboard parallel of the centerline. The right outrigger stays in the centerline while the left outrigger moves outboard. This derrick will lower or heave cargo as both guys are veered or hauled. Three winches, controlled by joystick, are necessary to operate the Hallen derrick: two for the guys and one for the purchase. Limit switches are used to avoid an over-topping or over-swinging. However, the limits can be modified if a different working range or a special vertical stowage is required. The safe working load of the Hallen is between 10 and 80 tonnes. In a Hallen Universal derrick, which has no Hallen D-Frame, the halyard has an extended length since it runs through further blocks on the centerline. The Universal Hallen derrick, replacing the D-Frame option, is a kind of traditional topping lift. The Hallen D-Frame is a steel bracket welded on the mast in the centerline. For an observer standing a beam, the frame has a "D"-shape. The D-Frame supersedes the outriggers and provides a good controlling angle on the guys. The Hallen derrick is appropriate for, e.g., containers, logs, steel rail, sawn timber and heavy lifts. It does not lend itself to small, general cargo. It keeps the deck clear of guy ropes and preventors. Only one winchman is needed, and the Hallen can be brought into use within a few minutes. It is less expensive than a crane. A disadvantage is the low working range of the Hallen derrick; it is able to swing 75° from the centerline and can work against a list of up to 15°.
Velle
The Velle derrick is similar to the Hallen but without the use of outriggers. On top of the boom is a T-shaped yoke. As in the Hallen, the guys serve for topping and lowering the boom, but they are fastened on the yoke with four short, steel-wire hanger ropes. The ends of the topping and lowering ends of the halyard are secured to half-barrels on one winch. In this way the boom moves at the same speed as the winch veers the topping end of the halyard and hauls the lowering end of the halyard, and vice versa. The slewing ends are also wound on to another half-barrel. There is a third winch to hoist to cargo on the yoke. Runners decrease swing and rotation of the cargo. A joystick duplex controller steers the Velle derrick.
Stülcken
Main article: H. C. Stülcken Sohn
Stülcken heavy-lift derrick
The patent Stülcken derrick is used for heavy cargo. It stems from the German shipyard HC Stülcken & Sohn, later taken over by neighboring yard Blohm & Voss. This derrick can handle up to 300 tonnes. The Stülcken can be made ready in few minutes (faster than a traditional heavy derrick), does not require much space and is operated by four winches. The Stülcken is secured between two V-shaped, unstayed Samson-posts. This makes it possible to let the derrick swing through the posts to reach another hatch. Each post has a hoisting winch, a span winch and a lever that is run by one man only. Bearings, swivels, sheaves and the gooseneck can go four years without maintenance and create a friction of only about 2%. The span tackles are independent and the halyard is endless. With the revolving suspension heads on the posts it takes ten minutes to swing all the way through. In the double-pendulum block type, half of the cargo tackle can be anchored to the base of the boom. In order to double the hook speed, the halyard passes through the purchases since one end is secured, which reduces the safe working load by half. Typical dimensions of a 275 tonne Stülcken are 25.5 m length, 0.97 m diameter, 1.5 m to 3.4 m diameter of posts, 18 m apart the posts (upper end) and 8.4 m apart the posts (lower end). The hook of a fully loaded 275 tonne Stülcken can move 2.3 m per minute. If only one purchase is secured and the derrick is loaded with 137 tonnes, the hook can move as fast as 4.6 m per min. Even more speed can be gained when the winch ratios are reduced to 100 tonnes (triple speed) and 68 tonnes (quadruple speed). After the union table is detached, the double-pendulum block type of Stülcken is able to swing through, which allows the lower blocks to swing freely to each side of the boom. In this way the derrick can reach a vertical position. A bullrope pulls the derrick to the other side until the weight of the cargo tips the derrick over, so that the span tackles now have the weight on the other side. The union table is fixed again and the derrick can start work on the other side. There are also Stülcken with single-pendulum blocks. In this type the cargo hook is detached and the lower and upper cargo block are hauled into the center of the Stülcken. To tip the derrick over, gravity is used again.
See also
Crane
Gyn
Hoist
Lighter
Pumpjack
Shear legs
References
^ a b Australia, Emergency Management (2006). General and disaster rescue skills for emergency services personnel (PDF) (5th ed.). Dickson, A.C.T.: Emergency Management Australia. pp. 131–132. ISBN 1921152028. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
^ a b c d e f g h i j "Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR) - 1910.181: Derricks". Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
^ "Derricks". Budco Enterprises, Inc. Retrieved 2016-06-10.
^ a b c d e "Subchapter 7. General Industry Safety Orders; Group 13. Cranes and Other Hoisting Equipment; Article 91. Definitions". Department of Industrial Relations, State of California. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
^ Freudenrich, Craig; Strickland, Jonathan (12 April 2001). "How Oil Drilling Works". HowStuffWorks. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
^ Forsyth, Mark (2012). The etymologicon : a circular stroll through the hidden connections of the English language (Berkley trade pbk. ed.). New York: Berkley Books. p. 60. ISBN 978-0425260791. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
^ a b c Field Manual 5-125 - Rigging Techniques, Procedures, and Applications (PDF). The United States Army. 3 October 1995. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
^ "Derricks". Budco Enterprises, Inc. Retrieved 2016-06-10.
Further reading
Ministry of Defence (Navy) (1995). Admiralty Manual of Seamanship. The Stationery Office. pp. 3–194. ISBN 0-11-772696-6.
External links
Media related to Derricks at Wikimedia Commons
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Derrick (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Derricks (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derricks_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Two_Guy_Derricks_at_a_Granite_Quarry.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Derrick.JPG"},{"link_name":"lifting device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifting_device"},{"link_name":"guyed mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyed_mast"},{"link_name":"gin pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gin_pole"},{"link_name":"guys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy-wire"},{"link_name":"tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower"},{"link_name":"crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-au-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osha-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-budco.us2-3"},{"link_name":"docking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock_(maritime)"},{"link_name":"vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_vessel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calif2-4"},{"link_name":"shearlegs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheerleg"},{"link_name":"oil rig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_rig"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"gallows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallows"},{"link_name":"Thomas Derrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Derrick"},{"link_name":"Elizabethan era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan_era"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"executioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_(legal)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"For other uses, see Derrick (disambiguation) and Derricks (disambiguation).Two guy derricks at a granite quarryIron oil derrickA derrick is a lifting device composed at minimum of one guyed mast, as in a gin pole, which may be articulated over a load by adjusting its guys. Most derricks have at least two components, either a guyed mast or self-supporting tower, and a boom hinged at its base to provide articulation, as in a stiffleg derrick. The most basic type of derrick is controlled by three or four lines connected to the top of the mast, which allow it to both move laterally and cant up and down. To lift a load, a separate line runs up and over the mast with a hook on its free end, as with a crane.[1][2]Derricks are especially useful for high-rise rigging, jobs that cover a long period of time, or jobs when the impact to street or pedestrian traffic is a concern.[3] Forms of derricks are commonly found aboard ships and at docking facilities. Large derricks mounted on dedicated vessels are known as floating derricks[4] and shearlegs.The term derrick is also applied to the framework supporting a drilling apparatus in an oil rig.[5] The derrick derives its name from a type of gallows named after Thomas Derrick, an Elizabethan era English executioner.[6]","title":"Derrick"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A-frame_derrick.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basket_derrick.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Breast_derrick.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chicago_boom_derrick.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gin_pole_derrick.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guy_derrick.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guy_derrick_with_nonrotatable_mast.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stiffleg_derrick.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Derrick1.svg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osha-2"}],"text":"Types of derrick\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA-frame derrick\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBasket derrick\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBreast derrick\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChicago boom derrick\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGin pole derrick\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGuy derrick\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGuy derrick with nonrotatable mast\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStiffleg derrickThere are various types of derrick based on how the tower or mast is set up and the use of boom:[2]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osha-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calif2-4"}],"sub_title":"A-frame","text":"An A-frame derrick is one in which the boom is hinged from a cross member between the bottom ends of two upright members spread apart at the lower ends and joined at the top; the boom point secured to the junction of the side members, and the side members are braced or guyed from this junction point.[2][4]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon"},{"link_name":"reeved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#reeve"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osha-2"}],"sub_title":"Basket","text":"A basket derrick is a derrick without a boom that is supported by a rope-and-pole system that forms a basket. The basket is constructed from a group of poles to form a polygon. There are crossbars between the pole members to strengthen their support. The supporting ropes are tied to the top of the basket poles on one end and joined together on the other end at a lower elevation than the top of the basket poles to form the base for the derrick tower. The derrick tower can be a mast or a post with the bottom hinged at the base where all ropes meet. The top of the tower is secured with multiple reeved guys to position the top of the tower to the desired location by varying the length of the upper guy lines. The load is lifted using a pulley system connected to the top of the tower.[2]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osha-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calif2-4"}],"sub_title":"Breast","text":"A breast derrick is a derrick without a boom and with a mast constructed from two upright members. The upright members are more spread at their bottom ends than their top ends. There are crossbars to join the two members from the bottom to the top to form a mast.[2][4]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osha-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calif2-4"}],"sub_title":"Chicago boom","text":"A Chicago boom derrick is a derrick with a boom which is attached to an external structure. The external upright member of the structure serves as the mast, and the boom is stepped in a fixed socket clamped to the upright. The boom is connected to at least three pulley systems to control the position of the boom. For example, a pulley system is connected to the top of the boom and the higher area of the external structure and two pulley systems near the top of the boom connected on either side of the boom to the external structure. The position of the top of the boom can be controlled by manipulating these pulley systems. The load is lifted from a separate pulley system that is connected to the top of the boom.[2][4]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-au-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osha-2"}],"sub_title":"Gin pole","text":"A gin pole derrick (also known as standing derrick or pole derrick) is a derrick without a boom and with single tower or mast supported by four guy wires (two side guys, a fore guy and a rear guy). Its guys are so arranged from its top as to permit leaning the mast in any direction. The base of the tower is hinged and the top of the tower is connected to a pulley system for load lifting. As this is a simple derrick system, it is recommended for use by some agencies as an improvised rescue derrick in an emergency situation where no suitable rescue derrick or crane is available.[1][2]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osha-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usarmy-7"}],"sub_title":"Guy","text":"A guy derrick (also known as boom derrick) is a fixed guyed mast derrick that can be rotated and connected to a boom. The mast is in upright position with the base that can make the mast rotate, but not lean in any direction. The top of the mast is connected to many guy wires which are anchored to the ground to support the load. At the base, the mast is also connect to the bottom end of the boom. The boom extends outward and upward to the desired position. The top of the boom is a pulley system that is connected to the top of the mast to control how far the boom is to be from the mast. When the mast is rotated, the connected boom is swung from to the side. The control of the lifting location is done by the manipulation of the top pulley system and the rotation of the mast at the base. The load is lifted by another pulley system connected to the top of the boom.[2] In a medium load lifting, another construction method can be used. In this case, the mast is fixed without being rotated, but the boom can be swung around the mast. This can be done by connecting the bottom of the boom with two boards on the opposite sides around the surface of the boom to form a fork. The fork and the bottom part of the boom are lashed to secure them together. Another lashing between the fork area and the mast at a higher position supports the weight of the boom. The fork is put around the mast such that the bottom of the boom rests on the mast without being permanently fixed to it. The fork prevents the boom from coming off the mast while it swings up to 180 degrees.[7]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shear legs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_legs"},{"link_name":"load tackle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_and_tackle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osha-2"},{"link_name":"lashing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashing_(ropework)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usarmy-7"}],"sub_title":"Shearleg","text":"Further information: Shear legsA shearleg derrick is similar to a breast derrick with the exception that, instead of fixed guy wires that secure the top of the mast, it is secured by multiple reeved guys to permit handling loads at various radii by means of load tackle pulley system suspended from the mast top.[2] In a simpler construction, a shearleg derrick can be assembled from two posts to form A-frame shear legs without any crossbar. The bottom of the legs are set in two holes on the ground, spreading them apart. There is a rope to tie the two legs together near the bottom to prevent them from spreading apart further. On the top side, the two legs are connected together by a lashing but with a small spacer block placed between the legs. A sling, which may be made from ropes, is placed around the area that two legs meet to be used to put a tackle pulley system for lifting the load. There are two guy wires, front and rear, to support the shear legs. The rear guy may be reeved to allow adjustment of the angle of the shear legs.[7]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tensile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_(physics)"},{"link_name":"compressive forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physics)"},{"link_name":"Sills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sill_plate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osha-2"},{"link_name":"counterweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterweight"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usarmy-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calif2-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Budco_Stiffleg_Derrick.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-budco.us-8"}],"sub_title":"Stiffleg","text":"A stiffleg derrick, also known as a Scotch derrick, is a derrick with a boom similar to that of a guy derrick, but instead of using guy wires to secure the top of the mast, it uses two or more stiff members, called stifflegs, which are capable of resisting either tensile or compressive forces. Sills may also be used to connect between the bottom ends of the stifflegs and the base of the mast.[2] There may be a counterweight to place on the sills behind the stifflegs in heavy load lifting.[7] A stiffleg derrick on a vessel is called a floating stiffleg derrick.[4]Stiffleg derrick performing high rise rigging on a rooftop[8]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wooden_Derick_-_Kern_West_Oil_Museum_(3355730344).jpg"},{"link_name":"oil wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_well"}],"text":"Wooden derrick (1917)Another kind of derrick is used on oil wells and other drilled holes. Both the structure itself and the complex set of machines associated with it are referred to as a derrick. A derrick is also used on some offshore oil and gas rigs.","title":"Oil derrick"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Patent systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom_(sailing)"},{"link_name":"mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_(sailing)"},{"link_name":"bipod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipod"},{"link_name":"guys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy-wire"},{"link_name":"swivel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swivel"},{"link_name":"safe working load","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_working_load"},{"link_name":"halyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halyard"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(structure)"}],"sub_title":"Hallen","text":"The boom is connected with the lower part of the mast which is shaped like a \"Y\" or a bipod and therefore it is a single swinging derrick. On the cross trees, two guys are fastened using swivel outriggers which are stayed vertically and horizontally. In order to maintain a good controlling angle between guys and derrick, the outriggers cannot pass the inboard parallel of the centerline. The right outrigger stays in the centerline while the left outrigger moves outboard. This derrick will lower or heave cargo as both guys are veered or hauled. Three winches, controlled by joystick, are necessary to operate the Hallen derrick: two for the guys and one for the purchase. Limit switches are used to avoid an over-topping or over-swinging. However, the limits can be modified if a different working range or a special vertical stowage is required. The safe working load of the Hallen is between 10 and 80 tonnes. In a Hallen Universal derrick, which has no Hallen D-Frame, the halyard has an extended length since it runs through further blocks on the centerline. The Universal Hallen derrick, replacing the D-Frame option, is a kind of traditional topping lift. The Hallen D-Frame is a steel bracket welded on the mast in the centerline. For an observer standing a beam, the frame has a \"D\"-shape. The D-Frame supersedes the outriggers and provides a good controlling angle on the guys. The Hallen derrick is appropriate for, e.g., containers, logs, steel rail, sawn timber and heavy lifts. It does not lend itself to small, general cargo. It keeps the deck clear of guy ropes and preventors. Only one winchman is needed, and the Hallen can be brought into use within a few minutes. It is less expensive than a crane. A disadvantage is the low working range of the Hallen derrick; it is able to swing 75° from the centerline and can work against a list of up to 15°.","title":"Patent systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"yoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoke"}],"sub_title":"Velle","text":"The Velle derrick is similar to the Hallen but without the use of outriggers. On top of the boom is a T-shaped yoke. As in the Hallen, the guys serve for topping and lowering the boom, but they are fastened on the yoke with four short, steel-wire hanger ropes. The ends of the topping and lowering ends of the halyard are secured to half-barrels on one winch. In this way the boom moves at the same speed as the winch veers the topping end of the halyard and hauls the lowering end of the halyard, and vice versa. The slewing ends are also wound on to another half-barrel. There is a third winch to hoist to cargo on the yoke. Runners decrease swing and rotation of the cargo. A joystick duplex controller steers the Velle derrick.","title":"Patent systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St%C3%BClcken_Geschirr_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"HC Stülcken & Sohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC_St%C3%BClcken_%26_Sohn"},{"link_name":"Blohm & Voss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blohm_%26_Voss"},{"link_name":"tonnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnes"},{"link_name":"Samson-posts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samson_post"}],"sub_title":"Stülcken","text":"Stülcken heavy-lift derrickThe patent Stülcken derrick is used for heavy cargo. It stems from the German shipyard HC Stülcken & Sohn, later taken over by neighboring yard Blohm & Voss. This derrick can handle up to 300 tonnes. The Stülcken can be made ready in few minutes (faster than a traditional heavy derrick), does not require much space and is operated by four winches. The Stülcken is secured between two V-shaped, unstayed Samson-posts. This makes it possible to let the derrick swing through the posts to reach another hatch. Each post has a hoisting winch, a span winch and a lever that is run by one man only. Bearings, swivels, sheaves and the gooseneck can go four years without maintenance and create a friction of only about 2%. The span tackles are independent and the halyard is endless. With the revolving suspension heads on the posts it takes ten minutes to swing all the way through. In the double-pendulum block type, half of the cargo tackle can be anchored to the base of the boom. In order to double the hook speed, the halyard passes through the purchases since one end is secured, which reduces the safe working load by half. Typical dimensions of a 275 tonne Stülcken are 25.5 m length, 0.97 m diameter, 1.5 m to 3.4 m diameter of posts, 18 m apart the posts (upper end) and 8.4 m apart the posts (lower end). The hook of a fully loaded 275 tonne Stülcken can move 2.3 m per minute. If only one purchase is secured and the derrick is loaded with 137 tonnes, the hook can move as fast as 4.6 m per min. Even more speed can be gained when the winch ratios are reduced to 100 tonnes (triple speed) and 68 tonnes (quadruple speed). After the union table is detached, the double-pendulum block type of Stülcken is able to swing through, which allows the lower blocks to swing freely to each side of the boom. In this way the derrick can reach a vertical position. A bullrope pulls the derrick to the other side until the weight of the cargo tips the derrick over, so that the span tackles now have the weight on the other side. The union table is fixed again and the derrick can start work on the other side. There are also Stülcken with single-pendulum blocks. In this type the cargo hook is detached and the lower and upper cargo block are hauled into the center of the Stülcken. To tip the derrick over, gravity is used again.","title":"Patent systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-11-772696-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11-772696-6"}],"text":"Ministry of Defence (Navy) (1995). Admiralty Manual of Seamanship. The Stationery Office. pp. 3–194. ISBN 0-11-772696-6.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Two guy derricks at a granite quarry","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Two_Guy_Derricks_at_a_Granite_Quarry.jpg/300px-Two_Guy_Derricks_at_a_Granite_Quarry.jpg"},{"image_text":"Iron oil derrick","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Derrick.JPG/170px-Derrick.JPG"},{"image_text":"Wooden derrick (1917)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Wooden_Derick_-_Kern_West_Oil_Museum_%283355730344%29.jpg/220px-Wooden_Derick_-_Kern_West_Oil_Museum_%283355730344%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stülcken heavy-lift derrick","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/St%C3%BClcken_Geschirr_1.jpg/170px-St%C3%BClcken_Geschirr_1.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)"},{"title":"Gyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyn"},{"title":"Hoist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoist_(device)"},{"title":"Lighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighter_(barge)"},{"title":"Pumpjack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpjack"},{"title":"Shear legs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_legs"}]
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[{"reference":"Australia, Emergency Management (2006). General and disaster rescue skills for emergency services personnel (PDF) (5th ed.). Dickson, A.C.T.: Emergency Management Australia. pp. 131–132. ISBN 1921152028. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140321091857/http://www.em.gov.au/Documents/Manual35-GeneralandDisasterRescue.pdf","url_text":"General and disaster rescue skills for emergency services personnel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1921152028","url_text":"1921152028"},{"url":"http://www.em.gov.au/Documents/Manual35-GeneralandDisasterRescue.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR) - 1910.181: Derricks\". Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Retrieved 5 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_id=9832&p_table=STANDARDS","url_text":"\"Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR) - 1910.181: Derricks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Derricks\". Budco Enterprises, Inc. Retrieved 2016-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.budco.us/derricks","url_text":"\"Derricks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Subchapter 7. General Industry Safety Orders; Group 13. Cranes and Other Hoisting Equipment; Article 91. Definitions\". Department of Industrial Relations, State of California. Retrieved 5 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dir.ca.gov/title8/4885.plates.html","url_text":"\"Subchapter 7. General Industry Safety Orders; Group 13. Cranes and Other Hoisting Equipment; Article 91. Definitions\""}]},{"reference":"Freudenrich, Craig; Strickland, Jonathan (12 April 2001). \"How Oil Drilling Works\". HowStuffWorks. Retrieved 5 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/oil-drilling4.htm","url_text":"\"How Oil Drilling Works\""}]},{"reference":"Forsyth, Mark (2012). The etymologicon : a circular stroll through the hidden connections of the English language (Berkley trade pbk. ed.). New York: Berkley Books. p. 60. ISBN 978-0425260791. Retrieved 5 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U0zav6EgOwYC&q=%22The+rope+system+he+invented%22","url_text":"The etymologicon : a circular stroll through the hidden connections of the English language"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0425260791","url_text":"978-0425260791"}]},{"reference":"Field Manual 5-125 - Rigging Techniques, Procedures, and Applications (PDF). The United States Army. 3 October 1995. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120813042250/http://library.enlisted.info/field-manuals/series-1/FM5_125/CH5.PDF","url_text":"Field Manual 5-125 - Rigging Techniques, Procedures, and Applications"},{"url":"http://library.enlisted.info/field-manuals/series-1/FM5_125/CH5.PDF","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Derricks\". Budco Enterprises, Inc. Retrieved 2016-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.budco.us/derricks","url_text":"\"Derricks\""}]},{"reference":"Ministry of Defence (Navy) (1995). Admiralty Manual of Seamanship. The Stationery Office. pp. 3–194. ISBN 0-11-772696-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11-772696-6","url_text":"0-11-772696-6"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trasimeno
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Battle of Lake Trasimene
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["1 Background","1.1 Pre-war","1.2 Carthage invades Italy","2 Prelude","3 Opposing forces","3.1 Roman","3.2 Carthaginian","4 Battle","4.1 Setting the ambush","4.2 Springing the trap","4.3 Casualties and follow up","5 Aftermath","5.1 Evaluation","6 Notes, citations and sources","6.1 Notes","6.2 Citations","6.3 Sources","7 External resources"]
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Coordinates: 43°11′51″N 12°05′06″E / 43.19750°N 12.08500°E / 43.19750; 12.08500217 BC battle of the Second Punic War
For the World War II battle, see Trasimene Line.
Battle of Lake TrasimenePart of the Second Punic WarDucarius Beheads Flaminius at the Battle of Lake Trasimene (1882) by Joseph-Noël SylvestreDate21 June 217 BCLocationThe north shore of Lake Trasimene, Italy43°11′51″N 12°05′06″E / 43.19750°N 12.08500°E / 43.19750; 12.08500Result
Carthaginian victoryBelligerents
Carthage
RomeCommanders and leaders
Hannibal
Gaius Flaminius †Strength
More than 50,000
25,000Casualties and losses
1,500 or 2,500 killedMany wounded
25,000 killed or capturedvteSecond Punic War
Prelude
Saguntum
Rhone
Crossing of the Alps
Italy
Ticinus
Trebia
Mutina
Placentia
Victumulae
Lake Trasimene
Umbrian Lake
Crossing of the Apennines
Ager Falernus
Geronium
Cannae
Silva Litana
1st Nola
Nuceria Alfaterna
1st Casilinum
Hamae
1st Petelia
Cumae
2nd Nola
1st Beneventum
3rd Nola
2nd Casilinum
Lucania
Arpi
1st Tarentum
2nd Beneventum
Campi Veteres
1st Capua
Silarus
1st Herdonia
2nd Capua
Rome
Sapriportis
2nd Herdonia
Numistro
Canusium
Manduria
Caulonia
2nd Tarentum
Locri
2nd Petelia
Venusia
Grumentum
Metaurus
Crotona
Insubria
Iberia
Cissa
Ebro River
Ibera
Illiturgis
Munda
Orongi
Upper Baetis
1st New Carthage
Baria
Baecula
Ilipa
Sucro
1st Carteia
2nd Carteia
2nd New Carthage
Sicily and Sardinia
Lilybaeum
Malta
Decimomannu
Leontini
Syracuse
Himera
Agrigentum
North Africa
1st Utica
2nd Utica
Great Plains
Cirta
Zama
class=notpageimage| Site of the battle within modern day Italy
The Battle of Lake Trasimene was fought when a Carthaginian force under Hannibal Barca ambushed a Roman army commanded by Gaius Flaminius on 21 June 217 BC, during the Second Punic War. The battle took place on the north shore of Lake Trasimene, to the south of Cortona, and resulted in a heavy defeat for the Romans.
War had broken out between Rome and Carthage early in 218 BC. Hannibal, ruler of the Carthaginian territories in south-east Iberia, marched an army through Gaul, crossed the Alps and arrived in Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy) later that year. The Romans rushed reinforcements north from Sicily but were badly defeated at the Battle of the Trebia.
The following spring, the Romans positioned an army on each side of the Apennine Mountains, but were surprised when a Carthaginian army more than 50,000 strong crossed the range by a difficult but unguarded route. The Carthaginians moved south into Etruria, plundering, razing the villages and killing all men encountered. Flaminius, in charge of the nearest Roman army, set off in pursuit. Hannibal arranged an ambush on the north shore of Lake Trasimene and trapped the Romans. With the Carthaginians attacking unexpectedly from the flank and the rear, possibly in poor visibility, there was no chance for the Romans to form even a rudimentary fighting line and they were defeated after three hours of hard fighting. The trap failed to enclose the 6,000 Romans at the front of the column, who escaped; later in the day they were surrounded by pursuing Carthaginians and surrendered. Thus nearly all 25,000 Romans in Flaminius's army were killed or captured. This destruction of an entire army as a result of an ambush by another army is widely considered a unique occurrence. Several days later the Carthaginians wiped out the entire cavalry force of the second Roman army, who were not yet aware of the earlier disaster.
The Carthaginians then marched towards southern Italy in the hope of winning over some of the ethnic Greek and Italic city-states there. News of the defeat caused a panic in Rome and led to the election of Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus as dictator. Impatient with his Fabian strategy of avoiding major battles, the next year the Romans elected Lucius Paullus and Gaius Varro as consuls. These more aggressive commanders engaged Hannibal at the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC, resulting in a third and even worse disaster for Rome; it was followed by thirteen more years of war.
Background
Pre-war
The approximate extent of territory controlled by Rome and Carthage immediately before the start of the Second Punic War
The First Punic War was fought from 264 to 241 BC between Carthage and Rome: these two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC struggled for supremacy primarily on the Mediterranean island of Sicily and its surrounding waters and in North Africa. The war lasted for 23 years until the Carthaginians were defeated. Five years later an army commanded by the leading Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca landed in Carthaginian Iberia (modern south-east Spain) which he greatly expanded and turned into a quasi-monarchical, autonomous territory ruled by the Barcids. This expansion gained Carthage silver mines, agricultural wealth, manpower, military facilities such as shipyards and territorial depth, which encouraged it to resist future Roman demands.
Hamilcar ruled as viceroy until his death in 228 BC. He was succeeded by his son-in-law, Hasdrubal, then his son Hannibal in 221 BC. In 226 BC the Ebro Treaty established the Ebro River as the northern boundary of the Carthaginian sphere of influence in Iberia. A little later Rome made a separate treaty of association with the independent city of Saguntum, well south of the Ebro. In 219 BC a Carthaginian army under Hannibal besieged, captured and sacked Saguntum, which led Rome to declare war on Carthage.
Meanwhile, the major Gallic tribes in Cisalpine Gaul (modern northern Italy), antagonised by the founding of several Roman settlements on traditionally Gallic territory, attacked the Romans, capturing several towns and repeatedly ambushing a Roman relief force. The Roman Senate reinforced their army in Cisalpine Gaul while also preparing armies to invade Carthaginian territories.
Carthage invades Italy
Hannibal's route from Iberia to Italy
Hannibal assembled a Carthaginian army in New Carthage (modern Cartagena) and marched north into Gaul in May 218 BC, leaving his brother, Hasdrubal Barca, in charge of Carthaginian interests in Iberia. The Carthaginian army crossed the Alps in October, surmounting the difficulties of climate, terrain and the guerrilla tactics of the native tribes. Hannibal arrived with 20,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry and an unknown number of war elephants – the survivors of the 37 with which he had left Iberia – in Cisalpine Gaul. The Romans had already withdrawn to their winter quarters and were astonished by Hannibal's appearance.
The Romans went on the attack and the local Roman commander, the consul Publius Scipio, personally led a strong force of cavalry and light infantry against the Carthaginian cavalry at the Battle of Ticinus. He was soundly beaten and personally wounded. The Romans retreated to near Placentia, fortified their camp and awaited reinforcement. The Roman army in Sicily under Sempronius Longus was redeployed to the north and joined with Scipio's force. Numidian cavalry lured Sempronius and his army out of their camp and onto ground of Hannibal's choosing, where the Battle of the Trebia took place. Most of the Romans were killed or captured by the Carthaginians, but 10,000 under Sempronius fought their way to the safety of Placentia.
Prelude
When news of the defeat at the Trebia reached Rome, it caused great alarm. This calmed once Sempronius arrived to preside over the consular elections in the usual manner. Gnaeus Geminus and Gaius Flaminius were selected and Sempronius then returned to Placentia to see out his term to 15 March. The consuls-elect recruited further legions, both from Rome and its Latin allies; reinforced Sardinia and Sicily against the possibility of Carthaginian raids or invasion; placed garrisons at Tarentum and other places for similar reasons; built a fleet of 60 quinqueremes; and, established supply depots at Ariminum and Arretium in Etruria in preparation for marching north later in the year. Two armies – of four legions each, two Roman and two allied, but with stronger than usual cavalry contingents – were formed. One was stationed at Arretium and one on the Adriatic coast; they would be able to block Hannibal's possible advance into central Italy and be well positioned to move north to operate in Cisalpine Gaul. In spite of their losses, the Romans fielded twenty-two legions in 217 BC, ten more than in 218 BC. The Gallic tribes in Cisalpine Gaul recognised the Carthaginians as the dominant force and sent plentiful supplies and many recruits to Hannibal's camp.
1704 French bust depicting Hannibal
In spring 217 BC, probably in early May, the Carthaginians crossed the Apennines unopposed, surprising the Romans by taking a difficult but unguarded route. The Carthaginians moved south into Etruria (modern Tuscany), plundering the countryside, looting the plentiful stocks of food, razing the villages and small towns, and killing out of hand all adult men encountered. Hannibal learned that one Roman army was at Arretium and was eager to bring it to battle, before it could be reinforced: Hannibal surmised the Romans would have another army on the east coast.
Once he learned that he had been bypassed, Flaminius, the commander of the Roman army at Arretium, set off in pursuit. The modern historian Adrian Goldsworthy points out that as they passed through territory devastated by the Carthaginians, there would have been a feeling of military failure and humiliation – the army existed to protect its homeland – and that the small farmers of the legions and their landowner officers would have taken this despoliation as an intense provocation. The Romans gained the impression, possibly fostered by Hannibal, that the Carthaginians were fleeing south before them; according to the ancient historian Polybius, they anticipated an easy victory. The Romans were pursuing so rapidly that they were unable to carry out proper reconnaissance, but they closed to less than a day's march behind their opponents. The Carthaginians bypassed the Roman-garrisoned city of Cortona and on 20 June marched along the north shore of Lake Trasimene. Hannibal decided this was a suitable spot to turn and fight.
Opposing forces
Roman
For broader coverage of this topic, see Roman army of the mid-Republic.
The bowl of a A Montefortino-type helmet, which was used by Roman infantry between c. 300 BC and c. AD 100. The cheek guards are missing.
Most male Roman citizens were liable for military service and would serve as infantry, with a better-off minority providing a cavalry component. Traditionally, when at war the Romans would raise two legions, each of 4,200 infantry and 300 cavalry. Approximately 1,200 of the infantry, poorer or younger men unable to afford the armour and equipment of a standard legionary, served as javelin-armed skirmishers, known as velites; they carried several javelins, which would be thrown from a distance, a short sword and a 90-centimetre (3 ft) circular shield. The balance were equipped as heavy infantry, with body armour, a large shield and short thrusting swords. They were divided into three ranks, of which the front rank also carried two javelins, while the second and third ranks had a thrusting spear instead. Both legionary sub-units and individual legionaries fought in relatively open order. An army was usually formed by combining a Roman legion with a similarly sized and equipped legion provided by their Latin allies, but sometimes consisted of two Roman and two allied legions. Allied legions had a larger attached complement of cavalry than Roman ones. At Lake Trasimene, the Romans fielded four legions – two Roman and two made up of allies – for a total of approximately 25,000 men.
Carthaginian
For broader coverage of this topic, see Military of Carthage.Modern interpretation of a slinger from the Balearic Islands (famous for the skill of their slingers)
Carthage usually recruited foreigners to make up its army. Many would be from North Africa – these were frequently referred to as Libyans – which provided several types of fighters, including: close-order infantry equipped with large shields, helmets, short swords and long thrusting spears; javelin-armed light infantry skirmishers; close-order shock cavalry (also known as "heavy cavalry") carrying spears; and light cavalry skirmishers who threw javelins from a distance and avoided close combat. Both Iberia and Gaul provided experienced infantry: unarmoured troops who would charge ferociously, but had a reputation for breaking off if a combat was protracted. Most of the African infantry would fight in a tightly packed formation known as a phalanx, usually forming two or three lines. Specialist slingers were recruited from the Balearic Islands.
The numbers fielded by the Carthaginians are not known, but an approximation can be made. Hannibal had arrived in Italy with 20,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry, and had fought at the Trebia in December 218 BC with 31,000 and 11,000 respectively. In the wake of this victory, he was further heavily reinforced by local Gauls. In 216 BC, the Carthaginians, not having been reinforced since crossing the Apennines, had 40,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry. It is usually assumed that more than 50,000 fought at Lake Trasimene. In any event, the Carthaginian army was considerably larger than the Roman.
Battle
Setting the ambush
Hannibal's ambush at Lake Trasimene. From the Department of History, United States Military Academy.
The north shore of Lake Trasimene, from the lake
The shoreline has changed since, but at the time of the battle, the road led along the north shore of the lake then turned south, still along the lakeshore, before climbing away from the lake through a defile. To the north of the road were a range of low hills that came closer to the lake towards the east, steadily reducing the open ground between them and the lake. The Carthaginians made camp where the hills were closest to the lake, near the defile. This was clearly visible to the Romans.
Once it was dark, Hannibal sent the components of his army on night marches behind the hills to the north of the lake to take up positions from which they could ambush the Roman army. Night marches are notoriously difficult and often result in units becoming lost in the dark or alerting their enemy. The Carthaginians avoided both of these and took up positions on the reverse slopes of the hills. The Carthaginian cavalry were positioned furthest to the west, the north-Italian Gallic infantry to their east and the experienced African and Iberian infantry furthest east, relatively close to their camp. Modern historians place the bulk of the many Carthaginian light infantry either around the defile and its mouth or as reinforcing the Gauls in the centre of the Carthaginian line.
On the morning of 21 June the Romans set off very early and marched eastward along the northern edge of the lake. Ancient accounts state that a thick morning mist near the lake limited visibility, but some modern historians have suggested this was either invented or exaggerated to excuse the Romans' subsequent unreadiness for battle. As Flaminius was expecting battle, the Romans probably marched in three parallel columns, which was their habit before a battle as this was relatively quicker to manoeuvre into a battle line compared with a single line of march. This swiftness was relative, as forming an army up in battle order was a complicated affair which would take several hours under any circumstances. The Romans would have had a screen of light infantry out to their front and, to a lesser extent, their flank, as skirmishing was usual before a battle with the armies' respective light troops shielding their close-order colleagues while they formed up. Flaminius did not send out cavalry scouts to make a more distant reconnaissance; Roman armies of the time rarely did so.
Springing the trap
An Iberian warrior from a bas-relief made c. 200 BC
The leading Romans made contact with the most easterly of the Carthaginians, probably some of the African or Iberian close-order infantry and the signal was given for all of the Carthaginians to advance, possibly by the sounding of trumpets. According to some ancient accounts, the Romans could hear these signals on their flank and to their rear, but could not see their enemy, which caused confusion. It would have taken several hours for the Romans to convert their formation into a battle array, even if they had known which direction to face. As it was, with the Carthaginians attacking unexpectedly from the flank and the rear, possibly with poor visibility, there was no chance to form even a rudimentary fighting line. Some Romans fled while others clustered into groups of various sizes, ready to engage the enemy on all sides. The fugitives and many of the impromptu Roman groups were rapidly cut down or captured. Other groups of Romans put up a stiff fight, especially in the centre, where the attacking Gauls suffered heavy casualties before beating down the trapped Romans after three hours of heavy combat.
According to Polybius, Flaminius was completely surprised and provided no effective leadership. The openly pro-Roman ancient historian Livy, who otherwise paints a poor picture of Flaminius, recorded two centuries later that he was active and valiant in attempting to rally his army and organise a defence before being cut down by a Gaul, Ducarius. The trapped portion of the Roman army collapsed. Men attempted to swim across the lake and drowned; others waded out until the water was up to their necks and the Carthaginian cavalrymen swam their horses out to chop at their exposed heads.
The trap failed to close on the 6,000 Romans at the front of the column, who were possibly also those most prepared for battle, and they pushed their way out of the defile against little opposition. Realising that they could not affect the battle behind them, they marched on. Later in the day they were surrounded by pursuing Carthaginians and surrendered to a force under Maharbal on the promise of being disarmed and freed; "with a garment apiece" according to Livy. Hannibal disapproved and only applied this to the allied captives, while selling the Romans into slavery. Many of the Carthaginian infantry, especially the Libyans, equipped themselves with captured Roman armour.
Casualties and follow up
A Carthaginian cavalryman, as depicted in 1891
The ancient sources are unclear as to the fate of the approximately 25,000 Romans known to have been engaged. According to the contemporary annalist and senator Fabius Pictor, 15,000 were killed and 10,000 scattered. The usually reliable Polybius has 15,000 killed and most of the rest captured. Polybius reports losses of 1,500 killed for the Carthaginians, most of them Gauls; Livy gives 2,500 killed on the day and "many" who subsequently died of their wounds.
The second Roman army, originally positioned on the Adriatic coast and commanded by Gnaeus Geminus, had been marching west, intending to join up with Flaminius. Unaware that the destruction of Flaminius's army had left the Carthaginians able to manoeuvre freely, Geminus's entire cavalry force of 4,000 was scouting ahead when it was surprised by the Carthaginians a few days after Trasimene. Nearly 2,000 were killed in the first clash; the balance were surrounded and captured the next day. Geminus withdrew his infantry back to Ariminum (modern Rimini) on the Adriatic.
Aftermath
The Roman prisoners were badly treated by the Carthaginians, but the captured Latin allies were treated well and many were freed and sent back to their cities in the hope that they would speak highly of Carthaginian martial prowess and of their own treatment. Hannibal hoped some of these allies could be persuaded to defect. The Carthaginians continued their march through Etruria, then Umbria, to the Adriatic coast, continuing their devastation and plundering of the territory they crossed and the killing of any adult men captured; the Gauls were especially brutal in this respect. Contemporary reports claim that the Carthaginian soldiers accumulated so much booty that they had to cease looting because they could not carry any more. The army then marched south into Apulia, in the hope of winning over some of the ethnic Greek and Italic city states of southern Italy.
The populace of Rome fell into a panic when word of the defeat was received. Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus was elected dictator by the Roman Assembly and adopted the "Fabian strategy" of avoiding pitched conflict, relying instead on low-level harassment to wear the invader down while Rome rebuilt its military strength. Hannibal was left largely free to ravage Apulia for the next year, until the Romans ended the dictatorship and elected Paullus and Varro as consuls in 216 BC. These more aggressive commanders offered battle to Hannibal, who accepted and won a victory at Cannae, where some 70,000 Romans were killed or captured; the modern historian Richard Miles describes this as "Rome's greatest military disaster". Subsequently, the Carthaginians campaigned in southern Italy for a further 13 years.
In 204 BC Publius Cornelius Scipio, the son of the Scipio who had been wounded at Ticinus, invaded the Carthaginian homeland, defeated the Carthaginians in two major battles and won the allegiance of the Numidian kingdoms of North Africa. Hannibal and the remnants of his army were recalled from Italy to confront him. They met at the Battle of Zama in October 202 BC and Hannibal was decisively defeated. As a consequence, Carthage agreed to a peace treaty which stripped it of most of its territory and power.
Evaluation
According to the modern military historian Basil Liddell Hart, Hannibal planned and executed "the greatest ambush in history". The ambush and destruction of one army by another is widely considered a unique occurrence. Military historian Theodore Dodge notes that "It is the only instance in history of lying in ambush with the whole of a large army". Historian Robert O'Connell writes that it was "the only time an entire large army was effectively swallowed and destroyed by such a maneuver." The historian Toni Ñaco del Hoyo describes the Battle of Lake Trasimene as one of the three "great military calamities" suffered by the Romans in the first three years of the war, the others being the Trebia and Cannae.
Notes, citations and sources
Notes
^ This could be increased to 5,000 in some circumstances, or, rarely, even more.
^ "Shock" troops are those trained and used to close rapidly with an opponent, with the intention of breaking them before or immediately upon contact.
^ The Spanish used a heavy throwing spear that the Romans later adopted as the pilum.
^ If the Romans had been in a single column, it would have stretched for more than 8 kilometres (5 mi) along the lake shore, probably much more. This is not compatible with ancient accounts of the battle and it is difficult to see how the whole army could have been enveloped under these circumstances.
Citations
^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 82.
^ Lazenby 1996, p. 157.
^ Bagnall 1999, p. 97.
^ Miles 2011, p. 220.
^ Miles 2011, pp. 219–220, 225.
^ Miles 2011, pp. 222, 225.
^ Goldsworthy 2006, pp. 143–144.
^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 144.
^ Collins 1998, p. 13.
^ Goldsworthy 2006, pp. 144–145.
^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 145.
^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 151.
^ Zimmermann 2015, p. 283.
^ a b Mahaney 2008, p. 221.
^ Briscoe 2006, p. 47.
^ Lazenby 1998, p. 41.
^ Fronda 2015, p. 252.
^ Lazenby 1998, pp. 43–44.
^ a b Erdkamp 2015, p. 71.
^ Hoyos 2015, pp. 100, 107.
^ Zimmermann 2015, pp. 283–284.
^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 170.
^ Lazenby 1998, p. 98.
^ Hoyos 2015, p. 108.
^ Bagnall 1999, p. 172.
^ Bagnall 1999, p. 173.
^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 173.
^ Koon 2015, pp. 86–87.
^ Goldsworthy 2006, pp. 179–180.
^ Carey 2007, p. 57.
^ Lazenby 1996, p. 58.
^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 181.
^ a b Zimmermann 2015, p. 285.
^ Lazenby 1998, pp. 61–62.
^ Erdkamp 2015, p. 72.
^ a b Bagnall 1999, p. 176.
^ Lazenby 1996, p. 60.
^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 184.
^ Liddell Hart 1967, p. 45.
^ Fronda 2015, p. 248.
^ a b c Fronda 2015, p. 244.
^ a b Goldsworthy 2006, pp. 184–185.
^ Goldsworthy 2006, pp. 185–186.
^ a b c d Goldsworthy 2006, pp. 186–187.
^ Bagnall 1999, p. 23.
^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 287.
^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 48.
^ Bagnall 1999, pp. 22–25.
^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 50.
^ Lazenby 1998, p. 61.
^ Jones 1987, p. 1.
^ a b c d Goldsworthy 2006, p. 32.
^ a b Koon 2015, p. 80.
^ Bagnall 1999, p. 9.
^ Bagnall 1999, p. 8.
^ Hoyos 2015, p. 107.
^ Goldsworthy 2006, pp. 177–178.
^ Bagnall 1999, p. 192.
^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 185.
^ Bagnall 1999, p. 180.
^ a b Carey 2007, p. 58.
^ a b c d Goldsworthy 2006, p. 187.
^ Bagnall 1999, pp. 180–181.
^ Bagnall 1999, pp. 180–182.
^ Lazenby 1998, p. 63.
^ Bagnall 1999, pp. 180, 182.
^ a b Bagnall 1999, p. 182.
^ Goldsworthy 2006, pp. 57, 187.
^ Goldsworthy 2006, pp. 187–188.
^ Koon 2015, p. 87.
^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 188.
^ Goldsworthy 2006, pp. 21–22.
^ a b Goldsworthy 2006, p. 189.
^ Miles 2011, p. 271.
^ Goldsworthy 2006, pp. 21, 189.
^ a b Goldsworthy 2006, p. 190.
^ Bagnall 1999, p. 183.
^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 191.
^ Miles 2011, p. 270.
^ Lomas 2015, p. 343.
^ Fronda 2015, p. 246.
^ Fronda 2015, pp. 247–248.
^ Rawlings 2015, p. 309.
^ Fronda 2015, p. 247.
^ Lazenby 1998, p. 86.
^ Miles 2011, p. 277.
^ Carey 2007, p. 68.
^ Miles 2011, p. 279.
^ Briscoe 2006, p. 50.
^ Miles 2011, p. 310.
^ Miles 2011, p. 315.
^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 222.
^ Liddell Hart 1967, p. 26.
^ Dodge 2004, p. 299.
^ O'Connell 2010, p. 119.
^ Ñaco del Hoyo 2015, p. 377.
Sources
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Carey, Brian Todd (2007). Hannibal's Last Battle: Zama & the Fall of Carthage. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-84415-635-1.
Collins, Roger (1998). Spain: An Oxford Archaeological Guide. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285300-4 – via the Internet Archive.
Dodge, Theodore A. (2004) . Hannibal. Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81362-7.
Erdkamp, Paul (2015) . "Manpower and Food Supply in the First and Second Punic Wars". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). A Companion to the Punic Wars. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 58–76. ISBN 978-1-1190-2550-4.
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Jones, Archer (1987). The Art of War in the Western World. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-01380-5 – via the Internet Archive.
Lazenby, John (1996). The First Punic War: A Military History. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2673-3.
Lazenby, John F. (1998). Hannibal's War: A Military History of the Second Punic War. Warminster: Aris & Phillips. ISBN 978-0-85668-080-9 – via the Internet Archive.
Liddell Hart, Basil (1967). Strategy: The Indirect Approach. London: Penguin. OCLC 470715409 – via the Internet Archive.
Lomas, Kathryn (2015) . "Rome, Latins, and Italians in the Second Punic War". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). A Companion to the Punic Wars. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 339–356. ISBN 978-1-1190-2550-4.
Mahaney, W.C. (2008). Hannibal's Odyssey: Environmental Background to the Alpine Invasion of Italia. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press. ISBN 978-1-59333-951-7.
Miles, Richard (2011). Carthage Must be Destroyed. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-101809-6.
Ñaco del Hoyo, Toni (2015) . "Roman Economy, Finance, and Politics in the Second Punic War". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). A Companion to the Punic Wars. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 376–392. ISBN 978-1-1190-2550-4.
O'Connell, Robert L. (2010). The Ghosts of Cannae: Hannibal and the Darkest Hour of the Roman Republic. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6702-2.
Rawlings, Louis (2015) . "The War in Italy, 218–203". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). A Companion to the Punic Wars. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 299–319. ISBN 978-1-1190-2550-4.
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External resources
Polybius' and Livy's accounts side by side in English.
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Punic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Punic_War"},{"link_name":"Lake Trasimene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Trasimene"},{"link_name":"Cortona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortona"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"Iberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberia"},{"link_name":"Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul"},{"link_name":"crossed the Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal%27s_crossing_of_the_Alps"},{"link_name":"Cisalpine Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Trebia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trebia"},{"link_name":"Apennine Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apennines"},{"link_name":"Etruria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruria"},{"link_name":"plundering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looting"},{"link_name":"cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry"},{"link_name":"southern Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiotes"},{"link_name":"Italic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Maximus_Verrucosus"},{"link_name":"Fabian strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_strategy"},{"link_name":"Lucius Paullus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Aemilius_Paullus_(consul_219_BC)"},{"link_name":"Gaius Varro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Terentius_Varro"},{"link_name":"consuls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_consul"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cannae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae"}],"text":"217 BC battle of the Second Punic WarFor the World War II battle, see Trasimene Line.Battle of Lake TrasimenePart of the Second Punic WarDucarius Beheads Flaminius at the Battle of Lake Trasimene (1882) by Joseph-Noël SylvestreDate21 June 217 BCLocationThe north shore of Lake Trasimene, Italy43°11′51″N 12°05′06″E / 43.19750°N 12.08500°E / 43.19750; 12.08500Result\nCarthaginian victoryBelligerents\nCarthage\nRomeCommanders and leaders\nHannibal\nGaius Flaminius †Strength\nMore than 50,000\n25,000Casualties and losses\n1,500 or 2,500 killedMany wounded\n25,000 killed or capturedvteSecond Punic War\nPrelude\nSaguntum\nRhone\nCrossing of the Alps\nItaly\nTicinus\nTrebia\nMutina\nPlacentia\nVictumulae\nLake Trasimene\nUmbrian Lake\nCrossing of the Apennines\nAger Falernus\nGeronium\nCannae\nSilva Litana\n1st Nola\nNuceria Alfaterna\n1st Casilinum\nHamae\n1st Petelia\nCumae\n2nd Nola\n1st Beneventum\n3rd Nola\n2nd Casilinum\nLucania\nArpi\n1st Tarentum\n2nd Beneventum\nCampi Veteres\n1st Capua\nSilarus\n1st Herdonia\n2nd Capua\nRome\nSapriportis\n2nd Herdonia\nNumistro\nCanusium\nManduria\nCaulonia\n2nd Tarentum\nLocri\n2nd Petelia\nVenusia\nGrumentum\nMetaurus\nCrotona\nInsubria\nIberia\nCissa\nEbro River\nIbera\nIlliturgis\nMunda\nOrongi\nUpper Baetis\n1st New Carthage\nBaria\nBaecula\nIlipa\nSucro\n1st Carteia\n2nd Carteia\n2nd New Carthage\nSicily and Sardinia\nLilybaeum\nMalta\nDecimomannu\nLeontini\nSyracuse\nHimera\nAgrigentum\nNorth Africa\n1st Utica\n2nd Utica\nGreat Plains\nCirta\nZamaclass=notpageimage| Site of the battle within modern day ItalyThe Battle of Lake Trasimene was fought when a Carthaginian force under Hannibal Barca ambushed a Roman army commanded by Gaius Flaminius on 21 June 217 BC, during the Second Punic War. The battle took place on the north shore of Lake Trasimene, to the south of Cortona, and resulted in a heavy defeat for the Romans.War had broken out between Rome and Carthage early in 218 BC. Hannibal, ruler of the Carthaginian territories in south-east Iberia, marched an army through Gaul, crossed the Alps and arrived in Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy) later that year. The Romans rushed reinforcements north from Sicily but were badly defeated at the Battle of the Trebia.The following spring, the Romans positioned an army on each side of the Apennine Mountains, but were surprised when a Carthaginian army more than 50,000 strong crossed the range by a difficult but unguarded route. The Carthaginians moved south into Etruria, plundering, razing the villages and killing all men encountered. Flaminius, in charge of the nearest Roman army, set off in pursuit. Hannibal arranged an ambush on the north shore of Lake Trasimene and trapped the Romans. With the Carthaginians attacking unexpectedly from the flank and the rear, possibly in poor visibility, there was no chance for the Romans to form even a rudimentary fighting line and they were defeated after three hours of hard fighting. The trap failed to enclose the 6,000 Romans at the front of the column, who escaped; later in the day they were surrounded by pursuing Carthaginians and surrendered. Thus nearly all 25,000 Romans in Flaminius's army were killed or captured. This destruction of an entire army as a result of an ambush by another army is widely considered a unique occurrence. Several days later the Carthaginians wiped out the entire cavalry force of the second Roman army, who were not yet aware of the earlier disaster.The Carthaginians then marched towards southern Italy in the hope of winning over some of the ethnic Greek and Italic city-states there. News of the defeat caused a panic in Rome and led to the election of Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus as dictator. Impatient with his Fabian strategy of avoiding major battles, the next year the Romans elected Lucius Paullus and Gaius Varro as consuls. These more aggressive commanders engaged Hannibal at the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC, resulting in a third and even worse disaster for Rome; it was followed by thirteen more years of war.","title":"Battle of Lake Trasimene"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Rome_and_Carthage_at_the_start_of_the_Second_Punic_War_Modified.svg"},{"link_name":"First Punic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Punic_War"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200682-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby1996157-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall199997-3"},{"link_name":"Hamilcar Barca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilcar_Barca"},{"link_name":"Carthaginian Iberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthaginian_Iberia"},{"link_name":"Barcids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcids"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2011220-4"},{"link_name":"This expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcid_conquest_of_Hispania"},{"link_name":"manpower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manpower"},{"link_name":"shipyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipyard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2011219%E2%80%93220,_225-5"},{"link_name":"viceroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy"},{"link_name":"Hasdrubal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasdrubal_the_Fair"},{"link_name":"Hannibal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2011222,_225-6"},{"link_name":"Ebro Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebro_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Ebro River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebro_River"},{"link_name":"sphere of influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_of_influence"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006143%E2%80%93144-7"},{"link_name":"Saguntum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saguntum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006144-8"},{"link_name":"besieged, captured and sacked Saguntum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Saguntum"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins199813-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006144%E2%80%93145-10"},{"link_name":"declare war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_war"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006145-11"},{"link_name":"Gallic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauls"},{"link_name":"Cisalpine Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006151-12"},{"link_name":"Roman Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Senate"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmermann2015283-13"}],"sub_title":"Pre-war","text":"The approximate extent of territory controlled by Rome and Carthage immediately before the start of the Second Punic WarThe First Punic War was fought from 264 to 241 BC between Carthage and Rome: these two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC struggled for supremacy primarily on the Mediterranean island of Sicily and its surrounding waters and in North Africa.[1] The war lasted for 23 years until the Carthaginians were defeated.[2][3] Five years later an army commanded by the leading Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca landed in Carthaginian Iberia (modern south-east Spain) which he greatly expanded and turned into a quasi-monarchical, autonomous territory ruled by the Barcids.[4] This expansion gained Carthage silver mines, agricultural wealth, manpower, military facilities such as shipyards and territorial depth, which encouraged it to resist future Roman demands.[5]Hamilcar ruled as viceroy until his death in 228 BC. He was succeeded by his son-in-law, Hasdrubal, then his son Hannibal in 221 BC.[6] In 226 BC the Ebro Treaty established the Ebro River as the northern boundary of the Carthaginian sphere of influence in Iberia.[7] A little later Rome made a separate treaty of association with the independent city of Saguntum, well south of the Ebro.[8] In 219 BC a Carthaginian army under Hannibal besieged, captured and sacked Saguntum,[9][10] which led Rome to declare war on Carthage.[11]Meanwhile, the major Gallic tribes in Cisalpine Gaul (modern northern Italy), antagonised by the founding of several Roman settlements on traditionally Gallic territory, attacked the Romans, capturing several towns and repeatedly ambushing a Roman relief force.[12] The Roman Senate reinforced their army in Cisalpine Gaul while also preparing armies to invade Carthaginian territories.[13]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hannibal%27s_Travels_during_the_Second_Punic_War.png"},{"link_name":"Cartagena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahaney2008221-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriscoe200647-15"},{"link_name":"Hasdrubal Barca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasdrubal_Barca"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby199841-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2015252-17"},{"link_name":"crossed the Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal%27s_crossing_of_the_Alps"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahaney2008221-14"},{"link_name":"guerrilla tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby199843%E2%80%9344-18"},{"link_name":"war elephants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_elephant"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErdkamp201571-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015100,_107-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmermann2015283%E2%80%93284-21"},{"link_name":"Publius Scipio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Scipio_(consul_218_BC)"},{"link_name":"cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry"},{"link_name":"light infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_infantry"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ticinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ticinus"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006170-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby199898-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015108-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999172-25"},{"link_name":"Placentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentia,_Italy"},{"link_name":"camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_camp"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999173-26"},{"link_name":"Sempronius Longus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius_Sempronius_Longus_(consul_218_BC)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006173-27"},{"link_name":"Numidian cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidian_cavalry"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Trebia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trebia"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoon201586%E2%80%9387-28"},{"link_name":"captured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006179%E2%80%93180-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey200757-30"}],"sub_title":"Carthage invades Italy","text":"Hannibal's route from Iberia to ItalyHannibal assembled a Carthaginian army in New Carthage (modern Cartagena) and marched north into Gaul in May 218 BC,[14][15] leaving his brother, Hasdrubal Barca, in charge of Carthaginian interests in Iberia.[16][17] The Carthaginian army crossed the Alps in October, surmounting the difficulties of climate, terrain[14] and the guerrilla tactics of the native tribes.[18] Hannibal arrived with 20,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry and an unknown number of war elephants – the survivors of the 37 with which he had left Iberia[19][20] – in Cisalpine Gaul. The Romans had already withdrawn to their winter quarters and were astonished by Hannibal's appearance.[21]The Romans went on the attack and the local Roman commander, the consul Publius Scipio, personally led a strong force of cavalry and light infantry against the Carthaginian cavalry at the Battle of Ticinus.[22][23] He was soundly beaten and personally wounded.[24][25] The Romans retreated to near Placentia, fortified their camp and awaited reinforcement.[26] The Roman army in Sicily under Sempronius Longus was redeployed to the north and joined with Scipio's force.[27] Numidian cavalry lured Sempronius and his army out of their camp and onto ground of Hannibal's choosing, where the Battle of the Trebia took place.[28] Most of the Romans were killed or captured by the Carthaginians,[29] but 10,000 under Sempronius fought their way to the safety of Placentia.[30]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"consular elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly#Presiding_magistrate_and_elections"},{"link_name":"Gnaeus Geminus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Servilius_Geminus"},{"link_name":"Gaius Flaminius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Flaminius_(consul_223_BC)"},{"link_name":"Latin allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socii"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Tarentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranto"},{"link_name":"quinqueremes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinquereme"},{"link_name":"Ariminum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariminum"},{"link_name":"Arretium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arretium"},{"link_name":"Etruria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruria"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby199658-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006181-32"},{"link_name":"Adriatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmermann2015285-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby199861%E2%80%9362-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErdkamp201572-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999176-36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093_(cropped2).png"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby199660-37"},{"link_name":"Apennines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apennine_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscany"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006184-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart196745-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2015248-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2015244-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006184%E2%80%93185-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006184%E2%80%93185-42"},{"link_name":"Adrian Goldsworthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Goldsworthy"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006185%E2%80%93186-43"},{"link_name":"Polybius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybius"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006186%E2%80%93187-44"},{"link_name":"reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2015244-41"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006186%E2%80%93187-44"},{"link_name":"Cortona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortona"},{"link_name":"Lake Trasimene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Trasimeno"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006186%E2%80%93187-44"}],"text":"When news of the defeat at the Trebia reached Rome, it caused great alarm. This calmed once Sempronius arrived to preside over the consular elections in the usual manner. Gnaeus Geminus and Gaius Flaminius were selected and Sempronius then returned to Placentia to see out his term to 15 March. The consuls-elect recruited further legions, both from Rome and its Latin allies; reinforced Sardinia and Sicily against the possibility of Carthaginian raids or invasion; placed garrisons at Tarentum and other places for similar reasons; built a fleet of 60 quinqueremes; and, established supply depots at Ariminum and Arretium in Etruria in preparation for marching north later in the year.[31] Two armies – of four legions each, two Roman and two allied, but with stronger than usual cavalry contingents[32] – were formed. One was stationed at Arretium and one on the Adriatic coast; they would be able to block Hannibal's possible advance into central Italy and be well positioned to move north to operate in Cisalpine Gaul.[33] In spite of their losses, the Romans fielded twenty-two legions in 217 BC, ten more than in 218 BC.[34] The Gallic tribes in Cisalpine Gaul recognised the Carthaginians as the dominant force and sent plentiful supplies and many recruits to Hannibal's camp.[35][36]1704 French bust depicting HannibalIn spring 217 BC, probably in early May,[37] the Carthaginians crossed the Apennines unopposed, surprising the Romans by taking a difficult but unguarded route. The Carthaginians moved south into Etruria (modern Tuscany), plundering the countryside, looting the plentiful stocks of food, razing the villages and small towns,[38][39] and killing out of hand all adult men encountered.[40] Hannibal learned that one Roman army was at Arretium and was eager to bring it to battle, before it could be reinforced:[41] Hannibal surmised the Romans would have another army on the east coast.[42]Once he learned that he had been bypassed, Flaminius, the commander of the Roman army at Arretium, set off in pursuit.[42] The modern historian Adrian Goldsworthy points out that as they passed through territory devastated by the Carthaginians, there would have been a feeling of military failure and humiliation – the army existed to protect its homeland – and that the small farmers of the legions and their landowner officers would have taken this despoliation as an intense provocation.[43] The Romans gained the impression, possibly fostered by Hannibal, that the Carthaginians were fleeing south before them; according to the ancient historian Polybius, they anticipated an easy victory.[44] The Romans were pursuing so rapidly that they were unable to carry out proper reconnaissance, but they closed to less than a day's march behind their opponents.[41][44] The Carthaginians bypassed the Roman-garrisoned city of Cortona and on 20 June marched along the north shore of Lake Trasimene. Hannibal decided this was a suitable spot to turn and fight.[44]","title":"Prelude"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Opposing forces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman army of the mid-Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_army_of_the_mid-Republic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helmet_typ_Montefortino_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montefortino_helmet"},{"link_name":"A Montefortino-type helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montefortino_helmet"},{"link_name":"Roman citizens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_citizenship"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"better-off minority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equites"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"legionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionary"},{"link_name":"javelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javelin"},{"link_name":"skirmishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skirmisher"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200648-48"},{"link_name":"heavy infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_infantry"},{"link_name":"body armour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_armor"},{"link_name":"shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scutum_(shield)"},{"link_name":"short thrusting swords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladius"},{"link_name":"front rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastati"},{"link_name":"second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principes"},{"link_name":"third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triari"},{"link_name":"thrusting spear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasta_(spear)"},{"link_name":"sub-units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniple_(military_unit)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall199922%E2%80%9325-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200650-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby199861-51"}],"sub_title":"Roman","text":"For broader coverage of this topic, see Roman army of the mid-Republic.The bowl of a A Montefortino-type helmet, which was used by Roman infantry between c. 300 BC and c. AD 100. The cheek guards are missing.Most male Roman citizens were liable for military service and would serve as infantry, with a better-off minority providing a cavalry component. Traditionally, when at war the Romans would raise two legions, each of 4,200 infantry[note 1] and 300 cavalry. Approximately 1,200 of the infantry, poorer or younger men unable to afford the armour and equipment of a standard legionary, served as javelin-armed skirmishers, known as velites; they carried several javelins, which would be thrown from a distance, a short sword and a 90-centimetre (3 ft) circular shield.[47] The balance were equipped as heavy infantry, with body armour, a large shield and short thrusting swords. They were divided into three ranks, of which the front rank also carried two javelins, while the second and third ranks had a thrusting spear instead. Both legionary sub-units and individual legionaries fought in relatively open order. An army was usually formed by combining a Roman legion with a similarly sized and equipped legion provided by their Latin allies, but sometimes consisted of two Roman and two allied legions. Allied legions had a larger attached complement of cavalry than Roman ones.[48][49] At Lake Trasimene, the Romans fielded four legions – two Roman and two made up of allies – for a total of approximately 25,000 men.[50]","title":"Opposing forces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Military of Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Carthage"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balearic_Slinger.jpg"},{"link_name":"slinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearic_slinger"},{"link_name":"Balearic Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearic_Islands"},{"link_name":"Libyans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Libya"},{"link_name":"close-order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_order_formation"},{"link_name":"spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spear"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200632-54"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoon201580-55"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200632-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall19999-56"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"phalanx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoon201580-55"},{"link_name":"slingers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearic_slinger"},{"link_name":"Balearic Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearic_Islands"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200632-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall19998-58"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErdkamp201571-19"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015107-59"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006177%E2%80%93178-60"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999176-36"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999192-61"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006185-62"}],"sub_title":"Carthaginian","text":"For broader coverage of this topic, see Military of Carthage.Modern interpretation of a slinger from the Balearic Islands (famous for the skill of their slingers)Carthage usually recruited foreigners to make up its army. Many would be from North Africa – these were frequently referred to as Libyans – which provided several types of fighters, including: close-order infantry equipped with large shields, helmets, short swords and long thrusting spears; javelin-armed light infantry skirmishers; close-order shock cavalry[note 2] (also known as \"heavy cavalry\") carrying spears; and light cavalry skirmishers who threw javelins from a distance and avoided close combat.[52][53] Both Iberia and Gaul provided experienced infantry: unarmoured troops who would charge ferociously, but had a reputation for breaking off if a combat was protracted.[52][54][note 3] Most of the African infantry would fight in a tightly packed formation known as a phalanx, usually forming two or three lines.[53] Specialist slingers were recruited from the Balearic Islands.[52][55]The numbers fielded by the Carthaginians are not known, but an approximation can be made. Hannibal had arrived in Italy with 20,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry,[19][56] and had fought at the Trebia in December 218 BC with 31,000 and 11,000 respectively.[57] In the wake of this victory, he was further heavily reinforced by local Gauls.[36] In 216 BC, the Carthaginians, not having been reinforced since crossing the Apennines, had 40,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry. It is usually assumed that more than 50,000 fought at Lake Trasimene.[58] In any event, the Carthaginian army was considerably larger than the Roman.[59]","title":"Opposing forces"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_lake_trasimene.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trasimene_battlefield.JPG"},{"link_name":"defile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defile_(geography)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2015244-41"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006186%E2%80%93187-44"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999180-63"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey200758-64"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006187-65"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999180%E2%80%93181-66"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006187-65"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999180%E2%80%93182-67"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby199863-68"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey200758-64"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999180,_182-69"},{"link_name":"[note 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200657,_187-72"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006187-65"}],"sub_title":"Setting the ambush","text":"Hannibal's ambush at Lake Trasimene. From the Department of History, United States Military Academy.The north shore of Lake Trasimene, from the lakeThe shoreline has changed since, but at the time of the battle, the road led along the north shore of the lake then turned south, still along the lakeshore, before climbing away from the lake through a defile. To the north of the road were a range of low hills that came closer to the lake towards the east, steadily reducing the open ground between them and the lake. The Carthaginians made camp where the hills were closest to the lake, near the defile. This was clearly visible to the Romans.[41][44][60]Once it was dark, Hannibal sent the components of his army on night marches behind the hills to the north of the lake to take up positions from which they could ambush the Roman army.[61] Night marches are notoriously difficult and often result in units becoming lost in the dark or alerting their enemy. The Carthaginians avoided both of these and took up positions on the reverse slopes of the hills.[62] The Carthaginian cavalry were positioned furthest to the west, the north-Italian Gallic infantry to their east and the experienced African and Iberian infantry furthest east, relatively close to their camp.[63] Modern historians place the bulk of the many Carthaginian light infantry either around the defile and its mouth[62] or as reinforcing the Gauls in the centre of the Carthaginian line.[64][65]On the morning of 21 June the Romans set off very early[61] and marched eastward along the northern edge of the lake. Ancient accounts state that a thick morning mist near the lake limited visibility, but some modern historians have suggested this was either invented or exaggerated to excuse the Romans' subsequent unreadiness for battle.[66] As Flaminius was expecting battle, the Romans probably marched in three parallel columns, which was their habit before a battle as this was relatively quicker to manoeuvre into a battle line compared with a single line of march. This swiftness was relative, as forming an army up in battle order was a complicated affair which would take several hours under any circumstances.[note 4][68] The Romans would have had a screen of light infantry out to their front and, to a lesser extent, their flank, as skirmishing was usual before a battle with the armies' respective light troops shielding their close-order colleagues while they formed up. Flaminius did not send out cavalry scouts to make a more distant reconnaissance; Roman armies of the time rarely did so.[62]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relieve_de_Osuna_(M.A.N._Madrid)_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006187%E2%80%93188-73"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoon201587-74"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006188-75"},{"link_name":"Livy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livy"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200621%E2%80%9322-76"},{"link_name":"Ducarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducarius"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006189-77"},{"link_name":"Maharbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharbal"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006189-77"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999182-70"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2011271-78"}],"sub_title":"Springing the trap","text":"An Iberian warrior from a bas-relief made c. 200 BCThe leading Romans made contact with the most easterly of the Carthaginians, probably some of the African or Iberian close-order infantry and the signal was given for all of the Carthaginians to advance, possibly by the sounding of trumpets. According to some ancient accounts, the Romans could hear these signals on their flank and to their rear, but could not see their enemy, which caused confusion. It would have taken several hours for the Romans to convert their formation into a battle array, even if they had known which direction to face. As it was, with the Carthaginians attacking unexpectedly from the flank and the rear, possibly with poor visibility, there was no chance to form even a rudimentary fighting line. Some Romans fled while others clustered into groups of various sizes, ready to engage the enemy on all sides.[69] The fugitives and many of the impromptu Roman groups were rapidly cut down or captured. Other groups of Romans put up a stiff fight, especially in the centre, where the attacking Gauls suffered heavy casualties before beating down the trapped Romans after three hours of heavy combat.[70][71]According to Polybius, Flaminius was completely surprised and provided no effective leadership. The openly pro-Roman ancient historian Livy,[72] who otherwise paints a poor picture of Flaminius, recorded two centuries later that he was active and valiant in attempting to rally his army and organise a defence before being cut down by a Gaul, Ducarius. The trapped portion of the Roman army collapsed. Men attempted to swim across the lake and drowned; others waded out until the water was up to their necks and the Carthaginian cavalrymen swam their horses out to chop at their exposed heads.[73]The trap failed to close on the 6,000 Romans at the front of the column, who were possibly also those most prepared for battle, and they pushed their way out of the defile against little opposition. Realising that they could not affect the battle behind them, they marched on. Later in the day they were surrounded by pursuing Carthaginians and surrendered to a force under Maharbal on the promise of being disarmed and freed; \"with a garment apiece\" according to Livy. Hannibal disapproved and only applied this to the allied captives, while selling the Romans into slavery.[73] Many of the Carthaginian infantry, especially the Libyans, equipped themselves with captured Roman armour.[67][74]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sacred_Band_cavalryman.png"},{"link_name":"Fabius Pictor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200621,_189-79"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006190-80"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999183-81"},{"link_name":"Rimini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimini"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006191-82"}],"sub_title":"Casualties and follow up","text":"A Carthaginian cavalryman, as depicted in 1891The ancient sources are unclear as to the fate of the approximately 25,000 Romans known to have been engaged. According to the contemporary annalist and senator Fabius Pictor, 15,000 were killed and 10,000 scattered. The usually reliable Polybius has 15,000 killed and most of the rest captured. Polybius reports losses of 1,500 killed for the Carthaginians, most of them Gauls; Livy gives 2,500 killed on the day and \"many\" who subsequently died of their wounds.[75]The second Roman army, originally positioned on the Adriatic coast and commanded by Gnaeus Geminus, had been marching west, intending to join up with Flaminius. Unaware that the destruction of Flaminius's army had left the Carthaginians able to manoeuvre freely, Geminus's entire cavalry force of 4,000 was scouting ahead when it was surprised by the Carthaginians a few days after Trasimene. Nearly 2,000 were killed in the first clash; the balance were surrounded and captured the next day.[76][77] Geminus withdrew his infantry back to Ariminum (modern Rimini) on the Adriatic.[78]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2011270-83"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas2015343-84"},{"link_name":"defect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defection"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2015246-85"},{"link_name":"Umbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbria"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2015247%E2%80%93248-86"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawlings2015309-87"},{"link_name":"Apulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apulia"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2015247-88"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiotes"},{"link_name":"Italic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_peoples_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"city states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_state"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmermann2015285-33"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby199886-89"},{"link_name":"Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Maximus_Verrucosus"},{"link_name":"dictator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_dictator"},{"link_name":"Fabian strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_strategy"},{"link_name":"Paullus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Aemilius_Paullus_(consul_219_BC)"},{"link_name":"Varro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Terentius_Varro"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2011277-90"},{"link_name":"victory at Cannae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey200768-91"},{"link_name":"Richard Miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Miles_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2011279-92"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriscoe200650-93"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006190-80"},{"link_name":"Publius Cornelius Scipio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scipio_Africanus"},{"link_name":"Numidian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidia"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2011310-94"},{"link_name":"Battle of Zama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zama"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2011315-95"},{"link_name":"peace treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006222-96"}],"text":"The Roman prisoners were badly treated by the Carthaginians, but the captured Latin allies were treated well and many were freed and sent back to their cities in the hope that they would speak highly of Carthaginian martial prowess and of their own treatment.[79][80] Hannibal hoped some of these allies could be persuaded to defect.[81] The Carthaginians continued their march through Etruria, then Umbria, to the Adriatic coast, continuing their devastation and plundering of the territory they crossed and the killing of any adult men captured; the Gauls were especially brutal in this respect.[82][83] Contemporary reports claim that the Carthaginian soldiers accumulated so much booty that they had to cease looting because they could not carry any more. The army then marched south into Apulia,[84] in the hope of winning over some of the ethnic Greek and Italic city states of southern Italy.[33][85]The populace of Rome fell into a panic when word of the defeat was received. Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus was elected dictator by the Roman Assembly and adopted the \"Fabian strategy\" of avoiding pitched conflict, relying instead on low-level harassment to wear the invader down while Rome rebuilt its military strength. Hannibal was left largely free to ravage Apulia for the next year, until the Romans ended the dictatorship and elected Paullus and Varro as consuls in 216 BC.[86] These more aggressive commanders offered battle to Hannibal, who accepted and won a victory at Cannae, where some 70,000 Romans were killed or captured;[87] the modern historian Richard Miles describes this as \"Rome's greatest military disaster\".[88][89] Subsequently, the Carthaginians campaigned in southern Italy for a further 13 years.[76]In 204 BC Publius Cornelius Scipio, the son of the Scipio who had been wounded at Ticinus, invaded the Carthaginian homeland, defeated the Carthaginians in two major battles and won the allegiance of the Numidian kingdoms of North Africa. Hannibal and the remnants of his army were recalled from Italy to confront him.[90] They met at the Battle of Zama in October 202 BC and Hannibal was decisively defeated.[91] As a consequence, Carthage agreed to a peace treaty which stripped it of most of its territory and power.[92]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basil Liddell Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Liddell_Hart"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart196726-97"},{"link_name":"Theodore Dodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Ayrault_Dodge"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodge2004299-98"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell2010119-99"},{"link_name":"the Trebia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trebia"},{"link_name":"Cannae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C3%91aco_del_Hoyo2015377-100"}],"sub_title":"Evaluation","text":"According to the modern military historian Basil Liddell Hart, Hannibal planned and executed \"the greatest ambush in history\".[93] The ambush and destruction of one army by another is widely considered a unique occurrence. Military historian Theodore Dodge notes that \"It is the only instance in history of lying in ambush with the whole of a large army\".[94] Historian Robert O'Connell writes that it was \"the only time an entire large army was effectively swallowed and destroyed by such a maneuver.\" [95] The historian Toni Ñaco del Hoyo describes the Battle of Lake Trasimene as one of the three \"great military calamities\" suffered by the Romans in the first three years of the war, the others being the Trebia and Cannae.[96]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes, citations and sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall199923-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006287-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones19871-52"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"pilum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilum"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200632-54"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-71"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006187-65"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999182-70"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ This could be increased to 5,000 in some circumstances,[45] or, rarely, even more.[46]\n\n^ \"Shock\" troops are those trained and used to close rapidly with an opponent, with the intention of breaking them before or immediately upon contact.[51]\n\n^ The Spanish used a heavy throwing spear that the Romans later adopted as the pilum.[52]\n\n^ If the Romans had been in a single column, it would have stretched for more than 8 kilometres (5 mi) along the lake shore, probably much more. This is not compatible with ancient accounts of the battle and it is difficult to see how the whole army could have been enveloped under these circumstances.[62][67]","title":"Notes, citations and sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200682_1-0"},{"link_name":"Goldsworthy 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazenby1996157_2-0"},{"link_name":"Lazenby 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLazenby1996"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall199997_3-0"},{"link_name":"Bagnall 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBagnall1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2011220_4-0"},{"link_name":"Miles 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMiles2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2011219%E2%80%93220,_225_5-0"},{"link_name":"Miles 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMiles2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2011222,_225_6-0"},{"link_name":"Miles 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMiles2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006143%E2%80%93144_7-0"},{"link_name":"Goldsworthy 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006144_8-0"},{"link_name":"Goldsworthy 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins199813_9-0"},{"link_name":"Collins 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCollins1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006144%E2%80%93145_10-0"},{"link_name":"Goldsworthy 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006145_11-0"},{"link_name":"Goldsworthy 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006151_12-0"},{"link_name":"Goldsworthy 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmermann2015283_13-0"},{"link_name":"Zimmermann 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZimmermann2015"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahaney2008221_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahaney2008221_14-1"},{"link_name":"Mahaney 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMahaney2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriscoe200647_15-0"},{"link_name":"Briscoe 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBriscoe2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazenby199841_16-0"},{"link_name":"Lazenby 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLazenby1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2015252_17-0"},{"link_name":"Fronda 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFronda2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazenby199843%E2%80%9344_18-0"},{"link_name":"Lazenby 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLazenby1998"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErdkamp201571_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErdkamp201571_19-1"},{"link_name":"Erdkamp 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFErdkamp2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015100,_107_20-0"},{"link_name":"Hoyos 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHoyos2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmermann2015283%E2%80%93284_21-0"},{"link_name":"Zimmermann 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZimmermann2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006170_22-0"},{"link_name":"Goldsworthy 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazenby199898_23-0"},{"link_name":"Lazenby 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLazenby1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015108_24-0"},{"link_name":"Hoyos 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1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLazenby1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2011277_90-0"},{"link_name":"Miles 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMiles2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey200768_91-0"},{"link_name":"Carey 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCarey2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2011279_92-0"},{"link_name":"Miles 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMiles2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriscoe200650_93-0"},{"link_name":"Briscoe 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBriscoe2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2011310_94-0"},{"link_name":"Miles 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMiles2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2011315_95-0"},{"link_name":"Miles 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMiles2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006222_96-0"},{"link_name":"Goldsworthy 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart196726_97-0"},{"link_name":"Liddell Hart 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLiddell_Hart1967"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodge2004299_98-0"},{"link_name":"Dodge 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDodge2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connell2010119_99-0"},{"link_name":"O'Connell 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFO'Connell2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%C3%91aco_del_Hoyo2015377_100-0"},{"link_name":"Ñaco del Hoyo 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREF%C3%91aco_del_Hoyo2015"}],"sub_title":"Citations","text":"^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 82.\n\n^ Lazenby 1996, p. 157.\n\n^ Bagnall 1999, p. 97.\n\n^ Miles 2011, p. 220.\n\n^ Miles 2011, pp. 219–220, 225.\n\n^ Miles 2011, pp. 222, 225.\n\n^ Goldsworthy 2006, pp. 143–144.\n\n^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 144.\n\n^ Collins 1998, p. 13.\n\n^ Goldsworthy 2006, pp. 144–145.\n\n^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 145.\n\n^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 151.\n\n^ Zimmermann 2015, p. 283.\n\n^ a b Mahaney 2008, p. 221.\n\n^ Briscoe 2006, p. 47.\n\n^ Lazenby 1998, p. 41.\n\n^ Fronda 2015, p. 252.\n\n^ Lazenby 1998, pp. 43–44.\n\n^ a b Erdkamp 2015, p. 71.\n\n^ Hoyos 2015, pp. 100, 107.\n\n^ Zimmermann 2015, pp. 283–284.\n\n^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 170.\n\n^ Lazenby 1998, p. 98.\n\n^ Hoyos 2015, p. 108.\n\n^ Bagnall 1999, p. 172.\n\n^ Bagnall 1999, p. 173.\n\n^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 173.\n\n^ Koon 2015, pp. 86–87.\n\n^ Goldsworthy 2006, pp. 179–180.\n\n^ Carey 2007, p. 57.\n\n^ Lazenby 1996, p. 58.\n\n^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 181.\n\n^ a b Zimmermann 2015, p. 285.\n\n^ Lazenby 1998, pp. 61–62.\n\n^ Erdkamp 2015, p. 72.\n\n^ a b Bagnall 1999, p. 176.\n\n^ Lazenby 1996, p. 60.\n\n^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 184.\n\n^ Liddell Hart 1967, p. 45.\n\n^ Fronda 2015, p. 248.\n\n^ a b c Fronda 2015, p. 244.\n\n^ a b Goldsworthy 2006, pp. 184–185.\n\n^ Goldsworthy 2006, pp. 185–186.\n\n^ a b c d Goldsworthy 2006, pp. 186–187.\n\n^ Bagnall 1999, p. 23.\n\n^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 287.\n\n^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 48.\n\n^ Bagnall 1999, pp. 22–25.\n\n^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 50.\n\n^ Lazenby 1998, p. 61.\n\n^ Jones 1987, p. 1.\n\n^ a b c d Goldsworthy 2006, p. 32.\n\n^ a b Koon 2015, p. 80.\n\n^ Bagnall 1999, p. 9.\n\n^ Bagnall 1999, p. 8.\n\n^ Hoyos 2015, p. 107.\n\n^ Goldsworthy 2006, pp. 177–178.\n\n^ Bagnall 1999, p. 192.\n\n^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 185.\n\n^ Bagnall 1999, p. 180.\n\n^ a b Carey 2007, p. 58.\n\n^ a b c d Goldsworthy 2006, p. 187.\n\n^ Bagnall 1999, pp. 180–181.\n\n^ Bagnall 1999, pp. 180–182.\n\n^ Lazenby 1998, p. 63.\n\n^ Bagnall 1999, pp. 180, 182.\n\n^ a b Bagnall 1999, p. 182.\n\n^ Goldsworthy 2006, pp. 57, 187.\n\n^ Goldsworthy 2006, pp. 187–188.\n\n^ Koon 2015, p. 87.\n\n^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 188.\n\n^ Goldsworthy 2006, pp. 21–22.\n\n^ a b Goldsworthy 2006, p. 189.\n\n^ Miles 2011, p. 271.\n\n^ Goldsworthy 2006, pp. 21, 189.\n\n^ a b Goldsworthy 2006, p. 190.\n\n^ Bagnall 1999, p. 183.\n\n^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 191.\n\n^ Miles 2011, p. 270.\n\n^ Lomas 2015, p. 343.\n\n^ Fronda 2015, p. 246.\n\n^ Fronda 2015, pp. 247–248.\n\n^ Rawlings 2015, p. 309.\n\n^ Fronda 2015, p. 247.\n\n^ Lazenby 1998, p. 86.\n\n^ Miles 2011, p. 277.\n\n^ Carey 2007, p. 68.\n\n^ Miles 2011, p. 279.\n\n^ Briscoe 2006, p. 50.\n\n^ Miles 2011, p. 310.\n\n^ Miles 2011, p. 315.\n\n^ Goldsworthy 2006, p. 222.\n\n^ Liddell Hart 1967, p. 26.\n\n^ Dodge 2004, p. 299.\n\n^ O'Connell 2010, p. 119.\n\n^ Ñaco del Hoyo 2015, p. 377.","title":"Notes, citations and sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bagnall, Nigel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Bagnall"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7126-6608-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6608-4"},{"link_name":"\"The Second Punic War\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/Cambridge-Ancient-History/Cambridge%20Ancient%20History%20Volume%2008%20Rome%20and%20the%20Mediterranean%20to%20133%20BC/page/44/mode/2up?view=theater"},{"link_name":"Walbank, F. 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Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive"},{"link_name":"Liddell Hart, Basil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart"},{"link_name":"Strategy: The Indirect Approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/strategyindirect0000lidd/"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"470715409","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/470715409"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-1190-2550-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1190-2550-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59333-951-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-951-7"},{"link_name":"Miles, Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Miles_(historian)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-14-101809-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101809-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-1190-2550-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1190-2550-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4000-6702-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6702-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-1190-2550-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1190-2550-4"},{"link_name":"Zimmermann, Klaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Zimmermann"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-405-17600-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-405-17600-2"}],"sub_title":"Sources","text":"Bagnall, Nigel (1999). The Punic Wars: Rome, Carthage and the Struggle for the Mediterranean. London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6608-4.\nBriscoe, John (2006). \"The Second Punic War\". In Astin, A. E.; Walbank, F. W.; Frederiksen, M. W.; Ogilvie, R. M. (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History: Rome and the Mediterranean to 133 B.C. Vol. VIII. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–80. ISBN 978-0-521-23448-1 – via the Internet Archive.\nCarey, Brian Todd (2007). Hannibal's Last Battle: Zama & the Fall of Carthage. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-84415-635-1.\nCollins, Roger (1998). Spain: An Oxford Archaeological Guide. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285300-4 – via the Internet Archive.\nDodge, Theodore A. (2004) [1891]. Hannibal. Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81362-7.\nErdkamp, Paul (2015) [2011]. \"Manpower and Food Supply in the First and Second Punic Wars\". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). A Companion to the Punic Wars. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 58–76. ISBN 978-1-1190-2550-4.\nFronda, Michael P. (2015) [2011]. \"Hannibal: Tactics, Strategy, and Geostrategy\". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). A Companion to the Punic Wars. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 242–259. ISBN 978-1-405-17600-2.\nGoldsworthy, Adrian (2006). The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265–14 BC. London: Phoenix. ISBN 978-0-304-36642-2.\nHoyos, Dexter (2015). Mastering the West: Rome and Carthage at War. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-986010-4 – via the Internet Archive.\nKoon, Sam (2015) [2011]. \"Phalanx and Legion: the \"Face\" of Punic War Battle\". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). A Companion to the Punic Wars. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 77–94. ISBN 978-1-1190-2550-4.\nJones, Archer (1987). The Art of War in the Western World. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-01380-5 – via the Internet Archive.\nLazenby, John (1996). The First Punic War: A Military History. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2673-3.\nLazenby, John F. (1998). Hannibal's War: A Military History of the Second Punic War. Warminster: Aris & Phillips. ISBN 978-0-85668-080-9 – via the Internet Archive.\nLiddell Hart, Basil (1967). Strategy: The Indirect Approach. London: Penguin. OCLC 470715409 – via the Internet Archive.\nLomas, Kathryn (2015) [2011]. \"Rome, Latins, and Italians in the Second Punic War\". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). A Companion to the Punic Wars. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 339–356. ISBN 978-1-1190-2550-4.\nMahaney, W.C. (2008). Hannibal's Odyssey: Environmental Background to the Alpine Invasion of Italia. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press. ISBN 978-1-59333-951-7.\nMiles, Richard (2011). Carthage Must be Destroyed. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-101809-6.\nÑaco del Hoyo, Toni (2015) [2011]. \"Roman Economy, Finance, and Politics in the Second Punic War\". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). A Companion to the Punic Wars. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 376–392. ISBN 978-1-1190-2550-4.\nO'Connell, Robert L. (2010). The Ghosts of Cannae: Hannibal and the Darkest Hour of the Roman Republic. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6702-2.\nRawlings, Louis (2015) [2011]. \"The War in Italy, 218–203\". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). A Companion to the Punic Wars. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 299–319. ISBN 978-1-1190-2550-4.\nZimmermann, Klaus (2015) [2011]. \"Roman Strategy and Aims in the Second Punic War\". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). A Companion to the Punic Wars. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 280–298. ISBN 978-1-405-17600-2.","title":"Notes, citations and sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polybius' and Livy's accounts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.johndclare.net/AncientHistory/Hannibal_Sources4.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Punic_Wars_navbox"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Punic_Wars_navbox"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Punic_Wars_navbox"},{"link_name":"Punic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_Wars"},{"link_name":"First Punic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Punic_War"},{"link_name":"Treaties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaties_between_Rome_and_Carthage"},{"link_name":"Messana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Messana"},{"link_name":"Agrigentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agrigentum"},{"link_name":"Lipari Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lipari_Islands"},{"link_name":"Mylae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae"},{"link_name":"Thermae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thermae"},{"link_name":"Sulci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sulci"},{"link_name":"Tyndaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tyndaris"},{"link_name":"Cape Ecnomus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Ecnomus"},{"link_name":"Aspis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Aspis"},{"link_name":"Adys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Adys"},{"link_name":"Bagradas (Tunis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bagradas_River_(255_BC)"},{"link_name":"Cape Hermaeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_withdrawal_from_Africa,_255_BC"},{"link_name":"Panormus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Panormus"},{"link_name":"Drepana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Drepana"},{"link_name":"Lilybaeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Lilybaeum_(250%E2%80%93241_BC)"},{"link_name":"Drepana (siege)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Drepana"},{"link_name":"Mount Ercte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mount_Ercte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1st Mt. 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warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_warfare#Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Temple of Isthmia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Isthmia"},{"link_name":"Temple of Poseidon, Sounion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Poseidon,_Sounion"},{"link_name":"Samothrace temple complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex"},{"link_name":"Nusantao network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusantao_Maritime_Trading_and_Communication_Network"},{"link_name":"Phoenician discovery of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_Phoenician_discovery_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Pre-Columbian theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories"},{"link_name":"Sea Peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Peoples"},{"link_name":"Shipbuilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipbuilding"},{"link_name":"Shell middens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midden#Shells"},{"link_name":"Ship burial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_burial"},{"link_name":"Tacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)"},{"link_name":"Thalassocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassocracy"},{"link_name":"Underwater archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_archaeology"},{"link_name":"Underwater exploration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_exploration"},{"link_name":"Wrecksand relics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks"},{"link_name":"Earliest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_before_Anno_Domini"},{"link_name":"Pesse canoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesse_canoe"},{"link_name":"Dufuna canoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dufuna_canoe"},{"link_name":"Abydos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abydos_boats"},{"link_name":"Moor Sand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moor_Sand_site"},{"link_name":"Dokos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokos_shipwreck"},{"link_name":"Khufu ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khufu_ship"},{"link_name":"Dover Bronze Age Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Bronze_Age_Boat"},{"link_name":"Uluburun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uluburun_shipwreck"},{"link_name":"Cape Gelidonya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Gelidonya#Bronze_Age_shipwreck"},{"link_name":"Rochelongue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreck_of_Rochelongue"},{"link_name":"Hjortspring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjortspring_boat"},{"link_name":"Austronesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_peoples"},{"link_name":"Pontian boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pontian_boat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Butuan boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balangay#Butuan_boats"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Black_Sea_shipwrecks"},{"link_name":"Sinop D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinop_D"},{"link_name":"Marsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck"},{"link_name":"Ashkelon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkelon_shipwrecks"},{"link_name":"Kyrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrenia_ship"},{"link_name":"Leontophoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leontophoros"},{"link_name":"Syracusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracusia"},{"link_name":"Gozo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gozo_Phoenician_shipwreck"},{"link_name":"Bajo de la Campana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajo_de_la_Campana_Phoenician_shipwreck"},{"link_name":"Marsala Punic shipwreck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck"},{"link_name":"Alkedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkedo"},{"link_name":"Arles Rhône 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arles_Rh%C3%B4ne_3"},{"link_name":"Blackfriars I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfriars_shipwrecks"},{"link_name":"Caligula's Giant Ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligula%27s_Giant_Ship"},{"link_name":"De Meern ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ships_of_De_Meern"},{"link_name":"Isis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Madrague de Giens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrague_de_Giens_(shipwreck)"},{"link_name":"Nemi ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemi_ships"},{"link_name":"Marausa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_ship_of_Marausa"},{"link_name":"Yassi Ada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassi_Ada"},{"link_name":"Oldest surviving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_surviving_ships"},{"link_name":"Museum ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museum_ships"},{"link_name":"Surviving ancient ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_surviving_ancient_ships"},{"link_name":"H3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H3_(Kuwait)"},{"link_name":"Heyerdahl expeditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl"},{"link_name":"Kon-Tiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon-Tiki_expedition"},{"link_name":"Ra and Ra II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl#Boats_Ra_and_Ra_II"},{"link_name":"Austronesian replicas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_vessels"},{"link_name":"Hōkūleʻa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa"},{"link_name":"Sarimanok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarimanok_(vinta)"},{"link_name":"Te Au o Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Au_o_Tonga"},{"link_name":"Hawaiʻiloa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBiloa"},{"link_name":"Samudra Raksa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Raksa"},{"link_name":"Alingano Maisu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alingano_Maisu"},{"link_name":"Saina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakman"},{"link_name":"Balangay Voyage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balangay#Balangay_Voyage"},{"link_name":"Faʻafaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafaite"},{"link_name":"Gaualofa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaualofa"},{"link_name":"Marumaru Atua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marumaru_Atua"},{"link_name":"Aotearoa One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Maritime_Museum#Seaworthy_ships"},{"link_name":"Olympias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympias_(trireme)"},{"link_name":"Regina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navis_lusoria#Other_reconstructions"},{"link_name":"Phoenician Ship Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_Ship_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Viking replicas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_ship_replica"},{"link_name":"Viking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_(replica_Viking_longship)"},{"link_name":"Vital Alsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vital_Alsar_Pacific_raft_expeditions"},{"link_name":"Ivlia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivlia_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Abora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abora_(expeditions)"},{"link_name":"Viracocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viracocha_expedition"},{"link_name":"Tangaroa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangaroa_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_Underwater_Archaeology"},{"link_name":"Archaeological Institute of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America"},{"link_name":"European Association of Archaeologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Association_of_Archaeologists"},{"link_name":"Institute of Nautical Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Nautical_Archaeology"},{"link_name":"International Congress of Maritime Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Congress_of_Maritime_Museums"},{"link_name":"Nautical Archaeology Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society"},{"link_name":"RPM Nautical Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_Nautical_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Sea Research Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Research_Society"},{"link_name":"Society for American Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_American_Archaeology"},{"link_name":"Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodrum_Castle#Museum_of_Underwater_Archaeology"},{"link_name":"Giza Solar boat museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_Solar_boat_museum"},{"link_name":"Grand Egyptian Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum"},{"link_name":"Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrenia_Castle#Shipwreck_museum"},{"link_name":"Museum of Ancient Seafaring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Seafaring"},{"link_name":"Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Ships,_Pisa"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Subaquatic_Archaeology"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)"},{"link_name":"Roskilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Roskilde)"},{"link_name":"Ark of bulrushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_of_bulrushes"},{"link_name":"Flood myths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flood_myths"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative"},{"link_name":"Gilgamesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_flood_myths"},{"link_name":"Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey"},{"link_name":"The Histories (Herodotus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)"},{"link_name":"On the Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Ocean_(Pytheas)"},{"link_name":"Argonautica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonautica"},{"link_name":"The Histories (Polybius)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Histories_(Polybius)"},{"link_name":"Metamorphoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphoses"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)"},{"link_name":"Aeneid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneid"},{"link_name":"Tākitimu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81kitimu"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207250#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007546096905171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85137131"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph779406&CON_LNG=ENG"}],"text":"Polybius' and Livy's accounts side by side in English.vteBattles of the Punic WarsFirst Punic War\nTreaties\nMessana\nAgrigentum\nLipari Islands\nMylae\nThermae\nSulci\nTyndaris\nCape Ecnomus\nAspis\nAdys\nBagradas (Tunis)\nCape Hermaeum\nPanormus\nDrepana\nLilybaeum\nDrepana (siege)\nMount Ercte\n1st Mt. Eryx\n2nd Mt. Eryx\nAegates\nTreaty of Lutatius\nMercenary War\nUtica\nBagradas\nHamilcar's victory with Naravas\nCarthage\nThe Saw\nTunis\nLeptis Parva\nSecond Punic War(Battles)\nSaguntum\nLilybaeum\nMalta\nRhone\nCrossing of the Alps\nCissa\nTicinus\nTrebia\nEbro River\nLake Trasimene\nAger Falernus\nGeronium\nCannae\nSilva Litana\n1st Nola\nIbera\n2nd Nola\nDecimomannu\n3rd Nola\n1st Beneventum\nSyracuse\nHeat ray and Claw of Archimedes\nSambuca\n1st Tarentum\n2nd Beneventum\n1st Capua\nSilarus\n1st Herdonia\nUpper Baetis\n2nd Capua\n2nd Herdonia\nNumistro\nCanusium\n2nd Tarentum\nNew Carthage\nBaecula\nPetelia\nGrumentum\nMetaurus\nIlipa\nSucro\nCarteia (land)\nCarteia (naval)\nCrotona\n1st Utica\n2nd Utica\nGreat Plains (Bagradas)\nCirta\nInsubria\nZama\nThird Punic War\nLake Tunis\n1st Nepheris\nPort of Carthage\n2nd Nepheris\nCarthage\n\n Category\nMilitary historyvteAncient seafaringVesselsTypes\nBalangay\nBangka\nCoracle\nDhow\nDragon boat\nDugout canoe\nGalley\nPenteconter\nKunlun ship\nLiburna\nLongship\nMultihull\nNavis lusoria\nObelisk ship\nOutriggers\nSingle-outrigger\nCatamaran\nTrimaran\nPolyremes\nBireme\nOared warships\nTrireme\nQuadrireme\nQuinquereme\nHexareme\nTessarakonteres\nRaft\nReed boat\nSailing ship\nTomol\nPropulsion\nPaddling\nSailing\nTowing\nPoling \nComponents\nAnchor\nBow\nCabin\nDeck\nFigurehead\nHull\nPlanking\nKeel\nMast\nOar\nPaddle\nRope\nRudder\nSteering oar\nSail\nSail components\nStem\nSternpost\nStrake\nTiller\nConstruction\nBoat building\nCareening\nCarvel built\nClinker built\nMortise and tenon\nLashed-lug\nSewn-plank\nShipbuilding\nBy region:\nEgypt\nRigging\nCrab claw\nFore-and-aft\nLateen\nSettee\nTanja\nTriangular sail\nJunk\nMast-aft\nSpritsail\nSquare\nArmaments\nBallista\nCatapult\nCorvus\nDolphin\nHarpax\nRam\nSambuca\nNavigation, and ports and harborsNavigation\nCelestial\nCharts\nPortolan chart\nRutter (nautical)\nCoastal\nLighthouses\nHistory\nPiloting\nPilot boat\nMaritime pilot\nBy region:\nInuit\nMicronesian\nPolynesia\nPorts andharbors\nAden\nAdulis\nAlexandria\nArikamedu (Podouke)\nArsinoe\nAvalites\nBarbarikon\nBarygaza\nBasra\nBerenice Troglodytica\nCanopus\nChittagong\nEssina\nGiao Chỉ\nGodavaya\nGuangzhou (Canton)\nJambukola\nJeddah\nKaveri Poompattinam\nKedah (Kadaram)\nKorkai\nLothal\nManthai\nMadurai\nMalao\nMyos Hormos\nMartaban\nMueang Phra Rot\nMuscat\nMuziris\nÓc Eo (Cattigara)\nOpone\nOstia Antica\nPalembang\nPiraeus\nProsphorion\nPtolemais Theron\nQandala\nQuilon\nRhacotis\nSarapion\nSatingpra\nSidon\nSocotra\nSounagoura\nTrincomalee\nTulum\nTyndis\nTyre\nWadi al-Jarf\nZanzibar\nHistoryPrehistory\nTimeline\nBritain\nOceania\nRemote\nNear\nUbaid period\nCivilizations\nAncient Egypt\nOld Kingdom\nAustronesia\nPhilippines\nSa Huỳnh\nLapita\nMicronesia\nLangkasuka\nKedah\nChampa\nKutai\nTarumanagara\nKalingga\nSrivijaya\nSunda\nPolynesia\nMinoan\nIndus Valley\nTamilakam\nChola\nChera\nPandya\nSomalia\nMaya\nNuragic\nMycenaean\nPhoenicia\nOlmecs\nCarthage\nGreece\nArchaic\nClassical\nAchaemenid\nNabatea\nAksum\nRome\nMigration andexploration\nAustronesian Expansion\nGreeks in pre-Roman Gaul\nOcean exploration\nPhoenician maritime expansion\nSardinia\nCircumnavigation of Africa\nPytheas' voyage to Britain\nRoman circumnavigation of Britain\nTimeline\nMilitaryNavies\nEgyptian\nAchaemenid\nGreek\nRoman\nBattles\nMediterranean: Alashiya\nNile Delta\nSalamis\nArtemisium\nEurymedon\nNaupactus\nOlpae\nSyracuse\nCynossema\nArginusae\nMytilene\nHellespont\nEchinades\nSalamis II\nMylae\nCape Hermaeum\nEcnomus\nDrepana\nAegates\nLake Trasimene\nChios\nMyonessus\nNile\nNaulochus\nMycale\nActium\n\nBoarding\nGrappling\nIncendiaries\nOared vessels\nSailing ships\nGreek navy\nRamming\nBy region\nIndia\nOdisha\nJapan\nRome\nSouth America\nRafts\nEconomy and trade\nWhaling\nFishing\nIndus–Mesopotamia relations\nMeluhha\nMaritime Jade Route\nTin\nSpice trade\nIron Age Britain\nSa Huynh-Kalanay\nIncense trade\nMaritime Silk Road\nPeriplus of the Erythraean Sea\nMaya\nEgypt\nGreece\nshipping\nRome\nIndo-Roman\nPiracy\nHistory\nMediterranean piracy\nAmeinias the Phocian\nCilician pirates\nJewish pirates\nKidnapping of Julius Caesar\nPompey's campaign against the pirates\nResearch and educationScholarsHistorians\nDavid Blackman\nLionel Casson\nFik Meijer\nJohn Sinclair Morrison\nWilliam L. Rodgers\nChester G. Starr\nArchaeologists\nGeorge Bass\nJean-Yves Empereur\nBoris Rankov\nJ. Richard Steffy\nPeter Throckmorton\nShelley Wachsmann\nTopicsand theories\nCoastal defence and fortification\nGrave goods\nLighthouses\nAlexandria\nMarine art\nMarine navigation\nMaritime archaeology\nNaval warfare\nMaritime temples\nTemple of Isthmia\nTemple of Poseidon, Sounion\nSamothrace temple complex\nNusantao network\nPhoenician discovery of America\nPre-Columbian theories\nSea Peoples\nShipbuilding\nShell middens\nShip burial\nTacking\nThalassocracy\nUnderwater archaeology\nUnderwater exploration\nWrecksand relics\nEarliest:\nPesse canoe\nDufuna canoe\nAbydos\nMoor Sand\nDokos\nKhufu ship\nDover Bronze Age Boat\nUluburun\nCape Gelidonya\nRochelongue\nHjortspring\nAustronesia\nPontian boat\nButuan boats\nBlack Sea\nSinop D\nMarsala\nGreek:\nAshkelon\nKyrenia\nLeontophoros\nSyracusia\nPhoenician:\nGozo\nBajo de la Campana\nPunic:\nMarsala Punic shipwreck\nRoman:\nAlkedo\nArles Rhône 3\nBlackfriars I\nCaligula's Giant Ship\nDe Meern ships\nIsis\nMadrague de Giens\nNemi ships\nMarausa\nYassi Ada\nLists:\nOldest surviving\nMuseum ships\nSurviving ancient ships\nSites\nH3\nExperimentalarchaeology\nHeyerdahl expeditions\nKon-Tiki\nRa and Ra II\nAustronesian replicas\nHōkūleʻa\nSarimanok\nTe Au o Tonga\nHawaiʻiloa\nSamudra Raksa\nAlingano Maisu\nSaina\nBalangay Voyage\nFaʻafaite\nGaualofa\nMarumaru Atua\nAotearoa One\nMediterranean\nOlympias\nRegina\nPhoenician Ship Expedition\nViking replicas\nViking\nOthers\nVital Alsar\nIvlia\nAbora\nViracocha\nTangaroa\nInstitutes and conferences\nAdvisory Council on Underwater Archaeology\nArchaeological Institute of America\nEuropean Association of Archaeologists\nInstitute of Nautical Archaeology\nInternational Congress of Maritime Museums\nNautical Archaeology Society\nRPM Nautical Foundation\nSea Research Society\nSociety for American Archaeology\nMuseums andmemorials\nBodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology\nGiza Solar boat museum\nGrand Egyptian Museum\nAncient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle\nMuseum of Ancient Seafaring\nMuseum of Ancient Ships, Pisa\nNational Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology\nViking ship museums:\nOslo\nRoskilde\nLegend and literature\nLegend:\nArk of bulrushes\nFlood myths\nGenesis\nGilgamesh\nGreek\nLiterature:\nOdyssey\nThe Histories (Herodotus)\nOn the Ocean\nArgonautica\nThe Histories (Polybius)\nMetamorphoses\nGeography\nAeneid\nTākitimuAuthority control databases: National \nIsrael\nUnited States\nCzech Republic","title":"External resources"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The approximate extent of territory controlled by Rome and Carthage immediately before the start of the Second Punic War","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Map_of_Rome_and_Carthage_at_the_start_of_the_Second_Punic_War_Modified.svg/310px-Map_of_Rome_and_Carthage_at_the_start_of_the_Second_Punic_War_Modified.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Hannibal's route from Iberia to Italy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Hannibal%27s_Travels_during_the_Second_Punic_War.png/310px-Hannibal%27s_Travels_during_the_Second_Punic_War.png"},{"image_text":"1704 French bust depicting Hannibal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093_%28cropped2%29.png/170px-Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093_%28cropped2%29.png"},{"image_text":"The bowl of a A Montefortino-type helmet, which was used by Roman infantry between c. 300 BC and c. AD 100. The cheek guards are missing.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Helmet_typ_Montefortino_01.jpg/170px-Helmet_typ_Montefortino_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Modern interpretation of a slinger from the Balearic Islands (famous for the skill of their slingers)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Balearic_Slinger.jpg/170px-Balearic_Slinger.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hannibal's ambush at Lake Trasimene. From the Department of History, United States Military Academy.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Battle_of_lake_trasimene.gif/309px-Battle_of_lake_trasimene.gif"},{"image_text":"The north shore of Lake Trasimene, from the lake","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Trasimene_battlefield.JPG/240px-Trasimene_battlefield.JPG"},{"image_text":"An Iberian warrior from a bas-relief made c. 200 BC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Relieve_de_Osuna_%28M.A.N._Madrid%29_03.jpg/150px-Relieve_de_Osuna_%28M.A.N._Madrid%29_03.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Carthaginian cavalryman, as depicted in 1891","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sacred_Band_cavalryman.png/120px-Sacred_Band_cavalryman.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Bagnall, Nigel (1999). The Punic Wars: Rome, Carthage and the Struggle for the Mediterranean. London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6608-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Bagnall","url_text":"Bagnall, Nigel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6608-4","url_text":"978-0-7126-6608-4"}]},{"reference":"Briscoe, John (2006). \"The Second Punic War\". In Astin, A. E.; Walbank, F. W.; Frederiksen, M. W.; Ogilvie, R. M. (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History: Rome and the Mediterranean to 133 B.C. Vol. VIII. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–80. ISBN 978-0-521-23448-1 – via the Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Cambridge-Ancient-History/Cambridge%20Ancient%20History%20Volume%2008%20Rome%20and%20the%20Mediterranean%20to%20133%20BC/page/44/mode/2up?view=theater","url_text":"\"The Second Punic War\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._Walbank","url_text":"Walbank, F. W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Maxwell_Ogilvie","url_text":"Ogilvie, R. M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23448-1","url_text":"978-0-521-23448-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"Carey, Brian Todd (2007). Hannibal's Last Battle: Zama & the Fall of Carthage. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-84415-635-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-635-1","url_text":"978-1-84415-635-1"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Roger (1998). Spain: An Oxford Archaeological Guide. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285300-4 – via the Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Collins","url_text":"Collins, Roger"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/spainoxfordarcha0000coll/","url_text":"Spain: An Oxford Archaeological Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285300-4","url_text":"978-0-19-285300-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"Dodge, Theodore A. (2004) [1891]. Hannibal. Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81362-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Ayrault_Dodge","url_text":"Dodge, Theodore A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81362-7","url_text":"978-0-306-81362-7"}]},{"reference":"Erdkamp, Paul (2015) [2011]. \"Manpower and Food Supply in the First and Second Punic Wars\". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). A Companion to the Punic Wars. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 58–76. ISBN 978-1-1190-2550-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1190-2550-4","url_text":"978-1-1190-2550-4"}]},{"reference":"Fronda, Michael P. (2015) [2011]. \"Hannibal: Tactics, Strategy, and Geostrategy\". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). A Companion to the Punic Wars. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 242–259. ISBN 978-1-405-17600-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-405-17600-2","url_text":"978-1-405-17600-2"}]},{"reference":"Goldsworthy, Adrian (2006). The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265–14 BC. London: Phoenix. ISBN 978-0-304-36642-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Goldsworthy","url_text":"Goldsworthy, Adrian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36642-2","url_text":"978-0-304-36642-2"}]},{"reference":"Hoyos, Dexter (2015). Mastering the West: Rome and Carthage at War. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-986010-4 – via the Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mastering-the-west-rome-and-carthage-at-war/","url_text":"Mastering the West: Rome and Carthage at War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-986010-4","url_text":"978-0-19-986010-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"Koon, Sam (2015) [2011]. \"Phalanx and Legion: the \"Face\" of Punic War Battle\". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). A Companion to the Punic Wars. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 77–94. ISBN 978-1-1190-2550-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1190-2550-4","url_text":"978-1-1190-2550-4"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Archer (1987). The Art of War in the Western World. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-01380-5 – via the Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/artofwarinwester0000jone_n4s2/","url_text":"The Art of War in the Western World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01380-5","url_text":"978-0-252-01380-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"Lazenby, John (1996). The First Punic War: A Military History. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2673-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2673-3","url_text":"978-0-8047-2673-3"}]},{"reference":"Lazenby, John F. (1998). Hannibal's War: A Military History of the Second Punic War. Warminster: Aris & Phillips. ISBN 978-0-85668-080-9 – via the Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hannibalswarmili00laze","url_text":"Hannibal's War: A Military History of the Second Punic War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85668-080-9","url_text":"978-0-85668-080-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"Liddell Hart, Basil (1967). Strategy: The Indirect Approach. London: Penguin. OCLC 470715409 – via the Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart","url_text":"Liddell Hart, Basil"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/strategyindirect0000lidd/","url_text":"Strategy: The Indirect Approach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/470715409","url_text":"470715409"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"Lomas, Kathryn (2015) [2011]. \"Rome, Latins, and Italians in the Second Punic War\". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). A Companion to the Punic Wars. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 339–356. ISBN 978-1-1190-2550-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1190-2550-4","url_text":"978-1-1190-2550-4"}]},{"reference":"Mahaney, W.C. (2008). Hannibal's Odyssey: Environmental Background to the Alpine Invasion of Italia. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press. ISBN 978-1-59333-951-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-951-7","url_text":"978-1-59333-951-7"}]},{"reference":"Miles, Richard (2011). Carthage Must be Destroyed. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-101809-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Miles_(historian)","url_text":"Miles, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101809-6","url_text":"978-0-14-101809-6"}]},{"reference":"Ñaco del Hoyo, Toni (2015) [2011]. \"Roman Economy, Finance, and Politics in the Second Punic War\". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). A Companion to the Punic Wars. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 376–392. ISBN 978-1-1190-2550-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1190-2550-4","url_text":"978-1-1190-2550-4"}]},{"reference":"O'Connell, Robert L. (2010). The Ghosts of Cannae: Hannibal and the Darkest Hour of the Roman Republic. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6702-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6702-2","url_text":"978-1-4000-6702-2"}]},{"reference":"Rawlings, Louis (2015) [2011]. \"The War in Italy, 218–203\". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). A Companion to the Punic Wars. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 299–319. ISBN 978-1-1190-2550-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1190-2550-4","url_text":"978-1-1190-2550-4"}]},{"reference":"Zimmermann, Klaus (2015) [2011]. \"Roman Strategy and Aims in the Second Punic War\". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). A Companion to the Punic Wars. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 280–298. ISBN 978-1-405-17600-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Zimmermann","url_text":"Zimmermann, Klaus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-405-17600-2","url_text":"978-1-405-17600-2"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarai_(rapper)
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Miss Eighty 6
|
["1 Biography","1.1 2001–2004: Music","1.2 2005 – present: Music","2 Filmography","3 Discography","3.1 Albums","3.2 Anthologies","3.3 Singles","3.4 As Miss Eighty 6","4 Notes","5 External links"]
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American rapper
SaraiBirth nameSarai Marie HowardAlso known asMiss Eighty 6, Miss 86, 86Born (1981-01-23) January 23, 1981 (age 43)OriginKingston, New York, United StatesGenresHip-hopOccupation(s)Emcee, songwriter, actressYears active2001–presentLabelsEpic, SME, DeeTown EntertainmentMusical artist
Sarai Marie Howard (born January 23, 1981) is an American rapper.
Biography
2001–2004: Music
Shortly after relocating to Atlanta, Sarai signed a record deal with Epic Records. She thus became the first white female rapper to be represented by a major U.S. label. In 2001, she was prominently featured on the single "Same Ol' Same Ol' (remix)" by label-mate P.Y.T., and appeared in the group's music video, as well as a second remix on their album. "It's Official," a track from her debut The Original, also appeared as a hidden snippet track on their debut album.
In 2002, Sarai's "Pack Ya Bags" was released to radio and as a single. It debuted on the R&B/Hip-Hop charts at #90. Soon after, her record label briefly dubbed her Feminem in an attempt to draw comparisons between her and fellow artist Eminem.
In 2003, "Ladies" was released as a single to radio stations, landing on Billboard's Mainstream Top 40 chart at #28. It peaked at #19, and stayed on the chart for 11 weeks. A video of the song was also released.
Her song The Original was released on July 29, 2003. The album entered the Billboard 200 chart at #187. The album featured production from Ali Dee Theodore, Scott Storch, Beau Dozier, and many others. The album lacked promotion by Epic Records, causing it to go under the radar of many. A rumored follow-up single, "Black & White", was supposed to be released - but was cancelled after Sarai was released from her contract with Epic.
In 2004, Sarai began filming National Lampoon's Pledge This! starring Paris Hilton. Portraying a character named Tonya. The film was pushed back many times before releasing in 2006.
2005 – present: Music
After leaving Epic, Sarai (now under the pseudonym Miss Eighty 6) joined Ali Dee Theodore and his company DeeTown Entertainment and has gone to write and perform music and soundtracks for movies and television, including Gossip Girl, Melrose Place, Kimora: Life in the Fab Lane, Bones, Supernatural, Numb3rs, Chuck, The Nine Lives of Chloe King, MTV's Cribs, Dismissed, Pimp My Ride, My Super Sweet 16, High School Stories and Date My Mom. Box office & straight to video films – Alvin and the Chipmunks, Fantastic Four, Harold and Kumar go to White Castle, In the Mix, Aquamarine, American Pie Presents: The Naked Mile & Beta House, spoof films Meet the Spartans, Disaster Movie, Vampires Suck, Tyler Perry's Why Did I Get Married Too?, For Colored Girls and most recently Little Fockers, Big Mommas: Like Father, Like Son and What's Your Number?.
Sarai was featured on The Baldwin Brothers Return of the Golden Rhodes on the track, "A Matter Of Time" credited under her name. A video was also shot and released. The song was featured in Double Down, an episode of Numb3rs.
Filmography
National Lampoon's Pledge This! – Tonya
Shocked Jock – Lisa
Discography
Albums
The Original (Epic, 2003)
Anthologies
2001 Epic Records: A Season of Soul and Sounds (Epic)
Here Comes Christmas
2008 DeeTown Presents: Music from Chick Shows (Vol. 1) (DeeTown Entertainment)
Candy Store, Inside Outside, Ring a Ling and Till the Sun Comes Up.
2009 DeeTown Presents: Music from Chick Shows (Vol. 2) (DeeTown Entertainment)
Bounce Back, Release, Ridin' and We Keeps It Real.
Singles
List of singles, with selected chart positions
Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Album
USR&B/Hip-Hop
USRhyth.
AUS
NZ
"Pack Ya Bags"
2002
90
—
—
—
The Original
"Ladies"
2003
—
28
60
33
As Miss Eighty 6
"Cold (DeeTown Remix)" (Crossfade featuring Miss Eighty 6)
"A Matter of Time" (The Baldwin Brothers featuring Sarai aka Miss Eighty 6)
Featured in: Numb3rs
"Now You Know"
Featured in: Fantastic Four
"Candy Store"
Featured in: American Pie Presents: The Naked Mile, Beta House
"Till The Sun Comes Up"
Featured in: Gossip Girl, Without a Trace
"Inside Outside"
Featured in: Beta House
"Ring-a-Ling"
Featured in: Supernatural, Gossip Girl, Spring Breakdown, Something Borrowed
"Release"
Featured in: Gossip Girl
"Drive Me Crazy"
Featured in: Aquamarine, For Colored Girls, Beta House
"Rebound"
Featured in: Beta House
"Horror Story"
Featured in: Gossip Girl, Something Borrowed
"What They Talkin' Bout"
Featured in: Big Mommas: Like Father, Like Son
"Turn It Around"
Featured in: Chuck
"I Don't Care" (Sarai)
Featured on DJ Ron G - RnB Epic Records (2002)
"Show Me How You Do It" *
Featured in: Disaster Movie
"What's The Scenario?" *
Featured in: Disaster Movie
"My First Wish"
Featured in: Vampires Suck, Something Borrowed, What's Your Number?, The Lying Game
"What Is It"
Featured in: Army Wives
"Goodie Bag"
Featured in: Fighting
"Murder"
Featured in: Why Did I Get Married Too?
"Ridin'" (Classic & 86)
Featured in: Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle, In the Mix
"Bounce Back" (Early Earl and Miss Eighty 6)
Featured in: Marmaduke, Beta House, Meet the Spartans, The Possession
"We Keeps It Real" (The Deekompressors Feat. Classic & Miss Eighty6)
Featured in: Fighting
"Get Up" (The Deekompressors Feat Miss Eighty6)
Featured in: Spring Breakdown
"My Girlz"
Featured in: Spring Breakdown
"I Rock Hard"
Featured in: Aquamarine
"Came To Party" (Sarai aka Miss Eighty 6 Feat. D-Major)
Featured in: Something Borrowed, Gossip Girl
"Slomotion" (Chris Classic Feat. Miss Eighty 6)
Featured in: The Summer Classic 3 Mixtape
"I Don't Really Care" (Miss Eighty 6 Feat. Rae)
Featured in: Private Practice
"Get Spaztic" (Miss 86)
Featured in: Disaster Movie
"Way U Love Me" (Miss 86)
Featured in: Disaster Movie
"Starcruizer" *
Featured in: New Year's Eve
(*) denotes writing credit/non-performance
Notes
^ "Sarai Video, Pictures, Music". AskMen. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
^ "PYT - Same Ol' Same Ol' (featuring Sarai) (Official Music Video) - Video". Metacafe.com. October 22, 2009. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
^ "Pyt Down With Me: Pyt: Music". Amazon. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
^ a b c d "Sarai - Chart history". Billboard. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
^ "Kanaal van SaraiVEVO". YouTube. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
^ "Sarai - Chart history". Billboard. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
^ "Pledge This! (2006)". IMDb.com. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
^ "Miss Eighty 6 Music". TuneFind. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
^ "Sarai Howard : Soundtracks". IMDb.com. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
^ "A Matter Of Time (Feat. Sarai) : The Baldwin Brothers: MP3 Downloads". Amazon. July 5, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
^ "The Baldwin Brothers, Sarai aka Miss Eighty 6 - Matter Of Time". YouTube. June 14, 2009. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
^ "Epic Records ? A Season Of Soul And Sounds: Various: MP3 Downloads". Amazon. November 20, 2001. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
^ "Various Artists | DeeTown Presents: Music From Chick Shows". CD Baby. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
^ "Various Artists | DeeTown Presents: Music from Chicks Shows (Vol. 2)". CD Baby. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 244.
^ "Sarai – Ladies". charts.nz. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
^ "Chris Classic - SloMotion ft Miss Eighty 6". YouTube. July 18, 2011. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
External links
Sarai at Allmusic
AskMen.com – Sarai
Miss Eighty 6 at IMDb
VH1 Profile at VH1.com
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapper"}],"text":"Musical artistSarai Marie Howard (born January 23, 1981) is an American rapper.","title":"Miss Eighty 6"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Epic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"P.Y.T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.Y.T._(band)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"remix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"hidden snippet track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_track"},{"link_name":"R&B/Hip-Hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-4"},{"link_name":"Eminem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminem"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_magazine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Scott Storch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Storch"},{"link_name":"Beau Dozier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau_Dozier"},{"link_name":"National Lampoon's Pledge This!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lampoon%27s_Pledge_This!"},{"link_name":"Paris Hilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Hilton"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"2001–2004: Music","text":"Shortly after relocating to Atlanta, Sarai signed a record deal with Epic Records. She thus became the first white female rapper to be represented by a major U.S. label.[1] In 2001, she was prominently featured on the single \"Same Ol' Same Ol' (remix)\" by label-mate P.Y.T., and appeared in the group's music video,[2] as well as a second remix on their album.[3] \"It's Official,\" a track from her debut The Original, also appeared as a hidden snippet track on their debut album.In 2002, Sarai's \"Pack Ya Bags\" was released to radio and as a single. It debuted on the R&B/Hip-Hop charts at #90.[4] Soon after, her record label briefly dubbed her Feminem in an attempt to draw comparisons between her and fellow artist Eminem.In 2003, \"Ladies\" was released as a single to radio stations, landing on Billboard's Mainstream Top 40 chart at #28. It peaked at #19, and stayed on the chart for 11 weeks.[4] A video of the song was also released.[5]Her song The Original was released on July 29, 2003. The album entered the Billboard 200 chart at #187.[6] The album featured production from Ali Dee Theodore, Scott Storch, Beau Dozier, and many others. The album lacked promotion by Epic Records, causing it to go under the radar of many. A rumored follow-up single, \"Black & White\", was supposed to be released - but was cancelled after Sarai was released from her contract with Epic.In 2004, Sarai began filming National Lampoon's Pledge This! starring Paris Hilton. Portraying a character named Tonya.[7] The film was pushed back many times before releasing in 2006.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gossip Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossip_Girl_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Melrose Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melrose_Place_(2009_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Kimora: Life in the Fab Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimora:_Life_in_the_Fab_Lane"},{"link_name":"Bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bones_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Supernatural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Numb3rs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numb3rs"},{"link_name":"Chuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Nine Lives of Chloe King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nine_Lives_of_Chloe_King"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Cribs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Cribs"},{"link_name":"Dismissed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismissed_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Pimp My Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimp_My_Ride"},{"link_name":"My Super Sweet 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Super_Sweet_16"},{"link_name":"High School Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_School_Stories"},{"link_name":"Date My Mom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_My_Mom"},{"link_name":"Alvin and the Chipmunks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_and_the_Chipmunks_(film)"},{"link_name":"Fantastic Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Four_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"Harold and Kumar go to White Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_and_Kumar_go_to_White_Castle"},{"link_name":"In the Mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Mix_(film)"},{"link_name":"Aquamarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquamarine_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Naked Mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pie_Presents:_The_Naked_Mile"},{"link_name":"Beta House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pie_Presents:_Beta_House"},{"link_name":"Meet the Spartans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_the_Spartans"},{"link_name":"Disaster Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_Movie"},{"link_name":"Vampires Suck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampires_Suck"},{"link_name":"Why Did I Get Married Too?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Did_I_Get_Married_Too%3F"},{"link_name":"For Colored Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Colored_Girls"},{"link_name":"Little Fockers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Fockers"},{"link_name":"Big Mommas: Like Father, Like Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mommas:_Like_Father,_Like_Son"},{"link_name":"What's Your Number?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s_Your_Number%3F"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Baldwin Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baldwin_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Numb3rs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numb3rs"}],"sub_title":"2005 – present: Music","text":"After leaving Epic, Sarai (now under the pseudonym Miss Eighty 6) joined Ali Dee Theodore and his company DeeTown Entertainment and has gone to write and perform music and soundtracks for movies and television, including Gossip Girl, Melrose Place, Kimora: Life in the Fab Lane, Bones, Supernatural, Numb3rs, Chuck, The Nine Lives of Chloe King,[8] MTV's Cribs, Dismissed, Pimp My Ride, My Super Sweet 16, High School Stories and Date My Mom. Box office & straight to video films – Alvin and the Chipmunks, Fantastic Four, Harold and Kumar go to White Castle, In the Mix, Aquamarine, American Pie Presents: The Naked Mile & Beta House, spoof films Meet the Spartans, Disaster Movie, Vampires Suck, Tyler Perry's Why Did I Get Married Too?, For Colored Girls and most recently Little Fockers, Big Mommas: Like Father, Like Son and What's Your Number?.[9]Sarai was featured on The Baldwin Brothers Return of the Golden Rhodes on the track, \"A Matter Of Time\" credited under her name.[10] A video was also shot and released.[11] The song was featured in Double Down, an episode of Numb3rs.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Lampoon's Pledge This!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lampoon%27s_Pledge_This!"}],"text":"National Lampoon's Pledge This! – Tonya\nShocked Jock – Lisa","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Original_(Sarai_album)"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"The Original (Epic, 2003)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Anthologies","text":"2001 Epic Records: A Season of Soul and Sounds[12] (Epic)\nHere Comes Christmas\n2008 DeeTown Presents: Music from Chick Shows (Vol. 1)[13] (DeeTown Entertainment)\nCandy Store, Inside Outside, Ring a Ling and Till the Sun Comes Up.\n2009 DeeTown Presents: Music from Chick Shows (Vol. 2)[14] (DeeTown Entertainment)\nBounce Back, Release, Ridin' and We Keeps It Real.","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_(Crossfade_song)"},{"link_name":"Crossfade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossfade_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"The Baldwin Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baldwin_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Numb3rs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numb3rs"},{"link_name":"Fantastic Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Four_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"The Naked Mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pie_Presents:_The_Naked_Mile"},{"link_name":"Beta House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pie_Presents:_Beta_House"},{"link_name":"Gossip Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossip_Girl_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Without a Trace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Without_a_Trace"},{"link_name":"Beta House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pie_Presents:_Beta_House"},{"link_name":"Supernatural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Gossip Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossip_Girl_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Spring Breakdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Breakdown"},{"link_name":"Something Borrowed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_Borrowed_(film)"},{"link_name":"Gossip Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossip_Girl_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Aquamarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquamarine_(film)"},{"link_name":"For Colored Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Colored_Girls"},{"link_name":"Beta House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pie_Presents:_Beta_House"},{"link_name":"Beta House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pie_Presents:_Beta_House"},{"link_name":"Gossip Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossip_Girl_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Something Borrowed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_Borrowed_(film)"},{"link_name":"Big Mommas: Like Father, Like Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mommas:_Like_Father,_Like_Son"},{"link_name":"Chuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Disaster Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_Movie"},{"link_name":"Disaster Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_Movie"},{"link_name":"Vampires Suck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampires_Suck"},{"link_name":"Something Borrowed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_Borrowed_(film)"},{"link_name":"What's Your Number?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s_Your_Number%3F"},{"link_name":"The Lying Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lying_Game_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Army Wives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Wives"},{"link_name":"Fighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Why Did I Get Married Too?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Did_I_Get_Married_Too%3F"},{"link_name":"Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_%26_Kumar_Go_to_White_Castle"},{"link_name":"In the Mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Mix_(film)"},{"link_name":"Marmaduke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmaduke_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"Beta House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pie_Presents:_Beta_House"},{"link_name":"Meet the Spartans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_the_Spartans"},{"link_name":"The Possession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Possession"},{"link_name":"Fighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Spring Breakdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Breakdown"},{"link_name":"Spring Breakdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Breakdown"},{"link_name":"Aquamarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquamarine_(film)"},{"link_name":"Something Borrowed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_Borrowed_(film)"},{"link_name":"Gossip Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossip_Girl_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Private Practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Practice_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Disaster Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_Movie"},{"link_name":"Disaster Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_Movie"},{"link_name":"New Year's Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve_(2011_film)"}],"sub_title":"As Miss Eighty 6","text":"\"Cold (DeeTown Remix)\" (Crossfade featuring Miss Eighty 6)\n\"A Matter of Time\" (The Baldwin Brothers featuring Sarai aka Miss Eighty 6)\nFeatured in: Numb3rs\n\"Now You Know\"\nFeatured in: Fantastic Four\n\"Candy Store\"\nFeatured in: American Pie Presents: The Naked Mile, Beta House\n\"Till The Sun Comes Up\"\nFeatured in: Gossip Girl, Without a Trace\n\"Inside Outside\"\nFeatured in: Beta House\n\"Ring-a-Ling\"\nFeatured in: Supernatural, Gossip Girl, Spring Breakdown, Something Borrowed\n\"Release\"\nFeatured in: Gossip Girl\n\"Drive Me Crazy\"\nFeatured in: Aquamarine, For Colored Girls, Beta House\n\"Rebound\"\nFeatured in: Beta House\n\"Horror Story\"\nFeatured in: Gossip Girl, Something Borrowed\n\"What They Talkin' Bout\"\nFeatured in: Big Mommas: Like Father, Like Son\n\"Turn It Around\"\nFeatured in: Chuck\n\"I Don't Care\" (Sarai)\nFeatured on DJ Ron G - RnB Epic Records (2002)\n\"Show Me How You Do It\" *\nFeatured in: Disaster Movie\n\"What's The Scenario?\" *\nFeatured in: Disaster Movie\n\n\n\"My First Wish\"\nFeatured in: Vampires Suck, Something Borrowed, What's Your Number?, The Lying Game\n\"What Is It\"\nFeatured in: Army Wives\n\"Goodie Bag\"\nFeatured in: Fighting\n\"Murder\"\nFeatured in: Why Did I Get Married Too?\n\"Ridin'\" (Classic & 86)\nFeatured in: Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle, In the Mix\n\"Bounce Back\" (Early Earl and Miss Eighty 6)\nFeatured in: Marmaduke, Beta House, Meet the Spartans, The Possession\n\"We Keeps It Real\" (The Deekompressors Feat. Classic & Miss Eighty6)\nFeatured in: Fighting\n\"Get Up\" (The Deekompressors Feat Miss Eighty6)\nFeatured in: Spring Breakdown\n\"My Girlz\"\nFeatured in: Spring Breakdown\n\"I Rock Hard\"\nFeatured in: Aquamarine\n\"Came To Party\" (Sarai aka Miss Eighty 6 Feat. D-Major)\nFeatured in: Something Borrowed, Gossip Girl\n\"Slomotion\" (Chris Classic Feat. Miss Eighty 6)\nFeatured in: The Summer Classic 3 Mixtape[17]\n\"I Don't Really Care\" (Miss Eighty 6 Feat. Rae)\nFeatured in: Private Practice\n\"Get Spaztic\" (Miss 86)\nFeatured in: Disaster Movie\n\"Way U Love Me\" (Miss 86)\nFeatured in: Disaster Movie\n\"Starcruizer\" *\nFeatured in: New Year's Eve(*) denotes writing credit/non-performance","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Sarai Video, Pictures, Music\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.askmen.com/celebs/women/singer_300/310_sarai.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"PYT - Same Ol' Same Ol' (featuring Sarai) (Official Music Video) - Video\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.metacafe.com/watch/sy-45618832001/pyt_same_ol_same_ol_featuring_sarai_official_music_video/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Pyt Down With Me: Pyt: Music\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/dp/B00005KJSX"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated1_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated1_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated1_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated1_4-3"},{"link_name":"\"Sarai - Chart history\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.billboard.com/artist/278231/sarai/chart?f=367"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Kanaal van SaraiVEVO\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/user/SaraiVEVO"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Sarai - Chart history\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.billboard.com/artist/278231/sarai/chart"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Pledge This! (2006)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/title/tt0417056/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Miss Eighty 6 Music\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tunefind.com/artist/miss-eighty-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Sarai Howard : Soundtracks\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/name/nm1712008/#Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"A Matter Of Time (Feat. Sarai) [Explicit]: The Baldwin Brothers: MP3 Downloads\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/dp/B0059388XE"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"The Baldwin Brothers, Sarai aka Miss Eighty 6 - Matter Of Time\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=KcvEylXMFT4"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/KcvEylXMFT4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Epic Records ? A Season Of Soul And Sounds: Various: MP3 Downloads\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/dp/B0013AZQ5U"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Various Artists | DeeTown Presents: Music From Chick Shows\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cdbaby.com/cd/deetown2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Various Artists | DeeTown Presents: Music from Chicks Shows (Vol. 2)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cdbaby.com/cd/deetown3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Sarai – Ladies\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Sarai&titel=Ladies&cat=s"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Chris Classic - SloMotion ft Miss Eighty 6\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFglscFcv5M"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/jFglscFcv5M"}],"text":"^ \"Sarai Video, Pictures, Music\". AskMen. Retrieved December 30, 2013.\n\n^ \"PYT - Same Ol' Same Ol' (featuring Sarai) (Official Music Video) - Video\". Metacafe.com. October 22, 2009. Retrieved December 30, 2013.\n\n^ \"Pyt Down With Me: Pyt: Music\". Amazon. Retrieved December 30, 2013.\n\n^ a b c d \"Sarai - Chart history\". Billboard. Retrieved February 22, 2015.\n\n^ \"Kanaal van SaraiVEVO\". YouTube. Retrieved December 30, 2013.\n\n^ \"Sarai - Chart history\". Billboard. Retrieved February 22, 2015.\n\n^ \"Pledge This! (2006)\". IMDb.com. Retrieved February 22, 2015.\n\n^ \"Miss Eighty 6 Music\". TuneFind. Retrieved December 30, 2013.\n\n^ \"Sarai Howard : Soundtracks\". IMDb.com. Retrieved February 22, 2015.\n\n^ \"A Matter Of Time (Feat. Sarai) [Explicit]: The Baldwin Brothers: MP3 Downloads\". Amazon. July 5, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2013.\n\n^ \"The Baldwin Brothers, Sarai aka Miss Eighty 6 - Matter Of Time\". YouTube. June 14, 2009. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2013.\n\n^ \"Epic Records ? A Season Of Soul And Sounds: Various: MP3 Downloads\". Amazon. November 20, 2001. Retrieved December 30, 2013.\n\n^ \"Various Artists | DeeTown Presents: Music From Chick Shows\". CD Baby. Retrieved December 30, 2013.\n\n^ \"Various Artists | DeeTown Presents: Music from Chicks Shows (Vol. 2)\". CD Baby. Retrieved December 30, 2013.\n\n^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 244.\n\n^ \"Sarai – Ladies\". charts.nz. Retrieved September 14, 2022.\n\n^ \"Chris Classic - SloMotion ft Miss Eighty 6\". YouTube. July 18, 2011. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2013.","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Sarai Video, Pictures, Music\". AskMen. Retrieved December 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.askmen.com/celebs/women/singer_300/310_sarai.html","url_text":"\"Sarai Video, Pictures, Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"PYT - Same Ol' Same Ol' (featuring Sarai) (Official Music Video) - Video\". Metacafe.com. October 22, 2009. Retrieved December 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metacafe.com/watch/sy-45618832001/pyt_same_ol_same_ol_featuring_sarai_official_music_video/","url_text":"\"PYT - Same Ol' Same Ol' (featuring Sarai) (Official Music Video) - Video\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pyt Down With Me: Pyt: Music\". Amazon. Retrieved December 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00005KJSX","url_text":"\"Pyt Down With Me: Pyt: Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sarai - Chart history\". Billboard. Retrieved February 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/278231/sarai/chart?f=367","url_text":"\"Sarai - Chart history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kanaal van SaraiVEVO\". YouTube. Retrieved December 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/user/SaraiVEVO","url_text":"\"Kanaal van SaraiVEVO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sarai - Chart history\". Billboard. Retrieved February 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/278231/sarai/chart","url_text":"\"Sarai - Chart history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pledge This! (2006)\". IMDb.com. Retrieved February 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0417056/","url_text":"\"Pledge This! (2006)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Miss Eighty 6 Music\". TuneFind. Retrieved December 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tunefind.com/artist/miss-eighty-6","url_text":"\"Miss Eighty 6 Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sarai Howard : Soundtracks\". IMDb.com. Retrieved February 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1712008/#Soundtrack","url_text":"\"Sarai Howard : Soundtracks\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Matter Of Time (Feat. Sarai) [Explicit]: The Baldwin Brothers: MP3 Downloads\". Amazon. July 5, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0059388XE","url_text":"\"A Matter Of Time (Feat. Sarai) [Explicit]: The Baldwin Brothers: MP3 Downloads\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Baldwin Brothers, Sarai aka Miss Eighty 6 - Matter Of Time\". YouTube. June 14, 2009. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KcvEylXMFT4","url_text":"\"The Baldwin Brothers, Sarai aka Miss Eighty 6 - Matter Of Time\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/KcvEylXMFT4","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Epic Records ? A Season Of Soul And Sounds: Various: MP3 Downloads\". Amazon. November 20, 2001. Retrieved December 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0013AZQ5U","url_text":"\"Epic Records ? A Season Of Soul And Sounds: Various: MP3 Downloads\""}]},{"reference":"\"Various Artists | DeeTown Presents: Music From Chick Shows\". CD Baby. Retrieved December 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cdbaby.com/cd/deetown2","url_text":"\"Various Artists | DeeTown Presents: Music From Chick Shows\""}]},{"reference":"\"Various Artists | DeeTown Presents: Music from Chicks Shows (Vol. 2)\". CD Baby. Retrieved December 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cdbaby.com/cd/deetown3","url_text":"\"Various Artists | DeeTown Presents: Music from Chicks Shows (Vol. 2)\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 244.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Sarai – Ladies\". charts.nz. Retrieved September 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Sarai&titel=Ladies&cat=s","url_text":"\"Sarai – Ladies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Classic - SloMotion ft Miss Eighty 6\". YouTube. July 18, 2011. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFglscFcv5M","url_text":"\"Chris Classic - SloMotion ft Miss Eighty 6\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/jFglscFcv5M","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.askmen.com/celebs/women/singer_300/310_sarai.html","external_links_name":"\"Sarai Video, Pictures, Music\""},{"Link":"http://www.metacafe.com/watch/sy-45618832001/pyt_same_ol_same_ol_featuring_sarai_official_music_video/","external_links_name":"\"PYT - Same Ol' Same Ol' (featuring Sarai) (Official Music Video) - Video\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00005KJSX","external_links_name":"\"Pyt Down With Me: Pyt: Music\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/278231/sarai/chart?f=367","external_links_name":"\"Sarai - Chart history\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/user/SaraiVEVO","external_links_name":"\"Kanaal van SaraiVEVO\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/278231/sarai/chart","external_links_name":"\"Sarai - Chart history\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0417056/","external_links_name":"\"Pledge This! (2006)\""},{"Link":"http://www.tunefind.com/artist/miss-eighty-6","external_links_name":"\"Miss Eighty 6 Music\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1712008/#Soundtrack","external_links_name":"\"Sarai Howard : Soundtracks\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0059388XE","external_links_name":"\"A Matter Of Time (Feat. Sarai) [Explicit]: The Baldwin Brothers: MP3 Downloads\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KcvEylXMFT4","external_links_name":"\"The Baldwin Brothers, Sarai aka Miss Eighty 6 - Matter Of Time\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/KcvEylXMFT4","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0013AZQ5U","external_links_name":"\"Epic Records ? A Season Of Soul And Sounds: Various: MP3 Downloads\""},{"Link":"http://www.cdbaby.com/cd/deetown2","external_links_name":"\"Various Artists | DeeTown Presents: Music From Chick Shows\""},{"Link":"http://www.cdbaby.com/cd/deetown3","external_links_name":"\"Various Artists | DeeTown Presents: Music from Chicks Shows (Vol. 2)\""},{"Link":"https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Sarai&titel=Ladies&cat=s","external_links_name":"\"Sarai – Ladies\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFglscFcv5M","external_links_name":"\"Chris Classic - SloMotion ft Miss Eighty 6\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/jFglscFcv5M","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p555306","external_links_name":"Sarai"},{"Link":"http://www.askmen.com/women/singer_300/310_sarai.html","external_links_name":"AskMen.com – Sarai"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1712008/","external_links_name":"Miss Eighty 6"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030718094330/http://www.vh1.com/artists/az/sarai_rap_/artist.jhtml","external_links_name":"VH1 Profile"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000047759488","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1918163","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2007038716","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/19ad0165-2ff3-4045-a1d1-ea3617be6364","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_China
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Billboard China
|
["1 Background","2 Charts","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Chinese Internet musical publication
Billboard ChinaBillboard China logoType of siteOnline magazineAvailable inChineseOwnerVision Media GroupURLbillboardchina.cnCommercialYesRegistrationNoneLaunchedSeptember 5, 2016; 7 years ago (2016-09-05)Current statusActive
Billboard China (simplified Chinese: 中国公告牌; traditional Chinese: 中國公告牌) was a Chinese online music magazine founded by Vision Media Group on September 5, 2016. It served as the Chinese version of Billboard, also featuring independent coverage of both Chinese and international music content.
Background
After entering the Philippines and Thailand markets, Billboard formed another partnership with Chinese media company Vision Media Group in September 2016. The partnership resulted in several music content channels across platforms, including print, online, and mobile. Co-president of Billboard John Amato described: "This expansion into China is a milestone for Billboard." On December 29, 2016, Billboard China's website was officially launched.
On August 8, 2022, Billboard announced their return to Chinese music market, by relaunching their music charts.
Charts
On April 21, 2017, Billboard China partnered with Nielsen-CCData and Sina Weibo to launch the Billboard China Weibo Music Chart. On January 7, 2018, the Billboard China Weibo Music Chart developed into the Billboard China Social Music Chart, and Billboard China announced the launch of the Billboard China Top 100, the Chinese equivalent to the US Billboard Hot 100.
Billboard China Airplay/FL
Billboard China Social Music Chart
Billboard China Top 100
References
^ "关于我们_Billboard中国". www.billboardchina.cn. Archived from the original on 2017-01-01. Retrieved 2019-01-07.
^ "不久的将来，你可能会看到 Billboard 华语音乐榜_娱乐_好奇心日报". www.qdaily.com. Archived from the original on 2016-09-19. Retrieved 2019-01-07.
^ "Billboard Launches in China". Billboard. Retrieved 2019-01-07.
^ "Billboard Expands in Asia With Launch of Billboard China". Billboard. Retrieved 2022-08-10.
^ "微博联手Billboard推国内首个社交媒体实时音乐榜". ent.sina.com.cn (in Chinese). 21 April 2017. Retrieved 2018-06-25.
External links
Official website
Billboard China on Weibo (in Chinese)
vteBillboard chartsBillboardTop chartsSongs
Hot 100
Radio Songs
Digital Song Sales
Digital Tracks (defunct)
Streaming Songs
Bubbling Under Hot 100
U.S. Afrobeats Songs
Albums
Billboard 200
Top Album Sales
Catalog Albums
Independent Albums
Comprehensive Albums (defunct)
Bubbling Under the Top LPs (defunct)
Artists
Artist 100
Global
Global 200
Hits of the World
Canadian Albums
Canadian Hot 100
Hits of the World
Brazil Songs
Croatia Songs
Hong Kong Songs
India Songs
Indonesia Songs
Malaysia Songs
Philippines Songs
Romania Songs
South Korea Songs
Mexico Songs
Mexico Airplay (defunct)
Español
Ingles
Internet
Hot Trending Songs
TikTok Billboard Top 50
Pop
Pop Airplay
Adult Contemporary
Adult Top 40
Pop 100 (defunct)
Top 40 Tracks (defunct)
Hot Crossover 30 (defunct)
Country
Top Country Albums
Hot Country Songs
Country Airplay
Rock
Hot Rock & Alternative Songs
Mainstream Rock
Alternative Airplay
Triple A
R&B/Hip-Hop
Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums
Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs
R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay
Mainstream R&B/Hip-Hop
Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles (defunct)
Hot Rap Songs
Hot R&B Songs
Adult R&B Songs
Rhythmic
Dance/Electronic
Dance/Electronic Albums
Dance/Electronic Songs
Dance/Electronic Digital Songs
Dance/Mix Show Airplay
Dance Club Songs (suspended)
Dance Singles Sales (defunct)
Christian/Gospel
Top Christian Albums
Hot Christian Songs
Christian Airplay
Top Gospel Albums
Hot Gospel Songs
Breaking and Entering
Emerging Artists
Heatseekers Albums
Heatseekers Songs (defunct)
Holiday
Christmas/Holiday charts
Additional charts
Comedy Albums
Kid Albums
World Digital Song Sales
Billboard Español
Top Latin Albums
Hot Latin Songs
Latin Airplay
Latin Pop Albums
Latin Pop Airplay
Latin Rhythm Albums
Latin Rhythm Airplay
Regional Mexican Albums
Regional Mexican Airplay
Tropical Albums
Tropical Airplay
Billboard Argentina
Argentina Hot 100
Billboard Brasil
Brasil Hot 100
Artistas 25
Billboard China
China Top 100 (defunct)
China Airplay/FL (defunct)
Billboard Greece
Billboard Greek Airplay (defunct)
Billboard Indonesia
Indonesia Top 100 (defunct)
Billboard Japan
Japan Hot 100
Billboard Korea
K-pop 100 (defunct)
Billboard K-Town
Timeline
2020s
Billboard Philippines
Philippine Hot 100 (defunct)
Philippine Top 20 (defunct)
Billboard Türkiye
Türkiye Top 20 (defunct)
Billboard Việt Nam
Vietnam Hot 100
Vietnam Top Vietnamese Songs
Music & Media
European Albums (defunct)
European Hot 100 (defunct)
Lists of number-onealbums and singles
Adult Contemporary
Alternative Airplay
Americana/Folk Albums
Billboard 200
Dance Club Songs
Dance/Mix Show Airplay
Dance/Electronic Albums
Dance/Electronic Songs
Hot 100
Hot Country Songs
Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs
K-Pop
Mainstream Rock
Simultaneous album and single
Simultaneous UK and US
Top Country Albums
Year-End
Lists of artists who reached number one
US
Canada
Japan
Adult Contemporary
Adult Top 40
Alternative Songs
Dance Club Songs
Dance/Mix Show Airplay
Hot Country Songs
Hot Latin Songs
Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs
Mainstream Rock
Pop Airplay
Rhythmic
Social 50
See also
Billboard Radio Monitor (defunct)
R&R (defunct)
Billboard Twitter Real-Time (defunct)
Decade-End
Joel Whitburn
List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones
List of K-pop on the Billboard charts
Albums
Songs
Japan Hot 100
World Digital Song Sales
Year-end
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"关于我们_Billboard中国\". www.billboardchina.cn. Archived from the original on 2017-01-01. Retrieved 2019-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170101121245/http://www.billboardchina.cn/about/aboutus.html","url_text":"\"关于我们_Billboard中国\""},{"url":"http://www.billboardchina.cn/about/aboutus.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"不久的将来，你可能会看到 Billboard 华语音乐榜_娱乐_好奇心日报\". www.qdaily.com. Archived from the original on 2016-09-19. Retrieved 2019-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160919164056/http://www.qdaily.com/articles/32211.html","url_text":"\"不久的将来，你可能会看到 Billboard 华语音乐榜_娱乐_好奇心日报\""},{"url":"http://www.qdaily.com/articles/32211.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard Launches in China\". Billboard. Retrieved 2019-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7503731/billboard-launching-in-china","url_text":"\"Billboard Launches in China\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard Expands in Asia With Launch of Billboard China\". Billboard. Retrieved 2022-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/billboard-china-launch-1235123970/amp/","url_text":"\"Billboard Expands in Asia With Launch of Billboard China\""}]},{"reference":"\"微博联手Billboard推国内首个社交媒体实时音乐榜\". ent.sina.com.cn (in Chinese). 21 April 2017. Retrieved 2018-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://ent.sina.com.cn/y/yneidi/2017-04-21/doc-ifyepsec0080066.shtml","url_text":"\"微博联手Billboard推国内首个社交媒体实时音乐榜\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://billboardchina.cn/","external_links_name":"billboardchina.cn"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170101121245/http://www.billboardchina.cn/about/aboutus.html","external_links_name":"\"关于我们_Billboard中国\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboardchina.cn/about/aboutus.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160919164056/http://www.qdaily.com/articles/32211.html","external_links_name":"\"不久的将来，你可能会看到 Billboard 华语音乐榜_娱乐_好奇心日报\""},{"Link":"http://www.qdaily.com/articles/32211.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7503731/billboard-launching-in-china","external_links_name":"\"Billboard Launches in China\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/billboard-china-launch-1235123970/amp/","external_links_name":"\"Billboard Expands in Asia With Launch of Billboard China\""},{"Link":"http://ent.sina.com.cn/y/yneidi/2017-04-21/doc-ifyepsec0080066.shtml","external_links_name":"\"微博联手Billboard推国内首个社交媒体实时音乐榜\""},{"Link":"http://billboardchina.cn/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://weibo.com/u/6016400886","external_links_name":"Billboard China"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Hodges_(baseball)
|
Kevin Hodges (baseball)
|
["1 Biography","2 External links"]
|
American baseball player (born 1973)
Baseball player
Kevin HodgesPitcherBorn: (1973-06-24) June 24, 1973 (age 50)Houston, Texas, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightProfessional debutMLB: April 24, 2000, for the Seattle MarinersNPB: August 1, 2001, for the Yakult SwallowsKBO: April 4, 2004, for the Samsung LionsLast appearanceMLB: September 30, 2000, for the Seattle MarinersKBO: October 27, 2004, for the Samsung LionsNPB: August 28, 2005, for the Tohoku Rakuten Golden EaglesMLB statisticsWin–loss record0–0Earned run average5.19Strikeouts7NPB statisticsWin–loss record29–32Earned run average4.63Strikeouts252KBO statisticsWin–loss record9–10Earned run average4.24Strikeouts123
Teams
Seattle Mariners (2000)
Yakult Swallows (2001–2003)
Samsung Lions (2004)
Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles (2005)
Kevin Jon Hodges (born June 24, 1973) is an American former Major League Baseball and Nippon Professional Baseball right handed pitcher.
He is the older brother of Trey Hodges, who also played in the major leagues and Nippon Professional Baseball.
Biography
Hodges was drafted by the Kansas City Royals, and made his major league debut with the Seattle Mariners in 2000. He was signed by the Yakult Swallows in mid-2001, and contributed to the team's league championship as part of the starting rotation. He led the Japanese Central League with 17 wins in 2002, (tied with Koji Uehara) but was released at the end of 2003. He played a season with the Samsung Lions in the Korea Baseball Organization in 2004, and returned to Japan to play for the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles in 2005.
He returned to the United States in 2006, and played with the Bridgeport Bluefish in the independent Atlantic League.
In 2012, the Seibu Lions hired Kevin Hodges to scout the United States.
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
This biographical article relating to an American baseball pitcher born in the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Nippon Professional Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Professional_Baseball"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Trey Hodges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trey_Hodges"}],"text":"Baseball playerKevin Jon Hodges (born June 24, 1973) is an American former Major League Baseball and Nippon Professional Baseball right handed pitcher.He is the older brother of Trey Hodges, who also played in the major leagues and Nippon Professional Baseball.","title":"Kevin Hodges (baseball)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kansas City Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals"},{"link_name":"Seattle Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Mariners"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"Yakult Swallows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakult_Swallows"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Central League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_League"},{"link_name":"wins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Koji Uehara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koji_Uehara"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Samsung Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Lions"},{"link_name":"Korea Baseball Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Baseball_Organization"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohoku_Rakuten_Golden_Eagles"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Bridgeport Bluefish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeport_Bluefish"},{"link_name":"Atlantic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_League_of_Professional_Baseball"}],"text":"Hodges was drafted by the Kansas City Royals, and made his major league debut with the Seattle Mariners in 2000. He was signed by the Yakult Swallows in mid-2001, and contributed to the team's league championship as part of the starting rotation. He led the Japanese Central League with 17 wins in 2002, (tied with Koji Uehara) but was released at the end of 2003. He played a season with the Samsung Lions in the Korea Baseball Organization in 2004, and returned to Japan to play for the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles in 2005.He returned to the United States in 2006, and played with the Bridgeport Bluefish in the independent Atlantic League.In 2012, the Seibu Lions hired Kevin Hodges to scout the United States.","title":"Biography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/h/hodgeke01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.fangraphs.com/statss.aspx?playerid=1005885","external_links_name":"Fangraphs"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=hodges001kev","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Hodges_(baseball)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RepRap_Snappy
|
RepRap Snappy
|
["1 External links","2 References"]
|
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for products and services. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "RepRap Snappy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
RepRap SnappyRepRap Snappy 3D printer, Version 0.9RepRap Snappy 3D printer rendering, Version 1.1bClassificationFused deposition modeling 3D printerInventorRevarBat
The RepRap Snappy is an open-source fused deposition modeling 3D printer, part of the RepRap project, it is the most self replicating 3D printer in the world.
The RepRap Snappy is designed to address the core goal of the RepRap project of creating a 'general-purpose self-replicating manufacturing machine'. The RepRap Snappy is able to create 73% of its own parts by volume with a design that eliminates as many of the non 3D printed parts as possible including belts and bearings which are replaced with a rack and pinion system. The name Snappy comes from the use of snap fit connectors used on the small printed parts to construct larger pieces, this both cuts down on the use of non 3D printed parts and means a smaller build volume is needed on the machine producing the parts. The only non self replicating parts on the printer are the motors, electronics, a glass build plate and one 686 bearing, the 3D printed parts take around 150 hours to create. The RepRap Snappy received an honourable mention in the Uplift Prize Grand Personal Manufacturing Prize.
External links
RepRap Snappy page on RepRap.org
RepRap Snappy repository on Github
References
^ a b c By (12 September 2015). "The Most Self-Replicating RepRap Yet". Hackaday. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ a b "The Utopian Promise Of RepRap, the 3D Printer That Can—Almost—Print Itself". 24 February 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ "RepRap - RepRapWiki". reprap.org. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ a b c "RepRap Snappy is the Most 3D Printable 3D Printer Yet". 21 September 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ "Prize Specifications". 18 July 2010. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
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|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/RepRap_Snappy_3D_printer_rendering.png"}]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putli_mandi
|
Putli mandi
|
["1 See also","2 References"]
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Philippine dessert
Putli mandiAlternative namesPutlimandi, putli'mandi', putli-mandi, putlihmandiTypeRice cakePlace of originPhilippinesRegion or stateSulu
Putli mandi, is a Filipino dessert steamed rice cake originating from the Tausug and Yakan people of Sulu. It is made from glutinous rice dough (though it can also be made with cassava) rolled into balls and filled with sweetened coconut strips (hinti). It traditionally uses pulut glutinous rice which gives it a natural deep purple color, but it is also commonly dyed in modern versions. It is sprinkled with fresh grated coconut before serving. The name comes from Tausug putli ("princess") and mandi ("bath").
Putlimandi is similar to pichi-pichi but differs in that pichi-pichi does not normally have fillings.
See also
Daral
Pichi-pichi
Cuchinta
References
^ "DINING: Davao's Pers Satti Haus". Across Coordinates. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
^ Madarang, Rhea Claire (May 27, 2018). "Sweet tradition: A peek at Tausug treats". Rappler. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
^ "The Curious Mrs and The Tausug's Best". Budgetarian Explorer. April 15, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
^ "PUTLI-MANDI OR PICHI-PICHI". No Place Like Home Cooking. May 14, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
^ Magsanoc, Abby. "Isang Araw ng Pagtanggap: Hijab for a Day". The Benildean. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
vte Filipino cuisineMain dishes
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See also:
Philippine condiments
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List of restaurant chains in the Philippines
vteRice cakesBurmese
Apon
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Other
American puffed rice cake
This Filipino dessert-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
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[{"title":"Daral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daral_(food)"},{"title":"Pichi-pichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pichi-pichi"},{"title":"Cuchinta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuchinta"}]
|
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumpin%27_in_the_Night
|
Jumpin' in the Night
|
["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"]
|
1979 studio album by the Flamin' GrooviesJumpin' in the NightStudio album by the Flamin' GrooviesReleased1979RecordedEden Studios and Advision Studios, London, EnglandLabelSireProducerCyril Jordan, Roger BechirianThe Flamin' Groovies chronology
Flamin' Groovies Now(1978)
Jumpin' in the Night(1979)
One Night Stand(1987)
Jumpin' in the Night is the sixth studio album by the Flamin' Groovies, released in 1979. It was produced by Cyril Jordan and Roger Bechirian.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicMusicHound Rock: The Essential Album GuideThe Rolling Stone Album Guide
The Runcorn Weekly News noted that "to capture the full flavour of insistent R&B the record should be heard on a little Dansette mono record player—turned up loud." The Montreal Star wrote that "the Groovies pack all the incendiary power of the early Stones."
Track listing
All tracks are written by Cyril Jordan and Chris Wilson except where notedNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Jumpin' in the Night" 3:212."Next One Crying" 2:343."First Plane Home" 3:484."In the U.S.A." 3:165."Down Down Down"Trevor Burton2:476."Yes I Am" 2:367."Werewolves of London"Warren Zevon, Waddy Wachtel, LeRoy Marinell3:338."It Won't Be Wrong"Roger McGuinn, Harvey Gerst1:559."Please Please Me""Lennon-McCartney with additional credit by Cyril Jordan and Chris Wilson1:5810."Tell Me Again" 1:5711."Absolutely Sweet Marie"Bob Dylan3:1112."5D"Roger McGuinn2:3813."Lady Friend"David Crosby2:31
Personnel
Flamin' Groovies
Cyril Jordan - guitar, vocals
Chris Wilson - guitar, vocals
Mike Wilhelm - guitar
George Alexander - bass
David Wright - drums
References
^ "Flamin' Groovies - May 2, 2014". December 17, 2015 – via www.pastemagazine.com.
^ Cooper, Kim; Smay, David (July 8, 2005). Lost in the Grooves: Scram's Capricious Guide to the Music You Missed. Routledge. ISBN 9781135879211 – via Google Books.
^ "TrouserPress.com :: Flamin Groovies". www.trouserpress.com.
^ Larkin, Colin (May 27, 2011). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Omnibus Press. ISBN 9780857125958 – via Google Books.
^ "Jumpin' in the Night - Flamin' Groovies | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic.
^ MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide (257 ed.). Visible Ink Press. 1996.
^ The Rolling Stone Album Guide. Random House. 1992. p. 248.
^ "A Cure for ... Nostalgia". Runcorn Weekly News. 28 Jun 1979. p. 43.
^ Radz, Matt (10 Aug 1979). "Groovin' upon essential tracks pressed on wax". The Montreal Star. p. B1.
vteFlamin' Groovies
Cyril Jordan
Chris Von Sneidern
Tony Sales
Atom Ellis
Roy Loney
George Alexander
Tim Lynch
Danny Mihm
Chris Wilson
James Ferrell
David Wright
Mike Wilhelm
Mark Dunwoody
Paul Zahl
Jack Johnson
Victor Penalosa
Studio albums
Supersnazz
Flamingo
Teenage Head
Shake Some Action
Flamin' Groovies Now
Jumpin' in the Night
One Night Stand
Rock Juice
Fantastic Plastic
Compilation albums
Groovies' Greatest Grooves
Step Up
EPs
A Bucket of Brains
Singles
"I Can't Explain"
"Sealed with a Kiss"
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
This 1970s rock album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otan_Ayegbaju
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Otan Ayegbaju
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["1 Geography","2 Climate","2.1 Otan Ayegbaju's Hot Temperature","2.2 Otan Ayegbaju's Cool Temperature","2.3 Otan Ayegbaju's Clouds","2.4 Otan Ayegbaju's Precipitation","3 References"]
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Coordinates: 7°57′N 4°48′E / 7.950°N 4.800°E / 7.950; 4.800
Town in Osun, NigeriaOtan
Otan AiyegbajuTownOtan AyegbajuOtanLocation of Otan Ayegbaju in NigeriaCoordinates: 7°57′N 4°48′E / 7.950°N 4.800°E / 7.950; 4.800CountryNigeriaStateOsunLocal Government areaBoluwaduroFirst settled1500sFounded byDescendants of OduduwaGovernment • TypeMonarchy • Owa of Otan AyegbajuOba Lukman Adesola Ojo Fadipe, Arenibiowo II, Owa Olatanka IIIArea • Total100 km2 (40 sq mi)
IMMage
Otan Ayegbaju (Otan for short) is an historic town in Yorubaland founded about 800 years ago by descendants of Oduduwa, Olasooye Osilokun the 16th child of Oduduwa who migrated from Ifẹ. It is the headquarters of Boluwaduro Local Government Area. Nearby towns are Eripa, Iresi, Igbajo, Oke-irun and Oyan.
It's the seat of the Catholic Diocese of Osogbo Marian pilgrimage (Oke Maria).
The Owa of Otan Ayegbaju is the title given to the king. The Owa of Otan Ayegbaju was the 26th in the third dispersal Republic|Oduduwa]]. The town's government wasn't destroyed by inter-tribal wars. The current Owa is Oba Lukman Adesola Ojo Fadipe Arenibiowo II, Owa Olatanka III. He was installed in June 2009.
Geography
Otan is located in the north-eastern area of Osun State, thirty-seven kilometers from Oshogbo, the state capital. It covers a land mass of 100 km2 (39 sq mi). Its terrain consists of hills, mountains, dense forest, vegetation and gullies. The climate is tropical with warm temperatures and low humidity.
Otan Ayegbaju borders with Eripa, Iresi, Oke-irun, Igbajo and Oyan.
Climate
The rainy season in Otan Ayegbaju is humid, oppressive, and cloudy, whereas the dry season is warm, muggy, and partially cloudy. The average annual temperature ranges from 62 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit, rarely falling below 56 or rising over 95.
Otan Ayegbaju's Hot Temperature
Between 23 January and 31 March, which is the length of the hot season, the average daily high temperature is above 88°F. In Otan Ayegbaju, March is the hottest month of the year, with an average high of 89°F and low of 71°F.
Otan Ayegbaju's Cool Temperature
The 3.8-month chilly season, which runs from 17 June to 11 October, has an average daily maximum temperature of less than 81°F. In Otan Ayegbaju, August is the coldest month of the year, with average lows of 67°F and highs of 79°F.
Otan Ayegbaju's Clouds
Over the course of the year, Otan Ayegbaju suffers significant seasonal change in the average percentage of the sky covered by clouds.
Beginning about 16 November and lasting for 2.9 months, the clearer season in Otan Ayegbaju ends around 13 February.
The sky is clear, mostly clear, or partly overcast 52% of the time on average in December, the clearest month of the year in Otan Ayegbaju.
Beginning around 13 February and lasting for 9.1 months, the cloudier period of the year ends around 16 November.
April is the cloudiest month of the year in Otan Ayegbaju, with an average of 84% of the time that the sky is overcast or largely cloudy during this month.
Otan Ayegbaju's Precipitation
A day that has at least 0.04 inches of liquid or liquid-equivalent precipitation is considered to be wet. In Otan Ayegbaju, the likelihood of rainy days varies wildly throughout the year.
In the 6.3-month-long wetter season, which runs from 14 April to 23 October, there is a larger than 43% chance that any given day would be rainy. September has an average of 25.0 days with at least 0.04 inches of precipitation, making it the month with the most rainy days in Otan Ayegbaju.
Between 23 October and 14 April, or 5.7 months, is the dry season. December has an average of 0.7 days with at least 0.04 inches of precipitation, making it the month with the fewest wet days in Otan Ayegbaju.
We categorize rainy days into those that only involve rain, those that only involve snow, and those that combine the two. With an average of 25.0 days, September is the month in Otan Ayegbaju with the most rainy days. According to this classification, rain alone has a peak probability of 85% on 21 September and is the most frequent type of precipitation over the entire year.
References
^ Otan Aiyegbaju Map | Nigeria Google Satellite Maps
^ "Otan Ayegbaju two palaces one king". The Vanguard.
^ Nigerian Heritage: Journal of the National Commission for Museums and Monuments. p. 39.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Otan Ayegbaju Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 2023-07-19.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l https://independent.ng/travelogue-why-you-must-visit-otan-ayegbaju/
Authority control databases
VIAF
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It is the headquarters of Boluwaduro Local Government Area. Nearby towns are Eripa, Iresi, Igbajo, Oke-irun and Oyan.\n[1] It's the seat of the Catholic Diocese of Osogbo Marian pilgrimage (Oke Maria).The Owa of Otan Ayegbaju is the title given to the king. The Owa of Otan Ayegbaju was the 26th in the third dispersal Republic|Oduduwa]]. The town's government wasn't destroyed by inter-tribal wars. The current Owa is Oba Lukman Adesola Ojo Fadipe Arenibiowo II, Owa Olatanka III. He was installed in June 2009.[2]","title":"Otan Ayegbaju"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osun State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osun_State"},{"link_name":"Oshogbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshogbo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"Otan is located in the north-eastern area of Osun State, thirty-seven kilometers from Oshogbo, the state capital. It covers a land mass of 100 km2 (39 sq mi). Its terrain consists of hills, mountains, dense forest, vegetation and gullies. The climate is tropical with warm temperatures and low humidity.[3]Otan Ayegbaju borders with Eripa, Iresi, Oke-irun, Igbajo and Oyan.[4]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rainy season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainy_season"},{"link_name":"muggy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muggy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"text":"The rainy season in Otan Ayegbaju is humid, oppressive, and cloudy, whereas the dry season is warm, muggy, and partially cloudy. The average annual temperature ranges from 62 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit, rarely falling below 56 or rising over 95.[4][5]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"sub_title":"Otan Ayegbaju's Hot Temperature","text":"Between 23 January and 31 March, which is the length of the hot season, the average daily high temperature is above 88°F. In Otan Ayegbaju, March is the hottest month of the year, with an average high of 89°F and low of 71°F.[4][5]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coldest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldest"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"sub_title":"Otan Ayegbaju's Cool Temperature","text":"The 3.8-month chilly season, which runs from 17 June to 11 October, has an average daily maximum temperature of less than 81°F. In Otan Ayegbaju, August is the coldest month of the year, with average lows of 67°F and highs of 79°F.[4][5]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"sub_title":"Otan Ayegbaju's Clouds","text":"Over the course of the year, Otan Ayegbaju suffers significant seasonal change in the average percentage of the sky covered by clouds.[5][4]Beginning about 16 November and lasting for 2.9 months, the clearer season in Otan Ayegbaju ends around 13 February.[5][4]The sky is clear, mostly clear, or partly overcast 52% of the time on average in December, the clearest month of the year in Otan Ayegbaju.[4][5]Beginning around 13 February and lasting for 9.1 months, the cloudier period of the year ends around 16 November.[4][5]April is the cloudiest month of the year in Otan Ayegbaju, with an average of 84% of the time that the sky is overcast or largely cloudy during this month.[5][4]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"rainy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain"},{"link_name":"snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"sub_title":"Otan Ayegbaju's Precipitation","text":"A day that has at least 0.04 inches of liquid or liquid-equivalent precipitation is considered to be wet. In Otan Ayegbaju, the likelihood of rainy days varies wildly throughout the year.[4][5]In the 6.3-month-long wetter season, which runs from 14 April to 23 October, there is a larger than 43% chance that any given day would be rainy. September has an average of 25.0 days with at least 0.04 inches of precipitation, making it the month with the most rainy days in Otan Ayegbaju.[4][5]Between 23 October and 14 April, or 5.7 months, is the dry season. December has an average of 0.7 days with at least 0.04 inches of precipitation, making it the month with the fewest wet days in Otan Ayegbaju.[5][4]We categorize rainy days into those that only involve rain, those that only involve snow, and those that combine the two. With an average of 25.0 days, September is the month in Otan Ayegbaju with the most rainy days. According to this classification, rain alone has a peak probability of 85% on 21 September and is the most frequent type of precipitation over the entire year.[5][4]","title":"Climate"}]
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[{"image_text":"IMMage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/IMMage.jpg/220px-IMMage.jpg"}]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Goldstein
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Andy Goldstein
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["1 Other appearances","2 References"]
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British radio and television presenter
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Andy Goldstein is a British television presenter and radio broadcaster currently working for Talksport.
He has presented Soccer AM on Saturday mornings, replacing Tim Lovejoy (having also previously taken over from him as co-host on Soccer AM's All Sports Show) in 2004. The All-Sports show ended in 2007. Goldstein is also a former presenter of Eurosports Home Nations Snooker tournaments. He previously presented Sky Sports coverage of Premier League Snooker, 9-Ball Pool (including the Mosconi Cup) and 10 pin bowling Weber Cup.
As well as presenting, Goldstein has tried his hand at acting too. He appeared as the main character in a series of adverts for TalkTalk shown before Big Brother 5 in 2004.
Goldstein currently hosts Drive, a radio show which runs on talkSPORT from Monday to Friday 4-7, along with The Sports Bar 10 pm to 1 am every Monday night. The show initially broadcast on Sunday nights before being broadcast Monday to Thursday. Following George Galloway's departure from the station, it was increased to 4 nights per week.
In 2006 , Goldstein presented UKTV G2's coverage of the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany.
Goldstein erroneously reported that talkSPORT DJ and former Chelsea defender Jason Cundy had died after he failed to turn up to present his weekend show in October 2008. This led to some Chelsea fans laying flowers at Stamford Bridge and sending in condolences to the radio station. Goldstein later said he was only joking. On 3 August, Goldstein accused a Twitter account belonging to Rio Ferdinand as being fake. Shortly after, Rio Ferdinand rang the show to prove himself, hence forcing Goldstein to apologise. In August 2016, Goldstein mistakenly contacted a parody Twitter account of footballer Carlton Cole in an attempt to organise an interview with Cole himself. The account of Cole responded to his messages by quoting the lyrics to The Killers song Mr Brightside. He was also a childhood friend of Snooker player Ronnie O'Sullivan and the pair worked together as presenter and pundit on Eurosport's snooker tournaments. He also worked on Manchester United TV and is a Manchester United supporter, although he was born in Essex.
Goldstein is a regular guest on the Chatabix podcast, hosted by comedians Joe Wilkinson and David Earl.
Goldstein often states he has the best hair on radio. Also a scratch golfer
Other appearances
Jungle Drums (I'm a Celebrity, Get Me Out of Here! daytime show on ITV2)
Fash's Football Challenge (alongside Caroline Flack on Bravo)
UKTV's 2006 FIFA World Cup coverage.
Fighting Talk (BBC Radio) on 24 January 2007 (finishing last with 31 points) and 14 April 2007 (joint third/last with 42 points)
Can't Sing Singers (BBC1)
Street-Cred Sudoku (Dave)
Win Your Own Home (UK Style)
Totally Top Trumps (Challenge TV)
Strangest Ever (Five)
My Greatest Ever Singles Party (Five)
Swag (Five)
The Unofficial World Records of Sex (Sky One)
FHM High Street Honeys (Sky One)
Bikini Heaven (Sky One)
Six Degrees (Sky One)
Resistance (BBC Three)
The Contenders (BBC Education)
You're On Sky Sports (Sky Sports 1)
TalkSports sports bar
played for Roding Wanderers
TalkSports Daily Drive time Host
References
^ "Andy Goldstein remembers moment he thought 'this is awful' as he presented Soccer AM". talkSPORT. 23 March 2023.
^ "Soccer AM host Fenners speaks out denying show has been axed". LADbible. 23 March 2023.
vteSoccer AMCurrent presenters
Jimmy Bullard
John Fendley
Former presenters
Helen Chamberlain
Andy Goldstein
Lloyd Griffith
Tim Lovejoy
Max Rushden
Russ Williams
Spin-offs
All-Sports Show
Cricket AM
Sky Sports
Sky One
vteTalksportPresenters
Darren Bent
Georgie Bingham
Alan Brazil
Tony Cascarino
Jason Cundy
Adrian Durham
Andy Goldstein
Darren Gough
Paul Hawksbee
Andy Jacobs
Simon Jordan
Danny Kelly
Martin Kelner
Sam Matterface
Ray Parlour
Mark Saggers
Paul Ross
Max Rushden
Natalie Sawyer
Jim White
Laura Woods
Former
Nick Abbot
Tony Banks
Steve Bower
Geoffrey Boycott
Tommy Boyd
Russell Brand
Ian Collins
Stan Collymore
Chris Cooper
Chris Cowdrey
Kelly Dalglish
Ian Darke
Mike Dickin
George Galloway
Jon Gaunt
Derek Hatton
Matt Holland
Nicky Horne
Ray Houghton
Gethin Jones
Jeremy Kyle
George Lamb
Rodney Marsh
Mike Mendoza
Rob McCaffrey
Brian Moore
Colin Murray
Gary Newbon
Mark Nicholas
Alan Parry
Dave Roberts
Brough Scott
Peter Shilton
Johnny Vaughan
Tom Watt
James Whale
Rhodri Williams
Russ Williams
Charlie Wolf
Ian Wright
Bill Young
Shows
The Mother of All Talk Shows (former)
See also
Talk Radio UK
Talksport 2
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Goldstein is also a former presenter of Eurosports Home Nations Snooker tournaments. He previously presented Sky Sports coverage of Premier League Snooker, 9-Ball Pool (including the Mosconi Cup) and 10 pin bowling Weber Cup.As well as presenting, Goldstein has tried his hand at acting too. He appeared as the main character in a series of adverts for TalkTalk shown before Big Brother 5 in 2004.Goldstein currently hosts Drive, a radio show which runs on talkSPORT from Monday to Friday 4-7, along with The Sports Bar 10 pm to 1 am every Monday night. The show initially broadcast on Sunday nights before being broadcast Monday to Thursday. Following George Galloway's departure from the station, it was increased to 4 nights per week.In 2006 , Goldstein presented UKTV G2's coverage of the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany.Goldstein erroneously reported that talkSPORT DJ and former Chelsea defender Jason Cundy had died after he failed to turn up to present his weekend show in October 2008. This led to some Chelsea fans laying flowers at Stamford Bridge and sending in condolences to the radio station. Goldstein later said he was only joking. On 3 August, Goldstein accused a Twitter account belonging to Rio Ferdinand as being fake. Shortly after, Rio Ferdinand rang the show to prove himself, hence forcing Goldstein to apologise. In August 2016, Goldstein mistakenly contacted a parody Twitter account of footballer Carlton Cole in an attempt to organise an interview with Cole himself. The account of Cole responded to his messages by quoting the lyrics to The Killers song Mr Brightside. He was also a childhood friend of Snooker player Ronnie O'Sullivan and the pair worked together as presenter and pundit on Eurosport's snooker tournaments. He also worked on Manchester United TV and is a Manchester United supporter, although he was born in Essex.Goldstein is a regular guest on the Chatabix podcast, hosted by comedians Joe Wilkinson and David Earl.Goldstein often states he has the best hair on radio. Also a scratch golfer","title":"Andy Goldstein"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jungle Drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_a_Celebrity..._Get_Me_Out_of_Here!"},{"link_name":"I'm a Celebrity, Get Me Out of Here!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_a_Celebrity,_Get_Me_Out_of_Here!"},{"link_name":"Fash's Football Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fash%27s_Football_Challenge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caroline Flack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Flack"},{"link_name":"Bravo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravo_(UK)"},{"link_name":"UKTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKTV"},{"link_name":"2006 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Fighting Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_Talk"},{"link_name":"Can't Sing Singers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can%27t_Sing_Singers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Street-Cred Sudoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Street-Cred_Sudoku&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Win Your Own Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Win_Your_Own_Home&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Totally Top Trumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totally_Top_Trumps"},{"link_name":"Strangest Ever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strangest_Ever&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"My Greatest Ever Singles Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Greatest_Ever_Singles_Party&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Swag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swag_(TV)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Unofficial World Records of Sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Unofficial_World_Records_of_Sex&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FHM High Street Honeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FHM_High_Street_Honeys"},{"link_name":"Bikini Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bikini_Heaven&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Six Degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Six_Degrees_(TV)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resistance_(TV)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Contenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Contenders_(TV)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"You're On Sky Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27re_On_Sky_Sports_(TV)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"TalkSports sports bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andy_Goldstein%27s_sports_bar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"played for Roding Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Played_for_Roding_Wanderers&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Jungle Drums (I'm a Celebrity, Get Me Out of Here! daytime show on ITV2)\nFash's Football Challenge (alongside Caroline Flack on Bravo)\nUKTV's 2006 FIFA World Cup coverage.\nFighting Talk (BBC Radio) on 24 January 2007 (finishing last with 31 points) and 14 April 2007 (joint third/last with 42 points)\nCan't Sing Singers (BBC1)\nStreet-Cred Sudoku (Dave)\nWin Your Own Home (UK Style)\nTotally Top Trumps (Challenge TV)\nStrangest Ever (Five)\nMy Greatest Ever Singles Party (Five)\nSwag (Five)\nThe Unofficial World Records of Sex (Sky One)\nFHM High Street Honeys (Sky One)\nBikini Heaven (Sky One)\nSix Degrees (Sky One)\nResistance (BBC Three)\nThe Contenders (BBC Education)\nYou're On Sky Sports (Sky Sports 1)\nTalkSports sports bar\nplayed for Roding WanderersTalkSports Daily Drive time Host","title":"Other appearances"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portishead_Open_Lawn_Tennis_Tournament
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Portishead Open Lawn Tennis Tournament
|
["1 History","2 References","3 Sources"]
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Tennis tournamentPortishead Open Lawn Tennis TournamentDefunct tennis tournamentFounded1883Abolished1890Editions8LocationPortishead, Somerset, EnglandVenuePortishead Lawn Tennis ClubSurfaceGrass
The Portishead Open Lawn Tennis Tournament was a Victorian period combined men's and women's grass court tennis tournament first staged September 1882, organised by Portishead Lawn Tennis Club and held at Portishead, Somerset, England. The tournament ended around 1890.
History
The Portishead Lawn Tennis was originally staged in July 1882 when it was held in conjunction with a Bazaar happening at the same time subsequently the event was thus co-promoted as the Lawn Tennis and Bazaar at Portishead.
The Bristol-based Western Daily Express reported on this event as follows:
The Lawn Tennis Tournament and Bazaar at Portishead. Second Day. With the accompaniment of fine weather play in the Lawn Tennis Tournament was resumed on Saturday at the cricket field. Though there was good attendance of visitor number's, the tennis tournament was not well attended.— Lawn Tennis, Routledge's Sporting Annual (Monday 31 July 1882). p.3.
On 12 September 1883 the Portishead Open Lawn Tennis Tournament was officially established, at the first meeting of this tournament Charles Lacy Sweet won the men's singles title, against Lionel Wilberforce the brother of Herbert Wilberforce, the men's doubles was won by Charles Lacy Sweet and Mr. Pontifex defeating William Parkfield Wethered and F.E. Gibbs. The women's singles was won Miss Bryant, the women's doubles were won by Miss Reynolds and Miss Reynolds who defeated Miss Arden and Miss A. Lys, and the mixed doubles title was won by William Renshaw and Miss Arden who defeated Charles Lacy Sweet and Miss Miss A. Lys.
The inaugural open tournament received more positive reporting the following year in 1883.
The Lawn Tennis Tournament at Portishead. This open tournament, which lasted four days, was brought to a successful termination yesterday. There was a numerous gathering of spectators during the four days, and there was favourable weather each day.— Lawn Tennis, Western Daily Press (Saturday 15 September 1883). p.3.
After the success of the 1883 tournament this event started to attract top players, and ever increasing attendances, and was held up to at least 1890.
The Western Daily Express once again reporting in 1887:
The Portishead Lawn Tennis Tournament. This popular tennis meeting was commenced on the prettily situated ground of the Portishead Lawn Tennis Club yesterday, and will be continued today and Saturday. The entries are more namerous this year.— Lawn Tennis, Western Daily Press (Friday 14 September 1887). p.3.
References
^ Western Daily Press. (Monday 31 August 1885). Portishead Open Lawn Tennis Tournament. Bristol, Somerset. England. p.8.
^ Routledges Sporting Annual (1883) Lawn Tennis Tournaments of 1882. George Routledge and Son. London. pp.117.
^ Western Daily Press. (Monday 31 July 1882). The Lawn Tennis Tournament and Bazaar Portishead. Bristol, Somerset. England. p.3.
^ Routledges Sporting Annual (1883)
^ Routledges Sporting Annual (1883)
^ Routledges Sporting Annual (1883)
^ Routledges Sporting Annual (1883)
^ Routledges Sporting Annual (1883)
^ Bristol Times and Mirror. (Friday 12 September 1890). Portishead Lawn Tennis Open Tournament. This tournament was commenced yesterday at Portishead in beautiful weather. Bristol, Somerset. England. p.8.
Sources
Bristol Times and Mirror. (Friday 12 September 1890). Portishead Lawn Tennis Open Tournament. Bristol, Somerset. England.
Routledges Sporting Annual (1883) Lawn Tennis Tournaments of 1882. George Routledge and Son. London.
Western Daily Press. (Monday 31 August 1885). Portishead Open Lawn Tennis Tournament. Bristol, Somerset. England.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Victorian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_period"},{"link_name":"grass court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_court"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Portishead, Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portishead,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"}],"text":"The Portishead Open Lawn Tennis Tournament [1] was a Victorian period combined men's and women's grass court tennis tournament first staged September 1882,[2] organised by Portishead Lawn Tennis Club and held at Portishead, Somerset, England. The tournament ended around 1890.","title":"Portishead Open Lawn Tennis Tournament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Western Daily Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Daily_Press"},{"link_name":"Charles Lacy Sweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lacy_Sweet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lionel Wilberforce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Wilberforce"},{"link_name":"Herbert Wilberforce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Wilberforce"},{"link_name":"Charles Lacy Sweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lacy_Sweet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"William Renshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Renshaw"},{"link_name":"Charles Lacy Sweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lacy_Sweet"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Portishead Lawn Tennis was originally staged in July 1882 when it was held in conjunction with a Bazaar happening at the same time subsequently the event was thus co-promoted as the Lawn Tennis and Bazaar at Portishead.[3]The Bristol-based Western Daily Express reported on this event as follows:The Lawn Tennis Tournament and Bazaar at Portishead. Second Day. With the accompaniment of fine weather play in the Lawn Tennis Tournament was resumed on Saturday at the cricket field. Though there was good attendance of visitor number's, the tennis tournament was not well attended.— Lawn Tennis, Routledge's Sporting Annual (Monday 31 July 1882). p.3.On 12 September 1883 the Portishead Open Lawn Tennis Tournament was officially established, at the first meeting of this tournament Charles Lacy Sweet won the men's singles title,[4] against Lionel Wilberforce the brother of Herbert Wilberforce, the men's doubles was won by Charles Lacy Sweet and Mr. Pontifex defeating William Parkfield Wethered and F.E. Gibbs.[5] The women's singles was won Miss Bryant,[6] the women's doubles were won by Miss Reynolds and Miss Reynolds who defeated Miss Arden and Miss A. Lys,[7] and the mixed doubles title was won by William Renshaw and Miss Arden who defeated Charles Lacy Sweet and Miss Miss A. Lys.[8]The inaugural open tournament received more positive reporting the following year in 1883.The Lawn Tennis Tournament at Portishead. This open tournament, which lasted four days, was brought to a successful termination yesterday. There was a numerous gathering of spectators during the four days, and there was favourable weather each day.— Lawn Tennis, Western Daily Press (Saturday 15 September 1883). p.3.After the success of the 1883 tournament this event started to attract top players, and ever increasing attendances, and was held up to at least 1890.[9]The Western Daily Express once again reporting in 1887:The Portishead Lawn Tennis Tournament. This popular tennis meeting was commenced on the prettily situated ground of the Portishead Lawn Tennis Club yesterday, and will be continued today and Saturday. The entries are more namerous this year.— Lawn Tennis, Western Daily Press (Friday 14 September 1887). p.3.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bristol Times and Mirror. (Friday 12 September 1890). Portishead Lawn Tennis Open Tournament. Bristol, Somerset. England.\nRoutledges Sporting Annual (1883) Lawn Tennis Tournaments of 1882. George Routledge and Son. London.\nWestern Daily Press. (Monday 31 August 1885). Portishead Open Lawn Tennis Tournament. Bristol, Somerset. England.","title":"Sources"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53rd_Indiana_Infantry_Regiment
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53rd Indiana Infantry Regiment
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["1 Service","2 Detailed service","3 Casualties","4 Commanders","5 See also","6 References"]
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53rd Regiment Indiana InfantryActiveFebruary 19, 1862 – July 21, 1865CountryUnited StatesAllegianceUnionBranchInfantryEngagementsSiege of CorinthBattle of Hatchie's BridgeSiege of VicksburgMeridian CampaignAtlanta CampaignBattle of Kennesaw MountainBattle of AtlantaSiege of AtlantaBattle of JonesboroughSherman's March to the SeaCarolinas CampaignBattle of BentonvilleMilitary unit
The 53rd Regiment Indiana Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
Service
The 53rd Indiana Infantry was organized at New Albany and Indianapolis, Indiana, beginning February 19, 1862, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on March 6, 1862.
The regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, Army of the Tennessee, to July 1862. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, District of Memphis, Tennessee, to September 1862. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, District of Jackson, Tennessee, to November 1862. 3rd Brigade, 4th Division, District of Jackson, Tennessee, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to December 1862. 3rd Brigade. 4th Division, XVII Corps, to January 1863. 3rd Brigade, 4th Division, XVI Corps, to July 1863. 3rd Brigade, 4th Division, XIII Corps, to August 1863. 3rd Brigade, 4th Division, XVII Corps, to May 1864. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, XVII Corps, to July 1865.
The 53rd Indiana Infantry mustered out July 21, 1865, at Louisville, Kentucky.
Detailed service
Guard prisoners at Indianapolis until March 15.
Ordered to Savannah, Tennessee, March 15.
Advance on and siege of Corinth, Mississippi, April 29-May 30, 1862.
March to Memphis, Tennessee, via Grand Junction, LaGrange, and Holly Springs, June 1-July 21, and duty there until September 6.
March to Jackson and Bolivar, Tennessee, September 6–14.
Battle of Metamora, Hatchie River, October 5. Grant's Central Mississippi Campaign.
Operations on the Mississippi Central Railroad November 1862 to January 1863.
Duty at Colliersville and Memphis until April.
Ordered to Young's Point, Louisiana, then to Grand Gulf, Mississippi, and duty there until June 12.
Siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi, June 15-July 4.
Advance on Jackson, Mississippi, July 4–10. Siege of Jackson July 10–17.
Reconnaissance to Pearl River July 15. Duty at Vicksburg until August 15.
Ordered to Natchez, Mississippi, August 15, and duty there until November 24.
Expedition to Harrisonburg September 1–8.
Near Harrisonburg and capture of Fort Beauregard September 4.
Ordered to Vicksburg, Mississippi, November 24, and duty there until February 1864.
Meridian Campaign February 3-March 2. Veterans on furlough March and April.
Moved to Bird's Point, Missouri, April 28; then to Clifton, Tennessee, and march to Ackworth, Georgia, via Huntsville and Decatur, Alabama, and Rome, Georgia, May 5-June 9.
Atlanta Campaign June 9-September 8.
Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Assault on Kennesaw June 27.
Nickajack Creek July 2–5. Turner's Ferry July 5.
Chattahoochie River July 5–17.
Leggett's or Bald Hill July 20–21.
Battle of Atlanta July 22. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25.
Flank movement on Jonesborough August 25–31.
Battle of Jonesborough August 31-September 1.
Lovejoy's Station September 2–6.
Operations against Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29-November 3.
Shadow Church and Westbrook's, near Fairburn, October 1–3. March to the sea November 15-December 10.
Ball's Ferry and Georgia Central Railroad Bridge, Peones River, November 23–25.
Siege of Savannah December 10–21. Carolinas Campaign January to April 1865.
Salkehatchie Swamps, South Carolina, February 2–5. Rivers Bridge, Salkehatchie River, February 3.
South Edisto River February 9. North Edisto River February 12–13. Columbia February 16–17.
Fayetteville, North Carolina, March 11. Averysboro March 16. Battle of Bentonville March 19–21.
Occupation of Goldsboro March 24. Advance on Raleigh April 10–14.
Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army.
March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Virginia, April 29-May 20.
Grand Review of the Armies May 24.
Moved to Louisville, Kentucky, June.
Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 359 men during service; 9 officers and 98 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 4 officers and 248 enlisted men died of disease.
Commanders
Colonel Walter Q. Gresham
Colonel Warner L. Vestal
See also
American Civil War portalIndiana portal
List of Indiana Civil War regiments
Indiana in the Civil War
References
Dyer, Frederick H. A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion (Des Moines, IA: Dyer Pub. Co.), 1908.
Gresham, Matilda. Life of Walter Quintin Gresham, 1832-1895 (Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co.), 1919.
Haas, Garland A. To the Mountain of Fire and Beyond: The Fifty-Third Indiana Regiment from Corinth to Glory (Carmel, IN: Guild Press of Indiana), 1997. ISBN 1-8782-0898-5
Attribution
This article contains text from a text now in the public domain: Dyer, Frederick H. (1908). A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion. Des Moines, IA: Dyer Publishing Co.
vteIndiana military units in the Civil WarHeavy artillery
1st Regiment
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Stewart's Company
Bracken's Company
Mounted Scouts (Independent Company)
Infantry regiments (3 month enlistments)
6th
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54th
Infantry regiments (1 year enlistments)
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54th
Infantry (3 year enlistments)
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See also: List of Civil War regiments by state
vteIndiana in the American Civil WarPeople
William A. Bowles
Jesse D. Bright
Ambrose Burnside
Harrison H. Dodd
Alvin P. Hovey
Andrew Humphreys
Lambdin P. Milligan
Oliver P. Morton
Francis A. Shoup
Lew Wallace
Indiana regiments
Places
Camp Joe Holt
Camp Morton
Jefferson General Hospital
Jeffersonville Quartermaster Depot
Military Park
New Albany National Cemetery
Battlesraids
Battle of Corydon
Battle of Pogue's Run
Hines' Raid
Morgan's Raid
Newburgh Raid
Related
Union Literary Institute
See also: Indianapolis in the American Civil War
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Grant's Central Mississippi Campaign.\nOperations on the Mississippi Central Railroad November 1862 to January 1863.\nDuty at Colliersville and Memphis until April.\nOrdered to Young's Point, Louisiana, then to Grand Gulf, Mississippi, and duty there until June 12.\nSiege of Vicksburg, Mississippi, June 15-July 4.\nAdvance on Jackson, Mississippi, July 4–10. Siege of Jackson July 10–17.\nReconnaissance to Pearl River July 15. Duty at Vicksburg until August 15.\nOrdered to Natchez, Mississippi, August 15, and duty there until November 24.\nExpedition to Harrisonburg September 1–8.\nNear Harrisonburg and capture of Fort Beauregard September 4.\nOrdered to Vicksburg, Mississippi, November 24, and duty there until February 1864.\nMeridian Campaign February 3-March 2. Veterans on furlough March and April.\nMoved to Bird's Point, Missouri, April 28; then to Clifton, Tennessee, and march to Ackworth, Georgia, via Huntsville and Decatur, Alabama, and Rome, Georgia, May 5-June 9.\nAtlanta Campaign June 9-September 8.\nOperations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Assault on Kennesaw June 27.\nNickajack Creek July 2–5. Turner's Ferry July 5.\nChattahoochie River July 5–17.\nLeggett's or Bald Hill July 20–21.\nBattle of Atlanta July 22. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25.\nFlank movement on Jonesborough August 25–31.\nBattle of Jonesborough August 31-September 1.\nLovejoy's Station September 2–6.\nOperations against Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29-November 3.\nShadow Church and Westbrook's, near Fairburn, October 1–3. March to the sea November 15-December 10.\nBall's Ferry and Georgia Central Railroad Bridge, Peones River, November 23–25.\nSiege of Savannah December 10–21. Carolinas Campaign January to April 1865.\nSalkehatchie Swamps, South Carolina, February 2–5. Rivers Bridge, Salkehatchie River, February 3.\nSouth Edisto River February 9. North Edisto River February 12–13. Columbia February 16–17.\nFayetteville, North Carolina, March 11. Averysboro March 16. Battle of Bentonville March 19–21.\nOccupation of Goldsboro March 24. Advance on Raleigh April 10–14.\nOccupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army.\nMarch to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Virginia, April 29-May 20.\nGrand Review of the Armies May 24.\nMoved to Louisville, Kentucky, June.","title":"Detailed service"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The regiment lost a total of 359 men during service; 9 officers and 98 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 4 officers and 248 enlisted men died of disease.","title":"Casualties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Walter Q. Gresham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham"}],"text":"Colonel Walter Q. Gresham\nColonel Warner L. Vestal","title":"Commanders"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Browne_(UK_politics)
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Anthony Browne (politician)
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["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Journalism","2.2 Think tanks","2.3 Politics","2.4 Lobbyist","2.5 British Bankers' Association","3 Personal life","4 Publications","5 References","6 External links"]
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British journalist, businessman and politician (born 1967)
For other people named Anthony Browne, see Anthony Browne (disambiguation).
This article's subject is standing for re-election to the UK's House of Commons on 4 July, and has not been an MP since Parliament's dissolution on 30 May. The article may be out of date during this period. Please improve it (updates without reliable references will be removed) or discuss changes on the talk page.
Anthony BrowneOfficial portrait, 2019Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Decarbonisation and TechnologyIncumbentAssumed office 13 November 2023Prime MinisterRishi SunakPreceded byJesse NormanMember of Parliamentfor South CambridgeshireIn office12 December
2019 – 30 May 2024Preceded byHeidi AllenSucceeded byTBC
Personal detailsBornAnthony Howe Browne (1967-01-19) 19 January 1967 (age 57)Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, EnglandPolitical partyConservativeEducationThe Perse SchoolHills Road Sixth Form CollegeAlma materTrinity Hall, CambridgeWebsiteanthonybrowne.org
Anthony Howe Browne (born 19 January 1967) is a British politician who has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for South Cambridgeshire from the 2019 general election until the dissolution of the 58th Parliament in May 2024. He was appointed the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State of Transport, responsible for aviation, decarbonisation and the future of transport in November 2023. He is a member of the Conservative Party.
Browne was previously a journalist at The Times, BBC and The Observer; an adviser to Boris Johnson when he was Mayor of London; chief executive of the British Bankers' Association and chairman of the UK Government's Regulatory Policy Committee. He sat on the Boards of the International Banking Federation, the European Banking Federation and TheCityUK, and a range of financial technology companies. As an MP, he served three years on the Treasury Select Committee and two years on the Public Accounts Commission as well as Chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on the Environment. Browne was appointed as the Prime Minister’s first Anti-Fraud Champion.
Early life
Browne was born in Mill Road Maternity Hospital in Cambridge to parents Patrick and Gerd Browne. He went to Fowlmere Primary School and was awarded a bursary to the fee-paying independent sector The Perse School. He did his A levels at the state sector Hills Road Sixth Form College in Cambridge, and then studied mathematics at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, receiving a BA (Hons) in 1988.
Career
Journalism
Browne began his career as a journalist. He worked for the BBC as a researcher for The Money Programme from 1993 to 1994, before becoming a broadcast journalist at Business Breakfast from 1994 to 1995.
He was business reporter and economics correspondent for the BBC (1993–1998); economics correspondent, health editor and environment correspondent for The Observer newspaper (1998–2002); and environment editor, Europe correspondent, and chief political correspondent for The Times (2002–2007). When Europe correspondent for The Times, he covered the enlargement of the EU to Eastern Europe, and the appointment of Peter Mandelson as European Commissioner. He also reported for The Times from Iraq after the fall of Saddam Hussein.
Browne was a columnist for City AM and one of the founding columnists of the website ConservativeHome. As Environment Editor of the Observer, Browne broke the exclusive that 1999 was the hottest year of the second millennium.
Browne was in New York on 11 September 2001, and covered the terrorist attack on the Twin Towers for The Guardian and its sister paper, The Observer.
Browne wrote in 2003 that immigration from Africa had become the main cause of new HIV infections in the UK. In an article the Spectator he suggested that the government's policy of mass migration would claim lives due to "letting in too many germs" and that reducing immigration would have more of an impact on public health than recommending that people use condoms.
Think tanks
Browne was Director of Policy Exchange, the largest centre-right think tank in the UK, where he succeeded the founding director Nick Boles. He ran Policy Exchange for eighteen months, during which time it doubled in size, but attracted criticism that it came too close to Conservative leader David Cameron.
Browne has written and contributed to various publications, including a book on whether Britain should join the European single currency, which entered the Sunday Times best-seller list; a pamphlet published by Civitas: The Institute for the Study of Civil Society discussing mass immigration which won Prospect magazine's think tank publication of the year award in 2003; and a Joseph Rowntree Foundation book on social evils; and a report for the think tank Open Europe supporting subsidiarity in the EU.
Politics
Browne was Policy Director for Economic Development for Boris Johnson, the Mayor of London, from 2008 to 2011. He was in charge of economic and business policy for London, sitting on the board of the London Development Agency, as an observer on the London Skills and Employment Board, and TheCityUK, which represents UK financial services. He was also chairman of the Mayor's Digital Advisory Board. Browne was the manifesto director for Boris Johnson's successful re-election campaign from 2011 to 2012.
On 20 July 2019, Browne was announced as the Conservative parliamentary candidate for South Cambridgeshire. Labour called for Boris Johnson to reject him as a candidate after accusing him of displaying "disgusting racism" in his journalism in the early 2000s. In an interview with the Cambridge Independent on 24 July 2019 to discuss his selection, Browne sought to distance himself from the views he had expressed as a journalist. When asked about the statements, he said "I went through a phase as a young journalist trying to get attention and it is not language I would use now. I regret saying it."
Browne was elected as member for South Cambridgeshire in December 2019 with a majority of 2,904. He was later elected as a member of the Treasury Select Committee and Chairman of the All Party Parliamentary Group of the Environment in 2020 and serves as a member of the a Public Accounts Commission.
On 5th July 2022, Browne published a letter of no confidence in the Prime Minister Boris Johnson. In the subsequent leadership election, he supported Rish Sunak.
In September 2022, he was appointed as Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Department for Transport..
Following the publication of the UK Government’s Fraud Strategy in May 2023, Browne was appointed as the first Prime Minister’s Anti-Fraud Champion. He negotiated the Online Fraud Charter, which committed the twelve main global tech firms to implement 39 different measures to stop scams, and which he launched in November 2023.
As part of the November 2023 British cabinet reshuffle, Browne was appointed as Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Transport on November 13, 2023. His brief includes responsibility for aviation, decarbonisation of transport, electric cars, autonomous vehicles, sustainable aviation fuel, drones, e-scooters and space.. Browne was responsible for passing the Zero Emission Vehicle Mandate which requires car manufacturers to have 80% of their car sales to be zero emission by 2030. He passed the Automated Vehicles Act and was the Minister responsible for the Space (Industries) Indemnity Bill. In April 2024, Browne published the Sustainable Aviation Fuel Mandate, which requires airlines in the UK to use 10% sustainable aviation fuel by 2030.
In March 2023, he was chosen as the Conservative Party Candidate for the new constituency of St Neots and Mid Cambridgeshire in the next general election and Chris Carter-Chapman will replace him as the Conservative Party Candidate for South Cambridgeshire, who was selected in June 2023.
Lobbyist
After working for Boris Johnson, Browne became Morgan Stanley's head of government relations for Europe, the Middle East and Africa.
On 1 September 2012, he left Morgan Stanley to become chief executive of the British Bankers' Association, where he remained until 2017.
British Bankers' Association
Browne was appointed to the BBA in June 2012, two weeks before the LIBOR scandal broke. Marcus Agius, the chairman of the BBA who appointed Browne, promptly resigned.
Browne was responsible for implementing reforms of LIBOR proposed by a review led by Martin Wheatley, the then head of the Financial Conduct Authority. Browne then worked with a government-appointed tendering committee chaired by Baroness Hogg to transfer operation of LIBOR from the BBA. Responsibility for the operation of LIBOR was transferred from the BBA to NYSE Euronext in January 2014. As part of the ensuing Parliamentary Commission on Banking Standards, chaired by Andrew Tyrie, Browne co-ordinated the industry to establish the Banking Standards Board.
Browne also set up the BBA's first Consumer Panel. In the wake of the 2016 referendum on Brexit, Browne warned, in an article in The Observer newspaper, that British-based banks were about to relocate operations to the EU, with their hands "quivering over the relocate button".
In April 2017, he announced he was stepping down after five years as CEO, when the BBA merged with five other trade associations to form UK Finance.
Personal life
Anthony Browne is married to Paula Higgins, the CEO and founder of HomeOwners Alliance. The couple have a son and daughter. Browne lists his recreations as "walking, running, climbing, eating, drinking, helping caterpillars turn into butterflies".
Publications
The Euro – Should Britain Join: Yes or No? (Icon Books, 2001)
NHS Reform: Towards Consensus? (Adam Smith Institute, 2002)
Do We Need Mass Immigration? (Civitas, 2002)
The Retreat of Reason – Political Correctness and the Corruption of Public Debate in Modern Britain (Civitas, 2006)
contributor Contemporary Social Evils (Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2009)
The Case for European Localism, with Mats Persson (Open Europe, 2011)
References
^ "Parliamentary Under Secretary of State - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
^ a b "Conservatives select South Cambridgeshire parliamentary candidate | South Cambridgeshire". 21 July 2019. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
^ a b c d e "Browne, Anthony Howe, (born 19 Jan. 1967), MP (C) South Cambridgeshire, since 2019". WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u249852. ISBN 978-0-19-954088-4. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
^ "Anthony Browne appointed to the Regulatory Policy Committee". GOV.UK. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
^ "Anthony Browne joins Coconut board". specialistbanking.co.uk. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
^ "Board of Directors – TheCityUK". www.thecityuk.com. 26 September 2023.
^ "Govt launches anti-fraud strategy". www.ftadviser.com. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
^ "Meet South Cambs MP Anthony Browne: Shot at by the Americans and credited on Oliver Stone film". Cambridge Independent. 28 January 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
^ "Anthony Browne". City A.M. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
^ "Anthony Browne". Conservative Home. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
^ Browne, Anthony; Correspondent, Environment (14 November 1999). "1999 the hottest year of the millennium". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
^ Vulliamy, Ed; Burke, Anthony Browne Jason; Beaumont, Peter; Bright, Martin; London, Kamal Ahmed in; Boston, Paul Simon in; Islamabad, Luke Harding in; Berlin, Kate Connolly in; Brussels, and Andrew Osborn in (16 September 2001). "When our world changed forever". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
^ Browne, Anthony; York, New (23 September 2001). "The survivors who search for solace". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
^ Browne, Anthony (18 August 2003). "Africa is main source of new HIV cases in Britain". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
^ a b Mason, Rowena (11 November 2019). "Tory candidate faces calls to quit over 'disgusting racism'". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
^ Anthony Browne leaves Policy Exchange to become Boris Johnson's Policy Director ConservativeHome
^ "Advisors". Mayor of London. Archived from the original on 14 June 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
^ London Development Agency board members Archived July 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
^ Spencer, Alex (24 July 2019). "Parliamentary candidate has backing of new Prime Minister". www.cambridgeindependent.co.uk. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
^ South Cambridgeshire District Council
^ "I am honoured to have been elected chair of the All Party Parliamentary Environment Group. I look forward to helping drive forwards environmental issues". Twitter. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
^ "x.com". X (formerly Twitter). Retrieved 9 June 2024.
^ Senior, Matthew (6 July 2022). "Conservative Cambs MP shares letter of no confidence in Boris Johnson". Cambridgeshire Live. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
^ "Anthony Browne MP". GOV.UK. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
^ "Online Fraud Charter". GOV.UK. 30 November 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
^ "Parliamentary Under Secretary of State - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
^ "Pathway for zero emission vehicle transition by 2035 becomes law". GOV.UK. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
^ "Self-driving vehicles set to be on roads by 2026 as Automated Vehicles Act becomes law". GOV.UK. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
^ "Aviation fuel plan supports growth of British aviation sector". GOV.UK. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
^ Brackley, Paul (22 March 2023). "South Cambridgeshire Tory MP Anthony Browne to contest new St Neots and Mid Cambridgeshire seat at General Election". Cambridge Independent. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
^ Suslak, Anne (13 June 2023). "Chris Carter-Chapman selected as new Conservative candidate for South Cambs". Royston Crow. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
^ "Morgan Stanley's Browne to head UK bank lobby". Reuters. 12 June 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
^ Jones, Huw (18 April 2017). "UK banking lobby chief to step down in the summer". Reuters. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
^ Smith, Rebecca (22 November 2016). "Bank lobby boss Anthony Browne says it's time to stop grieving over Brexit". CityAM. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
^ "Marcus Agius tenders resignation as BBA chairman". 2 July 2012 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
^ "Libor 'cannot continue unchanged'". BBC News. 10 August 2012.
^ Browne, Anthony (11 July 2013). "Libor now has a new administrator – but our reforms have gone much further". www.cityam.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
^ "Government announces LIBOR administrator tendering committee". GOV.UK. 25 February 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
^ "NYSE Euronext to control Libor rate". BBC News. 9 July 2013.
^ "Citizens Advice Chief To Head Banking Panel". Sky News.
^ Boffey, Daniel (22 October 2016). "Brexit: leading banks set to pull out of UK early next year". The Observer – via www.theguardian.com.
^ "Browne to quit role as UK's top bank lobbyist". Sky News. 18 April 2017.
^ Earl, Nicholas (14 September 2018). "Russia may allow UK to interview Novichok suspects". www.cityam.com.
^ "Open Europe" (PDF). archive.openeurope.org.uk. 2005. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anthony Browne (politician).
Profile at Parliament of the United Kingdom
Contributions in Parliament at Hansard
Voting record at Public Whip
Record in Parliament at TheyWorkForYou
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded byHeidi Allen
Member of Parliament for South Cambridgeshire 2019–present
Incumbent
vteConservative Party MPs in the East of England
Bim Afolami
Peter Aldous
Richard Bacon
Kemi Badenoch
Duncan Baker
Steve Barclay
John Baron
Paul Bristow
Anthony Browne
Alex Burghart
James Cartlidge
Jo Churchill
James Cleverly
Thérèse Coffey
Jonathan Djanogly
Oliver Dowden
Jackie Doyle-Price
James Duddridge
Anna Firth
Vicky Ford
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Robert Halfon
Matt Hancock
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Oliver Heald
Tom Hunt
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Jerome Mayhew
Stephen McPartland
Stephen Metcalfe
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Priti Patel
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthony Browne (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Browne_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"South Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Cambridgeshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"2019 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cambridge_Independent-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"Boris Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Mayor of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_London"},{"link_name":"British Bankers' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Bankers%27_Association"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"TheCityUK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheCityUK"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Treasury Select Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_Select_Committee"},{"link_name":"Public Accounts Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Accounts_Commission"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"For other people named Anthony Browne, see Anthony Browne (disambiguation).Anthony Howe Browne (born 19 January 1967) is a British politician who has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for South Cambridgeshire from the 2019 general election until the dissolution of the 58th Parliament in May 2024. He was appointed the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State of Transport, responsible for aviation, decarbonisation and the future of transport in November 2023.[1] He is a member of the Conservative Party.[2][3]Browne was previously a journalist at The Times, BBC and The Observer; an adviser to Boris Johnson when he was Mayor of London; chief executive of the British Bankers' Association and chairman of the UK Government's Regulatory Policy Committee.[4] He sat on the Boards of the International Banking Federation, the European Banking Federation and TheCityUK, and a range of financial technology companies.[5][6] As an MP, he served three years on the Treasury Select Committee and two years on the Public Accounts Commission as well as Chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on the Environment. Browne was appointed as the Prime Minister’s first Anti-Fraud Champion.[7]","title":"Anthony Browne (politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"The Perse School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Perse_School"},{"link_name":"Hills Road Sixth Form College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hills_Road_Sixth_Form_College"},{"link_name":"Trinity Hall, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Hall,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Browne was born in Mill Road Maternity Hospital in Cambridge to parents Patrick and Gerd Browne.[3] He went to Fowlmere Primary School and was awarded a bursary to the fee-paying independent sector The Perse School. He did his A levels at the state sector Hills Road Sixth Form College in Cambridge, and then studied mathematics at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, receiving a BA (Hons) in 1988.[8][3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"journalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"The Money Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Money_Programme"},{"link_name":"Business Breakfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Breakfast"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Peter Mandelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mandelson"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Saddam Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein"},{"link_name":"City AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_AM"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"ConservativeHome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConservativeHome"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"terrorist attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"Twin Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Towers"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"HIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Spectator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mason19-15"}],"sub_title":"Journalism","text":"Browne began his career as a journalist. He worked for the BBC as a researcher for The Money Programme from 1993 to 1994, before becoming a broadcast journalist at Business Breakfast from 1994 to 1995.He was business reporter and economics correspondent for the BBC (1993–1998); economics correspondent, health editor and environment correspondent for The Observer newspaper (1998–2002); and environment editor, Europe correspondent, and chief political correspondent for The Times (2002–2007). When Europe correspondent for The Times, he covered the enlargement of the EU to Eastern Europe, and the appointment of Peter Mandelson as European Commissioner. He also reported for The Times from Iraq after the fall of Saddam Hussein.Browne was a columnist for City AM[9] and one of the founding columnists of the website ConservativeHome.[10] As Environment Editor of the Observer, Browne broke the exclusive that 1999 was the hottest year of the second millennium.[11]\nBrowne was in New York on 11 September 2001, and covered the terrorist attack on the Twin Towers for The Guardian and its sister paper, The Observer.[12][13]Browne wrote in 2003 that immigration from Africa had become the main cause of new HIV infections in the UK.[14] In an article the Spectator he suggested that the government's policy of mass migration would claim lives due to \"letting in too many germs\" and that reducing immigration would have more of an impact on public health than recommending that people use condoms.[15]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Policy Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Nick Boles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Boles"},{"link_name":"David Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Civitas: The Institute for the Study of Civil Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitas_(think_tank)"},{"link_name":"Prospect magazine's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Joseph Rowntree Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Rowntree_Foundation"}],"sub_title":"Think tanks","text":"Browne was Director of Policy Exchange, the largest centre-right think tank in the UK, where he succeeded the founding director Nick Boles. He ran Policy Exchange for eighteen months, during which time it doubled in size, but attracted criticism that it came too close to Conservative leader David Cameron.[16]Browne has written and contributed to various publications, including a book on whether Britain should join the European single currency, which entered the Sunday Times best-seller list; a pamphlet published by Civitas: The Institute for the Study of Civil Society discussing mass immigration which won Prospect magazine's think tank publication of the year award in 2003; and a Joseph Rowntree Foundation book on social evils; and a report for the think tank Open Europe supporting subsidiarity in the EU.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boris Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Mayor of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_London"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"London Development Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Development_Agency"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"TheCityUK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheCityUK"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cambridge_Independent-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mason19-15"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Treasury Select Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_Select_Committee"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Private Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Private_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Department for Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Transport"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"November 2023 British cabinet reshuffle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2023_British_cabinet_reshuffle"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Transport"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"St Neots and Mid Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Neots_and_Mid_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"South Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Cambridgeshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Politics","text":"Browne was Policy Director for Economic Development for Boris Johnson, the Mayor of London, from 2008 to 2011.[17] He was in charge of economic and business policy for London, sitting on the board of the London Development Agency,[18] as an observer on the London Skills and Employment Board, and TheCityUK, which represents UK financial services. He was also chairman of the Mayor's Digital Advisory Board. Browne was the manifesto director for Boris Johnson's successful re-election campaign from 2011 to 2012.[3]On 20 July 2019, Browne was announced as the Conservative parliamentary candidate for South Cambridgeshire.[2] Labour called for Boris Johnson to reject him as a candidate after accusing him of displaying \"disgusting racism\" in his journalism in the early 2000s.[15] In an interview with the Cambridge Independent on 24 July 2019 to discuss his selection, Browne sought to distance himself from the views he had expressed as a journalist. When asked about the statements, he said \"I went through a phase as a young journalist trying to get attention and it is not language I would use now. I regret saying it.\"[19]Browne was elected as member for South Cambridgeshire in December 2019 with a majority of 2,904.[20] He was later elected as a member of the Treasury Select Committee and Chairman of the All Party Parliamentary Group of the Environment in 2020 [21] and serves as a member of the a Public Accounts Commission.On 5th July 2022, Browne published a letter of no confidence in the Prime Minister Boris Johnson.[22] In the subsequent leadership election, he supported Rish Sunak.[23]In September 2022, he was appointed as Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Department for Transport.[citation needed].Following the publication of the UK Government’s Fraud Strategy in May 2023, Browne was appointed as the first Prime Minister’s Anti-Fraud Champion.[24] He negotiated the Online Fraud Charter, which committed the twelve main global tech firms to implement 39 different measures to stop scams, and which he launched in November 2023.[25]As part of the November 2023 British cabinet reshuffle, Browne was appointed as Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Transport on November 13, 2023. His brief includes responsibility for aviation, decarbonisation of transport, electric cars, autonomous vehicles, sustainable aviation fuel, drones, e-scooters and space.[26]. Browne was responsible for passing the Zero Emission Vehicle Mandate which requires car manufacturers to have 80% of their car sales to be zero emission by 2030.[27] He passed the Automated Vehicles Act[28] and was the Minister responsible for the Space (Industries) Indemnity Bill. In April 2024, Browne published the Sustainable Aviation Fuel Mandate, which requires airlines in the UK to use 10% sustainable aviation fuel by 2030.[29]In March 2023, he was chosen as the Conservative Party Candidate for the new constituency of St Neots and Mid Cambridgeshire in the next general election[30] and Chris Carter-Chapman will replace him as the Conservative Party Candidate for South Cambridgeshire, who was selected in June 2023.[31]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morgan Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Stanley"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"British Bankers' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Bankers%27_Association"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Lobbyist","text":"After working for Boris Johnson, Browne became Morgan Stanley's head of government relations for Europe, the Middle East and Africa.[32]On 1 September 2012, he left Morgan Stanley to become chief executive of the British Bankers' Association, where he remained until 2017.[33][34]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LIBOR scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIBOR_scandal"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"LIBOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIBOR"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Baroness Hogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroness_Hogg"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Andrew Tyrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Tyrie"},{"link_name":"Banking Standards Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_Standards_Board"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"UK Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Finance"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"British Bankers' Association","text":"Browne was appointed to the BBA in June 2012, two weeks before the LIBOR scandal broke. Marcus Agius, the chairman of the BBA who appointed Browne, promptly resigned.[35]Browne was responsible for implementing reforms of LIBOR proposed by a review led by Martin Wheatley, the then head of the Financial Conduct Authority.[36][37] Browne then worked with a government-appointed tendering committee chaired by Baroness Hogg to transfer operation of LIBOR from the BBA.[38] Responsibility for the operation of LIBOR was transferred from the BBA to NYSE Euronext in January 2014.[39] As part of the ensuing Parliamentary Commission on Banking Standards, chaired by Andrew Tyrie, Browne co-ordinated the industry to establish the Banking Standards Board.Browne also set up the BBA's first Consumer Panel.[40] In the wake of the 2016 referendum on Brexit, Browne warned, in an article in The Observer newspaper, that British-based banks were about to relocate operations to the EU, with their hands \"quivering over the relocate button\".[41]In April 2017, he announced he was stepping down after five years as CEO, when the BBA merged with five other trade associations to form UK Finance.[42][43]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HomeOwners Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hoa.org.uk/"},{"link_name":"caterpillars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar"},{"link_name":"butterflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterflies"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Anthony Browne is married to Paula Higgins, the CEO and founder of HomeOwners Alliance. The couple have a son and daughter. Browne lists his recreations as \"walking, running, climbing, eating, drinking, helping caterpillars turn into butterflies\".[3]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Euro – Should Britain Join: Yes or No?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080112230358/http://www.iconbooks.co.uk/book.cfm?isbn=1-84046-271-X"},{"link_name":"NHS Reform: Towards Consensus?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.adamsmith.org/publications/health/nhs-reform%3A-towards-consensus?-20021122137%2F"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"Do We Need Mass Immigration?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.civitas.org.uk/pdf/cs23.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Retreat of Reason – Political Correctness and the Corruption of Public Debate in Modern Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1903386500"},{"link_name":"Contemporary Social Evils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090830073708/http://www.policypress.co.uk/display.asp?K=9781847424082&"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"The Euro – Should Britain Join: Yes or No? (Icon Books, 2001)\nNHS Reform: Towards Consensus?[dead link] (Adam Smith Institute, 2002)\nDo We Need Mass Immigration? (Civitas, 2002)\nThe Retreat of Reason – Political Correctness and the Corruption of Public Debate in Modern Britain (Civitas, 2006)\ncontributor Contemporary Social Evils (Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2009)\nThe Case for European Localism, with Mats Persson[44] (Open Europe, 2011)","title":"Publications"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Parliamentary Under Secretary of State - GOV.UK\". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 17 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/parliamentary-under-secretary-of-state--230","url_text":"\"Parliamentary Under Secretary of State - GOV.UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Conservatives select South Cambridgeshire parliamentary candidate | South Cambridgeshire\". 21 July 2019. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190721135741/https://www.southcambridgeshireconservatives.org.uk/news/conservatives-select-south-cambridgeshire-parliamentary-candidate","url_text":"\"Conservatives select South Cambridgeshire parliamentary candidate | South Cambridgeshire\""},{"url":"https://www.southcambridgeshireconservatives.org.uk/news/conservatives-select-south-cambridgeshire-parliamentary-candidate","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Browne, Anthony Howe, (born 19 Jan. 1967), MP (C) South Cambridgeshire, since 2019\". WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u249852. ISBN 978-0-19-954088-4. Retrieved 1 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-249852","url_text":"\"Browne, Anthony Howe, (born 19 Jan. 1967), MP (C) South Cambridgeshire, since 2019\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u249852","url_text":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u249852"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954088-4","url_text":"978-0-19-954088-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Anthony Browne appointed to the Regulatory Policy Committee\". GOV.UK. Retrieved 9 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/anthony-browne-appointed-to-the-regulatory-policy-committee","url_text":"\"Anthony Browne appointed to the Regulatory Policy Committee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anthony Browne joins Coconut board\". specialistbanking.co.uk. Retrieved 9 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://specialistbanking.co.uk/article-desc-6176_","url_text":"\"Anthony Browne joins Coconut board\""}]},{"reference":"\"Board of Directors – TheCityUK\". www.thecityuk.com. 26 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecityuk.com/about-us/thecityuk-board-of-directors/","url_text":"\"Board of Directors – TheCityUK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Govt launches anti-fraud strategy\". www.ftadviser.com. Retrieved 9 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ftadviser.com/investments/2023/05/03/govt-launches-anti-fraud-strategy/","url_text":"\"Govt launches anti-fraud strategy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet South Cambs MP Anthony Browne: Shot at by the Americans and credited on Oliver Stone film\". Cambridge Independent. 28 January 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridgeindependent.co.uk/news/meet-south-cambs-mp-anthony-browne-shot-at-by-the-americans-and-credited-on-oliver-stone-film-9097722/","url_text":"\"Meet South Cambs MP Anthony Browne: Shot at by the Americans and credited on Oliver Stone film\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anthony Browne\". City A.M. Retrieved 20 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cityam.com/profile/anthony-browne","url_text":"\"Anthony Browne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anthony Browne\". Conservative Home. Retrieved 20 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.conservativehome.com/tag/anthony-browne","url_text":"\"Anthony Browne\""}]},{"reference":"Browne, Anthony; Correspondent, Environment (14 November 1999). \"1999 the hottest year of the millennium\". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 12 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/14/millennium.uk","url_text":"\"1999 the hottest year of the millennium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7712","url_text":"0029-7712"}]},{"reference":"Vulliamy, Ed; Burke, Anthony Browne Jason; Beaumont, Peter; Bright, Martin; London, Kamal Ahmed in; Boston, Paul Simon in; Islamabad, Luke Harding in; Berlin, Kate Connolly in; Brussels, and Andrew Osborn in (16 September 2001). \"When our world changed forever\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/sep/16/news.september11","url_text":"\"When our world changed forever\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Browne, Anthony; York, New (23 September 2001). \"The survivors who search for solace\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/sep/23/september11.terrorism1","url_text":"\"The survivors who search for solace\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Browne, Anthony (18 August 2003). \"Africa is main source of new HIV cases in Britain\". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 18 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/africa-is-main-source-of-new-hiv-cases-in-britain-qd95r8m6l33","url_text":"\"Africa is main source of new HIV cases in Britain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","url_text":"0140-0460"}]},{"reference":"Mason, Rowena (11 November 2019). \"Tory candidate faces calls to quit over 'disgusting racism'\". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/nov/11/tory-candidate-anthony-browne-faces-calls-quit-over-disgusting-racism","url_text":"\"Tory candidate faces calls to quit over 'disgusting racism'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Advisors\". Mayor of London. Archived from the original on 14 June 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090614114948/http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/team/advisors.jsp#anthony-browne","url_text":"\"Advisors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_London","url_text":"Mayor of London"},{"url":"http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/team/advisors.jsp#anthony-browne","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Spencer, Alex (24 July 2019). \"Parliamentary candidate has backing of new Prime Minister\". www.cambridgeindependent.co.uk. Retrieved 8 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridgeindependent.co.uk/news/parliamentary-candidate-has-backing-of-new-prime-minister-9077579/","url_text":"\"Parliamentary candidate has backing of new Prime Minister\""}]},{"reference":"\"I am honoured to have been elected chair of the All Party Parliamentary Environment Group. I look forward to helping drive forwards environmental issues\". Twitter. Retrieved 5 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/ab4scambs/status/1222220702222295042","url_text":"\"I am honoured to have been elected chair of the All Party Parliamentary Environment Group. I look forward to helping drive forwards environmental issues\""}]},{"reference":"\"x.com\". X (formerly Twitter). Retrieved 9 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/AnthonyBrowneMP/status/1544374975389483009","url_text":"\"x.com\""}]},{"reference":"Senior, Matthew (6 July 2022). \"Conservative Cambs MP shares letter of no confidence in Boris Johnson\". Cambridgeshire Live. Retrieved 9 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/news/local-news/cambs-mp-no-confidence-boris-24410209","url_text":"\"Conservative Cambs MP shares letter of no confidence in Boris Johnson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anthony Browne MP\". GOV.UK. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Lambruschini
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Luigi Lambruschini
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["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Diplomatic career","1.3 Lambruschini Family","1.4 Relatives and Descendants of the Lambruschini Family","2 Works","3 See also","4 References","5 Sources"]
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Italian Cardinal
His EminenceLuigi LambruschiniB.Prefect of the Congregation for RitesChurchRoman Catholic ChurchAppointed8 June 1847Term ended12 May 1854PredecessorLudovico MicaraSuccessorCostantino Patrizi NaroOther post(s)Prefect of the Congregation for Studies (1834–54)Cardinal-Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina (1847–54)Vice-Dean of the College of Cardinals (1847–54)OrdersOrdination1 January 1799by Giovanni Luca SolariConsecration3 October 1819by Giulio Maria della SomagliaCreated cardinal30 September 1831by Pope Gregory XVIRankCardinal-Priest (1832–42)Cardinal-Bishop (1842–54)Personal detailsBornEmmanuele Niccolò Lambruschini6 March 1776Sestri Levante, Republic of GenoaDied12 May 1854(1854-05-12) (aged 78)Rome, Papal StatesBuriedSan Carlo ai CatinariParentsBernardo LambruschiniPellegrina RaggiPrevious post(s)Secretary of the Extraordinary Congregation for the Ecclesiastical Affairs of the Catholic World (1815–16)Archbishop of Genoa (1819–30)Apostolic Nuncio to France (1826–31)Titular Archbishop of Beirut (1830–31)Cardinal-Priest of San Callisto (1832–42)Archivist of the Vatican Secret Archives (1834–53)Librarian of the Vatican Apostolic Library (1834–53)Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina (1842–47)Camerlengo of the College of Cardinals (1844–45)Coat of arms
Luigi Lambruschini (6 March 1776 – 12 May 1854) was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in the mid nineteenth century. He was a member of the Clerics Regular of St. Paul and served in the diplomatic corps of the Holy See.
Biography
Early life
The youngest of ten children, he was born in Sestri Levante, then part of the independent Republic of Genoa, to Bernardo and Pellegrina Raggi Lambruschini, and baptized Emmanuele Nicolo. His older brother, Giovanni Battista Lambruschini became bishop of the Diocese of Orvieto.
Lambruschini attended a Jesuit school in Santa Margherita Ligure, and then the Oratorio di San Bartolomeo in Bordighera, run by the Order of the Barnabites. He entered the order in 1793, and after a novitiate, pronounced solemn vows in November 1794, taking the name of Luigi. He was then to Macerata for further study, took minor orders in Rome in 1797, and was ordained a priest back home in Sestri Levante in January 1799. He then taught Barnabite seminarians rhetoric, philosophy and mathematics, first in Bologna, then in San Severino Marche and, from May 1801, in Macerata.
Diplomatic career
He attended the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as secretary to Cardinal Ercole Consalvi. As secretary of the Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, he took part in concluding concordats with various states, including Tuscany, Naples, and Bavaria. According to Umberto Benigni, "Next to Consalvi and Pacca, Lambruschini was among the greatest diplomats of the Holy See in the nineteenth century." In 1816, Lambruschini became vice-general of the Barnabite order.
In 1819, Lambruschini was appointed Archbishop of Genoa. It was rumored that his promotion was to be attributed to the desire of Secretary of State Consalvi to remove from Rome a clergyman who, having acquired too much influence on the pope, was now an obstacle to his own plans for government. In 1826, he was named as Apostolic Nuncio to the Kingdom of France by Pope Pius VII, but was forced to flee his diplomatic post following the 1830 revolution that toppled the Bourbon monarchy and brought House of Orleans pretender Louis-Phillippe to the French throne.
He was made a cardinal in 1831, given the titular church of San Callisto on 24 February 1832. For the next four years, Cardinal Lambruschini held various curial posts until in January 1836 he was appointed Secretary of State to Pope Gregory XVI. His appointment was seen as a compromise between those who hoped for reform and the zealanti who wished to see dissent more forcefully suppressed; although it was said that the Cardinal was "liberal chiefly in his employment of spies and prisons".
He was the leading conservative candidate in the 1846 papal conclave. Though he received a majority of the votes initially, it was clear that he could not achieve the required two-thirds majority. He was eventually defeated by the liberal candidate, Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti, the Archbishop (personal title) of Imola, who became Pope Pius IX.
Lambruschini was a particularly hated figure among the masonic republicans during the 1848 Revolutions that temporarily deposed Pope Pius IX. His house was ransacked and he was forced to flee for his life, disguised as a stablehand. He returned following the Pope's restoration. He died in Rome on 12 May 1854 and was buried in the Barnabite church of San Carlo ai Catinari, Rome.
Lambruschini Family
The Lambruschini family is a very large family. The Cardinal had several brothers. Some descendants of these brothers stayed in Italy, others moved to France, the United States and even South America (Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay).
Relatives and Descendants of the Lambruschini Family
Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans King of France (1773-1850) was cousin of the Cardinal Lambruschini.
Giovanni Battista Lambruschini was the Bishop of Orvieto.
Raffaello Lambruschini was an Italian politician, religious, agronomist, and educator.
Bartolomeo Lambruschini married Bianca Nicolini (her family built The Basilica of Santa Croce in Florence).
Stefano Lambruschini was a priest.
Ferdinando Lambruschini was the Archbishop of Perugia.
Ericka Koehler, American-Peruvian educator, digital marketer, and writer.
Sheilla Castro, Peruvian lawyer.
Works
A Polemical Treatise on the Immaculate Conception of Mary, 1842
See also
Our Lady of La Salette
References
^ a b c "Biographical Dictionary of Italians , 63, pp. 218-223, Institute of the Italian Encyclopedia". Archived from the original on 2019-01-04. Retrieved 2019-01-04.
^ a b c "Miranda, Salvador. "Lambruschini, C.R.S.P., Luigi", The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Florida International University". Archived from the original on 2018-09-21. Retrieved 2019-01-04.
^ a b c Benigni, Umberto. "Luigi Lambruschini." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 3 January 2019
^ Cardinal Title S. Callisto GCatholic.org
^ Lease, Gary. “Denunciation as a Tool of Ecclesiastical Control: The Case of Roman Catholic Modernism.” The Journal of Modern History, vol. 68, no. 4, 1996, pp. 819–830 JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2946721
^ Lambruschini, Luigi. A Polemical Treatise on the Immaculate Conception of Mary, New York, D.&J. Sadlier & Co., 1855
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Luigi Lambruschini". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Sources
Manzini, Luigi M. (1960). Il cardinale Luigi Lambruschini (in Italian). Biblioteca apostolica vaticana. ISBN 9788821000270.
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byTommaso Bernetti
Cardinal Secretary of State 1836–1846
Succeeded byPasquale Tommaso Gizzi
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Italy
United States
Croatia
Netherlands
Portugal
Vatican
People
Italian People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
SNAC
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Clerics Regular of St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnabites"}],"text":"Luigi Lambruschini (6 March 1776 – 12 May 1854) was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in the mid nineteenth century. He was a member of the Clerics Regular of St. Paul and served in the diplomatic corps of the Holy See.","title":"Luigi Lambruschini"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sestri Levante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sestri_Levante"},{"link_name":"Republic of Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Orvieto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Orvieto-Todi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bdi-1"},{"link_name":"Santa Margherita Ligure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Margherita_Ligure"},{"link_name":"Oratorio di San Bartolomeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bartholomew_Oratory_(Bordighera)"},{"link_name":"Bordighera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordighera"},{"link_name":"Order of the Barnabites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Barnabites"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miranda-2"},{"link_name":"Macerata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macerata"},{"link_name":"minor orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_orders"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bdi-1"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"The youngest of ten children, he was born in Sestri Levante, then part of the independent Republic of Genoa, to Bernardo and Pellegrina Raggi Lambruschini, and baptized Emmanuele Nicolo. His older brother, Giovanni Battista Lambruschini became bishop of the Diocese of Orvieto.[1]Lambruschini attended a Jesuit school in Santa Margherita Ligure, and then the Oratorio di San Bartolomeo in Bordighera, run by the Order of the Barnabites. He entered the order in 1793, and after a novitiate, pronounced solemn vows in November 1794, taking the name of Luigi.[2] He was then to Macerata for further study, took minor orders in Rome in 1797, and was ordained a priest back home in Sestri Levante in January 1799. He then taught Barnabite seminarians rhetoric, philosophy and mathematics, first in Bologna, then in San Severino Marche and, from May 1801, in Macerata.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Congress of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Ercole Consalvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ercole_Consalvi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benigni-3"},{"link_name":"Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_for_Relations_with_States_(Roman_Curia)"},{"link_name":"Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Umberto Benigni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Benigni"},{"link_name":"Consalvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ercole_Consalvi"},{"link_name":"Pacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolomeo_Pacca"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benigni-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miranda-2"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Genoa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bdi-1"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Nuncio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_Nuncio"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII"},{"link_name":"1830 revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Bourbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"Louis-Phillippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Philippe_of_France"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benigni-3"},{"link_name":"titular church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_church"},{"link_name":"San Callisto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Callisto"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"1846 papal conclave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1846"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX"},{"link_name":"1848 Revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1848_Revolutions"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"San Carlo ai Catinari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Carlo_ai_Catinari"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miranda-2"}],"sub_title":"Diplomatic career","text":"He attended the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as secretary to Cardinal Ercole Consalvi.[3] As secretary of the Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, he took part in concluding concordats with various states, including Tuscany, Naples, and Bavaria. According to Umberto Benigni, \"Next to Consalvi and Pacca, Lambruschini was among the greatest diplomats of the Holy See in the nineteenth century.\"[3] In 1816, Lambruschini became vice-general of the Barnabite order.[2]In 1819, Lambruschini was appointed Archbishop of Genoa. It was rumored that his promotion was to be attributed to the desire of Secretary of State Consalvi to remove from Rome a clergyman who, having acquired too much influence on the pope, was now an obstacle to his own plans for government.[1] In 1826, he was named as Apostolic Nuncio to the Kingdom of France by Pope Pius VII, but was forced to flee his diplomatic post following the 1830 revolution that toppled the Bourbon monarchy and brought House of Orleans pretender Louis-Phillippe to the French throne.[3]He was made a cardinal in 1831, given the titular church of San Callisto on 24 February 1832.[4] For the next four years, Cardinal Lambruschini held various curial posts until in January 1836 he was appointed Secretary of State to Pope Gregory XVI. His appointment was seen as a compromise between those who hoped for reform and the zealanti who wished to see dissent more forcefully suppressed; although it was said that the Cardinal was \"liberal chiefly in his employment of spies and prisons\".[5]He was the leading conservative candidate in the 1846 papal conclave. Though he received a majority of the votes initially, it was clear that he could not achieve the required two-thirds majority. He was eventually defeated by the liberal candidate, Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti, the Archbishop (personal title) of Imola, who became Pope Pius IX.Lambruschini was a particularly hated figure among the masonic republicans during the 1848 Revolutions that temporarily deposed Pope Pius IX. His house was ransacked and he was forced to flee for his life, disguised as a stablehand. He returned following the Pope's restoration. He died in Rome on 12 May 1854 and was buried in the Barnabite church of San Carlo ai Catinari, Rome.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Lambruschini Family","text":"The Lambruschini family is a very large family. The Cardinal had several brothers. Some descendants of these brothers stayed in Italy, others moved to France, the United States and even South America (Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay).","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Relatives and Descendants of the Lambruschini Family","text":"Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans King of France (1773-1850) was cousin of the Cardinal Lambruschini.\nGiovanni Battista Lambruschini was the Bishop of Orvieto.\nRaffaello Lambruschini was an Italian politician, religious, agronomist, and educator. \nBartolomeo Lambruschini married Bianca Nicolini (her family built The Basilica of Santa Croce in Florence).\nStefano Lambruschini was a priest.\nFerdinando Lambruschini was the Archbishop of Perugia.\nEricka Koehler, American-Peruvian educator, digital marketer, and writer.\nSheilla Castro, Peruvian lawyer.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"A Polemical Treatise on the Immaculate Conception of Mary, 1842[6]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Il cardinale Luigi Lambruschini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=h-pWAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788821000270","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788821000270"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q584470#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/000000011561461X"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/19668761"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdmgck7rtmPCV97c4KTpP"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1336834"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb106524046"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb106524046"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/118778528"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV108286"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no2018145282"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000723730&local_base=nsk10"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071581987"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1811533"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/18912"},{"link_name":"Italian People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/luigi-lambruschini_(Dizionario-Biografico)"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118778528.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6c53rm8"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/244107394"}],"text":"Manzini, Luigi M. (1960). Il cardinale Luigi Lambruschini (in Italian). Biblioteca apostolica vaticana. ISBN 9788821000270.Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nItaly\nUnited States\nCroatia\nNetherlands\nPortugal\nVatican\nPeople\nItalian People\nDeutsche Biographie\nOther\nSNAC\nIdRef","title":"Sources"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Our Lady of La Salette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Biographical Dictionary of Italians , 63, pp. 218-223, Institute of the Italian Encyclopedia\". Archived from the original on 2019-01-04. Retrieved 2019-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190104175710/http://www.archiviosegretovaticano.va/content/archiviosegretovaticano/en/l_archivio/note-storiche/cardinali-archivisti/luigi-lambruschini--1834-1853-.html","url_text":"\"Biographical Dictionary of Italians , 63, pp. 218-223, Institute of the Italian Encyclopedia\""},{"url":"http://www.archiviosegretovaticano.va/content/archiviosegretovaticano/en/l_archivio/note-storiche/cardinali-archivisti/luigi-lambruschini--1834-1853-.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Miranda, Salvador. \"Lambruschini, C.R.S.P., Luigi\", The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Florida International University\". Archived from the original on 2018-09-21. Retrieved 2019-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180921230246/https://webdept.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1831.htm","url_text":"\"Miranda, Salvador. \"Lambruschini, C.R.S.P., Luigi\", The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Florida International University\""},{"url":"https://webdept.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1831.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Manzini, Luigi M. (1960). Il cardinale Luigi Lambruschini (in Italian). Biblioteca apostolica vaticana. ISBN 9788821000270.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h-pWAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Il cardinale Luigi Lambruschini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788821000270","url_text":"9788821000270"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiromi_Hosoi
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Hiromi Hosoi
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["1 Biography","2 Filmography","2.1 TV series","2.2 Magazines","2.3 Internet series","2.4 Other","3 References","4 External links"]
|
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Hiromi Hosoi" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Hiromi Hosoi細井 宏美Born (1989-05-13) May 13, 1989 (age 35)Tokyo, JapanNationalityJapaneseOther namesRomihiOccupation(s)Tarento, modelYears active2006–AgentA-LightHeight1.48 m (4 ft 10 in) (2009)
Hiromi Hosoi (細井 宏美, Hosoi Hiromi, born May 13, 1989, in Tokyo, Japan) is a Japanese tarento and model represented by A-Light. She is nicknamed Romihi (ろみひ).
Biography
Hosoi debuted as a reader model in the magazine Egg in 2006. Her first appearance in the magazine's pin-cover was in August 2007, and gained the nickname "Romihi" from the readers. Hosoi appeared in the cover of Egg 24 times. In August 2012, she graduated and announced that she would be moved to S Cawaii!. Although a short model, Hosoi's appearance is popular among fans and readers. On December 14, 2009, she won first place in the "2010-nen no Fashion Leader wa Dare ka" of Mezamashi TV.
Hosoi is friends with Kanako Kawabata, Aya Suzuki, and Rui Kotobuki from the same agency and they have appeared together at various events.
Filmography
TV series
Year
Title
Network
Notes
2006
Gal Circle
NTV
Episode 8; Guest
2009
Mezamashi TV
Fuji TV
2010
Gentei-hin Korabonēze
Fuji TV
Aimai Na!
TBS
Quasi-regular appearances
Geinōjin Dekokaji Senshuken
Fuji TV
King's Brunch
TBS
2011
Will Together
TVK
Reporter
Magazines
Year
Title
Notes
2006
Egg
2012
S Cawaii!
Internet series
Title
Network
Notes
Gal Talk Tengoku
TBS
Regular appearances
Other
Title
Notes
Cocolulu
Image model
SBY
Image model
DHC "Yakuyō Deep Cleansing Oil"
Image model
Mori Kawa Cutie
Image model
References
^ "細井 宏美" (in Japanese). A-Light. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
External links
Official website (in Japanese)
Official profile (in Japanese)
Hiromi Hosoi on X (in Japanese)
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"細井 宏美\" (in Japanese). A-Light. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160610070529/http://www.a-light.jp/profile/hosoi-hiromi.html","url_text":"\"細井 宏美\""},{"url":"http://www.a-light.jp/profile/hosoi-hiromi.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Impressions_(American_band)
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The Impressions
|
["1 History","1.1 Early years","1.2 ABC-Paramount Records success","1.3 Increasing social consciousness","1.4 After Mayfield's departure","1.5 Later years, awards, and accolades","1.6 Re-emergence","2 Deaths","3 Personnel","4 Discography","5 References","6 External links"]
|
American soul vocal group
The ImpressionsThe Impressions in 1964, from left to right: Sam Gooden, Curtis Mayfield, and Fred CashBackground informationOriginChattanooga, Tennessee, United StatesGenresR&B, doo-wop, Chicago soul, soul, gospelDiscographyThe Impressions discographyYears active1958–2018LabelsABC-Paramount, His Master's Voice, Vee-Jay, Curtom, Universal, RSOPast membersFred CashSam Gooden (deceased)Jerry ButlerCurtis Mayfield (deceased)Nate Evans Arthur Brooks (deceased)Richard Brooks (deceased)Leroy HutsonRalph Johnson (deceased) Vandy Hampton (deceased)Willie KitchensReggie Torian (deceased)
The Impressions were an American music group originally formed in 1958. Their repertoire includes gospel, R&B, doo-wop, and soul.
The group was founded as the Roosters by Chattanooga, Tennessee natives Sam Gooden, Richard Brooks and Arthur Brooks, who moved to Chicago and added Jerry Butler and Curtis Mayfield to their line-up to become Jerry Butler & the Impressions. By 1962, Butler and the Brookses had departed, and after switching to ABC-Paramount Records, Mayfield, Gooden, and returning original Impressions' member Fred Cash collectively became a top-selling soul act. Mayfield left the group for a solo career in 1970; Leroy Hutson, Ralph Johnson, Reggie Torian (born Reginald Torian), and Nate Evans (Twinight Records) were among the replacements who joined Gooden and Cash.
Inductees into both the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame, the Impressions had a string of hits in the 1960s, many of which were heavily influenced by gospel music and served as inspirational anthems for the Civil Rights Movement. They are also 1998 Grammy Hall of Fame inductees for their hit "People Get Ready", and winners of the Rhythm and Blues Foundation's Pioneer Award (in 2000). The group's long career spanned over 60 years at the time of their retirement in 2018.
History
Early years
Jerry Butler and Curtis Mayfield met while singing in the same Chicago church choir. After singing in a number of local gospel groups, the two of them joined a doo-wop group called the Roosters in 1957, whose members included Chattanooga, Tennessee natives Sam Gooden, Richard Brooks, and his brother Arthur Brooks. By 1958, the Roosters had a new manager in Eddie Thomas, a record deal with Vee-Jay Records, and a new name: Jerry Butler & the Impressions.
The group's first hit single was 1958's "For Your Precious Love", which hit No. 11 on the US pop chart and No. 3 on the R&B chart. However, soon after the release of the R&B Top 30 hit "Come Back My Love", Butler left the group to go on to a successful solo career. After briefly touring as the guitarist with the now-solo Butler, Curtis Mayfield became the group's new lead singer and songwriter, and Fred Cash, a returning original Roosters member, was appointed the new fifth member.
ABC-Paramount Records success
Mayfield wrote a number of Butler's early solo hits, and used the money to get the Impressions to move to Chicago, Illinois. There, they got a new deal with ABC-Paramount Records in 1961, and released their first post-Butler single. That single, "Gypsy Woman", was their biggest single to date, hitting No. 2 on the R&B chart and No. 20 on the pop chart. Successive singles failed to match "Gypsy Woman"′s success, and Richard and Arthur Brooks ended up leaving the group in 1962.
The Impressions returned to Chicago as a trio, and soon aligned themselves with producer Johnny Pate, who helped to update their sound and create a more lush soul sound for the group. The result was "It's All Right", a 1963 million-selling gold single that topped the R&B chart and made it to No. 4 on the pop chart, and became one of the group's signature songs. "It's All Right" and "Gypsy Woman" were the anchors of the Impressions' first LP, 1963's The Impressions.
1964 brought the first of Mayfield's Black pride anthem compositions, "Keep on Pushing", which became a top 10 smash on both the Billboard Pop and R&B chart, peaking at No. 10 Pop. It was the title cut from the album of the same name, which also reached the top 10 on both charts. Future Mayfield compositions featured an increasingly social and political awareness, including the following year's major hit and the group's best-known song, the gospel-influenced "People Get Ready", which hit No. 3 on the R&B chart and No. 14 on the pop chart.
Increasing social consciousness
In the mid-1960s, the Impressions were compared with Motown acts such as the Temptations, the Miracles, and the Four Tops. Their 1966 single "Can't Satisfy" was deemed to share significant similarities with "This Old Heart Of Mine (Is Weak For You)" by Motown group the Isley Brothers; Motown sued and Curtis Mayfield had to share writing credits with songwriting-production team Holland-Dozier-Holland and Sylvia Moy for his song. "Can't Satisfy" was nevertheless a top 20 R&B hit for the Impressions, peaking at No. 12, and has since become a Northern Soul classic. After 1965's "Woman's Got Soul", and the No. 7 pop hit "Amen", the Impressions failed to reach the R&B top ten for three more years, finally scoring in 1968 with the #9 "I Loved and Lost". "We're a Winner", which hit No. 1 on the R&B chart that same year, represented a new level of social awareness in Mayfield's music. Mayfield created his own label, Curtom, and moved the Impressions to the label. Over the next two years, more Impressions message tracks followed, including the No. 1 R&B hit "Choice of Colors" (1969) and the No. 3 R&B hit "Check Out Your Mind" (1970).
The Impressions were a notable influence on Bob Marley and the Wailers and other ska/rocksteady groups and singers in Jamaica: the Wailers modelled their singing/harmony style on them and in part borrowed their look, too. There are many covers of Impressions songs by the Wailers, including "Keep On Moving", "Long Long Winter" and "Just Another Dance". Bob Marley also sampled the lyrics of the Impressions song "People, Get Ready" for his song "One Love/People Get Ready". The Wailers had recorded it on several occasions before it was released as a single in 1984. Original recordings of the song do not credit Mayfield's song and are simply titled "One Love" (as copyright law was not enforced for Jamaican recordings at the time) but the version for their album 1977 Exodus (and 1984 single) is titled "One Love/People Get Ready" and credits Mayfield, giving co-authorship credits to both Marley and Mayfield. In addition, Pat Kelly covered "Soulful Love" and The Heptones covered "I've Been Trying" and “Choice of Color”.
After Mayfield's departure
After the release of the Check Out Your Mind LP in 1970, Mayfield left the group and began a successful solo career, the highlight of which was writing and producing the Super Fly soundtrack, followed by collaborating on the soundtracks of Claudine, Sparkle, and A Piece of the Action. He continued to write and produce for the Impressions, who remained on Curtom. Leroy Hutson was the first new lead singer for the group following Mayfield's departure, but success eluded the Impressions, and Hutson left the group in 1973. Jon French was the drummer for the touring band playing around the United States and Europe. He is also heard on the recording of "Freddie's Dead".
Later years, awards, and accolades
New members Ralph Johnson and Reggie Torian replaced Hutson, and the Impressions had three R&B top 5 singles in 1974–1975: the No. 1 "Finally Got Myself Together (I'm a Changed Man)" (which also reached the Pop top 20) and the No. 3 singles "Same Thing it Took" and "Sooner or Later". In 1975, the Impressions had their sole British hit, when "First Impressions" reached No. 16 on the UK Singles Chart. In 1976, the Impressions left Curtom and Mayfield behind for Cotillion Records and had their final major hit with "Loving Power". The same year, Ralph Johnson was replaced by Nate Evans, who remained in the group for three years, during which time the Impressions switched to 20th Century Records. Singles and albums sales continued to slip, and Evans left in 1979, reducing the group to a trio. Evans temporarily rejoined for the album Fan the Fire, released in 1981.
Reggie Torian left in 1983. Ralph Johnson rejoined that year, as well as new member Vandy Hampton. This lineup recorded with Eric Clapton on his Reptile album.
The Impressions were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1991 and into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2003. The members who became Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees were the original Roosters/Impressions lineup: Sam Gooden, Jerry Butler, Richard Brooks, Curtis Mayfield, Arthur Brooks, and Fred Cash.
Mayfield was paralyzed from the neck down, after lighting equipment fell on him during a live performance at Wingate Field in Flatbush, Brooklyn, New York, on August 13, 1990. Despite this, he continued his career as a recording artist, releasing his final album New World Order in 1997. Mayfield won a Grammy Legend Award in 1994 and a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1995 and was a double inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, as a member of the Impressions in 1991 and again in 1999 as a solo artist. He was also a two-time Grammy Hall of Fame inductee. He died from complications of type 2 diabetes in 1999 at the age of 57.
Johnson left in 2001 and was replaced by Willie Kitchens. This lineup was featured on the PBS specials R&B 40 and Soul and Inspiration. Hampton was released in 2003 and died in 2005. Reggie Torian later returned, replacing Kitchens. The Impressions recorded a tribute album to Curtis Mayfield in 2000, which was released by Edel America. In 2008 Universal Music & Hip O Records released Movin' On Up – the first-ever video compilation of the Impressions, featuring brand-new interviews with original Impressions members Sam Gooden and Fred Cash, along with taped interviews with the now-late Curtis Mayfield and video performances of the group's greatest hits and several of Mayfield's solo hits. The group's first million-selling hit song "For Your Precious Love", featuring original lead singer Jerry Butler on lead, is ranked No. 327, and their hit "People Get Ready" is ranked No. 24, on the Rolling Stone magazine's list of Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Also, the Impressions' album/CD The Anthology 1961–1977 is ranked at No. 179 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.
"People Get Ready" has also been chosen as one of the Top 10 Best Songs of All Time by a panel of 20 top industry songwriters and producers, including Paul McCartney, Brian Wilson, Hal David, and others, as reported to Britain's Mojo music magazine.
Re-emergence
In 2011, the Impressions began a collaboration with German-born DJ Pari of the Soulpower organization, who managed their career until their retirement in 2018. They embarked to England for their first ever public performances at Barbican Centre in London and Bridgewater Hall in Manchester, followed by a trip to Madrid, Spain, in 2012. In July 2012, they performed at the official Curtis Mayfield 70th Birthday Tribute Concert at Avery Fisher Hall in New York City. In July 2013, the Impressions released "Rhythm!", their first single in over thirty years, on Daptone Records. The 7" record featured original members Fred Cash, Sam Gooden, and Reggie Torian and was produced by Binky Griptite, guitarist for the Dap-Kings. "Rhythm!" was originally penned by Curtis Mayfield in the mid-sixties (and recorded by Major Lance). The B-side, "Star Bright," was written by Binky Griptite.
In August 2013, former Impressions member Leroy Hutson filed a complaint against Young Jeezy and others alleging that Young Jeezy's song "Time" inappropriately incorporated the instrumental portion of the Impressions "Getting it On", which was registered with the United States Copyright Office in 1973.
In 2015, then 30-year old Jermaine Purifory, an American Idol contestant and former session-vocalist for the musical comedy-drama Glee, joined the Impressions as their new lead singer. Purifory performed with the group until their retirement in 2018.
In September 2018, the Impressions embarked on their first Japan tour, which was also their farewell tour in their 60th-anniversary year. The Impressions performed six shows at the Billboard Live venues in Tokyo and Osaka.
Deaths
Curtis Mayfield died on December 26, 1999, of diabetes, aged 57.
Arthur Brooks died on November 22, 2015, at age 82.
Reggie Torian died of a heart attack on May 4, 2016, at age 65.
Ralph Johnson (born on October 6, 1949, in Greenville, South Carolina) died in Piedmont on December 4, 2016, at age 67.
Sam Gooden died in Chattanooga, Tennessee, on August 4, 2022, at the age of 87.
Richard Brooks died in Chattanooga, Tennessee, on November 12, 2023, at the age of 83.
Personnel
For a detailed listing of the various versions of the group, see Impressions chronology.
Jerry Butler (1958–1960)
Curtis Mayfield (1958–1970; died 1999)
Sam Gooden (1958–2018; died 2022)
Arthur Brooks (1958–1962)
Richard Brooks (1958–1962; died 2023)
Fred Cash (1960–2018)
Leroy Hutson (1970–1973)
Ralph Johnson (1973–1976; 1983–2000)
Vandy Hampton (1983–2003)
Nate Evans (1976–1979)
Reggie Torian (1973–2018)
Gary Underwood (1992–2001)
Fred Dave
Willie Kitchens (1999–2002)
Discography
Main article: The Impressions discography
1963: The Impressions
1964: The Never Ending Impressions
1964: Keep On Pushing
1965: People Get Ready
1965: One by One
1965: Big Sixteen
1966: Ridin' High
1967: The Fabulous Impressions
1968: We're a Winner
1968: This Is My Country
1969: The Versatile Impressions
1969: The Young Mods' Forgotten Story
1970: Check Out Your Mind!
1971: 16 Greatest Hits!
1972: Times Have Changed
1973: Preacher Man
1974: Finally Got Myself Together
1974: Three the Hard Way
1975: First Impressions
1976: Loving Power
1976: It's About Time
1979: Come to My Party
1981: Fan the Fire
References
^ "R&B trio, with two Chattanooga members, still in the public eye after 50 years". Times Free Press. December 2, 2012. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
^ a b c Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music (Concise ed.). Virgin Books. pp. 641/2. ISBN 1-85227-745-9.
^ "Impressions". Soulmusichq.com. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
^ a b "Soul Music HQ The Drifters". Soulmusichq.com. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
^ a b "Willie Kitchens". The HistoryMakers. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
^ "The Impressions "Rhythm!" b/w "Star Bright"". Daptone Records. Archived from the original on March 13, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
^ Preston H Heard; Womble Carlyle Sandridge & Rice, PLLC (September 6, 2013). "Singer-Songwriter Lee Hutson Sues Rapper Young Jeezy Over Alleged Use of "Getting It On" Sample". The National Law Review. Retrieved May 18, 2014.
^ "Brooks, Arthur H. "Pop" Sr". The Chattanoogan.com. November 27, 2015. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
^ "For Your Precious Love – The Impressions, feat. Arthur Brooks, vocal/co-writer | Rest_In_Peace | God's Jukebox". Godsjukebox.com. Archived from the original on November 21, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
^ O'Donnell, Maureen (May 5, 2011). "Chicago soul great, Mayfield successor Reggie Torian dead at 65". Chicago Sun Times. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
^ "R.I.P. Reginald Torian Sr., former member of The Impressions | SoulTracks – Soul Music Biographies, News and Reviews". SoulTracks.com. May 5, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
^ "Ralph Johnson October 6, 1949 – December 4, 2016". Obittree.com. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
^ "In Memory of Ralph Johnson 1949 – 2016". Wgwmortuary.com. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
^ "Ralph Johnson". The Greenville News. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
^ "Obituaries Gooden, Samuel". The Chattanoogan.com. August 5, 2022. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
^ a b John P. Franklin Funeral Home (November 12, 2023). "Richard Allman Brooks, Sr". Tribute Archive. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Impressions.
The Impressions at AllMusic
The Impressions at IMDb
'The Impressions' Vocal Group hall of Fame page
'Richard Brooks'
The Impressions at Rolling Stone
The Impressions in-depth interview by Pete Lewis, 'Blues & Soul' June 2011
The Impressions – Early Years (1958–1962)
Their album The Complete A &B Sides 1961 to 1968 won Rhapsody's Album of the Day on June 27, 2010
vteThe Impressions
Fred Cash
Sam Gooden
Reggie Torian
Jerry Butler
Curtis Mayfield
Richard Brooks
Arthur Brooks
Leroy Hutson
Studio albums
The Impressions (1963)
The Never Ending Impressions (1964)
Keep On Pushing (1964)
People Get Ready (1965)
One by One (1965)
Ridin' High (1966)
The Fabulous Impressions (1967)
We're a Winner (1968)
This Is My Country (1968)
The Versatile Impressions (1969)
The Young Mods' Forgotten Story (1969)
Three the Hard Way (1975)
Compilation albums
The Impressions' Greatest Hits (1965)
Singles
"For Your Precious Love"
"Gypsy Woman"
"It's All Right"
"Keep On Pushing"
"Amen"
"People Get Ready"
"We're a Winner"
"Choice of Colors"
"Finally Got Myself Together (I'm a Changed Man)"
Other songs
"A Hundred Pounds of Clay"
"I'm Still Waiting"
Related
Discography
vteRock and Roll Hall of Fame – Class of 1991Performers
LaVern Baker
The Byrds
Gene Clark, Michael Clarke, David Crosby, Chris Hillman, Roger McGuinn
John Lee Hooker
The Impressions
Jerry Butler, Arthur Brooks, Richard Brooks, Fred Cash, Sam Gooden, Curtis Mayfield
Wilson Pickett
Jimmy Reed
Ike & Tina Turner
Ike Turner, Tina Turner
Early influences
Howlin' Wolf
Non-performers(Ahmet Ertegun Award)
Dave Bartholomew
Ralph Bass
Lifetime achievement
Nesuhi Ertegun
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
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Their repertoire includes gospel, R&B, doo-wop, and soul.[1]The group was founded as the Roosters by Chattanooga, Tennessee natives Sam Gooden, Richard Brooks and Arthur Brooks, who moved to Chicago and added Jerry Butler and Curtis Mayfield to their line-up to become Jerry Butler & the Impressions. By 1962, Butler and the Brookses had departed, and after switching to ABC-Paramount Records, Mayfield, Gooden, and returning original Impressions' member Fred Cash collectively became a top-selling soul act. Mayfield left the group for a solo career in 1970; Leroy Hutson, Ralph Johnson, Reggie Torian (born Reginald Torian), and Nate Evans (Twinight Records) were among the replacements who joined Gooden and Cash.Inductees into both the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame, the Impressions had a string of hits in the 1960s, many of which were heavily influenced by gospel music and served as inspirational anthems for the Civil Rights Movement. They are also 1998 Grammy Hall of Fame inductees for their hit \"People Get Ready\", and winners of the Rhythm and Blues Foundation's Pioneer Award (in 2000). The group's long career spanned over 60 years at the time of their retirement in 2018.","title":"The Impressions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_church"},{"link_name":"choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir"},{"link_name":"doo-wop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doo-wop"},{"link_name":"Chattanooga, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Sam Gooden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Gooden"},{"link_name":"Richard Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Brooks_(singer)"},{"link_name":"For Your Precious Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Your_Precious_Love"},{"link_name":"guitarist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitarist"},{"link_name":"songwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songwriter"},{"link_name":"Fred Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Cash"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"Jerry Butler and Curtis Mayfield met while singing in the same Chicago church choir. After singing in a number of local gospel groups, the two of them joined a doo-wop group called the Roosters in 1957, whose members included Chattanooga, Tennessee natives Sam Gooden, Richard Brooks, and his brother Arthur Brooks. By 1958, the Roosters had a new manager in Eddie Thomas, a record deal with Vee-Jay Records, and a new name: Jerry Butler & the Impressions.The group's first hit single was 1958's \"For Your Precious Love\", which hit No. 11 on the US pop chart and No. 3 on the R&B chart. However, soon after the release of the R&B Top 30 hit \"Come Back My Love\", Butler left the group to go on to a successful solo career. After briefly touring as the guitarist with the now-solo Butler, Curtis Mayfield became the group's new lead singer and songwriter, and Fred Cash, a returning original Roosters member, was appointed the new fifth member.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC-Paramount Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC-Paramount_Records"},{"link_name":"Gypsy Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy_Woman_(The_Impressions_song)"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"Johnny Pate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Pate"},{"link_name":"soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music"},{"link_name":"It's All Right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_All_Right_(The_Impressions_song)"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA_certification"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American"},{"link_name":"Keep on Pushing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep_on_Pushing_(song)"},{"link_name":"album of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep_On_Pushing"}],"sub_title":"ABC-Paramount Records success","text":"Mayfield wrote a number of Butler's early solo hits, and used the money to get the Impressions to move to Chicago, Illinois. 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The result was \"It's All Right\", a 1963 million-selling gold single that topped the R&B chart and made it to No. 4 on the pop chart, and became one of the group's signature songs. \"It's All Right\" and \"Gypsy Woman\" were the anchors of the Impressions' first LP, 1963's The Impressions.1964 brought the first of Mayfield's Black pride anthem compositions, \"Keep on Pushing\", which became a top 10 smash on both the Billboard Pop and R&B chart, peaking at No. 10 Pop. It was the title cut from the album of the same name, which also reached the top 10 on both charts. Future Mayfield compositions featured an increasingly social and political awareness, including the following year's major hit and the group's best-known song, the gospel-influenced \"People Get Ready\", which hit No. 3 on the R&B chart and No. 14 on the pop chart.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Motown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown"},{"link_name":"the Temptations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temptations"},{"link_name":"the Miracles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miracles"},{"link_name":"the Four Tops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Four_Tops"},{"link_name":"\"This Old Heart Of Mine (Is Weak For You)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Old_Heart_of_Mine_(Is_Weak_for_You)"},{"link_name":"the Isley Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Isley_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Holland-Dozier-Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland-Dozier-Holland"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Moy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Moy"},{"link_name":"Northern Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Soul"},{"link_name":"We're a Winner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%27re_a_Winner"},{"link_name":"Choice of Colors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice_of_Colors"},{"link_name":"Bob Marley and the Wailers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley_and_the_Wailers"},{"link_name":"ska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska"},{"link_name":"rocksteady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocksteady"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Bob Marley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley"},{"link_name":"One Love/People Get Ready","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Love/People_Get_Ready"},{"link_name":"Exodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exodus_(Bob_Marley_%26_the_Wailers_album)"},{"link_name":"Pat Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Kelly_(musician)"}],"sub_title":"Increasing social consciousness","text":"In the mid-1960s, the Impressions were compared with Motown acts such as the Temptations, the Miracles, and the Four Tops. Their 1966 single \"Can't Satisfy\" was deemed to share significant similarities with \"This Old Heart Of Mine (Is Weak For You)\" by Motown group the Isley Brothers; Motown sued and Curtis Mayfield had to share writing credits with songwriting-production team Holland-Dozier-Holland and Sylvia Moy for his song. \"Can't Satisfy\" was nevertheless a top 20 R&B hit for the Impressions, peaking at No. 12, and has since become a Northern Soul classic. After 1965's \"Woman's Got Soul\", and the No. 7 pop hit \"Amen\", the Impressions failed to reach the R&B top ten for three more years, finally scoring in 1968 with the #9 \"I Loved and Lost\". \"We're a Winner\", which hit No. 1 on the R&B chart that same year, represented a new level of social awareness in Mayfield's music. Mayfield created his own label, Curtom, and moved the Impressions to the label. Over the next two years, more Impressions message tracks followed, including the No. 1 R&B hit \"Choice of Colors\" (1969) and the No. 3 R&B hit \"Check Out Your Mind\" (1970).The Impressions were a notable influence on Bob Marley and the Wailers and other ska/rocksteady groups and singers in Jamaica: the Wailers modelled their singing/harmony style on them and in part borrowed their look, too. There are many covers of Impressions songs by the Wailers, including \"Keep On Moving\", \"Long Long Winter\" and \"Just Another Dance\". Bob Marley also sampled the lyrics of the Impressions song \"People, Get Ready\" for his song \"One Love/People Get Ready\". The Wailers had recorded it on several occasions before it was released as a single in 1984. Original recordings of the song do not credit Mayfield's song and are simply titled \"One Love\" (as copyright law was not enforced for Jamaican recordings at the time) but the version for their album 1977 Exodus (and 1984 single) is titled \"One Love/People Get Ready\" and credits Mayfield, giving co-authorship credits to both Marley and Mayfield. In addition, Pat Kelly covered \"Soulful Love\" and The Heptones covered \"I've Been Trying\" and “Choice of Color”.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Super Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Fly_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Claudine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudine_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Sparkle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparkle_(Aretha_Franklin_album)"},{"link_name":"A Piece of the Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Piece_of_the_Action_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Leroy Hutson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy_Hutson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-2"}],"sub_title":"After Mayfield's departure","text":"After the release of the Check Out Your Mind LP in 1970, Mayfield left the group and began a successful solo career, the highlight of which was writing and producing the Super Fly soundtrack, followed by collaborating on the soundtracks of Claudine, Sparkle, and A Piece of the Action. He continued to write and produce for the Impressions, who remained on Curtom. Leroy Hutson was the first new lead singer for the group following Mayfield's departure, but success eluded the Impressions, and Hutson left the group in 1973.[2] Jon French was the drummer for the touring band playing around the United States and Europe. He is also heard on the recording of \"Freddie's Dead\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-2"},{"link_name":"Finally Got Myself Together (I'm a Changed Man)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finally_Got_Myself_Together_(I%27m_a_Changed_Man)"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-2"},{"link_name":"Cotillion Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotillion_Records"},{"link_name":"20th Century Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Records"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soulmusichq-4"},{"link_name":"Eric Clapton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clapton"},{"link_name":"Reptile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile_(album)"},{"link_name":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Vocal Group Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_Group_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Flatbush, Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatbush,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"New World Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_Order_(album)"},{"link_name":"Grammy Legend Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Legend_Award"},{"link_name":"Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award"},{"link_name":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Grammy Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"type 2 diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HM-5"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soulmusichq-4"},{"link_name":"video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video"},{"link_name":"song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song"},{"link_name":"Jerry Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Butler_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_500_Greatest_Songs_of_All_Time"},{"link_name":"The Anthology 1961–1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Anthology_1961%E2%80%931977"},{"link_name":"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_500_Greatest_Albums_of_All_Time"},{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"Brian Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Hal David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_David"},{"link_name":"Mojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)"}],"sub_title":"Later years, awards, and accolades","text":"New members Ralph Johnson and Reggie Torian replaced Hutson,[2] and the Impressions had three R&B top 5 singles in 1974–1975: the No. 1 \"Finally Got Myself Together (I'm a Changed Man)\" (which also reached the Pop top 20) and the No. 3 singles \"Same Thing it Took\" and \"Sooner or Later\". In 1975, the Impressions had their sole British hit, when \"First Impressions\" reached No. 16 on the UK Singles Chart.[2] In 1976, the Impressions left Curtom and Mayfield behind for Cotillion Records and had their final major hit with \"Loving Power\". The same year, Ralph Johnson was replaced by Nate Evans, who remained in the group for three years, during which time the Impressions switched to 20th Century Records. Singles and albums sales continued to slip, and Evans left in 1979, reducing the group to a trio. Evans temporarily rejoined for the album Fan the Fire, released in 1981.Reggie Torian left in 1983. Ralph Johnson rejoined that year, as well as new member Vandy Hampton.[3][4] This lineup recorded with Eric Clapton on his Reptile album.The Impressions were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1991 and into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2003. The members who became Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees were the original Roosters/Impressions lineup: Sam Gooden, Jerry Butler, Richard Brooks, Curtis Mayfield, Arthur Brooks, and Fred Cash.Mayfield was paralyzed from the neck down, after lighting equipment fell on him during a live performance at Wingate Field in Flatbush, Brooklyn, New York, on August 13, 1990. Despite this, he continued his career as a recording artist, releasing his final album New World Order in 1997. Mayfield won a Grammy Legend Award in 1994 and a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1995 and was a double inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, as a member of the Impressions in 1991 and again in 1999 as a solo artist. He was also a two-time Grammy Hall of Fame inductee. He died from complications of type 2 diabetes in 1999 at the age of 57.Johnson left in 2001 and was replaced by Willie Kitchens.[5] This lineup was featured on the PBS specials R&B 40 and Soul and Inspiration. Hampton was released in 2003 and died in 2005.[4] Reggie Torian later returned, replacing Kitchens. The Impressions recorded a tribute album to Curtis Mayfield in 2000, which was released by Edel America. In 2008 Universal Music & Hip O Records released Movin' On Up – the first-ever video compilation of the Impressions, featuring brand-new interviews with original Impressions members Sam Gooden and Fred Cash, along with taped interviews with the now-late Curtis Mayfield and video performances of the group's greatest hits and several of Mayfield's solo hits. The group's first million-selling hit song \"For Your Precious Love\", featuring original lead singer Jerry Butler on lead, is ranked No. 327, and their hit \"People Get Ready\" is ranked No. 24, on the Rolling Stone magazine's list of Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Also, the Impressions' album/CD The Anthology 1961–1977 is ranked at No. 179 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.\"People Get Ready\" has also been chosen as one of the Top 10 Best Songs of All Time by a panel of 20 top industry songwriters and producers, including Paul McCartney, Brian Wilson, Hal David, and others, as reported to Britain's Mojo music magazine.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DJ Pari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Pari"},{"link_name":"Barbican Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbican_Centre"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Bridgewater Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgewater_Hall"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Avery Fisher Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery_Fisher_Hall"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Daptone Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daptone_Records"},{"link_name":"Binky Griptite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binky_Griptite"},{"link_name":"the Dap-Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dap-Kings"},{"link_name":"Major Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Lance"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Leroy Hutson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy_Hutson"},{"link_name":"Young Jeezy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Jeezy"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"United States Copyright Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"American Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol"},{"link_name":"Glee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glee_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"}],"sub_title":"Re-emergence","text":"In 2011, the Impressions began a collaboration with German-born DJ Pari of the Soulpower organization, who managed their career until their retirement in 2018. They embarked to England for their first ever public performances at Barbican Centre in London and Bridgewater Hall in Manchester, followed by a trip to Madrid, Spain, in 2012. In July 2012, they performed at the official Curtis Mayfield 70th Birthday Tribute Concert at Avery Fisher Hall in New York City. In July 2013, the Impressions released \"Rhythm!\", their first single in over thirty years, on Daptone Records. The 7\" record featured original members Fred Cash, Sam Gooden, and Reggie Torian and was produced by Binky Griptite, guitarist for the Dap-Kings. \"Rhythm!\" was originally penned by Curtis Mayfield in the mid-sixties (and recorded by Major Lance). The B-side, \"Star Bright,\" was written by Binky Griptite.[6]In August 2013, former Impressions member Leroy Hutson filed a complaint against Young Jeezy and others[who?] alleging that Young Jeezy's song \"Time\" inappropriately incorporated the instrumental portion of the Impressions \"Getting it On\", which was registered with the United States Copyright Office in 1973.[7]In 2015, then 30-year old Jermaine Purifory, an American Idol contestant and former session-vocalist for the musical comedy-drama Glee, joined the Impressions as their new lead singer. Purifory performed with the group until their retirement in 2018.In September 2018, the Impressions embarked on their first Japan tour, which was also their farewell tour in their 60th-anniversary year. The Impressions performed six shows at the Billboard Live venues in Tokyo and Osaka.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chattanoogan-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChicagoSunTimes-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Greenville, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wgwmortuary-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obi_chattanoogan-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franklin-16"}],"text":"Curtis Mayfield died on December 26, 1999, of diabetes, aged 57.Arthur Brooks died on November 22, 2015, at age 82.[8][9]Reggie Torian died of a heart attack on May 4, 2016, at age 65.[10][11]Ralph Johnson (born on October 6, 1949, in Greenville, South Carolina)[12] died in Piedmont on December 4, 2016, at age 67.[13][14]Sam Gooden died in Chattanooga, Tennessee, on August 4, 2022, at the age of 87.[15]Richard Brooks died in Chattanooga, Tennessee, on November 12, 2023, at the age of 83.[16]","title":"Deaths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Impressions chronology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressions_chronology"},{"link_name":"Jerry Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Butler_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Curtis Mayfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Mayfield"},{"link_name":"Sam Gooden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Gooden"},{"link_name":"Fred Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Cash"},{"link_name":"Leroy Hutson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy_Hutson"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franklin-16"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HM-5"}],"text":"For a detailed listing of the various versions of the group, see Impressions chronology.Jerry Butler (1958–1960)\nCurtis Mayfield (1958–1970; died 1999)\nSam Gooden (1958–2018; died 2022)\nArthur Brooks (1958–1962)\nRichard Brooks (1958–1962; died 2023)\nFred Cash (1960–2018)\nLeroy Hutson (1970–1973)\nRalph Johnson (1973–1976; 1983–2000)\nVandy Hampton (1983–2003)\nNate Evans (1976–1979)\nReggie Torian (1973–2018)\nGary Underwood (1992–2001)\nFred Dave\nWillie Kitchens (1999–2002)[16][5]","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Impressions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Impressions_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Never Ending Impressions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Never_Ending_Impressions"},{"link_name":"Keep On Pushing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep_On_Pushing"},{"link_name":"People Get Ready","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Get_Ready_(Impressions_album)"},{"link_name":"One by One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_by_One_(Impressions_album)"},{"link_name":"Ridin' High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridin%27_High_(Impressions_album)"},{"link_name":"The Fabulous Impressions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fabulous_Impressions"},{"link_name":"We're a Winner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%27re_a_Winner_(album)"},{"link_name":"This Is My Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_My_Country_(The_Impressions_album)"},{"link_name":"The Versatile Impressions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Versatile_Impressions"},{"link_name":"The Young Mods' Forgotten Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_Mods%27_Forgotten_Story"},{"link_name":"Finally Got Myself Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finally_Got_Myself_Together"}],"text":"1963: The Impressions\n1964: The Never Ending Impressions\n1964: Keep On Pushing\n1965: People Get Ready\n1965: One by One\n1965: Big Sixteen\n1966: Ridin' High\n1967: The Fabulous Impressions\n1968: We're a Winner\n1968: This Is My Country\n1969: The Versatile Impressions\n1969: The Young Mods' Forgotten Story\n1970: Check Out Your Mind!\n1971: 16 Greatest Hits!\n1972: Times Have Changed\n1973: Preacher Man\n1974: Finally Got Myself Together\n1974: Three the Hard Way\n1975: First Impressions\n1976: Loving Power\n1976: It's About Time\n1979: Come to My Party\n1981: Fan the Fire","title":"Discography"}]
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[{"reference":"\"R&B trio, with two Chattanooga members, still in the public eye after 50 years\". Times Free Press. December 2, 2012. Retrieved November 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/life/entertainment/story/2012/dec/02/rb-trio-with-two-chattanooga-members-still/94000/","url_text":"\"R&B trio, with two Chattanooga members, still in the public eye after 50 years\""}]},{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music (Concise ed.). Virgin Books. pp. 641/2. ISBN 1-85227-745-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Books","url_text":"Virgin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85227-745-9","url_text":"1-85227-745-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Impressions\". Soulmusichq.com. Retrieved November 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soulmusichq.com/artists/impress.htm","url_text":"\"Impressions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Soul Music HQ The Drifters\". Soulmusichq.com. Retrieved November 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soulmusichq.com/goodbye.htm","url_text":"\"Soul Music HQ The Drifters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Willie Kitchens\". The HistoryMakers. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130511030327/http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/willie-kitchens-41","url_text":"\"Willie Kitchens\""},{"url":"http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/willie-kitchens-41","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Impressions \"Rhythm!\" b/w \"Star Bright\"\". Daptone Records. Archived from the original on March 13, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140313091156/https://daptonerecords.com/shop/index.php?route=product%2Fproduct&product_id=308","url_text":"\"The Impressions \"Rhythm!\" b/w \"Star Bright\"\""},{"url":"https://daptonerecords.com/shop/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=308","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Preston H Heard; Womble Carlyle Sandridge & Rice, PLLC (September 6, 2013). \"Singer-Songwriter Lee Hutson Sues Rapper Young Jeezy Over Alleged Use of \"Getting It On\" Sample\". The National Law Review. Retrieved May 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.natlawreview.com/article/singer-songwriter-lee-hutson-sues-rapper-young-jeezy-over-alleged-use-getting-it-sam","url_text":"\"Singer-Songwriter Lee Hutson Sues Rapper Young Jeezy Over Alleged Use of \"Getting It On\" Sample\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brooks, Arthur H. \"Pop\" Sr\". The Chattanoogan.com. November 27, 2015. Retrieved September 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chattanoogan.com/2015/11/27/313117/Brooks-Arthur-H.-Pop-Sr..aspx","url_text":"\"Brooks, Arthur H. \"Pop\" Sr\""}]},{"reference":"\"For Your Precious Love – The Impressions, feat. Arthur Brooks, vocal/co-writer | Rest_In_Peace | God's Jukebox\". Godsjukebox.com. Archived from the original on November 21, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161121230047/http://www.godsjukebox.com/Rest_In_Peace/the-impressions-feat-arthur-brooks-vocal-co-writer-for-your-precious-love/","url_text":"\"For Your Precious Love – The Impressions, feat. Arthur Brooks, vocal/co-writer | Rest_In_Peace | God's Jukebox\""},{"url":"http://www.godsjukebox.com/Rest_In_Peace/the-impressions-feat-arthur-brooks-vocal-co-writer-for-your-precious-love/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"O'Donnell, Maureen (May 5, 2011). \"Chicago soul great, Mayfield successor Reggie Torian dead at 65\". Chicago Sun Times. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160506234402/http://www.chicago.suntimes.com/news/chicago-soul-great-reggie-torian-dies-falsetto-heir-to-mayfield/","url_text":"\"Chicago soul great, Mayfield successor Reggie Torian dead at 65\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun_Times","url_text":"Chicago Sun Times"},{"url":"http://www.chicago.suntimes.com/news/chicago-soul-great-reggie-torian-dies-falsetto-heir-to-mayfield/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"R.I.P. Reginald Torian Sr., former member of The Impressions | SoulTracks – Soul Music Biographies, News and Reviews\". SoulTracks.com. May 5, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soultracks.com/story-reginald-torian-dies","url_text":"\"R.I.P. Reginald Torian Sr., former member of The Impressions | SoulTracks – Soul Music Biographies, News and Reviews\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ralph Johnson October 6, 1949 – December 4, 2016\". Obittree.com. Retrieved December 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://obittree.com/obituary/us/south-carolina/greenville/watkins-garrett--woods-mortuary-inc/ralph-johnson/2782828/","url_text":"\"Ralph Johnson October 6, 1949 – December 4, 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"In Memory of Ralph Johnson 1949 – 2016\". Wgwmortuary.com. Retrieved September 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://memorials.wgwmortuary.com/Johnson-Ralph/2782828/obituary.php","url_text":"\"In Memory of Ralph Johnson 1949 – 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ralph Johnson\". The Greenville News. Retrieved December 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/greenvilleonline/obituary.aspx?n=ralph-johnson&pid=183036201&fhid=23160","url_text":"\"Ralph Johnson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Obituaries Gooden, Samuel\". The Chattanoogan.com. August 5, 2022. Retrieved August 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chattanoogan.com/2022/8/5/453626/Gooden-Samuel.aspx","url_text":"\"Obituaries Gooden, Samuel\""}]},{"reference":"John P. Franklin Funeral Home (November 12, 2023). \"Richard Allman Brooks, Sr\". Tribute Archive. Retrieved December 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tributearchive.com/obituaries/29871713/richard-allman-brookssr","url_text":"\"Richard Allman Brooks, Sr\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/life/entertainment/story/2012/dec/02/rb-trio-with-two-chattanooga-members-still/94000/","external_links_name":"\"R&B trio, with two Chattanooga members, still in the public eye after 50 years\""},{"Link":"http://www.soulmusichq.com/artists/impress.htm","external_links_name":"\"Impressions\""},{"Link":"http://www.soulmusichq.com/goodbye.htm","external_links_name":"\"Soul Music HQ The Drifters\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130511030327/http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/willie-kitchens-41","external_links_name":"\"Willie Kitchens\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/willie-kitchens-41","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140313091156/https://daptonerecords.com/shop/index.php?route=product%2Fproduct&product_id=308","external_links_name":"\"The Impressions \"Rhythm!\" b/w \"Star Bright\"\""},{"Link":"https://daptonerecords.com/shop/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=308","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.natlawreview.com/article/singer-songwriter-lee-hutson-sues-rapper-young-jeezy-over-alleged-use-getting-it-sam","external_links_name":"\"Singer-Songwriter Lee Hutson Sues Rapper Young Jeezy Over Alleged Use of \"Getting It On\" Sample\""},{"Link":"https://www.chattanoogan.com/2015/11/27/313117/Brooks-Arthur-H.-Pop-Sr..aspx","external_links_name":"\"Brooks, Arthur H. \"Pop\" Sr\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161121230047/http://www.godsjukebox.com/Rest_In_Peace/the-impressions-feat-arthur-brooks-vocal-co-writer-for-your-precious-love/","external_links_name":"\"For Your Precious Love – The Impressions, feat. Arthur Brooks, vocal/co-writer | Rest_In_Peace | God's Jukebox\""},{"Link":"http://www.godsjukebox.com/Rest_In_Peace/the-impressions-feat-arthur-brooks-vocal-co-writer-for-your-precious-love/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160506234402/http://www.chicago.suntimes.com/news/chicago-soul-great-reggie-torian-dies-falsetto-heir-to-mayfield/","external_links_name":"\"Chicago soul great, Mayfield successor Reggie Torian dead at 65\""},{"Link":"http://www.chicago.suntimes.com/news/chicago-soul-great-reggie-torian-dies-falsetto-heir-to-mayfield/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.soultracks.com/story-reginald-torian-dies","external_links_name":"\"R.I.P. Reginald Torian Sr., former member of The Impressions | SoulTracks – Soul Music Biographies, News and Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://obittree.com/obituary/us/south-carolina/greenville/watkins-garrett--woods-mortuary-inc/ralph-johnson/2782828/","external_links_name":"\"Ralph Johnson October 6, 1949 – December 4, 2016\""},{"Link":"https://memorials.wgwmortuary.com/Johnson-Ralph/2782828/obituary.php","external_links_name":"\"In Memory of Ralph Johnson 1949 – 2016\""},{"Link":"http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/greenvilleonline/obituary.aspx?n=ralph-johnson&pid=183036201&fhid=23160","external_links_name":"\"Ralph Johnson\""},{"Link":"https://www.chattanoogan.com/2022/8/5/453626/Gooden-Samuel.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Obituaries Gooden, Samuel\""},{"Link":"https://www.tributearchive.com/obituaries/29871713/richard-allman-brookssr","external_links_name":"\"Richard Allman Brooks, Sr\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p4542","external_links_name":"The Impressions"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1744548/","external_links_name":"The Impressions"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070311032931/http://www.vocalgroup.org/inductees/the_impressions.html","external_links_name":"'The Impressions' Vocal Group hall of Fame page"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110517075515/http://www.brooksandjohnsonrecords.com/Richard-Brooks.html","external_links_name":"'Richard Brooks'"},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/the-impressions-19910207","external_links_name":"The Impressions"},{"Link":"http://www.bluesandsoul.com/feature/678/the_impressions_the_history_boys/","external_links_name":"The Impressions in-depth interview by Pete Lewis, 'Blues & Soul' June 2011"},{"Link":"http://doowopheaven.blogspot.de/2015/08/the-impressions-early-years-1958-1962.html","external_links_name":"The Impressions – Early Years (1958–1962)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100706022242/http://blog.rhapsody.com/2010/06/aotd0627.html","external_links_name":"Their album The Complete A &B Sides 1961 to 1968 won Rhapsody's Album of the Day on June 27, 2010"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000110874818","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/126812457","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1086749588","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83046978","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/8af64037-6d26-4d24-afd8-7e085abb01b1","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeny_Streltsov
|
Yevgeny Streltsov
|
["1 Academic career","2 Scholarly contributions","3 Bibliography","4 Foreign Scholarships, Awards and Contributions","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Ukrainian legal scientist and theologian
Yevgeny Lvovych StreltsovCitizenshipUkraineScientific careerFieldsLawInstitutionsNational Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine (NALSU), Scientific Secretary of the Southern Regional Center of the NALSU
Yevgeny Lvovych Streltsov (Ukrainian: Євген Львович Стрельцов) is a Ukrainian scholar of law.
Academic career
Streltsov graduated from the faculty of law at Odesa University, was a post graduate student of the Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University (1976–1980), where he received a PhD Degree in 1981, and became an associate professor in 1985. In 1989-92 he was a doctoral researcher at the Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University receiving a doctorate degree in the science of law (1992) and title of a professor (1995). In 2007-09 Streltsov also was a doctoral researcher of the Ukrainian Academy of Theology, receiving a Doctor of Theology (2010). In 2010 he was admitted as Corresponding Member to the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine.
Streltsov is the author of some 300 scientific works devoted to general and specific problems of law, including 5 monographs, including his book Economic Crimes: Domestic and International Aspects (foreword by Prof. Jess Maghan).
Scholarly contributions
Streltsov is a founder and a leader of the scientific school (sector) Basic Institutions and Trends of the Development of Legislation in the Area of Criminal Law. He was a member of editorial boards for three Ukrainian and one foreign professional journals.
Bibliography
Textbook on Criminal Law of Ukraine, 8th edition (editor-in-chief and co-author) that received a special permission by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine for studying at higher law educational institutions of Ukraine.
Scientific and practical commentaries to the Criminal Code of Ukraine, 9th edition (editor-in-chief and co-author)
Two scientific and practical commentaries to the Laws of Ukraine: On Principles of Prevention and Counteraction Corruption, On Advocacy, On Militia; etc. (co-editor-in-chief and co-author)
Herald of the Southern Scientific Center of the National Academy of Legal Science of Ukraine, scientific journal (editor-in-chief)
Foreign Scholarships, Awards and Contributions
Fulbright Scholar in the USA (1998-1999).
DAAD (German Department for International Exchanges) Scholar (2001).
The Max-Planck Academic Community (Germany) Scholar (2005, 2009, 2013)
References
^ Національна академія Правових наук України: довідник. – Вид.5-еб переробл. та доп. – Х.: Право, 2011. – 424 с.
^ Науковці України. Еліта Держави. – Т.2. – Київ, Логос Україна, 2012. – 642 с.
^ Наука в южном регионе Украины (1971-2011). – Одесса, Феникс, 2001. – 424 с.
^ Випускники Одеського (Новоросійського) університету. Енциклопедичний словник. Випуск 1. – Одеса, Астропринт, 2005. – 264 с.
^ Наші в Америці// ЮВУ. - № 38. – 2000. – С.24.
^ Професори Одеського (Новоросійського) університету. Біографічний словник. – Том 4, видання друге, доповнене. – Одеса, Астропринт, 2005. – 632 с.
External links
Article in the Informational and Analytical Centers of Odesa
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"}],"text":"Yevgeny Lvovych Streltsov (Ukrainian: Євген Львович Стрельцов) is a Ukrainian scholar of law.","title":"Yevgeny Streltsov"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Odesa University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa_University"},{"link_name":"Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaroslav_Mudryi_National_Law_University"},{"link_name":"Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaroslav_Mudryi_National_Law_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Streltsov graduated from the faculty of law at Odesa University, was a post graduate student of the Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University (1976–1980), where he received a PhD Degree in 1981, and became an associate professor in 1985. In 1989-92 he was a doctoral researcher at the Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University receiving a doctorate degree in the science of law (1992) and title of a professor (1995). In 2007-09 Streltsov also was a doctoral researcher of the Ukrainian Academy of Theology, receiving a Doctor of Theology (2010). In 2010 he was admitted as Corresponding Member to the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine.[1]Streltsov is the author of some 300 scientific works devoted to general and specific problems of law, including 5 monographs, including his book Economic Crimes: Domestic and International Aspects (foreword by Prof. Jess Maghan).[citation needed]","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Streltsov is a founder and a leader of the scientific school (sector) Basic Institutions and Trends of the Development of Legislation in the Area of Criminal Law.[2][3] He was a member of editorial boards for three Ukrainian and one foreign professional journals.[4]","title":"Scholarly contributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Ukraine)"}],"text":"Textbook on Criminal Law of Ukraine, 8th edition (editor-in-chief and co-author) that received a special permission by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine for studying at higher law educational institutions of Ukraine.\nScientific and practical commentaries to the Criminal Code of Ukraine, 9th edition (editor-in-chief and co-author)\nTwo scientific and practical commentaries to the Laws of Ukraine: On Principles of Prevention and Counteraction Corruption, On Advocacy, On Militia; etc. (co-editor-in-chief and co-author)\nHerald of the Southern Scientific Center of the National Academy of Legal Science of Ukraine, scientific journal (editor-in-chief)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fulbright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Fulbright Scholar in the USA (1998-1999).[5]\nDAAD (German Department for International Exchanges) Scholar (2001).\nThe Max-Planck Academic Community (Germany) Scholar (2005, 2009, 2013) [6]","title":"Foreign Scholarships, Awards and Contributions"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120306064643/http://www.inter.criminology.org.ua/modules.php?name=Content&file=print&pid=381","external_links_name":"Article in the Informational and Analytical Centers of Odesa"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkijwas
|
Iyoʼwujwa Chorote
|
["1 Phonology","1.1 Vowels","1.2 Consonants","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Matacoan language of South America
ManjuyChoroteIyoʼawujwaʼNative toArgentina, Paraguay, BoliviaNative speakers1,900 (2007–2012)Language familyMataco–Guaicuru ?
MatacoanManjuyLanguage codesISO 639-3crqGlottologiyow1239ELPChorote (shared)Chorote
Iyoʼwujwa Chorote is a Matacoan language spoken by about 2,000 people, mostly in Argentina where it is spoken by about 1,500 people; 50% of whom are monolingual.
Alternate names include: Choroti, Manjuy, and Manjui. It is distinct from the similarly named Iyojwaʼja Chorote.
There are about 370 speakers in Paraguay and 8 in Bolivia. Of the 650 in Paraguay, approximately 480 are considered monolingual. These speakers in Paraguay only refer to themselves as Manjui or Inkijwas. They refer to the Chorote residing in Argentina as Iyoʼawujwaʼ (those who say ʼawujwaʼ), though some who reside with these people in Argentina have migrated from Paraguay. Most of the Manjui under 40 years old can read and write in their own language and were taught in their own schools. The principal location of these people is a settlement called Santa Rosa, in the province of Boquerón. Other locations include Mcal. Estigarribia, Pedro P. Peña, and Yakaquash.
Phonology
Vowels
Chorote has 6 vowels.
Front
Back
Close
i
u
Close-mid
e
o
Open
a
ɑ
Consonants
Chorote has 19 consonants.
Bilabial
Alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
plain
labialized
Nasal
m
n
Stop
plain
p
t
k
ʔ
ejective
pʼ
tʼ
kʼ
Affricate
plain
t͡ʃ
ejective
t͡sʼ
t͡ʃʼ
Fricative
s
h
hʷ
Approximant
voiceless
ɫ̥
voiced
l
j
w
References
^ a b c Manjuy at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^ a b Campbell, Lyle; Grondona, Verónica (2012). "Linguistic Acculturation in Nivaclé and Chorote". International Journal of American Linguistics. 78 (3): 335–367. doi:10.1086/665672. JSTOR 10.1086/665672.
External links
ELAR archive of Chorote (and Nivaclé and Kadiwéu) language documentation materials
Argentinian Languages Collection of Ana Gerzenstein, containing audio recordings of Chorote, at the Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America.
Chorote (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
vteMataco–Guaicuru languagesMatacoan
Chorote
Iyoʼwujwa Chorote
Iyojwaʼja Chorote
Maká
Nivaclé
Wichí
Güisnay
Nocten
Vejoz
Guaicuruan
Abipón
Guachí
Kadiweu
Mocoví
Payaguá
Pilagá
Toba
Mascoian
Angaité
Enlhet
Enxet
Kaskihá
Maskoy
Sanapaná
Charruan *
Charrúa
Chaná
Nbeuá
Güenoa
Italics indicate extinct languages / * indicates that the inclusion of the language family within Mataco-Guaicuru family is disputed
vteLanguages of ArgentinaOfficial languages
Spanish
Regional languages
Guarani
Mapuche
Quechua
IndigenouslanguagesChonan
Puelche
Tehuelche
Teushen
Mataco–GuaicuruCharruan
Balomar
Guaicuruan
Abipón
Guachi
Mocoví
Payaguá
Pilagá
Toba Qom
Matacoan
Iyo'wujwa Chorote
Iyojwa'ja Chorote
Nivaclé
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
Wichí Lhamtés Nocten
Wichí Lhamtés Vejoz
Quechuan
Southern Quechua
Santiagueño
South Bolivian
Tupi–Guarani
Ava Guarani
Eastern Bolivian Guaraní
Kaiwá
Mbyá Guaraní
Others
Aymara
Chané
Vilela
Minority languages
Cocoliche
German
Argentinien-schwyzertütsch
Ligurian
Lunfardo
Welsh
Patagonian Welsh
Regional dialects
Cordobés
Cuyo
Portuñol
Rioplatense
Vesre
Tucumano
Sign languages
Argentine Sign Language
Italics indicate extinct languages
vteLanguages of ParaguayOfficial languages
Spanish
Guaraní
IndigenouslanguagesGuaicuruan
Toba Qom
Mascoian
Angaité
Enlhet
Enxet
Kaskihá
Sanapaná
Toba-Maskoy
Matacoan
Iyo'wujwa Chorote
Maka
Nivaclé
Tupi–Guarani
Aché
Ava Guarani
Pai Tavytera
Zamucoan
Ayoreo
Chamacoco
Other European languages
Portuguese
German (Plautdietsch)
Italian
Sign languages
Paraguayan Sign Language
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Campbell, Lyle; Grondona, Verónica (2012). \"Linguistic Acculturation in Nivaclé and Chorote\". International Journal of American Linguistics. 78 (3): 335–367. doi:10.1086/665672. JSTOR 10.1086/665672.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F665672","url_text":"10.1086/665672"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/665672","url_text":"10.1086/665672"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/iyow1239","external_links_name":"iyow1239"},{"Link":"http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3013","external_links_name":"Chorote (shared)"},{"Link":"http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3013","external_links_name":"Chorote"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/crq","external_links_name":"Manjuy"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F665672","external_links_name":"10.1086/665672"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/665672","external_links_name":"10.1086/665672"},{"Link":"http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0212","external_links_name":"Chorote (and Nivaclé and Kadiwéu) language documentation materials"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170106103619/http://www.ailla.utexas.org/search/collection.html?c_id=20","external_links_name":"Argentinian Languages Collection"},{"Link":"https://ids.clld.org/contributions/304","external_links_name":"Chorote"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007285612205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85024760","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mate_Pavic
|
Mate Pavić
|
["1 Early and personal life","2 Tennis career","2.1 Juniors","2.2 Early career","2.3 2015–2017: First doubles title, Grand Slam mixed title and doubles final","2.4 2018: Grand Slam doubles and mixed doubles titles, Masters 1000 finals, No. 1 ranking","2.5 2019–2020: US Open and Masters 1000 titles, return to top 10, doubles pair race year-end No. 1","2.6 2021: New partnership, seven ATP & historic Wimbledon titles, return to No. 1, First Croatian Olympic champion","2.7 2022: Second-time Italian Open champion, 30th title, 350th career win, Wimbledon final","2.8 2023: Wimbledon mixed doubles title, 35th doubles title, 400th career win","2.9 2024: New partnership, Career Golden Slam","3 Grand Slam tournament finals","3.1 Doubles: 8 (4 titles, 4 runner-ups)","3.2 Mixed doubles: 5 (3 titles, 2 runner-ups)","4 Olympic finals","4.1 Doubles: 1 (1 Gold medal)","5 Year-end championships","5.1 Doubles: 1 (1 runner-up)","6 Masters 1000 finals","6.1 Doubles: 10 (5 titles, 5 runner-ups)","7 ATP career finals","7.1 Doubles: 69 (38 titles, 31 runner-ups)","8 Doubles performance timeline","9 References","10 External links"]
|
Croatian tennis player (born 2008)
Mate PavićPavić at the 2017 Wimbledon ChampionshipsCountry (sports) CroatiaResidenceFreeport, BahamasBorn (1993-07-04) 4 July 1993 (age 30)Split, CroatiaHeight1.91 m (6 ft 3 in)Turned pro2011PlaysLeft-handed (two-handed backhand)CoachJohn Farrington Nadja PavićPrize money$6,090,227SinglesCareer record3–10 (23.1%)Career titles0Highest rankingNo. 295 (6 May 2023)DoublesCareer record441–222 (66.5%)Career titles38Highest rankingNo. 1 (21 May 2018)Current rankingNo. 9 (10 June 2024)Grand Slam doubles resultsAustralian OpenW (2018)French OpenW (2024)WimbledonW (2021)US OpenW (2020)Other doubles tournamentsTour FinalsF (2022)Olympic Games (2020)Mixed doublesCareer titles3Grand Slam mixed doubles resultsAustralian OpenW (2018)French OpenF (2018, 2019)WimbledonW (2023)US OpenW (2016)Team competitionsDavis CupW (2018)
Medal record
Representing Croatia
Olympic Games
2020 Tokyo
Men's doubles
Last updated on: 19 January 2024.
Mate Pavić (Croatian pronunciation: ; born 4 July 1993) is a Croatian professional tennis player who is a former world No. 1 in doubles. Pavić is one of only six men to complete the Career Golden Slam in doubles.
He is a seven-time Grand Slam champion, having won four titles in men's doubles: the 2018 Australian Open with Oliver Marach, the 2020 US Open with Bruno Soares, the 2021 Wimbledon Championships with Nikola Mektić, and the 2024 French Open with Marcelo Arévalo. Pavić also won mixed doubles titles at the 2016 US Open with Laura Siegemund, the 2018 Australian Open with Gabriela Dabrowski, and the 2023 Wimbledon Championships with Lyudmyla Kichenok. He finished runner-up at the 2017 Wimbledon Championships, the 2018 French Open, the 2020 French Open, and the 2022 Wimbledon Championships in men's doubles, and at the 2018 and 2019 French Opens in mixed doubles.
Pavić has won 38 doubles titles on the ATP Tour, including five at Masters 1000 level. In May 2018, he became world No. 1 in doubles, making him the 52nd player in history to hold the top ranking. He was the youngest doubles No. 1 since Todd Woodbridge in 1996, and the first player from Croatia, male or female, to be world No. 1 in singles or doubles. Pavić was part of the winning Croatian team at the 2018 Davis Cup, and also won Olympic gold in men's doubles at the 2020 Summer Olympics alongside Mektić. In singles, he reached a career-high ranking of No. 295 in May 2013.
Early and personal life
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Pavić was born in Split, Croatia, to Jakov, a tennis coach, and Snježana, a kindergarten teacher. He has two sisters, Nadja and Matea. He started playing tennis at the age of 5, after watching his father coach his sister Nadja.
Tennis career
Juniors
As a junior, Pavić posted a singles win–loss record of 95–51 (90–39 in doubles) and reached a combined ranking of No. 5 in January 2011. In singles, in 2010 he reached the French Open QF and in 2011 again the QF, this time at the Wimbledon Championship. His biggest success as a junior came at the 2011 Wimbledon Championships – Boys' doubles where he won the title partnering George Morgan (UK).
Early career
After winning the Boys' Doubles title at Wimbledon Championship, Pavić received a wild card to the 2012 Zagreb Indoors doubles tournament. Partnering Ivan Dodig, he reached his first ATP doubles finals at the age of 18 years and 7 months. In singles, his first ATP-level tour match came at the 2011 ATP Croatia Open in Umag, where he lost to Filippo Volandri in the first round. His first victory at the ATP-tour level came at 2012 Rosmalen Grass Court Championships in s-Hertogenbosch where he upset world No. 40 Robin Haase in the first round. The same year he defeated world No 37. Juan Carlos Ferrero. The following year he reached his career high ranking in singles at world No. 295.
Pavić wanted to pursue his tennis career in both singles and doubles, but when doubles qualifying events were introduced in 2016, this new rule enabled him to get into bigger ATP doubles tournaments and decided to focus more on doubles. He is quoted saying he regrets not being able to see where his singles career would have taken him.
2015–2017: First doubles title, Grand Slam mixed title and doubles final
Pavić won his first ATP doubles title at ATP Nice Open in May 2015, partnering Michael Venus. From May 2015 to October 2016 Pavić and Venus made it to 11 ATP doubles finals, winning five of them. However, they never made it past 3rd round at a Grand Slam tournament and decide to split at the end of 2016.
The same year Mate went on to win the mixed doubles title with Laura Siegemund. Not being able to secure a permanent partner after the 2017 Miami Open, Pavić temporarily teamed with Austria's doubles veteran Oliver Marach during the European clay court season. Their clay swing was not successful and they decided to split after 2017 Wimbledon Championship. However, Pavić and Marach then made it to three consecutive grass court finals, including the 2017 Wimbledon Championship where they lost 11–13 in the fifth set to (at the time) No. 1 ranked doubles team of Łukasz Kubot and Marcelo Melo.
After reaching the finals at Wimbledon, at the 2017 US Open Pavić and Marach lost in the 3rd round. In October Pavić and Marach won their first tournament as a team at the Stockholm Open. In November they qualified for the 2017 ATP Finals as first alternates and played one match, beating the Bryan brothers in Round robin. Pavić finished the season at no. 17
2018: Grand Slam doubles and mixed doubles titles, Masters 1000 finals, No. 1 ranking
Pavić and Marach had a great start to 2018. They went on to win 17 matches in a row, capturing titles at the Qatar Open, Auckland Open and then winning their first Grand Slam title at the 2018 Australian Open. In Melbourne, Mate also won his second mixed doubles Grand Slam title, this time with Gabriela Dabrowski. Pavić and Marach's winning streak came to an end at the Rotterdam Open in February, where they lost in the final. In April, Pavić and Marach reached their first ATP 1000 Masters Series finals in Monte Carlo (losing to Bryan brothers).
On 21 May 2018, Pavić became the No. 1 ranked player in the world in doubles, and spent 8 weeks at the top. He was the youngest No. 1 doubles player in the world since Todd Woodbridge in 1996. Pavić and Marach also made it to the 2018 French Open final, where they lost to Mahut and Herbert. After the French Open, Pavić and Marach went 10–8, losing in both 2018 Wimbledon Championship and 2018 US Open first rounds. They bounced back by reaching the China Open final in October (l. to Kubot and Melo). Pavić finished the 2018 season at no. 3.
2019–2020: US Open and Masters 1000 titles, return to top 10, doubles pair race year-end No. 1
After the 2019 French Open, Marach and Pavić terminated their partnership and Mate teamed with Bruno Soares and won his first Masters title at 2019 Shanghai Rolex Masters in October. The same month they reached the final of Stockholm Open, and Pavić briefly returned to top 10 rankings, but finished the 2019 season ranked 18th in the world.
In September 2020 Pavić and Soares won the 2020 US Open tournament. It was the second men's doubles Grand Slam title of Pavić's career. They followed it with a run to the 2020 French Open and 2020 Rolex Paris Masters finals where they lost after having 5 match points. The pair finished No. 1 in the 2020 doubles race.
2021: New partnership, seven ATP & historic Wimbledon titles, return to No. 1, First Croatian Olympic champion
Starting 2021 Pavić partnered successfully with his compatriot Nikola Mektić. They won four ATP titles including the doubles title at the 2021 Miami Open in April and reached the 2021 Australian Open doubles semifinals and 2021 Dubai Tennis Championships final in the first three months of the year. Following these results, Pavić returned to the No. 1 ranking in doubles on April 5. On April 18, Pavić clinched his fifth overall and second ATP Masters title of the year at the 2021 Monte-Carlo Masters, along with retaining the No. 1 ranking, as he was in contention with Robert Farah for it, who lost in the semifinals at the event. Seeded No. 2 the pair also reached the final at the 2021 Mutua Madrid Open Masters where they lost to the No. 3 seeded pair of Horacio Zeballos and Marcel Granollers and the final of the 2021 Italian Open where they won the title defeating No. 5 seeded pair Rajeev Ram and Joe Salisbury.
In their first Grand Slam doubles final, top seeds Pavic and Mektić had the biggest victory of their 2021 season as a team defeating Granollers and Zeballos to triumph in doubles at the 2021 Wimbledon Championships.
They became the first Croatian players to win the Wimbledon men's doubles title. They are also the first players from their country to win at the All England Club since Goran Ivanišević's 2001 victory in singles and Ivan Dodig's 2019 mixed doubles win with Latisha Chan.
At the Olympics he won the gold medal with Mektić in an all-Croatian final defeating Ivan Dodig and Marin Čilić. It was the country's first gold medal in the sport and the third time in the Olympics men's doubles' history that the same country won both gold and silver, and the first one since 1908.
2022: Second-time Italian Open champion, 30th title, 350th career win, Wimbledon final
Pavić and Mektić won their second Italian Open Masters crown and defended their 2021 title.
In the following week, the Croatian pairing won the 2022 Geneva Open, which was Pavić's 28th doubles title and 30th overall (including the two mixed titles).
In June, Pavić won the Stuttgart Open with Hubert Hurkacz overcoming Tim Pütz and Michael Venus for his 350th win.
In the following week at the ATP 500 2022 Queen's Club Championships, Pavić won his third title for the season in partnership with Mektic and twelfth overall for the pair. The pair also successfully defended their title at the 2022 Eastbourne International, which was Pavić's third consecutive title win.
At the 2022 Wimbledon Championships the Croatian pair reached the semifinals in straight sets and the final defeating six seeded Columbian pair of Robert Farah and Juan Sebastián Cabal in a five sets with a fifth set super tiebreak over 4 hours match.
The pair won another ATP 500 title at the 2022 Astana Open making it fifth as a team and sixth overall for the season for Pavic.
2023: Wimbledon mixed doubles title, 35th doubles title, 400th career win
He won his 35th overall and third straight title at the 2023 Eastbourne International with partner Mektic.
Pavic and Lyudmyla Kichenok won the mixed doubles title at the 2023 Wimbledon Championships defeating Joran Vliegen and Yifan Xu. In doubles, he recorded his 400th career win defeating Francisco Cabral and Rafael Matos in straight sets in the second round at the All England Club.
2024: New partnership, Career Golden Slam
Partnering Marcelo Arévalo, Pavic defeated Simone Bolelli and Andrea Vavassori in the final, 7–5, 6–3 to win the title at the 2024 French Open. It was Pavić's fourth Major doubles title and Arévalo's second. Pavić completed a career Golden Slam with the win, having previously won the three other major championships and an Olympic gold medal.
Grand Slam tournament finals
Doubles: 8 (4 titles, 4 runner-ups)
Result
Year
Championship
Surface
Partner
Opponents
Score
Loss
2017
Wimbledon
Grass
Oliver Marach
Łukasz Kubot Marcelo Melo
7–5, 5–7, 6–7(2–7), 6–3, 11–13
Win
2018
Australian Open
Hard
Oliver Marach
Juan Sebastián Cabal Robert Farah
6–4, 6–4
Loss
2018
French Open
Clay
Oliver Marach
Pierre-Hugues Herbert Nicolas Mahut
2–6, 6–7(4–7)
Win
2020
US Open
Hard
Bruno Soares
Wesley Koolhof Nikola Mektić
7–5, 6–3
Loss
2020
French Open
Clay
Bruno Soares
Kevin Krawietz Andreas Mies
3–6, 5–7
Win
2021
Wimbledon
Grass
Nikola Mektić
Marcel Granollers Horacio Zeballos
6–4, 7–6(7–5), 2–6, 7–5
Loss
2022
Wimbledon
Grass
Nikola Mektić
Matthew Ebden Max Purcell
6–7(5–7), 7–6(7–3), 6–4, 4–6, 6–7(2–10)
Win
2024
French Open
Clay
Marcelo Arévalo
Simone Bolelli Andrea Vavassori
7–5, 6–3
Mixed doubles: 5 (3 titles, 2 runner-ups)
Result
Year
Championship
Surface
Partner
Opponents
Score
Win
2016
US Open
Hard
Laura Siegemund
CoCo Vandeweghe Rajeev Ram
6–4, 6–4
Win
2018
Australian Open
Hard
Gabriela Dabrowski
Tímea Babos Rohan Bopanna
2–6, 6–4,
Loss
2018
French Open
Clay
Gabriela Dabrowski
Latisha Chan Ivan Dodig
1–6, 7–6(7–5),
Loss
2019
French Open
Clay
Gabriela Dabrowski
Latisha Chan Ivan Dodig
1–6, 6–7(5–7)
Win
2023
Wimbledon
Grass
Lyudmyla Kichenok
Xu Yifan Joran Vliegen
6–4, 6–7(9–11), 6–3
Olympic finals
Doubles: 1 (1 Gold medal)
Result
Year
Tournament
Surface
Partner
Opponents
Score
Gold
2021
Summer Olympics
Hard
Nikola Mektić
Marin Čilić Ivan Dodig
6–4, 3–6,
Year-end championships
Doubles: 1 (1 runner-up)
Result
Year
Tournament
Surface
Partner
Opponents
Score
Loss
2022
ATP Finals, Turin
Hard (i)
Nikola Mektić
Rajeev Ram Joe Salisbury
6–7(4–7), 4–6
Masters 1000 finals
Doubles: 10 (5 titles, 5 runner-ups)
Result
Year
Championship
Surface
Partner
Opponents
Score
Loss
2018
Monte-Carlo Masters
Clay
Oliver Marach
Bob Bryan Mike Bryan
6–7(5–7), 3–6
Win
2019
Shanghai Masters
Hard
Bruno Soares
Łukasz Kubot Marcelo Melo
6–4, 6–2
Loss
2020
Paris Masters
Hard (i)
Bruno Soares
Félix Auger-Aliassime Hubert Hurkacz
7–6(7–3), 6–7(7–9),
Win
2021
Miami Open
Hard
Nikola Mektić
Dan Evans Neal Skupski
6–4, 6–4
Win
2021
Monte-Carlo Masters
Clay
Nikola Mektić
Dan Evans Neal Skupski
6–3, 4–6,
Loss
2021
Madrid Open
Clay
Nikola Mektić
Marcel Granollers Horacio Zeballos
6–1, 3–6,
Win
2021
Italian Open
Clay
Nikola Mektić
Rajeev Ram Joe Salisbury
6–4, 7–6(7–4)
Loss
2021
Canadian Open
Hard
Nikola Mektić
Rajeev Ram Joe Salisbury
3–6, 6–4,
Win
2022
Italian Open (2)
Clay
Nikola Mektić
John Isner Diego Schwartzman
6–2, 6–7(6–8),
Loss
2024
Italian Open
Clay
Marcelo Arévalo
Marcel Granollers Horacio Zeballos
2–6, 2–6
ATP career finals
Doubles: 69 (38 titles, 31 runner-ups)
Legend
Grand Slam tournaments (3–4)
ATP World Tour Finals (0–1)
ATP World Tour Masters 1000 (5–5)
Summer Olympics (1–0)
ATP World Tour 500 Series (4–6)
ATP World Tour 250 Series (24–15)
Finals by surface
Hard (19–16)
Clay (10–10)
Grass (8–5)
Finals by setting
Outdoor (31–21)
Indoor (6–10)
Result
W–L
Date
Tournament
Tier
Surface
Partner
Opponents
Score
Loss
0–1
Feb 2012
Zagreb Indoors, Croatia
250 Series
Hard (i)
Ivan Dodig
Marcos Baghdatis Mikhail Youzhny
2–6, 2–6
Loss
0–2
Feb 2013
Zagreb Indoors, Croatia
250 Series
Hard (i)
Ivan Dodig
Julian Knowle Filip Polášek
3–6, 3–6
Loss
0–3
Jan 2014
Chennai Open, India
250 Series
Hard
Marin Draganja
Johan Brunström Frederik Nielsen
2–6, 6–4,
Win
1–3
May 2015
Open de Nice Côte d'Azur, France
250 Series
Clay
Michael Venus
Jean-Julien Rojer Horia Tecău
7–6(7–4), 2–6,
Loss
1–4
Jul 2015
Hall of Fame Championships, United States
250 Series
Grass
Nicholas Monroe
Jonathan Marray Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
6–4, 3–6,
Loss
1–5
Jul 2015
Colombia Open, Colombia
250 Series
Hard
Michael Venus
Édouard Roger-Vasselin Radek Štěpánek
5–7, 3–6
Loss
1–6
Oct 2015
Stockholm Open, Sweden
250 Series
Hard (i)
Michael Venus
Nicholas Monroe Jack Sock
5–7, 2–6
Win
2–6
Jan 2016
Auckland Open, New Zealand
250 Series
Hard
Michael Venus
Eric Butorac Scott Lipsky
7–5, 6–4
Win
3–6
Feb 2016
Open Sud de France, France
250 Series
Hard (i)
Michael Venus
Alexander Zverev Mischa Zverev
7–5, 7–6(7–4)
Win
4–6
Feb 2016
Open 13, France
250 Series
Hard (i)
Michael Venus
Jonathan Erlich Colin Fleming
6–2, 6–3
Loss
4–7
May 2016
Open de Nice Côte d'Azur, France
250 Series
Clay
Michael Venus
Juan Sebastián Cabal Robert Farah
6–4, 4–6,
Win
5–7
Jun 2016
Rosmalen Championships, Netherlands
250 Series
Grass
Michael Venus
Dominic Inglot Raven Klaasen
3–6, 6–3,
Loss
5–8
Jul 2016
Swiss Open, Switzerland
250 Series
Clay
Michael Venus
Julio Peralta Horacio Zeballos
6–7(2–7), 2–6
Loss
5–9
Sep 2016
Moselle Open, France
250 Series
Hard (i)
Michael Venus
Julio Peralta Horacio Zeballos
3–6, 6–7(4–7)
Loss
5–10
Oct 2016
Stockholm Open, Sweden
250 Series
Hard (i)
Michael Venus
Elias Ymer Mikael Ymer
1–6, 1–6
Win
6–10
Apr 2017
Grand Prix Hassan II, Morocco
250 Series
Clay
Dominic Inglot
Marcel Granollers Marc López
6–4, 2–6,
Loss
6–11
Jun 2017
Stuttgart Open, Germany
250 Series
Grass
Oliver Marach
Jamie Murray Bruno Soares
7–6(7–4), 5–7,
Loss
6–12
Jun 2017
Antalya Open, Turkey
250 Series
Grass
Oliver Marach
Robert Lindstedt Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
5–7, 1–4 ret.
Loss
6–13
Jul 2017
Wimbledon Championships, United Kingdom
Grand Slam
Grass
Oliver Marach
Łukasz Kubot Marcelo Melo
7–5, 5–7, 6–7(2–7), 6–3, 11–13
Win
7–13
Jul 2017
German Open, Germany
500 Series
Clay
Ivan Dodig
Pablo Cuevas Marc López
6–3, 6–4
Win
8–13
Oct 2017
Stockholm Open, Sweden
250 Series
Hard (i)
Oliver Marach
Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi Jean-Julien Rojer
3–6, 7–6(8–6),
Win
9–13
Jan 2018
Qatar Open, Qatar
250 Series
Hard
Oliver Marach
Jamie Murray Bruno Soares
6–2, 7–6(8–6)
Win
10–13
Jan 2018
Auckland Open, New Zealand (2)
250 Series
Hard
Oliver Marach
Max Mirnyi Philipp Oswald
6–4, 5–7,
Win
11–13
Jan 2018
Australian Open, Australia
Grand Slam
Hard
Oliver Marach
Juan Sebastián Cabal Robert Farah
6–4, 6–4
Loss
11–14
Feb 2018
Rotterdam Open, Netherlands
500 Series
Hard (i)
Oliver Marach
Pierre-Hugues Herbert Nicolas Mahut
6–2, 2–6,
Loss
11–15
Apr 2018
Monte-Carlo Masters, Monaco
Masters 1000
Clay
Oliver Marach
Bob Bryan Mike Bryan
6–7(5–7), 3–6
Win
12–15
May 2018
Geneva Open, Switzerland
250 Series
Clay
Oliver Marach
Ivan Dodig Rajeev Ram
3–6, 7–6(7–3),
Loss
12–16
Jun 2018
French Open, France
Grand Slam
Clay
Oliver Marach
Pierre-Hugues Herbert Nicolas Mahut
2–6, 6–7(4–7)
Loss
12–17
Jul 2018
German Open, Germany
500 Series
Clay
Oliver Marach
Julio Peralta Horacio Zeballos
1–6, 6–4,
Win
13–17
Sep 2018
Chengdu Open, China
250 Series
Hard
Ivan Dodig
Austin Krajicek Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan
6–2, 6–4
Loss
13–18
Oct 2018
China Open, China
500 Series
Hard
Oliver Marach
Łukasz Kubot Marcelo Melo
1–6, 4–6
Win
14–18
May 2019
Geneva Open, Switzerland (2)
250 Series
Clay
Oliver Marach
Matthew Ebden Robert Lindstedt
6–4, 6–4
Win
15–18
Oct 2019
Shanghai Masters, China
Masters 1000
Hard
Bruno Soares
Łukasz Kubot Marcelo Melo
6–4, 6–2
Loss
15–19
Oct 2019
Stockholm Open, Sweden
250 Series
Hard (i)
Bruno Soares
Henri Kontinen Édouard Roger-Vasselin
4–6, 2–6
Win
16–19
Feb 2020
Open Sud de France, France (2)
250 Series
Hard (i)
Nikola Ćaćić
Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi Dominic Inglot
6–4, 6–7(4–7),
Win
17–19
Sep 2020
US Open, United States
Grand Slam
Hard
Bruno Soares
Wesley Koolhof Nikola Mektić
7–5, 6–3
Loss
17–20
Sep 2020
Hamburg Open, Germany
500 Series
Clay
Ivan Dodig
John Peers Michael Venus
3–6, 4–6
Loss
17–21
Oct 2020
French Open, France
Grand Slam
Clay
Bruno Soares
Kevin Krawietz Andreas Mies
3–6, 5–7
Loss
17–22
Nov 2020
Paris Masters, France
Masters 1000
Hard (i)
Bruno Soares
Félix Auger-Aliassime Hubert Hurkacz
7–6(7–3), 6–7(7–9),
Win
18–22
Jan 2021
Antalya Open, Turkey
250 Series
Hard
Nikola Mektić
Ivan Dodig Filip Polášek
6–2, 6–4
Win
19–22
Feb 2021
Murray River Open, Australia
250 Series
Hard
Nikola Mektić
Jérémy Chardy Fabrice Martin
7–6(7–2), 6–3
Win
20–22
Mar 2021
Rotterdam Open, Netherlands
500 Series
Hard (i)
Nikola Mektić
Kevin Krawietz Horia Tecău
7–6(9–7), 6–2
Loss
20–23
Mar 2021
Dubai Tennis Championships, United Arab Emirates
500 Series
Hard
Nikola Mektić
Juan Sebastián Cabal Robert Farah
6–7(0–7), 6–7(4–7)
Win
21–23
Apr 2021
Miami Open,United States
Masters 1000
Hard
Nikola Mektić
Dan Evans Neal Skupski
6–4, 6–4
Win
22–23
Apr 2021
Monte-Carlo Masters,Monaco
Masters 1000
Clay
Nikola Mektić
Dan Evans Neal Skupski
6–3, 4–6,
Loss
22–24
May 2021
Madrid Open,Spain
Masters 1000
Clay
Nikola Mektić
Marcel Granollers Horacio Zeballos
6–1, 3–6,
Win
23–24
May 2021
Italian Open,Italy
Masters 1000
Clay
Nikola Mektić
Rajeev Ram Joe Salisbury
6–4, 7–6(7–4)
Win
24–24
Jun 2021
Eastbourne International,United Kingdom
250 Series
Grass
Nikola Mektić
Rajeev Ram Joe Salisbury
6–4, 6–3
Win
25–24
Jul 2021
Wimbledon Championships,United Kingdom
Grand Slam
Grass
Nikola Mektić
Marcel Granollers Horacio Zeballos
6–4, 7–6(7–5), 2–6, 7–5
Win
26–24
Jul 2021
Olympic Games,Japan
Olympics
Hard
Nikola Mektić
Ivan Dodig Marin Čilić
6–4, 3–6,
Loss
26–25
Aug 2021
Canadian Open,Canada
Masters 1000
Hard
Nikola Mektić
Rajeev Ram Joe Salisbury
3–6, 6–4,
Loss
26–26
Feb 2022
Dubai Tennis Championships,United Arab Emirates
500 Series
Hard
Nikola Mektić
Tim Pütz Michael Venus
3–6, 7–6(7–5),
Loss
26–27
Apr 2022
Serbia Open,Serbia
250 Series
Clay
Nikola Mektić
Ariel Behar Gonzalo Escobar
2–6, 6–3,
Win
27–27
May 2022
Italian Open, Italy (2)
Masters 1000
Clay
Nikola Mektić
John Isner Diego Schwartzman
6–2, 6–7(6–8),
Win
28–27
May 2022
Geneva Open,Switzerland
250 Series
Clay
Nikola Mektić
Matwé Middelkoop Pablo Andújar
2–6, 6–2,
Win
29–27
Jun 2022
Stuttgart Open,Germany
250 Series
Grass
Hubert Hurkacz
Tim Pütz Michael Venus
7–6(7–3), 7–6(7–5)
Win
30–27
Jun 2022
Queen's Club Championships,United Kingdom
500 Series
Grass
Nikola Mektić
Lloyd Glasspool Harri Heliövaara
3–6, 7–6(7–3),
Win
31–27
Jun 2022
Eastbourne International,United Kingdom (2)
250 Series
Grass
Nikola Mektić
Matwé Middelkoop Luke Saville
6–4, 6–2
Loss
31–28
Jul 2022
Wimbledon Championships,United Kingdom
Grand Slam
Grass
Nikola Mektić
Matthew Ebden Max Purcell
6–7(5–7), 7–6(7–3), 6–4, 4–6, 6–7(2–10)
Win
32–28
Oct 2022
Astana Open,Kazakhstan
500 Series
Hard (i)
Nikola Mektić
Adrian Mannarino Fabrice Martin
6–4, 6–2
Loss
32–29
Nov 2022
ATP Finals,Italy
Tour Finals
Hard (i)
Nikola Mektić
Rajeev Ram Joe Salisbury
6–7(4–7), 4–6
Win
33–29
Jan 2023
Auckland Open,New Zealand (3)
250 Series
Hard
Nikola Mektić
Nathaniel Lammons Jackson Withrow
6–4, 6–7(5–7),
Win
34–29
Jun 2023
Stuttgart Open,Germany (2)
250 Series
Grass
Nikola Mektić
Kevin Krawietz Tim Pütz
7–6(7–2), 6–3
Win
35–29
Jun 2023
Eastbourne International,United Kingdom (3)
250 Series
Grass
Nikola Mektić
Ivan Dodig Austin Krajicek
6–4, 6–2
Loss
35–30
Sep 2023
Astana Open,Kazakhstan
250 Series
Hard (i)
John Peers
Nathaniel Lammons Jackson Withrow
6–7(4–7), 6–7(7–9)
Win
36–30
Jan 2024
Hong Kong Open,China
250 Series
Hard
Marcelo Arévalo
Sander Gillé Joran Vliegen
7–6(7–3), 6–4
Loss
36–31
May 2024
Italian Open,Italy
Masters 1000
Clay
Marcelo Arévalo
Marcel Granollers Horacio Zeballos
2–6, 2–6
Win
37–31
May 2024
Geneva Open,Switzerland
250 Series
Clay
Marcelo Arévalo
Jean-Julien Rojer Lloyd Glasspool
7–6(7–2), 7–5
Win
38–31
Jun 2024
French Open,France
Grand Slam
Clay
Marcelo Arévalo
Simone Bolelli Andrea Vavassori
7–5, 6–3
Doubles performance timeline
Key
W
F
SF
QF
#R
RR
Q#
P#
DNQ
A
Z#
PO
G
S
B
NMS
NTI
P
NH
(W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (P#) preliminary round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (Z#) Davis/Fed Cup Zonal Group (with number indication) or (PO) play-off; (G) gold, (S) silver or (B) bronze Olympic/Paralympic medal; (NMS) not a Masters tournament; (NTI) not a Tier I tournament; (P) postponed; (NH) not held; (SR) strike rate (events won / competed); (W–L) win–loss record.
To avoid confusion and double counting, these charts are updated at the conclusion of a tournament or when the player's participation has ended.
Current through the 2024 Italian Open.
Tournament
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
SR
W–L
Grand Slam tournaments
Australian Open
A
A
A
2R
1R
1R
1R
W
2R
3R
SF
2R
2R
3R
1 / 11
18–10
French Open
A
A
A
3R
1R
1R
2R
F
3R
F
A
3R
1R
0 / 9
17–9
Wimbledon
A
A
A
3R
3R
3R
F
1R
2R
NH
W
F
3R
1 / 9
25–8
US Open
A
A
A
2R
2R
2R
3R
1R
2R
W
1R
QF
2R
1 / 10
14–9
Win–loss
0–0
0–0
0–0
6–4
3–4
3–4
8–4
11–3
5–4
12–2
10–2
11–4
4–4
2–1
3 / 39
75–36
Year-end championship
ATP Finals
Did not qualify
RR
RR
DNQ
RR
SF
F
DNQ
0 / 5
10–6
ATP World Tour Masters 1000
Indian Wells Masters
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
SF
SF
NH
QF
1R
2R
2R
0 / 6
10–6
Miami Open
A
A
A
A
A
A
1R
QF
QF
NH
W
2R
1R
2R
1 / 7
11–6
Monte-Carlo Masters
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
F
2R
NH
W
QF
2R
SF
1 / 7
11–5
Madrid Open
A
A
A
A
A
A
2R
A
QF
NH
F
2R
2R
2R
0 / 6
7–6
Italian Open
A
A
A
A
A
A
2R
QF
SF
QF
W
W
1R
F
2 / 7
21–6
Canadian Open
A
A
A
A
A
A
SF
SF
1R
NH
F
2R
QF
0 / 6
9–6
Cincinnati Masters
A
A
A
A
A
A
2R
2R
SF
1R
2R
2R
2R
0 / 7
5–7
Shanghai Masters
A
A
A
A
A
SF
QF
SF
W
NH
A
1 / 4
11–3
Paris Masters
A
A
A
A
A
A
1R
SF
1R
F
2R
A
SF
0 / 6
8–5
Win–loss
0–0
0–0
0–0
0–0
0–0
3–1
5–7
13–7
19–8
5–3
22–5
9–6
8–8
9–5
5 / 55
91–50
National representation
Davis Cup
A
A
PO
Z1
A
A
A
W
RR
F
SF
RR
1 / 5
8–10
Summer Olympics
NH
A
Not Held
A
Not Held
G
Not Held
1 / 1
5–0
Career statistics
Titles
0
0
0
0
1
4
3
5
2
2
9
6
3
1
36
Finals
0
1
1
1
4
8
6
10
3
5
12
10
3
2
63
Overall win–loss
0–0
5–2
5–4
18–18
19–16
39–22
47–27
56–21
41–26
30–15
65–14
55–21
34–26
17–11
431–222
Year-end ranking
379
130
71
56
54
29
17
3
18
4
1
5
32
66%
References
^ "Máte". Hrvatski jezični portal (in Serbo-Croatian). Retrieved 17 March 2018. Máte
^ "Pȁvao". Hrvatski jezični portal (in Serbo-Croatian). Retrieved 17 March 2018. Pávić
^ "Marach, Pavic claim Australian Open men's doubles crown". Reuters. 27 January 2018.
^ "Pavic and Siegemund win U.S. Open mixed doubles". Eurosport. 9 September 2016.
^ "Dabrowski and Pavic win mixed doubles in Melbourne". WTA. 28 January 2018.
^ "Pavic To Rise To World No. 1 On Monday Despite Loss". ATP World Tour. 18 May 2018. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023.
^ a b "Tribute: Pavic Completes Rise To No. 1". ATP World Tour. 22 May 2018. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022.
^ Marzorati, Gerald. "The Relative Obscurity of Mate Pavic, the Best Young Doubles Player in the World". The New Yorker. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
^ "Nikola Mektic/Mate Pavic Make History, Storm To Miami Title". ATP Tour. 2021. Archived from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
^ "Mektic/Pavic Clinch Monte-Carlo Crown; Fifth Doubles Title Of Year". ATP Tour. 2021. Archived from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
^ "Nikola Mektic, Mate Pavic Win Sixth Trophy of Season in Rome". ATP Tour. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023.
^ "Nikola Mektic/MatePavic Capture First Grand Slam Title at Wimbledon". ATP Tour. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021.
^ "Nikola Mektic & Mate Pavic Capture Olympic Gold In Tokyo". ATP Tour. Archived from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
^ Jose Alfonso Cussianovich (29 July 2021). "Gold Medal Match Between Croatian Players for the First Time Ever!". Total-croatia-news.com. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
^ "Nikola Mektic/Mate Pavic End #Isnerman Run, Defend Rome Crown". ATP Tour. Archived from the original on 11 May 2023.
^ "Nikola Mektic and Mate Pavic Lift Second Trophy of Season in Geneva". ATP Tour. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023.
^ "Hubert Hurkacz and Mate Pavić Clinch Stuttgart Crown". Archived from the original on 18 April 2023.
^ "Nikola Mektic & Mate Pavic Complete Comeback for Queen's Club Title". ATP Tour. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023.
^ "Nikola Mektic & Mate Pavic Retain Eastbourne Title". ATP Tour. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023.
^ "Nikola Mektic/Mate Pavic Cruise into Wimbledon Semi-finals". ATP Tour. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023.
^ "Nikola Mektić and Mate Pavić have secured their spot in the gentlemen's doubles final after a thrilling five set match, 6–7(2), 7–6(0), 4–6, 6–2, 7–6(4)". Twitter.com. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
^ "Matthew Ebden/Max Purcell Save Five MPS in Wimbledon Semi-final". ATP Tour. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023.
^ "Nikola Mektic and Mate Pavic Clinch Astana Crown". ATP Tour.
^ "Nikola Mektic & Mate Pavic Win Third Straight Eastbourne Doubles Title | ATP Tour | Tennis".
^ "Kichenok/Pavic Claim Wimbledon Mixed Doubles Crown | ATP Tour | Tennis".
^ "Koolhof/Skupski Advance at Wimbledon | ATP Tour | Tennis".
^ "Arevalo/Pavic win Roland Garros doubles title, Pavic completes Golden Slam | ATP Tour | Tennis". ATP Tour. 8 June 2024. Archived from the original on 8 June 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mate Pavić.
Mate Pavić at the Association of Tennis Professionals
Mate Pavić at the International Tennis Federation
Mate Pavić at the Davis Cup
2011 Wimbledon report
Awards
Preceded by Łukasz Kubot & Marcelo Melo
ATP Doubles Team of the Year(with Oliver Marach) 2018
Succeeded by Juan Sebastián Cabal & Robert Farah
Mate Pavić in the Grand Slam tournaments
vteAustralian Open men's doubles championsAmateur Era
1905: Randolph Lycett / Tom Tachell
1906: Rodney Heath / Anthony Wilding
1907: William Gregg / Harry Parker
1908: Fred Alexander / Alfred Dunlop
1909: J. P. Keane / Ernie Parker
1910: Ashley Campbell / Horace Rice
1911: Rodney Heath / Randolph Lycett
1912: James Cecil Parke / Charles Dixon
1913: Alf Hedemann / Ernie Parker
1914: Ashley Campbell / Gerald Patterson
1915: Horace Rice / Clarence V. Todd
1919: Pat O'Hara Wood / Ron Thomas
1920: Pat O'Hara Wood / Ron Thomas
1921: Stanley H. Eaton / Rice Gemmell
1922: Jack Hawkes / Gerald Patterson
1923: Pat O'Hara Wood / Bert St. John
1924: James Anderson / Norman Brookes
1925: Pat O'Hara Wood / Gerald Patterson
1926: Jack Hawkes / Gerald Patterson
1927: Jack Hawkes / Gerald Patterson
1928: Jean Borotra / Jacques Brugnon
1929: Jack Crawford / Harry Hopman
1930: Jack Crawford / Harry Hopman
1931: Charles Donohoe / Ray Dunlop
1932: Jack Crawford / Edgar Moon
1933: Keith Gledhill / Ellsworth Vines
1934: Pat Hughes / Fred Perry
1935: Jack Crawford / Vivian McGrath
1936: Adrian Quist / Don Turnbull
1937: Adrian Quist / Don Turnbull
1938: John Bromwich / Adrian Quist
1939: John Bromwich / Adrian Quist
1940: John Bromwich / Adrian Quist
1946: John Bromwich / Adrian Quist
1947: John Bromwich / Adrian Quist
1948: John Bromwich / Adrian Quist
1949: John Bromwich / Adrian Quist
1950: John Bromwich / Adrian Quist
1951: Frank Sedgman / Ken McGregor
1952: Frank Sedgman / Ken McGregor
1953: Lew Hoad / Ken Rosewall
1954: Mervyn Rose / Rex Hartwig
1955: Vic Seixas / Tony Trabert
1956: Lewis Hoad / Ken Rosewall
1957: Neale Fraser / Lew Hoad
1958: Ashley Cooper / Neale Fraser
1959: Rod Laver / Bob Mark
1960: Rod Laver / Bob Mark
1961: Rod Laver / Bob Mark
1962: Roy Emerson / Neale Fraser
1963: Bob Hewitt / Fred Stolle
1964: Bob Hewitt / Fred Stolle
1965: John Newcombe / Tony Roche
1966: Roy Emerson / Fred Stolle
1967: John Newcombe / Tony Roche
1968: Dick Crealy / Allan Stone
Open Era
1969: Rod Laver / Roy Emerson
1970: Bob Lutz / Stan Smith
1971: John Newcombe / Tony Roche
1972: Ken Rosewall / Owen Davidson
1973: John Newcombe / Mal Anderson
1974: Ross Case / Geoff Masters
1975: John Alexander / Phil Dent
1976: John Newcombe / Tony Roche
1977 (Jan): Arthur Ashe / Tony Roche
1977 (Dec): Ray Ruffels / Allan Stone
1978: Wojciech Fibak / Kim Warwick
1979: Peter McNamara / Paul McNamee
1980: Mark Edmondson / Kim Warwick
1981: Mark Edmondson / Kim Warwick
1982: John Alexander / John Fitzgerald
1983: Mark Edmondson / Paul McNamee
1984: Mark Edmondson / Sherwood Stewart
1985: Paul Annacone / Christo van Rensburg
1987: Stefan Edberg / Anders Järryd
1988: Rick Leach / Jim Pugh
1989: Rick Leach / Jim Pugh
1990: Pieter Aldrich / Danie Visser
1991: Scott Davis / David Pate
1992: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde
1993: Danie Visser / Laurie Warder
1994: Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis
1995: Jared Palmer / Richey Reneberg
1996: Stefan Edberg / Petr Korda
1997: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde
1998: Jonas Björkman / Jacco Eltingh
1999: Jonas Björkman / Pat Rafter
2000: Ellis Ferreira / Rick Leach
2001: Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge
2002: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor
2003: Fabrice Santoro / Michaël Llodra
2004: Fabrice Santoro / Michaël Llodra
2005: Wayne Black / Kevin Ullyett
2006: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2007: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2008: Jonathan Erlich / Andy Ram
2009: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2010: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2011: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2012: Leander Paes / Radek Štěpánek
2013: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2014: Łukasz Kubot / Robert Lindstedt
2015: Simone Bolelli / Fabio Fognini
2016: Jamie Murray / Bruno Soares
2017: Henri Kontinen / John Peers
2018: Oliver Marach / Mate Pavić
2019: Pierre-Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut
2020: Rajeev Ram / Joe Salisbury
2021: Ivan Dodig / Filip Polášek
2022: Thanasi Kokkinakis / Nick Kyrgios
2023: Rinky Hijikata / Jason Kubler
2024: Rohan Bopanna / Matthew Ebden
vteFrench Open men's doubles championsAmateur Era(national)
1891: B. Desjoyau / T. Legrand
1892: Diaz Albertini / J. Havet
1893: J. Goldsmith / Jean Schopfer
1894: Gérard Brosselin / J. Lesage
1895: André Vacherot / Christian Winzer
1896: Francky Wardan / Wynes
1897: Paul Aymé / Paul Lebreton
1898: Xenophon Casdagli / Marcel Vacherot
1899: Paul Aymé / Paul Lebreton
1900: Paul Aymé / Paul Lebreton
1901: André Vacherot / Marcel Vacherot
1902: Max Decugis / Jacques Worth
1903: Max Decugis / Jacques Worth
1904: Max Decugis / Maurice Germot
1905: Max Decugis / Jacques Worth
1906: Max Decugis / Maurice Germot
1907: Max Decugis / Maurice Germot
1908: Max Decugis / Maurice Germot
1909: Max Decugis / Maurice Germot
1910: Marcel Dupont / Maurice Germot
1911: Max Decugis / Maurice Germot
1912: Max Decugis / Maurice Germot
1913: Max Decugis / Maurice Germot
1914: Max Decugis / Maurice Germot
1915–1919: No competition (World War I)
1920: Max Decugis / Maurice Germot
1921: André Gobert / William Laurentz
1922: Jacques Brugnon / Marcel Dupont
1923: Jean-François Blanchy / Jean Samazeuilh
1924: Jean Borotra / René Lacoste
Amateur Era(international)
1925: Jean Borotra / René Lacoste
1926: Vincent Richards / Howard Kinsey
1927: Henri Cochet / Jacques Brugnon
1928: Jean Borotra / Jacques Brugnon
1929: René Lacoste / Jean Borotra
1930: Henri Cochet / Jacques Brugnon
1931: George Lott / John Van Ryn
1932: Henri Cochet / Jacques Brugnon
1933: Pat Hughes / Fred Perry
1934: Jean Borotra / Jacques Brugnon
1935: Jack Crawford / Adrian Quist
1936: Jean Borotra / Marcel Bernard
1937: Gottfried von Cramm / Henner Henkel
1938: Bernard Destremau / Yvon Petra
1939: Don McNeill / Charles Harris
1940–1945: No competition (World War II)
1946: Marcel Bernard / Yvon Petra
1947: Eustace Fannin / Eric Sturgess
1948: Lennart Bergelin / Jaroslav Drobný
1949: Pancho Gonzales / Frank Parker
1950: Bill Talbert / Tony Trabert
1951: Ken McGregor / Frank Sedgman
1952: Ken McGregor / Frank Sedgman
1953: Lew Hoad / Ken Rosewall
1954: Vic Seixas / Tony Trabert
1955: Vic Seixas / Tony Trabert
1956: Don Candy / Bob Perry
1957: Mal Anderson / Ashley Cooper
1958: Ashley Cooper / Neale Fraser
1959: Nicola Pietrangeli / Orlando Sirola
1960: Roy Emerson / Neale Fraser
1961: Roy Emerson / Rod Laver
1962: Roy Emerson / Neale Fraser
1963: Roy Emerson / Manuel Santana
1964: Roy Emerson / Ken Fletcher
1965: Roy Emerson / Fred Stolle
1966: Clark Graebner / Dennis Ralston
1967: John Newcombe / Tony Roche
1968: Ken Rosewall / Fred Stolle
1969: John Newcombe / Tony Roche
1970: Ilie Năstase / Ion Țiriac
1971: Arthur Ashe / Marty Riessen
1972: Bob Hewitt / Frew McMillan
1973: John Newcombe / Tom Okker
1974: Dick Crealy / Onny Parun
1975: Brian Gottfried / Raúl Ramírez
1976: Fred McNair / Sherwood Stewart
1977: Brian Gottfried / Raúl Ramírez
1978: Gene Mayer / Hank Pfister
1979: Gene Mayer / Sandy Mayer
1980: Victor Amaya / Hank Pfister
1981: Heinz Günthardt / Balázs Taróczy
1982: Sherwood Stewart / Ferdi Taygan
1983: Anders Järryd / Hans Simonsson
1984: Henri Leconte / Yannick Noah
1985: Mark Edmondson / Kim Warwick
1986: John Fitzgerald / Tomáš Šmíd
1987: Anders Järryd / Robert Seguso
1988: Andrés Gómez / Emilio Sánchez
1989: Jim Grabb / Patrick McEnroe
1990: Sergio Casal / Emilio Sánchez
1991: John Fitzgerald / Anders Järryd
1992: Jakob Hlasek / Marc Rosset
1993: Luke Jensen / Murphy Jensen
1994: Byron Black / Jonathan Stark
1995: Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis
1996: Yevgeny Kafelnikov / Daniel Vacek
1997: Yevgeny Kafelnikov / Daniel Vacek
1998: Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis
1999: Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes
2000: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde
2001: Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes
2002: Paul Haarhuis / Yevgeny Kafelnikov
2003: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2004: Xavier Malisse / Olivier Rochus
2005: Jonas Björkman / Max Mirnyi
2006: Jonas Björkman / Max Mirnyi
2007: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor
2008: Pablo Cuevas / Luis Horna
2009: Lukáš Dlouhý / Leander Paes
2010: Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić
2011: Max Mirnyi / Daniel Nestor
2012: Max Mirnyi / Daniel Nestor
2013: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2014: Julien Benneteau / Édouard Roger-Vasselin
2015: Ivan Dodig / Marcelo Melo
2016: Feliciano López / Marc López
2017: Ryan Harrison / Michael Venus
2018: Pierre-Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut
2019: Kevin Krawietz / Andreas Mies
2020: Kevin Krawietz / Andreas Mies
2021: Pierre-Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut
2022: Marcelo Arévalo / Jean-Julien Rojer
2023: Ivan Dodig / Austin Krajicek
2024: Marcelo Arévalo / Mate Pavić
vteWimbledon men's doubles championsAmateur Era
1884: William Renshaw / Ernest Renshaw
1885: William Renshaw / Ernest Renshaw
1886: William Renshaw / Ernest Renshaw
1887: Herbert Wilberforce / Patrick Bowes-Lyon
1888: William Renshaw / Ernest Renshaw
1889: William Renshaw / Ernest Renshaw
1890: Joshua Pim / Frank Stoker
1891: Wilfred Baddeley / Herbert Baddeley
1892: Ernest Lewis / Harry S. Barlow
1893: Joshua Pim / Frank Stoker
1894: Wilfred Baddeley / Herbert Baddeley
1895: Wilfred Baddeley / Herbert Baddeley
1896: Wilfred Baddeley / Herbert Baddeley
1897: Reginald Doherty / Laurence Doherty
1898: Reginald Doherty / Laurence Doherty
1899: Reginald Doherty / Laurence Doherty
1900: Reginald Doherty / Laurence Doherty
1901: Reginald Doherty / Laurence Doherty
1902: Sydney Smith / Frank Riseley
1903: Reginald Doherty / Laurence Doherty
1904: Reginald Doherty / Laurence Doherty
1905: Reginald Doherty / Laurence Doherty
1906: Sydney Smith / Frank Riseley
1907: Norman Brookes / Anthony Wilding
1908: Anthony Wilding / Major Ritchie
1909: Arthur Gore / Herbert Barrett
1910: Anthony Wilding / Major Ritchie
1911: André Gobert / Max Decugis
1912: Herbert Barrett / Charles Dixon
1913: Herbert Barrett / Charles Dixon
1914: Norman Brookes / Anthony Wilding
1915–18: No competition (World War I)
1919: R. V. Thomas / Pat O'Hara Wood
1920: R. Norris Williams / Chuck Garland
1921: Randolph Lycett / Max Woosnam
1922: James Anderson / Randolph Lycett
1923: Leslie Godfree / Randolph Lycett
1924: Francis Hunter / Vincent Richards
1925: Jean Borotra / René Lacoste
1926: Jacques Brugnon / Henri Cochet
1927: Francis Hunter / Bill Tilden
1928: Jacques Brugnon / Henri Cochet
1929: Wilmer Allison / John Van Ryn
1930: Wilmer Allison / John Van Ryn
1931: George Lott / John Van Ryn
1932: Jean Borotra / Jacques Brugnon
1933: Jean Borotra / Jacques Brugnon
1934: George Lott / Lester Stoefen
1935: Jack Crawford / Adrian Quist
1936: Pat Hughes / Raymond Tuckey
1937: Don Budge / Gene Mako
1938: Don Budge / Gene Mako
1939: Elwood Cooke / Bobby Riggs
1940–45: No competition (World War II)
1946: Tom Brown / Jack Kramer
1947: Bob Falkenburg / Jack Kramer
1948: John Bromwich / Frank Sedgman
1949: Pancho Gonzales / Frank Parker
1950: John Bromwich / Adrian Quist
1951: Ken McGregor / Frank Sedgman
1952: Ken McGregor / Frank Sedgman
1953: Lew Hoad / Ken Rosewall
1954: Rex Hartwig / Mervyn Rose
1955: Rex Hartwig / Lew Hoad
1956: Lew Hoad / Ken Rosewall
1957: Budge Patty / Gardnar Mulloy
1958: Sven Davidson / Ulf Schmidt
1959: Roy Emerson / Neale Fraser
1960: Rafael Osuna / Dennis Ralston
1961: Roy Emerson / Neale Fraser
1962: Bob Hewitt / Fred Stolle
1963: Rafael Osuna / Antonio Palafox
1964: Bob Hewitt / Fred Stolle
1965: John Newcombe / Tony Roche
1966: Ken Fletcher / John Newcombe
1967: Bob Hewitt / Frew McMillan
Open Era
1968: John Newcombe / Tony Roche
1969: John Newcombe / Tony Roche
1970: John Newcombe / Tony Roche
1971: Roy Emerson / Rod Laver
1972: Bob Hewitt / Frew McMillan
1973: Jimmy Connors / Ilie Năstase
1974: John Newcombe / Tony Roche
1975: Vitas Gerulaitis / Gene Mayer
1976: Brian Gottfried / Raúl Ramírez
1977: Ross Case / Geoff Masters
1978: Bob Hewitt / Frew McMillan
1979: Peter Fleming / John McEnroe
1980: Peter McNamara / Paul McNamee
1981: Peter Fleming / John McEnroe
1982: Peter McNamara / Paul McNamee
1983: Peter Fleming / John McEnroe
1984: Peter Fleming / John McEnroe
1985: Heinz Günthardt / Balázs Taróczy
1986: Joakim Nyström / Mats Wilander
1987: Ken Flach / Robert Seguso
1988: Ken Flach / Robert Seguso
1989: John Fitzgerald / Anders Järryd
1990: Rick Leach / Jim Pugh
1991: John Fitzgerald / Anders Järryd
1992: John McEnroe / Michael Stich
1993: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde
1994: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde
1995: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde
1996: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde
1997: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde
1998: Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis
1999: Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes
2000: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde
2001: Donald Johnson / Jared Palmer
2002: Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge
2003: Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge
2004: Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge
2005: Stephen Huss / Wesley Moodie
2006: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2007: Arnaud Clément / Michaël Llodra
2008: Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić
2009: Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić
2010: Jürgen Melzer / Philipp Petzschner
2011: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2012: Jonathan Marray / Frederik Nielsen
2013: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2014: Vasek Pospisil / Jack Sock
2015: Jean-Julien Rojer / Horia Tecău
2016: Pierre-Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut
2017: Łukasz Kubot / Marcelo Melo
2018: Mike Bryan / Jack Sock
2019: Juan Sebastián Cabal / Robert Farah
2020: No competition (COVID-19 pandemic)
2021: Nikola Mektić / Mate Pavić
2022: Matthew Ebden / Max Purcell
2023: Wesley Koolhof / Neal Skupski
vteUS Open men's doubles championsAmateur Era
1881: Clarence Clark / Frederick Winslow Taylor
1882: Richard Sears / James Dwight
1883: Richard Sears / James Dwight
1884: Richard Sears / James Dwight
1885: Richard Sears / Joseph Clark
1886: Richard Sears / James Dwight
1887: Richard Sears / James Dwight
1888: Oliver Campbell / Valentine Hall
1889: Henry Slocum / Howard Taylor
1890: Valentine Hall / Clarence Hobart
1891: Oliver Campbell / Bob Huntington
1892: Oliver Campbell / Bob Huntington
1893: Clarence Hobart / Fred Hovey
1894: Clarence Hobart / Fred Hovey
1895: Malcolm Chace / Robert Wrenn
1896: Carr Neel / Sam Neel
1897: Leo Ware / George Sheldon
1898: Leo Ware / George Sheldon
1899: Holcombe Ward / Dwight F. Davis
1900: Holcombe Ward / Dwight F. Davis
1901: Holcombe Ward / Dwight F. Davis
1902: Reginald Doherty / Laurence Doherty
1903: Reginald Doherty / Laurence Doherty
1904: Holcombe Ward / Beals Wright
1905: Holcombe Ward / Beals Wright
1906: Holcombe Ward / Beals Wright
1907: Fred Alexander / Harold Hackett
1908: Fred Alexander / Harold Hackett
1909: Fred Alexander / Harold Hackett
1910: Fred Alexander / Harold Hackett
1911: Raymond Little / Gus Touchard
1912: Maurice McLoughlin / Tom Bundy
1913: Maurice McLoughlin / Tom Bundy
1914: Maurice McLoughlin / Tom Bundy
1915: Clarence Griffin / Bill Johnston
1916: Clarence Griffin / Bill Johnston
1917: Fred Alexander / Harold Throckmorton
1918: Vincent Richards / Bill Tilden
1919: Norman Brookes / Gerald Patterson
1920: Clarence Griffin / Bill Johnston
1921: Vincent Richards / Bill Tilden
1922: Vincent Richards / Bill Tilden
1923: Brian Norton / Bill Tilden
1924: Howard Kinsey / Robert Kinsey
1925: Vincent Richards / R. Norris Williams
1926: Vincent Richards / R. Norris Williams
1927: Frank Hunter / Bill Tilden
1928: George Lott / John F. Hennessey
1929: George Lott / John Doeg
1930: George Lott / John Doeg
1931: Wilmer Allison / John Van Ryn
1932: Ellsworth Vines / Keith Gledhill
1933: George Lott / Lester Stoefen
1934: George Lott / Lester Stoefen
1935: Wilmer Allison / John Van Ryn
1936: Don Budge / Gene Mako
1937: Gottfried von Cramm / Henner Henkel
1938: Don Budge / Gene Mako
1939: John Bromwich / Adrian Quist
1940: Jack Kramer / Ted Schroeder
1941: Jack Kramer / Ted Schroeder
1942: Gardnar Mulloy / Bill Talbert
1943: Jack Kramer / Frank Parker
1944: Robert Falkenburg / Don McNeill
1945: Gardnar Mulloy / Bill Talbert
1946: Gardnar Mulloy / Bill Talbert
1947: Jack Kramer / Ted Schroeder
1948: Gardnar Mulloy / Bill Talbert
1949: John Bromwich / Bill Sidwell
1950: John Bromwich / Frank Sedgman
1951: Ken McGregor / Frank Sedgman
1952: Mervyn Rose / Vic Seixas
1953: Rex Hartwig / Mervyn Rose
1954: Vic Seixas / Tony Trabert
1955: Kosei Kamo / Atsushi Miyagi
1956: Lew Hoad / Ken Rosewall
1957: Ashley Cooper / Neale Fraser
1958: Alex Olmedo / Ham Richardson
1959: Roy Emerson / Neale Fraser
1960: Roy Emerson / Neale Fraser
1961: Chuck McKinley / Dennis Ralston
1962: Rafael Osuna / Antonio Palafox
1963: Chuck McKinley / Dennis Ralston
1964: Chuck McKinley / Dennis Ralston
1965: Roy Emerson / Fred Stolle
1966: Roy Emerson / Fred Stolle
1967: John Newcombe / Tony Roche
Open Era
1968: Bob Lutz / Stan Smith
1969: Ken Rosewall / Fred Stolle
1970: Pierre Barthès / Nikola Pilić
1971: John Newcombe / Roger Taylor
1972: Cliff Drysdale / Roger Taylor
1973: Owen Davidson / John Newcombe
1974: Bob Lutz / Stan Smith
1975: Jimmy Connors / Ilie Năstase
1976: Tom Okker / Marty Riessen
1977: Bob Hewitt / Frew McMillan
1978: Bob Lutz / Stan Smith
1979: Peter Fleming / John McEnroe
1980: Bob Lutz / Stan Smith
1981: Peter Fleming / John McEnroe
1982: Kevin Curren / Steve Denton
1983: Peter Fleming / John McEnroe
1984: John Fitzgerald / Tomáš Šmíd
1985: Ken Flach / Robert Seguso
1986: Andrés Gómez / Slobodan Živojinović
1987: Stefan Edberg / Anders Järryd
1988: Sergio Casal / Emilio Sánchez
1989: John McEnroe / Mark Woodforde
1990: Pieter Aldrich / Danie Visser
1991: John Fitzgerald / Anders Järryd
1992: Jim Grabb / Richey Reneberg
1993: Ken Flach / Rick Leach
1994: Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis
1995: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde
1996: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde
1997: Yevgeny Kafelnikov / Daniel Vacek
1998: Sandon Stolle / Cyril Suk
1999: Sébastien Lareau / Alex O'Brien
2000: Lleyton Hewitt / Max Mirnyi
2001: Wayne Black / Kevin Ullyett
2002: Mahesh Bhupathi / Max Mirnyi
2003: Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge
2004: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor
2005: Mike Bryan / Bob Bryan
2006: Martin Damm / Leander Paes
2007: Simon Aspelin / Julian Knowle
2008: Mike Bryan / Bob Bryan
2009: Lukáš Dlouhý / Leander Paes
2010: Mike Bryan / Bob Bryan
2011: Jürgen Melzer / Philipp Petzschner
2012: Mike Bryan / Bob Bryan
2013: Leander Paes / Radek Štěpánek
2014: Mike Bryan / Bob Bryan
2015: Pierre-Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut
2016: Jamie Murray / Bruno Soares
2017: Jean-Julien Rojer / Horia Tecău
2018: Mike Bryan / Jack Sock
2019: Juan Sebastián Cabal / Robert Farah
2020: Mate Pavić / Bruno Soares
2021: Rajeev Ram / Joe Salisbury
2022: Rajeev Ram / Joe Salisbury
2023: Rajeev Ram / Joe Salisbury
vteAustralian Open mixed doubles championsAmateur Era
1922: Esna Boyd Robertson / Jack Hawkes
1923: Sylvia Lance Harper / Horace Rice
1924: Daphne Akhurst Cozens / Jim Willard
1925: Daphne Akhurst Cozens / Jim Willard
1926: Esna Boyd Robertson / Jack Hawkes
1927: Esna Boyd Robertson / Jack Hawkes
1928: Daphne Akhurst Cozens / Jean Borotra
1929: Daphne Akhurst Cozens / Edgar Moon
1930: Nell Hall Hopman / Harry Hopman
1931: Marjorie Cox Crawford / Jack Crawford
1932: Marjorie Cox Crawford / Jack Crawford
1933: Marjorie Cox Crawford / Jack Crawford
1934: Joan Hartigan Bathurst / Edgar Moon
1935: Louise Bickerton / Christian Boussus
1936: Nell Hall Hopman / Harry Hopman
1937: Nell Hall Hopman / Harry Hopman
1938: Margaret Wilson / John Bromwich
1939: Nell Hall Hopman / Harry Hopman
1940: Nancye Wynne Bolton / Colin Long
1946: Nancye Wynne Bolton / Colin Long
1947: Nancye Wynne Bolton / Colin Long
1948: Nancye Wynne Bolton / Colin Long
1949: Doris Hart / Frank Sedgman
1950: Doris Hart / Frank Sedgman
1951: Thelma Coyne Long / George Worthington
1952: Thelma Coyne Long / George Worthington
1953: Julia Sampson Hayward / Rex Hartwig
1954: Thelma Coyne Long / Rex Hartwig
1955: Thelma Coyne Long / George Worthington
1956: Beryl Penrose / Neale Fraser
1957: Fay Muller / Mal Anderson
1958: Mary Bevis Hawton / Bob Howe
1959: Sandra Reynolds Price / Bob Mark
1960: Jan Lehane O'Neill / Trevor Fancutt
1961: Jan Lehane O'Neill / Bob Hewitt
1962: Lesley Turner Bowrey / Fred Stolle
1963: Margaret Smith Court / Ken Fletcher
1964: Margaret Smith Court / Ken Fletcher
1965: Robyn Ebbern / Owen Davidson & Margaret Smith Court / John Newcombe
1966: Judy Tegart-Dalton / Tony Roche
1967: Lesley Turner Bowrey / Owen Davidson
1968: Billie Jean King / Dick Crealy
Open Era
1969: Margaret Court / Marty Riessen & Ann Haydon-Jones / Fred Stolle
1987: Zina Garrison / Sherwood Stewart
1988: Jana Novotná / Jim Pugh
1989: Jana Novotná / Jim Pugh
1990: Natalia Zvereva / Jim Pugh
1991: Jo Durie / Jeremy Bates
1992: Nicole Provis / Mark Woodforde
1993: Arantxa Sánchez Vicario / Todd Woodbridge
1994: Larisa Savchenko Neiland / Andrei Olhovskiy
1995: Natalia Zvereva / Rick Leach
1996: Larisa Savchenko Neiland / Mark Woodforde
1997: Manon Bollegraf / Rick Leach
1998: Venus Williams / Justin Gimelstob
1999: Mariaan de Swardt / David Adams
2000: Rennae Stubbs / Jared Palmer
2001: Corina Morariu / Ellis Ferreira
2002: Daniela Hantuchová / Kevin Ullyett
2003: Martina Navratilova / Leander Paes
2004: Elena Bovina / Nenad Zimonjić
2005: Samantha Stosur / Scott Draper
2006: Martina Hingis / Mahesh Bhupathi
2007: Elena Likhovtseva / Daniel Nestor
2008: Sun Tiantian / Nenad Zimonjić
2009: Sania Mirza / Mahesh Bhupathi
2010: Cara Black / Leander Paes
2011: Katarina Srebotnik / Daniel Nestor
2012: Bethanie Mattek-Sands / Horia Tecău
2013: Jarmila Gajdošová / Matthew Ebden
2014: Kristina Mladenovic / Daniel Nestor
2015: Martina Hingis / Leander Paes
2016: Elena Vesnina / Bruno Soares
2017: Abigail Spears / Juan Sebastián Cabal
2018: Gabriela Dabrowski / Mate Pavić
2019: Barbora Krejčíková / Rajeev Ram
2020: Barbora Krejčíková / Nikola Mektić
2021: Barbora Krejčíková / Rajeev Ram
2022: Kristina Mladenovic / Ivan Dodig
2023: Luisa Stefani / Rafael Matos
2024: Hsieh Su-wei / Jan Zieliński
vteWimbledon mixed doubles championsPre Open Era
1913: Hope Crisp / Agnes Tuckey
1914: James Parke / Ethel Thomson Larcombe
1915–18: No competition (World War I)
1919: Randolph Lycett / Elizabeth Ryan
1920: Gerald Patterson / Suzanne Lenglen
1921: Randolph Lycett / Elizabeth Ryan
1922: Pat O'Hara Wood / Suzanne Lenglen
1923: Randolph Lycett / Elizabeth Ryan
1924: John Gilbert / Kathleen McKane Godfree
1925: Jean Borotra / Suzanne Lenglen
1926: Leslie Godfree / Kathleen McKane Godfree
1927: Francis Hunter / Elizabeth Ryan
1928: Patrick Spence / Elizabeth Ryan
1929: Frank Hunter / Helen Wills
1930: Jack Crawford / Elizabeth Ryan
1931: George Lott / Anna McCune Harper
1932: Enrique Maier / Elizabeth Ryan
1933: Gottfried von Cramm / Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling
1934: Ryuki Miki / Dorothy Round Little
1935: Fred Perry / Dorothy Round Little
1936: Fred Perry / Dorothy Round Little
1937: Don Budge / Alice Marble
1938: Don Budge / Alice Marble
1939: Bobby Riggs / Alice Marble
1940–45: No competition (World War II)
1946: Tom Brown / Louise Brough Clapp
1947: John Bromwich / Louise Brough Clapp
1948: John Bromwich / Louise Brough Clapp
1949: Eric Sturgess / Sheila Piercey Summers
1950: Eric Sturgess / Louise Brough Clapp
1951: Frank Sedgman / Doris Hart
1952: Frank Sedgman / Doris Hart
1953: Vic Seixas / Doris Hart
1954: Vic Seixas / Doris Hart
1955: Vic Seixas / Doris Hart
1956: Vic Seixas / Shirley Fry Irvin
1957: Mervyn Rose / Darlene Hard
1958: Robert Howe / Lorraine Coghlan Robinson
1959: Rod Laver / Darlene Hard
1960: Rod Laver / Darlene Hard
1961: Fred Stolle / Lesley Turner Bowrey
1962: Neale Fraser / Margaret Osborne duPont
1963: Ken Fletcher / Margaret Smith
1964: Fred Stolle / Lesley Turner Bowrey
1965: Ken Fletcher / Margaret Smith
1966: Ken Fletcher / Margaret Smith
1967: Owen Davidson / Billie Jean King
Open Era
1968: Ken Fletcher / Margaret Court
1969: Fred Stolle / Ann Haydon-Jones
1970: Ilie Năstase / Rosemary Casals
1971: Owen Davidson / Billie Jean King
1972: Ilie Năstase / Rosemary Casals
1973: Owen Davidson / Billie Jean King
1974: Owen Davidson / Billie Jean King
1975: Marty Riessen / Margaret Court
1976: Tony Roche / Françoise Dürr
1977: Bob Hewitt / Greer Stevens
1978: Frew McMillan / Betty Stöve
1979: Bob Hewitt / Greer Stevens
1980: John Austin / Tracy Austin
1981: Frew McMillan / Betty Stöve
1982: Kevin Curren / Anne Smith
1983: John Lloyd / Wendy Turnbull
1984: John Lloyd / Wendy Turnbull
1985: Paul McNamee / Martina Navratilova
1986: Ken Flach / Kathy Jordan
1987: Jeremy Bates / Jo Durie
1988: Sherwood Stewart / Zina Garrison
1989: Jim Pugh / Jana Novotná
1990: Rick Leach / Zina Garrison
1991: John Fitzgerald / Elizabeth Sayers Smylie
1992: Cyril Suk / Larisa Savchenko Neiland
1993: Mark Woodforde / Martina Navratilova
1994: Todd Woodbridge / Helena Suková
1995: Jonathan Stark / Martina Navratilova
1996: Cyril Suk / Helena Suková
1997: Cyril Suk / Helena Suková
1998: Max Mirnyi / Serena Williams
1999: Leander Paes / Lisa Raymond
2000: Donald Johnson / Kimberly Po
2001: Leoš Friedl / Daniela Hantuchová
2002: Mahesh Bhupathi / Elena Likhovtseva
2003: Leander Paes / Martina Navratilova
2004: Wayne Black / Cara Black
2005: Mahesh Bhupathi / Mary Pierce
2006: Andy Ram / Vera Zvonareva
2007: Jamie Murray / Jelena Janković
2008: Bob Bryan / Samantha Stosur
2009: Mark Knowles / Anna-Lena Grönefeld
2010: Leander Paes / Cara Black
2011: Jürgen Melzer / Iveta Benešová
2012: Mike Bryan / Lisa Raymond
2013: Daniel Nestor / Kristina Mladenovic
2014: Nenad Zimonjić / Samantha Stosur
2015: Leander Paes / Martina Hingis
2016: Henri Kontinen / Heather Watson
2017: Jamie Murray / Martina Hingis
2018: Alexander Peya / Nicole Melichar
2019: Ivan Dodig / Latisha Chan
2020: No competition (COVID-19 pandemic)
2021: Neal Skupski / Desirae Krawczyk
2022: Neal Skupski / Desirae Krawczyk
2023: Mate Pavić / Lyudmyla Kichenok
vteUS Open mixed doubles championsAmateur Era
1892: Mabel Cahill / Clarence Hobart
1893: Ellen Roosevelt / Clarence Hobart
1894: Juliette Atkinson / Edwin Fischer
1895: Juliette Atkinson / Edwin Fischer
1896: Juliette Atkinson / Edwin Fischer
1897: Laura Henson / D. L. Magruder
1898: Carrie Neely / Edwin Fischer
1899: Elizabeth Rastall / Albert L. Hoskins
1900: Margaret Hunnewell / Alfred Codman
1901: Marion Jones / Raymond Little
1902: Elisabeth Moore / Wylie Grant
1903: Helen Chapman / Harry F. Allen
1904: Elisabeth Moore / Wylie Grant
1905: Augusta Schultz Hobart / Clarence Hobart
1906: Sarah Coffin / Edward Dewhurst
1907: May Sayers / Wallace F. Johnson
1908: Nathaniel Niles / Edith Rotch
1909: Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman / Wallace F. Johnson
1910: Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman / Joseph R. Carpenter Jr.
1911: Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman / Wallace F. Johnson
1912: Mary K. Browne / R. Norris Williams
1913: Mary K. Browne / Bill Tilden
1914: Mary K. Browne / Bill Tilden
1915: Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman / Harry C. Johnson
1916: Eleonora Sears / Willis E. Davis
1917: Molla Bjurstedt Mallory / Irving Wright
1918: Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman / Irving Wright
1919: Marion Zinderstein / Vincent Richards
1920: Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman / Wallace F. Johnson
1921: Mary K. Browne / Bill Johnston
1922: Molla Bjurstedt Mallory / Bill Tilden
1923: Molla Bjurstedt Mallory / Bill Tilden
1924: Helen Wills / Vincent Richards
1925: Kitty McKane Godfree / John B. Hawkes
1926: Elizabeth Ryan / Jean Borotra
1927: Eileen Bennett Whittingstall / Henri Cochet
1928: Helen Wills / John B. Hawkes
1929: Betty Nuthall Shoemaker / George Lott
1930: Edith Cross / Wilmer Allison
1931: Betty Nuthall Shoemaker / George Lott
1932: Sarah Palfrey Cooke / Fred Perry
1933: Elizabeth Ryan / Ellsworth Vines
1934: Helen Jacobs / George Lott
1935: Sarah Palfrey Cooke / Enrique Maier
1936: Alice Marble / Gene Mako
1937: Sarah Palfrey Cooke / Don Budge
1938: Alice Marble / Don Budge
1939: Alice Marble / Harry Hopman
1940: Alice Marble / Bobby Riggs
1941: Sarah Palfrey Cooke / Jack Kramer
1942: Louise Brough / Ted Schroeder
1943: Margaret Osborne duPont / Bill Talbert
1944: Margaret Osborne duPont / Bill Talbert
1945: Margaret Osborne duPont / Bill Talbert
1946: Margaret Osborne duPont / Bill Talbert
1947: Louise Brough / John Bromwich
1948: Louise Brough / Tom Brown
1949: Louise Brough / Eric Sturgess
1950: Margaret Osborne duPont / Ken McGregor
1951: Doris Hart / Frank Sedgman
1952: Doris Hart / Frank Sedgman
1953: Doris Hart / Vic Seixas
1954: Doris Hart / Vic Seixas
1955: Doris Hart / Vic Seixas
1956: Margaret Osborne duPont / Ken Rosewall
1957: Althea Gibson / Kurt Nielsen
1958: Margaret Osborne duPont / Neale Fraser
1959: Margaret Osborne duPont / Neale Fraser
1960: Margaret Osborne duPont / Neale Fraser
1961: Margaret Court / Bob Mark
1962: Margaret Court / Fred Stolle
1963: Margaret Court / Ken Fletcher
1964: Margaret Court / John Newcombe
1965: Margaret Court / Fred Stolle
1966: Donna Floyd Fales / Owen Davidson
1967: Billie Jean King / Owen Davidson
Open Era
1968: Mary-Ann Eisel / Peter Curtis
1969: Margaret Court / Marty Riessen
1970: Margaret Court / Marty Riessen
1971: Billie Jean King / Owen Davidson
1972: Margaret Court / Marty Riessen
1973: Billie Jean King / Owen Davidson
1974: Pam Teeguarden / Geoff Masters
1975: Rosemary Casals / Dick Stockton
1976: Billie Jean King / Phil Dent
1977: Betty Stöve / Frew McMillan
1978: Betty Stöve / Frew McMillan
1979: Greer Stevens / Bob Hewitt
1980: Wendy Turnbull / Marty Riessen
1981: Anne Smith / Kevin Curren
1982: Anne Smith / Kevin Curren
1983: Elizabeth Sayers Smylie / John Fitzgerald
1984: Manuela Maleeva / Tom Gullikson
1985: Martina Navratilova / Heinz Günthardt
1986: Raffaella Reggi / Sergio Casal
1987: Martina Navratilova / Emilio Sánchez Vicario
1988: Jana Novotná / Jim Pugh
1989: Robin White / Shelby Cannon
1990: Elizabeth Sayers Smylie / Todd Woodbridge
1991: Manon Bollegraf / Tom Nijssen
1992: Nicole Provis / Mark Woodforde
1993: Helena Suková / Todd Woodbridge
1994: Elna Reinach / Patrick Galbraith
1995: Meredith McGrath / Matt Lucena
1996: Lisa Raymond / Patrick Galbraith
1997: Manon Bollegraf / Rick Leach
1998: Serena Williams / Max Mirnyi
1999: Ai Sugiyama / Mahesh Bhupathi
2000: Arantxa Sánchez Vicario / Jared Palmer
2001: Rennae Stubbs / Todd Woodbridge
2002: Lisa Raymond / Mike Bryan
2003: Katarina Srebotnik / Bob Bryan
2004: Vera Zvonareva / Bob Bryan
2005: Daniela Hantuchová / Mahesh Bhupathi
2006: Martina Navratilova / Bob Bryan
2007: Victoria Azarenka / Max Mirnyi
2008: Cara Black / Leander Paes
2009: Carly Gullickson / Travis Parrott
2010: Liezel Huber / Bob Bryan
2011: Melanie Oudin / Jack Sock
2012: Ekaterina Makarova / Bruno Soares
2013: Andrea Hlaváčková / Max Mirnyi
2014: Sania Mirza / Bruno Soares
2015: Martina Hingis / Leander Paes
2016: Laura Siegemund / Mate Pavić
2017: Martina Hingis / Jamie Murray
2018: Bethanie Mattek-Sands / Jamie Murray
2019: Bethanie Mattek-Sands / Jamie Murray
2020: No competition (COVID-19 pandemic)
2021: Desirae Krawczyk / Joe Salisbury
2022: Storm Sanders / John Peers
2023: Anna Danilina / Harri Heliövaara
vteGrand Slam achievementsGrand SlamMen's singles
1938: Don Budge
1962: Rod Laver
1969: Rod Laver
Women's singles
1953: Maureen Connolly
1970: Margaret Court
1988: Steffi Graf
Men's doubles
1951: Ken McGregor / Frank Sedgman
Women's doubles
1960: Maria Bueno
1984: Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver
1998: Martina Hingis
Mixed doubles
1963: Margaret Court / Ken Fletcher
1965: Margaret Court
1967: Owen Davidson
Non-calendar year Grand SlamMen's singles
2015–16: Novak Djokovic
Women's singles
1983–84: Martina Navratilova
1993–94: Steffi Graf
2002–03: Serena Williams
2014–15: Serena Williams
Men's doubles
2012–13: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
Women's doubles
1949–50: Louise Brough
1986–87: Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver
1992–93: Gigi Fernández / Natasha Zvereva
1996–97: Natasha Zvereva
2009–10: Serena Williams / Venus Williams
Mixed doubles
1967–68 Billie Jean King
Career Grand SlamMen's singles
Fred Perry
Don Budge
Rod Laver (2)
Roy Emerson (2)
Andre Agassi
Roger Federer
Rafael Nadal (2)
Novak Djokovic (3)
Women's singles
Maureen Connolly
Doris Hart
Shirley Fry Irvin
Margaret Court (3)
Billie Jean King
Chris Evert (2)
Martina Navratilova (2)
Steffi Graf (4)
Serena Williams (3)
Maria Sharapova
Men's doubles
Adrian Quist
Frank Sedgman (2)
Ken McGregor
Lew Hoad / Ken Rosewall (2)
Neale Fraser (2)
Roy Emerson (3)
John Newcombe (3) / Tony Roche
Bob Hewitt
John Fitzgerald
Anders Järryd
Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis
Mark Woodforde
Todd Woodbridge
Jonas Björkman
Bob Bryan (2) / Mike Bryan (2)
Daniel Nestor
Leander Paes
Pierre-Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut
Mate Pavić
Women's doubles
Louise Brough Clapp
Doris Hart
Shirley Fry Irvin
Maria Bueno
Lesley Turner Bowrey
Margaret Court (2)
Judy Tegart-Dalton
Kathy Jordan / Anne Smith
/ Martina Navratilova (7)
Pam Shriver (4)
Helena Suková
Gigi Fernández (2)
/ Natasha Zvereva (3)
Jana Novotná (2)
Martina Hingis (2)
Serena Williams (2) / Venus Williams (2)
Lisa Raymond
Sara Errani / Roberta Vinci
Barbora Krejčíková / Kateřina Siniaková
Mixed doubles
Jean Borotra
Doris Hart (2) / Frank Sedgman (2)
Margaret Court (4)
Ken Fletcher
Owen Davidson
Billie Jean King
Marty Riessen
Bob Hewitt
Mark Woodforde
Todd Woodbridge
Martina Navratilova
Daniela Hantuchová
Mahesh Bhupathi (2)
Cara Black
Leander Paes
Martina Hingis
vteWimbledon boys' doubles champions
1982: Pat Cash / John Frawley
1983: Mark Kratzmann / Simon Youl
1984: Ricky Brown / Robbie Weiss
1985: Agustín Moreno / Jaime Yzaga
1986: Tomas Carbonell / Petr Korda
1987: Jason Stoltenberg / Todd Woodbridge
1988: Jason Stoltenberg / Todd Woodbridge
1989: Jared Palmer / Jonathan Stark
1990: Sébastien Lareau / Sébastien Leblanc
1991: Karim Alami / Greg Rusedski
1992: Steven Baldas / Scott Draper
1993: Steven Downs / James Greenhalgh
1994: Ben Ellwood / Mark Philippoussis
1995: Martin Lee / James Trotman
1996: Daniele Bracciali / Jocelyn Robichaud
1997: Luis Horna / Nicolás Massú
1998: Roger Federer / Olivier Rochus
1999: Guillermo Coria / David Nalbandian
2000: Dominique Coene / Kristof Vliegen
2001: Frank Dancevic / Giovanni Lapentti
2002: Florin Mergea / Horia Tecău
2003: Florin Mergea / Horia Tecău
2004: Brendan Evans / Scott Oudsema
2005: Jesse Levine / Michael Shabaz
2006: Kellen Damico / Nathaniel Schnugg
2007: Daniel Alejandro López / Matteo Trevisan
2008: Yang Tsung-hua / Hsieh Cheng-peng
2009: Pierre-Hugues Herbert / Kevin Krawietz
2010: Liam Broady / Tom Farquharson
2011: George Morgan / Mate Pavić
2012: Andrew Harris / Nick Kyrgios
2013: Thanasi Kokkinakis / Nick Kyrgios
2014: Orlando Luz / Marcelo Zormann
2015: Lý Hoàng Nam / Sumit Nagal
2016: Kenneth Raisma / Stefanos Tsitsipas
2017: Axel Geller / Hsu Yu-hsiou
2018: Yankı Erel / Otto Virtanen
2019: Jonáš Forejtek / Jiří Lehečka
2020: No competition (COVID-19 pandemic)
2021: Edas Butvilas / Alejandro Manzanera Pertusa
2022: Sebastian Gorzny / Alex Michelsen
2023: Jakub Filip / Gabriele Vulpitta
vteCroatia — 2018 Davis Cup champions (2nd title)
Final team: Borna Ćorić
Marin Čilić
Franko Škugor
Mate Pavić
Ivan Dodig
Other team nominations: Viktor Galović
Nikola Mektić
Captain: Željko Krajan
vteATP Tour Masters 1000 doubles championsIndian Wells Open
1990: Boris Becker / Guy Forget
1991: Jim Courier / Javier Sánchez
1992: Steve DeVries / David Macpherson
1999: Guy Forget / Henri Leconte
1994: Grant Connell / Patrick Galbraith
1995: Tommy Ho / Brett Steven
1996: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde
1997: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor
1998: Jonas Björkman / Pat Rafter
1999: Wayne Black / Sandon Stolle
2000: Alex O'Brien / Jared Palmer
2001: Wayne Ferreira / Yevgeny Kafelnikov
2002: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor
2003: Wayne Ferreira / Yevgeny Kafelnikov
2004: Arnaud Clément / Sébastien Grosjean
2005: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor
2006: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor
2007: Martin Damm / Leander Paes
2008: Jonathan Erlich / Andy Ram
2009: Mardy Fish / Andy Roddick
2010: Marc López / Rafael Nadal
2011: Alexandr Dolgopolov / Xavier Malisse
2012: Marc López / Rafael Nadal
2013: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2014: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2015: Vasek Pospisil / Jack Sock
2016: Pierre-Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut
2017: Raven Klaasen / Rajeev Ram
2018: John Isner / Jack Sock
2019: Nikola Mektić / Horacio Zeballos
2020: Cancelled (COVID-19 pandemic)
2021: John Peers / Filip Polášek
2022: John Isner / Jack Sock
2023: Rohan Bopanna / Matthew Ebden
2024: Wesley Koolhof / Nikola Mektić
Miami Masters
1990: Rick Leach / Jim Pugh
1991: Wayne Ferreira / Piet Norval
1992: Ken Flach / Todd Witsken
1993: Richard Krajicek / Jan Siemerink
1994: Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis
1995: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde
1996: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde
1997: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde
1998: Ellis Ferreira / Rick Leach
1999: Wayne Black / Sandon Stolle
2000: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde
2001: Jiří Novák / David Rikl
2002: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor
2003: Roger Federer / Max Mirnyi
2004: Wayne Black / Kevin Ullyett
2005: Jonas Björkman / Max Mirnyi
2006: Jonas Björkman / Max Mirnyi
2007: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2008: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2009: Max Mirnyi / Andy Ram
2010: Lukáš Dlouhý / Leander Paes
2011: Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes
2012: Leander Paes / Radek Štěpánek
2013: Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi / Jean-Julien Rojer
2014: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2015: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2016: Pierre-Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut
2017: Łukasz Kubot / Marcelo Melo
2018: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2019: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2020: Cancelled (COVID-19 pandemic)
2021: Nikola Mektić / Mate Pavić
2022: Hubert Hurkacz / John Isner
2023: Santiago González / Édouard Roger-Vasselin
2024: Rohan Bopanna / Matthew Ebden
Monte-Carlo Masters
1990: Petr Korda / Tomáš Šmíd
1991: Luke Jensen / Laurie Warder
1992: Boris Becker / Michael Stich
1993: Stefan Edberg / Petr Korda
1994: Nicklas Kulti / Magnus Larsson
1995: Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis
1996: Ellis Ferreira / Jan Siemerink
1997: Donald Johnson / Francisco Montana
1998: Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis
1999: Olivier Delaître / Tim Henman
2000: Wayne Ferreira / Yevgeny Kafelnikov
2001: Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge
2002: Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge
2003: Mahesh Bhupathi / Max Mirnyi
2004: Tim Henman / Nenad Zimonjić
2005: Leander Paes / Nenad Zimonjić
2006: Jonas Björkman / Max Mirnyi
2007: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2008: Rafael Nadal / Tommy Robredo
2009: Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić
2010: Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić
2011: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2012: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2013: Julien Benneteau / Nenad Zimonjić
2014: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2015: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2016: Pierre-Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut
2017: Rohan Bopanna / Pablo Cuevas
2018: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2019: Nikola Mektić / Franko Škugor
2020: Cancelled (COVID-19 pandemic)
2021: Nikola Mektić / Mate Pavić
2022: Rajeev Ram / Joe Salisbury
2023: Ivan Dodig / Austin Krajicek
2024: Sander Gillé / Joran Vliegen
Hamburg / Madrid Masters
1990: Sergi Bruguera / Jim Courier
1991: Sergio Casal / Emilio Sánchez
1992: Sergio Casal / Emilio Sánchez
1993: Paul Haarhuis / Mark Koevermans
1994: Scott Melville / Piet Norval
1995: Wayne Ferreira / Yevgeny Kafelnikov
1996: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor
1997: Luis Lobo / Javier Sánchez
1998: Donald Johnson / Francisco Montana
1999: Wayne Arthurs / Andrew Kratzmann
2000: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde
2001: Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge
2002: Mahesh Bhupathi / Jan-Michael Gambill
2003: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor
2004: Wayne Black / Kevin Ullyett
2005: Jonas Björkman / Max Mirnyi
2006: Paul Hanley / Kevin Ullyett
2007: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2008: Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić
2009: Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić
2010: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2011: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2012: Mariusz Fyrstenberg / Marcin Matkowski
2013: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2014: Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić
2015: Rohan Bopanna / Florin Mergea
2016: Jean-Julien Rojer / Horia Tecău
2017: Łukasz Kubot / Marcelo Melo
2018: Nikola Mektić / Alexander Peya
2019: Jean-Julien Rojer / Horia Tecău
2020: Cancelled (COVID-19 pandemic)
2021: Marcel Granollers / Horacio Zeballos
2022: Wesley Koolhof / Neal Skupski
2023: Karen Khachanov / Andrey Rublev
2024: Sebastian Korda / Jordan Thompson
Rome Masters
1990: Sergio Casal / Emilio Sánchez
1991: Omar Camporese / Goran Ivanišević
1992: Jakob Hlasek / Marc Rosset
1993: Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis
1994: Yevgeny Kafelnikov / David Rikl
1995: Cyril Suk / Daniel Vacek
1996: Byron Black / Grant Connell
1997: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor
1998: Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes
1999: Ellis Ferreira / Rick Leach
2000: Martin Damm / Dominik Hrbatý
2001: Wayne Ferreira / Yevgeny Kafelnikov
2002: Martin Damm / Cyril Suk
2003: Wayne Arthurs / Paul Hanley
2004: Mahesh Bhupathi / Max Mirnyi
2005: Michaël Llodra / Fabrice Santoro
2006: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor
2007: Fabrice Santoro / Nenad Zimonjić
2008: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2009: Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić
2010: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2011: John Isner / Sam Querrey
2012: Marcel Granollers / Marc López
2013: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2014: Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić
2015: Pablo Cuevas / David Marrero
2016: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2017: Pierre-Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut
2018: Juan Sebastián Cabal / Robert Farah
2019: Juan Sebastián Cabal / Robert Farah
2020: Marcel Granollers / Horacio Zeballos
2021: Nikola Mektić / Mate Pavić
2022: Nikola Mektić / Mate Pavić
2023: Hugo Nys / Jan Zieliński
Canada Masters
1990: Paul Annacone / David Wheaton
1991: Patrick Galbraith / Todd Witsken
1992: Patrick Galbraith / Danie Visser
1993: Jim Courier / Mark Knowles
1994: Byron Black / Jonathan Stark
1995: Yevgeny Kafelnikov / Andrei Olhovskiy
1996: Patrick Galbraith / Paul Haarhuis
1997: Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes
1998: Martin Damm / Jim Grabb
1999: Jonas Björkman / Patrick Rafter
2000: Sébastien Lareau / Daniel Nestor
2001: Jiří Novák / David Rikl
2002: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2003: Mahesh Bhupathi / Max Mirnyi
2004: Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes
2005: Wayne Black / Kevin Ullyett
2006: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2007: Mahesh Bhupathi / Pavel Vízner
2008: Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić
2009: Mahesh Bhupathi / Mark Knowles
2010: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2011: Michaël Llodra / Nenad Zimonjić
2012: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2013: Alexander Peya / Bruno Soares
2014: Alexander Peya / Bruno Soares
2015: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2016: Ivan Dodig / Marcelo Melo
2017: Pierre-Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut
2018: Henri Kontinen / John Peers
2019: Marcel Granollers / Horacio Zeballos
2020: Cancelled (COVID-19 pandemic)
2021: Rajeev Ram / Joe Salisbury
2022: Wesley Koolhof / Neal Skupski
2023: Marcelo Arévalo / Jean-Julien Rojer
Cincinnati Open
1990: Darren Cahill / Mark Kratzmann
1991: Ken Flach / Robert Seguso
1992: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde
1993: Andre Agassi / Petr Korda
1994: Alex O'Brien / Sandon Stolle
1995: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde
1996: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor
1997: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde
1998: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor
1999: Byron Black / Jonas Björkman
2000: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde
2001: Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes
2002: James Blake / Todd Martin
2003: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2004: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor
2005: Jonas Björkman / Max Mirnyi
2006: Jonas Björkman / Max Mirnyi
2007: Jonathan Erlich / Andy Ram
2008: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2009: Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić
2010: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2011: Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes
2012: Robert Lindstedt / Horia Tecău
2013: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2014: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2015: Daniel Nestor / Édouard Roger-Vasselin
2016: Ivan Dodig / Marcelo Melo
2017: Pierre-Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut
2018: Jamie Murray / Bruno Soares
2019: Ivan Dodig / Filip Polášek
2020: Pablo Carreño Busta / Alex de Minaur
2021: Marcel Granollers / Horacio Zeballos
2022: Rajeev Ram / Joe Salisbury
2023: Máximo González / Andrés Molteni
Stockholm / Essen / Stuttgart / Madrid / Shanghai Masters
1990: Guy Forget / Jakob Hlasek
1991: John Fitzgerald / Anders Järryd
1992: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde
1993: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde
1994: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde
1995: Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis
1996: Sébastien Lareau / Alex O'Brien
1997: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde
1998: Sébastien Lareau / Alex O'Brien
1999: Byron Black / Jonas Björkman
2000: Jiří Novák / David Rikl
2001: Max Mirnyi / Sandon Stolle
2002: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor
2003: Mahesh Bhupathi / Max Mirnyi
2004: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor
2005: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor
2006: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2007: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2008: Mariusz Fyrstenberg / Marcin Matkowski
2009: Julien Benneteau / Jo-Wilfried Tsonga
2010: Jürgen Melzer / Leander Paes
2011: Max Mirnyi / Daniel Nestor
2012: Leander Paes / Radek Štěpánek
2013: Ivan Dodig / Marcelo Melo
2014: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2015: Raven Klaasen / Marcelo Melo
2016: John Isner / Jack Sock
2017: Henri Kontinen / John Peers
2018: Łukasz Kubot / Marcelo Melo
2019: Mate Pavić / Bruno Soares
2020–2022: Cancelled (COVID-19 pandemic)
2023: Marcel Granollers / Horacio Zeballos
Paris Masters
1990: Scott Davis / David Pate
1991: Anders Järryd / John Fitzgerald
1992: John McEnroe / Patrick McEnroe
1992: Byron Black / Jonathan Stark
1994: Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis
1995: Grant Connell / Patrick Galbraith
1996: Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis
1997: Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis
1998: Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes
1999: Sébastien Lareau / Alex O'Brien
2000: Nicklas Kulti / Max Mirnyi
2001: Ellis Ferreira / Rick Leach
2002: Nicolas Escudé / Fabrice Santoro
2003: Wayne Arthurs / Paul Hanley
2004: Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge
2005: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2006: Arnaud Clément / Michaël Llodra
2007: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2008: Jonas Björkman / Kevin Ullyett
2009: Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić
2010: Mahesh Bhupathi / Max Mirnyi
2011: Rohan Bopanna / Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
2012: Mahesh Bhupathi / Rohan Bopanna
2013: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2014: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan
2015: Ivan Dodig / Marcelo Melo
2016: Henri Kontinen / John Peers
2017: Łukasz Kubot / Marcelo Melo
2018: Marcel Granollers / Rajeev Ram
2019: Pierre-Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut
2020: Félix Auger-Aliassime / Hubert Hurkacz
2021: Tim Pütz / Michael Venus
2022: Wesley Koolhof / Neal Skupski
2023: Santiago González / Édouard Roger-Vasselin
vteOlympic tennis men's doubles championsDemonstration
1968: Rafael Osuna & Vicente Zarazúa (MEX)
Indoor
1908: Herbert Barrett & Arthur Gore (GBR)
1912: Maurice Germot & André Gobert (FRA)
Outdoor
1896: John Pius Boland (GBR) & Friedrich Traun (GER)
1900: Laurence Doherty & Reginald Doherty (GBR)
1904: Edgar Leonard & Beals Wright (USA)
1908: Reginald Doherty & George Hillyard (GBR)
1912: Harold Kitson & Charles Winslow (RSA)
1920: Oswald Turnbull & Max Woosnam (GBR)
1924: Francis Hunter & Vincent Richards (USA)
1988: Ken Flach & Robert Seguso (USA)
1992: Boris Becker & Michael Stich (GER)
1996: Todd Woodbridge & Mark Woodforde (AUS)
2000: Sébastien Lareau & Daniel Nestor (CAN)
2004: Fernando González & Nicolás Massú (CHI)
2008: Roger Federer & Stanislas Wawrinka (SUI)
2012: Bob Bryan & Mike Bryan (USA)
2016: Marc López & Rafael Nadal (ESP)
2020: Nikola Mektić & Mate Pavić (CRO)
vteTennis world No. 1 men's doubles players
Current ATP world No. 1 in bold, as of week of 27 May 2024
ATP rankings was introduced on 1 March 1976
1–5
Bob Hewitt (1976 – 6 w)
Raúl Ramírez (1976/1977 – 62 w)
Frew McMillan (1977/1979 – 85 w)
Tom Okker (1979 – 11 w)
John McEnroe (1979/1989 – 269 w)
6–10
Stan Smith (1981 – 8 w)
Paul McNamee (1981 – 3 w)
Peter Fleming (1982/1984 – 17 w)
Tomáš Šmíd (1984/1985 – 34 w)
Anders Järryd (1985/1992 – 107 w)
11–15
Robert Seguso (1985/1988 – 62 w)
Ken Flach (1985/1986 – 5 w)
Stefan Edberg (1986/1987 – 15 w)
Yannick Noah (1986/1987 – 19 w)
Slobodan Živojinović (1986 – 7 w)
16–20
Andrés Gómez (1986 – 13 w)
Emilio Sánchez (1989 – 6 w)
Jim Grabb (1989/1993 – 13 w)
Jim Pugh (1989/1990 – 26 w)
Danie Visser (1990 – 27 w)
21–25
Rick Leach (1990 – 9 w)
Pieter Aldrich (1990 – 19 w)
David Pate (1991 – 25 w)
John Fitzgerald (1991/1992 – 40 w)
Todd Woodbridge (1992/2001 – 204 w)
26–30
Kelly Jones (1992 – 1 w)
Mark Woodforde (1992/2000 – 83 w)
Richey Reneberg (1993 – 5 w)
Patrick Galbraith (1993/1994 – 4 w)
Grant Connell (1993/1994 – 17 w)
31–35
Paul Haarhuis (1994/1999 – 71 w)
Byron Black (1994 – 8 w)
Jonathan Stark (1994 – 6 w)
Jacco Eltingh (1995/1998 – 63 w)
Mahesh Bhupathi (1999 – 4 w)
36–40
Leander Paes (1999/2000 – 39 w)
Jared Palmer (2000/2002 – 39 w)
Alex O'Brien (2000 – 5 w)
Jonas Björkman (2000/2005 – 74 w)
Donald Johnson (2002 – 20 w)
41–45
Mark Knowles (2002/2005 – 65 w)
Daniel Nestor (2002/2012 – 108 w)
Max Mirnyi (2003/2012 – 57 w)
Bob Bryan (2003/2015 – 439 w)
Mike Bryan (2003/2019 – 506 w)
46–50
Nenad Zimonjić (2008/2010 – 40 w)
Marcelo Melo (2015/2018 – 56 w)
Jamie Murray (2016 – 9 w)
Nicolas Mahut (2016/2017 – 39 w)
Henri Kontinen (2017 – 26 w)
51–55
Łukasz Kubot (2018 – 19 w)
Mate Pavić (2018/2022 – 57 w)
Juan Sebastián Cabal (2019/2020 – 29 w)
Robert Farah (2019/2021 – 68 w)
Nikola Mektić (2021 – 3 w)
56–60
Joe Salisbury (2022 – 26 w)
Rajeev Ram (2022/2023 – 9 w)
Wesley Koolhof (2022/2023 – 34 w)
Neal Skupski (2022/2023 – 35 w)
Austin Krajicek (2023/2024 – 26 w)
61–65
Rohan Bopanna (2024 – 8 w)
Matthew Ebden (2024 – 4 w)
Marcel Granollers (2024 – 5 w)
Horacio Zeballos (2024 – 5 w)
(year first held/year last held – number of weeks (w))
weeks record underlined.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[mǎːte pǎːʋitɕ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"world No. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ATP_number_1_ranked_doubles_tennis_players"},{"link_name":"Career Golden Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)#Golden_Slam"},{"link_name":"Grand Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"2018 Australian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Australian_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles"},{"link_name":"Oliver Marach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Marach"},{"link_name":"2020 US Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles"},{"link_name":"Bruno Soares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Soares"},{"link_name":"2021 Wimbledon Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles"},{"link_name":"Nikola Mektić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Mekti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"2024 French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_French_Open_-_Men%27s_doubles"},{"link_name":"Marcelo Arévalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Ar%C3%A9valo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2016 US Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Mixed_doubles"},{"link_name":"Laura Siegemund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Siegemund"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2018 Australian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Australian_Open_%E2%80%93_Mixed_doubles"},{"link_name":"Gabriela Dabrowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriela_Dabrowski"},{"link_name":"2023 Wimbledon Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Wimbledon_Championships"},{"link_name":"Lyudmyla Kichenok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyudmyla_Kichenok"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2017 Wimbledon Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles"},{"link_name":"2018 French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles"},{"link_name":"2020 French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles"},{"link_name":"2022 Wimbledon Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Mixed_doubles"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Mixed_doubles"},{"link_name":"ATP Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_Tour"},{"link_name":"Masters 1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_Tour_Masters_1000"},{"link_name":"Todd Woodbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Woodbridge"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2018 Davis Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Davis_Cup"},{"link_name":"2020 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles"}],"text":"Mate Pavić (Croatian pronunciation: [mǎːte pǎːʋitɕ];[1][2] born 4 July 1993) is a Croatian professional tennis player who is a former world No. 1 in doubles. Pavić is one of only six men to complete the Career Golden Slam in doubles.He is a seven-time Grand Slam champion, having won four titles in men's doubles: the 2018 Australian Open with Oliver Marach, the 2020 US Open with Bruno Soares, the 2021 Wimbledon Championships with Nikola Mektić, and the 2024 French Open with Marcelo Arévalo.[3] Pavić also won mixed doubles titles at the 2016 US Open with Laura Siegemund,[4] the 2018 Australian Open with Gabriela Dabrowski, and the 2023 Wimbledon Championships with Lyudmyla Kichenok.[5] He finished runner-up at the 2017 Wimbledon Championships, the 2018 French Open, the 2020 French Open, and the 2022 Wimbledon Championships in men's doubles, and at the 2018 and 2019 French Opens in mixed doubles.Pavić has won 38 doubles titles on the ATP Tour, including five at Masters 1000 level. In May 2018, he became world No. 1 in doubles, making him the 52nd player in history to hold the top ranking. He was the youngest doubles No. 1 since Todd Woodbridge in 1996, and the first player from Croatia, male or female, to be world No. 1 in singles or doubles.[6] Pavić was part of the winning Croatian team at the 2018 Davis Cup, and also won Olympic gold in men's doubles at the 2020 Summer Olympics alongside Mektić. In singles, he reached a career-high ranking of No. 295 in May 2013.","title":"Mate Pavić"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Split, Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split,_Croatia"}],"text":"Pavić was born in Split, Croatia, to Jakov, a tennis coach, and Snježana, a kindergarten teacher. He has two sisters, Nadja and Matea. He started playing tennis at the age of 5, after watching his father coach his sister Nadja.","title":"Early and personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tennis career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 Wimbledon Championships – Boys' doubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Boys%27_doubles"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-7"}],"sub_title":"Juniors","text":"As a junior, Pavić posted a singles win–loss record of 95–51 (90–39 in doubles) and reached a combined ranking of No. 5 in January 2011. In singles, in 2010 he reached the French Open QF and in 2011 again the QF, this time at the Wimbledon Championship. His biggest success as a junior came at the 2011 Wimbledon Championships – Boys' doubles where he won the title partnering George Morgan (UK).[7]","title":"Tennis career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zagreb Indoors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb_Indoors"},{"link_name":"Ivan Dodig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Dodig"},{"link_name":"Croatia Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_Open"},{"link_name":"Filippo Volandri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Volandri"},{"link_name":"Rosmalen Grass Court Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosmalen_Grass_Court_Championships"},{"link_name":"Robin Haase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Haase"},{"link_name":"Juan Carlos Ferrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Ferrero"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"After winning the Boys' Doubles title at Wimbledon Championship, Pavić received a wild card to the 2012 Zagreb Indoors doubles tournament. Partnering Ivan Dodig, he reached his first ATP doubles finals at the age of 18 years and 7 months. In singles, his first ATP-level tour match came at the 2011 ATP Croatia Open in Umag, where he lost to Filippo Volandri in the first round. His first victory at the ATP-tour level came at 2012 Rosmalen Grass Court Championships in s-Hertogenbosch where he upset world No. 40 Robin Haase in the first round. The same year he defeated world No 37. Juan Carlos Ferrero. The following year he reached his career high ranking in singles at world No. 295.Pavić wanted to pursue his tennis career in both singles and doubles, but when doubles qualifying events were introduced in 2016, this new rule enabled him to get into bigger ATP doubles tournaments and decided to focus more on doubles. He is quoted saying he regrets not being able to see where his singles career would have taken him.","title":"Tennis career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Venus_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Laura Siegemund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Siegemund"},{"link_name":"Miami Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Open_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Oliver Marach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Marach"},{"link_name":"Łukasz Kubot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Kubot"},{"link_name":"Marcelo Melo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Melo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-7"},{"link_name":"Stockholm Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Open"},{"link_name":"2017 ATP Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_ATP_Finals"}],"sub_title":"2015–2017: First doubles title, Grand Slam mixed title and doubles final","text":"Pavić won his first ATP doubles title at ATP Nice Open in May 2015, partnering Michael Venus. From May 2015 to October 2016 Pavić and Venus made it to 11 ATP doubles finals, winning five of them. However, they never made it past 3rd round at a Grand Slam tournament and decide to split at the end of 2016.The same year Mate went on to win the mixed doubles title with Laura Siegemund. Not being able to secure a permanent partner after the 2017 Miami Open, Pavić temporarily teamed with Austria's doubles veteran Oliver Marach during the European clay court season. Their clay swing was not successful and they decided to split after 2017 Wimbledon Championship. However, Pavić and Marach then made it to three consecutive grass court finals, including the 2017 Wimbledon Championship where they lost 11–13 in the fifth set to (at the time) No. 1 ranked doubles team of Łukasz Kubot and Marcelo Melo.[7]After reaching the finals at Wimbledon, at the 2017 US Open Pavić and Marach lost in the 3rd round. In October Pavić and Marach won their first tournament as a team at the Stockholm Open. In November they qualified for the 2017 ATP Finals as first alternates and played one match, beating the Bryan brothers in Round robin. Pavić finished the season at no. 17","title":"Tennis career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Todd Woodbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Woodbridge"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"2018: Grand Slam doubles and mixed doubles titles, Masters 1000 finals, No. 1 ranking","text":"Pavić and Marach had a great start to 2018. They went on to win 17 matches in a row, capturing titles at the Qatar Open, Auckland Open and then winning their first Grand Slam title at the 2018 Australian Open. In Melbourne, Mate also won his second mixed doubles Grand Slam title, this time with Gabriela Dabrowski. Pavić and Marach's winning streak came to an end at the Rotterdam Open in February, where they lost in the final. In April, Pavić and Marach reached their first ATP 1000 Masters Series finals in Monte Carlo (losing to Bryan brothers).On 21 May 2018, Pavić became the No. 1 ranked player in the world in doubles, and spent 8 weeks at the top. He was the youngest No. 1 doubles player in the world since Todd Woodbridge in 1996.[8] Pavić and Marach also made it to the 2018 French Open final, where they lost to Mahut and Herbert. After the French Open, Pavić and Marach went 10–8, losing in both 2018 Wimbledon Championship and 2018 US Open first rounds. They bounced back by reaching the China Open final in October (l. to Kubot and Melo). Pavić finished the 2018 season at no. 3.","title":"Tennis career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bruno Soares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Soares"},{"link_name":"2019 Shanghai Rolex Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Shanghai_Rolex_Masters"},{"link_name":"2020 US Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_US_Open_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"2020 French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_French_Open"},{"link_name":"2020 Rolex Paris Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Rolex_Paris_Masters"}],"sub_title":"2019–2020: US Open and Masters 1000 titles, return to top 10, doubles pair race year-end No. 1","text":"After the 2019 French Open, Marach and Pavić terminated their partnership and Mate teamed with Bruno Soares and won his first Masters title at 2019 Shanghai Rolex Masters in October. The same month they reached the final of Stockholm Open, and Pavić briefly returned to top 10 rankings, but finished the 2019 season ranked 18th in the world.In September 2020 Pavić and Soares won the 2020 US Open tournament. It was the second men's doubles Grand Slam title of Pavić's career. They followed it with a run to the 2020 French Open and 2020 Rolex Paris Masters finals where they lost after having 5 match points. The pair finished No. 1 in the 2020 doubles race.","title":"Tennis career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nikola Mektić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Mekti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"2021 Miami Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Miami_Open"},{"link_name":"2021 Australian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_Open"},{"link_name":"2021 Dubai Tennis Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Dubai_Tennis_Championships"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2021 Monte-Carlo Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Monte-Carlo_Masters_%E2%80%93_Doubles"},{"link_name":"Robert Farah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Farah_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2021 Mutua Madrid Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Mutua_Madrid_Open"},{"link_name":"Horacio Zeballos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horacio_Zeballos"},{"link_name":"Marcel Granollers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Granollers"},{"link_name":"2021 Italian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Italian_Open_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Rajeev Ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajeev_Ram"},{"link_name":"Joe Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"2021 Wimbledon Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Wimbledon_Championships"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles"},{"link_name":"Ivan Dodig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Dodig"},{"link_name":"Marin Čilić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_%C4%8Cili%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"2021: New partnership, seven ATP & historic Wimbledon titles, return to No. 1, First Croatian Olympic champion","text":"Starting 2021 Pavić partnered successfully with his compatriot Nikola Mektić. They won four ATP titles including the doubles title at the 2021 Miami Open in April and reached the 2021 Australian Open doubles semifinals and 2021 Dubai Tennis Championships final in the first three months of the year. Following these results, Pavić returned to the No. 1 ranking in doubles on April 5.[9] On April 18, Pavić clinched his fifth overall and second ATP Masters title of the year at the 2021 Monte-Carlo Masters, along with retaining the No. 1 ranking, as he was in contention with Robert Farah for it, who lost in the semifinals at the event.[10] Seeded No. 2 the pair also reached the final at the 2021 Mutua Madrid Open Masters where they lost to the No. 3 seeded pair of Horacio Zeballos and Marcel Granollers and the final of the 2021 Italian Open where they won the title defeating No. 5 seeded pair Rajeev Ram and Joe Salisbury.[11]In their first Grand Slam doubles final, top seeds Pavic and Mektić had the biggest victory of their 2021 season as a team defeating Granollers and Zeballos to triumph in doubles at the 2021 Wimbledon Championships.\nThey became the first Croatian players to win the Wimbledon men's doubles title. They are also the first players from their country to win at the All England Club since Goran Ivanišević's 2001 victory in singles and Ivan Dodig's 2019 mixed doubles win with Latisha Chan.[12]At the Olympics he won the gold medal with Mektić in an all-Croatian final defeating Ivan Dodig and Marin Čilić.[13] It was the country's first gold medal in the sport and the third time in the Olympics men's doubles' history that the same country won both gold and silver, and the first one since 1908.[14]","title":"Tennis career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Italian_Open_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"2022 Geneva Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Geneva_Open"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart_Open"},{"link_name":"Hubert Hurkacz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Hurkacz"},{"link_name":"Tim Pütz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_P%C3%BCtz"},{"link_name":"Michael Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Venus_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"2022 Queen's Club Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Queen%27s_Club_Championships"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"2022 Eastbourne International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Eastbourne_International"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"2022 Wimbledon Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Wimbledon_Championships"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Robert Farah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Farah_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Juan Sebastián Cabal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Cabal"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"2022 Astana Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Astana_Open"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"2022: Second-time Italian Open champion, 30th title, 350th career win, Wimbledon final","text":"Pavić and Mektić won their second Italian Open Masters crown and defended their 2021 title.[15]In the following week, the Croatian pairing won the 2022 Geneva Open, which was Pavić's 28th doubles title and 30th overall (including the two mixed titles).[16]In June, Pavić won the Stuttgart Open with Hubert Hurkacz overcoming Tim Pütz and Michael Venus for his 350th win.[17]\nIn the following week at the ATP 500 2022 Queen's Club Championships, Pavić won his third title for the season in partnership with Mektic and twelfth overall for the pair.[18] The pair also successfully defended their title at the 2022 Eastbourne International, which was Pavić's third consecutive title win.[19]At the 2022 Wimbledon Championships the Croatian pair reached the semifinals in straight sets [20] and the final defeating six seeded Columbian pair of Robert Farah and Juan Sebastián Cabal in a five sets with a fifth set super tiebreak over 4 hours match.[21][22]The pair won another ATP 500 title at the 2022 Astana Open making it fifth as a team and sixth overall for the season for Pavic.[23]","title":"Tennis career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2023 Eastbourne International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Eastbourne_International"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Lyudmyla Kichenok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyudmyla_Kichenok"},{"link_name":"2023 Wimbledon Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Wimbledon_Championships"},{"link_name":"Joran Vliegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joran_Vliegen"},{"link_name":"Yifan Xu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yifan_Xu"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Francisco Cabral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Cabral"},{"link_name":"Rafael Matos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Matos"},{"link_name":"All England Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Wimbledon_Championships"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"2023: Wimbledon mixed doubles title, 35th doubles title, 400th career win","text":"He won his 35th overall and third straight title at the 2023 Eastbourne International with partner Mektic.[24]Pavic and Lyudmyla Kichenok won the mixed doubles title at the 2023 Wimbledon Championships defeating Joran Vliegen and Yifan Xu.[25] In doubles, he recorded his 400th career win defeating Francisco Cabral and Rafael Matos in straight sets in the second round at the All England Club.[26]","title":"Tennis career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcelo Arévalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Ar%C3%A9valo"},{"link_name":"Simone Bolelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Bolelli"},{"link_name":"Andrea Vavassori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Vavassori"},{"link_name":"2024 French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_French_Open"},{"link_name":"career Golden Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_men%27s_doubles_champions#Career_Golden_Slam"},{"link_name":"major championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Olympic gold medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"2024: New partnership, Career Golden Slam","text":"Partnering Marcelo Arévalo, Pavic defeated Simone Bolelli and Andrea Vavassori in the final, 7–5, 6–3 to win the title at the 2024 French Open. It was Pavić's fourth Major doubles title and Arévalo's second. Pavić completed a career Golden Slam with the win, having previously won the three other major championships and an Olympic gold medal.[27]","title":"Tennis career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Grand Slam tournament finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Doubles: 8 (4 titles, 4 runner-ups)","title":"Grand Slam tournament finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mixed doubles: 5 (3 titles, 2 runner-ups)","title":"Grand Slam tournament finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Olympic finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Doubles: 1 (1 Gold medal)","title":"Olympic finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Year-end championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Doubles: 1 (1 runner-up)","title":"Year-end championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Masters 1000 finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Doubles: 10 (5 titles, 5 runner-ups)","title":"Masters 1000 finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"ATP career finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Doubles: 69 (38 titles, 31 runner-ups)","title":"ATP career finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2024 Italian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Italian_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles"}],"text":"(W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (P#) preliminary round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (Z#) Davis/Fed Cup Zonal Group (with number indication) or (PO) play-off; (G) gold, (S) silver or (B) bronze Olympic/Paralympic medal; (NMS) not a Masters tournament; (NTI) not a Tier I tournament; (P) postponed; (NH) not held; (SR) strike rate (events won / competed); (W–L) win–loss record.To avoid confusion and double counting, these charts are updated at the conclusion of a tournament or when the player's participation has ended.Current through the 2024 Italian Open.","title":"Doubles performance timeline"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Máte\". Hrvatski jezični portal (in Serbo-Croatian). Retrieved 17 March 2018. Máte","urls":[{"url":"http://hjp.znanje.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=e1tnXBg%3D","url_text":"\"Máte\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pȁvao\". Hrvatski jezični portal (in Serbo-Croatian). Retrieved 17 March 2018. Pávić","urls":[{"url":"http://hjp.znanje.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=eV9lUBE%3D","url_text":"\"Pȁvao\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marach, Pavic claim Australian Open men's doubles crown\". Reuters. 27 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tennis-ausopen-doubles/marach-pavic-claim-australian-open-mens-doubles-crown-idUSKBN1FG0MT","url_text":"\"Marach, Pavic claim Australian Open men's doubles crown\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pavic and Siegemund win U.S. Open mixed doubles\". Eurosport. 9 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurosport.com/tennis/us-open/2016/pavic-and-siegemund-win-u.s.-open-mixed-doubles_sto5839338/story.shtml","url_text":"\"Pavic and Siegemund win U.S. Open mixed doubles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dabrowski and Pavic win mixed doubles in Melbourne\". WTA. 28 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1444636/dabrowski-and-pavic-win-mixed-doubles-in-melbourne","url_text":"\"Dabrowski and Pavic win mixed doubles in Melbourne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pavic To Rise To World No. 1 On Monday Despite Loss\". ATP World Tour. 18 May 2018. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230418071439/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/rome-2018-friday-doubles","url_text":"\"Pavic To Rise To World No. 1 On Monday Despite Loss\""},{"url":"http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/rome-2018-friday-doubles","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tribute: Pavic Completes Rise To No. 1\". ATP World Tour. 22 May 2018. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221129154806/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/pavic-no-1-atp-doubles-rankings-tribute","url_text":"\"Tribute: Pavic Completes Rise To No. 1\""},{"url":"http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/pavic-no-1-atp-doubles-rankings-tribute","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marzorati, Gerald. \"The Relative Obscurity of Mate Pavic, the Best Young Doubles Player in the World\". The New Yorker. Retrieved 10 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/sports/sporting-scene/the-relative-obscurity-of-mate-pavic-the-best-young-doubles-player-in-the-world","url_text":"\"The Relative Obscurity of Mate Pavic, the Best Young Doubles Player in the World\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nikola Mektic/Mate Pavic Make History, Storm To Miami Title\". ATP Tour. 2021. Archived from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221016013313/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/miami-2021-doubles-final","url_text":"\"Nikola Mektic/Mate Pavic Make History, Storm To Miami Title\""},{"url":"http://www.atptour.com/en/news/miami-2021-doubles-final","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mektic/Pavic Clinch Monte-Carlo Crown; Fifth Doubles Title Of Year\". ATP Tour. 2021. Archived from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221016013312/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/mektic-pavic-evans-skupski-monte-carlo-2021-doubles-final","url_text":"\"Mektic/Pavic Clinch Monte-Carlo Crown; Fifth Doubles Title Of Year\""},{"url":"http://www.atptour.com/en/news/mektic-pavic-evans-skupski-monte-carlo-2021-doubles-final","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nikola Mektic, Mate Pavic Win Sixth Trophy of Season in Rome\". ATP Tour. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230519104558/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/mektic-pavic-ram-salisbury-rome-2021-doubles-final","url_text":"\"Nikola Mektic, Mate Pavic Win Sixth Trophy of Season in Rome\""},{"url":"https://www.atptour.com/en/news/mektic-pavic-ram-salisbury-rome-2021-doubles-final","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nikola Mektic/MatePavic Capture First Grand Slam Title at Wimbledon\". ATP Tour. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211125235826/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/mektic-pavic-wimbledon-2021-final-saturday","url_text":"\"Nikola Mektic/MatePavic Capture First Grand Slam Title at Wimbledon\""},{"url":"https://www.atptour.com/en/news/mektic-pavic-wimbledon-2021-final-saturday","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nikola Mektic & Mate Pavic Capture Olympic Gold In Tokyo\". ATP Tour. Archived from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221202195250/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/mektic-pavic-cilic-dodig-tokyo-final-2021-friday","url_text":"\"Nikola Mektic & Mate Pavic Capture Olympic Gold In Tokyo\""},{"url":"https://www.atptour.com/en/news/mektic-pavic-cilic-dodig-tokyo-final-2021-friday","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jose Alfonso Cussianovich (29 July 2021). \"Gold Medal Match Between Croatian Players for the First Time Ever!\". Total-croatia-news.com. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230405054239/https://total-croatia-news.com/sport/54949-gold-medal-match","url_text":"\"Gold Medal Match Between Croatian Players for the First Time Ever!\""},{"url":"https://www.total-croatia-news.com/sport/54949-gold-medal-match","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nikola Mektic/Mate Pavic End #Isnerman Run, Defend Rome Crown\". ATP Tour. Archived from the original on 11 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230511145810/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/mektic-pavic-isner-schwartzman-rome-2022-sunday-doubles-final","url_text":"\"Nikola Mektic/Mate Pavic End #Isnerman Run, Defend Rome Crown\""},{"url":"https://www.atptour.com/en/news/mektic-pavic-isner-schwartzman-rome-2022-sunday-doubles-final","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nikola Mektic and Mate Pavic Lift Second Trophy of Season in Geneva\". ATP Tour. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230418072636/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/geneva-doubles-final-saturday-2022","url_text":"\"Nikola Mektic and Mate Pavic Lift Second Trophy of Season in Geneva\""},{"url":"https://www.atptour.com/en/news/geneva-doubles-final-saturday-2022","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hubert Hurkacz and Mate Pavić Clinch Stuttgart Crown\". Archived from the original on 18 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230418072509/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/doubles-stuttgart-2022-final-sunday","url_text":"\"Hubert Hurkacz and Mate Pavić Clinch Stuttgart Crown\""},{"url":"https://www.atptour.com/en/news/doubles-stuttgart-2022-final-sunday","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nikola Mektic & Mate Pavic Complete Comeback for Queen's Club Title\". ATP Tour. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230418024322/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/mektic-pavic-glasspool-heliovaara-london-2022-final","url_text":"\"Nikola Mektic & Mate Pavic Complete Comeback for Queen's Club Title\""},{"url":"https://www.atptour.com/en/news/mektic-pavic-glasspool-heliovaara-london-2022-final","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nikola Mektic & Mate Pavic Retain Eastbourne Title\". ATP Tour. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230418024325/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/mektic-pavic-eastbourne-2022-final","url_text":"\"Nikola Mektic & Mate Pavic Retain Eastbourne Title\""},{"url":"https://www.atptour.com/en/news/mektic-pavic-eastbourne-2022-final","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nikola Mektic/Mate Pavic Cruise into Wimbledon Semi-finals\". ATP Tour. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230418073527/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/mektic-pavic-doubles-wimbledon-2022-qf-tuesday","url_text":"\"Nikola Mektic/Mate Pavic Cruise into Wimbledon Semi-finals\""},{"url":"https://www.atptour.com/en/news/mektic-pavic-doubles-wimbledon-2022-qf-tuesday","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nikola Mektić and Mate Pavić have secured their spot in the gentlemen's doubles final after a thrilling five set match, 6–7(2), 7–6(0), 4–6, 6–2, 7–6(4)\". Twitter.com. Retrieved 19 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/Wimbledon/status/1545152314587156480","url_text":"\"Nikola Mektić and Mate Pavić have secured their spot in the gentlemen's doubles final after a thrilling five set match, 6–7(2), 7–6(0), 4–6, 6–2, 7–6(4)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matthew Ebden/Max Purcell Save Five MPS in Wimbledon Semi-final\". ATP Tour. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230408223646/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/ebden-purcell-doubles-wimbledon-2022-sf-thursday","url_text":"\"Matthew Ebden/Max Purcell Save Five MPS in Wimbledon Semi-final\""},{"url":"https://www.atptour.com/en/news/ebden-purcell-doubles-wimbledon-2022-sf-thursday","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nikola Mektic and Mate Pavic Clinch Astana Crown\". ATP Tour.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atptour.com/en/news/astana-2022-doubles-final-sunday","url_text":"\"Nikola Mektic and Mate Pavic Clinch Astana Crown\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nikola Mektic & Mate Pavic Win Third Straight Eastbourne Doubles Title | ATP Tour | Tennis\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atptour.com/en/news/mektic-pavic-dodig-krajicek-eastbourne-2023-final","url_text":"\"Nikola Mektic & Mate Pavic Win Third Straight Eastbourne Doubles Title | ATP Tour | Tennis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kichenok/Pavic Claim Wimbledon Mixed Doubles Crown | ATP Tour | Tennis\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atptour.com/en/news/pavic-kichenok-vliegen-xu-wimbledon-2023-mixed-doubles-final","url_text":"\"Kichenok/Pavic Claim Wimbledon Mixed Doubles Crown | ATP Tour | Tennis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Koolhof/Skupski Advance at Wimbledon | ATP Tour | Tennis\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atptour.com/en/news/koolhof-skupski-wimbledon-doubles-2023-r2","url_text":"\"Koolhof/Skupski Advance at Wimbledon | ATP Tour | Tennis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arevalo/Pavic win Roland Garros doubles title, Pavic completes Golden Slam | ATP Tour | Tennis\". ATP Tour. 8 June 2024. Archived from the original on 8 June 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atptour.com/en/news/arevalo-pavic-bolelli-vavassori-roland-garros-2024-doubles-final","url_text":"\"Arevalo/Pavic win Roland Garros doubles title, Pavic completes Golden Slam | ATP Tour | Tennis\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20240608192340/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/arevalo-pavic-bolelli-vavassori-roland-garros-2024-doubles-final","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerrigan_(literary_scholar)
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John Kerrigan (literary scholar)
|
["1 Works","2 References","3 External links"]
|
British literary scholar
John Kerrigan, FBA (born 1956) is a British literary scholar, with interests including the works of Shakespeare, Wordsworth and modern poetry since Emily Dickinson and Hopkins, along with Irish studies.
Kerrigan was born in Liverpool; he was educated there at St. Edward's College followed by Oxford, where he went to Keble, later becoming a Junior Research Fellow at Merton.
Since 1982 he has taught at Cambridge where he is a fellow of St. John's College. Between 2001 and 2023 he was Professor of English 2000 in the Faculty of English, University of Cambridge.
He has lectured extensively in Europe, North and South America, Australia, New Zealand and Japan, and his publications are internationally acclaimed. In 2013 he was elected a Fellow of the British Academy. Visiting positions include UCLA, Auckland and Princeton.
During the 1980s Kerrigan established himself as one of a group of scholars who revolutionised the editing of Shakespeare by discrediting the practice of 'conflating' variant early texts of such plays as Hamlet and King Lear, though his position, like that of others, has become more complicated over time. His own editions include Love's Labour's Lost (1982) and Shakespeare's Sonnets and A Lover's Complaint (1986). He did further work on A Lover's Complaint recovering its sources and analogues in Motives of Woe (1991). His recent Shakespearean output includes essays on 'The Phoenix and Turtle' (2013), an extensive analysis of the question 'How Celtic was Shakespeare?', and Shakespeare's Binding Language (2016). His 2016 Oxford Wells Shakespeare Lectures were published in 2018 as Shakespeare's Originality.
He won the Truman Capote Award for Literary Criticism in 1998 for Revenge Tragedy: Aeschylus to Armageddon, an ambitious study in comparative literature, and in 2001 published a book of essays On Shakespeare and Early Modern Literature.
His Archipelagic English: Literature, History, and Politics 1603-1707 (2008) seeks to correct the traditional Anglocentric account of seventeenth-century English Literature by showing how much remarkable writing was produced in Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, and how preoccupied such English authors as Shakespeare, Milton, and Marvell were with the often fraught interactions between ethnic, religious, and national groups around Britain and Ireland.
Over the last couple of decades John Kerrigan has published numerous essays on modern poetry, including Louis MacNeice, Seamus Heaney, Roy Fisher, Geoffrey Hill, Denise Riley, Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin and Paul Muldoon. Among the topics he has recently addressed are poetry and the migrant crisis and environmentalism.
He has written extensively for the Times Literary Supplement (London) and the London Review of Books.
Works
Ed., William Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost (1982)
Ed., William Shakespeare, The Sonnets and A Lover's Complaint (1986)
Motives of Woe: Shakespeare and Female Complaint (1991)
Ed., with Michael Cordner and Peter Holland, English Comedy (1994)
Revenge Tragedy: Aeschylus to Armageddon (1996)
Ed., with Peter Robinson, The Thing about Roy Fisher (2000)
On Shakespeare and Early Modern Literature: Essays (2001)
Archipelagic English: Literature, History, and Politics, 1603-1707 (2008)
Shakespeare's Binding Language (2016)
Shakespeare's Originality (2018)
References
^ "Kerrigan, Prof. John Francis, (born 16 June 1956), Professor of English 2000, University of Cambridge, since 2001; Fellow, St John's College, Cambridge, since 1982". Who's Who 2020. Oxford University Press. 1 December 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
^ "UCLA Center for Medieval & Renaissance Studies | Past Distinguished Visiting Scholars". Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
^ "Annual Shakespeare Fellow - the University of Auckland". Archived from the original on 10 September 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
^ "Professor John Kerrigan is the Whitney J. Oates Visiting Fellow, Princeton University, 9-12 October 2017". "Professor John Kerrigan is the Whitney J. Oates Visiting Fellow, Princeton University, 9-12 October 2017 | English Faculty News".
^ "Beating the bounds".
^ "Shakespeare's Originality by John Kerrigan review – what the Bard pilfered and changed". TheGuardian.com. 4 April 2018.
^ "Archipelagic English, by John Kerrigan". Independent.co.uk. 21 March 2008. Archived from the original on 13 June 2022.
^ "Jacket 20 - John Kerrigan: Paul Muldoon's Transits".
^ "Lampedusa: Migrant Tragedy". Kerrigan, John (2021). "Lampedusa: Migrant Tragedy". The Cambridge Journal of Postcolonial Literary Inquiry. 8 (2): 138–157. doi:10.1017/pli.2020.41.
^ "Otters and Others: Ted Hughes to John Kinsella". https://academic.oup.com/res/article/74/315/532/7160232. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ "John Kerrigan · LRB".
External links
UIOWA Truman Capote Prize Report
Cambridge English Faculty website
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Sweden
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Academics
ORCID
Other
SNAC
IdRef
|
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Between 2001 and 2023 he was Professor of English 2000 in the Faculty of English, University of Cambridge.[1]He has lectured extensively in Europe, North and South America, Australia, New Zealand and Japan, and his publications are internationally acclaimed. In 2013 he was elected a Fellow of the British Academy. Visiting positions include UCLA,[2] Auckland[3] and Princeton.[4]During the 1980s Kerrigan established himself as one of a group of scholars who revolutionised the editing of Shakespeare by discrediting the practice of 'conflating' variant early texts of such plays as Hamlet and King Lear, though his position, like that of others, has become more complicated over time. His own editions include Love's Labour's Lost (1982) and Shakespeare's Sonnets and A Lover's Complaint (1986). He did further work on A Lover's Complaint recovering its sources and analogues in Motives of Woe (1991). His recent Shakespearean output includes essays on 'The Phoenix and Turtle' (2013), an extensive analysis of the question 'How Celtic was Shakespeare?', and Shakespeare's Binding Language (2016).[5] His 2016 Oxford Wells Shakespeare Lectures were published in 2018 as Shakespeare's Originality.[6]He won the Truman Capote Award for Literary Criticism in 1998 for Revenge Tragedy: Aeschylus to Armageddon, an ambitious study in comparative literature, and in 2001 published a book of essays On Shakespeare and Early Modern Literature.His Archipelagic English: Literature, History, and Politics 1603-1707 (2008) seeks to correct the traditional Anglocentric account of seventeenth-century English Literature by showing how much remarkable writing was produced in Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, and how preoccupied such English authors as Shakespeare, Milton, and Marvell were with the often fraught interactions between ethnic, religious, and national groups around Britain and Ireland.[7]Over the last couple of decades John Kerrigan has published numerous essays on modern poetry, including Louis MacNeice, Seamus Heaney, Roy Fisher, Geoffrey Hill, Denise Riley, Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin and Paul Muldoon.[8] Among the topics he has recently addressed are poetry and the migrant crisis[9] and environmentalism.[10]He has written extensively for the Times Literary Supplement (London) and the London Review of Books.[11]","title":"John Kerrigan (literary scholar)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ed., William Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost (1982)\nEd., William Shakespeare, The Sonnets and A Lover's Complaint (1986)\nMotives of Woe: Shakespeare and Female Complaint (1991)\nEd., with Michael Cordner and Peter Holland, English Comedy (1994)\nRevenge Tragedy: Aeschylus to Armageddon (1996)\nEd., with Peter Robinson, The Thing about Roy Fisher (2000)\nOn Shakespeare and Early Modern Literature: Essays (2001)\nArchipelagic English: Literature, History, and Politics, 1603-1707 (2008)\nShakespeare's Binding Language (2016)\nShakespeare's Originality (2018)","title":"Works"}]
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[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_Static
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FM Static
|
["1 Career","2 Members","2.1 Final lineup","2.2 Former members","2.3 Touring musicians","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","3.2 Singles","3.3 Compilation appearances","3.4 Videos","4 Awards and recognition","5 References"]
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Canadian pop punk band
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FM StaticFM Static performing in Rochester NY in 2009Background informationOriginToronto, Ontario, CanadaGenresPop punk, Christian rock, emo, acoustic rockYears active2003–2011LabelsTooth & NailSpinoff ofThousand Foot KrutchMembers
Trevor McNevan
Past members
Justin Smith
Jeremy Smith
John Bunner
Steve Augustine
FM Static was a Canadian Christian pop punk duo based in Toronto, Ontario. The band was formed in 2003 as a side project for Thousand Foot Krutch. The band consisted of Trevor McNevan and Steve Augustine. The original lineup included John Bunner on guitar and Justin Smith on bass. The band released four studio albums, most recently My Brain Says Stop, But My Heart Says Go! (2011).
Career
Their first album What Are You Waiting For? was produced by Aaron Sprinkle, who also produced Thousand Foot Krutch's album Phenomenon. The album featured the hit singles "Definitely Maybe", "Something to Believe In", and "Crazy Mary". FM Static toured through 2003 to 2005; John Bunner quickly retired after playing a few shows and so Justin asked his brother Jeremy to fill in for them.
On August 1, 2006, FM Static released their second album titled Critically Ashamed, which featured the single "Waste of Time". Originally, a cover of Vanilla Ice's "Ice Ice Baby" was to be included on this album, but it was removed later in the production process. The band did not tour in support of their second album because the Smith brothers had stopped playing for them. So FM Static became a two-piece band with studio musicians filling in for the other parts. While their second album featured only the single "Waste of Time", the songs "Tonight" and "Moment of Truth" went on to become huge unadvertised Internet hits, as well as hits on some radio stations. The song "Tonight" had accumulated over seventy million hits on YouTube as of November 2011, while "Moment of Truth" had more than fifty million.
On April 7, 2009, FM Static released their third studio album Dear Diary. Written as a concept album, it details the fictional story of a boy facing the difficulties of life, love and faith, as told through his diary entries. The entries themselves were released in a blog prior to the album's release, and are included in the CD booklet, accompanied by illustrations drawn by Worth Dying For guitarist Nathan Parrish. This album featured the singles "Boy Moves to a New Town With An Optimistic Outlook", "The Unavoidable Battle of Feeling On the Outside", and "Take Me As I Am". Trevor announced in a TFK broadcast that FM Static planned to tour again in 2009 to promote the album. This was confirmed when FM Static was added to setlist of the Creation Festival tour alongside TFK as well as Jars of Clay, AA Talks, B.Reith and This Beautiful Republic. Due to the fact the Trevor and Steve could not play all instrumentals, Nick Baumhardt from TFK filled in on the tour, as well as Tom Beaupre on bass and keyboards.
McNevan also posted on his Twitter account on February 5, 2010, that he is in the process of finishing new songs for FM Static, which will appear on a new record. He stated originally that the album's title would be 4, but he later mentioned on his personal Facebook page that the title had been changed to My Brain Says Stop, But My Heart Says Go. At Lifest 2010, FM Static debuted a song from this album called "Cinnamon & Lipstick". On November 23, FM Static released a triple pack, 3 Out of 4 Ain't Bad.
On April 5, 2011, FM Static released their fourth studio album My Brain Says Stop, But My Heart Says Go!. Two singles from the album have been released; "My Brain Says Stop, but My Heart Says Go!" and "Last Train Home". Another single from this album, "F.M.S.T.A.T.I.C.", can be heard in episode 12 of the CW show Hellcats.
Members
Final lineup
Trevor McNevan – vocals, guitars (2003-2011)
Former members
John Bunner – guitar (2003)
Justin Smith – bass (2003–2005)
Jeremy Smith – guitar (2004–2005)
Steve Augustine – drums (2003–2011)
Touring musicians
Tom Beaupre – bass, keyboards, backing vocals (2009–2011)
Nick Baumhardt – guitar (2006–2009)
Discography
Studio albums
Year
Title
Label
Chart peaks
US
US Heat
US Christ
2003
What Are You Waiting For?
Tooth & Nail Records
—
—
—
2006
Critically Ashamed
—
16
38
2009
Dear Diary
199
6
16
2011
My Brain Says Stop, But My Heart Says Go!
—
5
13
Singles
Year
Title
Peak
Album
United States Christian songs
Air 1
2003
"Definitely Maybe"
–
–
What Are You Waiting For?
2004
"Crazy Mary"
–
–
2005
"Something to Believe In"
–
–
2006
"Waste of Time"
–
–
Critically Ashamed
"Tonight"
–
–
"Moment of Truth"
–
–
2009
"Boy Moves to a New Town with Optimistic Outlook"
–
–
Dear Diary
"The Unavoidable Battle of Feeling on the Outside"
–
–
"Take Me as I Am"
28
1
2010
"Her Father's Song"
–
–
2011
"My Brain Says Stop, But My Heart Says Go!"
–
–
My Brain Says Stop, But My Heart Says Go!
2011
"Last Train Home"
–
–
*Note: All chart positions above "Waste of Time" in the Canadian Hot 100 section are from the Canadian Singles Chart.
Compilation appearances
Canada Rocks - "Moment of Truth" (CMC, 2008)
GMA Canada presents 30th Anniversary Collection - "Crazy Mary" (CMC, 2008)
X Christmas - "Christmas Shoes" (BEC, 2008)
Songs from the Penalty Box, Vol. 6 - "Boy Moves to a New Town with Optimistic Outlook" (Tooth & Nail Records, 2009)
Boomin' - "Tonight" (Starsong/EMD, 2010)
Rock What You Got - "Definitely Maybe" (Starsong/EMD, 2010)
Happy Christmas Vol. 5 - "Snow Miser" (Tooth & Nail Records, 2010)
Videos
"Definitely Maybe
"Boy Moves to a New Town with Optimistic Outlook"
"Take Me As I Am"
"Her Father's Song"
Awards and recognition
GMA Canada Covenant Awards
2009 nominee, Modern Rock/Alternative Album of the Year: Dear Diary
2009 nominee, Pop/Contemporary Song of the Year: "Take Me as I Am"
Juno Awards
2010 nominee, Best Contemporary Christian/Gospel Album: Dear Diary
References
^ Band bio at One Cubed Archived November 20, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 4, 2009.
^ "Tonight Song w Lyrics". YouTube, UMG, EMI. Archived from the original on December 13, 2021. Retrieved July 28, 2021 – via YouTube.
^ "FM Static Moment of Truth song w lyrics". YouTube, UMG, EMI. Archived from the original on December 13, 2021. Retrieved July 28, 2021 – via YouTube.
^ "FM Static Concerts". concertarchives.org. Concert Archives. Retrieved July 28, 2021.
^ "The JfH Concert Reviews and Dates: Creation Festival The Tour 2009, Jars Of Clay, Thousand Foot Krutch, Audio Unplugged, B.Reith, This Beautiful Republic, FM Static". Jesusfreakhideout.com. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
^ "My Brain Says Stop...video". YouTube, UMG, TNN. Archived from the original on December 13, 2021. Retrieved July 28, 2021 – via YouTube.
^ a b "Album Release Dates, CD New Releases". Jesusfreakhideout.com. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
^ "Tooth & Nail | My Brain Says Stop, But My Heart Says Go!". Toothandnail.com. Archived from the original on January 11, 2011. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
^ "Hellcats S1, Episode 12 Music". tvfanatic.com. TV Fanatic. January 6, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2021.
^ US (September 21, 2008). "Nick Baumhardt | Gratis muziek, tourneedata, foto's, video's". Myspace.com. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
^ "- YouTube". Retrieved December 29, 2021 – via YouTube.
^ "FM Static - Boy Moves To A New Town With Optimistic Outlook". Retrieved December 29, 2021 – via YouTube.
^ "FM Static - Take Me As I Am (Official Music Video)". Retrieved December 29, 2021 – via YouTube.
^ "FM Static - Her Father's Song". Retrieved December 29, 2021 – via YouTube.
vteFM Static
Trevor McNevan
Steve Augustine
Justin Smith
Jeremy Smith
John Bunner
DiscographyAlbums
What Are You Waiting For?
Critically Ashamed
Dear Diary
My Brain Says Stop, But My Heart Says Go!
Singles
"Take Me as I Am"
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
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The album featured the hit singles \"Definitely Maybe\", \"Something to Believe In\", and \"Crazy Mary\". FM Static toured through 2003 to 2005; John Bunner quickly retired after playing a few shows and so Justin asked his brother Jeremy to fill in for them.On August 1, 2006, FM Static released their second album titled Critically Ashamed, which featured the single \"Waste of Time\". Originally, a cover of Vanilla Ice's \"Ice Ice Baby\" was to be included on this album, but it was removed later in the production process. The band did not tour in support of their second album because the Smith brothers had stopped playing for them. So FM Static became a two-piece band with studio musicians filling in for the other parts. While their second album featured only the single \"Waste of Time\", the songs \"Tonight\" and \"Moment of Truth\" went on to become huge unadvertised Internet hits, as well as hits on some radio stations. The song \"Tonight\" had accumulated over seventy million hits on YouTube as of November 2011, while \"Moment of Truth\" had more than fifty million.[2][3]On April 7, 2009, FM Static released their third studio album Dear Diary. Written as a concept album, it details the fictional story of a boy facing the difficulties of life, love and faith, as told through his diary entries. The entries themselves were released in a blog prior to the album's release, and are included in the CD booklet, accompanied by illustrations drawn by Worth Dying For guitarist Nathan Parrish. This album featured the singles \"Boy Moves to a New Town With An Optimistic Outlook\", \"The Unavoidable Battle of Feeling On the Outside\", and \"Take Me As I Am\". Trevor announced in a TFK broadcast that FM Static planned to tour again in 2009 to promote the album. This was confirmed when FM Static was added to setlist of the Creation Festival tour alongside TFK as well as Jars of Clay, AA Talks, B.Reith and This Beautiful Republic.[4] Due to the fact the Trevor and Steve could not play all instrumentals, Nick Baumhardt from TFK filled in on the tour, as well as Tom Beaupre on bass and keyboards.[5]McNevan also posted on his Twitter account on February 5, 2010, that he is in the process of finishing new songs for FM Static, which will appear on a new record. 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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Maher
|
Alice Maher
|
["1 Education","2 Career","2.1 Exhibitions","2.2 Collaborations","2.3 Collections","3 Bibliography","4 References","5 External links"]
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Irish artist
Alice MaherRHABorn1956Kilmoyler, County TipperaryNationalityIrishEducationCrawford Municipal College of Art, CorkAlma materUniversity of UlsterKnown forSculpture, photography, installationsSpouseDermot SeymourElectedAosdána
Alice Maher RHA (born 1956) is a contemporary Irish artist working in a variety of media, including sculpture, photography and installation.
Education
Maher was born in Kilmoyler, near Bansha, County Tipperary and received her early education at Ballydrehid National School and at Coláiste Chríost Rí, Cahir. She later graduated from the University of Limerick and the Crawford College of Art in Cork. Then she undertook an MA at the University of Ulster, Belfast in 1985 and 1986. Maher spent time in San Francisco Art Institute in 1986 as a Fulbright Scholar.
Career
The Axe (and the Waving Girl) by Alice Maher, 2003
Maher works in a range of media, often from outside the tradition of fine art and more from the natural and domestic world, such as hair, nettles, bees and thorns. She has explored the themes of childhood and death, such as Mnemosyne, 2003, wherein she creates a bedlike structure constructed from refrigerator coils; when the coils become frosty they gleam a luminous white sheen. She is interested in how identities, particularly gendered identities, are constructed by history and culture.
Exhibitions
Maher's work was the subject of a survey show at the Irish Museum of Modern Art, IMMA, in 2012 titled Becoming. The exhibition took place in the IMMA's temporary location at Earlsfort Terrace as the museum was undergoing renovations at the time. Maher represented Ireland at the São Paulo Art Biennial in 1994.
Collaborations
Maher has collaborated with artists from a range of disciplines. She collaborated with the composer Trevor Knight since 1999. Knight has produced soundtracks for her animated videos. Visitant, a live show combining dance, music and visual art, was a collaboration between Maher, Knight, the Butoh dancer Gyohei Zaitsu and musician Áine O'Dwyer. Visitant was performed at the Project Arts Centre in 2014.
Maher's film Cassandra's Necklace, produced for her retrospective exhibition at IMMA in 2015, was based on an unpublished script by Irish writer Anne Enright and features the actress Charlie Murphy.
In 2018, Maher collaborated with the poet Doireann Ní Ghríofa on the book Nine Silences published by Salvage Press.
Collections
Berry Dress, 1994, The Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin
The Arts Council of Ireland including
Nettle Coat (1996)
The Crawford Gallery, Cork, including
Irish Dancers (1992)
Fairytale Wall (2002), Special Investigation Unit, Level 2, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast
Bibliography
Maher, Alices, Reservoir (Dublin: Roads Publishing, 2014) was a collection of the artist's sketchbooks
Allen Randolph, Jody. "Alice Maher, August 2009." Close to the Next Moment: Interviews from a Changing Ireland. Manchester: Carcanet, 2010.
Barber, Fiona. Familiar . Dublin: Douglas Hyde Gallery; Derry: Orchard Gallery, 1995.
Bourne, Cecile. Familiar . Dublin: Douglas Hyde Gallery; Derry: Orchard Gallery, 1995.
Deepwell, Katy. "Alice Maher." Dialogues: Women Artists from Ireland. London: IB Tauris, 2005.
Dickinson, Sheila. ‘Alice Maher, Rood’, Circa Magazine (Winter 2005), No. 114, pp. 86 – 87.
Ruane, Mebd. 'A Sting in the Tail.' Profile: Alice Maher. Cork: Gandon Editions, 1998. 5-10.
References
^ "Alice Maher". IMMA. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
^ Deepwell, Katy (2005). Dialogues : women artists from Ireland. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 136. ISBN 9781850436218.
^ "Alice Maher - Current Member | Aosdana". aosdana.artscouncil.ie. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
^ Women Artists Slide Library Journal 22 (April–May 1988). Retrieved 5 November 2014 Archived 5 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Circa: c104: Summer 2003 – Alice Maher, Mnemosyne". circaartmagazine.website. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
^ "Through the looking-glass with Alice". The Irish Times. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
^ "Anglo Celt - EVERYWOMAN - Innovative IMMA exhibition in Cavan". Anglo Celt. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
^ "Dark collaboration: four artists, four disciplines, one show". The Irish Times. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
^ "Alice Maher, and getting better at what you do | Pop Life". www.irishtimes.com. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
^ "100 Archive".
^ "RESERVOIR BY ALICE MAHER: SKETCHBOOKS & SELECTED WORKS". www.irishartsreview.com. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alice Maher.
Official website
Alice Maher at Green on Red Gallery, Dublin
Aosdána short biography
Isabel Nolan (2003) review of Mnemosyne in Circa 104.
Chérie Driver (2003) review of Portraits in Circa 106.
Dorothy Walker (2002) Maher, Alice in Brian Lalor (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Ireland. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. ISBN 0-7171-3000-2
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Artists
RKD Artists
Other
SNAC
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RHA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Hibernian_Academy"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Alice Maher RHA (born 1956) is a contemporary Irish artist working in a variety of media, including sculpture, photography and installation.[1]","title":"Alice Maher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kilmoyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmoyler"},{"link_name":"Bansha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansha"},{"link_name":"County Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"Cahir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahir"},{"link_name":"University of Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Crawford College of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(city)"},{"link_name":"University of Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ulster"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Art Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Art_Institute"},{"link_name":"Fulbright Scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright_Scholar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Maher was born in Kilmoyler, near Bansha, County Tipperary and received her early education at Ballydrehid National School and at Coláiste Chríost Rí, Cahir. She later graduated from the University of Limerick and the Crawford College of Art in Cork. Then she undertook an MA at the University of Ulster, Belfast in 1985 and 1986.[2] Maher spent time in San Francisco Art Institute in 1986 as a Fulbright Scholar.[3]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Axe_(and_the_Waving_Girl),_Dublin,_October_2010_(02).JPG"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Axe (and the Waving Girl) by Alice Maher, 2003Maher works in a range of media, often from outside the tradition of fine art and more from the natural and domestic world, such as hair, nettles, bees and thorns.[4] She has explored the themes of childhood and death, such as Mnemosyne, 2003, wherein she creates a bedlike structure constructed from refrigerator coils; when the coils become frosty they gleam a luminous white sheen.[5] She is interested in how identities, particularly gendered identities, are constructed by history and culture.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish Museum of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Museum_of_Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"São Paulo Art Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Art_Biennial"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Exhibitions","text":"Maher's work was the subject of a survey show at the Irish Museum of Modern Art, IMMA, in 2012 titled Becoming. The exhibition took place in the IMMA's temporary location at Earlsfort Terrace as the museum was undergoing renovations at the time.[6] Maher represented Ireland at the São Paulo Art Biennial in 1994.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Butoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butoh"},{"link_name":"Áine O'Dwyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ine_O%27Dwyer"},{"link_name":"Project Arts Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Arts_Centre"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Anne Enright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Enright"},{"link_name":"Charlie Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Murphy_(actress)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Doireann Ní Ghríofa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doireann_N%C3%AD_Ghr%C3%ADofa"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Collaborations","text":"Maher has collaborated with artists from a range of disciplines. She collaborated with the composer Trevor Knight since 1999. Knight has produced soundtracks for her animated videos. Visitant, a live show combining dance, music and visual art, was a collaboration between Maher, Knight, the Butoh dancer Gyohei Zaitsu and musician Áine O'Dwyer. Visitant was performed at the Project Arts Centre in 2014.[8]Maher's film Cassandra's Necklace, produced for her retrospective exhibition at IMMA in 2015, was based on an unpublished script by Irish writer Anne Enright and features the actress Charlie Murphy.[9]In 2018, Maher collaborated with the poet Doireann Ní Ghríofa on the book Nine Silences published by Salvage Press.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berry Dress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry_Dress"},{"link_name":"Arts Council of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_Council_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Irish Dancers (1992)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050211185015/http://crawfordartgallery.com/Paintings/AlMaher.html"},{"link_name":"Fairytale Wall (2002)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.artscouncil-ni.org/publicart/tour/tour6.htm"}],"sub_title":"Collections","text":"Berry Dress, 1994, The Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin\nThe Arts Council of Ireland including\nNettle Coat (1996)\nThe Crawford Gallery, Cork, including\nIrish Dancers (1992)\nFairytale Wall (2002), Special Investigation Unit, Level 2, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Maher, Alices, Reservoir (Dublin: Roads Publishing, 2014) was a collection of the artist's sketchbooks[11]\nAllen Randolph, Jody. \"Alice Maher, August 2009.\" Close to the Next Moment: Interviews from a Changing Ireland. Manchester: Carcanet, 2010.\nBarber, Fiona. Familiar [essay]. Dublin: Douglas Hyde Gallery; Derry: Orchard Gallery, 1995.\nBourne, Cecile. Familiar [interview]. Dublin: Douglas Hyde Gallery; Derry: Orchard Gallery, 1995.\nDeepwell, Katy. \"Alice Maher.\" Dialogues: Women Artists from Ireland. London: IB Tauris, 2005.\nDickinson, Sheila. ‘Alice Maher, Rood’, Circa Magazine (Winter 2005), No. 114, pp. 86 – 87.\nRuane, Mebd. 'A Sting in the Tail.' Profile: Alice Maher. Cork: Gandon Editions, 1998. 5-10.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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| null |
[{"reference":"\"Alice Maher\". IMMA. Retrieved 16 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://imma.ie/artists/alice-maher/","url_text":"\"Alice Maher\""}]},{"reference":"Deepwell, Katy (2005). Dialogues : women artists from Ireland. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 136. ISBN 9781850436218.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Xk5C8EYuU1wC&dq=alice%20maher&pg=PA136","url_text":"Dialogues : women artists from Ireland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850436218","url_text":"9781850436218"}]},{"reference":"\"Alice Maher - Current Member | Aosdana\". aosdana.artscouncil.ie. Retrieved 13 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://aosdana.artscouncil.ie/Members/Visual-Arts/Maher.aspx","url_text":"\"Alice Maher - Current Member | Aosdana\""}]},{"reference":"\"Circa: c104: Summer 2003 – Alice Maher, Mnemosyne\". circaartmagazine.website. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122023/http://circaartmagazine.website/summer-2003-alice-maher-mnemosyne/","url_text":"\"Circa: c104: Summer 2003 – Alice Maher, Mnemosyne\""},{"url":"http://circaartmagazine.website/summer-2003-alice-maher-mnemosyne/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Through the looking-glass with Alice\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 13 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/art-and-design/through-the-looking-glass-with-alice-1.550683","url_text":"\"Through the looking-glass with Alice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anglo Celt - EVERYWOMAN - Innovative IMMA exhibition in Cavan\". Anglo Celt. Retrieved 13 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anglocelt.ie/news/roundup/articles/2007/12/12/25094-everywoman--innovative-imma-exhibition-in-cavan","url_text":"\"Anglo Celt - EVERYWOMAN - Innovative IMMA exhibition in Cavan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dark collaboration: four artists, four disciplines, one show\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 13 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/dark-collaboration-four-artists-four-disciplines-one-show-1.1697607","url_text":"\"Dark collaboration: four artists, four disciplines, one show\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alice Maher, and getting better at what you do | Pop Life\". www.irishtimes.com. Retrieved 13 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/blogs/poplife/2012/10/16/alice-maher-and-getting-better-at-what-you-do/","url_text":"\"Alice Maher, and getting better at what you do | Pop Life\""}]},{"reference":"\"100 Archive\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.100archive.com/project/nine-silences","url_text":"\"100 Archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"RESERVOIR BY ALICE MAHER: SKETCHBOOKS & SELECTED WORKS\". www.irishartsreview.com. Retrieved 13 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishartsreview.com/reservoir-by-alice-maher-sketchbooks-selected-works/","url_text":"\"RESERVOIR BY ALICE MAHER: SKETCHBOOKS & SELECTED WORKS\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050211185015/http://crawfordartgallery.com/Paintings/AlMaher.html","external_links_name":"Irish Dancers (1992)"},{"Link":"http://www.artscouncil-ni.org/publicart/tour/tour6.htm","external_links_name":"Fairytale Wall (2002)"},{"Link":"https://imma.ie/artists/alice-maher/","external_links_name":"\"Alice Maher\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Xk5C8EYuU1wC&dq=alice%20maher&pg=PA136","external_links_name":"Dialogues : women artists from Ireland"},{"Link":"http://aosdana.artscouncil.ie/Members/Visual-Arts/Maher.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Alice Maher - Current Member | Aosdana\""},{"Link":"http://journals.gold.ac.uk/make.html","external_links_name":"Women Artists Slide Library Journal 22 (April–May 1988). Retrieved 5 November 2014"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141105183554/http://journals.gold.ac.uk/make.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122023/http://circaartmagazine.website/summer-2003-alice-maher-mnemosyne/","external_links_name":"\"Circa: c104: Summer 2003 – Alice Maher, Mnemosyne\""},{"Link":"http://circaartmagazine.website/summer-2003-alice-maher-mnemosyne/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/art-and-design/through-the-looking-glass-with-alice-1.550683","external_links_name":"\"Through the looking-glass with Alice\""},{"Link":"http://www.anglocelt.ie/news/roundup/articles/2007/12/12/25094-everywoman--innovative-imma-exhibition-in-cavan","external_links_name":"\"Anglo Celt - EVERYWOMAN - Innovative IMMA exhibition in Cavan\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/dark-collaboration-four-artists-four-disciplines-one-show-1.1697607","external_links_name":"\"Dark collaboration: four artists, four disciplines, one show\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/blogs/poplife/2012/10/16/alice-maher-and-getting-better-at-what-you-do/","external_links_name":"\"Alice Maher, and getting better at what you do | Pop Life\""},{"Link":"http://www.100archive.com/project/nine-silences","external_links_name":"\"100 Archive\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishartsreview.com/reservoir-by-alice-maher-sketchbooks-selected-works/","external_links_name":"\"RESERVOIR BY ALICE MAHER: SKETCHBOOKS & SELECTED WORKS\""},{"Link":"http://www.alicemaher.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140310005353/http://www.greenonredgallery.com/artist.php?intArtistID=14","external_links_name":"Alice Maher at Green on Red Gallery, Dublin"},{"Link":"http://aosdana.artscouncil.ie/Members/Visual-Arts/Maher.aspx","external_links_name":"Aosdána short biography"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122023/http://circaartmagazine.website/summer-2003-alice-maher-mnemosyne/","external_links_name":"Isabel Nolan (2003) review of Mnemosyne in Circa 104."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131244/http://circaartmagazine.website/winter-2003-portadown-alice-maher-at-millenium-court-arts-centre/","external_links_name":"Chérie Driver (2003) review of Portraits in Circa 106."},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/14081878","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14639277p","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14639277p","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/12635135X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n98024533","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/252428","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6c61gqw","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Garcia_(director)
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Daniel Garcia (director)
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["1 Filmography","1.1 Music videos","1.2 Short films","2 Awards and nominations","3 References","4 External links"]
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American director
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Daniel Garcia" director – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Daniel GarciaBorn (1975-07-24) July 24, 1975 (age 48)NationalityAmericanOccupation(s)Music video and commercial director
Daniel Garcia (born July 24, 1975) is an American music video and commercial director.
Garcia began his career designing labels for santería potions sold at local botánicas. Soon after, he landed at advertising agency DDB and, while working overtime, rounded up enough clients to go freelance.
Garcia practices computer animation and graphic design, and has directed videos for such bands as Mates of State, The Go! Team, and TV on the Radio, whose video for "Me-I" won the award for Best Music Video at the 2008 SXSW Festival. Previous videos also received recognition, including Madvillain's "Monkey Suite", which was nominated for an MTV Woodie in 2007, and J Dilla's "Nothing Like This", which played at the Animation Block Party and Pictoplasma, and was nominated for an award at the Ottawa International Animation Festival. In addition to videos, Garcia also directs commercials, including several spots for Nike, and dabbles in photography and print design.
Filmography
Music videos
Year
Song
Artist
Notes
2006
"Monkey Suite"
Madvillain
"Take It Back"
Madlib
"Nothing Like This"
J Dilla
"Flyentology"
El-P
2007
"Me-I"
TV on the Radio
Winner, Best Music Video, South by Southwest
2008
"Milk Crisis"
The Go! Team
"Get Better"
Mates of State
"Infinitum"
Flying Lotus
2009
"Life Like"
The Rosebuds
"True Love 1980"
Ash
2010
"Oh My God"
Cults
"Drunk Girls (Holy Ghost! Remix)"
LCD Soundsystem
"Twincest"
Le Sexoflex
2011
"Pyramid of the Sun"
Maserati
"Gone Again"
Best Coast
2012
"Reagan"
Killer Mike
"Hall of Masters"
Absu
2013
"Amazing Disguise"
The Stars
"Hunter"
Phaseone
2014
"Coupe"
Future
2015
"Deal With the Devil"
King Dude
2017
"Crypt of Lost Styles"
Mr. Lif And Brass Menažeri Balkan Brass Band
Short films
"BoyCatBird in City Suckers" (2008)
"The Most Dangerous Game" (2013)
"Jumby" (2014)
"El Cuco" (2016)
"The Accidental Chrononaut" (2016)
"Undefeated" (2017)
"Emotions" (2017)
"Wizard Skull" (2017)
"El Cuco Is Hungry" (2018)
Awards and nominations
Year
Project
Awards & Nominations
2007
"Nothing Like This" (J Dilla)
Ottawa International Film Festival – Music Video
"Me-I" (TV on the Radio)
Ottawa International Film Festival – Music Video
BAM Animation Block Party – Best Music Video
2008
"Monkey Suite" (Madvillain)
MTV Woodies – Best Left of Center Video
"Me-I" (TV on the Radio)
South by Southwest – Best Music Video
2009
"Me-I" (TV on the Radio)
Garden State Film Festival – Music Video
"Get Better" (Mates of State)
Pictoplasma Film Festival, Berlin – Music Video
"Stop the Suffering" (Pert)
MENA Award Ceremony, Meribel, France – Grand Prix
"Infinitum" (Flying Lotus)
Brooklyn Film Festival – Audience Award
2010
"True Love 1980" (Ash)
Garden State Film Festival – Music Video
"Nothing Like This" (J Dilla)
Brooklyn Academy of Music – Music Video
"Twincest" (Le Sexoflex)
Iris - International Animation Festival, Brazil – Music Video
Ottawa International Film Festival – Nominated, Music Video
Inside Out Film and Video Festival – Nominated, Music Video
Humpfest Film Festival, Seattle – Finalist, Music Video
2011
"Twincest" (Le Sexoflex)
Citrus Cel Animation Festival (Jacksonville, FL) – Music Video
"Drunk Girls" (LCD Soundsystem)
Filmed by Bike Festival (Portland, OR) – Music Video
2012
"Me-I" (TV on the Radio)
RGBfilm (Leeuwarden, Netherlands – Music Video
2013
"Reagan" (Killer Mike)
Seattle International Film Festival – Music Video
Chicago International Movies and Music Festival – Music Video
Ann Arbor Film Festival – Music Video
Atlanta Film Festival – Music Video
South by Southwest – Official Selection
2014
"The Most Dangerous Game"
YoFiFest – Official Selection
2015
"Jumby"
Project Greenlight Greenie – Official Selection
"Coupe" (Future)
SUPERTOON — Official Selection
VOTD.tv — Winner
Bare Bones Film Festival — Official Selection
Atlanta Film Festival – Official Selection 2015
Ann Arbor Film Festival – Official Selection
2016
"Adult Swim Singles"
Silver Telly Award
2017
"Squidbillies ID"
Sommets du cinéma d'animation
References
^ Stone, Paul (2014-11-10). "Daniel Garcia - "It's Certainly a Lot More Democratic Now"". MyFirstShoot.com. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
^ Cone, Justin (2008-04-23). "Two diverse spots, one diverse dude, Daniel Garcia". Motionographer. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
^ "TV on the Radio's Killer Sandwich". The Fader. 2007-05-16. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
^ Cone, Justin (2007-05-21). "Daniel Garcia & Mixtape Club Direct "Me-I" for TV On the Radio". Motionographer. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
^ a b "Experimental Films: Flying Lotus". Brooklyn Film Festival. 2009. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
^ "Fly Spotter". The Fader. 2007-02-27. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
^ Breihan, Tom (2010-06-28). "Awesome LCD Soundsystem Video Alert: "Drunk Girls (Holy Ghost! Remix)"". Pitchfork. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
^ Kelly, Kim (2016-02-02). "King Dude Makes a "Deal With the Devil" in This Creepy New Horror Flick". Vice. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
^ Fichtner, Brian (2008-04-24). "Ghostly Swim: Interview With Sam Valenti". Cool Hunting. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
^ Macleod, Duncan (2009-03-21). "Pert Stop The Suffering". Inspiration Room. Retrieved 2018-03-30.
External links
Official website
YouTube Channel
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[]
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[{"reference":"Stone, Paul (2014-11-10). \"Daniel Garcia - \"It's Certainly a Lot More Democratic Now\"\". MyFirstShoot.com. Retrieved 2018-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myfirstshoot.com/interview/daniel-garcia/","url_text":"\"Daniel Garcia - \"It's Certainly a Lot More Democratic Now\"\""}]},{"reference":"Cone, Justin (2008-04-23). \"Two diverse spots, one diverse dude, Daniel Garcia\". Motionographer. Retrieved 2018-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://motionographer.com/2008/04/23/two-diverse-spots-one-diverse-dude-daniel-garcia/","url_text":"\"Two diverse spots, one diverse dude, Daniel Garcia\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV on the Radio's Killer Sandwich\". The Fader. 2007-05-16. Retrieved 2018-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefader.com/2007/5/16/exclusive-tv-on-the-radios-killer-sandwich","url_text":"\"TV on the Radio's Killer Sandwich\""}]},{"reference":"Cone, Justin (2007-05-21). \"Daniel Garcia & Mixtape Club Direct \"Me-I\" for TV On the Radio\". Motionographer. Retrieved 2018-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://motionographer.com/2007/05/21/daniel-garcia-mixtape-club-direct-me-i-for-tv-on-the-radio/","url_text":"\"Daniel Garcia & Mixtape Club Direct \"Me-I\" for TV On the Radio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Experimental Films: Flying Lotus\". Brooklyn Film Festival. 2009. Retrieved 2018-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brooklynfilmfestival.org/films/detail.asp?fid=997","url_text":"\"Experimental Films: Flying Lotus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fly Spotter\". The Fader. 2007-02-27. Retrieved 2018-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefader.com/2007/2/27/fly-spotter","url_text":"\"Fly Spotter\""}]},{"reference":"Breihan, Tom (2010-06-28). \"Awesome LCD Soundsystem Video Alert: \"Drunk Girls (Holy Ghost! Remix)\"\". Pitchfork. Retrieved 2018-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/39298-awesome-lcd-soundsystem-video-alert-drunk-girls-holy-ghost-remix/","url_text":"\"Awesome LCD Soundsystem Video Alert: \"Drunk Girls (Holy Ghost! Remix)\"\""}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Kim (2016-02-02). \"King Dude Makes a \"Deal With the Devil\" in This Creepy New Horror Flick\". Vice. Retrieved 2018-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://noisey.vice.com/en_us/article/6e48qj/king-dude-deal-devil-video","url_text":"\"King Dude Makes a \"Deal With the Devil\" in This Creepy New Horror Flick\""}]},{"reference":"Fichtner, Brian (2008-04-24). \"Ghostly Swim: Interview With Sam Valenti\". Cool Hunting. Retrieved 2018-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.coolhunting.com/culture/ghostly_swim_in","url_text":"\"Ghostly Swim: Interview With Sam Valenti\""}]},{"reference":"Macleod, Duncan (2009-03-21). \"Pert Stop The Suffering\". Inspiration Room. Retrieved 2018-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://theinspirationroom.com/daily/2009/pert-stop-the-suffering/","url_text":"\"Pert Stop The Suffering\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Hyzler
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Giuseppe Hyzler
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[]
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Self-portrait of Giuseppe Hyzler in Nazarene attire
Madonna of the Rosary (St. Dominic Church, Valletta)
Giuseppe Hyzler (1787 – 19 January 1858) was a Maltese painter.
Born in Malta with a German background, he was awarded a scholarship by the Governor of Malta, Sir Thomas Maitland, in 1814, to pursue his artistic education in Rome. There Hyzler joined the Nazarene movement, led by Friedrich Overbeck, to whom his brother Vincenzo Hyzler (1813-1849) had grown close. The Nazarenes lived in a community near Rome, wearing black dresses and long hair. They deemed sacred art as the highest cultural expression; in particular 14th-15th century frescoes. After the community dissolved, Giuseppe Hyzler returned to Malta in 1823, where he opened a private art school. He taught Amedeo Preziosi among others.
Hyzler was responsible for removing some Baroque art from Saint John's Co-Cathedral, including the ornate altar in the Chapel of the Langue of France.
By the mid-19th century he was deemed among the most accomplished painters in Malta. He was a representative of Neoclassicist and Academic style, until the artistic scene was revolutionized by Romanticism, as practiced by Giuseppe Calì. In 1953, Edward Sammut remarked that "Their paintings are noted for the cold academism of the drawing and the rather forced classical poses of their figures."
Works
Madonna of the Rosary, 1840, Parish Church of St. Dominic, Valletta
Our lady of Mount Carmel, Our Saviour's Church, Lija
Buttresses on the nave walls, St. Catherine's Old Church, Żejtun
Sketches of frescoes found in the ruined Old Church of Siġġiewi
Relazione dello stato delle scuole del Disegno nell’Universita’ di Malta dal 1802 al 1850, anonymous work attributed to Hyzler by Dominic Cutajar.
References
^ a b c Dominic Cutajar, 1800-1860 The Art of Colonial Malta
^ Giuseppe Theuma, Iconography in Malta Churches
^ "St.John's Co-Cathedral" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 December 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016.
^ Edward Sammut, Art in Malta, 1953
Further reading
John Debono, A short note on the artist Giuseppe Hyzler (1787-1858), Melita Historica, 2008
Espinosa Rodriguez, A. (1997): The Nazarene movement and its impact on Maltese nineteenth century art (Master's dissertation) (online version)
Dominic Cutajar, "1800-1860 The Art of Colonial Malta", in: The British Colonial Experience 1800-1964, ed. Victor Mallia-Milanes, pub. Malta 1988.
External links
Media related to Giuseppe Hyzler at Wikimedia Commons
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Hyzler,_Madonna_of_the_Rosary_(St._Dominic_Church,_Valletta).jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cutajar-1"},{"link_name":"Maltese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Thomas Maitland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Maitland_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cutajar-1"},{"link_name":"Nazarene movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazarene_movement"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Overbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Overbeck"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Amedeo Preziosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amedeo_Preziosi"},{"link_name":"Saint John's Co-Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Co-Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nicpmi-3"},{"link_name":"Neoclassicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicist"},{"link_name":"Academic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_art"},{"link_name":"Romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Calì","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Cal%C3%AC"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Madonna of the Rosary (St. Dominic Church, Valletta)Giuseppe Hyzler (1787 – 19 January 1858[1]) was a Maltese painter.Born in Malta with a German background, he was awarded a scholarship by the Governor of Malta, Sir Thomas Maitland, in 1814, to pursue his artistic education in Rome.[1] There Hyzler joined the Nazarene movement, led by Friedrich Overbeck, to whom his brother Vincenzo Hyzler (1813-1849) had grown close. The Nazarenes lived in a community near Rome, wearing black dresses and long hair. They deemed sacred art as the highest cultural expression; in particular 14th-15th century frescoes. After the community dissolved, Giuseppe Hyzler returned to Malta in 1823, where he opened a private art school.[2] He taught Amedeo Preziosi among others.Hyzler was responsible for removing some Baroque art from Saint John's Co-Cathedral, including the ornate altar in the Chapel of the Langue of France.[3]By the mid-19th century he was deemed among the most accomplished painters in Malta. He was a representative of Neoclassicist and Academic style, until the artistic scene was revolutionized by Romanticism, as practiced by Giuseppe Calì. In 1953, Edward Sammut remarked that \"Their paintings are noted for the cold academism of the drawing and the rather forced classical poses of their figures.\"[4]","title":"Giuseppe Hyzler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Our Saviour's Church, Lija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Saviour%27s_Church,_Lija"},{"link_name":"St. Catherine's Old Church, Żejtun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catherine%27s_Old_Church,_%C5%BBejtun"},{"link_name":"Old Church of Siġġiewi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Church_of_Si%C4%A1%C4%A1iewi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cutajar-1"}],"text":"Madonna of the Rosary, 1840, Parish Church of St. Dominic, Valletta\nOur lady of Mount Carmel, Our Saviour's Church, Lija\nButtresses on the nave walls, St. Catherine's Old Church, Żejtun\nSketches of frescoes found in the ruined Old Church of Siġġiewi\nRelazione dello stato delle scuole del Disegno nell’Universita’ di Malta dal 1802 al 1850, anonymous work attributed to Hyzler by Dominic Cutajar.[1]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A short note on the artist Giuseppe Hyzler (1787-1858)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/50144071/a-short-note-on-the-artist-giuseppe-hyzler-1787-1858"},{"link_name":"online version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/74887"},{"link_name":"1800-1860 The Art of Colonial Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/36574160/1800-1860_The_Art_of_Colonial_Malta.docx"}],"text":"John Debono, A short note on the artist Giuseppe Hyzler (1787-1858), Melita Historica, 2008\nEspinosa Rodriguez, A. (1997): The Nazarene movement and its impact on Maltese nineteenth century art (Master's dissertation) (online version)\nDominic Cutajar, \"1800-1860 The Art of Colonial Malta\", in: The British Colonial Experience 1800-1964, ed. Victor Mallia-Milanes, pub. Malta 1988.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Self-portrait of Giuseppe Hyzler in Nazarene attire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Giuseppe_Hyzler_-_selfportret.jpg/220px-Giuseppe_Hyzler_-_selfportret.jpg"},{"image_text":"Madonna of the Rosary (St. Dominic Church, Valletta)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Giuseppe_Hyzler%2C_Madonna_of_the_Rosary_%28St._Dominic_Church%2C_Valletta%29.jpg/220px-Giuseppe_Hyzler%2C_Madonna_of_the_Rosary_%28St._Dominic_Church%2C_Valletta%29.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"St.John's Co-Cathedral\" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 December 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230954/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/01130.pdf","url_text":"\"St.John's Co-Cathedral\""},{"url":"http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/01130.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/36574160/1800-1860_The_Art_of_Colonial_Malta.docx","external_links_name":"1800-1860 The Art of Colonial Malta"},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/site/iconographyinmaltachurches/home/gar---ing","external_links_name":"Iconography in Malta Churches"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230954/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/01130.pdf","external_links_name":"\"St.John's Co-Cathedral\""},{"Link":"http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/01130.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/43774/1/Sammut_Edward_Art%20in%20Malta.pdf","external_links_name":"Art in Malta"},{"Link":"https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/50144071/a-short-note-on-the-artist-giuseppe-hyzler-1787-1858","external_links_name":"A short note on the artist Giuseppe Hyzler (1787-1858)"},{"Link":"https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/74887","external_links_name":"online version"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/36574160/1800-1860_The_Art_of_Colonial_Malta.docx","external_links_name":"1800-1860 The Art of Colonial Malta"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malko%C3%A7_Ali_Pasha
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Yavuz Ali Pasha
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["1 See also","2 References"]
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Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1603 to 1604
For other people named Ali Pasha, see Ali Pasha (disambiguation).
Yavuz Ali Pasha or Malkoç Ali Pasha (died 26 July 1604, Belgrade) was an Ottoman statesman. He belonged to the Malkoçoğlu family and served as the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 16 October 1603 to 26 July 1604 replacing Yemişçi Hasan Pasha. He had previously served as the Ottoman governor of Egypt from 1601 to 1603. His installation as Grand Vizier took place on 29 December 1603, over two months after his appointment and a week after the accession of Ahmed I, due to the time it took him to settle affairs in Egypt and travel to Constantinople. He brought with him two years' worth of the province's back taxes.
In the summer of 1604 he left the capital to take up command of Ottoman forces in the on-going war against the Habsburgs. He fell sick on the journey and died in Belgrade on 26 July 1604. He was succeeded by Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha as the next Grand vizier of the Ottoman empire.
See also
List of Ottoman grand viziers
List of Ottoman governors of Egypt
References
^ Turkish State Archives
^ Mehmet Süreyya (1996) , Nuri Akbayar; Seyit A. Kahraman (eds.), Sicill-i Osmanî (in Turkish), Beşiktaş, Istanbul: Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı and Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı, ISBN 9789753330411
^ Yılmaz Öztuna (1994). Büyük Osmanlı Tarihi: Osmanlı Devleti'nin siyasî, medenî, kültür, teşkilât ve san'at tarihi (in Turkish). Vol. 10. Ötüken Neşriyat A.S. pp. 412–416. ISBN 975-437-141-5.
^ Holt, P. M. (2009). "The beylicate in Ottoman Egypt during the seventeenth century". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 24 (2): 227–229. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00091424. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 161154415.
^ Uzunçarsılı, İsmail Hakkı, (1954) Osmanlı Tarihi III. Cilt, 2. Kısım , XVİ. Yüzyıl Ortalarından XVII. Yüzyıl Sonuna kadar, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Altıncı Baskı 2011 ISBN 978-975-16-0014-1 ) say.360
^ Nelly Hanna (1998). Making Big Money in 1600: The Life and Times of Isma'il Abu Taqiyya, Egyptian Merchant. Syracuse University Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-8156-2763-0.
^ Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall, Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches, vol. 2, 1520–1623 (Pest, 1840), p. 674.
^ Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall, Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches, vol. 2, 1520–1623 (Pest, 1840), p. 679.
Political offices
Preceded byHızır Pasha
Ottoman Governor of Egypt 1601–1603
Succeeded byMaktul Hacı Ibrahim Pasha
Preceded byYemişçi Hasan Pasha
Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire 16 October 1603 – 26 July 1604
Succeeded bySokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha
vte Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire vteGrand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Rise (1299–1453)
Hacıkemaleddinoğlu Alaeddin Pasha (1320–1331)
Mahmudoğlu Nizamüddin Ahmed Pasha (1331–1348)
Hacı Pasha (1348–1349)
Sinanüddin Fakih Yusuf Pasha (1349–1364)
Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha (1364–1387)
Çandarlızade Ali Pasha (1387–1406)
Osmancıklı Imamzade Halil Pasha (1406–1413)
Amasyalı Bayezid Pasha (1413–1421)
Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Elder (1421–1429)
Osmancıklı Koca Mehmed Nizamüddin Pasha (1429–1439)
Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger (1439–1453)
vteGrand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Classical Age (1453–1550)
Zagan Pasha (1453–1456)
Veli Mahmud Pasha (1456–1466)
Rum Mehmed Pasha (1466–1469)
Ishak Pasha (1469–1472)
Veli Mahmud Pasha (1472–1474)
Gedik Ahmed Pasha (1474–1477)
Karamani Mehmed Pasha (1477–1481)
Ishak Pasha (1481–1482)
Koca Davud Pasha (1482–1497)
Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1497–1498)
Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Younger (1498–1499)
Yakub Pasha (1499–1501)
Mesih Pasha (1501)
Hadim Ali Pasha (1501–1503)
Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1503–1506)
Hadim Ali Pasha (1509–1511)
Koca Mustafa Pasha (1511–1512)
Dukakinzade Ahmed Pasha (1512–1515)
Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1515–1516)
Hadım Sinan Pasha (1516–1517)
Yunus Pasha (1517)
Piri Mehmed Pasha (1517–1523)
Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha (1523–1536)
Ayas Mehmed Pasha (1536–1539)
Lütfi Pasha (1539–1541)
Hadım Suleiman Pasha (1541–1544)
Rüstem Pasha (1544–1553)
vteGrand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Transformation (1550–1700)
Kara Ahmed Pasha (1553–1555)
Rüstem Pasha (1555–1561)
Semiz Ali Pasha (1561–1565)
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (1565–1579)
Semiz Ahmed Pasha (1579–1580)
Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha (1580)
Koca Sinan Pasha (1580–1582)
Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (1582–1584)
Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha (1584–1585)
Hadim Mesih Pasha (1585–1586)
Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (1586–1589)
Koca Sinan Pasha (1589–1591)
Serdar Ferhad Pasha (1591–1592)
Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (1592–1593)
Koca Sinan Pasha (1593–1595)
Serdar Ferhad Pasha (1595)
Lala Mehmed Pasha (1595)
Koca Sinan Pasha (1595–1596)
Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1596)
Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha (1596)
Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1596–1597)
Hadım Hasan Pasha (1597–1598)
Cerrah Mehmed Pasha (1598–1599)
Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1599–1601)
Yemişçi Hasan Pasha (1601–1603)
Yavuz Ali Pasha (1603–1604)
Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha (1604–1606)
Boşnak Derviş Mehmed Pasha (1606)
Kuyucu Murad Pasha (1606–1611)
Nasuh Pasha (1611–1614)
Öküz Mehmed Pasha (1614–1616)
Damat Halil Pasha (1616–1619)
Öküz Mehmed Pasha (1619–1619)
Güzelce Ali Pasha (1619–1621)
Ohrili Hüseyin Pasha (1621)
Dilaver Pasha (1621–1622)
Kara Davud Pasha (1622)
Mere Hüseyin Pasha (1622)
Lefkeli Mustafa Pasha (1622)
Gürcü Hadım Mehmed Pasha (1622–1623)
Mere Hüseyin Pasha (1623)
Kemankeş Kara Ali Pasha (1623–1624)
Çerkes Mehmed Pasha (1624–1625)
Filibeli Hafız Ahmed Pasha (1625–1626)
Damat Halil Pasha (1626–1628)
Gazi Ekrem Hüsrev Pasha (1628–1631)
Hafiz Ahmed Pasha (1631–1632)
Topal Recep Pasha (1632)
Tabanıyassı Mehmed Pasha (1632–1637)
Bayram Pasha (1637–1638)
Tayyar Mehmed Pasha (1638)
Kemankeş Mustafa Pasha (1638–1644)
Civankapıcıbaşı Sultanzade Semiz Mehmed Pasha (1644–1645)
Nevesinli Salih Pasha (1645–1647)
Kara Musa Pasha (1647)
Hezarpare Ahmed Pasha (1647–1648)
Sofu Mehmed Pasha (1648–1649)
Kara Murat Pasha (1649–1650)
Melek Ahmed Pasha (1650–1651)
Abaza Siyavuş Pasha I (1651)
Gürcü Mehmed Pasha (1651–1652)
Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha (1652–1653)
Bıyıklı Koca Derviş Mehmed Pasha (1653–1654)
Ibşir Mustafa Pasha (1654–1655)
Kara Dev Murad Pasha (1655)
Ermeni Süleyman Pasha (1655)
Gazi Hüseyin Pasha (1656)
Zurnazen Mustafa Pasha (1656)
Abaza Siyavuş Pasha I (1656)
Boynuyaralı Mehmed Pasha (1656)
Köprülü Mehmed Pasha (1656–1661)
Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha (1661–1676)
Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha (1676–1683)
Bayburtlu Kara Ibrahim Pasha (1683–1685)
Sarı Süleyman Pasha (1685–1687)
Abaza Siyavuş Pasha II (1687–1688)
Ayaşlı Ismail Pasha (1688)
Tekirdağlı Bekri Mustafa Pasha (1688–1689)
Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha (1689–1691)
Bahadırzade Arabacı Ali Pasha (1691–1692)
Merzifonlu Çalık Hacı Ali Pasha (1692–1693)
Bozoklu (Bıyıklı) Mustafa Pasha (1694)
Sürmeli Ali Pasha (1694–1695)
Elmas Mehmed Pasha (1695–1697)
Köprülü Amcazade Hacı Hüseyin Pasha (1697–1702)
vteGrand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Old Regime (1700–1789)
Daltaban Mustafa Pasha (1702–1703)
Rami Mehmed Pasha (1703)
Sührablı Kavanoz Nişancı Ahmed Pasha (1703)
Damat Hasan Pasha (1703–1704)
Kalaylıkoz Hacı Ahmed Pasha (1704)
Baltaji Mehmet Pasha (1704–1706)
Çorlulu Ali Pasha (1706–1710)
Köprülü Numan Pasha (1710)
Baltaji Mehmet Pasha (1710–1711)
Ağa Yusuf Pasha (1711–1712)
Nişancı Süleyman Pasha (1712–1713)
Kel Hoca Ibrahim Pasha (1713)
Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha (1713–1716)
Hacı Halil Pasha (1716–1717)
Tevkii Nişancı Mehmed Pasha (1717–1718)
Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1718–1730)
Silahdar Damat Mehmet Pasha (1730–1731)
Kabakulak Ibrahim Pasha (1731)
Topal Osman Pasha (1731–1732)
Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1732–1735)
Gürcü Ismail Pasha (1735–1736)
Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (1736–1737)
Muhsinzade Abdullah Pasha (1737)
Yeğen Mehmed Pasha (1737–1739)
Ivaz Mehmed Pasha (1739–1740)
Nişancı Ahmed Pasha (1740–1742)
Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1742–1743)
Seyyid Hasan Pasha (1743–1746)
Tiryaki Hacı Mehmed Pasha (1746–1747)
Seyyid Abdullah Pasha (1747–1750)
Divitdar Mehmed Emin Pasha (1750–1752)
Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (1752–1755)
Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1755)
Naili Abdullah Pasha (1755)
Silahdar Bıyıklı Ali Pasha (1755)
Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Pasha (1755–1756)
Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (1756–1757)
Koca Ragıp Pasha (1757–1763)
Tevkii Hamza Hamid Pasha (1763)
Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (1763–1765)
Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (1765–1768)
Silahdar Hamza Mahir Pasha (1768)
Yağlıkçızade Nişancı Hacı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1768–1769)
Moldovancı Ali Pasha (1769)
Ivazzade Halil Pasha (1769–1770)
Silahdar Mehmed Pasha (1770–1771)
Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (1771–1774)
Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1774–1775)
Moralı Derviş Mehmed Pasha (1775–1777)
Darendeli Cebecizade Mehmed Pasha (1777–1778)
Kalafat Mehmed Pasha (1778–1779)
Silahdar Karavezir Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (1779–1781)
Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1781–1782)
Yeğen Hacı Mehmed Pasha (1782)
Halil Hamid Pasha (1782–1785)
Hazinedar Şahin Ali Pasha (1785–1786)
Koca Yusuf Pasha (1786–1789)
Kethüda Meyyit Hasan Pasha (1789)
vteGrand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Decline and Modernization (1789–1922)
Hassan Pasha of Algiers (1789–1790)
Çelebizade Şerif Hasan Pasha (1790–1791)
Koca Yusuf Pasha (1791–1792)
Melek Mehmed Pasha (1792–1794)
Safranbolulu Izzet Mehmet Pasha (1794–1798)
Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha (1798–1805)
Hafiz Ismail Pasha (1805–1806)
Ibrahim Hilmi Pasha (1806–1807)
Çelebi Mustafa Pasha (1807–1808)
Alemdar Mustafa Pasha (1808)
Çavuşbaşı Memiş Pasha (1808–1809)
Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha (1809–1811)
Laz Aziz Ahmed Pasha (1811–1812)
Hurshid Pasha (1812–1815)
Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1815–1818)
Dervish Mehmed Pasha (1818–1820)
Seyyid Ali Pasha (1820–1821)
Benderli Ali Pasha (1821)
Hacı Salih Pasha (1821–1822)
Deli Abdullah Pasha (1822–1823)
Silahdar Ali Pasha (1823)
Mehmed Said Galip Pasha (1823–1824)
Mehmed Selim Pasha (1824–1828)
Topal Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1828–1829)
Reşid Mehmed Pasha (1829–1833)
Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1833–1839)
Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha (1839–1840)
Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1840–1841)
Topal Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1841–1842)
Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1842–1846)
Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1846–1848)
Ibrahim Sarim Pasha (1848)
Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1848–1852)
Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1852)
Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1852)
Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1852)
Damat Mehmed Ali Pasha (1852–1853)
Mustafa Naili Pasha (1853–1854)
Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1854)
Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1854–1855)
Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1855–1856)
Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1856–1857)
Mustafa Naili Pasha (1857)
Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1857–1858)
Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1858–1859)
Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1859)
Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1859–1860)
Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1860–1861)
Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1861)
Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1861–1866)
Yusuf Kamil Pasha (1863)
Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1863–1866)
Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1866–1867)
Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1866–1871)
Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1871–1872)
Midhat Pasha (1872)
Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1872–1873)
Ahmed Esad Pasha (1873)
Şirvanlı Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha (1873–1874)
Hüseyin Avni Pasha (1874–1875)
Ahmed Esad Pasha (1875)
Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1875–1876)
Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1876–1876)
Midhat Pasha (1876–1877)
Ibrahim Edhem Pasha (1877–1878)
Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (1878)
Ahmed Vefik Pasha (1878)
Mehmed Sadık Pasha (1878)
Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1878)
Saffet Pasha (1878)
Hayreddin Pasha (1878–1879)
Ahmed Arifi Pasha (1879)
Mehmed Said Pasha (1879–1880)
Kadri Pasha (1880)
Mehmed Said Pasha (1880–1882)
Abdurrahman Nureddin Pasha (1882)
Mehmed Said Pasha (1882)
Ahmed Vefik Pasha (1882)
Mehmed Said Pasha (1882–1885)
Kâmil Pasha (1885–1891)
Ahmed Cevad Pasha (1891–1895)
Mehmed Said Pasha (1895)
Kâmil Pasha (1895)
Halil Rifat Pasha (1895–1901)
Mehmed Said Pasha (1901–1903)
Mehmed Ferid Pasha (1903–1908)
Mehmed Said Pasha (1908)
Kâmil Pasha (1908–1909)
Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (1909)
Ahmet Tevfik Pasha (1909)
Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (1909–1910)
Ibrahim Hakki Pasha (1910–1911)
Mehmed Said Pasha (1911–1912)
Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha (1912)
Kâmil Pasha (1912–1913)
Mahmud Shevket Pasha (1913)
Said Halim Pasha (1913–1917)
Mehmed Talat Pasha (1917–1918)
Ahmed Izzet Pasha (1918)
Ahmet Tevfik Pasha (1918–1919)
Damat Ferid Pasha (1919)
Ali Rıza Pasha (1919–1920)
Salih Hulusi Pasha (1920)
Damat Ferid Pasha (1920)
Ahmet Tevfik Pasha (1920–1922)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ali Pasha (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Pasha_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Malkoçoğlu family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malko%C3%A7o%C4%9Flu_family"},{"link_name":"Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Vizier_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Yemişçi Hasan Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemi%C5%9F%C3%A7i_Hasan_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Ottoman governor of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_governor_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sicilli-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C3%96ztuna1994-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holt2009-Beylicate-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uzuncarsili-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanna1998-6"},{"link_name":"Ahmed I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_I"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"war against the Habsburgs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Turkish_War"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokolluzade_Lala_Mehmed_Pasha"}],"text":"For other people named Ali Pasha, see Ali Pasha (disambiguation).Yavuz Ali Pasha or Malkoç Ali Pasha (died 26 July 1604, Belgrade) was an Ottoman statesman. He belonged to the Malkoçoğlu family and served as the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 16 October 1603 to 26 July 1604[1] replacing Yemişçi Hasan Pasha. He had previously served as the Ottoman governor of Egypt from 1601 to 1603.[2][3][4][5][6] His installation as Grand Vizier took place on 29 December 1603, over two months after his appointment and a week after the accession of Ahmed I, due to the time it took him to settle affairs in Egypt and travel to Constantinople. He brought with him two years' worth of the province's back taxes.[7]In the summer of 1604 he left the capital to take up command of Ottoman forces in the on-going war against the Habsburgs. He fell sick on the journey and died in Belgrade on 26 July 1604.[8] He was succeeded by Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha as the next Grand vizier of the Ottoman empire.","title":"Yavuz Ali Pasha"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of Ottoman grand viziers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_grand_viziers"},{"title":"List of Ottoman governors of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_governors_of_Egypt"}]
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[{"reference":"Mehmet Süreyya (1996) [1890], Nuri Akbayar; Seyit A. Kahraman (eds.), Sicill-i Osmanî (in Turkish), Beşiktaş, Istanbul: Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı and Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı, ISBN 9789753330411","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=btElAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Sicill-i Osmanî"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789753330411","url_text":"9789753330411"}]},{"reference":"Yılmaz Öztuna (1994). Büyük Osmanlı Tarihi: Osmanlı Devleti'nin siyasî, medenî, kültür, teşkilât ve san'at tarihi (in Turkish). Vol. 10. Ötüken Neşriyat A.S. pp. 412–416. ISBN 975-437-141-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pBGQMgAACAAJ","url_text":"Büyük Osmanlı Tarihi: Osmanlı Devleti'nin siyasî, medenî, kültür, teşkilât ve san'at tarihi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-437-141-5","url_text":"975-437-141-5"}]},{"reference":"Holt, P. M. (2009). \"The beylicate in Ottoman Egypt during the seventeenth century\". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 24 (2): 227–229. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00091424. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 161154415.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00091424","url_text":"10.1017/S0041977X00091424"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0041-977X","url_text":"0041-977X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161154415","url_text":"161154415"}]},{"reference":"Nelly Hanna (1998). Making Big Money in 1600: The Life and Times of Isma'il Abu Taqiyya, Egyptian Merchant. Syracuse University Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-8156-2763-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hr1LP3WU8UkC&pg=PA101","url_text":"Making Big Money in 1600: The Life and Times of Isma'il Abu Taqiyya, Egyptian Merchant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2763-0","url_text":"978-0-8156-2763-0"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manawat%C5%AB_Gorge
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Manawatū Gorge
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["1 Etymology","2 Geography","3 Transport","4 Manawatu Gorge Track","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 40°19′06″S 175°47′53″E / 40.3184°S 175.7980°E / -40.3184; 175.7980
Manawatu Gorge viewed from a lookout on the Manawatu Gorge Track
The Manawatū Gorge (Māori: Te Āpiti) is a steep-sided gorge formed by the Manawatū River in the North Island of New Zealand. At 6 km (3.7 mi) long, the Manawatū Gorge divides the Ruahine and Tararua Ranges, linking the Manawatū and Tararua Districts. It lies to the northeast of Palmerston North. Its western end is near the small town of Ashhurst and its eastern end is close to the town of Woodville.
As one of the few links between the eastern and western North Island, the gorge is an important transport link, with the Palmerston North–Gisborne Line passing through the gorge, as well as State Highway 3; the road has been closed since 2017. Recreationally, the gorge is part of the Manawatū Gorge Scenic Reserve, with various walking tracks through the surrounding native bush.
Like many important geographic features in New Zealand, the creation and exploration of Manawatū Gorge is an embedded part of traditional Māori history. According to tradition, the first Māori to discover the gorge was Whātonga, an explorer from the Kurahaupō canoe, who found the gorge in about the 12th century. Europeans began to traverse the Manawatū Gorge around the 1840s; in 1842 Bishop George Augustus Selwyn and Chief Justice William Martin passed through the gorge to reach the Wairarapa.
Etymology
The Manawatū Gorge takes its name from the river which cuts through it, the Manawatū River. The river's name, which means 'heart standing still', is derived from the words manawa, meaning heart, and tū, meaning coming to a halt. This comes from traditional Māori history, in which it is said that Haunui-a-nanaia uttered the phrase when he caught sight of the river in his search for his wife Wairaka.
Te Āpiti is the Māori name for the gorge, which is usually translated to mean 'the narrowing', or 'the narrow passage'. The gorge was also sometimes given the name Te Au-rere-a-te-tonga.
Geography
The Manawatu Gorge is significant because, unlike most gorges, the Manawatu River is a water gap, that is it runs directly through the surrounding ranges from one side to the other. This was caused by the ranges moving upwards at the same time as the gorge was eroded by the river, instead of the more usual erosion of an already existing range.
The Manawatu River is the only river in New Zealand that starts its journey in the Tararua District on one side of the main divide, and finishes it on the other side near Foxton in the Tasman Sea.
Transport
The route of the new highway under construction (Te Ahu a Tūranga: Manawatū Tararua Highway), set to open in 2024. The existing route (Saddle Road) is visible to the north of the new road.
The road through the Manawatu Gorge, State Highway 3, is on the south side of the river, and was completed in 1872. It was the primary link between the two sides of the lower North Island, before being abandoned in 2017 due to the number of slips. Other than Saddle Road and the Pahiatua Track, both narrow winding local roads a few kilometers north and south of the Manawatu Gorge, the gorge was the only east-west road connection between the Akatarawa Valley, 100 kilometres (62 mi) to the south, and SH5 between Taupo and Napier 150 kilometres (93 mi) north of the Manawatu Gorge.
The road through the Manawatu Gorge had a history of sometimes being closed by slips, especially following inclement weather.
A single track rail connection was established on the northern side of the gorge; it was completed in 1891 and is now part of the Palmerston North–Gisborne Line. The rail connection is mainly used by goods trains; there are currently no scheduled passenger rail services through the gorge. Occasional railway excursions, typically with steam trains, also make use of the scenic Manawatu Gorge Railway line with its two tunnels and several small bridges.
The Old Gorge Cemetery lies on the north side of the Manawatu Gorge. Public access is available, but the cemetery was closed many years ago to further burials. The road is located just a few kilometres out of Woodville on the north side of the gorge.
In 2011 the gorge was closed after several massive landslips. It did not reopen until August 2012, and parts of the highway were still limited to one lane.
In October 2012 it was temporarily closed so contractors could destroy large rocks that posed a threat to traffic. Restoration was completed in November 2012.
SH3 was blocked again for one month by further slips after severe weather on 9 April 2015.
The sign says the road is closed to all, including pedestrians, under the Government Roading Powers Act 1989. The Manawatu Gorge Track goes under the bridge
In April 2017, the Manawatu Gorge was closed again due to a large slip. Contractors were pulled out of clearing the slip in July 2017 due to ongoing geological movement in the hill, closing the road indefinitely.
A further slip in July 2017 at the Ashhurst end of the Manawatu Gorge left an additional 10,000 cubic metres of rock on the road. Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency decided to close the Gorge route permanently. The authority investigated long-term options to bypass or replace the gorge route, with their final list having four options.
The chosen new route option, delayed from December 2017 and announced in March 2018, will be above the Gorge, but below the Saddle Road, and will bypass Ashurst.
Manawatu Gorge Track
Whatonga sculpture along Manawatu Gorge Track
A 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) tramping track, the Manawatu Gorge Track, runs parallel to the gorge on the south side through native bush.
The walking track passes several lookout points, one of which is above the site of the 2015 landslide, aptly called the "Big Slip Lookout". The majority of the track leads through native bush, with the lookouts offering views overlooking the gorge and towards the Te Apiti Wind Farm continuing on the hills north of the gorge.
Also along the track, in the midst of native bush, stands the 6 metres (20 ft) tall metal sculpture of Whatonga, one of three recognised Māori chiefs on board the Kurahaupo Waka, which journeyed across the ocean to New Zealand. The statue was funded by the Manawatu Gorge Biodiversity stakeholder group and is made of steel. It was lowered to its location in the bush by helicopter, and blessed at a dawn ceremony on 11 April 2014. The artwork on the sculpture features hammerhead shark patterns and depicts elements of the story of Whatonga's sea voyage, as well as emblems of all of the Manawatu Gorge biodiversity project stakeholders.
Up to date information on all walking and biking tracks is available on the Te Apiti website.
See also
Te Apiti Wind Farm
References
^ "Māori History". Te Āpiti – Manawatū Gorge. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
^ Phillips, Jock. "European exploration – William Colenso and the east coast". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
^ Bennik, Nicole; Oliver, Stacey (26 April 2011). "Pushing for Manawatu macron". Manawatū Standard. Stuff. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
^ "The Story of Haunui-a-nanaia". Rangitāne o Wairarapa Education. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
^ McKinnon, Malcolm. "Manawatū and Horowhenua places – Manawatū River and Gorge". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
^ "Te Apiti – Manawatu Gorge". Destination Manawatu. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
^ Mathew Grocott (28 April 2015). "Alternatives to Gorge carry hefty price tag". Manawatu Standard. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
^ "Manawatu Gorge on AA Maps". New Zealand Automobile Association. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
^ Janine Rankin (14 April 2015). "Frustration mounts over Manawatu Gorge closure". Manawatu Standard. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
^ "Manawatu Gorge Steam Railway Excursion". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
^ "Manawatu Gorge to open today". 3 News NZ. 29 August 2012.
^ "Rock blasting closes Manawatu Gorge". 3 News NZ. 30 October 2012.
^ "Manawatu Gorge recovery effort officially finished". New Zealand Transport Agency. 16 November 2012.
^ Thomas Heaton (15 May 2015). "Manawatu Gorge fully reopens after slip site cleared". Manawatu Standard. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
^ "Manawatu Gorge to remain closed 'for some time'". NZ Herald. Retrieved 2017-07-10.
^ Fraser, Cleo (24 July 2017). "Another huge slip falls in Manawatu Gorge". Newshub. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
^ "Thirteen alternative routes to Gorge discussed". Stuff (Fairfax). 25 September 2017.
^ "Alternatives to Gorge carry heavy price tag". Stuff (Fairfax). 28 April 2015.
^ "Four alternatives to Gorge". Stuff (Fairfax). 11 October 2017.
^ "The final decision: what replaces the slip-plagued Manawatu Gorge Road". Stuff (Fairfax). 16 March 2018.
^ "Manawatu Gorge Track". Department of Conservation. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
^ "Manawatu Gorge Tracks brochure" (PDF). Department of Conservation. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
^ "The Story of Whatonga". Horizons Regional Council. Archived from the original on 2016-02-11. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
^ "Whatonga sculpture watches over walkers". Manawatu Standard. 12 April 2014. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
2011 landslides in Manawatu Gorge
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manawatu Gorge.
Te Apiti – Manawatu Gorge
vteManawatū RiverSource: Ruahine Range. Flows into: South Taranaki BightAdministrative areas
Tararua District
Manawatū District
Palmerston North City
Horowhenua District
Towns and settlements (upstream to downstream)
Norsewood
Ormondville
Dannevirke
Kumeroa
Woodville
Ashhurst
Palmerston North
Tokomaru
Shannon
Foxton
Foxton Beach
Major tributaries (upstream to downstream by confluence)
Mangatewainui River
Tiraumea River
Mangatainoka River
Mangahao River
Pohangina River
Oroua River
Tokomaru River
Other features (upstream to downstream)
Manawatū Gorge
Manawatū Plains
Manawatū Estuary
Longest New Zealand rivers
1: Waikato
2: Clutha / Mata-Au
3: Whanganui
4: Taieri
5: Rangitīkei
6: Mataura
7: Waiau
8: Waiau Toa / Clarence
9: Waitaki
10: Ōreti
11: Rangitaiki
12: Manawatū
40°19′06″S 175°47′53″E / 40.3184°S 175.7980°E / -40.3184; 175.7980
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manawatu_Gorge.jpg"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language"},{"link_name":"Manawatū River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manawat%C5%AB_River"},{"link_name":"North Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Island"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Ruahine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruahine_Ranges"},{"link_name":"Tararua Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tararua_Ranges"},{"link_name":"Manawatū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manawat%C5%AB-Whanganui"},{"link_name":"Tararua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tararua_District"},{"link_name":"Palmerston North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmerston_North"},{"link_name":"Ashhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashhurst"},{"link_name":"Woodville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodville,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Palmerston North–Gisborne Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmerston_North%E2%80%93Gisborne_Line"},{"link_name":"State Highway 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_3"},{"link_name":"Kurahaupō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurahaup%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"George Augustus Selwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Selwyn_(bishop_of_Lichfield)"},{"link_name":"William Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Martin_(judge)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Manawatu Gorge viewed from a lookout on the Manawatu Gorge TrackThe Manawatū Gorge (Māori: Te Āpiti) is a steep-sided gorge formed by the Manawatū River in the North Island of New Zealand. At 6 km (3.7 mi) long, the Manawatū Gorge divides the Ruahine and Tararua Ranges, linking the Manawatū and Tararua Districts. It lies to the northeast of Palmerston North. Its western end is near the small town of Ashhurst and its eastern end is close to the town of Woodville.As one of the few links between the eastern and western North Island, the gorge is an important transport link, with the Palmerston North–Gisborne Line passing through the gorge, as well as State Highway 3; the road has been closed since 2017. Recreationally, the gorge is part of the Manawatū Gorge Scenic Reserve, with various walking tracks through the surrounding native bush.Like many important geographic features in New Zealand, the creation and exploration of Manawatū Gorge is an embedded part of traditional Māori history. According to tradition, the first Māori to discover the gorge was Whātonga, an explorer from the Kurahaupō canoe, who found the gorge in about the 12th century.[1] Europeans began to traverse the Manawatū Gorge around the 1840s; in 1842 Bishop George Augustus Selwyn and Chief Justice William Martin passed through the gorge to reach the Wairarapa.[2]","title":"Manawatū Gorge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Manawatū Gorge takes its name from the river which cuts through it, the Manawatū River. The river's name, which means 'heart standing still', is derived from the words manawa, meaning heart, and tū, meaning coming to a halt. This comes from traditional Māori history, in which it is said that Haunui-a-nanaia uttered the phrase when he caught sight of the river in his search for his wife Wairaka.[3][4]Te Āpiti is the Māori name for the gorge, which is usually translated to mean 'the narrowing', or 'the narrow passage'. The gorge was also sometimes given the name Te Au-rere-a-te-tonga.[5]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manawatu River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manawatu_River"},{"link_name":"water gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_gap"},{"link_name":"ranges moving upwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_uplift"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Manawatu Gorge is significant because, unlike most gorges, the Manawatu River is a water gap, that is it runs directly through the surrounding ranges from one side to the other. This was caused by the ranges moving upwards at the same time as the gorge was eroded by the river, instead of the more usual erosion of an already existing range.The Manawatu River is the only river in New Zealand that starts its journey in the Tararua District on one side of the main divide, and finishes it on the other side near Foxton in the Tasman Sea.[6]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"State Highway 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Akatarawa Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akatarawa_Valley"},{"link_name":"SH5 between Taupo and Napier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_5#Taupo_to_Napier"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"slips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Palmerston North–Gisborne Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmerston_North%E2%80%93Gisborne_Line"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manawatu_Gorge_road_closure.jpg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZ_Transport_Agency"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The route of the new highway under construction (Te Ahu a Tūranga: Manawatū Tararua Highway), set to open in 2024. The existing route (Saddle Road) is visible to the north of the new road.The road through the Manawatu Gorge, State Highway 3, is on the south side of the river, and was completed in 1872. It was the primary link between the two sides of the lower North Island, before being abandoned in 2017 due to the number of slips. Other than Saddle Road and the Pahiatua Track, both narrow winding local roads a few kilometers north and south of the Manawatu Gorge,[7] the gorge was the only east-west road connection between the Akatarawa Valley, 100 kilometres (62 mi) to the south, and SH5 between Taupo and Napier 150 kilometres (93 mi) north of the Manawatu Gorge.[8]The road through the Manawatu Gorge had a history of sometimes being closed by slips, especially following inclement weather.[9]A single track rail connection was established on the northern side of the gorge; it was completed in 1891 and is now part of the Palmerston North–Gisborne Line. The rail connection is mainly used by goods trains; there are currently no scheduled passenger rail services through the gorge. Occasional railway excursions, typically with steam trains, also make use of the scenic Manawatu Gorge Railway line with its two tunnels and several small bridges.[10]The Old Gorge Cemetery lies on the north side of the Manawatu Gorge. Public access is available, but the cemetery was closed many years ago to further burials. The road is located just a few kilometres out of Woodville on the north side of the gorge.In 2011 the gorge was closed after several massive landslips. It did not reopen until August 2012, and parts of the highway were still limited to one lane.[11]\nIn October 2012 it was temporarily closed so contractors could destroy large rocks that posed a threat to traffic.[12] Restoration was completed in November 2012.[13]SH3 was blocked again for one month by further slips after severe weather on 9 April 2015.[14]The sign says the road is closed to all, including pedestrians, under the Government Roading Powers Act 1989. The Manawatu Gorge Track goes under the bridgeIn April 2017, the Manawatu Gorge was closed again due to a large slip. Contractors were pulled out of clearing the slip in July 2017 due to ongoing geological movement in the hill, closing the road indefinitely.[15]A further slip in July 2017 at the Ashhurst end of the Manawatu Gorge left an additional 10,000 cubic metres of rock on the road.[16] Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency decided to close the Gorge route permanently. The authority investigated long-term options to bypass or replace the gorge route, with their final list having four options.[17][18][19]The chosen new route option, delayed from December 2017 and announced in March 2018, will be above the Gorge, but below the Saddle Road, and will bypass Ashurst.[20]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Whatonga_sculpture_in_evening_sunlight.jpg"},{"link_name":"tramping track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_tramping_tracks"},{"link_name":"bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_bush"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Te Apiti Wind Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Apiti_Wind_Farm"},{"link_name":"Whatonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whatonga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Te Apiti website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.teapiti.com/"}],"text":"Whatonga sculpture along Manawatu Gorge TrackA 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) tramping track, the Manawatu Gorge Track, runs parallel to the gorge on the south side through native bush.[21]The walking track passes several lookout points, one of which is above the site of the 2015 landslide, aptly called the \"Big Slip Lookout\".[22] The majority of the track leads through native bush, with the lookouts offering views overlooking the gorge and towards the Te Apiti Wind Farm continuing on the hills north of the gorge.Also along the track, in the midst of native bush, stands the 6 metres (20 ft) tall metal sculpture of Whatonga, one of three recognised Māori chiefs on board the Kurahaupo Waka, which journeyed across the ocean to New Zealand.[23] The statue was funded by the Manawatu Gorge Biodiversity stakeholder group and is made of steel. It was lowered to its location in the bush by helicopter, and blessed at a dawn ceremony on 11 April 2014. The artwork on the sculpture features hammerhead shark patterns and depicts elements of the story of Whatonga's sea voyage, as well as emblems of all of the Manawatu Gorge biodiversity project stakeholders.[24]Up to date information on all walking and biking tracks is available on the Te Apiti website.","title":"Manawatu Gorge Track"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Manawatu Gorge viewed from a lookout on the Manawatu Gorge Track","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Manawatu_Gorge.jpg/220px-Manawatu_Gorge.jpg"},{"image_text":"The sign says the road is closed to all, including pedestrians, under the Government Roading Powers Act 1989. The Manawatu Gorge Track goes under the bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Manawatu_Gorge_road_closure.jpg/220px-Manawatu_Gorge_road_closure.jpg"},{"image_text":"Whatonga sculpture along Manawatu Gorge Track","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Whatonga_sculpture_in_evening_sunlight.jpg/170px-Whatonga_sculpture_in_evening_sunlight.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Te Apiti Wind Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Apiti_Wind_Farm"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Māori History\". Te Āpiti – Manawatū Gorge. Retrieved 4 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.teapiti.co.nz/maori-history/","url_text":"\"Māori History\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Jock. \"European exploration – William Colenso and the east coast\". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 4 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://teara.govt.nz/en/european-exploration/page-3","url_text":"\"European exploration – William Colenso and the east coast\""}]},{"reference":"Bennik, Nicole; Oliver, Stacey (26 April 2011). \"Pushing for Manawatu macron\". Manawatū Standard. Stuff. Retrieved 4 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu-standard/4926669/Pushing-for-Manawatu-macron","url_text":"\"Pushing for Manawatu macron\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Story of Haunui-a-nanaia\". Rangitāne o Wairarapa Education. Retrieved 4 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://rangitaneeducation.com/the-story-of-haunui-a-nanaia/","url_text":"\"The Story of Haunui-a-nanaia\""}]},{"reference":"McKinnon, Malcolm. \"Manawatū and Horowhenua places – Manawatū River and Gorge\". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 4 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://teara.govt.nz/en/manawatu-and-horowhenua-places/page-6","url_text":"\"Manawatū and Horowhenua places – Manawatū River and Gorge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Te Apiti – Manawatu Gorge\". Destination Manawatu. Retrieved 2016-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.manawatunz.co.nz/visit/te-apiti-manawatu-gorge/","url_text":"\"Te Apiti – Manawatu Gorge\""}]},{"reference":"Mathew Grocott (28 April 2015). \"Alternatives to Gorge carry hefty price tag\". Manawatu Standard. Retrieved 2016-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu-standard/68080348/Alternatives-to-Gorge-carry-hefty-price-tag","url_text":"\"Alternatives to Gorge carry hefty price tag\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manawatu Gorge on AA Maps\". New Zealand Automobile Association. Retrieved 2016-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://maps.aa.co.nz/search/nz/all/Manawatu+Gorge","url_text":"\"Manawatu Gorge on AA Maps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Automobile_Association","url_text":"New Zealand Automobile Association"}]},{"reference":"Janine Rankin (14 April 2015). \"Frustration mounts over Manawatu Gorge closure\". Manawatu Standard. Retrieved 2016-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu-standard/news/67718002/frustration-mounts-over-manawatu-gorge-closure","url_text":"\"Frustration mounts over Manawatu Gorge closure\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manawatu Gorge Steam Railway Excursion\". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 2016-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://events.nzherald.co.nz/2015/manawatu-gorge-steam-railway-excursion/feilding","url_text":"\"Manawatu Gorge Steam Railway Excursion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald","url_text":"The New Zealand Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Manawatu Gorge to open today\". 3 News NZ. 29 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.3news.co.nz/Manawatu-Gorge-to-open-today/tabid/423/articleID/267186/Default.aspx","url_text":"\"Manawatu Gorge to open today\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rock blasting closes Manawatu Gorge\". 3 News NZ. 30 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.3news.co.nz/Rock-blasting-closes-Manawatu-Gorge/tabid/423/articleID/274594/Default.aspx","url_text":"\"Rock blasting closes Manawatu Gorge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manawatu Gorge recovery effort officially finished\". New Zealand Transport Agency. 16 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzta.govt.nz/about/media/releases/2297/news.html","url_text":"\"Manawatu Gorge recovery effort officially finished\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas Heaton (15 May 2015). \"Manawatu Gorge fully reopens after slip site cleared\". Manawatu Standard. Retrieved 2016-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu-standard/news/68599853/manawatu-gorge-fully-reopens-after-slip-site-cleared","url_text":"\"Manawatu Gorge fully reopens after slip site cleared\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manawatu Gorge to remain closed 'for some time'\". NZ Herald. Retrieved 2017-07-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11887257","url_text":"\"Manawatu Gorge to remain closed 'for some time'\""}]},{"reference":"Fraser, Cleo (24 July 2017). \"Another huge slip falls in Manawatu Gorge\". Newshub. Retrieved 28 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2017/07/another-huge-slip-falls-in-manawatu-gorge.html","url_text":"\"Another huge slip falls in Manawatu Gorge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newshub","url_text":"Newshub"}]},{"reference":"\"Thirteen alternative routes to Gorge discussed\". Stuff (Fairfax). 25 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu-standard/news/97228094/thirteen-alternative-routes-to-the-manawat-gorge-discussed","url_text":"\"Thirteen alternative routes to Gorge discussed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alternatives to Gorge carry heavy price tag\". Stuff (Fairfax). 28 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu-standard/68080348/alternatives-to-gorge-carry-hefty-price-tag","url_text":"\"Alternatives to Gorge carry heavy price tag\""}]},{"reference":"\"Four alternatives to Gorge\". Stuff (Fairfax). 11 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/motoring/news/97741978/manawat-gorge-shortlist-of-alternative-routes-revealed","url_text":"\"Four alternatives to Gorge\""}]},{"reference":"\"The final decision: what replaces the slip-plagued Manawatu Gorge Road\". Stuff (Fairfax). 16 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/102295452/live-the-final-decision--what-replaces-the-slippedplagued-manawat-gorge-road","url_text":"\"The final decision: what replaces the slip-plagued Manawatu Gorge Road\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manawatu Gorge Track\". Department of Conservation. Retrieved 2016-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/manawatu-whanganui/places/manawatu-gorge-scenic-reserve/things-to-do/manawatu-gorge-track/","url_text":"\"Manawatu Gorge Track\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Conservation_(New_Zealand)","url_text":"Department of Conservation"}]},{"reference":"\"Manawatu Gorge Tracks brochure\" (PDF). Department of Conservation. Retrieved 2016-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/parks-and-recreation/tracks-and-walks/wanganui/manawatu-gorge-tracks-brochure.pdf","url_text":"\"Manawatu Gorge Tracks brochure\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Story of Whatonga\". Horizons Regional Council. Archived from the original on 2016-02-11. Retrieved 2016-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160211060927/http://www.teapiti.com/tour/whatonga","url_text":"\"The Story of Whatonga\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizons_Regional_Council","url_text":"Horizons Regional Council"},{"url":"http://www.teapiti.com/tour/whatonga","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Whatonga sculpture watches over walkers\". Manawatu Standard. 12 April 2014. Retrieved 2016-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu-standard/news/9934112/Whatonga-sculpture-watches-over-walkers","url_text":"\"Whatonga sculpture watches over walkers\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manawat%C5%AB_Gorge¶ms=40.3184_S_175.798_E_region:NZ_type:landmark","external_links_name":"40°19′06″S 175°47′53″E / 40.3184°S 175.7980°E / -40.3184; 175.7980"},{"Link":"http://www.teapiti.com/","external_links_name":"Te Apiti website"},{"Link":"https://www.teapiti.co.nz/maori-history/","external_links_name":"\"Māori History\""},{"Link":"https://teara.govt.nz/en/european-exploration/page-3","external_links_name":"\"European exploration – William Colenso and the east coast\""},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu-standard/4926669/Pushing-for-Manawatu-macron","external_links_name":"\"Pushing for Manawatu macron\""},{"Link":"https://rangitaneeducation.com/the-story-of-haunui-a-nanaia/","external_links_name":"\"The Story of Haunui-a-nanaia\""},{"Link":"https://teara.govt.nz/en/manawatu-and-horowhenua-places/page-6","external_links_name":"\"Manawatū and Horowhenua places – Manawatū River and Gorge\""},{"Link":"http://www.manawatunz.co.nz/visit/te-apiti-manawatu-gorge/","external_links_name":"\"Te Apiti – Manawatu Gorge\""},{"Link":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu-standard/68080348/Alternatives-to-Gorge-carry-hefty-price-tag","external_links_name":"\"Alternatives to Gorge carry hefty price tag\""},{"Link":"http://maps.aa.co.nz/search/nz/all/Manawatu+Gorge","external_links_name":"\"Manawatu Gorge on AA Maps\""},{"Link":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu-standard/news/67718002/frustration-mounts-over-manawatu-gorge-closure","external_links_name":"\"Frustration mounts over Manawatu Gorge closure\""},{"Link":"http://events.nzherald.co.nz/2015/manawatu-gorge-steam-railway-excursion/feilding","external_links_name":"\"Manawatu Gorge Steam Railway Excursion\""},{"Link":"http://www.3news.co.nz/Manawatu-Gorge-to-open-today/tabid/423/articleID/267186/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Manawatu Gorge to open today\""},{"Link":"http://www.3news.co.nz/Rock-blasting-closes-Manawatu-Gorge/tabid/423/articleID/274594/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Rock blasting closes Manawatu Gorge\""},{"Link":"http://www.nzta.govt.nz/about/media/releases/2297/news.html","external_links_name":"\"Manawatu Gorge recovery effort officially finished\""},{"Link":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu-standard/news/68599853/manawatu-gorge-fully-reopens-after-slip-site-cleared","external_links_name":"\"Manawatu Gorge fully reopens after slip site cleared\""},{"Link":"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11887257","external_links_name":"\"Manawatu Gorge to remain closed 'for some time'\""},{"Link":"https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2017/07/another-huge-slip-falls-in-manawatu-gorge.html","external_links_name":"\"Another huge slip falls in Manawatu Gorge\""},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu-standard/news/97228094/thirteen-alternative-routes-to-the-manawat-gorge-discussed","external_links_name":"\"Thirteen alternative routes to Gorge discussed\""},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu-standard/68080348/alternatives-to-gorge-carry-hefty-price-tag","external_links_name":"\"Alternatives to Gorge carry heavy price tag\""},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/motoring/news/97741978/manawat-gorge-shortlist-of-alternative-routes-revealed","external_links_name":"\"Four alternatives to Gorge\""},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/102295452/live-the-final-decision--what-replaces-the-slippedplagued-manawat-gorge-road","external_links_name":"\"The final decision: what replaces the slip-plagued Manawatu Gorge Road\""},{"Link":"http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/manawatu-whanganui/places/manawatu-gorge-scenic-reserve/things-to-do/manawatu-gorge-track/","external_links_name":"\"Manawatu Gorge Track\""},{"Link":"http://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/parks-and-recreation/tracks-and-walks/wanganui/manawatu-gorge-tracks-brochure.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Manawatu Gorge Tracks brochure\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160211060927/http://www.teapiti.com/tour/whatonga","external_links_name":"\"The Story of Whatonga\""},{"Link":"http://www.teapiti.com/tour/whatonga","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu-standard/news/9934112/Whatonga-sculpture-watches-over-walkers","external_links_name":"\"Whatonga sculpture watches over walkers\""},{"Link":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/5809064/Fresh-slip-smashes-through-Manawatu-Gorge","external_links_name":"2011 landslides in Manawatu Gorge"},{"Link":"http://www.teapiti.com/","external_links_name":"Te Apiti – Manawatu Gorge"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manawat%C5%AB_Gorge¶ms=40.3184_S_175.798_E_region:NZ_type:landmark","external_links_name":"40°19′06″S 175°47′53″E / 40.3184°S 175.7980°E / -40.3184; 175.7980"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_(Doctor_Who_audio)
|
Doctor Who: The Monthly Adventures
|
[]
|
Audio dramas based on Doctor Who
"Project Lazarus" redirects here. For the Doctor Who TV episode, see The Lazarus Experiment. For other uses, see The Lazarus Project.Doctor Who: The Monthly Adventures, formerly subtitled as the Main Range, is a series that consists of full-cast audio dramas based on the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who, produced by Nicholas Briggs and Big Finish Productions and starring one of the original actors to play The Doctor on television in the classic era of the programme. The main audio series currently feature the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Doctors, and have since developed the pattern of thirteen releases per year, one every month with two in September or December. In May 2020, Big Finish announced that the Main Range would conclude with its 275th release in March 2021, to be replaced with regular releases of each Doctor in their own boxsets throughout the year from January 2022. With 275 releases over 22 years, in 2021 the series achieved the Guinness World Record for longest running science fiction audio play series.
Big Finish Productions began producing audio dramas featuring the Fifth Doctor, Sixth Doctor, and Seventh Doctors, starting with The Sirens of Time in July 1999. This continued through to 2000, and from 2001 to 2007, the main range also included releases featuring the Eighth Doctor with his companions Charley Pollard and C'rizz, but these were ended due to the simultaneously-running Eighth Doctor Adventures, which ran from 2006 to 2011 and featured companion Lucie Miller. From 2008 to late 2011, only one Eighth Doctor release was produced for the main range: The Company of Friends, featuring companions from other media to the audio plays and the historical figure Mary Shelley. The Eighth Doctor returned to the main range in a trilogy of adventures with Mary Shelley in October 2011.
Releases
Cast
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
Continuation
References
Cast
List indicator(s)
This section includes characters who will appear or have appeared in at least one season.
A green cell indicates the actor is a main cast member.
A red cell indicates the actor is a recurring guest cast member.
A light blue cell indicates the actor is a guest cast member.
Actor
Character
Appearances
'99
'00
'01
'02
'03
'04
'05
'06
'07
'08
'09
'10
'11
'12
'13
'14
'15
'16
'17
'18
'19
'20
'21
Peter Davison
Fifth Doctor
✓
Colin Baker
Sixth Doctor
✓
Sylvester McCoy
Seventh Doctor
✓
Paul McGann
Eighth Doctor
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Mark Strickson
Vislor Turlough
✓
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Nicola Bryant
Peri Brown
✓
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
Sarah Sutton
Nyssa
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
Sophie Aldred
Ace
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
Maggie Stables
Evelyn Smythe
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
Bonnie Langford
Mel Bush
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
India Fisher
Charley Pollard
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Caroline Morris
Erimem
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
Tracey Childs
Elizabeth Klein
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
Conrad Westmaas
C'rizz
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
Philip Olivier
Hex
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
Janet Fielding
Tegan Jovanka
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
Lisa Greenwood
Flip Jackson
Does not appear
✓
✓
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
Miranda Raison
Constance Clarke
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
✓
Matthew Waterhouse
Adric
Does not appear
✓
Does not appear
Notable Guests
Nicholas Courtney and Jon Culshaw as Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart
Lalla Ward as Romana
Louise Jameson as Leela
John Leeson as K9
Frazer Hines as Jamie McCrimmon
Katy Manning as Jo Grant and Iris Wildthyme
Richard Franklin as Mike Yates
Peter Purves as Steven Taylor
Maureen O'Brien as Vicki
Ian McNeice as Winston Churchill
Robert Jezek as Frobisher
Lisa Bowerman as Bernice Summerfield
Miles Richardson as Irving Braxiatel
Anna Hope as DI Menzies
John Picard as Thomas Brewster
Julie Cox as Mary Shelley
Maggie O'Neill as Lysandra Aristedes
Nicola Walker as Liv Chenka
Amy Pemberton as Sally Morgan
Christian Edwards as Will Arrowsmith
George Watkins as Marc
Geoffrey Beevers, Alex Macqueen, and James Dreyfus as The Master
Don Warrington as Rassilon
Ian Collier as Omega
Terry Molloy as Davros
Nabil Shaban as Sil
Siobhan Redmond as The Rani
Graeme Garden and Rufus Hound as The Monk
Mark Bonnar as The Eleven
Nicholas Briggs as the Daleks, Cybermen, and Ice Warriors
Releases
1999
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased1"The Sirens of Time"Nicholas BriggsNicholas BriggsFifth Doctor, Sixth Doctor, Seventh Doctor, Time LordsJuly 1999 (1999-07)
2"Phantasmagoria"Nicholas BriggsMark GatissFifth Doctor, Vislor TurloughOctober 1999 (1999-10)
3"Whispers of Terror"Gary RussellJustin RichardsSixth Doctor, Peri BrownNovember 1999 (1999-11)
2000
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased4"The Land of the Dead"Gary RussellStephen ColeFifth Doctor, NyssaJanuary 2000 (2000-01)
5"The Fearmonger"Gary RussellJonathan BlumSeventh Doctor, Ace McShaneFebruary 2000 (2000-02)
6"The Marian Conspiracy"Gary RussellJacqueline RaynerSixth Doctor, Evelyn SmytheMarch 2000 (2000-03)
7"The Genocide Machine"Nicholas BriggsMike TuckerSeventh Doctor, Ace, Bev, DaleksApril 2000 (2000-04)
8"Red Dawn"Gary RussellJustin RichardsFifth Doctor, Peri, Ice WarriorsMay 2000 (2000-05)
9"The Spectre of Lanyon Moor"Nicholas PeggNicholas PeggSixth Doctor, Evelyn, BrigadierJune 2000 (2000-06)
10"Winter for the Adept"Gary RussellAndrew CartmelFifth Doctor, NyssaJuly 2000 (2000-07)
11"The Apocalypse Element"Nicholas BriggsStephen ColeSixth Doctor, Evelyn, Romana II, DaleksAugust 2000 (2000-08)
12"The Fires of Vulcan"Gary RussellSteve LyonsSeventh Doctor, MelSeptember 2000 (2000-09)
13"The Shadow of the Scourge"Gary RussellPaul CornellSeventh Doctor, Ace, BennyOctober 2000 (2000-10)
14"The Holy Terror"Nicholas PeggRobert ShearmanSixth Doctor, FrobisherNovember 2000 (2000-11)
15"The Mutant Phase"Nicholas BriggsNicholas BriggsFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Daleks, ThalsDecember 2000 (2000-12)
2001
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased16"Storm Warning"Gary RussellAlan BarnesEighth Doctor, Charley PollardJanuary 2001 (2001-01)
17"Sword of Orion"Nicholas BriggsNicholas BriggsEighth Doctor, Charley, CybermenFebruary 2001 (2001-02)
18"The Stones of Venice"Gary RussellPaul MagrsEighth Doctor, CharleyMarch 2001 (2001-03)
19"Minuet in Hell"Nicholas BriggsAlan W. Lear & Gary RussellEighth Doctor, Charley, BrigadierApril 2001 (2001-04)
20"Loups-Garoux"Nicholas PeggMarc PlattFifth Doctor, TurloughMay 2001 (2001-05)
21"Dust Breeding"Gary RussellMike TuckerSeventh Doctor, Ace, Bev, The Master, KrillJune 2001 (2001-06)
22"Bloodtide"Gary RussellJonathan MorrisSixth Doctor, Evelyn, SiluriansJuly 2001 (2001-07)
23"Project: Twilight"Gary RussellCavan Scott & Mark WrightSixth Doctor, Evelyn, Nimrod, The ForgeAugust 2001 (2001-08)
24"The Eye of the Scorpion"Gary RussellIain McLaughlinFifth Doctor, Peri, ErimemSeptember 2001 (2001-09)
25"Colditz"Gary RussellSteve LyonsSeventh Doctor, Ace, Elizabeth Elizabeth KleinOctober 2001 (2001-10)
26"Primeval"Gary RussellLance ParkinFifth Doctor, NyssaNovember 2001 (2001-11)
27"The One Doctor"Gary RussellGareth Roberts & Clayton HickmanSixth Doctor, MelDecember 2001 (2001-12)
2002
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased28"Invaders from Mars"Mark GatissMark GatissEighth Doctor, CharleyJanuary 2002 (2002-01)
29"The Chimes of Midnight"Barnaby EdwardsRobert ShearmanEighth Doctor, CharleyFebruary 2002 (2002-02)
30"Seasons of Fear"Gary RussellPaul Cornell & Caroline SymcoxEighth Doctor, Charley, NimonMarch 2002 (2002-03)
31"Embrace the Darkness"Nicholas BriggsNicholas BriggsEighth Doctor, CharleyApril 2002 (2002-04)
32"The Time of the Daleks"Nicholas BriggsJustin RichardsEighth Doctor, Charley, DaleksMay 2002 (2002-05)
33"Neverland"Gary RussellAlan BarnesEighth Doctor, Charley, Romana II, RassilonJune 2002 (2002-06)
34"Spare Parts"Gary RussellMarc PlattFifth Doctor, Nyssa, CybermenJuly 2002 (2002-07)
35"...ish"Nicholas BriggsPhil PascoeSixth Doctor, PeriAugust 2002 (2002-08)
36"The Rapture"Jason Haigh-ElleryJoseph LidsterSeventh Doctor, Ace, LiamSeptember 2002 (2002-09)
37"The Sandman"Gary RussellSimon A. ForwardSixth Doctor, EvelynOctober 2002 (2002-10)
38"The Church and the Crown"Gary RussellCavan Scott & Mark WrightFifth Doctor, Peri, ErimemNovember 2002 (2002-11)
39"Bang-Bang-a-Boom!"Nicholas PeggGareth Roberts & Clayton HickmanSeventh Doctor, MelDecember 2002 (2002-12)
2003
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased40"Jubilee"Nicholas Briggs, Robert ShearmanRobert ShearmanSixth Doctor, Evelyn, DaleksJanuary 2003 (2003-01)
41"Nekromanteia"John AinsworthAusten AtkinsonFifth Doctor, Peri, ErimemFebruary 2003 (2003-02)
42"The Dark Flame"Jason Haigh-ElleryTrevor BaxendaleSeventh Doctor, Ace, BennyMarch 2003 (2003-03)
43"Doctor Who and the Pirates"Barnaby EdwardsJacqueline RaynerSixth Doctor, EvelynApril 2003 (2003-04)
44"Creatures of Beauty"Nicholas BriggsNicholas BriggsFifth Doctor, NyssaMay 2003 (2003-05)
45"Project: Lazarus"Gary RussellCavan Scott & Mark WrightSixth Doctor, Seventh Doctor, Evelyn, NimrodJune 2003 (2003-06)
46"Flip-Flop"Gary RussellJonathan MorrisSeventh Doctor, MelJuly 2003 (2003-07)
47"Omega"Gary RussellNev FountainFifth Doctor, OmegaAugust 2003 (2003-08)
48"Davros"Gary RussellLance ParkinSixth Doctor, DavrosSeptember 2003 (2003-09)
49"Master"Gary RussellJoseph LidsterSeventh Doctor, The MasterOctober 2003 (2003-10)
50"Zagreus"Gary RussellGary Russell & Alan BarnesThird Doctor, Fifth Doctor, Sixth Doctor, Seventh Doctor, Eighth Doctor, Charley, Romana II, Leela, K9, RassilonNovember 2003 (2003-11)
51"The Wormery"Gary RussellStephen Cole & Paul MagrsSixth Doctor, Iris WildthymeNovember 2003 (2003-11)
52"Scherzo"Gary RussellRobert ShearmanEighth Doctor, CharleyDecember 2003 (2003-12)
2004
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased53"The Creed of the Kromon"Gary RussellPhilip MartinEighth Doctor, Charley, C'rizz, the Kro'Ka, KromonJanuary 2004 (2004-01)
54"The Natural History of Fear"Gary RussellJim MortimoreEighth Doctor, Charley, C'rizzFebruary 2004 (2004-02)
55"The Twilight Kingdom"Gary RussellWill ShindlerEighth Doctor, Charley, C'rizzMarch 2004 (2004-03)
56"The Axis of Insanity"Gary RussellSimon FurmanFifth Doctor, Peri, Erimem, Jarra ToApril 2004 (2004-04)
57"Arrangements for War"Gary RussellPaul SuttonSixth Doctor, EvelynMay 2004 (2004-05)
58"The Harvest"Gary RussellDan AbnettSeventh Doctor, Ace, Hex, CybermenJune 2004 (2004-06)
59"The Roof of the World"Gary RussellAdrian RigelsfordFifth Doctor, Peri, ErimemJuly 2004 (2004-07)
60"Medicinal Purposes"Gary RussellRobert RossSixth Doctor, Evelyn, Burke and HareAugust 2004 (2004-08)
61"Faith Stealer"Gary RussellGraham DuffEighth Doctor, Charley, C'rizzSeptember 2004 (2004-09)
62"The Last"Gary RussellGary HopkinsEighth Doctor, Charley, C'rizzOctober 2004 (2004-10)
63"Caerdroia"Gary RussellLloyd RoseEighth Doctor, Charley, C'rizzNovember 2004 (2004-11)
64"The Next Life"Gary RussellAlan Barnes & Gary RussellEighth Doctor, Charley, C'rizz, RassilonDecember 2004 (2004-12)
2005
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased65"The Juggernauts"Gary RussellScott Alan WoodardSixth Doctor, Mel, Davros, Daleks, MechonoidsJanuary 2005 (2005-01)
66"The Game"Gary RussellDarin HenryFifth Doctor, NyssaFebruary 2005 (2005-02)
67"Dreamtime"Gary RussellSimon A. ForwardSeventh Doctor, Ace, HexMarch 2005 (2005-03)
68"Catch-1782"Gary RussellAlison LawsonSixth Doctor, MelApril 2005 (2005-04)
69"Three's a Crowd"Gary RussellColin BrakeFifth Doctor, Peri, ErimemMay 2005 (2005-05)
70"Unregenerate!"John AinsworthDavid A. McInteeSeventh Doctor, MelJune 2005 (2005-06)
71"The Council of Nicaea"Gary RussellCaroline SymcoxFifth Doctor, Peri, ErimemJuly 2005 (2005-07)
72"Terror Firma"Gary RussellJoseph LidsterEighth Doctor, Charley, C'rizz, Samson and Gemma Griffin, Davros, DaleksAugust 2005 (2005-08)
73"Thicker Than Water"Edward SaltPaul SuttonSixth Doctor, Mel, EvelynSeptember 2005 (2005-09)
74"LIVE 34"Gary RussellJames Parsons & Andrew Stirling-BrownSeventh Doctor, Ace, HexSeptember 2005 (2005-09)
75"Scaredy Cat"Nigel FairsWill ShindlerEighth Doctor, Charley, C'rizzOctober 2005 (2005-10)
76"Singularity"Gary RussellJames SwallowFifth Doctor, TurloughNovember 2005 (2005-11)
77"Other Lives"Gary RussellGary HopkinsEighth Doctor, Charley, C'rizzDecember 2005 (2005-12)
2006
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased78"Pier Pressure"Gary RussellRobert RossSixth Doctor, EvelynJanuary 2006 (2006-01)
79"Night Thoughts"Gary RussellEdward YoungSeventh Doctor, Ace, HexFebruary 2006 (2006-02)
80"Time Works"Edward SaltSteve LyonsEighth Doctor, Charley, C'rizzMarch 2006 (2006-03)
81"The Kingmaker"Gary RussellNev FountainFifth Doctor, Peri, ErimemApril 2006 (2006-04)
82"The Settling"Gary RussellSimon GuerrierSeventh Doctor, Ace, HexMay 2006 (2006-05)
83"Something Inside"Nicholas BriggsTrevor BaxendaleEighth Doctor, Charley, C'rizzJune 2006 (2006-06)
84"The Nowhere Place"Nicholas BriggsNicholas BriggsSixth Doctor, EvelynJuly 2006 (2006-07)
85"Red"Gary RussellStewart SheargoldSeventh Doctor, MelAugust 2006 (2006-08)
86"The Reaping"Gary RussellJoseph LidsterSixth Doctor, Peri, CybermenSeptember 2006 (2006-09)
87"The Gathering"Gary RussellJoseph LidsterFifth Doctor, Tegan, CybermenSeptember 2006 (2006-09)
88"Memory Lane"Gary RussellEddie RobsonEighth Doctor, Charley, C'rizzOctober 2006 (2006-10)
89"No Man's Land"John AinsworthMartin DaySeventh Doctor, Ace, HexNovember 2006 (2006-11)
90"Year of the Pig"Gary RussellMatthew SweetSixth Doctor, Peri, Toby the Sapient PigDecember 2006 (2006-12)
2007
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased91"Spring"John AinsworthPaul Cornell & Mike MaddoxFifth Doctor, NyssaJanuary 2007 (2007-01)"Summer"John AinsworthPaul Cornell & Mike MaddoxFifth Doctor, NyssaJanuary 2007 (2007-01)"Autumn"John AinsworthPaul Cornell & Mike MaddoxFifth Doctor, NyssaJanuary 2007 (2007-01)"Winter"John AinsworthPaul Cornell & Mike MaddoxFifth Doctor, Nyssa, KamelionJanuary 2007 (2007-01)
Anthology release titled Circular Time.
92"Nocturne"John AinsworthDan AbnettSeventh Doctor, Ace, HexFebruary 2007 (2007-02)
93"Renaissance of the Daleks"John AinsworthChristopher H. BidmeadFifth Doctor, Nyssa, DaleksMarch 2007 (2007-03)
94"I.D."John AinsworthEddie RobsonSixth Doctor, ScandroidsApril 2007 (2007-04)"Urgent Calls"
95"Exotron"Barnaby EdwardsPaul SuttonFifth Doctor, PeriMay 2007 (2007-05)"Urban Myths"
96"Valhalla"John AinsworthMarc PlattSeventh Doctor, NoneJune 2007 (2007-06)
97"The Wishing Beast"John AinsworthPaul MagrsSixth Doctor, MelJuly 2007 (2007-07)"The Vanity Box"
98"Frozen Time"Barnaby EdwardsNicholas BriggsSeventh Doctor, Ice WarriorsAugust 2007 (2007-08)
99"Son of the Dragon"Barnaby EdwardsSteve LyonsFifth Doctor, Peri, ErimemSeptember 2007 (2007-09)
100"100 BC"Nicholas BriggsJacqueline RaynerSixth Doctor, EvelynSeptember 2007 (2007-09)"My Own Private Wolfgang"Nicholas BriggsRob ShearmanSixth Doctor, EvelynSeptember 2007 (2007-09)"Bedtime Story"Nicholas BriggsJoseph LidsterSixth Doctor, EvelynSeptember 2007 (2007-09)"The 100 Days of the Doctor"Nicholas BriggsPaul CornellSixth Doctor, EvelynSeptember 2007 (2007-09)
Anthology release titled 100.
101"Absolution"Barnaby EdwardsScott Alan WoodardEighth Doctor, Charley, C'rizzOctober 2007 (2007-10)
102"The Mind's Eye"Barnaby EdwardsColin BrakeFifth Doctor, Peri, Erimem, ViyransNovember 2007 (2007-11)"Mission of the Viyrans"Nicholas Briggs
103"The Girl Who Never Was"Barnaby EdwardsAlan BarnesEighth Doctor, Charley, CybermenDecember 2007 (2007-12)
2008
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased104"The Bride of Peladon"Barnaby EdwardsBarnaby EdwardsFifth Doctor, Peri, Erimem, Alpha Centauri, Ice Warriors, OsiranJanuary 2008 (2008-01)
105"The Condemned"Nicholas BriggsEddie RobsonSixth Doctor, Charley, DI MenziesFebruary 2008 (2008-02)
106"The Dark Husband"Nicholas BriggsDavid QuantickSeventh Doctor, Ace, HexMarch 2008 (2008-03)
107"The Haunting of Thomas Brewster"Barnaby EdwardsJonathan MorrisFifth Doctor, Nyssa, BrewsterApril 2008 (2008-04)
108"Assassin in the Limelight"Barnaby EdwardsRobert RossSixth Doctor, EvelynMay 2008 (2008-05)
109"The Death Collectors"Ken BentleyStewart SheargoldSeventh Doctor, NoneJune 2008 (2008-06)"Spider's Shadow"
110"The Boy That Time Forgot"Barnaby EdwardsPaul MagrsFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Brewster, AdricJuly 2008 (2008-07)
111"The Doomwood Curse"Barnaby EdwardsJacqueline RaynerSixth Doctor, Charley, GrelAugust 2008 (2008-08)
112"Kingdom of Silver"Ken BentleyJames SwallowSeventh Doctor, CybermenSeptember 2008 (2008-09)"Keepsake"Nicholas Briggs
113"Time Reef"Barnaby EdwardsMarc PlattFifth Doctor, Nyssa, BrewsterSeptember 2008 (2008-09)"A Perfect World"Jonathan Morris
114"Brotherhood of the Daleks"Nicholas BriggsAlan BarnesSixth Doctor, Charley, Daleks, ThalsOctober 2008 (2008-10)
115"False Gods"Ken BentleyMark MorrisSeventh Doctor, Ace, HexNovember 2008 (2008-11)"Order of Simplicity"Ken BentleyNick ScovellSeventh Doctor, Ace, HexNovember 2008 (2008-11)"Casualties of War"Ken BentleyMark MichalowskiSeventh Doctor, Ace, Hex, the ForgeNovember 2008 (2008-11)"The Word Lord"Ken BentleySteven HallSeventh Doctor, Ace, Hex, Nobody No-OneNovember 2008 (2008-11)
Anthology release titled Forty-five.
116"The Raincloud Man"Nicholas BriggsEddie RobsonSixth Doctor, Charley, DI MenziesDecember 2008 (2008-12)
2009
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased117"The Judgement of Isskar"Jason Haigh-EllerySimon GuerrierFifth Doctor, Amy, Zara, Ice WarriorsJanuary 2009 (2009-01)
118"The Destroyer of Delights"Lisa BowermanJonathan ClementsFifth Doctor, Amy, Black Guardian, White GuardianFebruary 2009 (2009-02)
119"The Chaos Pool"Lisa BowermanPeter AnghelidesFifth Doctor, Amy, Zara, Black Guardian, White Guardian, Romana IIMarch 2009 (2009-03)
120"The Magic Mousetrap"Ken BentleyMatthew SweetSeventh Doctor, Ace, Hex, Celestial ToymakerApril 2009 (2009-04)
121"Enemy of the Daleks"Ken BentleyDavid BishopSeventh Doctor, Ace, Hex, DaleksMay 2009 (2009-05)
122"The Angel of Scutari"Ken BentleyPaul SuttonSeventh Doctor, Ace, HexJune 2009 (2009-06)
123"Benny's Story"Nicholas BriggsLance ParkinEighth Doctor, BennyJuly 2009 (2009-07)"Fitz's Story"Nicholas BriggsStephen ColeEighth Doctor, FitzJuly 2009 (2009-07)"Izzy's Story"Nicholas BriggsAlan BarnesEighth Doctor, IzzyJuly 2009 (2009-07)"Mary's Story"Nicholas BriggsJonathan MorrisEighth Doctor, Mary ShelleyJuly 2009 (2009-07)
Anthology release titled The Company of Friends.
124"Patient Zero"Nicholas BriggsNicholas BriggsSixth Doctor, Charley, Mila, Daleks, ViyransAugust 2009 (2009-08)
125"Paper Cuts"Nicholas BriggsMarc PlattSixth Doctor, Mila, DraconiansSeptember 2009 (2009-09)
126"Blue Forgotten Planet"Nicholas BriggsNicholas BriggsSixth Doctor, Charley, Mila, ViyransSeptember 2009 (2009-09)
127"Castle of Fear"Barnaby EdwardsAlan BarnesFifth Doctor, Nyssa, RutansOctober 2009 (2009-10)
128"The Eternal Summer"Barnaby EdwardsJonathan MorrisFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Maxwell EdisonNovember 2009 (2009-11)
129"Plague of the Daleks"Barnaby EdwardsMark MorrisFifth Doctor, Nyssa, DaleksDecember 2009 (2009-12)
2010
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased130"A Thousand Tiny Wings"Lisa BowermanAndy LaneSeventh Doctor, KleinJanuary 2010 (2010-01)
131"Survival of the Fittest"John AinsworthJonathan ClementsSeventh Doctor, Eighth Doctor, KleinFebruary 2010 (2010-02)"Klein's Story"John Ainsworth & Lee Mansfield
132"The Architects of History"John AinsworthSteve LyonsSeventh Doctor, Klein, Rachel Cooper, SelachiansMarch 2010 (2010-03)
133"City of Spires"Nicholas BriggsSimon BoveySixth Doctor, JamieApril 2010 (2010-04)
134"The Wreck of the Titan"Barnaby EdwardsBarnaby EdwardsSixth Doctor, JamieMay 2010 (2010-05)
135"Legend of the Cybermen"Nicholas BriggsMike MaddoxSixth Doctor, Jamie, Zoe, CybermenJune 2010 (2010-06)
136"Cobwebs"Barnaby EdwardsJonathan MorrisFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan, TurloughJuly 2010 (2010-07)
137"The Whispering Forest"Barnaby EdwardsStephen ColeFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan, TurloughAugust 2010 (2010-08)
138"The Cradle of the Snake"Barnaby EdwardsMarc PlattFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan, Turlough, MaraSeptember 2010 (2010-09)
139"Project: Destiny"Ken BentleyCavan Scott & Mark WrightSeventh Doctor, Ace, Hex, Nimrod, Lysandra AristedesSeptember 2010 (2010-09)
140"A Death in the Family"Ken BentleySteven HallSeventh Doctor, Ace, Hex, Evelyn, Nobody No-OneOctober 2010 (2010-10)
141"Lurkers at Sunlight's Edge"Ken BentleyMarty RossSeventh Doctor, Ace, HexNovember 2010 (2010-11)
142"The Demons of Red Lodge"Ken BentleyJason ArnoppFifth Doctor, NyssaDecember 2010 (2010-12)"The Entropy Composition"Ken BentleyRick BriggsFifth Doctor, NyssaDecember 2010 (2010-12)"Doing Time"Ken BentleyWilliam GallagherFifth Doctor, NyssaDecember 2010 (2010-12)"Special Features"Ken BentleyJohn DorneyFifth Doctor, NyssaDecember 2010 (2010-12)
Anthology release titled The Demons of Red Lodge and Other Stories.
2011
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased143"The Crimes of Thomas Brewster"Nicholas BriggsJonathan MorrisSixth Doctor, Evelyn, Brewster, Flip Jackson, DI MenziesJanuary 2011 (2011-01)
144"The Feast of Axos"Nicholas BriggsMike MaddoxSixth Doctor, Evelyn, Brewster, AxonsFebruary 2011 (2011-02)
145"Industrial Evolution"Nicholas BriggsEddie RobsonSixth Doctor, Evelyn, BrewsterMarch 2011 (2011-03)
146"Heroes of Sontar"Ken BentleyAlan BarnesFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan, Turlough, SontaransApril 2011 (2011-04)
147"Kiss of Death"Ken BentleyStephen ColeFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan, TurloughMay 2011 (2011-05)
148"Rat Trap"Ken BentleyTony LeeFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan, TurloughJune 2011 (2011-06)
149"Robophobia"Nicholas BriggsNicholas BriggsSeventh Doctor, Voc Robots, Liv ChenkaJuly 2011 (2011-07)
150"Recorded Time"Ken BentleyCatherine HarveySixth Doctor, PeriAugust 2011 (2011-08)"Paradoxicide"Ken BentleyRichard DinnickSixth Doctor, PeriAugust 2011 (2011-08)"A Most Excellent Match"Ken BentleyMatt FittonSixth Doctor, PeriAugust 2011 (2011-08)"Question Marks"Ken BentleyPhilip LawrenceSixth Doctor, PeriAugust 2011 (2011-08)
Anthology release titled Recorded Time and Other Stories.
151"The Doomsday Quatrain"Ken BentleyEmma Beeby & Gordon RennieSeventh Doctor, NoneSeptember 2011 (2011-09)
152"House of Blue Fire"Ken BentleyMark MorrisSeventh Doctor, SallySeptember 2011 (2011-09)
153"The Silver Turk"Barnaby EdwardsMarc PlattEighth Doctor, Mary Shelley, CybermenOctober 2011 (2011-10)
154"The Witch from the Well"Barnaby EdwardsRick BriggsEighth Doctor, Mary ShelleyNovember 2011 (2011-11)
155"Army of Death"Barnaby EdwardsJason ArnoppEighth Doctor, Mary ShelleyDecember 2011 (2011-12)
2012
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased156"The Curse of Davros"Nicholas BriggsJonathan MorrisSixth Doctor, Flip, Davros, DaleksJanuary 2012 (2012-01)
157"The Fourth Wall"Nicholas BriggsJohn DorneySixth Doctor, FlipFebruary 2012 (2012-02)
158"Wirrn Isle"Nicholas BriggsWilliam GallagherSixth Doctor, Flip, WirrnMarch 2012 (2012-03)
159"The Emerald Tiger"Barnaby EdwardsBarnaby EdwardsFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan, TurloughApril 2012 (2012-04)
160"The Jupiter Conjunction"Ken BentleyEddie RobsonFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan, TurloughMay 2012 (2012-05)
161"The Butcher of Brisbane"Ken BentleyMarc PlattFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan, Turlough, Magnus GreelJune 2012 (2012-06)
162"Protect and Survive"Ken BentleyJonathan MorrisSeventh Doctor, Ace, Hex, Aristedes, SallyJuly 2012 (2012-07)
163"Black and White"Ken BentleyMatt FittonSeventh Doctor, Ace, Hex, Aristedes, Sally, GarundelAugust 2012 (2012-08)
164"Gods and Monsters"Ken BentleyMike Maddox & Alan BarnesSeventh Doctor, Ace, Hex, Aristedes, Sally, Fenric, HaemovoresSeptember 2012 (2012-09)
165"The Burning Prince"Ken BentleyJohn DorneyFifth Doctor, NoneSeptember 2012 (2012-09)
166"The Acheron Pulse"Ken BentleyRick BriggsSixth Doctor, The WrathOctober 2012 (2012-10)
167"The Shadow Heart"Ken BentleyJonathan MorrisSeventh Doctor, The WrathNovember 2012 (2012-11)
168"My Brother's Keeper"Barnaby EdwardsGordon RennieFifth Doctor, NyssaDecember 2012 (2012-12)"The Interplanetarian"Barnaby EdwardsJonathan BarnesFifth Doctor, NyssaDecember 2012 (2012-12)"Smuggling Tales"Barnaby EdwardsCatherine HarveyFifth Doctor, NyssaDecember 2012 (2012-12)"1001 Nights"Barnaby EdwardsEmma BeebyFifth Doctor, NyssaDecember 2012 (2012-12)
Anthology release titled 1001 Nights.
2013
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased169"The Wrong Doctors"Nicholas BriggsMatt FittonSixth Doctor, MelJanuary 2013 (2013-01)
170"Spaceport Fear"Barnaby EdwardsWilliam GallagherSixth Doctor, MelFebruary 2013 (2013-02)
171"The Seeds of War"Barnaby EdwardsMatt Fitton & Nicholas BriggsSixth Doctor, Mel, The EminenceMarch 2013 (2013-03)
172"Eldrad Must Die!"Ken BentleyMarc PlattFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan, Turlough, EldradApril 2013 (2013-04)
173"The Lady of Mercia"Ken BentleyPaul MagrsFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan, TurloughMay 2013 (2013-05)
174"Prisoners of Fate"Ken BentleyJonathan MorrisFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan, TurloughJune 2013 (2013-06)
175"Persuasion"Ken BentleyJonathan BarnesSeventh Doctor, Klein, WillJuly 2013 (2013-07)
176"Starlight Robbery"Ken BentleyMatt FittonSeventh Doctor, Klein, Will, Garundel, SontaransAugust 2013 (2013-08)
177"Daleks Among Us"Ken BentleyAlan BarnesSeventh Doctor, Klein, Will, Davros, DaleksSeptember 2013 (2013-09)
178"1963: Fanfare for the Common Men"Barnaby EdwardsEddie RobsonFifth Doctor, NyssaSeptember 2013 (2013-09)
179"1963: The Space Race"Nicholas BriggsJonathan MorrisSixth Doctor, PeriOctober 2013 (2013-10)
180"1963: The Assassination Games"Ken BentleyJohn DorneySeventh Doctor, Ace, Counter-MeasuresNovember 2013 (2013-11)
181"Afterlife"Ken BentleyMatt FittonSeventh Doctor, Ace, Hex, SallyDecember 2013 (2013-12)
2014
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased182"Antidote to Oblivion"Nicholas BriggsPhilip MartinSixth Doctor, Flip, SilJanuary 2014 (2014-01)
183"The Brood of Erys"Nicholas BriggsAndrew SmithSixth Doctor, FlipFebruary 2014 (2014-02)
184"Scavenger"Nicholas BriggsWilliam GallagherSixth Doctor, FlipMarch 2014 (2014-03)
185"Moonflesh"Ken BentleyMark MorrisFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Hannah BartholemewApril 2014 (2014-04)
186"Tomb Ship"Ken BentleyGordon Rennie & Emma BeebyFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Hannah BartholemewMay 2014 (2014-05)
187"Masquerade"Ken BentleyStephen ColeFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Hannah Bartholemew, The Steamroller ManJune 2014 (2014-06)
188"Breaking Bubbles"Nicholas BriggsL M MylesSixth Doctor, PeriJuly 2014 (2014-07)"Of Chaos Time The"Nicholas BriggsMark RavenhillSixth Doctor, PeriJuly 2014 (2014-07)"An Eye for Murder"Nicholas BriggsUna McCormackSixth Doctor, PeriJuly 2014 (2014-07)"The Curious Incident of the Doctor in the Night-Time"Nicholas BriggsNev FountainSixth Doctor, PeriJuly 2014 (2014-07)
Anthology release titled Breaking Bubbles and Other Stories.
189"Revenge of the Swarm"Ken BentleyJonathan MorrisSeventh Doctor, Ace, Hex, The SwarmAugust 2014 (2014-08)
190"Mask of Tragedy"Ken BentleyJames GossSeventh Doctor, Ace, HexSeptember 2014 (2014-09)
191"Signs and Wonders"Ken BentleyMatt FittonSeventh Doctor, Ace, Hex, SallySeptember 2014 (2014-09)
192"The Widow's Assassin"Ken BentleyNev FountainSixth Doctor, Peri, Sil, FlipOctober 2014 (2014-10)
193"Masters of Earth"Nicholas BriggsCavan Scott & Mark WrightSixth Doctor, Peri, DaleksNovember 2014 (2014-11)
194"The Rani Elite"Ken BentleyJustin RichardsSixth Doctor, Peri, the RaniDecember 2014 (2014-12)
2015
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased195"Mistfall"Ken BentleyAndrew SmithFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan, Turlough, MarshmenJanuary 2015 (2015-01)
196"Equilibrium"Ken BentleyMatt FittonFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan, TurloughFebruary 2015 (2015-02)
197"The Entropy Plague"Ken BentleyJonathan MorrisFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan, TurloughMarch 2015 (2015-03)
198"The Defectors"Nicholas BriggsNicholas BriggsSeventh Doctor, Jo Grant, Mike YatesApril 2015 (2015-04)
199"Last of the Cybermen"Ken BentleyAlan BarnesSixth Doctor, Jamie McCrimmon, Zoe Heriot, CybermenMay 2015 (2015-05)
200"The Secret History"Barnaby EdwardsEddie RobsonFifth Doctor, Vicki, Steven Taylor, the MonkJune 2015 (2015-06)
201"We Are the Daleks"Ken BentleyJonathan MorrisSeventh Doctor, Mel, DaleksJuly 2015 (2015-07)
202"The Warehouse"Barnaby EdwardsMike TuckerSeventh Doctor, MelAugust 2015 (2015-08)
203"Terror of the Sontarans"Ken BentleyJohn Dorney & Dan StarkeySeventh Doctor, Mel, SontaransSeptember 2015 (2015-09)
204"Criss-Cross"Ken BentleyMatt FittonSixth Doctor, ConstanceSeptember 2015 (2015-09)
205"Planet of the Rani"Ken BentleyMarc PlattSixth Doctor, Constance, the RaniOctober 2015 (2015-10)
206"Shield of the Jötunn"Louise JamesonIan EdgintonSixth Doctor, ConstanceNovember 2015 (2015-11)
207"You Are the Doctor"Ken BentleyJohn DorneySeventh Doctor, AceDecember 2015 (2015-12)"Come Die With Me"Ken BentleyJamie AndersonSeventh Doctor, AceDecember 2015 (2015-12)"The Grand Betelgeuse Hotel"Ken BentleyChristopher CooperSeventh Doctor, AceDecember 2015 (2015-12)"Dead to the World"Ken BentleyMatthew ElliottSeventh Doctor, AceDecember 2015 (2015-12)
Anthology release titled You Are the Doctor and Other Stories.
2016
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased208"The Waters of Amsterdam"Jamie AndersonJonathan MorrisFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan, NyxJanuary 2016 (2016-01)
209"Aquitaine"Ken BentleySimon Barnard & Paul MorrisFifth Doctor, Nyssa, TeganFebruary 2016 (2016-02)
210"The Peterloo Massacre"Jamie AndersonPaul MagrsFifth Doctor, Nyssa, TeganMarch 2016 (2016-03)
211"And You Will Obey Me"Jamie AndersonAlan BarnesFifth Doctor, The MasterApril 2016 (2016-04)
212"Vampire of the Mind"Jamie AndersonJustin RichardsSixth Doctor, The MasterMay 2016 (2016-05)
213"The Two Masters"Jamie AndersonJohn DorneySeventh Doctor, The MasterJune 2016 (2016-06)
214"A Life of Crime"Ken BentleyMatt FittonSeventh Doctor, Mel, AceJuly 2016 (2016-07)
215"Fiesta of the Damned"Ken BentleyGuy AdamsSeventh Doctor, Mel, AceAugust 2016 (2016-08)
216"Maker of Demons"Ken BentleyMatthew J ElliottSeventh Doctor, Mel, AceSeptember 2016 (2016-09)
217"The Memory Bank"Helen GoldwynChris ChapmanFifth Doctor, TurloughOctober 2016 (2016-10)"The Last Fairy Tale"Helen GoldwynPaul MagrsFifth Doctor, TurloughOctober 2016 (2016-10)"Repeat Offender"Helen GoldwynEddie RobsonFifth Doctor, TurloughOctober 2016 (2016-10)"The Becoming"Helen GoldwynIan PotterFifth Doctor, TurloughOctober 2016 (2016-10)
Anthology release titled The Memory Bank and Other Stories.
218"Order of the Daleks"Jamie AndersonMike TuckerSixth Doctor, Constance, DaleksNovember 2016 (2016-11)
219"Absolute Power"Jamie AndersonJamie AndersonSixth Doctor, ConstanceDecember 2016 (2016-12)
220"Quicksilver"Jamie AndersonMatt FittonSixth Doctor, Constance, FlipDecember 2016 (2016-12)
2017
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased221"The Star Men"Barnaby EdwardsAndrew SmithFifth Doctor, Adric, Nyssa, TeganJanuary 2017 (2017-01)
222"The Contingency Club"Barnaby EdwardsPhil MulryneFifth Doctor, Adric, Nyssa, TeganFebruary 2017 (2017-02)
223"Zaltys"Barnaby EdwardsMatthew J ElliottFifth Doctor, Adric, Nyssa, TeganMarch 2017 (2017-03)
224"Alien Heart"Ken BentleyStephen ColeFifth Doctor, Nyssa, DaleksApril 2017 (2017-04)"Dalek Soul"Guy Adams
225"Vortex Ice"Ken BentleyJonathan MorrisSixth Doctor, FlipMay 2017 (2017-05)"Cortex Fire"Ian Potter
226"Shadow Planet"Ken BentleyAK BenedictSeventh Doctor, Ace, HexJune 2017 (2017-06)"World Apart"Scott Handcock
227"The High Price of Parking"Ken BentleyJohn DorneySeventh Doctor, Ace, MelJuly 2017 (2017-07)
228"The Blood Furnace"Ken BentleyEddie RobsonSeventh Doctor, Ace, MelAugust 2017 (2017-08)
229"The Silurian Candidate"Ken BentleyMatthew J ElliotSeventh Doctor, Ace, Mel, SiluriansSeptember 2017 (2017-09)
230"Time in Office"Helen GoldwynEddie RobsonFifth Doctor, Tegan, LeelaSeptember 2017 (2017-09)
231"The Behemoth"Jamie AndersonMarc PlattSixth Doctor, Constance, FlipOctober 2017 (2017-10)
232"The Middle"Jamie AndersonChris ChapmanSixth Doctor, Constance, FlipNovember 2017 (2017-11)
233"Static"Jamie AndersonJonathan MorrisSixth Doctor, Constance, Flip,The StaticDecember 2017 (2017-12)
2018
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased234"Kingdom of Lies"Barnaby EdwardsRobert Khan & Tom SalinskyFifth Doctor, Adric, Nyssa, TeganJanuary 2018 (2018-01)
235"Ghost Walk"Barnaby EdwardsJames GossFifth Doctor, Adric, Nyssa, Tegan, SabaothFebruary 2018 (2018-02)
236"Serpent in the Silver Mask"Barnaby EdwardsDavid LlewellynFifth Doctor, Adric, Nyssa, TeganMarch 2018 (2018-03)
237"The Helliax Rift"Jamie AndersonScott HandcockFifth Doctor, Daniel HopkinsApril 2018 (2018-04)
238"The Lure of the Nomad"John AinsworthMatthew J ElliottSixth Doctor, Mathew SharpeMay 2018 (2018-05)
239"Iron Bright"John AinsworthChris ChapmanSixth Doctor, NoneJune 2018 (2018-06)
240"Hour of the Cybermen"Jamie AndersonAndrew SmithSixth Doctor, Daniel Hopkins, Cyber Leader, Cyber Lieutenant, CybermenJuly 2018 (2018-07)
241"Red Planets"Jamie AndersonUna McCormackSeventh Doctor, Ace, MelAugust 2018 (2018-08)
242"The Dispossessed"Jamie AndersonMark MorrisSeventh Doctor, Ace, MelSeptember 2018 (2018-09)
243"The Quantum Possibility Engine"Jamie AndersonGuy AdamsSeventh Doctor, Ace, Mel, NarvinOctober 2018 (2018-10)
244"Warlock's Cross"Jamie AndersonSteve LyonsSeventh Doctor, Klein, Daniel HopkinsNovember 2018 (2018-11)
245"Muse of Fire"Jamie AndersonPaul MagrsSeventh Doctor, Ace, Hex, Iris WildthymeDecember 2018 (2018-12)
246"The Hunting Ground"John AinsworthA K BenedictSixth Doctor, NoneDecember 2018 (2018-12)
2019
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased247"Devil in the Mist"Ken BentleyCavan ScottFifth Doctor, Tegan, Turlough, KamelionJanuary 2019 (2019-01)
248"Black Thursday"Ken BentleyJamie AndersonFifth Doctor, Tegan, Turlough, KamelionFebruary 2019 (2019-02)"Power Game"Eddie Robson
249"The Kamelion Empire"Ken BentleyJonathan MorrisFifth Doctor, Tegan, Turlough, KamelionMarch 2019 (2019-03)
250"The Monsters of Gokroth"Samuel ClemensMatt FittonSeventh Doctor, MagsApril 2019 (2019-04)
251"The Moons of Vulpana"Samuel ClemensEmma ReevesSeventh Doctor, MagsMay 2019 (2019-05)
252"An Alien Werewolf in London"Samuel ClemensAlan BarnesSeventh Doctor, Mags, AceJune 2019 (2019-06)
253"Memories of a Tyrant"John AinsworthRoland MooreSixth Doctor, PeriJuly 2019 (2019-07)
254"Emissary of the Daleks"John AinsworthAndrew SmithSixth Doctor, Peri, DaleksAugust 2019 (2019-08)
255"Harry Houdini's War"Ken BentleySteve LyonsSixth Doctor, Peri, Harry HoudiniSeptember 2019 (2019-09)
256"Tartarus"Scott HandcockDavid LlewellynFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan, Marc, CiceroSeptember 2019 (2019-09)
257"Interstitial"Scott HandcockCarl RowensFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan, MarcOctober 2019 (2019-10)"Feast of Fear"Martyn Waites
258"Warzone"Scott HandcockGuy AdamsFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan, MarcNovember 2019 (2019-11)"Conversion"Chris ChapmanFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan, Marc, Cybermen
259"Blood on Santa's Claw"John AinsworthAlan TerigoSixth Doctor, Peri, Joe CarnabyDecember 2019 (2019-12)"The Baby Awakes"John AinsworthSusan DennomSixth Doctor, Peri, Joe CarnabyDecember 2019 (2019-12)"I Wish It Could Be Christmas Every Day"John AinsworthAndrew LiasSixth Doctor, Peri, Joe CarnabyDecember 2019 (2019-12)"Brightly Shone the Moon That Night"John AinsworthNev FountainSixth Doctor, Peri, Joe CarnabyDecember 2019 (2019-12)
Anthology release titled Blood on Santa's Claw and Other Stories.
2020
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased260"Dark Universe"Ken BentleyGuy AdamsSeventh Doctor, Ace, The Eleven, OlistraJanuary 2020 (2020-01)
261"The Psychic Circus"Samuel ClemensStephen WyattSeventh Doctor, The Master, Gods of RagnorokFebruary 2020 (2020-02)
262"Subterfuge"Samuel ClemensHelen GoldwynSeventh Doctor, Churchill, The Monk,March 2020 (2020-03)
263"Cry of the Vultriss"John AinsworthDarren JonesSixth Doctor, Constance, Flip, Ice WarriorsApril 2020 (2020-04)
264"Scorched Earth"John AinsworthChris ChapmanSixth Doctor, Constance, FlipMay 2020 (2020-05)
265"The Lovecraft Invasion"Scott HandcockRobert ValentineSixth Doctor, Constance, Flip, H.P. LovecraftJuly 2020 (2020-07)
266"Ghost Station"Ken BentleySteve LyonsFifth DoctorJuly 2020 (2020-07)"The Bridge Master"Ken BentleyJacqueline RaynerFifth DoctorJuly 2020 (2020-07)"What Lurks Down Under"Ken BentleyTommy DonbavandFifth DoctorJuly 2020 (2020-07)"The Dancing Plague"Ken BentleyKate ThormanFifth DoctorJuly 2020 (2020-07)
Anthology release titled Time Apart.
267"Thin Time"Scott HandcockDan AbnettFifth Doctor, Eleventh DoctorAugust 2020 (2020-08)"Madquake"Guy AdamsFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan, Marc, Slitheen
268"The Flying Dutchman"Samuel ClemensGemma ArrowsmithSeventh Doctor, Ace, HexSeptember 2020 (2020-09)"Displaced"Katharine Armitage
269"Aimed at the Body"Ken BentleyJames KettleFifth Doctor, DaleksOctober 2020 (2020-10)"Lightspeed"Ken BentleyJonathan MorrisFifth Doctor, DaleksOctober 2020 (2020-10)"The Bookshop at the End of the World"Ken BentleySimon GuerrierFifth Doctor, DaleksOctober 2020 (2020-10)"Interlude"Ken BentleyDan StarkeyFifth Doctor, DaleksOctober 2020 (2020-10)
Anthology release titled Shadow of the Daleks 1.
270"The Echo Chamber"Ken BentleyJonathan BarnesFifth Doctor, DaleksNovember 2020 (2020-11)"Towards Zero"Ken BentleyRoland MooreFifth Doctor, DaleksNovember 2020 (2020-11)"Castle Hydra"Ken BentleyLizzie HopleyFifth Doctor, DaleksNovember 2020 (2020-11)"Effect and Cause"Ken BentleyJohn DorneyFifth Doctor, DaleksNovember 2020 (2020-11)
Anthology release titled Shadow of the Daleks 2.
271"Plight of the Pimpernel"John AinsworthChris ChapmanSixth Doctor, PeriDecember 2020 (2020-12)
272"The Grey Man of the Mountain"Samuel ClemensLizbeth MylesSeventh Doctor, Ace, Brigadier Lethbridge-StewartDecember 2020 (2020-12)
2021
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased273"Colony of Fear"John AinsworthRoland MooreSixth Doctor, ConstanceJanuary 2021 (2021-01)
274"The Blazing Hour"Ken BentleyJames KettleFifth Doctor, TurloughFebruary 2021 (2021-02)
275"Death and the Desert"Ken BentleyRobert ValentineFifth Doctor, TurloughMarch 2021 (2021-03)"Flight of the Blackstar"Ken BentleyRobert ValentineSixth Doctor, ConstanceMarch 2021 (2021-03)"Night Gallery"Ken BentleyRobert ValentineEighth Doctor, CharleyMarch 2021 (2021-03)"The Lost Moon"Ken BentleyRobert ValentineFifth Doctor, Sixth Doctor, Seventh Doctor, Eighth Doctor, Turlough, Constance, CharleyMarch 2021 (2021-03)
Anthology release titled The End of the Beginning.
Continuation
In May 2020, Big Finish announced that the Main Range would conclude with its 275th release in March 2021, to be replaced with regular releases of each Doctor in their own boxsets throughout the year from January 2022. The new boxsets for each Doctor were announced in May 2021. With the exception of the Second Doctor, Big Finish already produced boxset ranges for each Doctor. The First, Third, Fourth and Eighth Doctor Adventures ranges enjoyed regular releases by the time the Monthly Adventures ended, whereas the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Doctor Adventures ranges had only occasional releases prior to these series being relaunched.
Doctor
Title
Released
Notes
2022
First
The Outlaws
April 2022
New series in The First Doctor Adventures range, with Stephen Noonan as the Doctor. The David Bradley series (2017–present) will coexist with the new series.
Second
Beyond War Games
July 2022
Brand new The Second Doctor Adventures range, with Michael Troughton as the Doctor.
Third
The Annihilators
February 2022
Reformatting of The Third Doctor Adventures range (2015–present).
Kaleidoscope
October 2022
Fourth
Solo
March 2022
Volume 11 in The Fourth Doctor Adventures ongoing range (2012–present).
The Nine
June 2022
Fifth
Forty
January 2022
First regular release in The Fifth Doctor Adventures range (2003–present).
September 2022
Sixth
Water Worlds
May 2022
First regular release in The Sixth Doctor Adventures range (2002–present).
Purity Undreamed
August 2022
Seventh
Silver & Ice
June 2022
First regular release in The Seventh Doctor Adventures range (2001–present).
Sullivan and Cross – AWOL
November 2022
Eighth
What Lies Inside?
November 2022
Reformatting of The Eighth Doctor Adventures range (2007–present).
Connections
December 2022
Notes
^ This title suffered from a delay in production due to the COVID-19 lockdown, and was not released during the original release window of June 2020. It was ultimately released on 30 July 2020.
World records
Name of record body, year the record was awarded, name of the record, and the name of the record holder
Publication
Year
World record
Ref.
Guinness World Records
2021
Longest running science fiction audio play series
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^ "Doctor Who: Wirrn Isle". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Emerald Tiger". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Jupiter Conjunction". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Butcher of Brisbane". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Protect and Survive". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Black and White". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Gods and Monsters". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Burning Prince". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Acheron Pulse". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Shadow Heart". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ a b c d "Doctor Who: 1001 Nights". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Wrong Doctors". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Spaceport Fear". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Seeds of War". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Eldrad Must Die!". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Lady of Mercia". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Prisoners of Fate". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Persuasion". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Starlight Robbery". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Daleks Among Us". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: 1963: Fanfare for the Common Men". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: 1963: The Space Race". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: 1963: The Assassination Games". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Afterlife". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Antidote to Oblivion". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Brood of Erys". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Scavenger". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Moonflesh". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Tomb Ship". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Masquerade". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ a b c d "Doctor Who: Breaking Bubbles and Other Stories". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Revenge of the Swarm". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Mask of Tragedy". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Signs and Wonders". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Widow's Assassin". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Masters of Earth". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Rani Elite". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Mistfall". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Equilibrium". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Entropy Plague". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Defectors". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Last of the Cybermen". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Secret History". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: We Are the Daleks". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Warehouse". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Terror of the Sontarans". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Criss-Cross". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Planet of the Rani". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Shield of the Jotunn". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ a b c d "Doctor Who: You Are the Doctor and Other Stories". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Waters of Amsterdam". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Aquitaine". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Peterloo Massacre". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: And You Will Obey Me". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Vampire of the Mind". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Two Masters". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: A Life of Crime". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Fiesta of the Damned". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Maker of Demons". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ a b c d "Doctor Who: The Memory Bank and Other Stories". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Order of the Daleks". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Absolute Power". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Quicksilver". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Star Men". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Contingency Club". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Zaltys". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ a b "Doctor Who: Alien Heart / Dalek Soul". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ a b "Doctor Who: Vortex Ice / Cortex Fire". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ a b "Doctor Who: Shadow Planet / World Apart". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The High Price of Parking". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Blood Furnace". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Silurian Candidate". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Time in Office". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Behemoth". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Middle". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Static". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Kingdom of Lies". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Ghost Walk". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Serpent in the Silver Mask". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Helliax Rift". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Lure of the Nomad". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Iron Bright". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Hour of the Cybermen". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Red Planets". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Dispossessed". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Quantum Possibility Engine". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Warlock's Cross". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Muse of Fire". Big Finish Productions. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Hunting Ground". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Devil in the Mist". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ a b "Doctor Who: Black Thursday / Power Game". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Kamelion Empire". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Monsters of Gokroth". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Moons of Vulpana". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: An Alien Werewolf in London". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Memories of a Tyrant". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Emissary of the Daleks". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Harry Houdini's War". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Tartarus". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ a b "Doctor Who: Interstitial / Feast of Fear". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ a b "Doctor Who: Warzone / Conversion". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ a b c d "Doctor Who: Blood on Santa's Claw and Other Stories". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Dark Universe". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Psychic Circus". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Subterfuge". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Cry of the Vultriss". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Scorched Earth". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Lovecraft Invasion". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "News updates - week commencing 29 June 2020". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
^ "Doctor Who - The Lovecraft Invasion is out now!". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
^ a b c d "Doctor Who: Time Apart". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 15 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ a b "Doctor Who: Thin Time / Madquake". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ a b "Doctor Who: The Flying Dutchman / Displaced". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ a b c d "Doctor Who: Shadow of the Daleks 1". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ a b c d "Doctor Who: Shadow of the Daleks 2". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Plight of the Pimpernel". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Grey Man of the Mountain". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Colony of Fear". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: The Blazing Hour". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ a b c d "Doctor Who: The End of the Beginning". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
^ "Audio Doctor Who in 2022!". Big Finish Productions. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
^ "Revamped Doctor Who audio ranges from Big Finish". Big Finish Productions. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
^ "Doctor Who–The First Doctor Adventures". Big Finish Productions. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
^ "Doctor Who–The Second Doctor Adventures". Big Finish Productions. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
^ "Doctor Who–The Third Doctor Adventures". Big Finish Productions. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
^ "Doctor Who–The Fourth Doctor Adventures". Big Finish Productions. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
^ "Doctor Who–The Fifth Doctor Adventures". Big Finish Productions. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
^ "Doctor Who–The Sixth Doctor Adventures". Big Finish Productions. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
^ "Doctor Who–The Seventh Doctor Adventures". Big Finish Productions. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
^ "Doctor Who–The Eighth Doctor Adventures". Big Finish Productions. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
vteBig Finish Productions Doctor Who rangesDoctor Who
The Monthly Adventures
Unbound
The Companion Chronicles
Short Trips
The Lost Stories
Destiny of the Doctor
Philip Hinchcliffe Presents
The Early Adventures
The War Doctor
Classic Doctors, New Monsters
Doctor Adventures
The First Doctor Adventures
The Second Doctor Adventures
The Third Doctor Adventures
The Fourth Doctor Adventures
The Fifth Doctor Adventures
The Sixth Doctor Adventures
The Seventh Doctor Adventures
The Eighth Doctor Adventures
The Ninth Doctor Adventures
The Tenth Doctor Adventures
Spin-offs
Bernice Summerfield / The New Adventures of Bernice Summerfield
Dalek Empire
Sarah Jane Smith
UNIT / UNIT: The New Series
Cyberman
Iris Wildthyme
I, Davros
Jago & Litefoot
Graceless
Counter-Measures / The New Counter-Measures
Vienna
Charlotte Pollard
Torchwood
River Song
The Churchill Years
The War Master
Jenny - The Doctor's Daughter
Class
The Paternoster Gang
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Lazarus Experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lazarus_Experiment"},{"link_name":"The Lazarus Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lazarus_Project_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"science fiction television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Briggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Briggs"},{"link_name":"Big Finish Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions"},{"link_name":"The Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doctor_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"classic era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Doctor_Who#1960s"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BigFinish-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewIn2022-4"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Record"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GWR-5"},{"link_name":"Fifth Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Sixth Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Seventh Doctors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Doctor"},{"link_name":"The Sirens of Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sirens_of_Time"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BigFinish-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Eighth Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Charley Pollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charley_Pollard"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BigFinish-2"},{"link_name":"Eighth Doctor Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eighth_Doctor_Adventures_(audio_drama_series)"},{"link_name":"Lucie Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucie_Miller"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The Company of Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Company_of_Friends"},{"link_name":"Mary Shelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Cast"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1999"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2000"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2001"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2002"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2003"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2004"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2005"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2006"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2007"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2008"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2009"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2010"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2011"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2012"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2013"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2014"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2015"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2016"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2017"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2018"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2019"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2020"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2021"},{"link_name":"Continuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Continuation"},{"link_name":"References","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#References"}],"text":"\"Project Lazarus\" redirects here. For the Doctor Who TV episode, see The Lazarus Experiment. For other uses, see The Lazarus Project.Doctor Who: The Monthly Adventures,[1] formerly subtitled as the Main Range, is a series that consists of full-cast audio dramas based on the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who, produced by Nicholas Briggs and Big Finish Productions and starring one of the original actors to play The Doctor on television in the classic era of the programme. The main audio series currently feature the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Doctors, and have since developed the pattern of thirteen releases per year, one every month with two in September or December.[2][3] In May 2020, Big Finish announced that the Main Range would conclude with its 275th release in March 2021, to be replaced with regular releases of each Doctor in their own boxsets throughout the year from January 2022.[4] With 275 releases over 22 years, in 2021 the series achieved the Guinness World Record for longest running science fiction audio play series.[5]Big Finish Productions began producing audio dramas featuring the Fifth Doctor, Sixth Doctor, and Seventh Doctors, starting with The Sirens of Time in July 1999.[2][6] This continued through to 2000, and from 2001 to 2007, the main range also included releases featuring the Eighth Doctor with his companions Charley Pollard and C'rizz,[2] but these were ended due to the simultaneously-running Eighth Doctor Adventures, which ran from 2006 to 2011 and featured companion Lucie Miller.[7] From 2008 to late 2011, only one Eighth Doctor release was produced for the main range: The Company of Friends, featuring companions from other media to the audio plays and the historical figure Mary Shelley.[8] The Eighth Doctor returned to the main range in a trilogy of adventures with Mary Shelley in October 2011.[9]Releases\nCast\n1999\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\nContinuation\nReferences","title":"Doctor Who: The Monthly Adventures"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"List indicator(s)\nThis section includes characters who will appear or have appeared in at least one season.\n\n A green cell indicates the actor is a main cast member.\n A red cell indicates the actor is a recurring guest cast member.\n A light blue cell indicates the actor is a guest cast member.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicholas Courtney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Courtney"},{"link_name":"Jon Culshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Culshaw"},{"link_name":"Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_Lethbridge-Stewart"},{"link_name":"Lalla Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalla_Ward"},{"link_name":"Romana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romana_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Louise Jameson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Jameson"},{"link_name":"Leela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leela_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"John Leeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leeson"},{"link_name":"K9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K9_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Frazer Hines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frazer_Hines"},{"link_name":"Jamie McCrimmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_McCrimmon"},{"link_name":"Katy Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katy_Manning"},{"link_name":"Jo Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Grant"},{"link_name":"Iris Wildthyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_Wildthyme"},{"link_name":"Richard Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Franklin_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Mike Yates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Yates"},{"link_name":"Peter Purves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Purves"},{"link_name":"Steven Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Taylor_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Maureen O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Vicki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicki_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Ian McNeice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McNeice"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Robert Jezek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jezek"},{"link_name":"Frobisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobisher_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Lisa Bowerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Bowerman"},{"link_name":"Bernice Summerfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernice_Summerfield"},{"link_name":"Miles Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Irving Braxiatel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Braxiatel"},{"link_name":"Anna Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Hope"},{"link_name":"John Picard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pickard_(British_actor)"},{"link_name":"Julie Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Cox"},{"link_name":"Mary Shelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley"},{"link_name":"Maggie O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Nicola Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Walker"},{"link_name":"Liv Chenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv_Chenka"},{"link_name":"Amy Pemberton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Pemberton"},{"link_name":"Christian Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Beevers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Beevers"},{"link_name":"Alex Macqueen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Macqueen"},{"link_name":"James Dreyfus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dreyfus"},{"link_name":"The Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Master_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Don Warrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Warrington"},{"link_name":"Rassilon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassilon"},{"link_name":"Ian Collier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Collier"},{"link_name":"Omega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Terry Molloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Molloy"},{"link_name":"Davros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davros"},{"link_name":"Nabil Shaban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabil_Shaban"},{"link_name":"Sil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sil_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Siobhan Redmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siobhan_Redmond"},{"link_name":"The Rani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rani_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Graeme Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme_Garden"},{"link_name":"Rufus Hound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_Hound"},{"link_name":"The Monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monk_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Mark Bonnar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Bonnar"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Briggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Briggs"},{"link_name":"Daleks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daleks"},{"link_name":"Cybermen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybermen"},{"link_name":"Ice Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Warrior"}],"sub_title":"Notable Guests","text":"Nicholas Courtney and Jon Culshaw as Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart\nLalla Ward as Romana\nLouise Jameson as Leela\nJohn Leeson as K9\nFrazer Hines as Jamie McCrimmon\nKaty Manning as Jo Grant and Iris Wildthyme\nRichard Franklin as Mike Yates\nPeter Purves as Steven Taylor\nMaureen O'Brien as Vicki\nIan McNeice as Winston Churchill\nRobert Jezek as Frobisher\nLisa Bowerman as Bernice Summerfield\nMiles Richardson as Irving Braxiatel\nAnna Hope as DI Menzies\nJohn Picard as Thomas Brewster\nJulie Cox as Mary Shelley\nMaggie O'Neill as Lysandra Aristedes\nNicola Walker as Liv Chenka\nAmy Pemberton as Sally Morgan\nChristian Edwards as Will Arrowsmith\nGeorge Watkins as Marc\nGeoffrey Beevers, Alex Macqueen, and James Dreyfus as The Master\nDon Warrington as Rassilon\nIan Collier as Omega\nTerry Molloy as Davros\nNabil Shaban as Sil\nSiobhan Redmond as The Rani\nGraeme Garden and Rufus Hound as The Monk\nMark Bonnar as The Eleven\nNicholas Briggs as the Daleks, Cybermen, and Ice Warriors","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1999","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2000","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2001","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2002","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2003","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2004","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2005","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2006","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2007","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2008","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2009","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2010","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2011","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2012","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2013","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2014","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2015","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2016","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2017","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2018","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2019","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2021","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewIn2022-4"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-288"},{"link_name":"First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who:_The_First_Doctor_Adventures"},{"link_name":"Third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who:_The_Third_Doctor_Adventures"},{"link_name":"Fourth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who:_The_Fourth_Doctor_Adventures"},{"link_name":"Eighth Doctor Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who:_The_Eighth_Doctor_Adventures"},{"link_name":"Fifth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who:_The_Fifth_Doctor_Adventures"},{"link_name":"Sixth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who:_The_Sixth_Doctor_Adventures"},{"link_name":"Seventh Doctor Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who:_The_Seventh_Doctor_Adventures"},{"link_name":"[288]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-289"}],"text":"In May 2020, Big Finish announced that the Main Range would conclude with its 275th release in March 2021, to be replaced with regular releases of each Doctor in their own boxsets throughout the year from January 2022.[4] The new boxsets for each Doctor were announced in May 2021.[287] With the exception of the Second Doctor, Big Finish already produced boxset ranges for each Doctor. The First, Third, Fourth and Eighth Doctor Adventures ranges enjoyed regular releases by the time the Monthly Adventures ended, whereas the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Doctor Adventures ranges had only occasional releases prior to these series being relaunched.[288]","title":"Continuation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-277"},{"link_name":"[275]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-275"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-276"}],"text":"^ This title suffered from a delay in production due to the COVID-19 lockdown, and was not released during the original release window of June 2020. It was ultimately released on 30 July 2020.[275][276]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"World records"}]
|
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[{"reference":"\"Doctor Who - The Monthly Adventures - Ranges - Big Finish\". www.bigfinish.com. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/ranges/v/monthly-series","url_text":"\"Doctor Who - The Monthly Adventures - Ranges - Big Finish\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180921153252/https://www.bigfinish.com/ranges/v/monthly-series","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jeffrey, Morgan (23 June 2017). \"Celebrating Big Finish: How a gang of fans reinvented Doctor Who for a new audience\". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/doctor-who/feature/a831517/big-finish-nicholas-briggs-interview/","url_text":"\"Celebrating Big Finish: How a gang of fans reinvented Doctor Who for a new audience\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180928003944/http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/doctor-who/feature/a831517/big-finish-nicholas-briggs-interview/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who - Main Range\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/ranges/v/monthly-series","url_text":"\"Doctor Who - Main Range\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180921153252/https://www.bigfinish.com/ranges/v/monthly-series","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Revamped Doctor Who audio ranges from Big Finish\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/news/v/revamped-doctor-who-audio-ranges-from-big-finish","url_text":"\"Revamped Doctor Who audio ranges from Big Finish\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200526185631/https://www.bigfinish.com/news/v/revamped-doctor-who-audio-ranges-from-big-finish","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Longest running science fiction audio play series\". Guinness World Records. 26 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/652735-longest-running-science-fiction-audio-play-series","url_text":"\"Longest running science fiction audio play series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records","url_text":"Guinness World Records"}]},{"reference":"Ford, Joe (19 January 2010). \"The Sirens of Time written and directed by Nick Briggs\". Doc Oho Reviews. Archived from the original on 26 January 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://docohobigfinish.blogspot.com/2010/01/sirens-of-time-written-and-directed-by.html","url_text":"\"The Sirens of Time written and directed by Nick Briggs\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150126041654/http://docohobigfinish.blogspot.com/2010/01/sirens-of-time-written-and-directed-by.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who – Eighth Doctor Adventures\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/ranges/released/eighth-doctor-adventures","url_text":"\"Doctor Who – Eighth Doctor Adventures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170705170441/https://www.bigfinish.com/ranges/released/eighth-doctor-adventures","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"123. The Company of Friends\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/the-company-of-friends-289","url_text":"\"123. The Company of Friends\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180921153203/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/the-company-of-friends-289","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"154. The Witch From The Well\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/the-witch-from-the-well-322","url_text":"\"154. The Witch From The Well\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180921190858/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/the-witch-from-the-well-322","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Sirens of Time\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-sirens-of-time-619","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Sirens of Time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200920202133/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-sirens-of-time-619","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Phantasmagoria\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-phantasmagoria-620","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Phantasmagoria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026193106/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-phantasmagoria-620","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Whispers of Terror\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-whispers-of-terror-621","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Whispers of Terror\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200923030912/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-whispers-of-terror-621","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Land of the Dead\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-land-of-the-dead-622","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Land of the Dead\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026035056/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-land-of-the-dead-622","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Fearmonger\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-fearmonger-623","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Fearmonger\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026225510/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-fearmonger-623","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Marian Conspiracy\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-marian-conspiracy-624","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Marian Conspiracy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026133951/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-marian-conspiracy-624","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Genocide Machine\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-genocide-machine-625","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Genocide Machine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805053605/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-genocide-machine-625","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Red Dawn\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-red-dawn-632","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Red Dawn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026033459/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-red-dawn-632","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Spectre of Lanyon Moor\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-spectre-of-lanyon-moor-633","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Spectre of Lanyon Moor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200923030916/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-spectre-of-lanyon-moor-633","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Winter for the Adept\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-winter-for-the-adept-634","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Winter for the Adept\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026033446/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-winter-for-the-adept-634","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Apocalypse Element\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-apocalypse-element-626","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Apocalypse Element\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026030802/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-apocalypse-element-626","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Fires of Vulcan\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 15 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-fires-of-vulcan-635","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Fires of Vulcan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201015200523/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-fires-of-vulcan-635","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Shadow of the Scourge\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-shadow-of-the-scourge-636","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Shadow of the Scourge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026215251/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-shadow-of-the-scourge-636","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Holy Terror\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-holy-terror-637","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Holy Terror\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200923030847/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-holy-terror-637","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Mutant Phase\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-mutant-phase-640","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Mutant Phase\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200923030947/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-mutant-phase-640","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Storm Warning\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-storm-warning-641","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Storm Warning\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201005131115/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-storm-warning-641","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Sword of Orion\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-sword-of-orion-642","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Sword of Orion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201007105525/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-sword-of-orion-642","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Stones of Venice\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-stones-of-venice-643","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Stones of Venice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201007105506/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-stones-of-venice-643","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Minuet in Hell\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-minuet-in-hell-644","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Minuet in Hell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026033404/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-minuet-in-hell-644","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Loups-Garoux\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 6 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-loups-garoux-645","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Loups-Garoux\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201006112318/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-loups-garoux-645","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Dust Breeding\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-dust-breeding-646","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Dust Breeding\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026135558/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-dust-breeding-646","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Bloodtide\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-bloodtide-647","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Bloodtide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026033438/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-bloodtide-647","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Project: Twilight\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-project-twilight-648","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Project: Twilight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200923030351/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-project-twilight-648","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Eye of the Scorpion\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-eye-of-the-scorpion-649","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Eye of the Scorpion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201024143856/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-eye-of-the-scorpion-649","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Colditz\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-colditz-627","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Colditz\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026133958/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-colditz-627","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Primeval\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-primeval-650","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Primeval\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805171600/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-primeval-650","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The One Doctor\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-one-doctor-651","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The One Doctor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201024164225/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-one-doctor-651","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Invaders from Mars\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-invaders-from-mars-652","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Invaders from Mars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201007105454/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-invaders-from-mars-652","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Chimes of Midnight\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-chimes-of-midnight-653","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Chimes of Midnight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026030755/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-chimes-of-midnight-653","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Seasons of Fear\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-seasons-of-fear-654","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Seasons of Fear\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728070632/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-seasons-of-fear-654","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Embrace the Darkness\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-embrace-the-darkness-2","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Embrace the Darkness\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201007105538/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-embrace-the-darkness-2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Time of the Daleks\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-time-of-the-daleks-3","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Time of the Daleks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026035105/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-time-of-the-daleks-3","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Neverland\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-neverland-199","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Neverland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026184347/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-neverland-199","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Spare Parts\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-spare-parts-200","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Spare Parts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026033154/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-spare-parts-200","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: ...ish\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-ish-201","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: ...ish\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026035107/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-ish-201","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Rapture\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-rapture-202","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Rapture\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026113601/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-rapture-202","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Sandman\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-sandman-203","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Sandman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026113604/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-sandman-203","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Church and the Crown\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-church-and-the-crown-204","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Church and the Crown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200923030828/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-church-and-the-crown-204","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Bang-Bang-a-Boom!\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-bang-bang-a-boom-205","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Bang-Bang-a-Boom!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026140830/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-bang-bang-a-boom-205","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Jubilee\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-jubilee-206","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Jubilee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026184344/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-jubilee-206","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Nekromanteia\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-nekromanteia-207","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Nekromanteia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728070650/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-nekromanteia-207","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Dark Flame\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-dark-flame-208","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Dark Flame\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805193323/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-dark-flame-208","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who and the Pirates\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-and-the-pirates-209","url_text":"\"Doctor Who and the Pirates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200803155908/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-and-the-pirates-209","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Creatures of Beauty\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-creatures-of-beauty-210","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Creatures of Beauty\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026134003/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-creatures-of-beauty-210","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Project: Lazarus\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-project-lazarus-211","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Project: Lazarus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200923030851/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-project-lazarus-211","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Flip Flop\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-flip-flop-212","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Flip Flop\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200923030907/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-flip-flop-212","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Omega\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-omega-213","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Omega\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201007105523/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-omega-213","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Davros\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-davros-214","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Davros\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026060338/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-davros-214","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Master\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-master-215","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Master\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200929112350/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-master-215","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Zagreus\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-zagreus-216","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Zagreus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026234453/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-zagreus-216","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Wormery\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-wormery-217","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Wormery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728071030/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-wormery-217","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Scherzo\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-scherzo-218","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Scherzo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026081541/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-scherzo-218","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Creed of the Kromon\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-creed-of-the-kromon-219","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Creed of the Kromon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201007105513/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-creed-of-the-kromon-219","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Natural History of Fear\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-natural-history-of-fear-220","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Natural History of Fear\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728070907/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-natural-history-of-fear-220","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Twilight Kingdom\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-twilight-kingdom-221","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Twilight Kingdom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026035103/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-twilight-kingdom-221","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Axis of Insanity\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-axis-of-insanity-222","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Axis of Insanity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728070814/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-axis-of-insanity-222","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Arrangements For War\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-arrangements-for-war-223","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Arrangements For War\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026234435/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-arrangements-for-war-223","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Harvest\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-harvest-224","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Harvest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201019203249/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-harvest-224","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Roof of the World\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-roof-of-the-world-225","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Roof of the World\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805200219/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-roof-of-the-world-225","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Medicinal Purposes\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-medicinal-purposes-226","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Medicinal Purposes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026225515/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-medicinal-purposes-226","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Faith Stealer\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-faith-stealer-227","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Faith Stealer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805195455/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-faith-stealer-227","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Last\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-last-228","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Last\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201024143908/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-last-228","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Caerdroia\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-caerdroia-229","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Caerdroia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201007105517/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-caerdroia-229","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Next Life\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-next-life-230","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Next Life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026133954/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-next-life-230","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Juggernauts\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-juggernauts-231","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Juggernauts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200815025908/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-juggernauts-231","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Game\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-game-232","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026111903/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-game-232","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Dreamtime\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-dreamtime-233","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Dreamtime\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200922075859/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-dreamtime-233","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Catch-1782\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-catch-1782-234","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Catch-1782\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728070615/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-catch-1782-234","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Three's a Crowd\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-three-s-a-crowd-235","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Three's a Crowd\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805135822/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-three-s-a-crowd-235","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Unregenerate!\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-unregenerate-236","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Unregenerate!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026072454/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-unregenerate-236","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Council of Nicaea\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-council-of-nicaea-237","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Council of Nicaea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026075040/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-council-of-nicaea-237","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Terror Firma\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-terror-firma-238","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Terror Firma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201007105507/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-terror-firma-238","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Thicker Than Water\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-thicker-than-water-239","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Thicker Than Water\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728080329/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-thicker-than-water-239","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Live 34\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-live-34-240","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Live 34\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026233725/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-live-34-240","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Scaredy Cat\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-scaredy-cat-241","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Scaredy Cat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201007105521/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-scaredy-cat-241","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Singularity\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-singularity-242","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Singularity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201017231155/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-singularity-242","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Other Lives\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-other-lives-243","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Other Lives\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026111901/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-other-lives-243","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Pier Pressure\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-pier-pressure-244","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Pier Pressure\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200922075812/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-pier-pressure-244","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Night Thoughts\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-night-thoughts-245","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Night Thoughts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026223722/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-night-thoughts-245","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Time Works\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-time-works-246","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Time Works\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026135556/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-time-works-246","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Kingmaker\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-kingmaker-247","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Kingmaker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805165432/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-kingmaker-247","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Settling\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-settling-248","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Settling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026111857/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-settling-248","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Something Inside\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-something-inside-249","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Something Inside\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200920090438/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-something-inside-249","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Nowhere Place\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-nowhere-place-250","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Nowhere Place\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200922075840/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-nowhere-place-250","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Red\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-red-251","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Red\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805041800/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-red-251","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Reaping\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-reaping-252","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Reaping\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201010101025/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-reaping-252","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Gathering\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-gathering-253","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Gathering\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201017114915/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-gathering-253","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Memory Lane\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-memory-lane-254","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Memory Lane\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026035054/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-memory-lane-254","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: No Man's Land\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-no-man-s-land-255","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: No Man's Land\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026033456/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-no-man-s-land-255","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Year of the Pig\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-year-of-the-pig-256","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Year of the Pig\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026140835/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-year-of-the-pig-256","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Circular Time\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-circular-time-257","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Circular Time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026033407/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-circular-time-257","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Nocturne\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-nocturne-258","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Nocturne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026033121/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-nocturne-258","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Renaissance of the Daleks\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-renaissance-of-the-daleks-259","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Renaissance of the Daleks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201017115603/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-renaissance-of-the-daleks-259","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: I.D.\" Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-i-d-260","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: I.D.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026111855/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-i-d-260","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Exotron\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-exotron-261","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Exotron\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805171250/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-exotron-261","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Valhalla\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-valhalla-262","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Valhalla\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728071054/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-valhalla-262","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Wishing Beast\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-wishing-beast-263","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Wishing Beast\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026045704/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-wishing-beast-263","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Frozen Time\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-frozen-time-264","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Frozen Time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026045706/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-frozen-time-264","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Son of the Dragon\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-son-of-the-dragon-265","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Son of the Dragon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728070944/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-son-of-the-dragon-265","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: 100\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-100-266","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026111852/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-100-266","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Absolution\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-absolution-267","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Absolution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805200910/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-absolution-267","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Mind's Eye & Doctor Who: Mission of the Viyrans\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-mind-s-eye-268","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Mind's Eye & Doctor Who: Mission of the Viyrans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805162120/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-mind-s-eye-268","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Girl Who Never Was\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-girl-who-never-was-269","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Girl Who Never Was\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201024210215/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-girl-who-never-was-269","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Bride of Peladon\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-bride-of-peladon-270","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Bride of Peladon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805170755/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-bride-of-peladon-270","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Condemned\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-condemned-271","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Condemned\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201007105451/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-condemned-271","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Dark Husband\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-dark-husband-272","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Dark Husband\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200922075844/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-dark-husband-272","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Haunting of Thomas Brewster\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-haunting-of-thomas-brewster-273","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Haunting of Thomas Brewster\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200922075921/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-haunting-of-thomas-brewster-273","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Assassin in the Limelight\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-assassin-in-the-limelight-274","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Assassin in the Limelight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026215246/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-assassin-in-the-limelight-274","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Death Collectors\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-death-collectors-275","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Death Collectors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026184342/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-death-collectors-275","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Boy That Time Forgot\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-boy-that-time-forgot-276","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Boy That Time Forgot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026035058/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-boy-that-time-forgot-276","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Doomwood Curse\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-doomwood-curse-277","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Doomwood Curse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728070657/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-doomwood-curse-277","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Kingdom of Silver\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-kingdom-of-silver-278","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Kingdom of Silver\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026233723/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-kingdom-of-silver-278","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Time Reef\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-time-reef-279","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Time Reef\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026030758/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-time-reef-279","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Brotherhood of the Daleks\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-brotherhood-of-the-daleks-280","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Brotherhood of the Daleks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026135600/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-brotherhood-of-the-daleks-280","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Forty-Five\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-forty-five-281","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Forty-Five\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201024143906/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-forty-five-281","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Raincloud Man\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-raincloud-man-282","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Raincloud Man\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026135603/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-raincloud-man-282","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Key 2 Time - The Judgement of Isskar\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-key-2-time-the-judgement-of-isskar-283","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Key 2 Time - The Judgement of Isskar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200920074254/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-key-2-time-the-judgement-of-isskar-283","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Key 2 Time - The Destroyer of Delights\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-key-2-time-the-destroyer-of-delights-284","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Key 2 Time - The Destroyer of Delights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200918082940/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-key-2-time-the-destroyer-of-delights-284","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Key 2 Time - The Chaos Pool\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-key-2-time-the-chaos-pool-285","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Key 2 Time - The Chaos Pool\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026113606/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-key-2-time-the-chaos-pool-285","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Magic Mousetrap\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-magic-mousetrap-286","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Magic Mousetrap\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026033149/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-magic-mousetrap-286","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Enemy of the Daleks\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-enemy-of-the-daleks-287","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Enemy of the Daleks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200804053629/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-enemy-of-the-daleks-287","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Angel of Scutari\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-angel-of-scutari-288","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Angel of Scutari\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200922075808/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-angel-of-scutari-288","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Company of Friends\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-company-of-friends-289","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Company of Friends\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026045701/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-company-of-friends-289","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Patient Zero\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-patient-zero-290","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Patient Zero\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026225500/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-patient-zero-290","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Paper Cuts\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-paper-cuts-291","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Paper Cuts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805200639/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-paper-cuts-291","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Blue Forgotten Planet\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-blue-forgotten-planet-292","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Blue Forgotten Planet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026145242/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-blue-forgotten-planet-292","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Castle of Fear\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-castle-of-fear-293","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Castle of Fear\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728070757/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-castle-of-fear-293","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Eternal Summer\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-eternal-summer-294","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Eternal Summer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728070913/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-eternal-summer-294","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Plague of the Daleks\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-plague-of-the-daleks-295","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Plague of the Daleks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200815012701/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-plague-of-the-daleks-295","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: A Thousand Tiny Wings\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-a-thousand-tiny-wings-296","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: A Thousand Tiny Wings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026033411/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-a-thousand-tiny-wings-296","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Survival of the Fittest & Doctor Who: Klein's Story\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-survival-of-the-fittest-297","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Survival of the Fittest & Doctor Who: Klein's Story\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728071143/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-survival-of-the-fittest-297","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Architects of History\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-architects-of-history-298","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Architects of History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805164614/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-architects-of-history-298","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: City of Spires\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-city-of-spires-299","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: City of Spires\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200920073124/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-city-of-spires-299","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Wreck of the Titan\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-wreck-of-the-titan-300","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Wreck of the Titan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026072438/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-wreck-of-the-titan-300","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Legend of the Cybermen\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-legend-of-the-cybermen-301","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Legend of the Cybermen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200918200410/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-legend-of-the-cybermen-301","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Cobwebs\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-cobwebs-302","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Cobwebs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026033119/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-cobwebs-302","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Whispering Forest\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-whispering-forest-303","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Whispering Forest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026074652/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-whispering-forest-303","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Cradle of the Snake\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-cradle-of-the-snake-304","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Cradle of the Snake\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026081548/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-cradle-of-the-snake-304","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Project: Destiny\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 15 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-project-destiny-305","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Project: Destiny\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201015053208/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-project-destiny-305","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: A Death in the Family\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-a-death-in-the-family-306","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: A Death in the Family\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201002092526/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-a-death-in-the-family-306","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Lurkers at Sunlight's Edge\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-lurkers-at-sunlight-s-edge-307","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Lurkers at Sunlight's Edge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026100132/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-lurkers-at-sunlight-s-edge-307","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Demons of Red Lodge and Other Stories\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-demons-of-red-lodge-and-other-stories-308","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Demons of Red Lodge and Other Stories\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805134139/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-demons-of-red-lodge-and-other-stories-308","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Crimes of Thomas Brewster\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-crimes-of-thomas-brewster-309","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Crimes of Thomas Brewster\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200922075810/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-crimes-of-thomas-brewster-309","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Feast of Axos\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-feast-of-axos-310","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Feast of Axos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728070802/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-feast-of-axos-310","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Industrial Evolution\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-industrial-evolution-311","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Industrial Evolution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026072511/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-industrial-evolution-311","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Heroes of Sontar\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-heroes-of-sontar-312","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Heroes of Sontar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026100141/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-heroes-of-sontar-312","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Kiss of Death\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-kiss-of-death-313","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Kiss of Death\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805201101/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-kiss-of-death-313","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Rat Trap\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-rat-trap-314","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Rat Trap\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805140424/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-rat-trap-314","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Robophobia\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-robophobia-315","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Robophobia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026223717/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-robophobia-315","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Recorded Time and Other Stories\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 30 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-recorded-time-and-other-stories-316","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Recorded Time and Other Stories\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200830234322/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-recorded-time-and-other-stories-316","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Doomsday Quatrain\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-doomsday-quatrain-317","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Doomsday Quatrain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805125314/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-doomsday-quatrain-317","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: House of Blue Fire\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-house-of-blue-fire-320","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: House of Blue Fire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026215243/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-house-of-blue-fire-320","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Silver Turk\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-silver-turk-321","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Silver Turk\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200920073726/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-silver-turk-321","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Witch from the Well\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-witch-from-the-well-322","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Witch from the Well\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728071013/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-witch-from-the-well-322","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Army of Death\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-army-of-death-323","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Army of Death\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026140832/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-army-of-death-323","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Curse of Davros\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-curse-of-davros-324","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Curse of Davros\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805054036/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-curse-of-davros-324","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Fourth Wall\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-fourth-wall-325","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Fourth Wall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805171547/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-fourth-wall-325","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Wirrn Isle\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-wirrn-isle-326","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Wirrn Isle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805135450/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-wirrn-isle-326","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Emerald Tiger\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-emerald-tiger-327","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Emerald Tiger\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026060340/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-emerald-tiger-327","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Jupiter Conjunction\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-jupiter-conjunction-328","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Jupiter Conjunction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026225505/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-jupiter-conjunction-328","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Butcher of Brisbane\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-butcher-of-brisbane-329","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Butcher of Brisbane\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200815024822/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-butcher-of-brisbane-329","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Protect and Survive\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-protect-and-survive-330","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Protect and Survive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026045708/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-protect-and-survive-330","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Black and White\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-black-and-white-331","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Black and White\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201014074441/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-black-and-white-331","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Gods and Monsters\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-gods-and-monsters-332","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Gods and Monsters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201017123101/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-gods-and-monsters-332","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Burning Prince\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-burning-prince-333","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Burning Prince\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805140356/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-burning-prince-333","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Acheron Pulse\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-acheron-pulse-334","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Acheron Pulse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728071120/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-acheron-pulse-334","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Shadow Heart\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-shadow-heart-335","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Shadow Heart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805172317/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-shadow-heart-335","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: 1001 Nights\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-1001-nights-336","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: 1001 Nights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728070938/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-1001-nights-336","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Wrong Doctors\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-wrong-doctors-703","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Wrong Doctors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026225538/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-wrong-doctors-703","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Spaceport Fear\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-spaceport-fear-708","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Spaceport Fear\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026193133/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-spaceport-fear-708","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Seeds of War\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-seeds-of-war-709","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Seeds of War\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200820144834/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-seeds-of-war-709","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Eldrad Must Die!\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-eldrad-must-die-710","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Eldrad Must Die!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728071036/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-eldrad-must-die-710","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Lady of Mercia\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-lady-of-mercia-711","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Lady of Mercia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201008014911/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-lady-of-mercia-711","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Prisoners of Fate\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-prisoners-of-fate-712","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Prisoners of Fate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026100138/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-prisoners-of-fate-712","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Persuasion\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-persuasion-713","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Persuasion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026111906/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-persuasion-713","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Starlight Robbery\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-starlight-robbery-714","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Starlight Robbery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728071112/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-starlight-robbery-714","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Daleks Among Us\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-daleks-among-us-715","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Daleks Among Us\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201016200345/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-daleks-among-us-715","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: 1963: Fanfare for the Common Men\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-1963-fanfare-for-the-common-men-716","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: 1963: Fanfare for the Common Men\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200803151847/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-1963-fanfare-for-the-common-men-716","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: 1963: The Space Race\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-1963-the-space-race-717","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: 1963: The Space Race\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026074654/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-1963-the-space-race-717","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: 1963: The Assassination Games\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-1963-the-assassination-games-718","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: 1963: The Assassination Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026215248/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-1963-the-assassination-games-718","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Afterlife\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-afterlife-789","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Afterlife\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200928135137/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-afterlife-789","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Antidote to Oblivion\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-antidote-to-oblivion-790","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Antidote to Oblivion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026033450/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-antidote-to-oblivion-790","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Brood of Erys\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-brood-of-erys-788","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Brood of Erys\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200815030242/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-brood-of-erys-788","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Scavenger\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-scavenger-825","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Scavenger\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026033112/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-scavenger-825","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Moonflesh\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-moonflesh-826","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Moonflesh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200918210033/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-moonflesh-826","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Tomb Ship\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-tomb-ship-827","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Tomb Ship\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026215254/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-tomb-ship-827","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Masquerade\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-masquerade-828","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Masquerade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728070925/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-masquerade-828","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Breaking Bubbles and Other Stories\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-breaking-bubbles-and-other-stories-829","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Breaking Bubbles and Other Stories\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026133956/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-breaking-bubbles-and-other-stories-829","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Revenge of the Swarm\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-revenge-of-the-swarm-830","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Revenge of the Swarm\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026033151/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-revenge-of-the-swarm-830","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Mask of Tragedy\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-mask-of-tragedy-831","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Mask of Tragedy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201018110130/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-mask-of-tragedy-831","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Signs and Wonders\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-signs-and-wonders-863","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Signs and Wonders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201017225005/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-signs-and-wonders-863","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Widow's Assassin\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-widow-s-assassin-864","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Widow's Assassin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805052715/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-widow-s-assassin-864","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Masters of Earth\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-masters-of-earth-865","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Masters of Earth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026225535/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-masters-of-earth-865","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Rani Elite\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-rani-elite-866","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Rani Elite\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805190026/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-rani-elite-866","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Mistfall\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-mistfall-867","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Mistfall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805215546/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-mistfall-867","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Equilibrium\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-equilibrium-868","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Equilibrium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201017233519/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-equilibrium-868","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Entropy Plague\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-entropy-plague-869","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Entropy Plague\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728071216/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-entropy-plague-869","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Defectors\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-defectors-870","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Defectors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200809203633/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-defectors-870","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Last of the Cybermen\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-last-of-the-cybermen-871","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Last of the Cybermen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026223720/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-last-of-the-cybermen-871","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Secret History\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-secret-history-872","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Secret History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026074656/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-secret-history-872","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: We Are the Daleks\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-we-are-the-daleks-873","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: We Are the Daleks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201003125439/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-we-are-the-daleks-873","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Warehouse\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-warehouse-874","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Warehouse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201024210217/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-warehouse-874","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Terror of the Sontarans\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-terror-of-the-sontarans-875","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Terror of the Sontarans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200820144840/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-terror-of-the-sontarans-875","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Criss-Cross\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-criss-cross-876","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Criss-Cross\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201018123241/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-criss-cross-876","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Planet of the Rani\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-planet-of-the-rani-877","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Planet of the Rani\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805051459/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-planet-of-the-rani-877","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Shield of the Jotunn\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-shield-of-the-jotunn-878","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Shield of the Jotunn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201001093226/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-shield-of-the-jotunn-878","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: You Are the Doctor and Other Stories\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-you-are-the-doctor-and-other-stories-879","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: You Are the Doctor and Other Stories\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026033453/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-you-are-the-doctor-and-other-stories-879","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Waters of Amsterdam\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-waters-of-amsterdam-1047","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Waters of Amsterdam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201024143902/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-waters-of-amsterdam-1047","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Aquitaine\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-aquitaine-1048","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Aquitaine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026033117/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-aquitaine-1048","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Peterloo Massacre\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-peterloo-massacre-1049","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Peterloo Massacre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728080326/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-peterloo-massacre-1049","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: And You Will Obey Me\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-and-you-will-obey-me-1050","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: And You Will Obey Me\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201024143900/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-and-you-will-obey-me-1050","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Vampire of the Mind\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-vampire-of-the-mind-1051","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Vampire of the Mind\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026033443/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-vampire-of-the-mind-1051","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Two Masters\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-two-masters-1052","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Two Masters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728071105/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-two-masters-1052","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: A Life of Crime\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-a-life-of-crime-1053","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: A Life of Crime\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728070833/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-a-life-of-crime-1053","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Fiesta of the Damned\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-fiesta-of-the-damned-1054","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Fiesta of the Damned\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728071134/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-fiesta-of-the-damned-1054","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Maker of Demons\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-maker-of-demons-1055","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Maker of Demons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201012060548/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-maker-of-demons-1055","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Memory Bank and Other Stories\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-memory-bank-and-other-stories-1056","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Memory Bank and Other Stories\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026030800/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-memory-bank-and-other-stories-1056","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Order of the Daleks\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-order-of-the-daleks-1057","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Order of the Daleks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200918212053/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-order-of-the-daleks-1057","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Absolute Power\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-absolute-power-1058","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Absolute Power\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200918090009/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-absolute-power-1058","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Quicksilver\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-quicksilver-1059","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Quicksilver\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201014065920/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-quicksilver-1059","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Star Men\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-star-men-1251","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Star Men\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200812073023/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-star-men-1251","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Contingency Club\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-contingency-club-1252","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Contingency Club\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200926190600/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-contingency-club-1252","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Zaltys\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-zaltys-1253","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Zaltys\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026145240/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-zaltys-1253","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Alien Heart / Dalek Soul\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-alien-heart-dalek-soul-1254","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Alien Heart / Dalek Soul\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026225527/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-alien-heart-dalek-soul-1254","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Vortex Ice / Cortex Fire\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-vortex-ice-cortex-fire-1255","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Vortex Ice / Cortex Fire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200804052043/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-vortex-ice-cortex-fire-1255","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Shadow Planet / World Apart\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-shadow-planet-world-apart-1256","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Shadow Planet / World Apart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026081550/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-shadow-planet-world-apart-1256","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The High Price of Parking\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-high-price-of-parking-1257","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The High Price of Parking\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026134001/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-high-price-of-parking-1257","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Blood Furnace\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-blood-furnace-1258","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Blood Furnace\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200918084736/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-blood-furnace-1258","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Silurian Candidate\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-silurian-candidate-1259","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Silurian Candidate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200812065739/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-silurian-candidate-1259","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Time in Office\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-time-in-office-1260","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Time in Office\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026033441/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-time-in-office-1260","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Behemoth\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-behemoth-1261","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Behemoth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728070637/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-behemoth-1261","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Middle\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-middle-1262","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Middle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201019135350/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-middle-1262","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Static\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-static-1263","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Static\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201017033433/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-static-1263","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Kingdom of Lies\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-kingdom-of-lies-1264","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Kingdom of Lies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201014190422/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-kingdom-of-lies-1264","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Ghost Walk\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-ghost-walk-1265","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Ghost Walk\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200929235643/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-ghost-walk-1265","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Serpent in the Silver Mask\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-serpent-in-the-silver-mask-1266","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Serpent in the Silver Mask\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200820144856/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-serpent-in-the-silver-mask-1266","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Helliax Rift\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-helliax-rift-1267","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Helliax Rift\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805053144/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-helliax-rift-1267","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Lure of the Nomad\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-lure-of-the-nomad-1268","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Lure of the Nomad\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200918081107/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-lure-of-the-nomad-1268","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Iron Bright\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-iron-bright-1269","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Iron Bright\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026234439/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-iron-bright-1269","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Hour of the Cybermen\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-hour-of-the-cybermen-1270","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Hour of the Cybermen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200815021311/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-hour-of-the-cybermen-1270","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Red Planets\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-red-planets-1271","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Red Planets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200922021802/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-red-planets-1271","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Dispossessed\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-dispossessed-1272","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Dispossessed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026035100/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-dispossessed-1272","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Quantum Possibility Engine\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-quantum-possibility-engine-1273","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Quantum Possibility Engine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728070619/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-quantum-possibility-engine-1273","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Warlock's Cross\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-warlock-s-cross-1274","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Warlock's Cross\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200930015020/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-warlock-s-cross-1274","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Muse of Fire\". Big Finish Productions. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-muse-of-fire-1275","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Muse of Fire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Hunting Ground\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-hunting-ground-1276","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Hunting Ground\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805134221/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-hunting-ground-1276","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Devil in the Mist\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-devil-in-the-mist-1277","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Devil in the Mist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728071130/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-devil-in-the-mist-1277","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Black Thursday / Power Game\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-black-thursday-power-game-1278","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Black Thursday / Power Game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026100135/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-black-thursday-power-game-1278","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Kamelion Empire\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-kamelion-empire-1279","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Kamelion Empire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201014221335/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-kamelion-empire-1279","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Monsters of Gokroth\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-monsters-of-gokroth-1280","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Monsters of Gokroth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200918080210/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-monsters-of-gokroth-1280","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Moons of Vulpana\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-moons-of-vulpana-1281","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Moons of Vulpana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201020230808/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-moons-of-vulpana-1281","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: An Alien Werewolf in London\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-an-alien-werewolf-in-london-1282","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: An Alien Werewolf in London\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201020151009/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-an-alien-werewolf-in-london-1282","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Memories of a Tyrant\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-memories-of-a-tyrant-1283","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Memories of a Tyrant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201019010349/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-memories-of-a-tyrant-1283","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Emissary of the Daleks\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-emissary-of-the-daleks-1284","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Emissary of the Daleks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200918064846/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-emissary-of-the-daleks-1284","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Harry Houdini's War\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-harry-houdini-s-war-1285","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Harry Houdini's War\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201013085543/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-harry-houdini-s-war-1285","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Tartarus\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-tartarus-1286","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Tartarus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201018060451/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-tartarus-1286","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Interstitial / Feast of Fear\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-interstitial-feast-of-fear-1287","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Interstitial / Feast of Fear\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026134005/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-interstitial-feast-of-fear-1287","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Warzone / Conversion\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-warzone-conversion-1288","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Warzone / Conversion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026075042/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-warzone-conversion-1288","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Blood on Santa's Claw and Other Stories\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-blood-on-santa-s-claw-and-other-stories-1289","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Blood on Santa's Claw and Other Stories\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728070705/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-blood-on-santa-s-claw-and-other-stories-1289","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Dark Universe\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-dark-universe-1290","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Dark Universe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201024210206/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-dark-universe-1290","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Psychic Circus\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-psychic-circus-1291","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Psychic Circus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201024210209/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-psychic-circus-1291","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Subterfuge\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-subterfuge-1292","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Subterfuge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201014043827/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-subterfuge-1292","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Cry of the Vultriss\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-cry-of-the-vultriss-2045","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Cry of the Vultriss\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026033114/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-cry-of-the-vultriss-2045","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Scorched Earth\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-scorched-earth-2046","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Scorched Earth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200918064313/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-scorched-earth-2046","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Lovecraft Invasion\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-lovecraft-invasion-2047","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Lovecraft Invasion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201010202659/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-lovecraft-invasion-2047","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"News updates - week commencing 29 June 2020\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/news/v/news-updates-week-commencing-29-june-2020","url_text":"\"News updates - week commencing 29 June 2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200701133816/https://www.bigfinish.com/news/v/news-updates-week-commencing-29-june-2020","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who - The Lovecraft Invasion is out now!\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/news/v/doctor-who-the-lovecraft-invasion-is-out-now","url_text":"\"Doctor Who - The Lovecraft Invasion is out now!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200808205957/https://www.bigfinish.com/news/v/doctor-who-the-lovecraft-invasion-is-out-now","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Time Apart\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 15 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-time-apart-2048","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Time Apart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201015164651/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-time-apart-2048","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Thin Time / Madquake\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-thin-time-madquake-2049","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Thin Time / Madquake\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201002024600/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-thin-time-madquake-2049","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Flying Dutchman / Displaced\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-flying-dutchman-displaced-2050","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Flying Dutchman / Displaced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201021221240/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-flying-dutchman-displaced-2050","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Shadow of the Daleks 1\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-shadow-of-the-daleks-1-2051","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Shadow of the Daleks 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200928191828/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-shadow-of-the-daleks-1-2051","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Shadow of the Daleks 2\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-shadow-of-the-daleks-2-2052","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Shadow of the Daleks 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805224517/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-shadow-of-the-daleks-2-2052","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Plight of the Pimpernel\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-plight-of-the-pimpernel-2053","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Plight of the Pimpernel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201016031820/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-plight-of-the-pimpernel-2053","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Grey Man of the Mountain\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-grey-man-of-the-mountain-2054","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Grey Man of the Mountain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200930140636/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-grey-man-of-the-mountain-2054","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Colony of Fear\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-colony-of-fear-2055","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Colony of Fear\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201018053311/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-colony-of-fear-2055","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Blazing Hour\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-blazing-hour-2056","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Blazing Hour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201012222215/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-blazing-hour-2056","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The End of the Beginning\". Big Finish Productions. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-end-of-the-beginning-2057","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The End of the Beginning\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201123170506/https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-end-of-the-beginning-2057","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Audio Doctor Who in 2022!\". Big Finish Productions. Retrieved 27 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/news/v/audio-doctor-who-in-2022","url_text":"\"Audio Doctor Who in 2022!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"}]},{"reference":"\"Revamped Doctor Who audio ranges from Big Finish\". Big Finish Productions. Retrieved 25 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/news/v/revamped-doctor-who-audio-ranges-from-big-finish","url_text":"\"Revamped Doctor Who audio ranges from Big Finish\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who–The First Doctor Adventures\". Big Finish Productions. Retrieved 24 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/ranges/v/doctor-who---the-first-doctor-adventures","url_text":"\"Doctor Who–The First Doctor Adventures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who–The Second Doctor Adventures\". Big Finish Productions. Retrieved 24 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/ranges/v/doctor-who-the-second-doctor-adventures","url_text":"\"Doctor Who–The Second Doctor Adventures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who–The Third Doctor Adventures\". Big Finish Productions. Retrieved 24 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/ranges/v/doctor-who---the-third-doctor-adventures","url_text":"\"Doctor Who–The Third Doctor Adventures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who–The Fourth Doctor Adventures\". Big Finish Productions. Retrieved 24 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/ranges/v/doctor-who---fourth-doctor-adventures","url_text":"\"Doctor Who–The Fourth Doctor Adventures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who–The Fifth Doctor Adventures\". Big Finish Productions. Retrieved 24 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/ranges/v/doctor-who---the-fifth-doctor-adventures","url_text":"\"Doctor Who–The Fifth Doctor Adventures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who–The Sixth Doctor Adventures\". Big Finish Productions. Retrieved 24 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/ranges/v/doctor-who---the-sixth-doctor-adventures","url_text":"\"Doctor Who–The Sixth Doctor Adventures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who–The Seventh Doctor Adventures\". Big Finish Productions. Retrieved 24 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/ranges/v/doctor-who---the-seventh-doctor-adventures","url_text":"\"Doctor Who–The Seventh Doctor Adventures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who–The Eighth Doctor Adventures\". Big Finish Productions. Retrieved 24 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/ranges/v/eighth-doctor-adventures","url_text":"\"Doctor Who–The Eighth Doctor Adventures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maling
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Battle of Maling
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["1 Sources","2 References"]
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Coordinates: 35°53′09″N 115°23′51″E / 35.8858°N 115.3975°E / 35.8858; 115.3975Battle of MalingDate342 BCLocationDazhangjia Town (大張家鎮), Shen County (莘縣), Henan ProvinceResult
Qi VictoryBelligerents
State of Qi
State of WeiCommanders and leaders
Tian JiSun Bin
Pang Juan †Crown Prince Shen Strength
120,000
100,000 cavalry and infantryCasualties and losses
2,100
100,000 deadThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Battle of Maling" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Battle of Maling in 342 BC
The Battle of Maling (Chinese: 馬陵之戰) took place in Maling, currently Dazhangjia Town (大張家鎮), Shen County (莘县), Henan Province, in 342 BC during the Warring States period (476–221 BC). The combatants were the State of Qi, who fought on behalf of the State of Han, and the State of Wei. This battle is well recorded in history texts and is famous for the tactics of Sun Bin, known as the "Tactic of Missing Stoves", in which one side is led to underestimate the other by creating an illusion of soldiers running away from the enemy army.
Pang Juan, commander of Wei, was lured to a narrow pass at night, where his army was ambushed by 10,000 crossbowmen from Qi. According to some sources, Pang Juan committed suicide whilst others say he was killed by Qi crossbowmen. Wei was defeated and its power decreased significantly thereafter, making the state unable to compete for hegemony of the Zhou Dynasty.
In 342 BC, the state of Wei attacked the state of Han, and Han turned to its ally Qi for help. Sun Bin advised King Wei of Qi to provide military aid for Han, but only send out troops when the army of Wei had been depleted after prolonged fighting in order to preserve their own strength whilst garnering respect from Han.
Han was misled to believe that they could rely on the army of their ally Qi, and thus fought without reserve. After a year of resistance, Han was no longer able to resist and asked for help from Qi a second time. Instead of sending troops to save Han directly, Sun Bin suggested they should aim for the capital of Wei, Daliang.
When King Hui of Wei learned of the attack, he had to order Wei General Pang Juan, to retreat in order to defend against the oncoming army of Qi. Pang Juan was incensed at the news, because he was only days away from taking the capital of Han. King Hui of Wei appointed Prince Shen of Wei as chief commander and Pang Juan as commander, and ordered an army of 100,000 to mobilize against Qi.
Learning from the Battle of Guiling, Pang Juan ordered his troops to go around the Qi troops, to avoid getting ambushed on the main path. Pang Juan also ordered his troops to make haste to the capital, before Qi could set up any effective ambushes. Instead of rushing and trying to ambush the high morale Wei troops, Sun Bin decided to let a great majority of his troops rest. These Qi troops were ordered to move slowly back into Qi and prepare equipment for an ambush when needed. Sun Bin took a smaller force to face Pang Juan. Once the two forces drew close to each other, Sun Bin immediately ordered a retreat from Jin.
In order to mislead his enemy, Sun Bin ordered his soldiers to make less stoves (cookfires) day by day. On the first day, Qi had enough stoves for 100,000 people; on the second day, there were stoves for only 50,000 people. On the third day, there were only stoves for an army of 20,000. As Pang Juan saw this, he judged that the soldiers of Qi were deserting their army and decided to pursue the Qi army with a small elite cavalry. This unit was overconfident following their recent victory in Han. As Qi retreated into their own territory, Sun Bin ordered his troops to abandon some of their heavy artillery. This further gave the impression of a state of confusion amongst the Qi army. As Qi arrived at Maling, Sun Bin noticed a heavily wooded and narrow pass that could be used for ambush. Estimating the arrival of Pang Juan around nightfall, he ordered his men to cut down a tree, remove its bark, and carve the words "Pang Juan shall die in Malingdao, under this tree" on its trunk. This was a proverb spoken by the teacher of both Sun Bin and Pang Juan (both had been in the same class).
Pang Juan had moved to Malingdao, and when he saw the warning message, he paid no attention, instead ordering the words to be scraped off. The army advanced when suddenly, a flush of Qi troops surrounded the Wei. In the darkness, Qi crossbowmen managed to shoot down many of the Wei soldiers, before the rest of soldiers charged in. The Wei troops did not expect Qi to still have so many troops under their command and were quickly overrun. Pang Juan, sensing his end was near, committed suicide. In some versions, Pang Juan was among the first of his troops to be shot to death.
Even though Pang Juan had tricked Sun Bin and maimed him by removing his knee caps, Sun Bin felt very sad to see his former classmate dead.
After the death of Pang Juan, Prince Shen was captured by Qi. The power of the state of Wei decreased considerably after this battle.
Sources
Records of the Grand Historian Sima Qian
References
^ Sage, Steven F. (1997). "Science and Civilisation in China. Volume 5, part 6, section 30 (review)". Journal of World History. 8 (1): 157–160. ISSN 1527-8050.
35°53′09″N 115°23′51″E / 35.8858°N 115.3975°E / 35.8858; 115.3975
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maling_map.gif"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Henan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan"},{"link_name":"Warring States period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period"},{"link_name":"State of Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_(state)"},{"link_name":"State of Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_(Warring_States)"},{"link_name":"State of Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_(state)"},{"link_name":"Sun Bin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Bin"},{"link_name":"Pang Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang_Juan"},{"link_name":"crossbowmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbowmen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Zhou Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"state of Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_(state)"},{"link_name":"state of Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_(Warring_States)"},{"link_name":"Sun Bin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Bin"},{"link_name":"Daliang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaifeng"},{"link_name":"King Hui of Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Hui_of_Wei"},{"link_name":"Pang Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang_Juan"},{"link_name":"Battle of Guiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guiling"}],"text":"Battle of Maling in 342 BCThe Battle of Maling (Chinese: 馬陵之戰) took place in Maling, currently Dazhangjia Town (大張家鎮), Shen County (莘县), Henan Province, in 342 BC during the Warring States period (476–221 BC). The combatants were the State of Qi, who fought on behalf of the State of Han, and the State of Wei. This battle is well recorded in history texts and is famous for the tactics of Sun Bin, known as the \"Tactic of Missing Stoves\", in which one side is led to underestimate the other by creating an illusion of soldiers running away from the enemy army.Pang Juan, commander of Wei, was lured to a narrow pass at night, where his army was ambushed by 10,000 crossbowmen from Qi.[1] According to some sources, Pang Juan committed suicide whilst others say he was killed by Qi crossbowmen. Wei was defeated and its power decreased significantly thereafter, making the state unable to compete for hegemony of the Zhou Dynasty.In 342 BC, the state of Wei attacked the state of Han, and Han turned to its ally Qi for help. Sun Bin advised King Wei of Qi to provide military aid for Han, but only send out troops when the army of Wei had been depleted after prolonged fighting in order to preserve their own strength whilst garnering respect from Han.Han was misled to believe that they could rely on the army of their ally Qi, and thus fought without reserve. After a year of resistance, Han was no longer able to resist and asked for help from Qi a second time. Instead of sending troops to save Han directly, Sun Bin suggested they should aim for the capital of Wei, Daliang.When King Hui of Wei learned of the attack, he had to order Wei General Pang Juan, to retreat in order to defend against the oncoming army of Qi. Pang Juan was incensed at the news, because he was only days away from taking the capital of Han. King Hui of Wei appointed Prince Shen of Wei as chief commander and Pang Juan as commander, and ordered an army of 100,000 to mobilize against Qi.Learning from the Battle of Guiling, Pang Juan ordered his troops to go around the Qi troops, to avoid getting ambushed on the main path. Pang Juan also ordered his troops to make haste to the capital, before Qi could set up any effective ambushes. Instead of rushing and trying to ambush the high morale Wei troops, Sun Bin decided to let a great majority of his troops rest. These Qi troops were ordered to move slowly back into Qi and prepare equipment for an ambush when needed. Sun Bin took a smaller force to face Pang Juan. Once the two forces drew close to each other, Sun Bin immediately ordered a retreat from Jin.In order to mislead his enemy, Sun Bin ordered his soldiers to make less stoves (cookfires) day by day. On the first day, Qi had enough stoves for 100,000 people; on the second day, there were stoves for only 50,000 people. On the third day, there were only stoves for an army of 20,000. As Pang Juan saw this, he judged that the soldiers of Qi were deserting their army and decided to pursue the Qi army with a small elite cavalry. This unit was overconfident following their recent victory in Han. As Qi retreated into their own territory, Sun Bin ordered his troops to abandon some of their heavy artillery. This further gave the impression of a state of confusion amongst the Qi army. As Qi arrived at Maling, Sun Bin noticed a heavily wooded and narrow pass that could be used for ambush. Estimating the arrival of Pang Juan around nightfall, he ordered his men to cut down a tree, remove its bark, and carve the words \"Pang Juan shall die in Malingdao, under this tree\" on its trunk. This was a proverb spoken by the teacher of both Sun Bin and Pang Juan (both had been in the same class).Pang Juan had moved to Malingdao, and when he saw the warning message, he paid no attention, instead ordering the words to be scraped off. The army advanced when suddenly, a flush of Qi troops surrounded the Wei. In the darkness, Qi crossbowmen managed to shoot down many of the Wei soldiers, before the rest of soldiers charged in. The Wei troops did not expect Qi to still have so many troops under their command and were quickly overrun. Pang Juan, sensing his end was near, committed suicide. In some versions, Pang Juan was among the first of his troops to be shot to death.Even though Pang Juan had tricked Sun Bin and maimed him by removing his knee caps, Sun Bin felt very sad to see his former classmate dead.After the death of Pang Juan, Prince Shen was captured by Qi. The power of the state of Wei decreased considerably after this battle.","title":"Battle of Maling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Records of the Grand Historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian"},{"link_name":"Sima Qian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Qian"}],"text":"Records of the Grand Historian Sima Qian","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"Battle of Maling in 342 BC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Maling_map.gif/300px-Maling_map.gif"}]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantha
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Kantha
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["1 Weave","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading"]
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Type of embroidery
For the 2013 film, see Kantha (film).
Traditional Kantha stiching in Bangladesh
Kantha, also spelled kanta or qanta, is a type of embroidery craft in Bangladesh and eastern regions of India, particularly in the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura and Odisha. In Odisha, old saris are stacked on each other and hand-stitched to make a thin piece of cushion. This is normally used above a bed cushion or instead of a cushion. "Kantha saris" are traditionally worn by women in Bengal region. In these days, embroidery is stitched, popularly known as 'kantha stitched", on sari, kurta (or panjabi) and churidar and many other garments and gaining popularity due to their aesthetic value and handmade characteristics.
Kantha stitching is also used to make simple quilts, commonly known as nakshi kantha. Women in Bengal typically use old saris and cloth and layer them with kantha stitching to make a light blanket, throw, or bedspread, especially for children. Kantha is very popular with tourists visiting the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent.
Weave
Kantha used as bed for a baby
Kantha is a form of embroidery often practised by rural women. The traditional form of Kantha embroidery was done with soft dhotis and saris, with a simple running stitch along the edges. Depending on the use of the finished product they were known as Lepkantha or Sujni Kantha.
The embroidered cloth has many uses including shawls, covers for mirrors, boxes, and pillows. In some cases, the entire cloth is covered with running stitches, employing beautiful motifs of flowers, animals birds and geometrical shapes, as well as themes from everyday activities. The stitching on the cloth gives it a slightly wrinkled, wavy effect. Contemporary kantha is applied to a wider range of garments such as sarees, dupatta, shirts for men and women, bedding and other furnishing fabrics, mostly using cotton and silk. Modern Kantha-stitch craft industry involves a very complex multi-staged production model.
kantha used as bed
Closeup of a kantha. In the left and bottom Paar is shown, also the running stitches (white) are seen.
See also
Textile arts of Bangladesh
Embroidery of India
Nakshi kantha
References
^ India. Office of the Registrar General (1962). Census of India, 1961: Orissa. Manager of Publications.
^ "One stitch at a time - The Hindu". The Hindu. 25 September 2014.
^ Roy, Paramita and Sattwick Dey Biswas (2011). Opportunities and Constraints of the Kantha-stitch craftswomen in Santiniketan: a value chain analysis. Journal of Social Work and Social Development (ISSN 2229-6468). pp. 5–9.
Further reading
The Art of Kantha embroidery, by Niaz Zaman. University Press, 1993. ISBN 984-05-1228-5.
Jasleen Dhamija (2004). Asian embroidery. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 81-7017-450-3.
Kantha: the embroidered quilts of Bengal, by Darielle Mason, Pika Ghosh, Katherine Hacker, Anne Peranteau. Yale University Press, 2010. ISBN 0300154429.
Kantha, by John Gillow, Pratapaditya Pal, Courtenay McGowen, and Rob Sidner. Mingei International Museum and Radius Books, 2017. ISBN 9781942185192.
Kantha Work, by Juby Aleyas Koll. Sarah's Hand Embroidery Tutorials, 2021.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kantha (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantha_(film)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nakshi_Kantha_craftswoman.jpg"},{"link_name":"Traditional Kantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshi_Kantha"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Indian states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Tripura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripura"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha"},{"link_name":"saris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sari"},{"link_name":"cushion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-General-1"},{"link_name":"saris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sari"},{"link_name":"Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"kurta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurta"},{"link_name":"churidar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churidar"},{"link_name":"nakshi kantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshi_kantha"},{"link_name":"Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal"}],"text":"For the 2013 film, see Kantha (film).Traditional Kantha stiching in BangladeshKantha, also spelled kanta or qanta, is a type of embroidery craft in Bangladesh and eastern regions of India, particularly in the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura and Odisha. In Odisha, old saris are stacked on each other and hand-stitched to make a thin piece of cushion. This is normally used above a bed cushion or instead of a cushion.[1] \"Kantha saris\" are traditionally worn by women in Bengal region.[2] In these days, embroidery is stitched, popularly known as 'kantha stitched\", on sari, kurta (or panjabi) and churidar and many other garments and gaining popularity due to their aesthetic value and handmade characteristics.Kantha stitching is also used to make simple quilts, commonly known as nakshi kantha. Women in Bengal typically use old saris and cloth and layer them with kantha stitching to make a light blanket, throw, or bedspread, especially for children. Kantha is very popular with tourists visiting the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent.","title":"Kantha"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baby_Kantha.jpg"},{"link_name":"rural women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_women"},{"link_name":"dhotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhoti"},{"link_name":"Modern Kantha-stitch craft industry involves a very complex multi-staged production model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/7637451/Opportunities_and_Constraints_of_the_Kantha-stitch_craftswomen_in_Santiniketan_a_value_chain_analysis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bed_Kantha.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kantha_Closeup.jpg"}],"text":"Kantha used as bed for a babyKantha is a form of embroidery often practised by rural women. The traditional form of Kantha embroidery was done with soft dhotis and saris, with a simple running stitch along the edges. Depending on the use of the finished product they were known as Lepkantha or Sujni Kantha.The embroidered cloth has many uses including shawls, covers for mirrors, boxes, and pillows. In some cases, the entire cloth is covered with running stitches, employing beautiful motifs of flowers, animals birds and geometrical shapes, as well as themes from everyday activities. The stitching on the cloth gives it a slightly wrinkled, wavy effect. Contemporary kantha is applied to a wider range of garments such as sarees, dupatta, shirts for men and women, bedding and other furnishing fabrics, mostly using cotton and silk. Modern Kantha-stitch craft industry involves a very complex multi-staged production model.[3]kantha used as bedCloseup of a kantha. In the left and bottom Paar is shown, also the running stitches (white) are seen.","title":"Weave"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Niaz Zaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niaz_Zaman"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"984-05-1228-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-05-1228-5"},{"link_name":"Jasleen Dhamija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasleen_Dhamija"},{"link_name":"Asian embroidery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=MnyGckk3RiwC&q=kantha+embroidery&pg=PA133"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"81-7017-450-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-450-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0300154429","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300154429"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781942185192","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781942185192"},{"link_name":"Kantha Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.embroidery.rocksea.org/hand-embroidery/kantha-work/"},{"link_name":"Sarah's Hand Embroidery Tutorials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.embroidery.rocksea.org/hand-embroidery/"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Embroidery"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Embroidery"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Embroidery"},{"link_name":"Embroidery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embroidery"},{"link_name":"Assisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisi_embroidery"},{"link_name":"Bargello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargello_(needlework)"},{"link_name":"Berlin work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_wool_work"},{"link_name":"Blackwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwork"},{"link_name":"Broderie anglaise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broderie_anglaise"},{"link_name":"Broderie perse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broderie_perse"},{"link_name":"Candlewicking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlewicking"},{"link_name":"Counted-thread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counted-thread_embroidery"},{"link_name":"Crewel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewel_embroidery"},{"link_name":"Cross-stitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-stitch"},{"link_name":"Cutwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutwork"},{"link_name":"Darning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darning"},{"link_name":"Drawn thread work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawn_thread_work"},{"link_name":"Goldwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldwork_(embroidery)"},{"link_name":"Hardanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardanger_embroidery"},{"link_name":"Hedebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedebo_embroidery"},{"link_name":"Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_embroidery"},{"link_name":"Needlepoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needlepoint"},{"link_name":"Quillwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quillwork"},{"link_name":"Smocking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smocking"},{"link_name":"Stumpwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stumpwork"},{"link_name":"Surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_embroidery"},{"link_name":"Suzani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzani_(textile)"},{"link_name":"Whitework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitework_embroidery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Odo_bayeux_tapestry_detail.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sampler_by_Elizabeth_Laidman_1760_detail.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaitag.jpg"},{"link_name":"Backstitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstitch"},{"link_name":"Blanket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanket_stitch"},{"link_name":"Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_stitch"},{"link_name":"Buttonhole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttonhole_stitch"},{"link_name":"Chain stitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_stitch"},{"link_name":"Couching and laid work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couching"},{"link_name":"Cross stitches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_stitches"},{"link_name":"Embroidery stitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embroidery_stitch"},{"link_name":"Featherstitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Featherstitch"},{"link_name":"Holbein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holbein_stitch"},{"link_name":"Parisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parisian_stitch"},{"link_name":"Running","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_stitch"},{"link_name":"Satin stitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satin_stitch"},{"link_name":"Sashiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sashiko_stitching"},{"link_name":"Shisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shisha_(embroidery)"},{"link_name":"Straight stitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_stitch"},{"link_name":"Tent stitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tent_stitch"},{"link_name":"Aida cloth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida_cloth"},{"link_name":"Embroidery hoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embroidery_hoop"},{"link_name":"Embroidery thread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embroidery_thread"},{"link_name":"Evenweave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Even-weave"},{"link_name":"Perforated paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perforated_paper"},{"link_name":"Plainweave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plainweave"},{"link_name":"Plastic canvas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_canvas"},{"link_name":"Sampler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampler_(needlework)"},{"link_name":"Slip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip_(needlework)"},{"link_name":"Yarn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarn"},{"link_name":"Art needlework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_needlework"},{"link_name":"Balochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochi_needlework"},{"link_name":"Brazilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_embroidery"},{"link_name":"Bunka shishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunka_shishu"},{"link_name":"Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaga"},{"link_name":"Chikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikan_(embroidery)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_embroidery"},{"link_name":"Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_embroidery"},{"link_name":"Sichuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_embroidery"},{"link_name":"Suzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzhou_embroidery"},{"link_name":"Xiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiang_embroidery"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_embroidery"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embroidery_of_India"},{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_embroidery"},{"link_name":"Jacobean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobean_embroidery"},{"link_name":"Sashiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sashiko"},{"link_name":"Kogin-zashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogin-zashi"},{"link_name":"Bunka shishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunka_shishu"},{"link_name":"Kaitag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaitag_textiles"},{"link_name":"Kantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Kasuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasuti"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_embroidery"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_embroidery"},{"link_name":"Mountmellick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountmellick_embroidery"},{"link_name":"Nakshi kantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshi_kantha"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_embroidery"},{"link_name":"Rasht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasht_embroidery"},{"link_name":"Sermeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermeh_embroidery"},{"link_name":"Sistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_embroidery"},{"link_name":"Zardozi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zardozi"},{"link_name":"Opus Anglicanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_Anglicanum"},{"link_name":"Rushnyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushnyk"},{"link_name":"Sewed muslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewed_muslin"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_embroidery"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_embroidery"},{"link_name":"Vyshyvanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyshyvanka"},{"link_name":"Butler-Bowden Cope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler-Bowden_Cope"},{"link_name":"Bayeux Tapestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry"},{"link_name":"Bradford carpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_carpet"},{"link_name":"Great Tapestry of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Tapestry_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Great Tapestry of Scotland: People's Panel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Tapestry_of_Scotland:_People%27s_Panel"},{"link_name":"Hastings Embroidery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Embroidery"},{"link_name":"Hestia tapestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hestia_Tapestry"},{"link_name":"Magna Carta (An Embroidery)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta_(An_Embroidery)"},{"link_name":"Margaret Layton's jacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Layton%27s_embroidered_jacket"},{"link_name":"New World Tapestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_Tapestry"},{"link_name":"Overlord Embroidery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlord_Embroidery"},{"link_name":"Oxburgh Hangings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxburgh_Hangings"},{"link_name":"Prestonpans Tapestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestonpans_Tapestry"},{"link_name":"Quaker Tapestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker_Tapestry"},{"link_name":"Scottish Diaspora Tapestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Diaspora_Tapestry"},{"link_name":"Fragments of a Cope with the Seven Sacraments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragments_of_a_Cope_with_the_Seven_Sacraments"},{"link_name":"Emilie Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilie_Bach"},{"link_name":"Leon Conrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Conrad"},{"link_name":"Shahin Ebrahimzadeh-Pezeshki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahin_Ebrahimzadeh-Pezeshki"},{"link_name":"Kaffe Fassett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaffe_Fassett"},{"link_name":"Juanita Growing Thunder Fogarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanita_Growing_Thunder_Fogarty"},{"link_name":"Constance Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Howard_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Leavitt-Imblum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Leavitt-Imblum"},{"link_name":"François Lesage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Lesage"},{"link_name":"Ann Macbeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Macbeth"},{"link_name":"May Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Morris"},{"link_name":"Jessie Newbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie_Newbery"},{"link_name":"Mahtab Norouzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahtab_Norouzi"},{"link_name":"Tetiana Protcheva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetiana_Protcheva"},{"link_name":"Charles Germain de Saint Aubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Germain_de_Saint_Aubin"},{"link_name":"Mary Elizabeth Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Turner"},{"link_name":"Dimitri Vlachos - Castano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitri_Vlachos_-_Castano"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Whyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Whyte"},{"link_name":"Erica Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erica_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Lily Yeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Yeats"},{"link_name":"Embroiderers' Guild (UK)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embroiderers%27_Guild"},{"link_name":"Embroiderers' Guild of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embroiderers%27_Guild_of_America"},{"link_name":"Embroidery Software Protection Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embroidery_Software_Protection_Coalition"},{"link_name":"Needlework Development Scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needlework_Development_Scheme"},{"link_name":"Royal School of Needlework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_School_of_Needlework"},{"link_name":"Wemyss School of Needlework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wemyss_School_of_Needlework"},{"link_name":"Chung Young Yang Embroidery Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chung_Young_Yang_Embroidery_Museum"},{"link_name":"Han Sang Soo Embroidery Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Sang_Soo_Embroidery_Museum"},{"link_name":"Appliqué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Crochet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crochet"},{"link_name":"Knitting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knitting"},{"link_name":"Lace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lace"},{"link_name":"Needlework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needlework"},{"link_name":"Quilting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quilting"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bengali_clothing"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Bengali_clothing"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bengali_clothing"},{"link_name":"Jamdani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamdani"},{"link_name":"Khadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadi"},{"link_name":"Muslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslin"},{"link_name":"Nakshi kantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshi_kantha"},{"link_name":"Lehenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehenga"},{"link_name":"Dupatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupatta"},{"link_name":"Gharara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gharara"},{"link_name":"Cummerbund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummerbund"},{"link_name":"Gamucha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamucha"},{"link_name":"Sarong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Hickey_-_%27An_Indian_Lady_(Indian_bibi_Jemdanee)%27.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sari"},{"link_name":"Baluchari Sari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluchari_Sari"},{"link_name":"Dhakai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhakai"},{"link_name":"Banarasi sari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banarasi_sari"},{"link_name":"Handloom saree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handloom_saree"},{"link_name":"Murshidabad silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murshidabad_silk"},{"link_name":"Rajshahi silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajshahi_silk"},{"link_name":"Tant sari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tant_sari"},{"link_name":"Tussar silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tussar_silk"},{"link_name":"Headgear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headgear"},{"link_name":"Taqiyah (cap)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)"},{"link_name":"Pagri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagri_(turban)"},{"link_name":"Rumi topi/Fez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumi_topi"},{"link_name":"Turban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turban"},{"link_name":"Sehra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sehra_(headdress)"},{"link_name":"Topor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topor_(headgear)"},{"link_name":"Tops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"Angarkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angarkha"},{"link_name":"Kurta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurta"},{"link_name":"Kameez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameez"},{"link_name":"Sherwani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwani"},{"link_name":"Taaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taaga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trousers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trousers"},{"link_name":"Churidar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churidar"},{"link_name":"Pajamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pajamas"},{"link_name":"Chappal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chappal"},{"link_name":"Jutti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutti"},{"link_name":"Mojari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojari"},{"link_name":"Paduka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paduka"},{"link_name":"Sandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandal"},{"link_name":"Batik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik"},{"link_name":"Jute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jute"},{"link_name":"Kantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Grameen check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grameen_check"},{"link_name":"Woodblock printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodblock_printing"},{"link_name":"Jute trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jute_trade"},{"link_name":"Muslin trade in Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslin_trade_in_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Textile arts of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_arts_of_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Textile industry in Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Dhaka Fashion 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Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_arts_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Andean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean_textiles"},{"link_name":"Mapuche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche_textiles"},{"link_name":"Maya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_textiles"},{"link_name":"Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textiles_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Navajo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_weaving"},{"link_name":"Oaxacan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textiles_of_Oaxaca"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_fabric_arts"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_traditional_textiles"},{"link_name":"Blocking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocking_(textile_arts)"},{"link_name":"Fiber art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_art"},{"link_name":"Mathematics and fiber arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_and_fiber_arts"},{"link_name":"Manufacturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing"},{"link_name":"Preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_textiles"},{"link_name":"Recycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_recycling"},{"link_name":"Textile industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry"},{"link_name":"Textile museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Textile_museums"},{"link_name":"Units of measurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Units_of_textile_measurement"},{"link_name":"Wearable fiber art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_art#Wearable_fiber_art"},{"link_name":"Dyeing terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dyeing_terms"},{"link_name":"Sewing terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_sewing_terms"},{"link_name":"Textile manufacturing terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_manufacturing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emojione_1F458.svg"},{"link_name":"Clothing portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Clothing"}],"text":"The Art of Kantha embroidery, by Niaz Zaman. University Press, 1993. ISBN 984-05-1228-5.\nJasleen Dhamija (2004). Asian embroidery. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 81-7017-450-3.\nKantha: the embroidered quilts of Bengal, by Darielle Mason, Pika Ghosh, Katherine Hacker, Anne Peranteau. Yale University Press, 2010. ISBN 0300154429.\nKantha, by John Gillow, Pratapaditya Pal, Courtenay McGowen, and Rob Sidner. Mingei International Museum and Radius Books, 2017. ISBN 9781942185192.\nKantha Work, by Juby Aleyas Koll. Sarah's Hand Embroidery Tutorials, 2021.vteEmbroideryStyles\nAssisi\nBargello\nBerlin work\nBlackwork\nBroderie anglaise\nBroderie perse\nCandlewicking\nCounted-thread\nCrewel\nCross-stitch\nCutwork\nDarning\nDrawn thread work\nGoldwork\nHardanger\nHedebo\nMachine\nNeedlepoint\nQuillwork\nSmocking\nStumpwork\nSurface\nSuzani\nWhitework\nStitches\nBackstitch\nBlanket\nBox\nButtonhole\nChain stitch\nCouching and laid work\nCross stitches\nEmbroidery stitch\nFeatherstitch\nHolbein\nParisian\nRunning\nSatin stitch\nSashiko\nShisha\nStraight stitch\nTent stitch\nTools and materials\nAida cloth\nEmbroidery hoop\nEmbroidery thread\nEvenweave\nPerforated paper\nPlainweave\nPlastic canvas\nSampler\nSlip\nYarn\nRegionaland historical\nArt needlework\nBalochi\nBrazilian\nBunka shishu\nBurmese\nChikan\nChinese\nCantonese\nSichuan\nSuzhou\nXiang\nEnglish\nIndian\nIslamic\nJacobean\nSashiko\nKogin-zashi\nBunka shishu\nKaitag\nKantha\nKasuti\nKorean\nMacedonian\nMountmellick\nNakshi kantha\nPersian\nRasht\nSermeh\nSistan\nZardozi\nOpus Anglicanum\nRushnyk\nSewed muslin\nUkrainian\nVietnamese\nVyshyvanka\nEmbroideries\nButler-Bowden Cope\nBayeux Tapestry\nBradford carpet\nGreat Tapestry of Scotland\nGreat Tapestry of Scotland: People's Panel\nHastings Embroidery\nHestia tapestry\nMagna Carta (An Embroidery)\nMargaret Layton's jacket\nNew World Tapestry\nOverlord Embroidery\nOxburgh Hangings\nPrestonpans Tapestry\nQuaker Tapestry\nScottish Diaspora Tapestry\nFragments of a Cope with the Seven Sacraments\nDesignersand embroiderers\nEmilie Bach\nLeon Conrad\nShahin Ebrahimzadeh-Pezeshki\nKaffe Fassett\nJuanita Growing Thunder Fogarty\nConstance Howard\nMarilyn Leavitt-Imblum\nFrançois Lesage\nAnn Macbeth\nMay Morris\nJessie Newbery\nMahtab Norouzi\nTetiana Protcheva\nCharles Germain de Saint Aubin\nMary Elizabeth Turner\nDimitri Vlachos - Castano\nKathleen Whyte\nErica Wilson\nLily Yeats\nOrganizationsand museums\nEmbroiderers' Guild (UK)\nEmbroiderers' Guild of America\nEmbroidery Software Protection Coalition\nNeedlework Development Scheme\nRoyal School of Needlework\nWemyss School of Needlework\nChung Young Yang Embroidery Museum \nHan Sang Soo Embroidery Museum\nRelated\nAppliqué\nCrochet\nKnitting\nLace\nNeedlework\nQuiltingvteBengali clothingClothes\nJamdani\nKhadi\nMuslin\nNakshi kantha\nLehenga\nDupatta\nGharara\nCummerbund\nGamucha\nSarong\nSari\nBaluchari Sari\nDhakai\nDhakai Banarasi sari\nHandloom saree\nMurshidabad silk\nRajshahi silk\nTant sari\nTussar silk\nHeadgear\nTaqiyah (cap)\nPagri\nRumi topi/Fez\nTurban\nSehra\nTopor\nTops\nAngarkha\nKurta\nKameez\nSherwani\nTaaga\nTrousers\nChuridar\nPajamas\nFootwear\nChappal\nJutti\nMojari\nPaduka\nSandal\nStitchingand design\nBatik\nJute Fabric\nKantha\nGrameen check\nWoodblock printing\nOthers\nJute trade\nMuslin trade in Bengal\nTextile arts of Bangladesh\nTextile industry in Bangladesh\nDhaka Fashion Weekvte Culture of West BengalCuisine\nBaingan bharta\nBori\nGohona Bori\nChingri malai curry\nKheer\nKhichuri\nMachh bhaja\nMachher Jhol\nMishti doi\nNabadwip-er lal doi\nPithe\nRasogolla\nRice\nSandesh\nSorshe Ilish\nAbar Khabo\nDanceClassical dance\nGaudiya Nritya\nRabindra Nritya Natya\nFolk dance\nAlkap\nBrita dance\nChhau\nDhamail\nDomni\nGombhira\nKalikapatadi\nKushan dance\nRaibenshe\nTusu dance\nMusicCultural songs\nAgamani-Vijaya\nAtulprasadi Sangeet\nBishnupur Gharana\nDwijendrageeti\nNazrul Geeti\nPrabhat Samgiita\nRabindra Sangeet\nShyama Sangeet\nFolk songs\nBaromasya Song\nBaul\nBhadu Song\nBhatiali\nBhawaiya\nBolan Song\nGhatu Song\nGombhira\nHapu song\nKirtan\nPatua Sangeet\nShreekrishna Kirtana\nTusu Song\nHandlooms andhandicraftsHandloom\nBaluchari Sari\nNakshi kantha\nKantha\nTant sari\nTangail Saree\nHandicrafts\nBankura horse\nChhau Mask\nDhokra\nSantiniketan Leather Goods\nShital Pati\nWooden dolls\nMadurkathi\nObservationsand festivals\nDarjeeling Carnival\nDharmathakur\nDola jatra\nDurga Puja\nGuptipara Rathayatra\nJagaddhatri Puja\nJoydeb-Kenduli Mela\nKali Puja\nLakshmi Puja\nMahishadal Rathayatra\nMakar Sankranti\nNobanno\nPoila Boishakh\nPoush Mela\nRathayatra\nRathayatra of Mahesh\nShakta Rash\nSindur Khela\nArts\nAlpona\nBankura horse\nManasa chali\nChalchitra\nDashabatar Cards\nDurga pot\nKalighat Painting\nPatachitra\nSholapith\nTerracotta\nOther\nBarowari\nBônggabdô\nDakshin Rai\n India portal\n CategoryvteEmbroideryStyles\nAssisi\nBargello\nBerlin work\nBlackwork\nBroderie anglaise\nBroderie perse\nCandlewicking\nCounted-thread\nCrewel\nCross-stitch\nCutwork\nDarning\nDrawn thread work\nGoldwork\nHardanger\nHedebo\nMachine\nNeedlepoint\nQuillwork\nSmocking\nStumpwork\nSurface\nSuzani\nWhitework\nStitches\nBackstitch\nBlanket\nBox\nButtonhole\nChain stitch\nCouching and laid work\nCross stitches\nEmbroidery stitch\nFeatherstitch\nHolbein\nParisian\nRunning\nSatin stitch\nSashiko\nShisha\nStraight stitch\nTent stitch\nTools and materials\nAida cloth\nEmbroidery hoop\nEmbroidery thread\nEvenweave\nPerforated paper\nPlainweave\nPlastic canvas\nSampler\nSlip\nYarn\nRegionaland historical\nArt needlework\nBalochi\nBrazilian\nBunka shishu\nBurmese\nChikan\nChinese\nCantonese\nSichuan\nSuzhou\nXiang\nEnglish\nIndian\nIslamic\nJacobean\nSashiko\nKogin-zashi\nBunka shishu\nKaitag\nKantha\nKasuti\nKorean\nMacedonian\nMountmellick\nNakshi kantha\nPersian\nRasht\nSermeh\nSistan\nZardozi\nOpus Anglicanum\nRushnyk\nSewed muslin\nUkrainian\nVietnamese\nVyshyvanka\nEmbroideries\nButler-Bowden Cope\nBayeux Tapestry\nBradford carpet\nGreat Tapestry of Scotland\nGreat Tapestry of Scotland: People's Panel\nHastings Embroidery\nHestia tapestry\nMagna Carta (An Embroidery)\nMargaret Layton's jacket\nNew World Tapestry\nOverlord Embroidery\nOxburgh Hangings\nPrestonpans Tapestry\nQuaker Tapestry\nScottish Diaspora Tapestry\nFragments of a Cope with the Seven Sacraments\nDesignersand embroiderers\nEmilie Bach\nLeon Conrad\nShahin Ebrahimzadeh-Pezeshki\nKaffe Fassett\nJuanita Growing Thunder Fogarty\nConstance Howard\nMarilyn Leavitt-Imblum\nFrançois Lesage\nAnn Macbeth\nMay Morris\nJessie Newbery\nMahtab Norouzi\nTetiana Protcheva\nCharles Germain de Saint Aubin\nMary Elizabeth Turner\nDimitri Vlachos - Castano\nKathleen Whyte\nErica Wilson\nLily Yeats\nOrganizationsand museums\nEmbroiderers' Guild (UK)\nEmbroiderers' Guild of America\nEmbroidery Software Protection Coalition\nNeedlework Development Scheme\nRoyal School of Needlework\nWemyss School of Needlework\nChung Young Yang Embroidery Museum \nHan Sang Soo Embroidery Museum\nRelated\nAppliqué\nCrochet\nKnitting\nLace\nNeedlework\nQuiltingvteLayered textiles and quiltsQuilting\nBaltimore album\nCorded quilting\nCrazy quilting\nHawaiian quilt\nNakshi kantha\nPatchwork quilt\nProvençal quilts\nQuilt art\nQuilting\nQuilts\nRalli quilt\nSashiko quilting\nTrapunto\nPatchwork\nEnglish paper piecing\nFoundation piecing\nPatchwork\nPossum-skin cloak\nApplique\nAppliqué\nBroderie perse\nKhayamiya\nMola\nPenny rug\nRibbon work\nHistory of quilting\nGee's Bend quilts\nRajah Quilt\nTristan Quilt\nUnderground Railroad quilts\nNotable modern works\nAIDS Memorial Quilt\nQuilt of Belonging\nChinese Souls #2\nInternational Honor Quilt\nPeople\nSandy Bonsib\nJo Budd\nJennifer Chiaverini\nMary Cozens-Walker\nMimi Dietrich\nRadka Donnell\nMichael James\nHarriet Powers\nHolice Turnbow\nMolly Upton\nMarie Webster\nOrganizations, museums, and events\nGreat Lakes Quilt Center\nInternational Quilt Study Center\nMuseum of the American Quilter's Society\nQuilt Index\nQuilters Hall of Fame\nQuilt National\nQuilt Treasures\nSan Jose Museum of Quilts & Textiles\nConservation and Restoration of Quilts\n[National Museum of Australia - 1894 Autograph Quilt]vteBengali clothingClothes\nJamdani\nKhadi\nMuslin\nNakshi kantha\nLehenga\nDupatta\nGharara\nCummerbund\nGamucha\nSarong\nSari\nBaluchari Sari\nDhakai\nDhakai Banarasi sari\nHandloom saree\nMurshidabad silk\nRajshahi silk\nTant sari\nTussar silk\nHeadgear\nTaqiyah (cap)\nPagri\nRumi topi/Fez\nTurban\nSehra\nTopor\nTops\nAngarkha\nKurta\nKameez\nSherwani\nTaaga\nTrousers\nChuridar\nPajamas\nFootwear\nChappal\nJutti\nMojari\nPaduka\nSandal\nStitchingand design\nBatik\nJute Fabric\nKantha\nGrameen check\nWoodblock printing\nOthers\nJute trade\nMuslin trade in Bengal\nTextile arts of Bangladesh\nTextile industry in Bangladesh\nDhaka Fashion WeekvteBeddingAdult beds\n(bed sizes)\nBanig\nBox-bed\nBunk bed\nCage bed\nRope bed\nCamp bed\nCanopy bed\nDaybed\nFour-poster bed\nFuton\nHammock\nHospital bed\nKang bed-stove\nLit à la Turque\nLoft bed\nCharpai\nMurphy bed\nPetate\nPlatform bed\nPolish bed\nSleigh bed\nSofa bed\nTrundle bed\nInfant beds\nBassinet\nCradle (bed)\nInfant bed\nToddler bed\nBed components\nBed frame\nBed sheet\nBed skirt\nCot side\nFootboard\nHeadboard\nMattresses\nAir mattress\nCambodian mat\nTick mattress\nMahjong mat\nMattress pad\nMattress protector\nMemory foam\nOrthopedic mattress\nWaterbed\nBed bases\nBox-spring\nBunkie board\nStorage bed\nBlankets\nAfghan\nComforter\nDuvet\nDuvet cover\nElectric blanket\nHudson's Bay point blanket\nLizhnyk\nPatchwork quilt\nPhoto blanket\nQuilt\nRazai\nSecurity blanket\nSilk comforter\nSleeping bag\nSleeved blanket\nWeighted blanket\nPillows\nAcupressure pillow\nBamboo wife\nBolster\nContour leg pillow\nCushion\nDakimakura\nEye pillow\nOrthopedic pillow\nSex pillow\nSpeaker pillow\nThrow pillow\nRelated items\nBed warmer\nCouch\nNightstand\nBlanket fort\n\n Category\n CommonsvteTextile artsFundamentals\nAppliqué\nBeadwork\nCrochet\nDyeing\nEmbroidery\nFabric\nFelting\nFiber\nKnitting\nLace\nMacramé\nNålebinding\nNeedlework\nPatchwork\nPassementerie\nPlying\nQuilting\nRope\nRug making\nSewing\nSpinning\nStitch\nTextile printing\nWeaving\nYarn\nHistory of ...\nByzantine silk\nClothing and textiles\nSilk\nQuilting\nSilk in the Indian subcontinent\nTextile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods\nTextiles in the British Industrial Revolution\nTimeline of textile technology\nRegional and ethnic\nAfrican\nKongo\nKuba\nAustralian Aboriginal\nHmong\nBurmese\nAcheik\nIndonesian\nBalinese\nSumba\nIndigenous peoples of the Americas\nAndean\nMapuche\nMaya\nMexican\nNavajo\nOaxacan\nKorean\nMāori\nRelated\nBlocking\nFiber art\nMathematics and fiber arts\nManufacturing\nPreservation\nRecycling\nTextile industry\nTextile museums\nUnits of measurement\nWearable fiber art\nGlossaries\nDyeing terms\nSewing terms\nTextile manufacturing terms\n Clothing portal","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Traditional Kantha stiching in Bangladesh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Nakshi_Kantha_craftswoman.jpg/220px-Nakshi_Kantha_craftswoman.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kantha used as bed for a baby","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Baby_Kantha.jpg/250px-Baby_Kantha.jpg"},{"image_text":"kantha used as bed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bed_Kantha.jpg/250px-Bed_Kantha.jpg"},{"image_text":"Closeup of a kantha. In the left and bottom Paar is shown, also the running stitches (white) are seen.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kantha_Closeup.jpg/250px-Kantha_Closeup.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Odo_bayeux_tapestry_detail.jpg/85px-Odo_bayeux_tapestry_detail.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sampler_by_Elizabeth_Laidman_1760_detail.jpg/85px-Sampler_by_Elizabeth_Laidman_1760_detail.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/47/Kaitag.jpg/85px-Kaitag.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Odo_bayeux_tapestry_detail.jpg/85px-Odo_bayeux_tapestry_detail.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sampler_by_Elizabeth_Laidman_1760_detail.jpg/85px-Sampler_by_Elizabeth_Laidman_1760_detail.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/47/Kaitag.jpg/85px-Kaitag.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Quilt03.jpg/120px-Quilt03.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alpackaull.jpg/110px-Alpackaull.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Textile arts of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_arts_of_Bangladesh"},{"title":"Embroidery of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embroidery_of_India"},{"title":"Nakshi kantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshi_kantha"}]
|
[{"reference":"India. Office of the Registrar General (1962). Census of India, 1961: Orissa. Manager of Publications.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HgUfAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Census of India, 1961: Orissa"}]},{"reference":"\"One stitch at a time - The Hindu\". The Hindu. 25 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/one-stitch-at-a-time/article6445032.ece","url_text":"\"One stitch at a time - The Hindu\""}]},{"reference":"Jasleen Dhamija (2004). Asian embroidery. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 81-7017-450-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasleen_Dhamija","url_text":"Jasleen Dhamija"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MnyGckk3RiwC&q=kantha+embroidery&pg=PA133","url_text":"Asian embroidery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-450-3","url_text":"81-7017-450-3"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/7637451/Opportunities_and_Constraints_of_the_Kantha-stitch_craftswomen_in_Santiniketan_a_value_chain_analysis","external_links_name":"Modern Kantha-stitch craft industry involves a very complex multi-staged production model"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HgUfAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Census of India, 1961: Orissa"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/one-stitch-at-a-time/article6445032.ece","external_links_name":"\"One stitch at a time - The Hindu\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MnyGckk3RiwC&q=kantha+embroidery&pg=PA133","external_links_name":"Asian embroidery"},{"Link":"https://www.embroidery.rocksea.org/hand-embroidery/kantha-work/","external_links_name":"Kantha Work"},{"Link":"https://www.embroidery.rocksea.org/hand-embroidery/","external_links_name":"Sarah's Hand Embroidery Tutorials"},{"Link":"http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/highlights/autograph_quilt","external_links_name":"National Museum of Australia - 1894 Autograph Quilt"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-methylaminorex
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4-Methylaminorex
|
["1 Chemistry","2 Dosage","3 Effects","4 Neurotoxicity studies","5 References","6 External links"]
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Group of stereoisomers
4-MethylaminorexClinical dataRoutes ofadministrationOral, Vaporized, Insufflated, InjectedLegal statusLegal status
AU: S9 (Prohibited substance)
BR: Class F2 (Prohibited psychotropics)
CA: Schedule III
DE: Anlage I (Authorized scientific use only)
UK: Class A
US: Schedule I
UN: Psychotropic Schedule I
Pharmacokinetic dataBioavailability62% oral; 79% nasal; 91 - 93.5% smoked; 100% IVMetabolismHepaticElimination half-life10-19 hoursExcretionRenalIdentifiers
IUPAC name
4-Methyl-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-amine
CAS Number3568-94-3 Y(±)-cis: 29493-77-4 YPubChem CID92196DrugBankDB01447 YChemSpider83237 YUNII7PK6VC94OU(±)-cis: 2149QZM652 YKEGGC22731CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID30860432 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC10H12N2OMolar mass176.219 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive imageChiralityRacemic mixture
SMILES
CC1C(C2=CC=CC=C2)OC(N)=N1
InChI
InChI=1S/C10H12N2O/c1-7-9(13-10(11)12-7)8-5-3-2-4-6-8/h2-7,9H,1H3,(H2,11,12) YKey:LJQBMYDFWFGESC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
NY (what is this?) (verify)
4-Methylaminorex (4-MAR, 4-MAX) is a stimulant drug of the 2-amino-5-aryloxazoline class that was first synthesized in 1960 by McNeil Laboratories. It is also known by its street name "U4Euh" ("Euphoria"). It is banned in many countries as a stimulant.
4-Methylaminorex has effects comparable to methamphetamine but with a longer duration.
The results of animal experiments conducted with this drug suggest that it has an abuse liability similar to cocaine and amphetamine. One study found that, "stimulus properties of racemic cis, racemic trans, and all four individual optical isomers of 4-methylaminorex were examined in rats trained to discriminate 1 mg/kg of S(+)amphetamine sulfate from saline. The S(+)amphetamine stimulus generalized to all of the agents investigated". A second study in which rats trained to discriminate either 0.75 mg/kg S(+)-amphetamine or 1.5 mg/kg fenfluramine from saline generalized to aminorex as amphetamine stimulus but not to fenfluramine. Rats trained to discriminate 8 mg/kg cocaine from saline generalized 4-methylaminorex to cocaine-stimulus. The reinforcing effects of cis-4-methylaminorex were determined in two models of intravenous drug self-administration in primates. Vehicle or 4-methylaminorex doses were substituted for cocaine. One of the two different doses of 4-methylaminorex maintained self-administration behavior above vehicle control levels.
Chemistry
4-Methylaminorex exists as four stereoisomers : (±)-cis and (±)-trans. The (±)-cis isomers are the form used recreationally.
The (±)-cis isomers generally synthesized from dl-phenylpropanolamine in one step by cyclization with cyanogen bromide (sometimes prepared in situ by reacting sodium cyanide with bromine). Alternate synthesis routes generally involve more steps, such as replacing cyanogen bromide with sodium or potassium cyanate to form an intermediate and then reacting it with concentrated hydrochloric acid. A method reported in microgram replaced the need for a separate addition of hydrochloric acid by starting with the hydrochloride salt of the dl-phenylpropanolamine but side-products are noted. The (±)-trans isomers are synthesized in the same manner above but dl-norephedrine is used as the starting material instead. The cyanate reaction proceeds differently from the cyanogen bromide and transforms norephedrine into trans-4-methylaminorex instead, as noted in the DEA micrograph. The cyanogen bromide, by comparison, transformed norephedrine into the cis isomer and norpseudoephedrine into the trans isomers of the final product.
Dosage
4-methylaminorex can be smoked, insufflated or taken orally.
As an anorectic, the ED50 is 8.8 mg/kg in rats for the (±)-cis isomers. The (±)-trans isomers are slightly more potent at 7.0 mg/kg. As a recreational drug, the effective dosage ranges from 5 to 25 mg.
In the 1970s McNeil Laboratories, Inc. was trying to bring 4-methylaminorex to drug market as a sympathomimetic (most commonly used as asthma-medicines), research name was McN-822, they mention that human dose would have been 0.25 mg/kg of body weight. They mention also LD50: 17 mg/kg
p.o for mice
There is a patent about the use of 4-methylaminorex "as a nasal decongestant which, when administered orally, does not produce adverse central nervous system stimulant effects as experienced with other decongestants and anorexiants." Dose mentioned is 0.25 mg/kg of body weight.
Effects
It produces long-lasting effects, generally up to 16 hours in duration if taken orally and up to 12 hours if smoked or insufflated. Large doses have been reported anecdotally to last up to 36 hours. The effects are stimulant in nature, producing euphoria, increased attention, and increased cognition. Anecdotally, it has been reported to produce effects similar to nootropics. However, there is no research to support the claim that it is different or more effective than other psychostimulants in this respect. Moreover, 4-methylaminorex does not have the established safety profile of widely used clinical psychostimulants such as methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine.
Time (h)
Concentration of 4-methylaminorex in urine (μg/ml)
0-6
45
6-24
1.0
24-36
0.1
36-48
not detected
There has been one reported death due to 4-methylaminorex and diazepam. Concentrations of 4-methylaminorex were: in blood 21.3 mg/L; in urine 12.3 mg/L. Diazepam concentration in blood was 0.8 mg/L. One experiment on rats has studied excretion of 4-methylaminorex in urine: "The concentration of trans-4-methylaminorex in rat urine following four injections of the trans-4S,5S isomer 5 mg/kg i.p each, at intervals of 12 h in 2 days, as measured quantitatively by GC/MS".
Another study focused on pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of the stereoisomers of 4-methylaminorex in rats.
"Pulmonary hypertension has been associated with ingestion of the appetite suppressant aminorex. A similar compound, 4-methylaminorex, was discovered on the property of three individuals with diagnoses of pulmonary hypertension."
Neurotoxicity studies
There have been three studies studying possible neurotoxicity of 4-methylaminorex. First study using quite high doses (highest dose caused clonic seizures and some rats died) in rats and studying short-term effects (rats were killed 30 min to 18 h after injection of 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg of racemic cis-4-methylaminorex) suggested reduction in tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) activity (a possible marker for serotonin neurotoxicity) but citing study: "No change in TPH activity was observed 30 min after injection; by 8 h the activity of this enzyme appeared to be recovering." and "this agent is significantly less neurotoxic than methamphetamine or MDMA."
A study published 2 years later than first one also suggested reduction in tryptophan hydroxylase activity, they used quite high dose too (10 mg/kg of cis-4-methylaminorex) and studied also long-term effects (rats were killed 3 h, 18 h or 7 days after injection), they found reduction of 20-40% of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) activity and "recovery of TPH activity occurred 18 h after treatment, but was significantly decreased again by 7 days." but "It is noteworthy that, unlike the other analogs, the striatal levels of 5-HT did not decline with TPH activity following multiple 4-methylaminorex treatment"
The latest study (using mice) was not able to find any long-term effects suggesting neurotoxicity and instead found an increase in serotonin levels, they also used high doses (15 mg/kg of each isomers studied) "The dosages used in the present experiments are about 6-10 times than the effective doses of aminorex and stereoisomers inhibition of food intake." Doses were repeated 3 times a day and mice were killed 7 days after last dose. "Since a long-lasting depletion of dopamine or 5-HT appears to be a good predictor of dopamine or 5-HT neurotoxicity (Wagner et al. 1980; Ricaurte et al. 1985), the results suggest that the aminorex compounds except 4S,5S-dimethylaminorex, unlike MDMA or fenfluramine, are not toxic to either dopamine or 5-HT neurotransmitter systems in the CBA strain of mice. It was reported that although multiple doses of 4-methylaminorex caused long-term, i.e., seven-day, declines in striatal tryptophan hydroxylase activity in SD rats, no changes were found in 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels (Hanson et al. 1992).
That first study also suggested reduced dopamine (DA) levels (a possible marker for dopamine neurotoxicity), but citing study: "However, 8 h after drug administration no differences from control values were seen in DA, DOPAC or HVA levels." and again later studies didn't find any long-term reduction.
References
^ Anvisa (2023-07-24). "RDC Nº 804 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-07-25). Archived from the original on 2023-08-27. Retrieved 2023-08-27.
^ US 3278382, "2-amino-5-aryloxazoline compositions and methods of using same"
^ Glennon RA, Misenheimer B (March 1990). "Stimulus properties of a new designer drug: 4-methylaminorex ("U4Euh")". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 35 (3): 517–21. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(90)90282-M. PMID 1971111. S2CID 10464868.
^ Young R (May 1992). "Aminorex produces stimulus effects similar to amphetamine and unlike those of fenfluramine". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 42 (1): 175–8. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(92)90462-O. PMID 1356272. S2CID 31002190.
^ Young R, Glennon RA (May 1993). "Cocaine-stimulus generalization to two new designer drugs: methcathinone and 4-methylaminorex". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 45 (1): 229–31. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(93)90110-F. PMID 8516363. S2CID 7648152.
^ Mansbach RS, Sannerud CA, Griffiths RR, Balster RL, Harris LS (October 1990). "Intravenous self-administration of 4-methylaminorex in primates". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 26 (2): 137–44. doi:10.1016/0376-8716(90)90120-4. PMID 2242714.
^ "Erowid 4-methylaminorex Vault : Dosage". Archived from the original on 2007-05-26. Retrieved 2006-11-22.
^ "System Timed Out (Library of Congress Online Catalog)". Archived from the original on 2021-05-31. Retrieved 2007-09-02.
^ "Method of decongesting the nose ... - Google Patents".
^ Davis FT, Brewster ME (March 1988). "A fatality involving U4Euh, a cyclic derivative of phenylpropanolamine". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 33 (2): 549–53. doi:10.1520/JFS11971J. PMID 3373171.
^ Kankaanpää A, Meririnne E, Ellermaa S, Ariniemi K, Seppälä T (September 2001). "Detection and assay of cis- and trans-isomers of 4-methylaminorex in urine, plasma and tissue samples". Forensic Science International. 121 (1–2): 57–64. doi:10.1016/S0379-0738(01)00453-4. PMID 11516888.
^ Meririnne E, Ellermaa S, Kankaanpää A, Bardy A, Seppälä T (June 2004). "Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of the stereoisomers of 4-methylaminorex in the rat". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 309 (3): 1198–205. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.060053. PMID 14742748. S2CID 28124406.
^ a b Gaine SP, Rubin LJ, Kmetzo JJ, Palevsky HI, Traill TA (November 2000). "Recreational use of aminorex and pulmonary hypertension". Chest. 118 (5): 1496–7. doi:10.1378/chest.118.5.1496. PMID 11083709. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12.
^ Bunker CF, Johnson M, Gibb JW, Bush LG, Hanson GR (May 1990). "Neurochemical effects of an acute treatment with 4-methylaminorex: a new stimulant of abuse". European Journal of Pharmacology. 180 (1): 103–11. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(90)90597-Y. PMID 1973111.
^ Hanson GR, Bunker CF, Johnson M, Bush L, Gibb JW (August 1992). "Response of monoaminergic and neuropeptide systems to 4-methylaminorex: a new stimulant of abuse". European Journal of Pharmacology. 218 (2–3): 287–93. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(92)90181-3. PMID 1358636.
^ Zheng Y, Russell B, Schmierer D, Laverty R (January 1997). "The effects of aminorex and related compounds on brain monoamines and metabolites in CBA mice". The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 49 (1): 89–96. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1997.tb06758.x. PMID 9120777. S2CID 20224300.
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Monoamine activity enhancers: BPAP
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DAT modulators: Agonist-like: SoRI-9804
SoRI-20040; Antagonist-like: SoRI-20041
Adrenergic release blockers: Bethanidine
Bretylium
Guanadrel
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See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Monoamine reuptake inhibitors • Adrenergics • Dopaminergics • Serotonergics • Monoamine metabolism modulators • Monoamine neurotoxins
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stimulant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant"},{"link_name":"drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug"},{"link_name":"amino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino"},{"link_name":"aryloxazoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryl"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"stimulant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant"},{"link_name":"methamphetamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine"},{"link_name":"cocaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"fenfluramine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenfluramine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"4-Methylaminorex (4-MAR, 4-MAX) is a stimulant drug of the 2-amino-5-aryloxazoline class that was first synthesized in 1960 by McNeil Laboratories.[2] It is also known by its street name \"U4Euh\" (\"Euphoria\"). It is banned in many countries as a stimulant.4-Methylaminorex has effects comparable to methamphetamine but with a longer duration.The results of animal experiments conducted with this drug suggest that it has an abuse liability similar to cocaine and amphetamine. One study found that, \"stimulus properties of racemic cis, racemic trans, and all four individual optical isomers of 4-methylaminorex were examined in rats trained to discriminate 1 mg/kg of S(+)amphetamine sulfate from saline. The S(+)amphetamine stimulus generalized to all of the agents investigated\".[3] A second study in which rats trained to discriminate either 0.75 mg/kg S(+)-amphetamine or 1.5 mg/kg fenfluramine from saline generalized to aminorex as amphetamine stimulus but not to fenfluramine.[4] Rats trained to discriminate 8 mg/kg cocaine from saline generalized 4-methylaminorex to cocaine-stimulus.[5] The reinforcing effects of cis-4-methylaminorex were determined in two models of intravenous drug self-administration in primates. Vehicle or 4-methylaminorex doses were substituted for cocaine. One of the two different doses of 4-methylaminorex maintained self-administration behavior above vehicle control levels.[6]","title":"4-Methylaminorex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stereoisomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoisomer"},{"link_name":"recreationally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_drug"},{"link_name":"dl-phenylpropanolamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine"},{"link_name":"cyclization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclization"},{"link_name":"cyanogen bromide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanogen_bromide"},{"link_name":"in situ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_situ#Chemistry_and_chemical_engineering"},{"link_name":"sodium cyanide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_cyanide"},{"link_name":"bromine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromine"},{"link_name":"cyanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanate"},{"link_name":"hydrochloric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid"},{"link_name":"hydrochloric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid"},{"link_name":"dl-phenylpropanolamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine"},{"link_name":"dl-norephedrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norephedrine"}],"text":"4-Methylaminorex exists as four stereoisomers : (±)-cis and (±)-trans. The (±)-cis isomers are the form used recreationally.\nThe (±)-cis isomers [racemate (1:1-mixture) of the (4R,5S)-isomer and the enantiomeric (4S,5R)-isomer] generally synthesized from dl-phenylpropanolamine in one step by cyclization with cyanogen bromide (sometimes prepared in situ by reacting sodium cyanide with bromine). Alternate synthesis routes generally involve more steps, such as replacing cyanogen bromide with sodium or potassium cyanate to form an intermediate and then reacting it with concentrated hydrochloric acid. A method reported in microgram replaced the need for a separate addition of hydrochloric acid by starting with the hydrochloride salt of the dl-phenylpropanolamine but side-products are noted. The (±)-trans isomers [racemate (1:1-mixture) of the (4S,5S)-isomer and the enantiomeric (4R,5R)-isomer] are synthesized in the same manner above but dl-norephedrine is used as the starting material instead. The cyanate reaction proceeds differently from the cyanogen bromide and transforms norephedrine into trans-4-methylaminorex instead, as noted in the DEA micrograph. The cyanogen bromide, by comparison, transformed norephedrine into the cis isomer and norpseudoephedrine into the trans isomers of the final product.","title":"Chemistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"insufflated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insufflation_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"anorectic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorectic"},{"link_name":"ED50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_dose_(pharmacology)"},{"link_name":"recreational drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_drug"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-titleErowid_4-methylaminorex_Vault_:_Dosage-7"},{"link_name":"McNeil Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McNeil_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-titleSystem_Timed_Out_(Library_of_Congress_Online_Catalog)-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-titleMethod_of_decongesting_the_nose_..._-_Google_Patents-9"}],"text":"4-methylaminorex can be smoked, insufflated or taken orally.As an anorectic, the ED50 is 8.8 mg/kg in rats for the (±)-cis isomers. The (±)-trans isomers are slightly more potent at 7.0 mg/kg. As a recreational drug, the effective dosage ranges from 5 to 25 mg.[7]In the 1970s McNeil Laboratories, Inc. was trying to bring 4-methylaminorex to drug market as a sympathomimetic (most commonly used as asthma-medicines), research name was McN-822, they mention that human dose would have been 0.25 mg/kg of body weight. They mention also LD50: 17 mg/kg\np.o for mice [8]There is a patent about the use of 4-methylaminorex \"as a nasal decongestant which, when administered orally, does not produce adverse central nervous system stimulant effects as experienced with other decongestants and anorexiants.\" Dose mentioned is 0.25 mg/kg of body weight.[9]","title":"Dosage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"insufflated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insufflation_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"stimulant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant"},{"link_name":"euphoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphoria_(emotion)"},{"link_name":"cognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition"},{"link_name":"nootropics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nootropic"},{"link_name":"methylphenidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylphenidate"},{"link_name":"dextroamphetamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextroamphetamine"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gaine_SP,_Rubin_LJ,_Kmetzo_JJ,_Palevsky_HI,_Traill_TA_2000_1496%E2%80%937-13"}],"text":"It produces long-lasting effects, generally up to 16 hours in duration if taken orally and up to 12 hours if smoked or insufflated. Large doses have been reported anecdotally to last up to 36 hours. The effects are stimulant in nature, producing euphoria, increased attention, and increased cognition. Anecdotally, it has been reported to produce effects similar to nootropics. However, there is no research to support the claim that it is different or more effective than other psychostimulants in this respect. Moreover, 4-methylaminorex does not have the established safety profile of widely used clinical psychostimulants such as methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine.There has been one reported death due to 4-methylaminorex and diazepam. Concentrations of 4-methylaminorex were: in blood 21.3 mg/L; in urine 12.3 mg/L. Diazepam concentration in blood was 0.8 mg/L.[10] One experiment on rats has studied excretion of 4-methylaminorex in urine: \"The concentration of trans-4-methylaminorex in rat urine following four injections of the trans-4S,5S isomer 5 mg/kg i.p each, at intervals of 12 h in 2 days, as measured quantitatively by GC/MS\".[11]Another study focused on pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of the stereoisomers of 4-methylaminorex in rats.[12]\"Pulmonary hypertension has been associated with ingestion of the appetite suppressant aminorex. A similar compound, 4-methylaminorex, was discovered on the property of three individuals with diagnoses of pulmonary hypertension.\"[13]","title":"Effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neurotoxicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxicity"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"tryptophan hydroxylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan_hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"methamphetamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine"},{"link_name":"MDMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"aminorex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminorex"},{"link_name":"4S,5S-dimethylaminorex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4S,5S-dimethylaminorex&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"MDMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA"},{"link_name":"fenfluramine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenfluramine"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gaine_SP,_Rubin_LJ,_Kmetzo_JJ,_Palevsky_HI,_Traill_TA_2000_1496%E2%80%937-13"},{"link_name":"DA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine"},{"link_name":"DOPAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOPAC"},{"link_name":"HVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homovanillic_acid"}],"text":"There have been three studies studying possible neurotoxicity of 4-methylaminorex. First study[14] using quite high doses (highest dose caused clonic seizures and some rats died) in rats and studying short-term effects (rats were killed 30 min to 18 h after injection of 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg of racemic cis-4-methylaminorex) suggested reduction in tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) activity (a possible marker for serotonin neurotoxicity) but citing study: \"No change in TPH activity was observed 30 min after injection; by 8 h the activity of this enzyme appeared to be recovering.\" and \"this agent is significantly less neurotoxic than methamphetamine or MDMA.\"A study[15] published 2 years later than first one also suggested reduction in tryptophan hydroxylase activity, they used quite high dose too (10 mg/kg of cis-4-methylaminorex) and studied also long-term effects (rats were killed 3 h, 18 h or 7 days after injection), they found reduction of 20-40% of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) activity and \"recovery of TPH activity occurred 18 h after treatment, but was significantly decreased again by 7 days.\" but \"It is noteworthy that, unlike the other analogs, the striatal levels of 5-HT did not decline with TPH activity following multiple 4-methylaminorex treatment\"The latest study[16] (using mice) was not able to find any long-term effects suggesting neurotoxicity and instead found an increase in serotonin levels, they also used high doses (15 mg/kg of each isomers studied) \"The dosages used in the present experiments are about 6-10 times than the effective doses of aminorex and stereoisomers inhibition of food intake.\" Doses were repeated 3 times a day and mice were killed 7 days after last dose. \"Since a long-lasting depletion of dopamine or 5-HT appears to be a good predictor of dopamine or 5-HT neurotoxicity (Wagner et al. 1980; Ricaurte et al. 1985), the results suggest that the aminorex compounds except 4S,5S-dimethylaminorex, unlike MDMA or fenfluramine, are not toxic to either dopamine or 5-HT neurotransmitter systems in the CBA strain of mice. It was reported that although multiple doses of 4-methylaminorex caused long-term, i.e., seven-day, declines in striatal tryptophan hydroxylase activity in SD rats, no changes were found in 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels (Hanson et al. 1992).[13]That first study [11] also suggested reduced dopamine (DA) levels (a possible marker for dopamine neurotoxicity), but citing study: \"However, 8 h after drug administration no differences from control values were seen in DA, DOPAC or HVA levels.\" and again later studies [12-13] didn't find any long-term reduction.","title":"Neurotoxicity studies"}]
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[{"reference":"Anvisa (2023-07-24). \"RDC Nº 804 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial\" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 804 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-07-25). Archived from the original on 2023-08-27. Retrieved 2023-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Health_Regulatory_Agency","url_text":"Anvisa"},{"url":"https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-804-de-24-de-julho-de-2023-498447451","url_text":"\"RDC Nº 804 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A1rio_Oficial_da_Uni%C3%A3o","url_text":"Diário Oficial da União"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230827163149/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-804-de-24-de-julho-de-2023-498447451","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Glennon RA, Misenheimer B (March 1990). \"Stimulus properties of a new designer drug: 4-methylaminorex (\"U4Euh\")\". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 35 (3): 517–21. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(90)90282-M. PMID 1971111. S2CID 10464868.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0091-3057%2890%2990282-M","url_text":"10.1016/0091-3057(90)90282-M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1971111","url_text":"1971111"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10464868","url_text":"10464868"}]},{"reference":"Young R (May 1992). \"Aminorex produces stimulus effects similar to amphetamine and unlike those of fenfluramine\". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 42 (1): 175–8. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(92)90462-O. PMID 1356272. S2CID 31002190.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0091-3057%2892%2990462-O","url_text":"10.1016/0091-3057(92)90462-O"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1356272","url_text":"1356272"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31002190","url_text":"31002190"}]},{"reference":"Young R, Glennon RA (May 1993). \"Cocaine-stimulus generalization to two new designer drugs: methcathinone and 4-methylaminorex\". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 45 (1): 229–31. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(93)90110-F. PMID 8516363. S2CID 7648152.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0091-3057%2893%2990110-F","url_text":"10.1016/0091-3057(93)90110-F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8516363","url_text":"8516363"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7648152","url_text":"7648152"}]},{"reference":"Mansbach RS, Sannerud CA, Griffiths RR, Balster RL, Harris LS (October 1990). \"Intravenous self-administration of 4-methylaminorex in primates\". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 26 (2): 137–44. doi:10.1016/0376-8716(90)90120-4. PMID 2242714.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0376-8716%2890%2990120-4","url_text":"10.1016/0376-8716(90)90120-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2242714","url_text":"2242714"}]},{"reference":"\"Erowid 4-methylaminorex Vault : Dosage\". Archived from the original on 2007-05-26. Retrieved 2006-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/4_methylaminorex/4_methylaminorex_dose.shtml","url_text":"\"Erowid 4-methylaminorex Vault : Dosage\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070526045900/http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/4_methylaminorex/4_methylaminorex_dose.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"System Timed Out (Library of Congress Online Catalog)\". Archived from the original on 2021-05-31. Retrieved 2007-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=1&ti=1,1&Search%5FArg=Psychotropic%20drugs%20and%20related%20compounds&Search%5FCode=TALL&CNT=25&PID=22167&SEQ=20070902171132&SID=1","url_text":"\"System Timed Out (Library of Congress Online Catalog)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210531152317/https://catalog.loc.gov/legacy.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Method of decongesting the nose ... - Google Patents\".","urls":[{"url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US4980364","url_text":"\"Method of decongesting the nose ... - Google Patents\""}]},{"reference":"Davis FT, Brewster ME (March 1988). \"A fatality involving U4Euh, a cyclic derivative of phenylpropanolamine\". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 33 (2): 549–53. doi:10.1520/JFS11971J. PMID 3373171.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1520%2FJFS11971J","url_text":"10.1520/JFS11971J"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3373171","url_text":"3373171"}]},{"reference":"Kankaanpää A, Meririnne E, Ellermaa S, Ariniemi K, Seppälä T (September 2001). \"Detection and assay of cis- and trans-isomers of 4-methylaminorex in urine, plasma and tissue samples\". Forensic Science International. 121 (1–2): 57–64. doi:10.1016/S0379-0738(01)00453-4. PMID 11516888.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0379-0738%2801%2900453-4","url_text":"10.1016/S0379-0738(01)00453-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11516888","url_text":"11516888"}]},{"reference":"Meririnne E, Ellermaa S, Kankaanpää A, Bardy A, Seppälä T (June 2004). \"Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of the stereoisomers of 4-methylaminorex in the rat\". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 309 (3): 1198–205. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.060053. PMID 14742748. S2CID 28124406.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fjpet.103.060053","url_text":"10.1124/jpet.103.060053"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14742748","url_text":"14742748"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28124406","url_text":"28124406"}]},{"reference":"Gaine SP, Rubin LJ, Kmetzo JJ, Palevsky HI, Traill TA (November 2000). \"Recreational use of aminorex and pulmonary hypertension\". Chest. 118 (5): 1496–7. doi:10.1378/chest.118.5.1496. PMID 11083709. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130112175859/http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11083709","url_text":"\"Recreational use of aminorex and pulmonary hypertension\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1378%2Fchest.118.5.1496","url_text":"10.1378/chest.118.5.1496"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11083709","url_text":"11083709"},{"url":"http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11083709","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bunker CF, Johnson M, Gibb JW, Bush LG, Hanson GR (May 1990). \"Neurochemical effects of an acute treatment with 4-methylaminorex: a new stimulant of abuse\". European Journal of Pharmacology. 180 (1): 103–11. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(90)90597-Y. PMID 1973111.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-2999%2890%2990597-Y","url_text":"10.1016/0014-2999(90)90597-Y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1973111","url_text":"1973111"}]},{"reference":"Hanson GR, Bunker CF, Johnson M, Bush L, Gibb JW (August 1992). \"Response of monoaminergic and neuropeptide systems to 4-methylaminorex: a new stimulant of abuse\". European Journal of Pharmacology. 218 (2–3): 287–93. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(92)90181-3. PMID 1358636.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-2999%2892%2990181-3","url_text":"10.1016/0014-2999(92)90181-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1358636","url_text":"1358636"}]},{"reference":"Zheng Y, Russell B, Schmierer D, Laverty R (January 1997). \"The effects of aminorex and related compounds on brain monoamines and metabolites in CBA mice\". The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 49 (1): 89–96. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1997.tb06758.x. PMID 9120777. S2CID 20224300.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2042-7158.1997.tb06758.x","url_text":"\"The effects of aminorex and related compounds on brain monoamines and metabolites in CBA mice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2042-7158.1997.tb06758.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.2042-7158.1997.tb06758.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9120777","url_text":"9120777"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20224300","url_text":"20224300"}]}]
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Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230827163149/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-804-de-24-de-julho-de-2023-498447451","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US3278382","external_links_name":"US 3278382"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0091-3057%2890%2990282-M","external_links_name":"10.1016/0091-3057(90)90282-M"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1971111","external_links_name":"1971111"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10464868","external_links_name":"10464868"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0091-3057%2892%2990462-O","external_links_name":"10.1016/0091-3057(92)90462-O"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1356272","external_links_name":"1356272"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31002190","external_links_name":"31002190"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0091-3057%2893%2990110-F","external_links_name":"10.1016/0091-3057(93)90110-F"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8516363","external_links_name":"8516363"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7648152","external_links_name":"7648152"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0376-8716%2890%2990120-4","external_links_name":"10.1016/0376-8716(90)90120-4"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2242714","external_links_name":"2242714"},{"Link":"http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/4_methylaminorex/4_methylaminorex_dose.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Erowid 4-methylaminorex Vault : Dosage\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070526045900/http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/4_methylaminorex/4_methylaminorex_dose.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=1&ti=1,1&Search%5FArg=Psychotropic%20drugs%20and%20related%20compounds&Search%5FCode=TALL&CNT=25&PID=22167&SEQ=20070902171132&SID=1","external_links_name":"\"System Timed Out (Library of Congress Online Catalog)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210531152317/https://catalog.loc.gov/legacy.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US4980364","external_links_name":"\"Method of decongesting the nose ... - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Bo
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Empress Dowager Bo
|
["1 Early years","2 Rise to the top","3 Later years","4 References"]
|
In this Chinese name, the family name is Bo (薄).
Empress dowager of China
Consort BoStatue of Consort Bo (front), part of a series of statues depicting The Twenty-four Filial ExemplarsEmpress dowager of ChinaTenure180–157 BCGrand empress dowager of ChinaTenure157 – 9 June 155 BCPredecessorEmpress Lü ZhiSuccessorEmpress DouDied9 June 155 BCSpouseWei Bao, Prince of Western WeiEmperor Gaozu of HanIssueEmperor Wen of HanPosthumous nameEmpress Gao 高皇后FatherLord Bo, Marquess of LinwenMotherLady Wei, Marchioness of Linwen
Empress Dowager Bo (薄太后), personal name lost into history, was an imperial concubine of Emperor Gaozu of Han (Liu Bang). She was also known as Consort Bo (薄姬) during the life of the Emperor, and more formally as either Empress Dowager Xiaowen (孝文太后) or (rarer) Empress Gao (高皇后). Despite being a concubine of lower standing, her son, Liu Heng, became Emperor Wen of Han, cementing her place in history. The year of her birth is not known. She died on 9 June 155 BC.
Empress Dowager Bo is formally the first grand empress dowager in Chinese history, as Empress Dowager Lü, the only other empress dowager till then who lived to see her grandson become emperor, never claimed the title.
Early years
The future Empress Dowager Bo's father, Gentleman Bo (薄翁), came from Wu County (吳縣, in modern Suzhou, Jiangsu). He had an adulterous affair with a Lady Wei (魏媼), the daughter of a member of the Wei royal family. Empress Dowager Bo was born of this union.
According to Chinese historical works (with the exception the Book of Han, which tells a different version of her life), Lady Bo was, when she was young, the prettiest concubine of Wei Bao, the Prince of Wei. Wei Bao allied himself with Liu Bang to defeat Xiang Yu's force, but later betrayed Liu Bang by defecting to Xiang Yu's camp. Unlike other defectors who switched sides again after Liu Bang's final victory, Wei Bao remained loyal to Xiang Yu to the end. After Han Xin conquered Wei, Wei Bao and his entire family were brought in front of Liu Bang to await execution. Wei Bao begged for mercy, but the emperor was unreceptive until he offered Lady Bo as a gift to Liu Bang. Her beauty had captured the attention of the emperor, and she was taken as an imperial concubine. Her former husband was thus spared execution. Historical records did not provide the information on whether other members of Wei Bao's family were spared as well, but it was likely the case.
Lady Bo was not favored among the concubines, but she gave birth to a son, Liu Heng, who was made the Prince of Dai. The birth of her son elevated Lady Bo's status to Consort Bo. Unlike many other concubines, she was not confined to the palace and was allowed to accompany her son to the remote Principality of Dai (modern northern Shanxi and northwestern Hebei) to be the princess dowager. Dai was not a rich domain, and the region was under constant threats and attacks from the Xiongnu. Although Consort Bo could not live a luxurious lifestyle so far from the imperial palaces, she still managed to have a relatively comfortable life. Nonetheless, she had to work as a seamstress. Such rather difficult living conditions in comparison to other consorts had an unexpected benefit: unlike other consorts who became Empress Lü Zhi's victims due to her jealousy, Lü was very sympathetic to Consort Bo. The empress never saw Bo and her son as a threat to her quest of power, and thus, the two were spared from the politics that killed many other concubines and princes.
The Book of Han tells a different story of how Lady Bo came to become the emperor's concubine. It states that Liu Bang discovered Lady Bo working as a seamstress in Dai and took her as his concubine there. Despite this difference in Lady Bo's origin, the Book of Han and other historical texts converge with Lady Bo and her son, Liu Heng, in the Principality of Dai.
Rise to the top
In August 180 BC, after the death of her mistress, Emperor Gao's wife Empress Lü, and after the officials then slaughtered the Lü clan, they offered the throne to Prince Heng over his nephew Emperor Houshao—whom they accused of not being imperial blood. Prince Heng consulted Princess Dowager Bo, who could not decide either. It was later, after they dispatched Princess Dowager Bo's brother Bo Zhao (薄昭) to the capital Chang'an to observe the situation and to ascertain the officials' good faith that Prince Heng chose to accept the throne.
Later years
The tomb of Empress Dowager Bo in Xi'an, Shaanxi
After Prince Heng took the throne as Emperor Wen, Princess Dowager Bo was honored as empress dowager, even though she had not previously been an empress. She was largely unassuming as empress dowager, and did not exert anywhere close to the influence that Empress Dowager Lü asserted over Emperor Hui or even her daughter-in-law, Empress Dou, would later assert over her grandson Emperor Jing. But finally she lived a luxurious and majestic life in the imperial palaces with security and peace and her son had deep respect for her. The one major instance in which she asserted her influence was in 176 BC. At that time, Zhou Bo, who had been instrumental in Emperor Wen's becoming emperor, had retired to his march when he was falsely accused of treason and arrested. Empress Dowager Bo, believing in Zhou's innocence, famously threw her scarf at Emperor Wen, stating:
Before you became emperor, Zhou was in control of the imperial seal, and commanded the powerful northern guards. How ridiculous is it that he did not commit treason then, but now plans to use his small march as the base for a rebellion?
It was at least partly due to her influence that Emperor Wen eventually released Zhou.
She either did not try to intercede similarly (as appears most likely) or was ineffective in her intercession, when her brother Bo Zhao killed an imperial messenger—a crime far more serious than ordinary murder—in 170 BC. Even though Bo Zhao was the Empress Dowager's only sibling, Emperor Wen eventually pressed him into committing suicide.
One of the final influences Empress Dowager Bo had was when she arranged for the daughter of one of her relatives to marry her grandson, then-Crown Prince Qi, during her son's reign. After Emperor Wen died in 157 BC and Crown Prince Qi succeeded him as Emperor Jing, Empress Dowager Bo became grand empress dowager. There was no recorded instance of her trying to assert political influence after that. She died just two years later in June 155 BC. (This would prove disastrous for Emperor Jing's wife, Empress Bo, as she would be soon deposed after losing her main support.)
After she died, she was enshrined in a temple of her own rather than in her husband's temple, because only one empress could be enshrined in an emperor's temple, and Empress Lü was already enshrined in Emperor Gao's temple. Later, during Emperor Guangwu's reign, however, he effectively reversed the position of Empress Dowager Bo and Empress Lü by enshrining Empress Dowager Bo as "Empress Gao" and demoting Empress Dowager Lü to a separate temple.
References
^ renwu day of the 4th month of the 2nd year of Emperor Jing's reign, per vol.15 of Zizhi Tongjian
^ Lily Xiao Hong Lee, A. D. Stefanowska, Sue Wiles, "Biographical dictionary of Chinese women: antiquity through Sui, 1600 B.C.E.-618 C.E.", 2007
Records of the Grand Historian, vol. 49.
Book of Han, vol. 97, part 1.
Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 13, 14, 15.
vteEmpresses of the Han dynastyHan dynastyEmpresses consortWestern Han
Empress Lü
Zhang Yan
Empress Lü
Empress Dou
Empress Bo
Wang Zhi
Chen Jiao
Wei Zifu
Empress Shangguan
Xu Pingjun
Huo Chengjun
Empress Wang
Wang Zhengjun
Empress Xu
Zhao Feiyan
Empress Fu
Empress Wang
(Xin dynasty)
(Empress Wang)
(Empress Shi)
Eastern Han
Guo Shengtong
Yin Lihua
Empress Ma
Empress Zhangde
Empress Yin
Deng Sui
Yan Ji
Liang Na
Liang Nüying
Deng Mengnü
Dou Miao
Empress Song
Empress He
Fu Shou
Empress Cao
Empresses dowagerWestern Han
Empress Dowager Lü
Empress Dowager Bo
Empress Dowager Dou
Wang Zhi
Empress Dowager Shangguan
Empress Dowager Qiongcheng
Wang Zhengjun
Empress Dowager Fu
Zhao Feiyan
Empress Dowager Wang
Eastern Han
Yin Lihua
Empress Dowager Ma
Empress Dowager Dou
Deng Sui
Yan Ji
Liang Na
Dou Miao
Empress Dowager He
Grand empresses dowagerWestern Han
Grand Empress Dowager Lü
Grand Empress Dowager Bo
Grand Empress Dowager Dou
Grand Empress Dowager Shangguan
Grand Empress Dowager Qiongcheng
Wang Zhengjun
Grand Empress Dowager Fu
Posthumous empressesWestern Han
Lady Li
Lady Gouyi
Eastern Han
Consort Liang
Consort Song
Xia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → 3 Kingdoms → Jìn / 16 Kingdoms → S. Dynasties / N. Dynasties → Sui → Tang → 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms → Liao / Song / W. Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → Qing
|
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She was also known as Consort Bo (薄姬) during the life of the Emperor, and more formally as either Empress Dowager Xiaowen (孝文太后) or (rarer) Empress Gao (高皇后). Despite being a concubine of lower standing, her son, Liu Heng, became Emperor Wen of Han, cementing her place in history. The year of her birth is not known. She died on 9 June 155 BC.Empress Dowager Bo is formally the first grand empress dowager in Chinese history, as Empress Dowager Lü, the only other empress dowager till then who lived to see her grandson become emperor, never claimed the title.","title":"Empress Dowager Bo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzhou"},{"link_name":"Jiangsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu"},{"link_name":"Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_(state)"},{"link_name":"Book of Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Wei Bao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Bao"},{"link_name":"Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wei_(Western_Chu)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xiang Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiang_Yu"},{"link_name":"Han Xin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Xin"},{"link_name":"Liu Heng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Shanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi"},{"link_name":"Hebei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebei"},{"link_name":"Xiongnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu"},{"link_name":"Empress Lü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_L%C3%BC"},{"link_name":"Book of Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Han"}],"text":"The future Empress Dowager Bo's father, Gentleman Bo (薄翁), came from Wu County (吳縣, in modern Suzhou, Jiangsu). He had an adulterous affair with a Lady Wei (魏媼), the daughter of a member of the Wei royal family. Empress Dowager Bo was born of this union.According to Chinese historical works (with the exception the Book of Han, which tells a different version of her life), Lady Bo was, when she was young, the prettiest concubine of Wei Bao, the Prince of Wei. Wei Bao allied himself with Liu Bang to defeat Xiang Yu's force, but later betrayed Liu Bang by defecting to Xiang Yu's camp. Unlike other defectors who switched sides again after Liu Bang's final victory, Wei Bao remained loyal to Xiang Yu to the end. After Han Xin conquered Wei, Wei Bao and his entire family were brought in front of Liu Bang to await execution. Wei Bao begged for mercy, but the emperor was unreceptive until he offered Lady Bo as a gift to Liu Bang. Her beauty had captured the attention of the emperor, and she was taken as an imperial concubine. Her former husband was thus spared execution. Historical records did not provide the information on whether other members of Wei Bao's family were spared as well, but it was likely the case.Lady Bo was not favored among the concubines, but she gave birth to a son, Liu Heng, who was made the Prince of Dai. The birth of her son elevated Lady Bo's status to Consort Bo. Unlike many other concubines, she was not confined to the palace and was allowed to accompany her son to the remote Principality of Dai (modern northern Shanxi and northwestern Hebei) to be the princess dowager. Dai was not a rich domain, and the region was under constant threats and attacks from the Xiongnu. Although Consort Bo could not live a luxurious lifestyle so far from the imperial palaces, she still managed to have a relatively comfortable life. Nonetheless, she had to work as a seamstress. Such rather difficult living conditions in comparison to other consorts had an unexpected benefit: unlike other consorts who became Empress Lü Zhi's victims due to her jealousy, Lü was very sympathetic to Consort Bo. The empress never saw Bo and her son as a threat to her quest of power, and thus, the two were spared from the politics that killed many other concubines and princes.The Book of Han tells a different story of how Lady Bo came to become the emperor's concubine. It states that Liu Bang discovered Lady Bo working as a seamstress in Dai and took her as his concubine there. Despite this difference in Lady Bo's origin, the Book of Han and other historical texts converge with Lady Bo and her son, Liu Heng, in the Principality of Dai.","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Empress Lü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_L%C3%BC"},{"link_name":"slaughtered the Lü clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BC_Clan_Disturbance"},{"link_name":"Emperor Houshao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Houshao_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Bo Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bo_Zhao&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chang'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27an"}],"text":"In August 180 BC, after the death of her mistress, Emperor Gao's wife Empress Lü, and after the officials then slaughtered the Lü clan, they offered the throne to Prince Heng over his nephew Emperor Houshao—whom they accused of not being imperial blood. Prince Heng consulted Princess Dowager Bo, who could not decide either. It was later, after they dispatched Princess Dowager Bo's brother Bo Zhao (薄昭) to the capital Chang'an to observe the situation and to ascertain the officials' good faith that Prince Heng chose to accept the throne.","title":"Rise to the top"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E8%96%84%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E%E5%8D%97%E9%99%B5.png"},{"link_name":"Xi'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%27an"},{"link_name":"empress dowager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_dowager"},{"link_name":"Emperor Hui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Empress Dou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Dou_(Wen)"},{"link_name":"Emperor Jing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Jing_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Zhou Bo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Bo"},{"link_name":"march","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marches"},{"link_name":"suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Empress Bo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Bo"},{"link_name":"Emperor Guangwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han"}],"text":"The tomb of Empress Dowager Bo in Xi'an, ShaanxiAfter Prince Heng took the throne as Emperor Wen, Princess Dowager Bo was honored as empress dowager, even though she had not previously been an empress. She was largely unassuming as empress dowager, and did not exert anywhere close to the influence that Empress Dowager Lü asserted over Emperor Hui or even her daughter-in-law, Empress Dou, would later assert over her grandson Emperor Jing. But finally she lived a luxurious and majestic life in the imperial palaces with security and peace and her son had deep respect for her. The one major instance in which she asserted her influence was in 176 BC. At that time, Zhou Bo, who had been instrumental in Emperor Wen's becoming emperor, had retired to his march when he was falsely accused of treason and arrested. Empress Dowager Bo, believing in Zhou's innocence, famously threw her scarf at Emperor Wen, stating:Before you became emperor, Zhou was in control of the imperial seal, and commanded the powerful northern guards. How ridiculous is it that he did not commit treason then, but now plans to use his small march as the base for a rebellion?It was at least partly due to her influence that Emperor Wen eventually released Zhou.She either did not try to intercede similarly (as appears most likely) or was ineffective in her intercession, when her brother Bo Zhao killed an imperial messenger—a crime far more serious than ordinary murder—in 170 BC. Even though Bo Zhao was the Empress Dowager's only sibling, Emperor Wen eventually pressed him into committing suicide.One of the final influences Empress Dowager Bo had was when she arranged for the daughter of one of her relatives to marry her grandson, then-Crown Prince Qi, during her son's reign. After Emperor Wen died in 157 BC and Crown Prince Qi succeeded him as Emperor Jing, Empress Dowager Bo became grand empress dowager. There was no recorded instance of her trying to assert political influence after that. She died just two years later in June 155 BC.[2] (This would prove disastrous for Emperor Jing's wife, Empress Bo, as she would be soon deposed after losing her main support.)After she died, she was enshrined in a temple of her own rather than in her husband's temple, because only one empress could be enshrined in an emperor's temple, and Empress Lü was already enshrined in Emperor Gao's temple. Later, during Emperor Guangwu's reign, however, he effectively reversed the position of Empress Dowager Bo and Empress Lü by enshrining Empress Dowager Bo as \"Empress Gao\" and demoting Empress Dowager Lü to a separate temple.","title":"Later years"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The tomb of Empress Dowager Bo in Xi'an, Shaanxi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%E8%96%84%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E%E5%8D%97%E9%99%B5.png/220px-%E8%96%84%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E%E5%8D%97%E9%99%B5.png"}]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u7mLql4TAxoC&q=empress+dowanger+bo","external_links_name":"\"Biographical dictionary of Chinese women: antiquity through Sui, 1600 B.C.E.-618 C.E.\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_in_the_Eurovision_Young_Musicians
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Denmark in the Eurovision Young Musicians
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["1 Participation overview","2 Hostings","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Denmark in youth classical music contest
Denmark
Participating broadcasterDRParticipation summaryAppearances6 (2 finals)First appearance1986Last appearance2002Host1986
Denmark has participated in the biennial classical music competition Eurovision Young Musicians six times since its debut in 1986, most recently taking part in 2002. Denmark hosted the contest in 1986.
In 1982 and 1984, Denmark alongside Norway, Sweden and Finland sent a joint participant to the contest. The nations were represented individually, following the introduction of a preliminary round, at the 1986 contest in Copenhagen.
Participation overview
Year
Entrant
Instrument
Final
Semi
1986
Janne Thomsen
Flute
Did not qualify
-
1988
Nikolaj Znaider
Violin
-
1990
Mikkel Futtrup
Violin
-
1992
Marie Rørbech
Piano
-
-
1994
Frederik Magle
Organ
-
-
1996–2000
Did not participate
2002
Philippe Benjamin Skow
Violin
Did not qualify
-
2004–2022
Did not participate
Hostings
Year
Location
Venues
Presenter(s)
1986
Copenhagen
Koncerthuset
Anette Faaborg
See also
Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest
Denmark in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest
References
^ a b "Country profile: Denmark". youngmusicians.tv. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
External links
Eurovision Young Musicians
vteEurovision Young MusiciansContests
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
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2024
CountriesActive
Armenia
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
France
Germany
Norway
Poland
Serbia
Sweden
Switzerland
Inactive
Albania
Belarus
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
Georgia
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Netherlands
Portugal
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Slovenia
Spain
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Serbia and Montenegro
Yugoslavia
Category
This Denmark-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about the Eurovision Song Contest is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eurovision Young Musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Young_Musicians"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Young_Musicians_1986"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Young_Musicians_1986"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EYM-1"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Young_Musicians_1982"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Young_Musicians_1984"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_in_the_Eurovision_Young_Musicians"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_in_the_Eurovision_Young_Musicians"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_in_the_Eurovision_Young_Musicians"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"}],"text":"Denmark has participated in the biennial classical music competition Eurovision Young Musicians six times since its debut in 1986, most recently taking part in 2002. Denmark hosted the contest in 1986.[1]In 1982 and 1984, Denmark alongside Norway, Sweden and Finland sent a joint participant to the contest. The nations were represented individually, following the introduction of a preliminary round, at the 1986 contest in Copenhagen.","title":"Denmark in the Eurovision Young Musicians"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Participation overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Hostings"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"title":"Denmark in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_in_the_Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Country profile: Denmark\". youngmusicians.tv. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 18 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.youngmusicians.tv/page/history/by-country/country?country=8","url_text":"\"Country profile: Denmark\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.youngmusicians.tv/page/history/by-country/country?country=8","external_links_name":"\"Country profile: Denmark\""},{"Link":"http://www.youngmusicians.tv/","external_links_name":"Eurovision Young Musicians"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Denmark_in_the_Eurovision_Young_Musicians&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Denmark_in_the_Eurovision_Young_Musicians&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_Houston_Rockets_season
|
1972–73 Houston Rockets season
|
["1 Offseason","1.1 Draft picks","2 Roster","3 Regular season","3.1 Season standings","3.2 Record vs. opponents","3.3 Game log","4 Notes","5 References"]
|
NBA professional basketball team season
1972–73 Houston Rockets seasonHead coach
Tex Winter (fired)
Johnny Egan
General managerRay PattersonOwners
Wayne Duddlesten
Billy Goldberg
Mickey Herskowitz
ArenaHofheinz PavilionResultsRecord33–49 (.402)PlaceDivision: 3rd (Central)Conference: 5th (Eastern)Playoff finishDid not qualifyStats at Basketball-Reference.comLocal mediaTelevisionKHTVRadioKPRC
< 1971–72
1973–74 >
The 1972-73 NBA season was the Rockets' 6th season in the NBA and 2nd season in the city of Houston.
Offseason
Draft picks
Main article: 1972 NBA draft
Roster
Houston Rockets rostervte
Players
Coaches
Pos.
No.
Name
Height
Weight
DOB
From
F
24
Marin, Jack
6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)
210 lb (95 kg)
Duke
SG
40
McKenzie, Stan
6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)
195 lb (88 kg)
NYU
F/C
20
Moore, Otto
6 ft 11 in (2.11 m)
205 lb (93 kg)
Texas–Pan American
G
23
Murphy, Calvin
5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)
165 lb (75 kg)
Niagara
G
14
Newlin, Mike
6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)
200 lb (91 kg)
Utah
F
6
Smith, Don
6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)
235 lb (107 kg)
Iowa State
F
45
Tomjanovich, Rudy
6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)
218 lb (99 kg)
Michigan
G
11
Walker, Jimmy
6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
195 lb (88 kg)
Providence
Head coach
Johnny Egan
Legend
(DP) Unsigned draft pick(FA) Free agent(S) Suspended Injured
Regular season
Season standings
Central Divisionvte
W
L
PCT
GB
Home
Road
Neutral
Div
y-Baltimore Bullets
52
30
.634
–
24–9
21–17
7–4
17–5
x-Atlanta Hawks
46
36
.561
6
28–13
17–23
1–0
10–12
Houston Rockets
33
49
.402
19
14–14
10–28
9–7
9–13
Cleveland Cavaliers
32
50
.390
20
20–21
10–27
2–2
8–14
#
Eastern Conferencevte
Team
W
L
PCT
1
z-Boston Celtics
68
14
.829
2
x-New York Knicks
57
25
.695
3
y-Baltimore Bullets
52
30
.634
4
x-Atlanta Hawks
46
36
.561
5
Houston Rockets
33
49
.402
6
Cleveland Cavaliers
32
50
.390
7
Buffalo Braves
21
61
.256
8
Philadelphia 76ers
9
73
.110
Record vs. opponents
1972–73 NBA Records
Team
ATL
BAL
BOS
BUF
CHI
CLE
DET
GSW
HOU
KCO
LAL
MIL
NYK
PHI
PHO
POR
SEA
Atlanta
—
3–4
1–5
5–1
2–2
3–4
2–2
1–3
4–4
2–2
3–1
1–3
3–3
6–0
3–1
4–0
3–1
Baltimore
4–3
—
1–5
5–1
0–4
8–0
2–2
3–1
5–2
3–1
1–3
2–2
3–3
5–1
2–2
4–0
4–0
Boston
5–1
5–1
—
7–0
3–1
5–1
3–1
3–1
5–1
3–1
4–0
2–2
4–4
7–0
4–0
4–0
4–0
Buffalo
1–5
1–5
0–7
—
2–2
1–5
1–3
0–4
1–5
1–3
0–4
0–4
1–6
7–1
1–3
2–2
2–2
Chicago
2–2
4–0
1–3
2–2
—
3–1
3–4
3–3
4–0
5–2
1–5
2–4
3–1
4–0
4–2
5–1
5–1
Cleveland
4–3
0–8
1–5
5–1
1–3
—
1–3
1–3
4–3
2–2
1–3
1–3
0–6
6–0
1–3
1–3
3–1
Detroit
2–2
2–2
1–3
3–1
4–3
3–1
—
2–4
1–3
3–3
1–5
2–5
1–3
3–1
4–2
6–0
2–4
Golden State
3–1
1–3
1–3
4–0
3–3
3–1
4–2
—
3–1
4–2
3–4
1–5
2–2
4–0
2–4
5–1
4–3
Houston
4–4
2–5
1–5
5–1
0–4
3–4
3–1
1–3
—
0–4
1–3
1–3
1–5
5–1
2–2
2–2
2–2
Kansas City-Omaha
2–2
1–3
1–3
3–1
2–5
2–2
3–3
2–4
4–0
—
1–5
1–6
0–4
3–1
3–3
4–2
4–2
Los Angeles
1–3
3–1
0–4
4–0
5–1
3–1
5–1
4–3
3–1
5–1
—
3–3
2–2
4–0
6–1
6–0
6–0
Milwaukee
3–1
2–2
2–2
4–0
4–2
3–1
5–2
5–1
3–1
6–1
3–3
—
2–2
3–1
5–1
5–1
5–1
New York
3–3
3–3
4–4
6–1
1–3
6–0
3–1
2–2
5–1
4–0
2–2
2–2
—
6–1
3–1
3–1
4–0
Philadelphia
0–6
1–5
0–7
1–7
0–4
0–6
1–3
0–4
1–5
1–3
0–4
1–3
1–6
—
0–4
1–3
1–3
Phoenix
1–3
2–2
0–4
3–1
2–4
3–1
2–4
4–2
2–2
3–3
1–6
1–5
1–3
4–0
—
5–2
4–2
Portland
0–4
0–4
0–4
2–2
1–5
3–1
0–6
1–5
2–2
2–4
0–6
1–5
1–3
3–1
2–5
—
3–4
Seattle
1–3
0–4
0–4
2–2
1–5
1–3
4–2
3–4
2–2
2–4
0–6
1–5
0–4
3–1
2–4
4–3
—
Game log
1972–73 Game log
#
Date
Opponent
Score
High points
Record
1
October 13
@ Cleveland
109–108
Rudy Tomjanovich (21)
1–0
2
October 14
@ Buffalo
121–113
Mike Newlin (25)
2–0
3
October 17
@ New York
95–103
Marin, Walker (21)
2–1
4
October 20
Atlanta
108–120
Jimmy Walker (29)
3–1
5
October 21
Chicago
130–97
Calvin Murphy (18)
3–2
6
October 25
N Los Angeles
112–107
Don Smith (23)
3–3
7
October 27
Detroit
118–130
Jimmy Walker (30)
4–3
8
October 31
@ Atlanta
106–105
Jack Marin (26)
5–3
9
November 1
@ Philadelphia
108–104
Rudy Tomjanovich (23)
6–3
10
November 3
Atlanta
114–108
Cliff Meely (21)
6–4
11
November 4
N Detroit
118–108
Otto Moore (30)
7–4
12
November 7
@ Los Angeles
109–122
Mike Newlin (30)
7–5
13
November 10
@ Phoenix
109–115
Jimmy Walker (24)
7–6
14
November 11
N Philadelphia
114–112
Jack Marin (30)
7–7
15
November 14
@ Baltimore
103–104
Jack Marin (31)
7–8
16
November 16
@ New York
100–119
Jack Marin (22)
7–9
17
November 18
@ Kansas City–Omaha
117–127
Jimmy Walker (26)
7–10
18
November 21
@ Chicago
105–113
Jimmy Walker (30)
7–11
19
November 22
Golden State
104–132
Jack Marin (27)
8–11
20
November 25
Seattle
109–114
Jack Marin (28)
9–11
21
November 28
N Baltimore
90–108
Murphy, Walker (23)
9–12
22
November 29
N Baltimore
102–94
Jack Marin (21)
10–12
23
December 1
@ Baltimore
96–103
Jack Marin (20)
10–13
24
December 2
Kansas City–Omaha
114–109
Jimmy Walker (32)
10–14
25
December 5
@ Golden State
101–108
Rudy Tomjanovich (22)
10–15
26
December 8
Portland
108–114
Jimmy Walker (24)
11–15
27
December 12
@ Buffalo
94–95
Marin, Moore (20)
11–16
28
December 15
@ Baltimore
91–94
Jimmy Walker (21)
11–17
29
December 16
@ Detroit
123–112
Jimmy Walker (30)
12–17
30
December 17
@ Cleveland
110–109
Jack Marin (35)
13–17
31
December 20
N New York
124–102
Jimmy Walker (25)
13–18
32
December 22
Philadelphia
103–116
Jack Marin (29)
14–18
33
December 26
Phoenix
110–113
Rudy Tomjanovich (31)
15–18
34
December 27
Los Angeles
104–136
Mike Newlin (24)
16–18
35
December 29
Milwaukee
114–101
Jack Marin (25)
16–19
36
January 2
Boston
130–110
Jimmy Walker (25)
16–20
37
January 3
Boston
112–123
Mike Newlin (29)
17–20
38
January 4
@ Chicago
97–111
Rudy Tomjanovich (26)
17–21
39
January 6
@ New York
106–116
Jack Marin (24)
17–22
40
January 7
@ Cleveland
97–102
Marin, Walker (22)
17–23
41
January 9
@ Atlanta
114–120
Tomjanovich, Walker (25)
17–24
42
January 10
@ Boston
107–128
Calvin Murphy (20)
17–25
43
January 12
New York
104–103
Smith, Tomjanovich (20)
17–26
44
January 13
Cleveland
123–115
Calvin Murphy (20)
17–27
45
January 17
N Golden State
117–123
Don Smith (21)
17–28
46
January 19
Cleveland
108–104
Mike Newlin (24)
17–29
47
January 20
Portland
130–115
Meely, Murphy (19)
17–30
48
January 21
New York
103–107
Mike Newlin (25)
18–30
49
January 25
N Milwaukee
125–129
Rudy Tomjanovich (29)
19–30
50
January 26
@ Boston
126–139
Calvin Murphy (27)
19–31
51
January 28
Atlanta
108–116
Jimmy Walker (28)
20–31
52
January 30
@ Portland
123–120
Rudy Tomjanovich (31)
21–31
53
January 31
@ Seattle
109–118
Rudy Tomjanovich (25)
21–32
54
February 2
@ Los Angeles
109–126
Mike Newlin (30)
21–33
55
February 3
@ Phoenix
123–132
Rudy Tomjanovich (27)
21–34
56
February 4
N Buffalo
130–118
Jack Marin (30)
22–34
57
February 6
N Philadelphia
117–123
Rudy Tomjanovich (35)
23–34
58
February 9
Kansas City–Omaha
121–116
Jack Marin (35)
23–35
59
February 10
@ Atlanta
91–103
Rudy Tomjanovich (24)
23–36
60
February 13
@ Kansas City–Omaha
118–132
Mike Newlin (34)
23–37
61
February 16
@ Milwaukee
103–105
Rudy Tomjanovich (29)
23–38
62
February 17
Phoenix
111–127
Rudy Tomjanovich (28)
24–38
63
February 18
Chicago
110–99
Rudy Tomjanovich (22)
24–39
64
February 21
N Seattle
107–139
Rudy Tomjanovich (37)
25–39
65
February 23
N Philadelphia
116–138
Jack Marin (30)
26–39
66
February 25
@ Detroit
112–129
Mike Newlin (24)
26–40
67
February 27
@ Buffalo
112–105
Mike Newlin (29)
27–40
68
March 3
@ Atlanta
125–136
Rudy Tomjanovich (32)
27–41
69
March 4
Milwaukee
116–101
Jack Marin (19)
27–42
70
March 7
N Cleveland
100–118
Rudy Tomjanovich (25)
27–43
71
March 9
Baltimore
109–104
Murphy, Newlin (21)
27–44
72
March 10
Cleveland
116–131
Rudy Tomjanovich (34)
28–44
73
March 11
Atlanta
118–129
Jack Marin (35)
29–44
74
March 15
@ Golden State
125–141
Rudy Tomjanovich (37)
29–45
75
March 16
@ Portland
128–141
Rudy Tomjanovich (28)
29–46
76
March 18
@ Seattle
112–121
Tomjanovich, Walker (27)
29–47
77
March 20
N Boston
89–94
Rudy Tomjanovich (21)
29–48
78
March 21
@ Baltimore
118–110
Rudy Tomjanovich (26)
30–48
79
March 23
@ Philadelphia
132–112
Rudy Tomjanovich (28)
31–48
80
March 25
Boston
125–121
Mike Newlin (36)
31–49
81
March 27
N Buffalo
121–111
Rudy Tomjanovich (25)
32–49
82
March 28
N Buffalo
138–122
Calvin Murphy (31)
33–49
Notes
^ Changed his name to Zaid Abdul-Aziz in 1976.
References
^ 1972–73 Houston Rockets
vte1972–73 NBA season by team
1972 NBA draft
All-Star Game
Playoffs
Finals
Transactions
EasternAtlantic
Boston
Buffalo
New York
Philadelphia
Central
Atlanta
Baltimore
Cleveland
Houston
WesternMidwest
Chicago
Detroit
Kansas City-Omaha
Milwaukee
Pacific
Golden State
Los Angeles
Phoenix
Portland
Seattle
vteHouston Rockets seasons
Franchise
History
Seasons
1960s
1967–68
1968–69
1970s
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1980s
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1990s
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
2000s
1999–00
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2010s
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2020s
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
Bold indicates NBA Finals victory
|
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|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/teams/HOU/1973.html","external_links_name":"Basketball-Reference.com"},{"Link":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/teams/HOU/1973.html","external_links_name":"1972–73 Houston Rockets"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Cherie_(Sheena_Easton_album)
|
My Cherie
|
["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","3.1 Musicians","3.2 Production","3.3 Additional credits","4 Charts","5 References","6 External links"]
|
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1995 studio album by Sheena EastonMy CherieStudio album by Sheena EastonReleased1995Genre
Pop
adult contemporary
LabelMCAProducer
Christopher Neil
Ric Wake
Narada Michael Walden
Denny Diante
David Foster
Glen Ballard
Humberto Gatica
Sheena Easton chronology
No Strings(1993)
My Cherie(1995)
Freedom(1997)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic linkKnoxville News Sentinel
My Cherie is the 12th album by Scottish singer Sheena Easton, released in 1995 on MCA Records. The album consists of adult pop songs. The title track was issued as a single but failed to chart. Other tracks include "You've Learned to Live Without Me" by Diane Warren, "Please Don't Be Scared" (previously recorded by Barry Manilow), and "Crazy Love" (previously recorded by Amy Keys and subsequently covered by Luther Vandross).
The album marked Easton's reunion with producer Christopher Neil, who worked on her first three albums. To date, this marks the last Easton album to be released stateside.
The songs "Flower in the Rain" and "Dance Away the Blues" were both used in a TV episode of "The Outer Limits" entitled "Falling Star", featuring Easton as a faded rock star.
"Flower in the Rain" was co-written by Easton and released as a single in France.
Critical reception
Billboard's review in their issue dated 25 February 1995 stated, "Easton previews her forthcoming album with a swinging ballad that sways with lush, retro-R&B rhythms. Easton sounds as good as ever. Producer Denny Diante surrounds her with brassy horns and swirling background vocals. In all, a solid contender for Top 40, AC and urban level play."
Track listing
"My Cherie" (Antonina Armato, Wendell Wellman) – 4:20
"Till Death Do Us Part" (Antonina Armato, Jorge Corante, Mugg James) – 4:52
"All I Ask of You" (Chris Eaton, Pam Sheyne) – 5:05
"Flower in the Rain" (Sheena Easton, Arnie Roman, Tina Shafer) – 3:32
"You've Learned to Live without Me" (Diane Warren) – 4:26
"Too Much in Love" (Glen Ballard, Clif Magness) – 4:04
"Please Don't Be Scared" (Mindy Sterling) – 4:21
"Next to You" (George Merrill, Danny O'Keefe) – 3:33
"Dance Away the Blues" (Chris Eaton) – 4:03
"Crazy Love" (David Lasley, Robin Lerner, Marsha Malamet, Allan Rich) – 4:34
Personnel
Musicians
Sheena Easton – lead vocals, backing vocals (1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9)
Randy Waldman – keyboards (1, 7, 8), programming (1, 7), arrangements (1, 7), Moog Source bass (8)
Louis Biancaniello – keyboards (2), bass (2), programming (2), drum programming (2), additional arrangements (2)
Steve Piggot – keyboards (3, 9), programming (3, 9), drums (9)
Peter Zizzo – keyboards (4), programming (4), guitars (4), arrangements (4)
David Foster – acoustic piano (5, 10), arrangements (5, 10)
Claude Gaudette – synthesizers (5), programming (5), Fairlight CMI (10), Akai synthesizer (10), Roland synthesizer (10), Synclavier bass (10)
Glen Ballard – keyboards (6), organ (6), programming (6), drum programming (6)
Bruce Gaitsch – guitars (1)
Stef Burns – guitars (2)
Danny Jacob – guitars (3, 9)
Michael Thompson – guitars (5)
Michael Landau – guitars (6)
John Morton – guitars (8)
Phil Palmer – guitars (9)
Neil Stubenhaus – bass guitar (5)
Narada Michael Walden – live tom-tom overdubs (2), arrangements (2)
Mike Baird – drums (5)
David Frank – drum programming (8), programming (8)
David Boruff – saxophone (1)
Paul Hanson – saxophone (1)
Chuck Findley – trumpet (1)
Anne King – trumpet (1)
Jeremy Lubbock – string arrangements (5, 10)
Jules Chakin – orchestra contractor (5, 10)
Assa Drori – concertmaster (5, 10)
Charles James Flemming – backing vocals (1)
Nikita Germaine – backing vocals (2)
Tina Hicks – backing vocals (2)
Natalie Jackson – backing vocals (2)
Claytoven Richardson – backing vocals (2)
Beth Anderson – backing vocals (8)
George Merrill – backing vocals (8)
Shannon Rubicam – backing vocals (8)
Chris Eaton – backing vocals (9)
Production
Executive producer – Denny Diante
Producers – Denny Diante (Tracks 1 & 7); Narada Michael Walden (Track 2); Christopher Neil (Tracks 3, 8 & 9); Ric Wake (Track 4); David Foster (Tracks 5 & 10); Glen Ballard (Track 6)
Mastered by Wally Traugott
Additional credits
Design – John Coulter
Hair – Barron Matalon
Logos and song title calligraphy – Margo Chase
Make-up – Francesca Tolot
Still photography – Photonica
Stylist – Vivian Turner
Portrait photo – Albert Sanchez
Charts
Chart performance for My Cherie
Chart (1995)
Peakposition
Japanese Albums (Oricon)
30
References
^ Campbell, Chuck (7 April 1995). "Sheena Easton Falls Into Adult Contemporary Trap". Knoxville News Sentinel.
^ Oricon Album Chart Book: Complete Edition 1970–2005. Roppongi, Tokyo: Oricon Entertainment. 2006. ISBN 4-87131-077-9.
External links
My Cherie at AllMusic
vteSheena EastonStudio albums
Take My Time
You Could Have Been with Me
Madness, Money & Music
Best Kept Secret
Todo Me Recuerda a Ti
A Private Heaven
Do You
No Sound But a Heart
The Lover in Me
What Comes Naturally
No Strings
My Cherie
Freedom
Home
Fabulous
Singles
"Modern Girl"
"9 to 5"
"One Man Woman"
"For Your Eyes Only"
"You Could Have Been with Me"
"We've Got Tonite"
"Telefone (Long Distance Love Affair)"
"Almost Over You"
"Me Gustas Tal Como Eres"
"Strut"
"Sugar Walls"
"Swear"
"Jimmy Mack"
"U Got the Look"
"The Lover in Me"
"101"
"The Arms of Orion"
"What Comes Naturally"
Related articles
Discography
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheena Easton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheena_Easton"},{"link_name":"MCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCA_Records"},{"link_name":"adult pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music"},{"link_name":"Diane Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Warren"},{"link_name":"Barry Manilow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Manilow"},{"link_name":"Amy Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Keys"},{"link_name":"Luther Vandross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Vandross"},{"link_name":"Christopher Neil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Neil"},{"link_name":"The Outer Limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outer_Limits_(1995_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Falling Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falling_Star_(The_Outer_Limits)"}],"text":"1995 studio album by Sheena EastonMy Cherie is the 12th album by Scottish singer Sheena Easton, released in 1995 on MCA Records. The album consists of adult pop songs. The title track was issued as a single but failed to chart. Other tracks include \"You've Learned to Live Without Me\" by Diane Warren, \"Please Don't Be Scared\" (previously recorded by Barry Manilow), and \"Crazy Love\" (previously recorded by Amy Keys and subsequently covered by Luther Vandross).The album marked Easton's reunion with producer Christopher Neil, who worked on her first three albums. To date, this marks the last Easton album to be released stateside.The songs \"Flower in the Rain\" and \"Dance Away the Blues\" were both used in a TV episode of \"The Outer Limits\" entitled \"Falling Star\", featuring Easton as a faded rock star.\"Flower in the Rain\" was co-written by Easton and released as a single in France.","title":"My Cherie"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"}],"text":"Billboard's review in their issue dated 25 February 1995 stated, \"Easton previews her forthcoming album with a swinging ballad that sways with lush, retro-R&B rhythms. Easton sounds as good as ever. Producer Denny Diante surrounds her with brassy horns and swirling background vocals. In all, a solid contender for Top 40, AC and urban level play.\"","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Eaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Eaton_(UK_musician)"},{"link_name":"Diane Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Warren"},{"link_name":"Glen Ballard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Ballard"},{"link_name":"Clif Magness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clif_Magness"},{"link_name":"George Merrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Merrill_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"David Lasley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lasley"}],"text":"\"My Cherie\" (Antonina Armato, Wendell Wellman) – 4:20\n\"Till Death Do Us Part\" (Antonina Armato, Jorge Corante, Mugg James) – 4:52\n\"All I Ask of You\" (Chris Eaton, Pam Sheyne) – 5:05\n\"Flower in the Rain\" (Sheena Easton, Arnie Roman, Tina Shafer) – 3:32\n\"You've Learned to Live without Me\" (Diane Warren) – 4:26\n\"Too Much in Love\" (Glen Ballard, Clif Magness) – 4:04\n\"Please Don't Be Scared\" (Mindy Sterling) – 4:21\n\"Next to You\" (George Merrill, Danny O'Keefe) – 3:33\n\"Dance Away the Blues\" (Chris Eaton) – 4:03\n\"Crazy Love\" (David Lasley, Robin Lerner, Marsha Malamet, Allan Rich) – 4:34","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Randy Waldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Waldman"},{"link_name":"Moog Source bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog_Source"},{"link_name":"Louis Biancaniello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Biancaniello"},{"link_name":"Peter Zizzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Zizzo"},{"link_name":"David Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Foster"},{"link_name":"Fairlight CMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairlight_CMI"},{"link_name":"Akai synthesizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akai"},{"link_name":"Roland synthesizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Synclavier bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synclavier"},{"link_name":"Glen Ballard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Ballard"},{"link_name":"organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_organ"},{"link_name":"Bruce Gaitsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Gaitsch"},{"link_name":"Danny Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Jacob"},{"link_name":"Michael Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Michael Landau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Landau"},{"link_name":"Phil Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Neil Stubenhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Stubenhaus"},{"link_name":"Narada Michael Walden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narada_Michael_Walden"},{"link_name":"tom-tom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_drum"},{"link_name":"Mike Baird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Baird"},{"link_name":"David Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Frank_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Chuck Findley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Findley"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Lubbock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Lubbock"},{"link_name":"Claytoven Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claytoven_Richardson"},{"link_name":"George Merrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Merrill_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Shannon Rubicam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Rubicam"},{"link_name":"Chris Eaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Eaton_(UK_musician)"}],"sub_title":"Musicians","text":"Sheena Easton – lead vocals, backing vocals (1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9)\nRandy Waldman – keyboards (1, 7, 8), programming (1, 7), arrangements (1, 7), Moog Source bass (8)\nLouis Biancaniello – keyboards (2), bass (2), programming (2), drum programming (2), additional arrangements (2)\nSteve Piggot – keyboards (3, 9), programming (3, 9), drums (9)\nPeter Zizzo – keyboards (4), programming (4), guitars (4), arrangements (4)\nDavid Foster – acoustic piano (5, 10), arrangements (5, 10)\nClaude Gaudette – synthesizers (5), programming (5), Fairlight CMI (10), Akai synthesizer (10), Roland synthesizer (10), Synclavier bass (10)\nGlen Ballard – keyboards (6), organ (6), programming (6), drum programming (6)\nBruce Gaitsch – guitars (1)\nStef Burns – guitars (2)\nDanny Jacob – guitars (3, 9)\nMichael Thompson – guitars (5)\nMichael Landau – guitars (6)\nJohn Morton – guitars (8)\nPhil Palmer – guitars (9)\nNeil Stubenhaus – bass guitar (5)\nNarada Michael Walden – live tom-tom overdubs (2), arrangements (2)\nMike Baird – drums (5)\nDavid Frank – drum programming (8), programming (8)\nDavid Boruff – saxophone (1)\nPaul Hanson – saxophone (1)\nChuck Findley – trumpet (1)\nAnne King – trumpet (1)\nJeremy Lubbock – string arrangements (5, 10)\nJules Chakin – orchestra contractor (5, 10)\nAssa Drori – concertmaster (5, 10)\nCharles James Flemming – backing vocals (1)\nNikita Germaine – backing vocals (2)\nTina Hicks – backing vocals (2)\nNatalie Jackson – backing vocals (2)\nClaytoven Richardson – backing vocals (2)\nBeth Anderson – backing vocals (8)\nGeorge Merrill – backing vocals (8)\nShannon Rubicam – backing vocals (8)\nChris Eaton – backing vocals (9)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denny Diante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_Diante"},{"link_name":"Narada Michael Walden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narada_Michael_Walden"},{"link_name":"Christopher Neil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Neil"},{"link_name":"Ric Wake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ric_Wake"},{"link_name":"Glen Ballard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Ballard"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"Executive producer – Denny Diante\nProducers – Denny Diante (Tracks 1 & 7); Narada Michael Walden (Track 2); Christopher Neil (Tracks 3, 8 & 9); Ric Wake (Track 4); David Foster (Tracks 5 & 10); Glen Ballard (Track 6)\nMastered by Wally Traugott","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Additional credits","text":"Design – John Coulter\nHair – Barron Matalon\nLogos and song title calligraphy – Margo Chase\nMake-up – Francesca Tolot\nStill photography – Photonica\nStylist – Vivian Turner\nPortrait photo – Albert Sanchez","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Oricon Album Chart Book: Complete Edition 1970–2005. Roppongi, Tokyo: Oricon Entertainment. 2006. ISBN 4-87131-077-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roppongi","url_text":"Roppongi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-87131-077-9","url_text":"4-87131-077-9"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22My+Cherie%22","external_links_name":"\"My Cherie\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22My+Cherie%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22My+Cherie%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22My+Cherie%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22My+Cherie%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22My+Cherie%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r212550","external_links_name":"link"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r212550","external_links_name":"My Cherie"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/24c12721-5e8b-4c7a-9823-30a239fd45bd","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bring_Out_a_Briton
|
Bring Out a Briton
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
1957 Australian filmBring Out a BritonDirected byLee RobinsonNarrated byChips RaffertyProductioncompanyAustralian National Film BoardRelease date
October 1957 (1957-10)
CountryAustraliaLanguageEnglish
Bring Out a Briton was an Australian propaganda short film directed by Lee Robinson and presented by Chips Rafferty.
It was made by the Australian government to promote British emigration to Australia as part of the "Bring Out a Briton" campaign launched in 1957 by Athol Townley.
References
^ "Film on Briton Campaign". The Canberra Times. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 25 October 1957. p. 2. Retrieved 18 April 2020 – via Trove.
^ ""BRING OUT A BRITON"". The Australian Women's Weekly. 13 March 1957. p. 2. Retrieved 24 May 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
External links
Complete copy of film at NFSA YouTube Channel
vteLee RobinsonFeature films
The Phantom Stockman (1953)
King of the Coral Sea (1954)
Walk Into Paradise (1956)
Dust in the Sun (1958)
The Stowaway (1958)
The Siege of Pinchgut (1959) (story only)
The Restless and the Damned (1959) (producer only)
The Intruders (1969)
Nickel Queen (1971) (producer only)
Attack Force Z (1981) (producer only)
The Highest Honor (1983) (producer only)
Skippy Saves Bushtown (1999)
Documentaries
Darwin Gateway to Australia (1946)
Namatjira the Painter (1947)
The Pearlers (1949)
Crocodile Hunters (1949)
Flight Plan (1950)
Double Trouble (1951)
Outback Patrol (1952)
Bush Policeman (1953)
Switch On Bigga (1954)
The Power Makers (1957)
Bring Out a Briton (1958)
Rock'n'Roll (1959)
Water: Our Problem (1962)
Kondom Agaundo, M.L.C. (1962)
Antarctic Pioneers (1962)
District Commissioner (1963)
The Unknown Ocean (1964)
The Dawn Fraser Story (1964)
In Song and Dance' (1964)
The Legend of Lasseter (1979)
TV series
High Adventure (1950s)
Adventure Unlimited (1965)
Skippy the Bush Kangaroo (1968–71)
Barrier Reef (1971–72)
Boney (1972–73)
This is Your Life (1975-76)
Shannon's Mob (1975–76)
Bailey's Bird (1979)
Skippy: Adventures in Bushtown (1998–1999)
Radio
Chips (1951)
This article related to an Australian film of the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This short film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lee Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Robinson_(director)"},{"link_name":"Chips Rafferty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chips_Rafferty"},{"link_name":"Athol Townley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athol_Townley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"1957 Australian filmBring Out a Briton was an Australian propaganda short film directed by Lee Robinson and presented by Chips Rafferty.It was made by the Australian government to promote British emigration to Australia as part of the \"Bring Out a Briton\" campaign launched in 1957 by Athol Townley.[2]","title":"Bring Out a Briton"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Film on Briton Campaign\". The Canberra Times. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 25 October 1957. p. 2. Retrieved 18 April 2020 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91240877","url_text":"\"Film on Briton Campaign\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times","url_text":"The Canberra Times"}]},{"reference":"\"\"BRING OUT A BRITON\"\". The Australian Women's Weekly. 13 March 1957. p. 2. Retrieved 24 May 2015 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48201920","url_text":"\"\"BRING OUT A BRITON\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian_Women%27s_Weekly","url_text":"The Australian Women's Weekly"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91240877","external_links_name":"\"Film on Briton Campaign\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48201920","external_links_name":"\"\"BRING OUT A BRITON\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=brL9LUvXcM4","external_links_name":"Complete copy of film"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bring_Out_a_Briton&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bring_Out_a_Briton&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Panjandrum_Himself
|
The Great Panjandrum Himself
|
["1 In popular culture","2 References","3 External links"]
|
The cover of The Great Panjandrum Himself
The Great Panjandrum Himself is one of sixteen picture books created by the illustrator Randolph Caldecott. The book was published in 1885 by Frederick Warne & Co. It was the last book illustrated by Caldecott, who died the following year.
The text for the book, well known during Caldecott's time, was written and published in 1775 by Samuel Foote. It is based on a line of gibberish written by Foote ("And there were present the Picninnies, and the Joblillies, and the Garyulies and the Grand Panjandrum himself, with the little round button at the top."), written to test the memory of the actor Charles Macklin, who had claimed he could repeat any text verbatim after hearing it once.
The term "panjandrum" has since become used to describe a powerful person or a self-important official. The word is used in the 1909 song "I've Got Rings On My Fingers", "...they named him Chief Pan Jan Drum, Nabob of them all..."
During World War II, the British military named an experimental rocket-propelled weapon the Panjandrum. Such a character also appears as a deus ex machina in the Thursday Next series, set in a fictional 'BookWorld' created by the Panjandrum.
In popular culture
The term "panjandrum" is used in an episode of the 1990's sitcom "Frasier," season 4 episode 11, where the titular character refers to being "the grand panjandrum" of his high school's vocabulary club.
LBC radio presenter James O'Brien often uses the term "Great Panjandrum" to refer to unnamed figures of political power who provide preferential political and financial access to favoured clients: particularly about awards of UK Government contracts to provide personal protective equipment (PPE) during the early stages of the covid pandemic.
References
^ a b "Panjandrum definition". Merriam Webster. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
External links
The Great Panjandrum Himself at Project Gutenberg
Children's literature portal
This article about a picture book is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Randolph Caldecott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_Caldecott"},{"link_name":"Frederick Warne & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Warne_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Samuel Foote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Foote"},{"link_name":"Charles Macklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Macklin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mw-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mw-1"},{"link_name":"I've Got Rings On My Fingers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve_Got_Rings_On_My_Fingers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.irishsongs.com/lyrics.php?Action=view&Song_id=175"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"the Panjandrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjandrum"},{"link_name":"deus ex machina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus_ex_machina"},{"link_name":"Thursday Next series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters_in_the_Thursday_Next_series#The_Great_Panjandrum"},{"link_name":"BookWorld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BookWorld"}],"text":"The Great Panjandrum Himself is one of sixteen picture books created by the illustrator Randolph Caldecott. The book was published in 1885 by Frederick Warne & Co. It was the last book illustrated by Caldecott, who died the following year.The text for the book, well known during Caldecott's time, was written and published in 1775 by Samuel Foote. It is based on a line of gibberish written by Foote (\"And there were present the Picninnies, and the Joblillies, and the Garyulies and the Grand Panjandrum himself, with the little round button at the top.\"), written to test the memory of the actor Charles Macklin, who had claimed he could repeat any text verbatim after hearing it once.[1]The term \"panjandrum\" has since become used to describe a powerful person or a self-important official.[1] The word is used in the 1909 song \"I've Got Rings On My Fingers\",[1] \"...they named him Chief Pan Jan Drum, Nabob of them all...\"During World War II, the British military named an experimental rocket-propelled weapon the Panjandrum. Such a character also appears as a deus ex machina in the Thursday Next series, set in a fictional 'BookWorld' created by the Panjandrum.","title":"The Great Panjandrum Himself"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The term \"panjandrum\" is used in an episode of the 1990's sitcom \"Frasier,\" season 4 episode 11, where the titular character refers to being \"the grand panjandrum\" of his high school's vocabulary club.LBC radio presenter James O'Brien often uses the term \"Great Panjandrum\" to refer to unnamed figures of political power who provide preferential political and financial access to favoured clients: particularly about awards of UK Government contracts to provide personal protective equipment (PPE) during the early stages of the covid pandemic.","title":"In popular culture"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The cover of The Great Panjandrum Himself","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/The_Great_Panjandrum_Himself_cover.jpg/220px-The_Great_Panjandrum_Himself_cover.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Panjandrum definition\". Merriam Webster. Retrieved 17 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/panjandrum","url_text":"\"Panjandrum definition\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.irishsongs.com/lyrics.php?Action=view&Song_id=175","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/panjandrum","external_links_name":"\"Panjandrum definition\""},{"Link":"https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/18417","external_links_name":"The Great Panjandrum Himself"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Panjandrum_Himself&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylolethane
|
Trimethylolethane
|
["1 Production","2 Applications","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Trimethylolethane
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
2-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpropane-1,3-diol
Other names
TME; trimet; metriol; methriol; pentaglycerol; pentaglycerine; methyltrimethanolmethane; methyltrimethylolmethane; tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane, 1,1,1-trimethanolethane; lidaprim , TME, trimet, metriol, ,
Identifiers
CAS Number
77-85-0 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChemSpider
6256
ECHA InfoCard
100.000.968
EC Number
201-063-9
PubChem CID
6502
UNII
5D10NYN23W Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID2026444
InChI
InChI=1S/C5H12O3/c1-5(2-6,3-7)4-8/h6-8H,2-4H2,1H3Key: QXJQHYBHAIHNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES
CC(CO)(CO)CO
Properties
Chemical formula
C5H12O3
Molar mass
120.15 g/mol
Density
1.22 g/mL
Melting point
180 °C (356 °F; 453 K)
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word
Warning
Hazard statements
H315, H319, H335
Precautionary statements
P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
3
Flash point
150 °C (302 °F; 423 K)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
Y verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Trimethylolethane (TME) is the organic compound with the formula CH3C(CH2OH)3. This colorless solid is a triol, as it contains three hydroxy functional groups. More specifically, it features three primary alcohol groups in a compact neopentyl structure. Its esters are known for their resistance to heat, light, hydrolysis, and oxidation. More important than TME and closely related is trimethylolpropane (TMP).
Production
Trimethylolethane is produced via a two step process, starting with the condensation reaction of propionaldehyde with formaldehyde:
CH3CH2CHO + 2 CH2O → CH3C(CH2OH)2CHO
The second step entails a Cannizzaro reaction:
CH3C(CH2OH)2CHO + CH2O + NaOH → CH3C(CH2OH)3 + NaO2CH
A few thousand tons are produced annually in this way.
Applications
TME is an intermediate in the production of alkyd and polyester resins, powder coating resins, synthetic lubricants based on polyol esters, stabilizers for plastics, plasticizers, and pigment coatings based on titanium dioxide. Trimethylolethane based resins have superior weatherability and resistance to alkali and heat. Trimethylolethane is used in some phase change materials. The typical composition is then 63 wt.% TME with 37 wt.% water. The mixture has melting point of 29.8 °C and heat of fusion 218 kJ/kg. Nitration of trimethylolethane gives trimethylolethane trinitrate, an explosive, monopropellant, and energetic plasticizer.
See also
Pentaerythritol
Neopentyl glycol
Trimethylolpropane
References
^ Peter Werle, Marcus Morawietz, Stefan Lundmark, Kent Sörensen, Esko Karvinen, Juha Lehtonen “Alcohols, Polyhydric” in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2008.
External links
MSDS
TME
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organic compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound"},{"link_name":"triol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triol"},{"link_name":"functional groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_group"},{"link_name":"primary alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_alcohol"},{"link_name":"neopentyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopentyl"},{"link_name":"hydrolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis"},{"link_name":"oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation"},{"link_name":"trimethylolpropane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylolpropane"}],"text":"Chemical compoundTrimethylolethane (TME) is the organic compound with the formula CH3C(CH2OH)3. This colorless solid is a triol, as it contains three hydroxy functional groups. More specifically, it features three primary alcohol groups in a compact neopentyl structure. Its esters are known for their resistance to heat, light, hydrolysis, and oxidation. More important than TME and closely related is trimethylolpropane (TMP).","title":"Trimethylolethane"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"condensation reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation_reaction"},{"link_name":"propionaldehyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propionaldehyde"},{"link_name":"formaldehyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehyde"},{"link_name":"Cannizzaro reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannizzaro_reaction"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ullmann-1"}],"text":"Trimethylolethane is produced via a two step process, starting with the condensation reaction of propionaldehyde with formaldehyde:CH3CH2CHO + 2 CH2O → CH3C(CH2OH)2CHOThe second step entails a Cannizzaro reaction:CH3C(CH2OH)2CHO + CH2O + NaOH → CH3C(CH2OH)3 + NaO2CHA few thousand tons are produced annually in this way.[1]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alkyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyd"},{"link_name":"polyester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyester"},{"link_name":"resins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin"},{"link_name":"powder coating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_coating"},{"link_name":"synthetic lubricants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_oil"},{"link_name":"stabilizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilizer_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"plasticizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticizer"},{"link_name":"titanium dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_dioxide"},{"link_name":"phase change materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_Change_Material"},{"link_name":"heat of fusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_fusion"},{"link_name":"Nitration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitration"},{"link_name":"trimethylolethane trinitrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylolethane_trinitrate"},{"link_name":"explosive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive"},{"link_name":"monopropellant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopropellant"}],"text":"TME is an intermediate in the production of alkyd and polyester resins, powder coating resins, synthetic lubricants based on polyol esters, stabilizers for plastics, plasticizers, and pigment coatings based on titanium dioxide. Trimethylolethane based resins have superior weatherability and resistance to alkali and heat. Trimethylolethane is used in some phase change materials. The typical composition is then 63 wt.% TME with 37 wt.% water. The mixture has melting point of 29.8 °C and heat of fusion 218 kJ/kg. Nitration of trimethylolethane gives trimethylolethane trinitrate, an explosive, monopropellant, and energetic plasticizer.","title":"Applications"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegany_Reservation
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Allegany Indian Reservation
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["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 Notable people","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 42°06′26″N 78°47′28″W / 42.10722°N 78.79111°W / 42.10722; -78.79111Indian Reservation in New York, United StatesAllegany Indian Reservation
Uhìya' (Tuscarora)Indian ReservationLocation of the Allegany Indian ReservationCountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkCountyCattaraugus CountyIndian reservationSeneca Nation
Allegany Reservation (Tuscarora: Uhì·ya' ) is a Seneca Nation of Indians reservation in Cattaraugus County, New York, U.S. In the 2000 census, 58 percent of the population within the reservation boundaries were Native Americans. Some 42% were European Americans; they occupy properties under leases from the Seneca Nation, a federally recognized tribe. The population outside of the rented towns was 1,020 at the 2010 census. The reservation's Native American residents are primarily members of the Seneca, but a smaller number of Cayuga, another Iroquois nation, also reside there, and at least one family is known to have descended from the Neutral Nation.
Prior to the 17th century, this area was occupied by the Iroquoian-speaking Wenrohronon and Eriehronon. The more powerful Seneca eliminated these competing groups during the Beaver Wars beginning in 1638, as the Iroquois Confederacy sought to control the lucrative fur trade with the French and Dutch colonists.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Indian reservation has a total area of 43.7 mi2 (113.1 km2). 36.4 mi2 (94.2 km2) of it is land and 7.3 mi2 (18.8 km2) of it (16.65%) is water.
The reservation borders both banks of the Allegheny River and is partially within several of the Towns in the south part of the county (South Valley, Cold Spring, Salamanca, Great Valley, Red House and Carrollton, with a very small portion in the town of Allegany). The City of Salamanca, with the exception of a northern spur along U.S. Route 219, is also located within the reservation.
The governmental headquarters for the Allegany Reservation are located in a small community known as Jimerson Town or jo:nya:tih, an unincorporated hamlet located west of Salamanca on a stretch of dead-end road that used to be part of New York State Route 17. The government rotates every two years, alternating operations in Jimerson Town and Irving on the Cattaraugus Reservation. Jimerson Town's most recent turn began in November 2018.
In addition to Jimerson Town, significant developed communities on the reservation include: Highbanks, a community south of Steamburg that includes residences, smoke shops, a Faithkeepers School and a campground; Shongo, a sparsely populated hamlet south of Jimerson Town; Kill Buck, a mixed community of both native and non-native residents; The Junction, a mostly commercial cluster surrounding an exit on Interstate 86; and Vandalia, the easternmost developed site on the reservation. South of Highbanks, the reservation is primarily undeveloped wilderness. Wilderness is also the predominant form between Steamburg and Shongo, where natives often take part in hunting and informal recreation. Each area is also given a name in the Seneca language: the Coldspring-Steamburg area is known as jonegano:h, Shongo and Red House are known as joë:hesta' , Salamanca is dubbed onë:dagö:h, while everything from Kill Buck eastward is named dejódiha:ˀkdö:h. These names appear on markers on Interstate 86.
The reservation was defined adjacent to the Cornplanter Tract, a 1500-acre perpetual land grant given to Seneca chief Cornplanter and his descendants that extended into Pennsylvania. The Cornplanter Tract constituted the only reserved native lands in the state of Pennsylvania. By 1957, the year Cornplanter's last direct descendant (Jesse Cornplanter) died, the Cornplanter Tract was occupied only seasonally by the Seneca.
During the 1930s and the Great Depression, the federal government authorized a major flood control project on the Allegheny River. Construction did not begin until 1961. The project envisioned construction of a dam and reservoir, to flood much of the Cornplanter Tract and the western portion of the Allegany Reservation. These areas were made uninhabitable during construction of the Kinzua Dam, which was completed in 1965.
The Allegheny Reservoir, also known as Kinzua Lake, reaches into New York and nearly to Salamanca. The Seneca were compensated primarily by grants of land set aside at Jimerson Town, where numerous houses were constructed, and a handful of other resettlement areas in New York.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
19001,833—19101,627−11.2%1920934−42.6%19309724.1%19401,15118.4%19501,131−1.7%19601,059−6.4%19701,1135.1%19801,24311.7%19901,143−8.0%20001,099−3.8%20101,020−7.2%2014 (est.)994−2.5%U.S. Decennial Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,099 people, 410 households, and 280 families residing in the Indian reservation (excluding the rented cities). The population density was 30.2/mi2 (11.7/km2). There were 459 housing units at an average density of 12.6/mi2 (4.9/km2). The racial makeup of the Indian reservation was 42.13% White, 0.82% Black or African American, 53.78% Native American, 0.45% Asian, 0.18% from other races, and 2.64% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.00% of the population.
There were 410 households, out of which 30.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.7% were married couples living together, 18.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.7% were non-families. 24.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.08.
In the Indian reservation the population was spread out, with 29.9% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.9 males.
The median income for a household in the Indian reservation was $28,971, and the median income for a family was $30,250. Males had a median income of $23,958 versus $20,982 for females. The per capita income for the Indian reservation was $12,681. About 17.0% of families and 22.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.7% of those under age 18 and 22.3% of those age 65 or over.
Notable people
Maxine Crouse Dowler (1933–2015), educator
Maris Bryant Pierce (1811–1874), Seneca chief, lawyer, land-rights activist
Sanford Plummer, Seneca painter
George Heron, Seneca chief who opposed Kinzua Dam
Traynor Ora Halftown, Philadelphia children's show host
Phyllis Bardeau (b.1934), Seneca Language educator
References
^ Rudes, B. Tuscarora English Dictionary Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999
^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014". Archived from the original on 2015-05-23. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
External links
Seneca tribal information
Seneca Nation of Indians
vte Indian reservations in New York
Allegany
Buffalo Creek
Cattaraugus
Cattaraugus
Chautauqua
Erie
Oil Springs
Oneida
Onondaga
Poospatuck
St. Regis Mohawk
Shinnecock
Tonawanda
Tuscarora
vteMunicipalities and communities of Cattaraugus County, New York, United StatesCounty seat: Little ValleyCities
Olean
Salamanca
Towns
Allegany
Ashford
Carrollton
Coldspring
Conewango
Dayton
East Otto
Ellicottville
Farmersville
Franklinville
Freedom
Great Valley
Hinsdale
Humphrey
Ischua
Leon
Little Valley
Lyndon
Machias
Mansfield
Napoli
New Albion
Olean
Otto
Perrysburg
Persia
Portville
Randolph
Red House
Salamanca
South Valley
Yorkshire
Villages
Allegany
Cattaraugus
Delevan
Ellicottville
Franklinville
Gowanda‡
Little Valley
Portville
South Dayton
CDPs
East Randolph
Lime Lake
Limestone
Machias
Perrysburg
Randolph
St. Bonaventure
West Valley
Weston Mills
Yorkshire
Otherhamlets
Bedford Corners
Farmersville Station
Jimerson Town
Kill Buck
Sandusky
Steamburg
Versailles
Indianreservations
Allegany Reservation
Cattaraugus Reservation‡
Oil Springs Reservation‡
Ghost towns
Quaker Bridge
Footnotes
‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
New York portal
United States portal
42°06′26″N 78°47′28″W / 42.10722°N 78.79111°W / 42.10722; -78.79111
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tuscarora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscarora_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Seneca Nation of Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_Nation_of_Indians"},{"link_name":"reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_reservation"},{"link_name":"Cattaraugus County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattaraugus_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Seneca Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_Nation"},{"link_name":"federally recognized tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribe"},{"link_name":"Seneca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_tribe"},{"link_name":"Cayuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayuga_tribe"},{"link_name":"Neutral Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Nation"},{"link_name":"Iroquoian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquoian_languages"},{"link_name":"Wenrohronon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenrohronon"},{"link_name":"Eriehronon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_tribe"},{"link_name":"Beaver Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Wars"}],"text":"Indian Reservation in New York, United StatesAllegany Reservation (Tuscarora: Uhì·ya' [1]) is a Seneca Nation of Indians reservation in Cattaraugus County, New York, U.S. In the 2000 census, 58 percent of the population within the reservation boundaries were Native Americans. Some 42% were European Americans; they occupy properties under leases from the Seneca Nation, a federally recognized tribe. The population outside of the rented towns was 1,020 at the 2010 census. The reservation's Native American residents are primarily members of the Seneca, but a smaller number of Cayuga, another Iroquois nation, also reside there, and at least one family is known to have descended from the Neutral Nation.\nPrior to the 17th century, this area was occupied by the Iroquoian-speaking Wenrohronon and Eriehronon. The more powerful Seneca eliminated these competing groups during the Beaver Wars beginning in 1638, as the Iroquois Confederacy sought to control the lucrative fur trade with the French and Dutch colonists.","title":"Allegany Indian Reservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Allegheny River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_River"},{"link_name":"South Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Valley,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Cold Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldspring,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Salamanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanca_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Great Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Valley,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Red House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_House,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Carrollton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrollton,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Allegany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegany_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"City of Salamanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanca_(city),_New_York"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 219","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_219"},{"link_name":"Jimerson Town or jo:nya:tih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimerson_Town,_New_York"},{"link_name":"a stretch of dead-end road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_951T"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_17"},{"link_name":"Irving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Cattaraugus Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattaraugus_Reservation"},{"link_name":"Steamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamburg,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Kill Buck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kill_Buck,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Interstate 86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_86_(east)"},{"link_name":"Seneca language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_language"},{"link_name":"Cornplanter Tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornplanter_Tract"},{"link_name":"Cornplanter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornplanter"},{"link_name":"Jesse Cornplanter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Cornplanter"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Allegheny River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_River"},{"link_name":"Kinzua Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinzua_Dam"},{"link_name":"Salamanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanca,_New_York"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the Indian reservation has a total area of 43.7 mi2 (113.1 km2). 36.4 mi2 (94.2 km2) of it is land and 7.3 mi2 (18.8 km2) of it (16.65%) is water.The reservation borders both banks of the Allegheny River and is partially within several of the Towns in the south part of the county (South Valley, Cold Spring, Salamanca, Great Valley, Red House and Carrollton, with a very small portion in the town of Allegany). The City of Salamanca, with the exception of a northern spur along U.S. Route 219, is also located within the reservation.The governmental headquarters for the Allegany Reservation are located in a small community known as Jimerson Town or jo:nya:tih, an unincorporated hamlet located west of Salamanca on a stretch of dead-end road that used to be part of New York State Route 17. The government rotates every two years, alternating operations in Jimerson Town and Irving on the Cattaraugus Reservation. Jimerson Town's most recent turn began in November 2018.In addition to Jimerson Town, significant developed communities on the reservation include: Highbanks, a community south of Steamburg that includes residences, smoke shops, a Faithkeepers School and a campground; Shongo, a sparsely populated hamlet south of Jimerson Town; Kill Buck, a mixed community of both native and non-native residents; The Junction, a mostly commercial cluster surrounding an exit on Interstate 86; and Vandalia, the easternmost developed site on the reservation. South of Highbanks, the reservation is primarily undeveloped wilderness. Wilderness is also the predominant form between Steamburg and Shongo, where natives often take part in hunting and informal recreation. Each area is also given a name in the Seneca language: the Coldspring-Steamburg area is known as jonegano:h, Shongo and Red House are known as joë:hesta' , Salamanca is dubbed onë:dagö:h, while everything from Kill Buck eastward is named dejódiha:ˀkdö:h. These names appear on markers on Interstate 86.The reservation was defined adjacent to the Cornplanter Tract, a 1500-acre perpetual land grant given to Seneca chief Cornplanter and his descendants that extended into Pennsylvania. The Cornplanter Tract constituted the only reserved native lands in the state of Pennsylvania. By 1957, the year Cornplanter's last direct descendant (Jesse Cornplanter) died, the Cornplanter Tract was occupied only seasonally by the Seneca.During the 1930s and the Great Depression, the federal government authorized a major flood control project on the Allegheny River. Construction did not begin until 1961. The project envisioned construction of a dam and reservoir, to flood much of the Cornplanter Tract and the western portion of the Allegany Reservation. These areas were made uninhabitable during construction of the Kinzua Dam, which was completed in 1965.The Allegheny Reservoir, also known as Kinzua Lake, reaches into New York and nearly to Salamanca. The Seneca were compensated primarily by grants of land set aside at Jimerson Town, where numerous houses were constructed, and a handful of other resettlement areas in New York.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-4"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[4] of 2000, there were 1,099 people, 410 households, and 280 families residing in the Indian reservation (excluding the rented cities). The population density was 30.2/mi2 (11.7/km2). There were 459 housing units at an average density of 12.6/mi2 (4.9/km2). The racial makeup of the Indian reservation was 42.13% White, 0.82% Black or African American, 53.78% Native American, 0.45% Asian, 0.18% from other races, and 2.64% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.00% of the population.There were 410 households, out of which 30.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.7% were married couples living together, 18.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.7% were non-families. 24.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.08.In the Indian reservation the population was spread out, with 29.9% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.9 males.The median income for a household in the Indian reservation was $28,971, and the median income for a family was $30,250. Males had a median income of $23,958 versus $20,982 for females. The per capita income for the Indian reservation was $12,681. About 17.0% of families and 22.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.7% of those under age 18 and 22.3% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maxine Crouse Dowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxine_Crouse_Dowler"},{"link_name":"Maris Bryant Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maris_Bryant_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Sanford Plummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_Plummer"},{"link_name":"George Heron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Heron"},{"link_name":"Traynor Ora Halftown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traynor_Ora_Halftown"},{"link_name":"Phyllis Bardeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Bardeau"}],"text":"Maxine Crouse Dowler (1933–2015), educator\nMaris Bryant Pierce (1811–1874), Seneca chief, lawyer, land-rights activist\nSanford Plummer, Seneca painter\nGeorge Heron, Seneca chief who opposed Kinzua Dam\nTraynor Ora Halftown, Philadelphia children's show host\nPhyllis Bardeau (b.1934), Seneca Language educator","title":"Notable people"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Cattaraugus_County.svg/180px-Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Cattaraugus_County.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014\". Archived from the original on 2015-05-23. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150523034651/https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014.html","url_text":"\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014\""},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Allegany_Indian_Reservation¶ms=42_06_26_N_78_47_28_W_scale:250000","external_links_name":"42°06′26″N 78°47′28″W / 42.10722°N 78.79111°W / 42.10722; -78.79111"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150523034651/https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014.html","external_links_name":"\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://www.senecaindians.com/","external_links_name":"Seneca tribal information"},{"Link":"http://www.sni.org/","external_links_name":"Seneca Nation of Indians"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Allegany_Indian_Reservation¶ms=42_06_26_N_78_47_28_W_scale:250000","external_links_name":"42°06′26″N 78°47′28″W / 42.10722°N 78.79111°W / 42.10722; -78.79111"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/244742814","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007293923905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85003629","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluza-Klein_theory
|
Kaluza–Klein theory
|
["1 Kaluza hypothesis","2 Field equations from the Kaluza hypothesis","3 Equations of motion from the Kaluza hypothesis","4 Kaluza's hypothesis for the matter stress–energy tensor","5 Quantum interpretation of Klein","6 Quantum field theory interpretation","7 Group theory interpretation","8 Space–time–matter theory","9 Geometric interpretation","9.1 Einstein equations","9.2 Maxwell equations","9.3 Kaluza–Klein geometry","9.4 Generalizations","10 Empirical tests","11 See also","12 Notes","13 References","14 Further reading"]
|
Unified field theory
This article is about gravitation and electromagnetism. For the mathematical generalization of K theory, see KK-theory.
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In physics, Kaluza–Klein theory (KK theory) is a classical unified field theory of gravitation and electromagnetism built around the idea of a fifth dimension beyond the common 4D of space and time and considered an important precursor to string theory. In their setup, the vacuum has the usual 3 dimensions of space and one dimension of time but with another microscopic extra spatial dimension in the shape of a tiny circle. Gunnar Nordström had an earlier, similar idea. But in that case, a fifth component was added to the electromagnetic vector potential, representing the Newtonian gravitational potential, and writing the Maxwell equations in five dimensions.
The five-dimensional (5D) theory developed in three steps. The original hypothesis came from Theodor Kaluza, who sent his results to Einstein in 1919 and published them in 1921. Kaluza presented a purely classical extension of general relativity to 5D, with a metric tensor of 15 components. Ten components are identified with the 4D spacetime metric, four components with the electromagnetic vector potential, and one component with an unidentified scalar field sometimes called the "radion" or the "dilaton". Correspondingly, the 5D Einstein equations yield the 4D Einstein field equations, the Maxwell equations for the electromagnetic field, and an equation for the scalar field. Kaluza also introduced the "cylinder condition" hypothesis, that no component of the five-dimensional metric depends on the fifth dimension. Without this restriction, terms are introduced that involve derivatives of the fields with respect to the fifth coordinate, and this extra degree of freedom makes the mathematics of the fully variable 5D relativity enormously complex. Standard 4D physics seems to manifest this "cylinder condition" and, along with it, simpler mathematics.
In 1926, Oskar Klein gave Kaluza's classical five-dimensional theory a quantum interpretation, to accord with the then-recent discoveries of Heisenberg and Schrödinger. Klein introduced the hypothesis that the fifth dimension was curled up and microscopic, to explain the cylinder condition. Klein suggested that the geometry of the extra fifth dimension could take the form of a circle, with the radius of 10−30 cm. More precisely, the radius of the circular dimension is 23 times the Planck length, which in turn is of the order of 10−33 cm. Klein also made a contribution to the classical theory by providing a properly normalized 5D metric. Work continued on the Kaluza field theory during the 1930s by Einstein and colleagues at Princeton.
In the 1940s, the classical theory was completed, and the full field equations including the scalar field were obtained by three independent research groups: Thiry, working in France on his dissertation under Lichnerowicz; Jordan, Ludwig, and Müller in Germany, with critical input from Pauli and Fierz; and Scherrer working alone in Switzerland. Jordan's work led to the scalar–tensor theory of Brans–Dicke; Brans and Dicke were apparently unaware of Thiry or Scherrer. The full Kaluza equations under the cylinder condition are quite complex, and most English-language reviews, as well as the English translations of Thiry, contain some errors. The curvature tensors for the complete Kaluza equations were evaluated using tensor-algebra software in 2015, verifying results of Ferrari and Coquereaux & Esposito-Farese. The 5D covariant form of the energy–momentum source terms is treated by Williams.
Kaluza hypothesis
In his 1921 article, Kaluza established all the elements of the classical five-dimensional theory: the metric, the field equations, the equations of motion, the stress–energy tensor, and the cylinder condition. With no free parameters, it merely extends general relativity to five dimensions. One starts by hypothesizing a form of the five-dimensional metric
g
~
a
b
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {g}}_{ab}}
, where Latin indices span five dimensions. Let one also introduce the four-dimensional spacetime metric
g
μ
ν
{\displaystyle {g}_{\mu \nu }}
, where Greek indices span the usual four dimensions of space and time; a 4-vector
A
μ
{\displaystyle A^{\mu }}
identified with the electromagnetic vector potential; and a scalar field
ϕ
{\displaystyle \phi }
. Then decompose the 5D metric so that the 4D metric is framed by the electromagnetic vector potential, with the scalar field at the fifth diagonal. This can be visualized as
g
~
a
b
≡
[
g
μ
ν
+
ϕ
2
A
μ
A
ν
ϕ
2
A
μ
ϕ
2
A
ν
ϕ
2
]
.
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {g}}_{ab}\equiv {\begin{bmatrix}g_{\mu \nu }+\phi ^{2}A_{\mu }A_{\nu }&\phi ^{2}A_{\mu }\\\phi ^{2}A_{\nu }&\phi ^{2}\end{bmatrix}}.}
One can write more precisely
g
~
μ
ν
≡
g
μ
ν
+
ϕ
2
A
μ
A
ν
,
g
~
5
ν
≡
g
~
ν
5
≡
ϕ
2
A
ν
,
g
~
55
≡
ϕ
2
,
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {g}}_{\mu \nu }\equiv g_{\mu \nu }+\phi ^{2}A_{\mu }A_{\nu },\qquad {\widetilde {g}}_{5\nu }\equiv {\widetilde {g}}_{\nu 5}\equiv \phi ^{2}A_{\nu },\qquad {\widetilde {g}}_{55}\equiv \phi ^{2},}
where the index
5
{\displaystyle 5}
indicates the fifth coordinate by convention, even though the first four coordinates are indexed with 0, 1, 2, and 3. The associated inverse metric is
g
~
a
b
≡
[
g
μ
ν
−
A
μ
−
A
ν
g
α
β
A
α
A
β
+
1
ϕ
2
]
.
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {g}}^{ab}\equiv {\begin{bmatrix}g^{\mu \nu }&-A^{\mu }\\-A^{\nu }&g_{\alpha \beta }A^{\alpha }A^{\beta }+{\frac {1}{\phi ^{2}}}\end{bmatrix}}.}
This decomposition is quite general, and all terms are dimensionless. Kaluza then applies the machinery of standard general relativity to this metric. The field equations are obtained from five-dimensional Einstein equations, and the equations of motion from the five-dimensional geodesic hypothesis. The resulting field equations provide both the equations of general relativity and of electrodynamics; the equations of motion provide the four-dimensional geodesic equation and the Lorentz force law, and one finds that electric charge is identified with motion in the fifth dimension.
The hypothesis for the metric implies an invariant five-dimensional length element
d
s
{\displaystyle ds}
:
d
s
2
≡
g
~
a
b
d
x
a
d
x
b
=
g
μ
ν
d
x
μ
d
x
ν
+
ϕ
2
(
A
ν
d
x
ν
+
d
x
5
)
2
.
{\displaystyle ds^{2}\equiv {\widetilde {g}}_{ab}\,dx^{a}\,dx^{b}=g_{\mu \nu }\,dx^{\mu }\,dx^{\nu }+\phi ^{2}(A_{\nu }\,dx^{\nu }+dx^{5})^{2}.}
Field equations from the Kaluza hypothesis
The field equations of the five-dimensional theory were never adequately provided by Kaluza or Klein because they ignored the scalar field. The full Kaluza field equations are generally attributed to Thiry, who obtained vacuum field equations, although Kaluza originally provided a stress–energy tensor for his theory, and Thiry included a stress–energy tensor in his thesis. But as described by Gonner, several independent groups worked on the field equations in the 1940s and earlier. Thiry is perhaps best known only because an English translation was provided by Applequist, Chodos, & Freund in their review book. Applequist et al. also provided an English translation of Kaluza's article. Translations of the three (1946, 1947, 1948) Jordan articles can be found on the ResearchGate and Academia.edu archives. The first correct English-language Kaluza field equations, including the scalar field, were provided by Williams.
To obtain the 5D field equations, the 5D connections
Γ
~
b
c
a
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {\Gamma }}_{bc}^{a}}
are calculated from the 5D metric
g
~
a
b
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {g}}_{ab}}
, and the 5D Ricci tensor
R
~
a
b
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {R}}_{ab}}
is calculated from the 5D connections.
The classic results of Thiry and other authors presume the cylinder condition:
∂
g
~
a
b
∂
x
5
=
0.
{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\widetilde {g}}_{ab}}{\partial x^{5}}}=0.}
Without this assumption, the field equations become much more complex, providing many more degrees of freedom that can be identified with various new fields. Paul Wesson and colleagues have pursued relaxation of the cylinder condition to gain extra terms that can be identified with the matter fields, for which Kaluza otherwise inserted a stress–energy tensor by hand.
It has been an objection to the original Kaluza hypothesis to invoke the fifth dimension only to negate its dynamics. But Thiry argued that the interpretation of the Lorentz force law in terms of a five-dimensional geodesic militates strongly for a fifth dimension irrespective of the cylinder condition. Most authors have therefore employed the cylinder condition in deriving the field equations. Furthermore, vacuum equations are typically assumed for which
R
~
a
b
=
0
,
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {R}}_{ab}=0,}
where
R
~
a
b
≡
∂
c
Γ
~
a
b
c
−
∂
b
Γ
~
c
a
c
+
Γ
~
c
d
c
Γ
~
a
b
d
−
Γ
~
b
d
c
Γ
~
a
c
d
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {R}}_{ab}\equiv \partial _{c}{\widetilde {\Gamma }}_{ab}^{c}-\partial _{b}{\widetilde {\Gamma }}_{ca}^{c}+{\widetilde {\Gamma }}_{cd}^{c}{\widetilde {\Gamma }}_{ab}^{d}-{\widetilde {\Gamma }}_{bd}^{c}{\widetilde {\Gamma }}_{ac}^{d}}
and
Γ
~
b
c
a
≡
1
2
g
~
a
d
(
∂
b
g
~
d
c
+
∂
c
g
~
d
b
−
∂
d
g
~
b
c
)
.
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {\Gamma }}_{bc}^{a}\equiv {\frac {1}{2}}{\widetilde {g}}^{ad}(\partial _{b}{\widetilde {g}}_{dc}+\partial _{c}{\widetilde {g}}_{db}-\partial _{d}{\widetilde {g}}_{bc}).}
The vacuum field equations obtained in this way by Thiry and Jordan's group are as follows.
The field equation for
ϕ
{\displaystyle \phi }
is obtained from
R
~
55
=
0
⇒
◻
ϕ
=
1
4
ϕ
3
F
α
β
F
α
β
,
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {R}}_{55}=0\Rightarrow \Box \phi ={\frac {1}{4}}\phi ^{3}F^{\alpha \beta }F_{\alpha \beta },}
where
F
α
β
≡
∂
α
A
β
−
∂
β
A
α
,
{\displaystyle F_{\alpha \beta }\equiv \partial _{\alpha }A_{\beta }-\partial _{\beta }A_{\alpha },}
◻
≡
g
μ
ν
∇
μ
∇
ν
,
{\displaystyle \Box \equiv g^{\mu \nu }\nabla _{\mu }\nabla _{\nu },}
and
∇
μ
{\displaystyle \nabla _{\mu }}
is a standard, 4D covariant derivative. It shows that the electromagnetic field is a source for the scalar field. Note that the scalar field cannot be set to a constant without constraining the electromagnetic field. The earlier treatments by Kaluza and Klein did not have an adequate description of the scalar field and did not realize the implied constraint on the electromagnetic field by assuming the scalar field to be constant.
The field equation for
A
ν
{\displaystyle A^{\nu }}
is obtained from
R
~
5
α
=
0
=
1
2
g
β
μ
∇
μ
(
ϕ
3
F
α
β
)
.
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {R}}_{5\alpha }=0={\frac {1}{2}}g^{\beta \mu }\nabla _{\mu }(\phi ^{3}F_{\alpha \beta }).}
It has the form of the vacuum Maxwell equations if the scalar field is constant.
The field equation for the 4D Ricci tensor
R
μ
ν
{\displaystyle R_{\mu \nu }}
is obtained from
R
~
μ
ν
−
1
2
g
~
μ
ν
R
~
=
0
⇒
R
μ
ν
−
1
2
g
μ
ν
R
=
1
2
ϕ
2
(
g
α
β
F
μ
α
F
ν
β
−
1
4
g
μ
ν
F
α
β
F
α
β
)
+
1
ϕ
(
∇
μ
∇
ν
ϕ
−
g
μ
ν
◻
ϕ
)
,
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\widetilde {R}}_{\mu \nu }-{\frac {1}{2}}{\widetilde {g}}_{\mu \nu }{\widetilde {R}}&=0\Rightarrow \\R_{\mu \nu }-{\frac {1}{2}}g_{\mu \nu }R&={\frac {1}{2}}\phi ^{2}\left(g^{\alpha \beta }F_{\mu \alpha }F_{\nu \beta }-{\frac {1}{4}}g_{\mu \nu }F_{\alpha \beta }F^{\alpha \beta }\right)+{\frac {1}{\phi }}(\nabla _{\mu }\nabla _{\nu }\phi -g_{\mu \nu }\Box \phi ),\end{aligned}}}
where
R
{\displaystyle R}
is the standard 4D Ricci scalar.
This equation shows the remarkable result, called the "Kaluza miracle", that the precise form for the electromagnetic stress–energy tensor emerges from the 5D vacuum equations as a source in the 4D equations: field from the vacuum. This relation allows the definitive identification of
A
μ
{\displaystyle A^{\mu }}
with the electromagnetic vector potential. Therefore, the field needs to be rescaled with a conversion constant
k
{\displaystyle k}
such that
A
μ
→
k
A
μ
{\displaystyle A^{\mu }\to kA^{\mu }}
.
The relation above shows that we must have
k
2
2
=
8
π
G
c
4
1
μ
0
=
2
G
c
2
4
π
ϵ
0
,
{\displaystyle {\frac {k^{2}}{2}}={\frac {8\pi G}{c^{4}}}{\frac {1}{\mu _{0}}}={\frac {2G}{c^{2}}}4\pi \epsilon _{0},}
where
G
{\displaystyle G}
is the gravitational constant, and
μ
0
{\displaystyle \mu _{0}}
is the permeability of free space. In the Kaluza theory, the gravitational constant can be understood as an electromagnetic coupling constant in the metric. There is also a stress–energy tensor for the scalar field. The scalar field behaves like a variable gravitational constant, in terms of modulating the coupling of electromagnetic stress–energy to spacetime curvature. The sign of
ϕ
2
{\displaystyle \phi ^{2}}
in the metric is fixed by correspondence with 4D theory so that electromagnetic energy densities are positive. It is often assumed that the fifth coordinate is spacelike in its signature in the metric.
In the presence of matter, the 5D vacuum condition cannot be assumed. Indeed, Kaluza did not assume it. The full field equations require evaluation of the 5D Einstein tensor
G
~
a
b
≡
R
~
a
b
−
1
2
g
~
a
b
R
~
,
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {G}}_{ab}\equiv {\widetilde {R}}_{ab}-{\frac {1}{2}}{\widetilde {g}}_{ab}{\widetilde {R}},}
as seen in the recovery of the electromagnetic stress–energy tensor above. The 5D curvature tensors are complex, and most English-language reviews contain errors in either
G
~
a
b
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {G}}_{ab}}
or
R
~
a
b
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {R}}_{ab}}
, as does the English translation of Thiry. See Williams for a complete set of 5D curvature tensors under the cylinder condition, evaluated using tensor-algebra software.
Equations of motion from the Kaluza hypothesis
The equations of motion are obtained from the five-dimensional geodesic hypothesis in terms of a 5-velocity
U
~
a
≡
d
x
a
/
d
s
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {U}}^{a}\equiv dx^{a}/ds}
:
U
~
b
∇
~
b
U
~
a
=
d
U
~
a
d
s
+
Γ
~
b
c
a
U
~
b
U
~
c
=
0.
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {U}}^{b}{\widetilde {\nabla }}_{b}{\widetilde {U}}^{a}={\frac {d{\widetilde {U}}^{a}}{ds}}+{\widetilde {\Gamma }}_{bc}^{a}{\widetilde {U}}^{b}{\widetilde {U}}^{c}=0.}
This equation can be recast in several ways, and it has been studied in various forms by authors including Kaluza, Pauli, Gross & Perry, Gegenberg & Kunstatter, and Wesson & Ponce de Leon, but it is instructive to convert it back to the usual 4-dimensional length element
c
2
d
τ
2
≡
g
μ
ν
d
x
μ
d
x
ν
{\displaystyle c^{2}\,d\tau ^{2}\equiv g_{\mu \nu }\,dx^{\mu }\,dx^{\nu }}
, which is related to the 5-dimensional length element
d
s
{\displaystyle ds}
as given above:
d
s
2
=
c
2
d
τ
2
+
ϕ
2
(
k
A
ν
d
x
ν
+
d
x
5
)
2
.
{\displaystyle ds^{2}=c^{2}\,d\tau ^{2}+\phi ^{2}(kA_{\nu }\,dx^{\nu }+dx^{5})^{2}.}
Then the 5D geodesic equation can be written for the spacetime components of the 4-velocity:
U
ν
≡
d
x
ν
d
τ
,
{\displaystyle U^{\nu }\equiv {\frac {dx^{\nu }}{d\tau }},}
d
U
ν
d
τ
+
Γ
~
α
β
μ
U
α
U
β
+
2
Γ
~
5
α
μ
U
α
U
5
+
Γ
~
55
μ
(
U
5
)
2
+
U
μ
d
d
τ
ln
c
d
τ
d
s
=
0.
{\displaystyle {\frac {dU^{\nu }}{d\tau }}+{\widetilde {\Gamma }}_{\alpha \beta }^{\mu }U^{\alpha }U^{\beta }+2{\widetilde {\Gamma }}_{5\alpha }^{\mu }U^{\alpha }U^{5}+{\widetilde {\Gamma }}_{55}^{\mu }(U^{5})^{2}+U^{\mu }{\frac {d}{d\tau }}\ln {\frac {c\,d\tau }{ds}}=0.}
The term quadratic in
U
ν
{\displaystyle U^{\nu }}
provides the 4D geodesic equation plus some electromagnetic terms:
Γ
~
α
β
μ
=
Γ
α
β
μ
+
1
2
g
μ
ν
k
2
ϕ
2
(
A
α
F
β
ν
+
A
β
F
α
ν
−
A
α
A
β
∂
ν
ln
ϕ
2
)
.
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {\Gamma }}_{\alpha \beta }^{\mu }=\Gamma _{\alpha \beta }^{\mu }+{\frac {1}{2}}g^{\mu \nu }k^{2}\phi ^{2}(A_{\alpha }F_{\beta \nu }+A_{\beta }F_{\alpha \nu }-A_{\alpha }A_{\beta }\partial _{\nu }\ln \phi ^{2}).}
The term linear in
U
ν
{\displaystyle U^{\nu }}
provides the Lorentz force law:
Γ
~
5
α
μ
=
1
2
g
μ
ν
k
ϕ
2
(
F
α
ν
−
A
α
∂
ν
ln
ϕ
2
)
.
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {\Gamma }}_{5\alpha }^{\mu }={\frac {1}{2}}g^{\mu \nu }k\phi ^{2}(F_{\alpha \nu }-A_{\alpha }\partial _{\nu }\ln \phi ^{2}).}
This is another expression of the "Kaluza miracle". The same hypothesis for the 5D metric that provides electromagnetic stress–energy in the Einstein equations, also provides the Lorentz force law in the equation of motions along with the 4D geodesic equation. Yet correspondence with the Lorentz force law requires that we identify the component of 5-velocity along the fifth dimension with electric charge:
k
U
5
=
k
d
x
5
d
τ
→
q
m
c
,
{\displaystyle kU^{5}=k{\frac {dx^{5}}{d\tau }}\to {\frac {q}{mc}},}
where
m
{\displaystyle m}
is particle mass, and
q
{\displaystyle q}
is particle electric charge. Thus electric charge is understood as motion along the fifth dimension. The fact that the Lorentz force law could be understood as a geodesic in five dimensions was to Kaluza a primary motivation for considering the five-dimensional hypothesis, even in the presence of the aesthetically unpleasing cylinder condition.
Yet there is a problem: the term quadratic in
U
5
{\displaystyle U^{5}}
,
Γ
~
55
μ
=
−
1
2
g
μ
α
∂
α
ϕ
2
.
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {\Gamma }}_{55}^{\mu }=-{\frac {1}{2}}g^{\mu \alpha }\partial _{\alpha }\phi ^{2}.}
If there is no gradient in the scalar field, the term quadratic in
U
5
{\displaystyle U^{5}}
vanishes. But otherwise the expression above implies
U
5
∼
c
q
/
m
G
1
/
2
.
{\displaystyle U^{5}\sim c{\frac {q/m}{G^{1/2}}}.}
For elementary particles,
U
5
>
10
20
c
{\displaystyle U^{5}>10^{20}c}
. The term quadratic in
U
5
{\displaystyle U^{5}}
should dominate the equation, perhaps in contradiction to experience. This was the main shortfall of the five-dimensional theory as Kaluza saw it, and he gives it some discussion in his original article.
The equation of motion for
U
5
{\displaystyle U^{5}}
is particularly simple under the cylinder condition. Start with the alternate form of the geodesic equation, written for the covariant 5-velocity:
d
U
~
a
d
s
=
1
2
U
~
b
U
~
c
∂
g
~
b
c
∂
x
a
.
{\displaystyle {\frac {d{\widetilde {U}}_{a}}{ds}}={\frac {1}{2}}{\widetilde {U}}^{b}{\widetilde {U}}^{c}{\frac {\partial {\widetilde {g}}_{bc}}{\partial x^{a}}}.}
This means that under the cylinder condition,
U
~
5
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {U}}_{5}}
is a constant of the five-dimensional motion:
U
~
5
=
g
~
5
a
U
~
a
=
ϕ
2
c
d
τ
d
s
(
k
A
ν
U
ν
+
U
5
)
=
constant
.
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {U}}_{5}={\widetilde {g}}_{5a}{\widetilde {U}}^{a}=\phi ^{2}{\frac {c\,d\tau }{ds}}(kA_{\nu }U^{\nu }+U^{5})={\text{constant}}.}
Kaluza's hypothesis for the matter stress–energy tensor
Kaluza proposed a five-dimensional matter stress tensor
T
~
M
a
b
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {T}}_{M}^{ab}}
of the form
T
~
M
a
b
=
ρ
d
x
a
d
s
d
x
b
d
s
,
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {T}}_{M}^{ab}=\rho {\frac {dx^{a}}{ds}}{\frac {dx^{b}}{ds}},}
where
ρ
{\displaystyle \rho }
is a density, and the length element
d
s
{\displaystyle ds}
is as defined above.
Then the spacetime component gives a typical "dust" stress–energy tensor:
T
~
M
μ
ν
=
ρ
d
x
μ
d
s
d
x
ν
d
s
.
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {T}}_{M}^{\mu \nu }=\rho {\frac {dx^{\mu }}{ds}}{\frac {dx^{\nu }}{ds}}.}
The mixed component provides a 4-current source for the Maxwell equations:
T
~
M
5
μ
=
ρ
d
x
μ
d
s
d
x
5
d
s
=
ρ
U
μ
q
k
m
c
.
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {T}}_{M}^{5\mu }=\rho {\frac {dx^{\mu }}{ds}}{\frac {dx^{5}}{ds}}=\rho U^{\mu }{\frac {q}{kmc}}.}
Just as the five-dimensional metric comprises the four-dimensional metric framed by the electromagnetic vector potential, the five-dimensional stress–energy tensor comprises the four-dimensional stress–energy tensor framed by the vector 4-current.
Quantum interpretation of Klein
Kaluza's original hypothesis was purely classical and extended discoveries of general relativity. By the time of Klein's contribution, the discoveries of Heisenberg, Schrödinger, and de Broglie were receiving a lot of attention. Klein's Nature article suggested that the fifth dimension is closed and periodic, and that the identification of electric charge with motion in the fifth dimension can be interpreted as standing waves of wavelength
λ
5
{\displaystyle \lambda ^{5}}
, much like the electrons around a nucleus in the Bohr model of the atom. The quantization of electric charge could then be nicely understood in terms of integer multiples of fifth-dimensional momentum. Combining the previous Kaluza result for
U
5
{\displaystyle U^{5}}
in terms of electric charge, and a de Broglie relation for momentum
p
5
=
h
/
λ
5
{\displaystyle p^{5}=h/\lambda ^{5}}
, Klein obtained an expression for the 0th mode of such waves:
m
U
5
=
c
q
G
1
/
2
=
h
λ
5
⇒
λ
5
∼
h
G
1
/
2
c
q
,
{\displaystyle mU^{5}={\frac {cq}{G^{1/2}}}={\frac {h}{\lambda ^{5}}}\quad \Rightarrow \quad \lambda ^{5}\sim {\frac {hG^{1/2}}{cq}},}
where
h
{\displaystyle h}
is the Planck constant. Klein found that
λ
5
∼
10
−
30
{\displaystyle \lambda ^{5}\sim 10^{-30}}
cm, and thereby an explanation for the cylinder condition in this small value.
Klein's Zeitschrift für Physik article of the same year, gave a more detailed treatment that explicitly invoked the techniques of Schrödinger and de Broglie. It recapitulated much of the classical theory of Kaluza described above, and then departed into Klein's quantum interpretation. Klein solved a Schrödinger-like wave equation using an expansion in terms of fifth-dimensional waves resonating in the closed, compact fifth dimension.
Quantum field theory interpretation
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (February 2015)
Group theory interpretation
The space M × C is compactified over the compact set C, and after Kaluza–Klein decomposition one has an effective field theory over M.
In 1926, Oskar Klein proposed that the fourth spatial dimension is curled up in a circle of a very small radius, so that a particle moving a short distance along that axis would return to where it began. The distance a particle can travel before reaching its initial position is said to be the size of the dimension. This extra dimension is a compact set, and construction of this compact dimension is referred to as compactification.
In modern geometry, the extra fifth dimension can be understood to be the circle group U(1), as electromagnetism can essentially be formulated as a gauge theory on a fiber bundle, the circle bundle, with gauge group U(1). In Kaluza–Klein theory this group suggests that gauge symmetry is the symmetry of circular compact dimensions. Once this geometrical interpretation is understood, it is relatively straightforward to replace U(1) by a general Lie group. Such generalizations are often called Yang–Mills theories. If a distinction is drawn, then it is that Yang–Mills theories occur on a flat spacetime, whereas Kaluza–Klein treats the more general case of curved spacetime. The base space of Kaluza–Klein theory need not be four-dimensional spacetime; it can be any (pseudo-)Riemannian manifold, or even a supersymmetric manifold or orbifold or even a noncommutative space.
The construction can be outlined, roughly, as follows. One starts by considering a principal fiber bundle P with gauge group G over a manifold M. Given a connection on the bundle, and a metric on the base manifold, and a gauge invariant metric on the tangent of each fiber, one can construct a bundle metric defined on the entire bundle. Computing the scalar curvature of this bundle metric, one finds that it is constant on each fiber: this is the "Kaluza miracle". One did not have to explicitly impose a cylinder condition, or to compactify: by assumption, the gauge group is already compact. Next, one takes this scalar curvature as the Lagrangian density, and, from this, constructs the Einstein–Hilbert action for the bundle, as a whole. The equations of motion, the Euler–Lagrange equations, can be then obtained by considering where the action is stationary with respect to variations of either the metric on the base manifold, or of the gauge connection. Variations with respect to the base metric gives the Einstein field equations on the base manifold, with the energy–momentum tensor given by the curvature (field strength) of the gauge connection. On the flip side, the action is stationary against variations of the gauge connection precisely when the gauge connection solves the Yang–Mills equations. Thus, by applying a single idea: the principle of least action, to a single quantity: the scalar curvature on the bundle (as a whole), one obtains simultaneously all of the needed field equations, for both the spacetime and the gauge field.
As an approach to the unification of the forces, it is straightforward to apply the Kaluza–Klein theory in an attempt to unify gravity with the strong and electroweak forces by using the symmetry group of the Standard Model, SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1). However, an attempt to convert this interesting geometrical construction into a bona-fide model of reality flounders on a number of issues, including the fact that the fermions must be introduced in an artificial way (in nonsupersymmetric models). Nonetheless, KK remains an important touchstone in theoretical physics and is often embedded in more sophisticated theories. It is studied in its own right as an object of geometric interest in K-theory.
Even in the absence of a completely satisfying theoretical physics framework, the idea of exploring extra, compactified, dimensions is of considerable interest in the experimental physics and astrophysics communities. A variety of predictions, with real experimental consequences, can be made (in the case of large extra dimensions and warped models). For example, on the simplest of principles, one might expect to have standing waves in the extra compactified dimension(s). If a spatial extra dimension is of radius R, the invariant mass of such standing waves would be Mn = nh/Rc with n an integer, h being Planck's constant and c the speed of light. This set of possible mass values is often called the Kaluza–Klein tower. Similarly, in Thermal quantum field theory a compactification of the euclidean time dimension leads to the Matsubara frequencies and thus to a discretized thermal energy spectrum.
However, Klein's approach to a quantum theory is flawed and, for example, leads to a calculated electron mass in the order of magnitude of the Planck mass.
Examples of experimental pursuits include work by the CDF collaboration, which has re-analyzed particle collider data for the signature of effects associated with large extra dimensions/warped models.
Brandenberger and Vafa have speculated that in the early universe, cosmic inflation causes three of the space dimensions to expand to cosmological size while the remaining dimensions of space remained microscopic.
Space–time–matter theory
One particular variant of Kaluza–Klein theory is space–time–matter theory or induced matter theory, chiefly promulgated by Paul Wesson and other members of the Space–Time–Matter Consortium. In this version of the theory, it is noted that solutions to the equation
R
~
a
b
=
0
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {R}}_{ab}=0}
may be re-expressed so that in four dimensions, these solutions satisfy Einstein's equations
G
μ
ν
=
8
π
T
μ
ν
{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }=8\pi T_{\mu \nu }\,}
with the precise form of the Tμν following from the Ricci-flat condition on the five-dimensional space. In other words, the cylinder condition of the previous development is dropped, and the stress–energy now comes from the derivatives of the 5D metric with respect to the fifth coordinate. Because the energy–momentum tensor is normally understood to be due to concentrations of matter in four-dimensional space, the above result is interpreted as saying that four-dimensional matter is induced from geometry in five-dimensional space.
In particular, the soliton solutions of
R
~
a
b
=
0
{\displaystyle {\widetilde {R}}_{ab}=0}
can be shown to contain the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric in both radiation-dominated (early universe) and matter-dominated (later universe) forms. The general equations can be shown to be sufficiently consistent with classical tests of general relativity to be acceptable on physical principles, while still leaving considerable freedom to also provide interesting cosmological models.
Geometric interpretation
The Kaluza–Klein theory has a particularly elegant presentation in terms of geometry. In a certain sense, it looks just like ordinary gravity in free space, except that it is phrased in five dimensions instead of four.
Einstein equations
The equations governing ordinary gravity in free space can be obtained from an action, by applying the variational principle to a certain action. Let M be a (pseudo-)Riemannian manifold, which may be taken as the spacetime of general relativity. If g is the metric on this manifold, one defines the action S(g) as
S
(
g
)
=
∫
M
R
(
g
)
vol
(
g
)
,
{\displaystyle S(g)=\int _{M}R(g)\operatorname {vol} (g),}
where R(g) is the scalar curvature, and vol(g) is the volume element. By applying the variational principle to the action
δ
S
(
g
)
δ
g
=
0
,
{\displaystyle {\frac {\delta S(g)}{\delta g}}=0,}
one obtains precisely the Einstein equations for free space:
R
i
j
−
1
2
g
i
j
R
=
0
,
{\displaystyle R_{ij}-{\frac {1}{2}}g_{ij}R=0,}
where Rij is the Ricci tensor.
Maxwell equations
By contrast, the Maxwell equations describing electromagnetism can be understood to be the Hodge equations of a principal U(1)-bundle or circle bundle
π
:
P
→
M
{\displaystyle \pi :P\to M}
with fiber U(1). That is, the electromagnetic field
F
{\displaystyle F}
is a harmonic 2-form in the space
Ω
2
(
M
)
{\displaystyle \Omega ^{2}(M)}
of differentiable 2-forms on the manifold
M
{\displaystyle M}
. In the absence of charges and currents, the free-field Maxwell equations are
d
F
=
0
and
d
⋆
F
=
0.
{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} F=0\quad {\text{and}}\quad \mathrm {d} {\star }F=0.}
where
⋆
{\displaystyle \star }
is the Hodge star operator.
Kaluza–Klein geometry
To build the Kaluza–Klein theory, one picks an invariant metric on the circle
S
1
{\displaystyle S^{1}}
that is the fiber of the U(1)-bundle of electromagnetism. In this discussion, an invariant metric is simply one that is invariant under rotations of the circle. Suppose that this metric gives the circle a total length
Λ
{\displaystyle \Lambda }
. One then considers metrics
g
^
{\displaystyle {\widehat {g}}}
on the bundle
P
{\displaystyle P}
that are consistent with both the fiber metric, and the metric on the underlying manifold
M
{\displaystyle M}
. The consistency conditions are:
The projection of
g
^
{\displaystyle {\widehat {g}}}
to the vertical subspace
Vert
p
P
⊂
T
p
P
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Vert} _{p}P\subset T_{p}P}
needs to agree with metric on the fiber over a point in the manifold
M
{\displaystyle M}
.
The projection of
g
^
{\displaystyle {\widehat {g}}}
to the horizontal subspace
Hor
p
P
⊂
T
p
P
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Hor} _{p}P\subset T_{p}P}
of the tangent space at point
p
∈
P
{\displaystyle p\in P}
must be isomorphic to the metric
g
{\displaystyle g}
on
M
{\displaystyle M}
at
π
(
P
)
{\displaystyle \pi (P)}
.
The Kaluza–Klein action for such a metric is given by
S
(
g
^
)
=
∫
P
R
(
g
^
)
vol
(
g
^
)
.
{\displaystyle S({\widehat {g}})=\int _{P}R({\widehat {g}})\operatorname {vol} ({\widehat {g}}).}
The scalar curvature, written in components, then expands to
R
(
g
^
)
=
π
∗
(
R
(
g
)
−
Λ
2
2
|
F
|
2
)
,
{\displaystyle R({\widehat {g}})=\pi ^{*}\left(R(g)-{\frac {\Lambda ^{2}}{2}}|F|^{2}\right),}
where
π
∗
{\displaystyle \pi ^{*}}
is the pullback of the fiber bundle projection
π
:
P
→
M
{\displaystyle \pi :P\to M}
. The connection
A
{\displaystyle A}
on the fiber bundle is related to the electromagnetic field strength as
π
∗
F
=
d
A
.
{\displaystyle \pi ^{*}F=dA.}
That there always exists such a connection, even for fiber bundles of arbitrarily complex topology, is a result from homology and specifically, K-theory. Applying Fubini's theorem and integrating on the fiber, one gets
S
(
g
^
)
=
Λ
∫
M
(
R
(
g
)
−
1
Λ
2
|
F
|
2
)
vol
(
g
)
.
{\displaystyle S({\widehat {g}})=\Lambda \int _{M}\left(R(g)-{\frac {1}{\Lambda ^{2}}}|F|^{2}\right)\operatorname {vol} (g).}
Varying the action with respect to the component
A
{\displaystyle A}
, one regains the Maxwell equations. Applying the variational principle to the base metric
g
{\displaystyle g}
, one gets the Einstein equations
R
i
j
−
1
2
g
i
j
R
=
1
Λ
2
T
i
j
{\displaystyle R_{ij}-{\frac {1}{2}}g_{ij}R={\frac {1}{\Lambda ^{2}}}T_{ij}}
with the stress–energy tensor being given by
T
i
j
=
F
i
k
F
j
l
g
k
l
−
1
4
g
i
j
|
F
|
2
,
{\displaystyle T^{ij}=F^{ik}F^{jl}g_{kl}-{\frac {1}{4}}g^{ij}|F|^{2},}
sometimes called the Maxwell stress tensor.
The original theory identifies
Λ
{\displaystyle \Lambda }
with the fiber metric
g
55
{\displaystyle g_{55}}
and allows
Λ
{\displaystyle \Lambda }
to vary from fiber to fiber. In this case, the coupling between gravity and the electromagnetic field is not constant, but has its own dynamical field, the radion.
Generalizations
In the above, the size of the loop
Λ
{\displaystyle \Lambda }
acts as a coupling constant between the gravitational field and the electromagnetic field. If the base manifold is four-dimensional, the Kaluza–Klein manifold P is five-dimensional. The fifth dimension is a compact space and is called the compact dimension. The technique of introducing compact dimensions to obtain a higher-dimensional manifold is referred to as compactification. Compactification does not produce group actions on chiral fermions except in very specific cases: the dimension of the total space must be 2 mod 8, and the G-index of the Dirac operator of the compact space must be nonzero.
The above development generalizes in a more-or-less straightforward fashion to general principal G-bundles for some arbitrary Lie group G taking the place of U(1). In such a case, the theory is often referred to as a Yang–Mills theory and is sometimes taken to be synonymous. If the underlying manifold is supersymmetric, the resulting theory is a super-symmetric Yang–Mills theory.
Empirical tests
No experimental or observational signs of extra dimensions have been officially reported. Many theoretical search techniques for detecting Kaluza–Klein resonances have been proposed using the mass couplings of such resonances with the top quark. An analysis of results from the LHC in December 2010 severely constrains theories with large extra dimensions.
The observation of a Higgs-like boson at the LHC establishes a new empirical test which can be applied to the search for Kaluza–Klein resonances and supersymmetric particles.
The loop Feynman diagrams that exist in the Higgs interactions allow any particle with electric charge and mass to run in such a loop. Standard Model particles besides the top quark and W boson do not make big contributions to the cross-section observed in the H → γγ decay, but if there are new particles beyond the Standard Model, they could potentially change the ratio of the predicted Standard Model H → γγ cross-section to the experimentally observed cross-section. Hence a measurement of any dramatic change to the H → γγ cross-section predicted by the Standard Model is crucial in probing the physics beyond it.
An article from July 2018 gives some hope for this theory; in the article they dispute that gravity is leaking into higher dimensions as in brane theory. However, the article does demonstrate that electromagnetism and gravity share the same number of dimensions, and this fact lends support to Kaluza–Klein theory; whether the number of dimensions is really 3 + 1 or in fact 4 + 1 is the subject of further debate.
See also
Classical theories of gravitation
Complex spacetime
DGP model
Quantum gravity
Compactification (physics)
Randall–Sundrum model
Matej Pavšič
String theory
Supergravity
Superstring theory
Non-relativistic gravitational fields
Teleparallelism
Notes
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^ Pais, Abraham (1982). Subtle is the Lord ...: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 329–330.
^ a b c d e f g h Kaluza, Theodor (1921). "Zum Unitätsproblem in der Physik". Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin. (Math. Phys.) (in German): 966–972. Bibcode:1921SPAW.......966K.
^ a b c Klein, Oskar (1926). "Quantentheorie und fünfdimensionale Relativitätstheorie". Zeitschrift für Physik A (in German). 37 (12): 895–906. Bibcode:1926ZPhy...37..895K. doi:10.1007/BF01397481.
^ a b c d Klein, Oskar (1926). "The Atomicity of Electricity as a Quantum Theory Law". Nature. 118 (2971): 516. Bibcode:1926Natur.118..516K. doi:10.1038/118516a0. S2CID 4127863.
^ a b c Goenner, H. (2012). "Some remarks on the genesis of scalar–tensor theories". General Relativity and Gravitation. 44 (8): 2077–2097. arXiv:1204.3455. Bibcode:2012GReGr..44.2077G. doi:10.1007/s10714-012-1378-8. S2CID 13399708.
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^ a b c d Thiry, M. Y. (1948). "Les équations de la théorie unitaire de Kaluza". Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris (in French). 226: 216–218.
^ Thiry, M. Y. (1948). "Sur la régularité des champs gravitationnel et électromagnétique dans les théories unitaires". Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris (in French). 226: 1881–1882.
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^ Brans, C. H.; Dicke, R. H. (November 1, 1961). "Mach's Principle and a Relativistic Theory of Gravitation". Physical Review. 124 (3): 925–935. Bibcode:1961PhRv..124..925B. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.124.925.
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^ Appelquist, Thomas; Chodos, Alan; Freund, Peter G. O. (1987). Modern Kaluza–Klein Theories. Menlo Park, Cal.: Addison–Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-09829-7.
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^ Williams, Lance L. (2012). "Physics of the Electromagnetic Control of Spacetime and Gravity". Proceedings of 48th AIAA Joint Propulsion Conference. 48th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, 30 July 2012 – 01 August 2012. Atlanta, Georgia. Vol. AIAA 2012-3916. doi:10.2514/6.2012-3916. ISBN 978-1-60086-935-8. S2CID 122586403.
^ David Bleecker, "Gauge Theory and Variational Principles Archived 2021-07-09 at the Wayback Machine" (1982) D. Reidel Publishing (See chapter 9)
^ Ravndal, F., Oskar Klein and the fifth dimension, arXiv:1309.4113
^ 5Dstm.org
^ L. Castellani et al., Supergravity and superstrings, vol. 2, ch. V.11.
^ Khachatryan, V.; et al. (CMS Collaboration) (2011). "Search for microscopic black hole signatures at the Large Hadron Collider". Physics Letters B. 697 (5): 434–453. arXiv:1012.3375. Bibcode:2011PhLB..697..434C. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2011.02.032. S2CID 122803232.
^ Pardo, Kris; Fishbach, Maya; Holz, Daniel E.; Spergel, David N. (2018). "Limits on the number of spacetime dimensions from GW170817". Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2018 (7): 048. arXiv:1801.08160. Bibcode:2018JCAP...07..048P. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2018/07/048. S2CID 119197181.
References
Kaluza, Theodor (1921). "Zum Unitätsproblem in der Physik". Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin. (Math. Phys.): 966–972. Bibcode:1921SPAW.......966K. https://archive.org/details/sitzungsberichte1921preussi
Klein, Oskar (1926). "Quantentheorie und fünfdimensionale Relativitätstheorie". Zeitschrift für Physik A. 37 (12): 895–906. Bibcode:1926ZPhy...37..895K. doi:10.1007/BF01397481.
Witten, Edward (1981). "Search for a realistic Kaluza–Klein theory". Nuclear Physics B. 186 (3): 412–428. Bibcode:1981NuPhB.186..412W. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(81)90021-3.
Appelquist, Thomas; Chodos, Alan; Freund, Peter G. O. (1987). Modern Kaluza–Klein Theories. Menlo Park, Cal.: Addison–Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-09829-7. (Includes reprints of the above articles as well as those of other important papers relating to Kaluza–Klein theory.)
Duff, M. J. (1994). "Kaluza–Klein Theory in Perspective". In Lindström, Ulf (ed.). Proceedings of the Symposium 'The Oskar Klein Centenary'. Singapore: World Scientific. pp. 22–35. ISBN 978-981-02-2332-8.
Overduin, J. M.; Wesson, P. S. (1997). "Kaluza–Klein Gravity". Physics Reports. 283 (5): 303–378. arXiv:gr-qc/9805018. Bibcode:1997PhR...283..303O. doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(96)00046-4. S2CID 119087814.
Wesson, Paul S. (2006). Five-Dimensional Physics: Classical and Quantum Consequences of Kaluza–Klein Cosmology. Singapore: World Scientific. Bibcode:2006fdpc.book.....W. ISBN 978-981-256-661-4.
Further reading
The CDF Collaboration, Search for Extra Dimensions using Missing Energy at CDF, (2004) (A simplified presentation of the search made for extra dimensions at the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) particle physics facility.)
John M. Pierre, SUPERSTRINGS! Extra Dimensions, (2003).
Chris Pope, Lectures on Kaluza–Klein Theory.
Edward Witten (2014). "A Note On Einstein, Bergmann, and the Fifth Dimension", arXiv:1401.8048
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"K theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_theory"},{"link_name":"KK-theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK-theory"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"unified field theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_field_theory"},{"link_name":"gravitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation"},{"link_name":"electromagnetism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism"},{"link_name":"fifth dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-dimensional_space#Physics"},{"link_name":"space and time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime"},{"link_name":"string theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory"},{"link_name":"Gunnar Nordström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Nordstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrd-1"},{"link_name":"Theodor Kaluza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Kaluza"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kal-3"},{"link_name":"general relativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity"},{"link_name":"scalar field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_field"},{"link_name":"radion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radion_(physics)"},{"link_name":"Einstein field equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_field_equations"},{"link_name":"Maxwell equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_equations"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_field"},{"link_name":"Oskar Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Klein"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KZ-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KN-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KN-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KZ-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gon-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thry-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jor1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jor2-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jor3-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Brans–Dicke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brans%E2%80%93Dicke_theory"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"tensor-algebra software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_software"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LLW-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fri-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coq-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LLW2-22"}],"text":"This article is about gravitation and electromagnetism. For the mathematical generalization of K theory, see KK-theory.In physics, Kaluza–Klein theory (KK theory) is a classical unified field theory of gravitation and electromagnetism built around the idea of a fifth dimension beyond the common 4D of space and time and considered an important precursor to string theory. In their setup, the vacuum has the usual 3 dimensions of space and one dimension of time but with another microscopic extra spatial dimension in the shape of a tiny circle. Gunnar Nordström had an earlier, similar idea. But in that case, a fifth component was added to the electromagnetic vector potential, representing the Newtonian gravitational potential, and writing the Maxwell equations in five dimensions.[1]The five-dimensional (5D) theory developed in three steps. The original hypothesis came from Theodor Kaluza, who sent his results to Einstein in 1919[2] and published them in 1921.[3] Kaluza presented a purely classical extension of general relativity to 5D, with a metric tensor of 15 components. Ten components are identified with the 4D spacetime metric, four components with the electromagnetic vector potential, and one component with an unidentified scalar field sometimes called the \"radion\" or the \"dilaton\". Correspondingly, the 5D Einstein equations yield the 4D Einstein field equations, the Maxwell equations for the electromagnetic field, and an equation for the scalar field. Kaluza also introduced the \"cylinder condition\" hypothesis, that no component of the five-dimensional metric depends on the fifth dimension. Without this restriction, terms are introduced that involve derivatives of the fields with respect to the fifth coordinate, and this extra degree of freedom makes the mathematics of the fully variable 5D relativity enormously complex. Standard 4D physics seems to manifest this \"cylinder condition\" and, along with it, simpler mathematics.In 1926, Oskar Klein gave Kaluza's classical five-dimensional theory a quantum interpretation,[4][5] to accord with the then-recent discoveries of Heisenberg and Schrödinger. Klein introduced the hypothesis that the fifth dimension was curled up and microscopic, to explain the cylinder condition. Klein suggested that the geometry of the extra fifth dimension could take the form of a circle, with the radius of 10−30 cm. More precisely, the radius of the circular dimension is 23 times the Planck length, which in turn is of the order of 10−33 cm.[5] Klein also made a contribution to the classical theory by providing a properly normalized 5D metric.[4] Work continued on the Kaluza field theory during the 1930s by Einstein and colleagues at Princeton.In the 1940s, the classical theory was completed, and the full field equations including the scalar field were obtained by three independent research groups:[6] Thiry,[7][8][9] working in France on his dissertation under Lichnerowicz; Jordan, Ludwig, and Müller in Germany,[10][11][12][13][14] with critical input from Pauli and Fierz; and Scherrer[15][16][17] working alone in Switzerland. Jordan's work led to the scalar–tensor theory of Brans–Dicke;[18] Brans and Dicke were apparently unaware of Thiry or Scherrer. The full Kaluza equations under the cylinder condition are quite complex, and most English-language reviews, as well as the English translations of Thiry, contain some errors. The curvature tensors for the complete Kaluza equations were evaluated using tensor-algebra software in 2015,[19] verifying results of Ferrari[20] and Coquereaux & Esposito-Farese.[21] The 5D covariant form of the energy–momentum source terms is treated by Williams.[22]","title":"Kaluza–Klein theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kal-3"},{"link_name":"free parameters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_parameter"},{"link_name":"general relativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity"},{"link_name":"Einstein equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_equations"},{"link_name":"geodesic equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesic_equation"},{"link_name":"Lorentz force law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_force_law"}],"text":"In his 1921 article,[3] Kaluza established all the elements of the classical five-dimensional theory: the metric, the field equations, the equations of motion, the stress–energy tensor, and the cylinder condition. With no free parameters, it merely extends general relativity to five dimensions. One starts by hypothesizing a form of the five-dimensional metric \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n ~\n \n \n \n \n a\n b\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {g}}_{ab}}\n \n, where Latin indices span five dimensions. Let one also introduce the four-dimensional spacetime metric \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n μ\n ν\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {g}_{\\mu \\nu }}\n \n, where Greek indices span the usual four dimensions of space and time; a 4-vector \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n μ\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A^{\\mu }}\n \n identified with the electromagnetic vector potential; and a scalar field \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi }\n \n. Then decompose the 5D metric so that the 4D metric is framed by the electromagnetic vector potential, with the scalar field at the fifth diagonal. This can be visualized asg\n ~\n \n \n \n \n a\n b\n \n \n ≡\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n g\n \n μ\n ν\n \n \n +\n \n ϕ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n A\n \n μ\n \n \n \n A\n \n ν\n \n \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n A\n \n μ\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n A\n \n ν\n \n \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {g}}_{ab}\\equiv {\\begin{bmatrix}g_{\\mu \\nu }+\\phi ^{2}A_{\\mu }A_{\\nu }&\\phi ^{2}A_{\\mu }\\\\\\phi ^{2}A_{\\nu }&\\phi ^{2}\\end{bmatrix}}.}One can write more preciselyg\n ~\n \n \n \n \n μ\n ν\n \n \n ≡\n \n g\n \n μ\n ν\n \n \n +\n \n ϕ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n A\n \n μ\n \n \n \n A\n \n ν\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n g\n ~\n \n \n \n \n 5\n ν\n \n \n ≡\n \n \n \n \n g\n ~\n \n \n \n \n ν\n 5\n \n \n ≡\n \n ϕ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n A\n \n ν\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n g\n ~\n \n \n \n \n 55\n \n \n ≡\n \n ϕ\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {g}}_{\\mu \\nu }\\equiv g_{\\mu \\nu }+\\phi ^{2}A_{\\mu }A_{\\nu },\\qquad {\\widetilde {g}}_{5\\nu }\\equiv {\\widetilde {g}}_{\\nu 5}\\equiv \\phi ^{2}A_{\\nu },\\qquad {\\widetilde {g}}_{55}\\equiv \\phi ^{2},}where the index \n \n \n \n 5\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 5}\n \n indicates the fifth coordinate by convention, even though the first four coordinates are indexed with 0, 1, 2, and 3. The associated inverse metric isg\n ~\n \n \n \n \n a\n b\n \n \n ≡\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n g\n \n μ\n ν\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n A\n \n μ\n \n \n \n \n \n \n −\n \n A\n \n ν\n \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n α\n β\n \n \n \n A\n \n α\n \n \n \n A\n \n β\n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n \n ϕ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {g}}^{ab}\\equiv {\\begin{bmatrix}g^{\\mu \\nu }&-A^{\\mu }\\\\-A^{\\nu }&g_{\\alpha \\beta }A^{\\alpha }A^{\\beta }+{\\frac {1}{\\phi ^{2}}}\\end{bmatrix}}.}This decomposition is quite general, and all terms are dimensionless. Kaluza then applies the machinery of standard general relativity to this metric. The field equations are obtained from five-dimensional Einstein equations, and the equations of motion from the five-dimensional geodesic hypothesis. The resulting field equations provide both the equations of general relativity and of electrodynamics; the equations of motion provide the four-dimensional geodesic equation and the Lorentz force law, and one finds that electric charge is identified with motion in the fifth dimension.The hypothesis for the metric implies an invariant five-dimensional length element \n \n \n \n d\n s\n \n \n {\\displaystyle ds}\n \n:d\n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n ≡\n \n \n \n \n g\n ~\n \n \n \n \n a\n b\n \n \n \n d\n \n x\n \n a\n \n \n \n d\n \n x\n \n b\n \n \n =\n \n g\n \n μ\n ν\n \n \n \n d\n \n x\n \n μ\n \n \n \n d\n \n x\n \n ν\n \n \n +\n \n ϕ\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n A\n \n ν\n \n \n \n d\n \n x\n \n ν\n \n \n +\n d\n \n x\n \n 5\n \n \n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle ds^{2}\\equiv {\\widetilde {g}}_{ab}\\,dx^{a}\\,dx^{b}=g_{\\mu \\nu }\\,dx^{\\mu }\\,dx^{\\nu }+\\phi ^{2}(A_{\\nu }\\,dx^{\\nu }+dx^{5})^{2}.}","title":"Kaluza hypothesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"field equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_equation"},{"link_name":"scalar field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_field"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thry-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kal-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gon-6"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"ResearchGate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ResearchGate"},{"link_name":"Academia.edu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia.edu"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jor1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jor2-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jor3-13"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LLW-19"},{"link_name":"Ricci tensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricci_tensor"},{"link_name":"connections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connection_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kal-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gon-6"},{"link_name":"geodesic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thry-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jor1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jor2-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jor3-13"},{"link_name":"covariant derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariant_derivative"},{"link_name":"scalar field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_field"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic stress–energy tensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_stress%E2%80%93energy_tensor"},{"link_name":"gravitational constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_constant"},{"link_name":"permeability of free space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability_of_free_space"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thry-8"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LLW-19"}],"text":"The field equations of the five-dimensional theory were never adequately provided by Kaluza or Klein because they ignored the scalar field. The full Kaluza field equations are generally attributed to Thiry,[8] who obtained vacuum field equations, although Kaluza[3] originally provided a stress–energy tensor for his theory, and Thiry included a stress–energy tensor in his thesis. But as described by Gonner,[6] several independent groups worked on the field equations in the 1940s and earlier. Thiry is perhaps best known only because an English translation was provided by Applequist, Chodos, & Freund in their review book.[23] Applequist et al. also provided an English translation of Kaluza's article. Translations of the three (1946, 1947, 1948) Jordan articles can be found on the ResearchGate and Academia.edu archives.[10][11][13] The first correct English-language Kaluza field equations, including the scalar field, were provided by Williams.[19]To obtain the 5D field equations, the 5D connections \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Γ\n ~\n \n \n \n \n b\n c\n \n \n a\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {\\Gamma }}_{bc}^{a}}\n \n are calculated from the 5D metric \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n ~\n \n \n \n \n a\n b\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {g}}_{ab}}\n \n, and the 5D Ricci tensor \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n ~\n \n \n \n \n a\n b\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {R}}_{ab}}\n \n is calculated from the 5D connections.The classic results of Thiry and other authors presume the cylinder condition:∂\n \n \n \n \n g\n ~\n \n \n \n \n a\n b\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n x\n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\partial {\\widetilde {g}}_{ab}}{\\partial x^{5}}}=0.}Without this assumption, the field equations become much more complex, providing many more degrees of freedom that can be identified with various new fields. Paul Wesson and colleagues have pursued relaxation of the cylinder condition to gain extra terms that can be identified with the matter fields,[24] for which Kaluza[3] otherwise inserted a stress–energy tensor by hand.It has been an objection to the original Kaluza hypothesis to invoke the fifth dimension only to negate its dynamics. But Thiry argued[6] that the interpretation of the Lorentz force law in terms of a five-dimensional geodesic militates strongly for a fifth dimension irrespective of the cylinder condition. Most authors have therefore employed the cylinder condition in deriving the field equations. Furthermore, vacuum equations are typically assumed for whichR\n ~\n \n \n \n \n a\n b\n \n \n =\n 0\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {R}}_{ab}=0,}whereR\n ~\n \n \n \n \n a\n b\n \n \n ≡\n \n ∂\n \n c\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Γ\n ~\n \n \n \n \n a\n b\n \n \n c\n \n \n −\n \n ∂\n \n b\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Γ\n ~\n \n \n \n \n c\n a\n \n \n c\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n Γ\n ~\n \n \n \n \n c\n d\n \n \n c\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Γ\n ~\n \n \n \n \n a\n b\n \n \n d\n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n Γ\n ~\n \n \n \n \n b\n d\n \n \n c\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Γ\n ~\n \n \n \n \n a\n c\n \n \n d\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {R}}_{ab}\\equiv \\partial _{c}{\\widetilde {\\Gamma }}_{ab}^{c}-\\partial _{b}{\\widetilde {\\Gamma }}_{ca}^{c}+{\\widetilde {\\Gamma }}_{cd}^{c}{\\widetilde {\\Gamma }}_{ab}^{d}-{\\widetilde {\\Gamma }}_{bd}^{c}{\\widetilde {\\Gamma }}_{ac}^{d}}andΓ\n ~\n \n \n \n \n b\n c\n \n \n a\n \n \n ≡\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n ~\n \n \n \n \n a\n d\n \n \n (\n \n ∂\n \n b\n \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n ~\n \n \n \n \n d\n c\n \n \n +\n \n ∂\n \n c\n \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n ~\n \n \n \n \n d\n b\n \n \n −\n \n ∂\n \n d\n \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n ~\n \n \n \n \n b\n c\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {\\Gamma }}_{bc}^{a}\\equiv {\\frac {1}{2}}{\\widetilde {g}}^{ad}(\\partial _{b}{\\widetilde {g}}_{dc}+\\partial _{c}{\\widetilde {g}}_{db}-\\partial _{d}{\\widetilde {g}}_{bc}).}The vacuum field equations obtained in this way by Thiry[8] and Jordan's group[10][11][13] are as follows.The field equation for \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi }\n \n is obtained fromR\n ~\n \n \n \n \n 55\n \n \n =\n 0\n ⇒\n ◻\n ϕ\n =\n \n \n 1\n 4\n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n 3\n \n \n \n F\n \n α\n β\n \n \n \n F\n \n α\n β\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {R}}_{55}=0\\Rightarrow \\Box \\phi ={\\frac {1}{4}}\\phi ^{3}F^{\\alpha \\beta }F_{\\alpha \\beta },}where \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n α\n β\n \n \n ≡\n \n ∂\n \n α\n \n \n \n A\n \n β\n \n \n −\n \n ∂\n \n β\n \n \n \n A\n \n α\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{\\alpha \\beta }\\equiv \\partial _{\\alpha }A_{\\beta }-\\partial _{\\beta }A_{\\alpha },}\n \n \n \n \n \n ◻\n ≡\n \n g\n \n μ\n ν\n \n \n \n ∇\n \n μ\n \n \n \n ∇\n \n ν\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Box \\equiv g^{\\mu \\nu }\\nabla _{\\mu }\\nabla _{\\nu },}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n ∇\n \n μ\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nabla _{\\mu }}\n \n is a standard, 4D covariant derivative. It shows that the electromagnetic field is a source for the scalar field. Note that the scalar field cannot be set to a constant without constraining the electromagnetic field. The earlier treatments by Kaluza and Klein did not have an adequate description of the scalar field and did not realize the implied constraint on the electromagnetic field by assuming the scalar field to be constant.The field equation for \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n ν\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A^{\\nu }}\n \n is obtained fromR\n ~\n \n \n \n \n 5\n α\n \n \n =\n 0\n =\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n g\n \n β\n μ\n \n \n \n ∇\n \n μ\n \n \n (\n \n ϕ\n \n 3\n \n \n \n F\n \n α\n β\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {R}}_{5\\alpha }=0={\\frac {1}{2}}g^{\\beta \\mu }\\nabla _{\\mu }(\\phi ^{3}F_{\\alpha \\beta }).}It has the form of the vacuum Maxwell equations if the scalar field is constant.The field equation for the 4D Ricci tensor \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n μ\n ν\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{\\mu \\nu }}\n \n is obtained fromR\n ~\n \n \n \n \n μ\n ν\n \n \n −\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n ~\n \n \n \n \n μ\n ν\n \n \n \n \n \n R\n ~\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 0\n ⇒\n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n μ\n ν\n \n \n −\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n g\n \n μ\n ν\n \n \n R\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n g\n \n α\n β\n \n \n \n F\n \n μ\n α\n \n \n \n F\n \n ν\n β\n \n \n −\n \n \n 1\n 4\n \n \n \n g\n \n μ\n ν\n \n \n \n F\n \n α\n β\n \n \n \n F\n \n α\n β\n \n \n \n )\n \n +\n \n \n 1\n ϕ\n \n \n (\n \n ∇\n \n μ\n \n \n \n ∇\n \n ν\n \n \n ϕ\n −\n \n g\n \n μ\n ν\n \n \n ◻\n ϕ\n )\n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}{\\widetilde {R}}_{\\mu \\nu }-{\\frac {1}{2}}{\\widetilde {g}}_{\\mu \\nu }{\\widetilde {R}}&=0\\Rightarrow \\\\R_{\\mu \\nu }-{\\frac {1}{2}}g_{\\mu \\nu }R&={\\frac {1}{2}}\\phi ^{2}\\left(g^{\\alpha \\beta }F_{\\mu \\alpha }F_{\\nu \\beta }-{\\frac {1}{4}}g_{\\mu \\nu }F_{\\alpha \\beta }F^{\\alpha \\beta }\\right)+{\\frac {1}{\\phi }}(\\nabla _{\\mu }\\nabla _{\\nu }\\phi -g_{\\mu \\nu }\\Box \\phi ),\\end{aligned}}}where \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n is the standard 4D Ricci scalar.This equation shows the remarkable result, called the \"Kaluza miracle\", that the precise form for the electromagnetic stress–energy tensor emerges from the 5D vacuum equations as a source in the 4D equations: field from the vacuum. This relation allows the definitive identification of \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n μ\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A^{\\mu }}\n \n with the electromagnetic vector potential. Therefore, the field needs to be rescaled with a conversion constant \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n μ\n \n \n →\n k\n \n A\n \n μ\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A^{\\mu }\\to kA^{\\mu }}\n \n.The relation above shows that we must havek\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 8\n π\n G\n \n \n c\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n μ\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 2\n G\n \n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 4\n π\n \n ϵ\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {k^{2}}{2}}={\\frac {8\\pi G}{c^{4}}}{\\frac {1}{\\mu _{0}}}={\\frac {2G}{c^{2}}}4\\pi \\epsilon _{0},}where \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n is the gravitational constant, and \n \n \n \n \n μ\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu _{0}}\n \n is the permeability of free space. In the Kaluza theory, the gravitational constant can be understood as an electromagnetic coupling constant in the metric. There is also a stress–energy tensor for the scalar field. The scalar field behaves like a variable gravitational constant, in terms of modulating the coupling of electromagnetic stress–energy to spacetime curvature. The sign of \n \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi ^{2}}\n \n in the metric is fixed by correspondence with 4D theory so that electromagnetic energy densities are positive. It is often assumed that the fifth coordinate is spacelike in its signature in the metric.In the presence of matter, the 5D vacuum condition cannot be assumed. Indeed, Kaluza did not assume it. The full field equations require evaluation of the 5D Einstein tensorG\n ~\n \n \n \n \n a\n b\n \n \n ≡\n \n \n \n \n R\n ~\n \n \n \n \n a\n b\n \n \n −\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n ~\n \n \n \n \n a\n b\n \n \n \n \n \n R\n ~\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {G}}_{ab}\\equiv {\\widetilde {R}}_{ab}-{\\frac {1}{2}}{\\widetilde {g}}_{ab}{\\widetilde {R}},}as seen in the recovery of the electromagnetic stress–energy tensor above. The 5D curvature tensors are complex, and most English-language reviews contain errors in either \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n ~\n \n \n \n \n a\n b\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {G}}_{ab}}\n \n or \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n ~\n \n \n \n \n a\n b\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {R}}_{ab}}\n \n, as does the English translation of Thiry.[8] See Williams[19] for a complete set of 5D curvature tensors under the cylinder condition, evaluated using tensor-algebra software.","title":"Field equations from the Kaluza hypothesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kal-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kal-3"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"geodesic equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesics_in_general_relativity"},{"link_name":"Lorentz force law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_force_law"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kal-3"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"text":"The equations of motion are obtained from the five-dimensional geodesic hypothesis[3] in terms of a 5-velocity \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n U\n ~\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n ≡\n d\n \n x\n \n a\n \n \n \n /\n \n d\n s\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {U}}^{a}\\equiv dx^{a}/ds}\n \n:U\n ~\n \n \n \n \n b\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∇\n ~\n \n \n \n \n b\n \n \n \n \n \n \n U\n ~\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n d\n \n \n \n \n U\n ~\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n \n \n d\n s\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n Γ\n ~\n \n \n \n \n b\n c\n \n \n a\n \n \n \n \n \n \n U\n ~\n \n \n \n \n b\n \n \n \n \n \n \n U\n ~\n \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n =\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {U}}^{b}{\\widetilde {\\nabla }}_{b}{\\widetilde {U}}^{a}={\\frac {d{\\widetilde {U}}^{a}}{ds}}+{\\widetilde {\\Gamma }}_{bc}^{a}{\\widetilde {U}}^{b}{\\widetilde {U}}^{c}=0.}This equation can be recast in several ways, and it has been studied in various forms by authors including Kaluza,[3] Pauli,[25] Gross & Perry,[26] Gegenberg & Kunstatter,[27] and Wesson & Ponce de Leon,[28] but it is instructive to convert it back to the usual 4-dimensional length element \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n \n d\n \n τ\n \n 2\n \n \n ≡\n \n g\n \n μ\n ν\n \n \n \n d\n \n x\n \n μ\n \n \n \n d\n \n x\n \n ν\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle c^{2}\\,d\\tau ^{2}\\equiv g_{\\mu \\nu }\\,dx^{\\mu }\\,dx^{\\nu }}\n \n, which is related to the 5-dimensional length element \n \n \n \n d\n s\n \n \n {\\displaystyle ds}\n \n as given above:d\n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n \n d\n \n τ\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n ϕ\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n k\n \n A\n \n ν\n \n \n \n d\n \n x\n \n ν\n \n \n +\n d\n \n x\n \n 5\n \n \n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle ds^{2}=c^{2}\\,d\\tau ^{2}+\\phi ^{2}(kA_{\\nu }\\,dx^{\\nu }+dx^{5})^{2}.}Then the 5D geodesic equation can be written[29] for the spacetime components of the 4-velocity:U\n \n ν\n \n \n ≡\n \n \n \n d\n \n x\n \n ν\n \n \n \n \n d\n τ\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle U^{\\nu }\\equiv {\\frac {dx^{\\nu }}{d\\tau }},}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n U\n \n ν\n \n \n \n \n d\n τ\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n Γ\n ~\n \n \n \n \n α\n β\n \n \n μ\n \n \n \n U\n \n α\n \n \n \n U\n \n β\n \n \n +\n 2\n \n \n \n \n Γ\n ~\n \n \n \n \n 5\n α\n \n \n μ\n \n \n \n U\n \n α\n \n \n \n U\n \n 5\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n Γ\n ~\n \n \n \n \n 55\n \n \n μ\n \n \n (\n \n U\n \n 5\n \n \n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n U\n \n μ\n \n \n \n \n d\n \n d\n τ\n \n \n \n ln\n \n \n \n \n c\n \n d\n τ\n \n \n d\n s\n \n \n \n =\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {dU^{\\nu }}{d\\tau }}+{\\widetilde {\\Gamma }}_{\\alpha \\beta }^{\\mu }U^{\\alpha }U^{\\beta }+2{\\widetilde {\\Gamma }}_{5\\alpha }^{\\mu }U^{\\alpha }U^{5}+{\\widetilde {\\Gamma }}_{55}^{\\mu }(U^{5})^{2}+U^{\\mu }{\\frac {d}{d\\tau }}\\ln {\\frac {c\\,d\\tau }{ds}}=0.}The term quadratic in \n \n \n \n \n U\n \n ν\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle U^{\\nu }}\n \n provides the 4D geodesic equation plus some electromagnetic terms:Γ\n ~\n \n \n \n \n α\n β\n \n \n μ\n \n \n =\n \n Γ\n \n α\n β\n \n \n μ\n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n g\n \n μ\n ν\n \n \n \n k\n \n 2\n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n A\n \n α\n \n \n \n F\n \n β\n ν\n \n \n +\n \n A\n \n β\n \n \n \n F\n \n α\n ν\n \n \n −\n \n A\n \n α\n \n \n \n A\n \n β\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n ν\n \n \n ln\n \n \n ϕ\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {\\Gamma }}_{\\alpha \\beta }^{\\mu }=\\Gamma _{\\alpha \\beta }^{\\mu }+{\\frac {1}{2}}g^{\\mu \\nu }k^{2}\\phi ^{2}(A_{\\alpha }F_{\\beta \\nu }+A_{\\beta }F_{\\alpha \\nu }-A_{\\alpha }A_{\\beta }\\partial _{\\nu }\\ln \\phi ^{2}).}The term linear in \n \n \n \n \n U\n \n ν\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle U^{\\nu }}\n \n provides the Lorentz force law:Γ\n ~\n \n \n \n \n 5\n α\n \n \n μ\n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n g\n \n μ\n ν\n \n \n k\n \n ϕ\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n F\n \n α\n ν\n \n \n −\n \n A\n \n α\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n ν\n \n \n ln\n \n \n ϕ\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {\\Gamma }}_{5\\alpha }^{\\mu }={\\frac {1}{2}}g^{\\mu \\nu }k\\phi ^{2}(F_{\\alpha \\nu }-A_{\\alpha }\\partial _{\\nu }\\ln \\phi ^{2}).}This is another expression of the \"Kaluza miracle\". The same hypothesis for the 5D metric that provides electromagnetic stress–energy in the Einstein equations, also provides the Lorentz force law in the equation of motions along with the 4D geodesic equation. Yet correspondence with the Lorentz force law requires that we identify the component of 5-velocity along the fifth dimension with electric charge:k\n \n U\n \n 5\n \n \n =\n k\n \n \n \n d\n \n x\n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n d\n τ\n \n \n \n →\n \n \n q\n \n m\n c\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle kU^{5}=k{\\frac {dx^{5}}{d\\tau }}\\to {\\frac {q}{mc}},}where \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m}\n \n is particle mass, and \n \n \n \n q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle q}\n \n is particle electric charge. Thus electric charge is understood as motion along the fifth dimension. The fact that the Lorentz force law could be understood as a geodesic in five dimensions was to Kaluza a primary motivation for considering the five-dimensional hypothesis, even in the presence of the aesthetically unpleasing cylinder condition.Yet there is a problem: the term quadratic in \n \n \n \n \n U\n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle U^{5}}\n \n,Γ\n ~\n \n \n \n \n 55\n \n \n μ\n \n \n =\n −\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n g\n \n μ\n α\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n α\n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {\\Gamma }}_{55}^{\\mu }=-{\\frac {1}{2}}g^{\\mu \\alpha }\\partial _{\\alpha }\\phi ^{2}.}If there is no gradient in the scalar field, the term quadratic in \n \n \n \n \n U\n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle U^{5}}\n \n vanishes. But otherwise the expression above impliesU\n \n 5\n \n \n ∼\n c\n \n \n \n q\n \n /\n \n m\n \n \n G\n \n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle U^{5}\\sim c{\\frac {q/m}{G^{1/2}}}.}For elementary particles, \n \n \n \n \n U\n \n 5\n \n \n >\n \n 10\n \n 20\n \n \n c\n \n \n {\\displaystyle U^{5}>10^{20}c}\n \n. The term quadratic in \n \n \n \n \n U\n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle U^{5}}\n \n should dominate the equation, perhaps in contradiction to experience. This was the main shortfall of the five-dimensional theory as Kaluza saw it,[3] and he gives it some discussion in his original article.[clarification needed]The equation of motion for \n \n \n \n \n U\n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle U^{5}}\n \n is particularly simple under the cylinder condition. Start with the alternate form of the geodesic equation, written for the covariant 5-velocity:d\n \n \n \n \n U\n ~\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n \n \n d\n s\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n U\n ~\n \n \n \n \n b\n \n \n \n \n \n \n U\n ~\n \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n \n \n \n g\n ~\n \n \n \n \n b\n c\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n x\n \n a\n \n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {d{\\widetilde {U}}_{a}}{ds}}={\\frac {1}{2}}{\\widetilde {U}}^{b}{\\widetilde {U}}^{c}{\\frac {\\partial {\\widetilde {g}}_{bc}}{\\partial x^{a}}}.}This means that under the cylinder condition, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n U\n ~\n \n \n \n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {U}}_{5}}\n \n is a constant of the five-dimensional motion:U\n ~\n \n \n \n \n 5\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n g\n ~\n \n \n \n \n 5\n a\n \n \n \n \n \n \n U\n ~\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n =\n \n ϕ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n d\n τ\n \n \n d\n s\n \n \n \n (\n k\n \n A\n \n ν\n \n \n \n U\n \n ν\n \n \n +\n \n U\n \n 5\n \n \n )\n =\n \n constant\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {U}}_{5}={\\widetilde {g}}_{5a}{\\widetilde {U}}^{a}=\\phi ^{2}{\\frac {c\\,d\\tau }{ds}}(kA_{\\nu }U^{\\nu }+U^{5})={\\text{constant}}.}","title":"Equations of motion from the Kaluza hypothesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kal-3"},{"link_name":"stress tensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%E2%80%93energy_tensor"},{"link_name":"\"dust\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_solution"}],"text":"Kaluza proposed[3] a five-dimensional matter stress tensor \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n T\n ~\n \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n a\n b\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {T}}_{M}^{ab}}\n \n of the formT\n ~\n \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n a\n b\n \n \n =\n ρ\n \n \n \n d\n \n x\n \n a\n \n \n \n \n d\n s\n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n x\n \n b\n \n \n \n \n d\n s\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {T}}_{M}^{ab}=\\rho {\\frac {dx^{a}}{ds}}{\\frac {dx^{b}}{ds}},}where \n \n \n \n ρ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rho }\n \n is a density, and the length element \n \n \n \n d\n s\n \n \n {\\displaystyle ds}\n \n is as defined above.Then the spacetime component gives a typical \"dust\" stress–energy tensor:T\n ~\n \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n μ\n ν\n \n \n =\n ρ\n \n \n \n d\n \n x\n \n μ\n \n \n \n \n d\n s\n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n x\n \n ν\n \n \n \n \n d\n s\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {T}}_{M}^{\\mu \\nu }=\\rho {\\frac {dx^{\\mu }}{ds}}{\\frac {dx^{\\nu }}{ds}}.}The mixed component provides a 4-current source for the Maxwell equations:T\n ~\n \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n 5\n μ\n \n \n =\n ρ\n \n \n \n d\n \n x\n \n μ\n \n \n \n \n d\n s\n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n x\n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n d\n s\n \n \n \n =\n ρ\n \n U\n \n μ\n \n \n \n \n q\n \n k\n m\n c\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {T}}_{M}^{5\\mu }=\\rho {\\frac {dx^{\\mu }}{ds}}{\\frac {dx^{5}}{ds}}=\\rho U^{\\mu }{\\frac {q}{kmc}}.}Just as the five-dimensional metric comprises the four-dimensional metric framed by the electromagnetic vector potential, the five-dimensional stress–energy tensor comprises the four-dimensional stress–energy tensor framed by the vector 4-current.","title":"Kaluza's hypothesis for the matter stress–energy tensor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KN-5"},{"link_name":"Bohr model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model"},{"link_name":"de Broglie relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Broglie_relation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KN-5"},{"link_name":"Planck constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_constant"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KZ-4"}],"text":"Kaluza's original hypothesis was purely classical and extended discoveries of general relativity. By the time of Klein's contribution, the discoveries of Heisenberg, Schrödinger, and de Broglie were receiving a lot of attention. Klein's Nature article[5] suggested that the fifth dimension is closed and periodic, and that the identification of electric charge with motion in the fifth dimension can be interpreted as standing waves of wavelength \n \n \n \n \n λ\n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda ^{5}}\n \n, much like the electrons around a nucleus in the Bohr model of the atom. The quantization of electric charge could then be nicely understood in terms of integer multiples of fifth-dimensional momentum. Combining the previous Kaluza result for \n \n \n \n \n U\n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle U^{5}}\n \n in terms of electric charge, and a de Broglie relation for momentum \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n 5\n \n \n =\n h\n \n /\n \n \n λ\n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle p^{5}=h/\\lambda ^{5}}\n \n, Klein obtained[5] an expression for the 0th mode of such waves:m\n \n U\n \n 5\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n c\n q\n \n \n G\n \n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n h\n \n λ\n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n \n ⇒\n \n \n λ\n \n 5\n \n \n ∼\n \n \n \n h\n \n G\n \n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n c\n q\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle mU^{5}={\\frac {cq}{G^{1/2}}}={\\frac {h}{\\lambda ^{5}}}\\quad \\Rightarrow \\quad \\lambda ^{5}\\sim {\\frac {hG^{1/2}}{cq}},}where \n \n \n \n h\n \n \n {\\displaystyle h}\n \n is the Planck constant. Klein found that \n \n \n \n \n λ\n \n 5\n \n \n ∼\n \n 10\n \n −\n 30\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda ^{5}\\sim 10^{-30}}\n \n cm, and thereby an explanation for the cylinder condition in this small value.Klein's Zeitschrift für Physik article of the same year,[4] gave a more detailed treatment that explicitly invoked the techniques of Schrödinger and de Broglie. It recapitulated much of the classical theory of Kaluza described above, and then departed into Klein's quantum interpretation. Klein solved a Schrödinger-like wave equation using an expansion in terms of fifth-dimensional waves resonating in the closed, compact fifth dimension.","title":"Quantum interpretation of Klein"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Quantum field theory interpretation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaluza_Klein_compactification.svg"},{"link_name":"effective field theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_field_theory"},{"link_name":"radius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius"},{"link_name":"particle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particle"},{"link_name":"compact set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_set"},{"link_name":"compactification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compactification_(physics)"},{"link_name":"circle group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_group"},{"link_name":"U(1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U(1)"},{"link_name":"electromagnetism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism"},{"link_name":"gauge theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_theory"},{"link_name":"fiber bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_bundle"},{"link_name":"circle bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_bundle"},{"link_name":"gauge group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_group"},{"link_name":"Lie group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group"},{"link_name":"Yang–Mills theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang%E2%80%93Mills_theory"},{"link_name":"pseudo-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Riemannian_manifold"},{"link_name":"Riemannian manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemannian_manifold"},{"link_name":"supersymmetric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersymmetry"},{"link_name":"orbifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbifold"},{"link_name":"noncommutative space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncommutative_space"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"principal fiber bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_fiber_bundle"},{"link_name":"gauge group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_group"},{"link_name":"manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold"},{"link_name":"connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connection_(fibred_manifold)"},{"link_name":"metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_tensor"},{"link_name":"bundle metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_(vector_bundle)"},{"link_name":"scalar curvature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_curvature"},{"link_name":"Lagrangian density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian_density"},{"link_name":"Einstein–Hilbert action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Hilbert_action"},{"link_name":"Euler–Lagrange equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%E2%80%93Lagrange_equations"},{"link_name":"stationary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary_state"},{"link_name":"Einstein field equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_field_equations"},{"link_name":"energy–momentum tensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%E2%80%93momentum_tensor"},{"link_name":"curvature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvature_form"},{"link_name":"field strength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_strength"},{"link_name":"Yang–Mills equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang%E2%80%93Mills_theory"},{"link_name":"principle of least action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_least_action"},{"link_name":"strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_force"},{"link_name":"electroweak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak"},{"link_name":"Standard Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model"},{"link_name":"SU(3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU(3)"},{"link_name":"SU(2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU(2)"},{"link_name":"U(1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U(1)"},{"link_name":"fermions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion"},{"link_name":"touchstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchstone_(metaphor)"},{"link_name":"K-theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-theory"},{"link_name":"experimental physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_physics"},{"link_name":"astrophysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics"},{"link_name":"large extra dimensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_extra_dimension"},{"link_name":"warped models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warped_model"},{"link_name":"standing waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave"},{"link_name":"mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass"},{"link_name":"integer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer"},{"link_name":"Planck's constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%27s_constant"},{"link_name":"speed of light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light"},{"link_name":"Thermal quantum field theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_quantum_field_theory"},{"link_name":"Matsubara frequencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsubara_frequency"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Planck mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_mass"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"CDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider_Detector_at_Fermilab"},{"link_name":"particle collider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_collider"},{"link_name":"warped models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warped_model"},{"link_name":"cosmic inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_inflation"}],"text":"The space M × C is compactified over the compact set C, and after Kaluza–Klein decomposition one has an effective field theory over M.In 1926, Oskar Klein proposed that the fourth spatial dimension is curled up in a circle of a very small radius, so that a particle moving a short distance along that axis would return to where it began. The distance a particle can travel before reaching its initial position is said to be the size of the dimension. This extra dimension is a compact set, and construction of this compact dimension is referred to as compactification.In modern geometry, the extra fifth dimension can be understood to be the circle group U(1), as electromagnetism can essentially be formulated as a gauge theory on a fiber bundle, the circle bundle, with gauge group U(1). In Kaluza–Klein theory this group suggests that gauge symmetry is the symmetry of circular compact dimensions. Once this geometrical interpretation is understood, it is relatively straightforward to replace U(1) by a general Lie group. Such generalizations are often called Yang–Mills theories. If a distinction is drawn, then it is that Yang–Mills theories occur on a flat spacetime, whereas Kaluza–Klein treats the more general case of curved spacetime. The base space of Kaluza–Klein theory need not be four-dimensional spacetime; it can be any (pseudo-)Riemannian manifold, or even a supersymmetric manifold or orbifold or even a noncommutative space.The construction can be outlined, roughly, as follows.[30] One starts by considering a principal fiber bundle P with gauge group G over a manifold M. Given a connection on the bundle, and a metric on the base manifold, and a gauge invariant metric on the tangent of each fiber, one can construct a bundle metric defined on the entire bundle. Computing the scalar curvature of this bundle metric, one finds that it is constant on each fiber: this is the \"Kaluza miracle\". One did not have to explicitly impose a cylinder condition, or to compactify: by assumption, the gauge group is already compact. Next, one takes this scalar curvature as the Lagrangian density, and, from this, constructs the Einstein–Hilbert action for the bundle, as a whole. The equations of motion, the Euler–Lagrange equations, can be then obtained by considering where the action is stationary with respect to variations of either the metric on the base manifold, or of the gauge connection. Variations with respect to the base metric gives the Einstein field equations on the base manifold, with the energy–momentum tensor given by the curvature (field strength) of the gauge connection. On the flip side, the action is stationary against variations of the gauge connection precisely when the gauge connection solves the Yang–Mills equations. Thus, by applying a single idea: the principle of least action, to a single quantity: the scalar curvature on the bundle (as a whole), one obtains simultaneously all of the needed field equations, for both the spacetime and the gauge field.As an approach to the unification of the forces, it is straightforward to apply the Kaluza–Klein theory in an attempt to unify gravity with the strong and electroweak forces by using the symmetry group of the Standard Model, SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1). However, an attempt to convert this interesting geometrical construction into a bona-fide model of reality flounders on a number of issues, including the fact that the fermions must be introduced in an artificial way (in nonsupersymmetric models). Nonetheless, KK remains an important touchstone in theoretical physics and is often embedded in more sophisticated theories. It is studied in its own right as an object of geometric interest in K-theory.Even in the absence of a completely satisfying theoretical physics framework, the idea of exploring extra, compactified, dimensions is of considerable interest in the experimental physics and astrophysics communities. A variety of predictions, with real experimental consequences, can be made (in the case of large extra dimensions and warped models). For example, on the simplest of principles, one might expect to have standing waves in the extra compactified dimension(s). If a spatial extra dimension is of radius R, the invariant mass of such standing waves would be Mn = nh/Rc with n an integer, h being Planck's constant and c the speed of light. This set of possible mass values is often called the Kaluza–Klein tower. Similarly, in Thermal quantum field theory a compactification of the euclidean time dimension leads to the Matsubara frequencies and thus to a discretized thermal energy spectrum.However, Klein's approach to a quantum theory is flawed[citation needed] and, for example, leads to a calculated electron mass in the order of magnitude of the Planck mass.[31]Examples of experimental pursuits include work by the CDF collaboration, which has re-analyzed particle collider data for the signature of effects associated with large extra dimensions/warped models.Brandenberger and Vafa have speculated that in the early universe, cosmic inflation causes three of the space dimensions to expand to cosmological size while the remaining dimensions of space remained microscopic.","title":"Group theory interpretation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Wesson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_S._Wesson"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Einstein's equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein%27s_equation"},{"link_name":"Ricci-flat condition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricci-flat_condition"},{"link_name":"energy–momentum tensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%E2%80%93momentum_tensor"},{"link_name":"soliton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soliton"},{"link_name":"Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedmann%E2%80%93Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Robertson%E2%80%93Walker_metric"},{"link_name":"tests of general relativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tests_of_general_relativity"},{"link_name":"cosmological models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_model"}],"text":"One particular variant of Kaluza–Klein theory is space–time–matter theory or induced matter theory, chiefly promulgated by Paul Wesson and other members of the Space–Time–Matter Consortium.[32] In this version of the theory, it is noted that solutions to the equationR\n ~\n \n \n \n \n a\n b\n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {R}}_{ab}=0}may be re-expressed so that in four dimensions, these solutions satisfy Einstein's equationsG\n \n μ\n ν\n \n \n =\n 8\n π\n \n T\n \n μ\n ν\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{\\mu \\nu }=8\\pi T_{\\mu \\nu }\\,}with the precise form of the Tμν following from the Ricci-flat condition on the five-dimensional space. In other words, the cylinder condition of the previous development is dropped, and the stress–energy now comes from the derivatives of the 5D metric with respect to the fifth coordinate. Because the energy–momentum tensor is normally understood to be due to concentrations of matter in four-dimensional space, the above result is interpreted as saying that four-dimensional matter is induced from geometry in five-dimensional space.In particular, the soliton solutions of \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n ~\n \n \n \n \n a\n b\n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widetilde {R}}_{ab}=0}\n \n can be shown to contain the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric in both radiation-dominated (early universe) and matter-dominated (later universe) forms. The general equations can be shown to be sufficiently consistent with classical tests of general relativity to be acceptable on physical principles, while still leaving considerable freedom to also provide interesting cosmological models.","title":"Space–time–matter theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"free space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_space"}],"text":"The Kaluza–Klein theory has a particularly elegant presentation in terms of geometry. In a certain sense, it looks just like ordinary gravity in free space, except that it is phrased in five dimensions instead of four.","title":"Geometric interpretation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_(physics)"},{"link_name":"variational principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variational_principle"},{"link_name":"action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_(physics)"},{"link_name":"pseudo-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Riemannian_manifold"},{"link_name":"Riemannian manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemannian_manifold"},{"link_name":"spacetime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime"},{"link_name":"general relativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity"},{"link_name":"metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_(physics)"},{"link_name":"scalar curvature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_curvature"},{"link_name":"volume element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_element"},{"link_name":"variational principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variational_principle"},{"link_name":"Einstein equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_equation"},{"link_name":"Ricci tensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricci_tensor"}],"sub_title":"Einstein equations","text":"The equations governing ordinary gravity in free space can be obtained from an action, by applying the variational principle to a certain action. Let M be a (pseudo-)Riemannian manifold, which may be taken as the spacetime of general relativity. If g is the metric on this manifold, one defines the action S(g) asS\n (\n g\n )\n =\n \n ∫\n \n M\n \n \n R\n (\n g\n )\n vol\n \n (\n g\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S(g)=\\int _{M}R(g)\\operatorname {vol} (g),}where R(g) is the scalar curvature, and vol(g) is the volume element. By applying the variational principle to the actionδ\n S\n (\n g\n )\n \n \n δ\n g\n \n \n \n =\n 0\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\delta S(g)}{\\delta g}}=0,}one obtains precisely the Einstein equations for free space:R\n \n i\n j\n \n \n −\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n g\n \n i\n j\n \n \n R\n =\n 0\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{ij}-{\\frac {1}{2}}g_{ij}R=0,}where Rij is the Ricci tensor.","title":"Geometric interpretation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maxwell equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_equation"},{"link_name":"electromagnetism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism"},{"link_name":"Hodge equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Rham_cohomology"},{"link_name":"principal U(1)-bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_bundle"},{"link_name":"circle bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_bundle"},{"link_name":"U(1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U(1)"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_field"},{"link_name":"harmonic 2-form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_form"},{"link_name":"2-forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-form"},{"link_name":"Hodge star operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodge_star_operator"}],"sub_title":"Maxwell equations","text":"By contrast, the Maxwell equations describing electromagnetism can be understood to be the Hodge equations of a principal U(1)-bundle or circle bundle \n \n \n \n π\n :\n P\n →\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi :P\\to M}\n \n with fiber U(1). That is, the electromagnetic field \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F}\n \n is a harmonic 2-form in the space \n \n \n \n \n Ω\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Omega ^{2}(M)}\n \n of differentiable 2-forms on the manifold \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n. In the absence of charges and currents, the free-field Maxwell equations ared\n \n F\n =\n 0\n \n \n and\n \n \n \n d\n \n \n ⋆\n \n F\n =\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {d} F=0\\quad {\\text{and}}\\quad \\mathrm {d} {\\star }F=0.}where \n \n \n \n ⋆\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\star }\n \n is the Hodge star operator.","title":"Geometric interpretation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vertical subspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_bundle"},{"link_name":"horizontal subspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_bundle"},{"link_name":"tangent space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangent_space"},{"link_name":"pullback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pullback_(differential_geometry)"},{"link_name":"homology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"K-theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-theory"},{"link_name":"Fubini's theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fubini%27s_theorem"},{"link_name":"stress–energy tensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%E2%80%93energy_tensor"},{"link_name":"Maxwell stress tensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_stress_tensor"},{"link_name":"radion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radion_(physics)"}],"sub_title":"Kaluza–Klein geometry","text":"To build the Kaluza–Klein theory, one picks an invariant metric on the circle \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S^{1}}\n \n that is the fiber of the U(1)-bundle of electromagnetism. In this discussion, an invariant metric is simply one that is invariant under rotations of the circle. Suppose that this metric gives the circle a total length \n \n \n \n Λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Lambda }\n \n. One then considers metrics \n \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widehat {g}}}\n \n on the bundle \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n that are consistent with both the fiber metric, and the metric on the underlying manifold \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n. The consistency conditions are:The projection of \n \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widehat {g}}}\n \n to the vertical subspace \n \n \n \n \n Vert\n \n p\n \n \n \n P\n ⊂\n \n T\n \n p\n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Vert} _{p}P\\subset T_{p}P}\n \n needs to agree with metric on the fiber over a point in the manifold \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n.\nThe projection of \n \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widehat {g}}}\n \n to the horizontal subspace \n \n \n \n \n Hor\n \n p\n \n \n \n P\n ⊂\n \n T\n \n p\n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Hor} _{p}P\\subset T_{p}P}\n \n of the tangent space at point \n \n \n \n p\n ∈\n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p\\in P}\n \n must be isomorphic to the metric \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g}\n \n on \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n at \n \n \n \n π\n (\n P\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi (P)}\n \n.The Kaluza–Klein action for such a metric is given byS\n (\n \n \n \n g\n ^\n \n \n \n )\n =\n \n ∫\n \n P\n \n \n R\n (\n \n \n \n g\n ^\n \n \n \n )\n vol\n \n (\n \n \n \n g\n ^\n \n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S({\\widehat {g}})=\\int _{P}R({\\widehat {g}})\\operatorname {vol} ({\\widehat {g}}).}The scalar curvature, written in components, then expands toR\n (\n \n \n \n g\n ^\n \n \n \n )\n =\n \n π\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n (\n \n R\n (\n g\n )\n −\n \n \n \n Λ\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n |\n \n F\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R({\\widehat {g}})=\\pi ^{*}\\left(R(g)-{\\frac {\\Lambda ^{2}}{2}}|F|^{2}\\right),}where \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi ^{*}}\n \n is the pullback of the fiber bundle projection \n \n \n \n π\n :\n P\n →\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi :P\\to M}\n \n. The connection \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n on the fiber bundle is related to the electromagnetic field strength asπ\n \n ∗\n \n \n F\n =\n d\n A\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi ^{*}F=dA.}That there always exists such a connection, even for fiber bundles of arbitrarily complex topology, is a result from homology and specifically, K-theory. Applying Fubini's theorem and integrating on the fiber, one getsS\n (\n \n \n \n g\n ^\n \n \n \n )\n =\n Λ\n \n ∫\n \n M\n \n \n \n (\n \n R\n (\n g\n )\n −\n \n \n 1\n \n Λ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n F\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n vol\n \n (\n g\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S({\\widehat {g}})=\\Lambda \\int _{M}\\left(R(g)-{\\frac {1}{\\Lambda ^{2}}}|F|^{2}\\right)\\operatorname {vol} (g).}Varying the action with respect to the component \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n, one regains the Maxwell equations. Applying the variational principle to the base metric \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g}\n \n, one gets the Einstein equationsR\n \n i\n j\n \n \n −\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n g\n \n i\n j\n \n \n R\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n Λ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n i\n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{ij}-{\\frac {1}{2}}g_{ij}R={\\frac {1}{\\Lambda ^{2}}}T_{ij}}with the stress–energy tensor being given byT\n \n i\n j\n \n \n =\n \n F\n \n i\n k\n \n \n \n F\n \n j\n l\n \n \n \n g\n \n k\n l\n \n \n −\n \n \n 1\n 4\n \n \n \n g\n \n i\n j\n \n \n \n |\n \n F\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T^{ij}=F^{ik}F^{jl}g_{kl}-{\\frac {1}{4}}g^{ij}|F|^{2},}sometimes called the Maxwell stress tensor.The original theory identifies \n \n \n \n Λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Lambda }\n \n with the fiber metric \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n 55\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle g_{55}}\n \n and allows \n \n \n \n Λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Lambda }\n \n to vary from fiber to fiber. In this case, the coupling between gravity and the electromagnetic field is not constant, but has its own dynamical field, the radion.","title":"Geometric interpretation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"compact space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_space"},{"link_name":"compactification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compactification_(physics)"},{"link_name":"chiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirality_(physics)"},{"link_name":"fermions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermions"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"principal G-bundles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_G-bundle"},{"link_name":"Lie group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group"},{"link_name":"U(1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U(1)"},{"link_name":"Yang–Mills theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang%E2%80%93Mills_theory"},{"link_name":"supersymmetric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersymmetric"}],"sub_title":"Generalizations","text":"In the above, the size of the loop \n \n \n \n Λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Lambda }\n \n acts as a coupling constant between the gravitational field and the electromagnetic field. If the base manifold is four-dimensional, the Kaluza–Klein manifold P is five-dimensional. The fifth dimension is a compact space and is called the compact dimension. The technique of introducing compact dimensions to obtain a higher-dimensional manifold is referred to as compactification. Compactification does not produce group actions on chiral fermions except in very specific cases: the dimension of the total space must be 2 mod 8, and the G-index of the Dirac operator of the compact space must be nonzero.[33]The above development generalizes in a more-or-less straightforward fashion to general principal G-bundles for some arbitrary Lie group G taking the place of U(1). In such a case, the theory is often referred to as a Yang–Mills theory and is sometimes taken to be synonymous. If the underlying manifold is supersymmetric, the resulting theory is a super-symmetric Yang–Mills theory.","title":"Geometric interpretation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"top quark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_quark"},{"link_name":"large extra dimensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_extra_dimensions"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arxiv.org_1-34"},{"link_name":"Higgs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson"},{"link_name":"Feynman diagrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman_diagram"},{"link_name":"top quark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_quark"},{"link_name":"W boson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arxiv.org_2-35"},{"link_name":"brane theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brane_theory"}],"text":"No experimental or observational signs of extra dimensions have been officially reported. Many theoretical search techniques for detecting Kaluza–Klein resonances have been proposed using the mass couplings of such resonances with the top quark. An analysis of results from the LHC in December 2010 severely constrains theories with large extra dimensions.[34]The observation of a Higgs-like boson at the LHC establishes a new empirical test which can be applied to the search for Kaluza–Klein resonances and supersymmetric particles.\nThe loop Feynman diagrams that exist in the Higgs interactions allow any particle with electric charge and mass to run in such a loop. Standard Model particles besides the top quark and W boson do not make big contributions to the cross-section observed in the H → γγ decay, but if there are new particles beyond the Standard Model, they could potentially change the ratio of the predicted Standard Model H → γγ cross-section to the experimentally observed cross-section. Hence a measurement of any dramatic change to the H → γγ cross-section predicted by the Standard Model is crucial in probing the physics beyond it.An article from July 2018[35] gives some hope for this theory; in the article they dispute that gravity is leaking into higher dimensions as in brane theory. However, the article does demonstrate that electromagnetism and gravity share the same number of dimensions, and this fact lends support to Kaluza–Klein theory; whether the number of dimensions is really 3 + 1 or in fact 4 + 1 is the subject of further debate.","title":"Empirical tests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nrd_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Über die Möglichkeit, das elektromagnetische Feld und das Gravitationsfeld zu vereinigen\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/17520"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kal_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kal_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kal_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kal_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kal_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kal_3-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kal_3-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kal_3-7"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1921SPAW.......966K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1921SPAW.......966K"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KZ_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KZ_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KZ_4-2"},{"link_name":"Zeitschrift 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Sasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratori_Nazionali_del_Gran_Sasso"},{"link_name":"INO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India-based_Neutrino_Observatory"},{"link_name":"LHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider"},{"link_name":"SNO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudbury_Neutrino_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Super-K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-Kamiokande"},{"link_name":"Tevatron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevatron"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Standard_Model"},{"link_name":"Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Standard_Model_(physics)"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944095#identifiers"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12290058z"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12290058z"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4224276-9"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565948805171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh86006241"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/031741746"}],"text":"The CDF Collaboration, Search for Extra Dimensions using Missing Energy at CDF, (2004) (A simplified presentation of the search made for extra dimensions at the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) particle physics facility.)\nJohn M. Pierre, SUPERSTRINGS! Extra Dimensions, (2003).\nChris Pope, Lectures on Kaluza–Klein Theory.\nEdward Witten (2014). \"A Note On Einstein, Bergmann, and the Fifth Dimension\", arXiv:1401.8048vteTheories of gravitationStandardNewtonian gravity (NG)\nNewton's law of universal gravitation\nGauss's law for gravity\nPoisson's equation for gravity\nHistory of gravitational theory\nGeneral relativity (GR)\nIntroduction\nHistory\nMathematics\nExact solutions\nResources\nTests\nPost-Newtonian formalism\nLinearized gravity\nADM formalism\nGibbons–Hawking–York boundary term\nAlternatives togeneral relativityParadigms\nClassical theories of gravitation\nQuantum gravity\nTheory of everything\nClassical\nPoincaré gauge theory\nEinstein–Cartan\nTeleparallelism\nBimetric theories\nGauge theory gravity\nComposite gravity\nf(R) gravity\nInfinite derivative gravity\nMassive gravity\nModified Newtonian dynamics, MOND\nAQUAL\nTensor–vector–scalar\nNonsymmetric gravitation\nScalar–tensor theories\nBrans–Dicke\nScalar–tensor–vector\nConformal gravity\nScalar theories\nNordström\nWhitehead\nGeometrodynamics\nInduced gravity\nDegenerate Higher-Order Scalar-Tensor theories\nQuantum-mechanical\nEuclidean quantum gravity\nCanonical quantum gravity\nWheeler–DeWitt equation\nLoop quantum gravity\nSpin foam\nCausal dynamical triangulation\nAsymptotic safety in quantum gravity\nCausal sets\nDGP model\nRainbow gravity theory\nUnified-field-theoric\nKaluza–Klein theory\nSupergravity\nUnified-field-theoric and quantum-mechanical\nNoncommutative geometry\nSemiclassical gravity\nSuperfluid vacuum theory\nLogarithmic BEC vacuum\nString theory\nM-theory\nF-theory\nHeterotic string theory\nType I string theory\nType 0 string theory\nBosonic string theory\nType II string theory\nLittle string theory\nTwistor theory\nTwistor string theory\nGeneralisations / extensions of GR\nLiouville gravity\nLovelock theory\n(2+1)-dimensional topological gravity\nGauss–Bonnet gravity\nJackiw–Teitelboim gravity\nPre-Newtoniantheories andtoy models\nAristotelian physics\nCGHS model\nRST model\nMechanical explanations\nFatio–Le Sage\nEntropic gravity\nGravitational interaction of antimatter\nPhysics in the medieval Islamic world\nTheory of impetus\nRelated topics\nGravitational wave\nGravitonvteRelativitySpecialrelativityBackground\nPrinciple of relativity (Galilean relativity\nGalilean transformation)\nSpecial relativity\nDoubly special relativity\nFundamentalconcepts\nFrame of reference\nSpeed of light\nHyperbolic orthogonality\nRapidity\nMaxwell's equations\nProper length\nProper time\nProper acceleration\nRelativistic mass\nFormulation\nLorentz transformation\nPhenomena\nTime dilation\nMass–energy equivalence (E=mc2)\nLength contraction\nRelativity of simultaneity\nRelativistic Doppler effect\nThomas precession\nLadder paradox\nTwin paradox\nTerrell rotation\nSpacetime\nLight cone\nWorld line\nMinkowski diagram\nBiquaternions\nMinkowski space\nGeneralrelativityBackground\nIntroduction\nMathematical formulation\nFundamentalconcepts\nEquivalence principle\nRiemannian geometry\nPenrose diagram\nGeodesics\nMach's principle\nFormulation\nADM formalism\nBSSN formalism\nEinstein field equations\nLinearized gravity\nPost-Newtonian formalism\nRaychaudhuri equation\nHamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation\nErnst equation\nPhenomena\nBlack hole\nEvent horizon\nSingularity\nTwo-body problem\nGravitational waves: astronomy\ndetectors (LIGO and collaboration\nVirgo\nLISA Pathfinder\nGEO)\nHulse–Taylor binary\nOther tests: precession of Mercury\nlensing (together with Einstein cross and Einstein rings)\nredshift\nShapiro delay\nframe-dragging / geodetic effect (Lense–Thirring precession)\npulsar timing arrays\nAdvancedtheories\nBrans–Dicke theory\nKaluza–Klein\nQuantum gravity\nSolutions\nCosmological: Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (Friedmann equations)\nLemaître–Tolman\nKasner\nBKL singularity\nGödel\nMilne\nSpherical: Schwarzschild (interior\nTolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation)\nReissner–Nordström\nAxisymmetric: Kerr (Kerr–Newman)\nWeyl−Lewis−Papapetrou\nTaub–NUT\nvan Stockum dust\ndiscs\nOthers: pp-wave\nOzsváth–Schücking\nAlcubierre\nIn computational physics: Numerical relativity\nScientists\nPoincaré\nLorentz\nEinstein\nHilbert\nSchwarzschild\nde Sitter\nWeyl\nEddington\nFriedmann\nLemaître\nMilne\nRobertson\nChandrasekhar\nZwicky\nWheeler\nChoquet-Bruhat\nKerr\nZel'dovich\nNovikov\nEhlers\nGeroch\nPenrose\nHawking\nTaylor\nHulse\nBondi\nMisner\nYau\nThorne\nWeiss\nothers\n CategoryvteString theoryBackground\nStrings\nCosmic strings\nHistory of string theory\nFirst superstring revolution\nSecond superstring revolution\nString theory landscape\nTheory\nNambu–Goto action\nPolyakov action\nBosonic string theory\nSuperstring theory\nType I string\nType II string\nType IIA string\nType IIB string\nHeterotic string\nN=2 superstring\nF-theory\nString field theory\nMatrix string theory\nNon-critical string theory\nNon-linear sigma model\nTachyon condensation\nRNS formalism\nGS formalism\nString duality\nT-duality\nS-duality\nU-duality\nMontonen–Olive duality\nParticles and fields\nGraviton\nDilaton\nTachyon\nRamond–Ramond field\nKalb–Ramond field\nMagnetic monopole\nDual graviton\nDual photon\nBranes\nD-brane\nNS5-brane\nM2-brane\nM5-brane\nS-brane\nBlack brane\nBlack holes\nBlack string\nBrane cosmology\nQuiver diagram\nHanany–Witten transition\nConformal field theory\nVirasoro algebra\nMirror symmetry\nConformal anomaly\nConformal algebra\nSuperconformal algebra\nVertex operator algebra\nLoop algebra\nKac–Moody algebra\nWess–Zumino–Witten model\nGauge theory\nAnomalies\nInstantons\nChern–Simons form\nBogomol'nyi–Prasad–Sommerfield bound\nExceptional Lie groups (G2, F4, E6, E7, E8)\nADE classification\nDirac string\np-form electrodynamics\nGeometry\nWorldsheet\nKaluza–Klein theory\nCompactification\nWhy 10 dimensions?\nKähler manifold\nRicci-flat manifold\nCalabi–Yau manifold\nHyperkähler manifold\nK3 surface\nG2 manifold\nSpin(7)-manifold\nGeneralized complex manifold\nOrbifold\nConifold\nOrientifold\nModuli space\nHořava–Witten theory\nK-theory (physics)\nTwisted K-theory\nSupersymmetry\nSupergravity\nSuperspace\nLie superalgebra\nLie supergroup\nHolography\nHolographic principle\nAdS/CFT correspondence\nM-theory\nMatrix theory\nIntroduction to M-theory\nString theorists\nAganagić\nArkani-Hamed\nAtiyah\nBanks\nBerenstein\nBousso\nCurtright\nDijkgraaf\nDistler\nDouglas\nDuff\nDvali\nFerrara\nFischler\nFriedan\nGates\nGliozzi\nGopakumar\nGreen\nGreene\nGross\nGubser\nGukov\nGuth\nHanson\nHarvey\n't Hooft\nHořava\nGibbons\nKachru\nKaku\nKallosh\nKaluza\nKapustin\nKlebanov\nKnizhnik\nKontsevich\nKlein\nLinde\nMaldacena\nMandelstam\nMarolf\nMartinec\nMinwalla\nMoore\nMotl\nMukhi\nMyers\nNanopoulos\nNăstase\nNekrasov\nNeveu\nNielsen\nvan Nieuwenhuizen\nNovikov\nOlive\nOoguri\nOvrut\nPolchinski\nPolyakov\nRajaraman\nRamond\nRandall\nRandjbar-Daemi\nRoček\nRohm\nSagnotti\nScherk\nSchwarz\nSeiberg\nSen\nShenker\nSiegel\nSilverstein\nSơn\nStaudacher\nSteinhardt\nStrominger\nSundrum\nSusskind\nTownsend\nTrivedi\nTurok\nVafa\nVeneziano\nVerlinde\nVerlinde\nWess\nWitten\nYau\nYoneya\nZamolodchikov\nZamolodchikov\nZaslow\nZumino\nZwiebachvteStandard ModelBackground\nParticle physics\nFermions\nGauge boson\nHiggs boson\nQuantum field theory\nGauge theory\nStrong interaction\nColor charge\nQuantum chromodynamics\nQuark model\nElectroweak interaction\nWeak interaction\nQuantum electrodynamics\nFermi's interaction\nWeak hypercharge\nWeak isospin\nConstituents\nCKM matrix\nSpontaneous symmetry breaking\nHiggs mechanism\nMathematical formulation of the Standard Model\nBeyond theStandard ModelEvidence\nHierarchy problem\nDark matter\nCosmological constant\nproblem\nStrong CP problem\nNeutrino oscillation\nTheories\nTechnicolor\nKaluza–Klein theory\nGrand Unified Theory\nTheory of everything\nSupersymmetry\nMSSM\nNMSSM\nSplit supersymmetry\nSupergravity\nQuantum gravity\nString theory\nSuperstring theory\nLoop quantum gravity\nCausal dynamical triangulation\nCanonical quantum gravity\nSuperfluid vacuum theory\nTwistor theory\nExperiments\nGran Sasso\nINO\nLHC\nSNO\nSuper-K\nTevatron\n\n Category\n CommonsAuthority control databases National\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"The space M × C is compactified over the compact set C, and after Kaluza–Klein decomposition one has an effective field theory over M.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kaluza_Klein_compactification.svg/253px-Kaluza_Klein_compactification.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"Classical theories of gravitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_theories_of_gravitation"},{"title":"Complex spacetime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_spacetime"},{"title":"DGP model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DGP_model"},{"title":"Quantum gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_gravity"},{"title":"Compactification (physics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compactification_(physics)"},{"title":"Randall–Sundrum model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall%E2%80%93Sundrum_model"},{"title":"Matej Pavšič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matej_Pav%C5%A1i%C4%8D"},{"title":"String theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory"},{"title":"Supergravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergravity"},{"title":"Superstring theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstring_theory"},{"title":"Non-relativistic gravitational fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-relativistic_gravitational_fields"},{"title":"Teleparallelism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleparallelism"}]
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[{"reference":"Nordström, Gunnar (1914). \"Über die Möglichkeit, das elektromagnetische Feld und das Gravitationsfeld zu vereinigen\" [On the possibility of unifying the gravitational and electromagnetic fields]. Physikalische Zeitschrift (in German). 15: 504.","urls":[{"url":"https://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/17520","url_text":"\"Über die Möglichkeit, das elektromagnetische Feld und das Gravitationsfeld zu vereinigen\""}]},{"reference":"Pais, Abraham (1982). Subtle is the Lord ...: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 329–330.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kaluza, Theodor (1921). \"Zum Unitätsproblem in der Physik\". Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin. (Math. Phys.) (in German): 966–972. Bibcode:1921SPAW.......966K.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1921SPAW.......966K","url_text":"1921SPAW.......966K"}]},{"reference":"Klein, Oskar (1926). \"Quantentheorie und fünfdimensionale Relativitätstheorie\". Zeitschrift für Physik A (in German). 37 (12): 895–906. Bibcode:1926ZPhy...37..895K. doi:10.1007/BF01397481.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Physik_A","url_text":"Zeitschrift für Physik A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1926ZPhy...37..895K","url_text":"1926ZPhy...37..895K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01397481","url_text":"10.1007/BF01397481"}]},{"reference":"Klein, Oskar (1926). \"The Atomicity of Electricity as a Quantum Theory Law\". Nature. 118 (2971): 516. Bibcode:1926Natur.118..516K. doi:10.1038/118516a0. S2CID 4127863.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F118516a0","url_text":"\"The Atomicity of Electricity as a Quantum Theory Law\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1926Natur.118..516K","url_text":"1926Natur.118..516K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F118516a0","url_text":"10.1038/118516a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4127863","url_text":"4127863"}]},{"reference":"Goenner, H. (2012). \"Some remarks on the genesis of scalar–tensor theories\". General Relativity and Gravitation. 44 (8): 2077–2097. arXiv:1204.3455. Bibcode:2012GReGr..44.2077G. doi:10.1007/s10714-012-1378-8. S2CID 13399708.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1204.3455","url_text":"1204.3455"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012GReGr..44.2077G","url_text":"2012GReGr..44.2077G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10714-012-1378-8","url_text":"10.1007/s10714-012-1378-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13399708","url_text":"13399708"}]},{"reference":"Lichnerowicz, A.; Thiry, M. Y. (1947). \"Problèmes de calcul des variations liés à la dynamique classique et à la théorie unitaire du champ\". Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris (in French). 224: 529–531.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Thiry, M. Y. (1948). \"Les équations de la théorie unitaire de Kaluza\". Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris (in French). 226: 216–218.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Thiry, M. Y. (1948). \"Sur la régularité des champs gravitationnel et électromagnétique dans les théories unitaires\". Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris (in French). 226: 1881–1882.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jordan, P. (1946). \"Relativistische Gravitationstheorie mit variabler Gravitationskonstante\". Naturwissenschaften (in German). 11 (8): 250–251. Bibcode:1946NW.....33..250J. doi:10.1007/BF01204481. S2CID 20091903.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1946NW.....33..250J","url_text":"1946NW.....33..250J"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01204481","url_text":"10.1007/BF01204481"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20091903","url_text":"20091903"}]},{"reference":"Jordan, P.; Müller, C. (1947). \"Über die Feldgleichungen der Gravitation bei variabler \"Gravitationslonstante\"\". Z. Naturforsch. (in German). 2a (1): 1–2. Bibcode:1947ZNatA...2....1J. doi:10.1515/zna-1947-0102. S2CID 93849549.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzna-1947-0102","url_text":"\"Über die Feldgleichungen der Gravitation bei variabler \"Gravitationslonstante\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1947ZNatA...2....1J","url_text":"1947ZNatA...2....1J"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzna-1947-0102","url_text":"10.1515/zna-1947-0102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:93849549","url_text":"93849549"}]},{"reference":"Ludwig, G. (1947). \"Der Zusammenhang zwischen den Variationsprinzipien der projektiven und der vierdimensionalen Relativitätstheorie\". Z. Naturforsch. (in German). 2a (1): 3–5. Bibcode:1947ZNatA...2....3L. doi:10.1515/zna-1947-0103. S2CID 94454994.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzna-1947-0103","url_text":"\"Der Zusammenhang zwischen den Variationsprinzipien der projektiven und der vierdimensionalen Relativitätstheorie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1947ZNatA...2....3L","url_text":"1947ZNatA...2....3L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzna-1947-0103","url_text":"10.1515/zna-1947-0103"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:94454994","url_text":"94454994"}]},{"reference":"Jordan, P. (1948). \"Fünfdimensionale Kosmologie\". Astron. Nachr. (in German). 276 (5–6): 193–208. Bibcode:1948AN....276..193J. doi:10.1002/asna.19482760502.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1948AN....276..193J","url_text":"1948AN....276..193J"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasna.19482760502","url_text":"10.1002/asna.19482760502"}]},{"reference":"Ludwig, G.; Müller, C. (1948). \"Ein Modell des Kosmos und der Sternentstehung\". Annalen der Physik. 2 (6): 76–84. Bibcode:1948AnP...437...76L. doi:10.1002/andp.19484370106. S2CID 120176841.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1948AnP...437...76L","url_text":"1948AnP...437...76L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.19484370106","url_text":"10.1002/andp.19484370106"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120176841","url_text":"120176841"}]},{"reference":"Scherrer, W. (1941). \"Bemerkungen zu meiner Arbeit: \"Ein Ansatz für die Wechselwirkung von Elementarteilchen\"\". Helv. Phys. Acta (in German). 14 (2): 130.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Scherrer, W. (1949). \"Über den Einfluss des metrischen Feldes auf ein skalares Materiefeld\". Helv. Phys. Acta. 22: 537–551.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Scherrer, W. (1950). \"Über den Einfluss des metrischen Feldes auf ein skalares Materiefeld (2. Mitteilung)\". Helv. Phys. Acta (in German). 23: 547–555.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brans, C. H.; Dicke, R. H. (November 1, 1961). \"Mach's Principle and a Relativistic Theory of Gravitation\". Physical Review. 124 (3): 925–935. Bibcode:1961PhRv..124..925B. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.124.925.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Review","url_text":"Physical Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1961PhRv..124..925B","url_text":"1961PhRv..124..925B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.124.925","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRev.124.925"}]},{"reference":"Williams, L. L. (2015). \"Field Equations and Lagrangian for the Kaluza Metric Evaluated with Tensor Algebra Software\" (PDF). Journal of Gravity. 2015: 901870. doi:10.1155/2015/901870.","urls":[{"url":"http://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2015/901870.pdf","url_text":"\"Field Equations and Lagrangian for the Kaluza Metric Evaluated with Tensor Algebra Software\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2015%2F901870","url_text":"10.1155/2015/901870"}]},{"reference":"Ferrari, J. A. (1989). \"On an approximate solution for a charged object and the experimental evidence for the Kaluza-Klein theory\". Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 21 (7): 683. Bibcode:1989GReGr..21..683F. doi:10.1007/BF00759078. S2CID 121977988.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989GReGr..21..683F","url_text":"1989GReGr..21..683F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00759078","url_text":"10.1007/BF00759078"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121977988","url_text":"121977988"}]},{"reference":"Coquereaux, R.; Esposito-Farese, G. (1990). \"The theory of Kaluza–Klein–Jordan–Thiry revisited\". Annales de l'Institut Henri Poincaré. 52: 113.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Williams, L. L. (2020). \"Field Equations and Lagrangian of the Kaluza Energy-Momentum Tensor\". 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Proceedings of the Symposium 'The Oskar Klein Centenary'. Singapore: World Scientific. pp. 22–35. ISBN 978-981-02-2332-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-02-2332-8","url_text":"978-981-02-2332-8"}]},{"reference":"Overduin, J. M.; Wesson, P. S. (1997). \"Kaluza–Klein Gravity\". Physics Reports. 283 (5): 303–378. arXiv:gr-qc/9805018. Bibcode:1997PhR...283..303O. doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(96)00046-4. S2CID 119087814.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9805018","url_text":"gr-qc/9805018"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PhR...283..303O","url_text":"1997PhR...283..303O"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0370-1573%2896%2900046-4","url_text":"10.1016/S0370-1573(96)00046-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119087814","url_text":"119087814"}]},{"reference":"Wesson, Paul S. (2006). Five-Dimensional Physics: Classical and Quantum Consequences of Kaluza–Klein Cosmology. Singapore: World Scientific. Bibcode:2006fdpc.book.....W. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu%E2%80%93Takaoka_string_matching_algorithm
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Zhu–Takaoka string matching algorithm
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["1 References"]
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In computer science, the Zhu–Takaoka string matching algorithm is a variant of the Boyer–Moore string-search algorithm. It uses two consecutive text characters to compute the bad-character shift. It is faster when the alphabet or pattern is small, but the skip table grows quickly, slowing the pre-processing phase.
References
This article incorporates public domain material from Paul E. Black. "Zhu–Takaoka". Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures. NIST.
Zhu, Rui Feng; T. Takaoka (1987). "On improving the average case of the Boyer-Moore string matching algorithm". Journal of Information Processing. 10 (3): 173–177. ISSN 0387-6101.
http://www-igm.univ-mlv.fr/~lecroq/string/node20.html
vteStringsString metric
Approximate string matching
Bitap algorithm
Damerau–Levenshtein distance
Edit distance
Gestalt pattern matching
Hamming distance
Jaro–Winkler distance
Lee distance
Levenshtein automaton
Levenshtein distance
Wagner–Fischer algorithm
String-searching algorithm
Apostolico–Giancarlo algorithm
Boyer–Moore string-search algorithm
Boyer–Moore–Horspool algorithm
Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm
Rabin–Karp algorithm
Raita algorithm
Trigram search
Two-way string-matching algorithm
Zhu–Takaoka string matching algorithm
Multiple string searching
Aho–Corasick
Commentz-Walter algorithm
Regular expression
Comparison of regular-expression engines
Regular grammar
Thompson's construction
Nondeterministic finite automaton
Sequence alignment
BLAST
Hirschberg's algorithm
Needleman–Wunsch algorithm
Smith–Waterman algorithm
Data structure
DAFSA
Suffix array
Suffix automaton
Suffix tree
Generalized suffix tree
Rope
Ternary search tree
Trie
Other
Parsing
Pattern matching
Compressed pattern matching
Longest common subsequence
Longest common substring
Sequential pattern mining
Sorting
String rewriting systems
String operations
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Zhu–Takaoka string matching algorithm"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Drinks_%26_Goes_Home
|
America Drinks & Goes Home
|
["1 References"]
|
1967 song by the Mothers of Invention"America Drinks & Goes Home"Song by the Mothers of Inventionfrom the album Absolutely Free Released1967Length2:45LabelVerveSongwriter(s)Frank Zappa
"America Drinks & Goes Home" is a song written by Frank Zappa and recorded in November 1966 and released in 1967 on the Mothers of Invention album Absolutely Free.
The song appears in two different versions on the album at the beginning of side 2 under the title "America Drinks" and finishing at the end of side 2 under the title "America Drinks & Goes Home".
In between these songs is a sequence containing "Status Back Baby", "Uncle Bernie's Farm", "Son of Suzy Creamcheese" and "Brown Shoes Don't Make It". Zappa's title for the entire piece was "Suite No. 2: The M.O.I. American Pageant (2nd in a Series of Underground Oratorios)". The piece was performed many times during the Mothers of Invention residency at the Garrick Theater in Greenwich Village in New York City during 1967.
References
^ "America Drinks & Goes Home". last.fm. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
^ Couture, François. "America Drinks and Goes Home". allmusic.com. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
^ "America Drinks & Goes Home". arf.ru. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
^ "Absolutely Free". Amazon. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
vteFrank Zappa and The Mothers of Invention
Frank Zappa
Roy Estrada
Jimmy Carl Black
Ray Collins
Don Preston
Van Dyke Parks
Henry Vestine
Jim Guercio
Steve Mann
Elliot Ingber
Jim Sherwood
Jim Fielder
Bunk Gardner
Billy Mundi
Ian Underwood
Art Tripp
Lowell George
Buzz Gardner
Aynsley Dunbar
Mark Volman
Howard Kaylan
Jeff Simmons
George Duke
Jim Pons
Bob Harris
Jean-Luc Ponty
Tom Fowler
Ruth Underwood
Ed Mann
Bruce Fowler
Napoleon Murphy Brock
Chester Thompson
Terry Bozzio
Denny Walley
Ricky Lancelotti
Norma Jean Bell
Novi Novog
Official releases (1966–1993)1960s
Freak Out!
Absolutely Free
We're Only in It for the Money
Lumpy Gravy
Cruising with Ruben & the Jets
Mothermania
Uncle Meat
Hot Rats
1970s
Burnt Weeny Sandwich
Weasels Ripped My Flesh
Chunga's Revenge
Fillmore East – June 1971
200 Motels
Just Another Band from L.A.
Waka/Jawaka
The Grand Wazoo
Over-Nite Sensation
Apostrophe (')
Roxy & Elsewhere
One Size Fits All
Bongo Fury
Zoot Allures
Zappa in New York
Studio Tan
Sleep Dirt
Sheik Yerbouti
Orchestral Favorites
Joe's Garage Act I
Joe's Garage Acts II & III
1980s
Tinsel Town Rebellion
Shut Up 'n Play Yer Guitar
Shut Up 'n Play Yer Guitar Some More
Return of the Son of Shut Up 'n Play Yer Guitar
You Are What You Is
Ship Arriving Too Late to Save a Drowning Witch
The Man from Utopia
Baby Snakes
London Symphony Orchestra, Vol. I
Boulez Conducts Zappa: The Perfect Stranger
Them or Us
Francesco Zappa
Thing-Fish
The Old Masters, Box I
Frank Zappa Meets the Mothers of Prevention
Does Humor Belong in Music?
The Old Masters, Box II
Jazz from Hell
London Symphony Orchestra, Vol. II
The Old Masters, Box III
Guitar
You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 1
You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 2
Broadway the Hard Way
You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 3
1990s
The Best Band You Never Heard in Your Life
Make a Jazz Noise Here
You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 4
You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 5
You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 6
Playground Psychotics
Ahead of Their Time
The Yellow Shark
Posthumousofficial releases1990s
Civilization Phaze III
The Lost Episodes
Läther
Frank Zappa Plays the Music of Frank Zappa: A Memorial Tribute
Have I Offended Someone?
Mystery Disc
Everything Is Healing Nicely
2000s
FZ:OZ
Halloween
Joe's Corsage
QuAUDIOPHILIAc
Joe's Domage
Joe's XMASage
Imaginary Diseases
Trance-Fusion
The MOFO Project/Object (Fazedooh)
The MOFO Project/Object
Buffalo
The Dub Room Special!
Wazoo
One Shot Deal
Joe's Menage
The Lumpy Money Project/Object
Philly '76
2010s
Greasy Love Songs
"Congress Shall Make No Law..."
Hammersmith Odeon
Feeding the Monkies at Ma Maison
Carnegie Hall
Understanding America
Road Tapes, Venue #1
Finer Moments
AAAFNRAA: Baby Snakes – The Compleat Soundtrack
Road Tapes, Venue #2
A Token of His Extreme Soundtrack
Joe's Camouflage
Roxy by Proxy
Dance Me This
200 Motels: The Suites
Roxy the Soundtrack
Road Tapes, Venue #3
The Crux of the Biscuit
Frank Zappa for President
ZAPPAtite: Frank Zappa's Tastiest Tracks
Meat Light: The Uncle Meat Project/Object Audio Documentary
Chicago '78
Little Dots
Halloween 77
The Roxy Performances
Zappa in New York 40th Anniversary
Orchestral Favorites 40th Anniversary
Halloween 73
The Hot Rats Sessions
2020s
The Mothers 1970
Halloween 81
Halloween 81 Highlights
Zappa - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Zappa '88: The Last U.S. Show
200 Motels 50th Anniversary Edition
The Mothers 1971
Zappa/Erie
Zappa '75: Zagreb/Ljubljana
Waka/Wazoo
Zappa '80: Mudd Club/Munich
Funky Nothingness
Over-Nite Sensation 50th Anniversary Super Deluxe Edition
Miscellaneous
Lumpy Gravy (Primordial)
The Guitar World According to Frank Zappa
Beat the Boots!
Beat the Boots! II
Compilations
The **** of the Mothers
Strictly Commercial: The Best of Frank Zappa
Strictly Genteel: A "Classical" Introduction to Frank Zappa
Cucamonga
Cheap Thrills
Son of Cheep Thrills
Birthday Bundle series
2006
2008
2010
2011
Singles
"Trouble Comin' Every Day"
"Who Are the Brain Police?"
"WPLJ"
"My Guitar"
"Peaches en Regalia"
"I'm the Slime"
"Cosmik Debris"
"Don't Eat the Yellow Snow"
"Du Bist Mein Sofa"
"Find Her Finer"
"Disco Boy"
"Dancin' Fool"
"Bobby Brown"
"Joe's Garage"
"I Don't Wanna Get Drafted"
"You Are What You Is"
"Valley Girl"
"Cocaine Decisions"
"Stairway to Heaven"
Othercompositions
"Absolutely Free"
"Advance Romance"
"The Adventures of Greggery Peccary"
"America Drinks & Goes Home"
"Are You Hung Up?"
"Billy the Mountain"
"The Black Page"
"Brown Shoes Don't Make It"
"Camarillo Brillo"
"Cheepnis"
"Duodenum"
"Father O'Blivion"
"Help, I'm a Rock"
"G-Spot Tornado"
"I Have Been in You"
"Inca Roads"
"Jewish Princess"
"Let's Make the Water Turn Black"
"A Little Green Rosetta"
"Memories of El Monte"
"Montana"
"Muffin Man"
"Nanook Rubs It"
"Plastic People"
"The Return of the Son of Monster Magnet"
"Rollo"
"Sleep Dirt"
"St. Alfonzo's Pancake Breakfast"
"Take Your Clothes Off When You Dance"
"A Token of My Extreme"
"The Torture Never Stops"
"Uncle Remus"
"Watermelon in Easter Hay"
"Who Needs the Peace Corps?"
"Willie the Pimp"
"Wind Up Workin' in a Gas Station"
Filmography
200 Motels
Baby Snakes
The Dub Room Special
Does Humor Belong in Music?
Video from Hell
Uncle Meat
The True Story of Frank Zappa's 200 Motels
The Amazing Mr. Bickford
Relatives
Gail Zappa
Moon Zappa
Dweezil Zappa
Ahmet Zappa
Diva Zappa
Influence
In popular culture
Zappa Plays Zappa
Pachygnatha zappa
Phialella zappai
Zappa confluentus
3834 Zappafrank
Frankly a Cappella
King Kong: Jean-Luc Ponty Plays the Music of Frank Zappa
Zappa's Universe
Related articles
Discography
Musicians
Captain Beefheart
Wild Man Fischer
Bobby Jameson
Ruben and the Jets
The Real Frank Zappa Book
Zappa Records
Abnuceals Emuukha Electric Symphony Orchestra
Bizarre Records
Straight Records
DiscReet Records
Barking Pumpkin Records
Studio Z
Utility Muffin Research Kitchen
Zappa
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupe_Incl%C3%A1n
|
Lupe Inclán
|
["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Theatrical Debut","1.3 Film Debut","2 Awards","2.1 Ariel Awards","3 References"]
|
Mexican film and stage actor
Lupe InclánBornGuadalupe Inclán Delgado1895 (1895)San Luis Potosí, MexicoDied25 June 1956(1956-06-25) (aged 60–61)Ciudad de Mexico, MexicoNationalityMexicanOccupation(s)Theatrical actress and movie actressNotable workMaría Candelaria (1944)
Lupe Inclán (1895–1956) was a Mexican actress who became very popular in Mexican Carpa theatrical plays. She was also known for movies, mainly acting in supporting comic roles. She was known as one of the most prominent Mexican actresses interpreting village women in the 20th century.
Biography
Early life
Lupe Inclán was born in 1895, in the family of María de Jesús Delgado and Miguel Inclán García, who both ran a travelling theater company. Her brother Miguel Inclán also became a renowned Mexican actor, known for his roles portraying villains.
In 1920, Lupe had two twin daughters, both of whom followed their mother's path and became theatrical actresses. Gloria Alicia, one of the daughters, later became the mother of Rafael Inclán, another prominent Mexican actor, who won the Ariel Award.
Theatrical Debut
Lupe Inclán officially debuted on 31 December 1919 with the play 19–20. Unfortunately, the play was controversial, since it depicted acts of the former president and the audience reacted poorly, resulting in the closure of the forum. After the failure of her debut, Inclán started working in companies and troupes of Carmen Martínez, the Tarazona brothers and de Julio Taboada, all well-known actors.
Film Debut
She made her movie debut in the early 1940s. Lupe mainly acted in supporting roles alongside comedians and great stars of the Golden Age of Mexican cinema. Her more influential and major roles include:
María Candelaria (1944), by Emilio "Indio" Fernández,
Capullito de alhelí (1945)
Bodas trágicas (1946)
Allá en el Rancho Grande (1949)
El niño perdido (1947)
Lola Casanova (1948)
Las tandas del principal (1949)
Soy charro de levita (1949)
La marca del zorrillo (1950)
Primero soy mexicano (1950)
Cuando los hijos odian (1950)
Acá las tortas (1951)
El revoltoso (1951)
Las mujeres de mi general (1951)
El Niño y la niebla (1953)
Penjamo (1953)
Los bandidos de Río Frío (1956)
Las aventuras de Pito Pérez (1957)
Awards
Ariel Awards
Year
Category
Movie Title
Result
1947
Best Actress
Capullito de alhelí
Nominated
1950
Best Actress
Allá en el Rancho Grande
Nominated
References
^ Mexican American theatre : then and now. Nicolás Kanellos. Houston: Arte Público Press. 1989. ISBN 978-1-5185-0192-0. OCLC 982542953.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ "Rafael Inclán, el mofles que conquistó a Ripstein". El Universal (in Spanish). 22 February 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
^ Sipse, Redacción (2 April 2014). "Premian a mexicanos, gatos y hasta un perro". sipse.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 June 2021.
^ Galindo Ulloa, Javier (2004). La farsa y la mujer mexicana en El eterno femenino de Rosario Castellanos (1. ed. en Sello bermejo ed.). México, D.F.: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, Dirección General de Publicaciones. ISBN 970-35-0518-X. OCLC 61390659.
^ "Lupe Inclán". IMDb. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
This article needs additional or more specific categories. Please help out by adding categories to it so that it can be listed with similar articles. (June 2021)
|
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|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pradhan
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Pradhan
|
["1 Local head","2 Title and Surname","3 Usages","4 Sources"]
|
Ministerial title of Sanskrit origin
This article is about the title. For the name, see Pradhan (surname).
Pradhan (Devanagari: प्रधान) is generally ministerial title of Sanskrit origin in cultures of Hindu tradition, mainly used in the Indian subcontinent. The Sanskrit pradhāna translates to "major" or "prime"; however, the more modern Hindi definitions provided by the Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary also include "chief" and "leader". The precise interpretation can differ significantly by region. The style was abandoned by many Indian princely states during the Mughal era in favor of Persian styles such as Wasir and Diwan.
Local head
Pradhan is elected by the village-level constitutional body of local self-government called the Panchayat (village/gram government) in India. The Pradhan, together with other elected members, have the power of constituencies of the gram panchayat. The pradhan is the focal point of contact between government officers and the village community. The Pradhan title in such setting is mainly used in east Indian states of West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand and Odisha. Similarly, in the Deoghar district of Jharkhand, Pradhan is the head of the village who inherits this hereditary office. In some villages, they are also known as Mulraiyat.
Title and Surname
In India, Pradhan is a title used as a surname most notably by the Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu of Maharashtra, the Chasa, Khandayat, Gopal of Odisha, among others.
In modern Nepal, Pradhan is employed as a high-caste lineage surname by a section of the Kshatriya (क्षत्रिय) (locally pronounced Chatharīya) caste of Newārs who trace their roots to north-Indian dynasties like the Karnat and Raghuvanshi Rajputs before being absorbed among the Srēṣṭha in the 14th CE. Their traditional title in the Malla society was pradhān mahāpātra (प्रधान महापात्र), also shortened to pa:mahju, which was akin to the prime-minister or the chief of the army. Among Newars, the three traditional lineages among Kathmandu and Patan's Pradhans are the Naradevi (Man), Thamel (Nar Singh), and Patan (Man Singh) Pradhans. They are included in the highest tier "Thakuri" (ठकुरी), also written "Thaku" (ठकू), lineage of the Chatharīya (छथरीय, from Sanskrit: क्षत्रिय) Srēṣṭha caste who are the descendants of Malla (Nepal) royalty and its immediate nobility. The fallout of the Unification of Nepal also prompted many of Bhaktapur's Malla descendants to change their titles as Pradhan or Pradhānānga (-anga (part) of Pradhan), who have since spread all over Nepal. Other family names of Chatharīya consist of lineages Malla, Joshi, Rājbhandārī, Rājvanshī, Raghuvanshi, Hādā, Amātya, Maskey, Karmāchārya, among others, who intermarry with each other. Chatharīyas are distinguished by the use of their clan titles (e.g., Pradhān, Malla, Rājbhandārī) instead of the all-encompassing "Shrestha" surname. Newar caste system stratifies them under Kshatriya varna, and the pan-Nepal 1854 Muluki Ain stratification placed the Chatharīya Newars among the twice-born, sacred-thread wearing Tagadhari group. Owing to their heterogenous roots, Chathariya Pradhans are generally divided among three gotras- Kashyapa, Mandavya, Manav.
In the Indian states of Sikkim and sections of West Bengal, Assam and Bhutan, Pradhan is a title assumed by all the Newar descendants who had immigrated from Kathmandu Valley to these places primarily since the mid 18th century due to persecution or for trade. Descendants of the various immigrant upper and lower Newar castes all adopted the title of 'Pradhān' as their singular caste-denoting name, whereas Pradhan in Nepal is only used by descendants of the noble Chatharīya lineages of Kathmandu and Patan. The Pradhans of Sikkim form an influential ethnic group of a homogenous, non-caste and non-endogamous Newar community, which is in sharp contrast to that of the Newars of Nepal which still retains its highly complex, heterogenous and caste-based society. Due to this reason of hypergamous and doubtful origins of their lineage status, the Pradhans of Nepal view the caste-status of these Pradhans from Sikkim and Darjeeling with doubt and avoid matrimonial ties with them. Notable Pradhans of Sikkim include trader Chandravir Pradhan (Kayastha), literary icon Paras Mani Pradhan (Shakya), first Chief Justice of Nepal Hari Prasad Pradhan, Bollywood cinematographer Binod Pradhan, footballer Sanju Pradhan, 1974 AD lead singer Adrian Pradhan, actors Menuka Pradhan, Poojana Pradhan, Uttam Pradhan, etc. In terms of India's Affirmative action policy, they are a Forward caste/General in all of India except in Sikkim where, like the entirety of its native Nepali-origin population, Pradhans/Newars are given protective status; Newars, along with Bahun and Chhetri of Sikkim, have been categorised as Other Backward Class, while the rest of Nepali-speaking Sikkim populace are categorised under Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
Usages
Pradhan: was the title of a Minister who sat on the Council of 8 (Ashta Pradhan) in the early Maratha Empire prior to Peshwa (designation as Pantpradhan) administration.
Sources
^ "Ashta Pradhan (Marathi council) -- Encyclopedia Britannica". Archived from the original on 2013-10-03.
^ "Qamruddin vs District Magistrate And Ors. on 26 August, 2004". Archived from the original on 2013-04-23.
^ Klaus Glashoff. "Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit". learnsanskrit.cc (formerly spokensanskrit.org). Retrieved 2021-08-16.
^ Stuart, Ronald. The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary. Edited by Ronald Stuart McGregor. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1993.
^ Levy, Robert I. (1990). Mesocosm Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 79.
^ Sharma, Prayag Raj (2015). Land, Lineage and State: A Study of Newar Society in Mediaeval Nepal. Social Science Baha Books. ISBN 978-9937-597-27-2.
^ Shrestha, Bal Gopal. "Status of Shrestha". Retrieved 2012-11-19.
^ Gellner, David N. (1986). "David Gellner: Language, Caste, Religion and Territory. Newar Identity, Ancient and Modern". European Journal of Sociology. 27 (1): 102. doi:10.1017/S0003975600004549. S2CID 143525730. Retrieved 2012-10-16.
^ Michaels, Alex (2008). Siva in Trouble: Festivals and Rituals at the Pasupatinatha Temple of Deopatan. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534302-1.
^ Gellner and Quigley (1995). Contested Hierarchies A Collaborative Ethnography of Caste among the Newars of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Clarendon Press: Oxford Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology. ISBN 978-0-19-827960-0.
^ Shrestha, Bal Gopal. "Castes Among Newars Status of Shrestha". Academia.edu. European Bulletin of Himalayan Research.
^ Pickett, Mary (30 Dec 2013). Caste and Kinship in a Modern Hindu Society: The Newar City of Lalitpur, Nepal. Bangkok: Orchid Press. ISBN 978-9745241367.
^ zzxxShrestha, Bal Gopal (2015-02-01). "Newars of Sikkim". Vajra Books. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
|
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For the name, see Pradhan (surname).Pradhan (Devanagari: प्रधान) is generally ministerial title of Sanskrit origin in cultures of Hindu tradition, mainly used in the Indian subcontinent.[1][2] The Sanskrit pradhāna translates to \"major\" or \"prime\";[3] however, the more modern Hindi definitions provided by the Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary also include \"chief\" and \"leader\".[4] The precise interpretation can differ significantly by region. The style was abandoned by many Indian princely states during the Mughal era in favor of Persian styles such as Wasir and Diwan.","title":"Pradhan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panchayat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchayati_raj"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"Jharkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha"},{"link_name":"Deoghar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoghar"},{"link_name":"Jharkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand"},{"link_name":"Mulraiyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghatwals_and_Mulraiyats"}],"text":"Pradhan is elected by the village-level constitutional body of local self-government called the Panchayat (village/gram government) in India. The Pradhan, together with other elected members, have the power of constituencies of the gram panchayat. The pradhan is the focal point of contact between government officers and the village community. The Pradhan title in such setting is mainly used in east Indian states of West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand and Odisha. Similarly, in the Deoghar district of Jharkhand, Pradhan is the head of the village who inherits this hereditary office. In some villages, they are also known as Mulraiyat.","title":"Local head"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chandraseniya Kayastha 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(Nepal)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malla_(Nepal)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Unification of Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshi"},{"link_name":"Rājbhandārī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajbhandari"},{"link_name":"Raghuvanshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghuvanshi"},{"link_name":"Hādā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hada_Chauhan"},{"link_name":"Amātya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amatya"},{"link_name":"Maskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskey"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Newar caste system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newar_caste_system"},{"link_name":"Tagadhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagadhari"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"gotras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotra"},{"link_name":"Kashyapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashyapa"},{"link_name":"Mandavya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandavya"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"Kathmandu Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Kathmandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu"},{"link_name":"Patan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patan,_Nepal"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"endogamous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogamy"},{"link_name":"hypergamous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergamy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Hari Prasad Pradhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Nepal#List_of_Chief_Justices"},{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"Binod Pradhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binod_Pradhan"},{"link_name":"Sanju Pradhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanju_Pradhan"},{"link_name":"1974 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Kayastha Prabhu of Maharashtra, the Chasa, Khandayat, Gopal of Odisha, among others.In modern Nepal, Pradhan is employed as a high-caste lineage surname by a section of the Kshatriya (क्षत्रिय) (locally pronounced Chatharīya) caste of Newārs who trace their roots to north-Indian dynasties like the Karnat and Raghuvanshi Rajputs before being absorbed among the Srēṣṭha in the 14th CE. Their traditional title in the Malla society was pradhān mahāpātra (प्रधान महापात्र), also shortened to pa:mahju, which was akin to the prime-minister or the chief of the army. Among Newars, the three traditional lineages among Kathmandu and Patan's Pradhans are the Naradevi (Man), Thamel (Nar Singh), and Patan (Man Singh) Pradhans. They are included in the highest tier \"Thakuri\" (ठकुरी), also written \"Thaku\" (ठकू), lineage of the Chatharīya (छथरीय, from Sanskrit: क्षत्रिय) Srēṣṭha caste who are the descendants of Malla (Nepal) royalty and its immediate nobility.[5] The fallout of the Unification of Nepal also prompted many of Bhaktapur's Malla descendants to change their titles as Pradhan or Pradhānānga (-anga (part) of Pradhan), who have since spread all over Nepal. Other family names of Chatharīya consist of lineages Malla, Joshi, Rājbhandārī, Rājvanshī, Raghuvanshi, Hādā, Amātya, Maskey, Karmāchārya, among others, who intermarry with each other.[6][7] Chatharīyas are distinguished by the use of their clan titles (e.g., Pradhān, Malla, Rājbhandārī) instead of the all-encompassing \"Shrestha\" surname. Newar caste system stratifies them under Kshatriya varna, and the pan-Nepal 1854 Muluki Ain stratification placed the Chatharīya Newars among the twice-born, sacred-thread wearing Tagadhari group.[8] Owing to their heterogenous roots, Chathariya Pradhans are generally divided among three gotras- Kashyapa, Mandavya, Manav.[9]In the Indian states of Sikkim and sections of West Bengal, Assam and Bhutan, Pradhan is a title assumed by all the Newar descendants who had immigrated from Kathmandu Valley to these places primarily since the mid 18th century due to persecution or for trade.[10] Descendants of the various immigrant upper and lower Newar castes all adopted the title of 'Pradhān' as their singular caste-denoting name, whereas Pradhan in Nepal is only used by descendants of the noble Chatharīya lineages of Kathmandu and Patan.[11] The Pradhans of Sikkim form an influential ethnic group of a homogenous, non-caste and non-endogamous Newar community, which is in sharp contrast to that of the Newars of Nepal which still retains its highly complex, heterogenous and caste-based society. Due to this reason of hypergamous and doubtful origins of their lineage status, the Pradhans of Nepal view the caste-status of these Pradhans from Sikkim and Darjeeling with doubt and avoid matrimonial ties with them.[12] Notable Pradhans of Sikkim include trader Chandravir Pradhan (Kayastha), literary icon Paras Mani Pradhan (Shakya), first Chief Justice of Nepal Hari Prasad Pradhan, Bollywood cinematographer Binod Pradhan, footballer Sanju Pradhan, 1974 AD lead singer Adrian Pradhan, actors Menuka Pradhan, Poojana Pradhan, Uttam Pradhan, etc. In terms of India's Affirmative action policy, they are a Forward caste/General in all of India except in Sikkim where, like the entirety of its native Nepali-origin population, Pradhans/Newars are given protective status; Newars, along with Bahun and Chhetri of Sikkim, have been categorised as Other Backward Class, while the rest of Nepali-speaking Sikkim populace are categorised under Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.[13]","title":"Title and Surname"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_(government)"},{"link_name":"Ashta Pradhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashta_Pradhan"},{"link_name":"Maratha Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire"},{"link_name":"Peshwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshwa"}],"text":"Pradhan: was the title of a Minister who sat on the Council of 8 (Ashta Pradhan) in the early Maratha Empire prior to Peshwa (designation as Pantpradhan) administration.","title":"Usages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Ashta Pradhan (Marathi council) -- Encyclopedia Britannica\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131003040121/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/38366/Ashta-Pradhan"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/38366/Ashta-Pradhan"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Qamruddin vs District Magistrate And Ors. on 26 August, 2004\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130423014424/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/561019"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.indiankanoon.org/doc/561019"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//learnsanskrit.cc/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=pradhAna+&trans=Translate&direction=AU"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9937-597-27-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9937-597-27-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Status of Shrestha\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/1434675"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"David Gellner: Language, Caste, Religion and Territory. Newar Identity, Ancient and Modern\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/869326"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S0003975600004549","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003975600004549"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"143525730","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143525730"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-534302-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534302-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Contested Hierarchies A Collaborative Ethnography of Caste among the Newars of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/contestedhierarc0000unse"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-827960-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827960-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Castes Among Newars Status of Shrestha\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/1434675"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9745241367","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9745241367"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url"}],"text":"^ \"Ashta Pradhan (Marathi council) -- Encyclopedia Britannica\". Archived from the original on 2013-10-03.\n\n^ \"Qamruddin vs District Magistrate And Ors. on 26 August, 2004\". Archived from the original on 2013-04-23.\n\n^ Klaus Glashoff. \"Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit\". learnsanskrit.cc (formerly spokensanskrit.org). Retrieved 2021-08-16.\n\n^ Stuart, Ronald. The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary. Edited by Ronald Stuart McGregor. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1993.\n\n^ Levy, Robert I. (1990). Mesocosm Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 79.\n\n^ Sharma, Prayag Raj (2015). Land, Lineage and State: A Study of Newar Society in Mediaeval Nepal. Social Science Baha Books. ISBN 978-9937-597-27-2.\n\n^ Shrestha, Bal Gopal. \"Status of Shrestha\". Retrieved 2012-11-19.\n\n^ Gellner, David N. (1986). \"David Gellner: Language, Caste, Religion and Territory. Newar Identity, Ancient and Modern\". European Journal of Sociology. 27 (1): 102. doi:10.1017/S0003975600004549. S2CID 143525730. Retrieved 2012-10-16.\n\n^ Michaels, Alex (2008). Siva in Trouble: Festivals and Rituals at the Pasupatinatha Temple of Deopatan. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534302-1.\n\n^ Gellner and Quigley (1995). Contested Hierarchies A Collaborative Ethnography of Caste among the Newars of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Clarendon Press: Oxford Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology. ISBN 978-0-19-827960-0.\n\n^ Shrestha, Bal Gopal. \"Castes Among Newars Status of Shrestha\". Academia.edu. European Bulletin of Himalayan Research.\n\n^ Pickett, Mary (30 Dec 2013). Caste and Kinship in a Modern Hindu Society: The Newar City of Lalitpur, Nepal. Bangkok: Orchid Press. ISBN 978-9745241367.\n\n^ zzxxShrestha, Bal Gopal (2015-02-01). \"Newars of Sikkim\". Vajra Books. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)","title":"Sources"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Ashta Pradhan (Marathi council) -- Encyclopedia Britannica\". Archived from the original on 2013-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131003040121/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/38366/Ashta-Pradhan","url_text":"\"Ashta Pradhan (Marathi council) -- Encyclopedia Britannica\""},{"url":"http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/38366/Ashta-Pradhan","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Qamruddin vs District Magistrate And Ors. on 26 August, 2004\". Archived from the original on 2013-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130423014424/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/561019","url_text":"\"Qamruddin vs District Magistrate And Ors. on 26 August, 2004\""},{"url":"http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/561019","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Klaus Glashoff. \"Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit\". learnsanskrit.cc (formerly spokensanskrit.org). Retrieved 2021-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://learnsanskrit.cc/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=pradhAna+&trans=Translate&direction=AU","url_text":"\"Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit\""}]},{"reference":"Levy, Robert I. (1990). Mesocosm Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 79.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sharma, Prayag Raj (2015). Land, Lineage and State: A Study of Newar Society in Mediaeval Nepal. Social Science Baha Books. ISBN 978-9937-597-27-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9937-597-27-2","url_text":"978-9937-597-27-2"}]},{"reference":"Shrestha, Bal Gopal. \"Status of Shrestha\". Retrieved 2012-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/1434675","url_text":"\"Status of Shrestha\""}]},{"reference":"Gellner, David N. (1986). \"David Gellner: Language, Caste, Religion and Territory. Newar Identity, Ancient and Modern\". European Journal of Sociology. 27 (1): 102. doi:10.1017/S0003975600004549. S2CID 143525730. Retrieved 2012-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/869326","url_text":"\"David Gellner: Language, Caste, Religion and Territory. Newar Identity, Ancient and Modern\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003975600004549","url_text":"10.1017/S0003975600004549"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143525730","url_text":"143525730"}]},{"reference":"Michaels, Alex (2008). Siva in Trouble: Festivals and Rituals at the Pasupatinatha Temple of Deopatan. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534302-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534302-1","url_text":"978-0-19-534302-1"}]},{"reference":"Gellner and Quigley (1995). Contested Hierarchies A Collaborative Ethnography of Caste among the Newars of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Clarendon Press: Oxford Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology. ISBN 978-0-19-827960-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/contestedhierarc0000unse","url_text":"Contested Hierarchies A Collaborative Ethnography of Caste among the Newars of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827960-0","url_text":"978-0-19-827960-0"}]},{"reference":"Shrestha, Bal Gopal. \"Castes Among Newars Status of Shrestha\". Academia.edu. European Bulletin of Himalayan Research.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/1434675","url_text":"\"Castes Among Newars Status of Shrestha\""}]},{"reference":"Pickett, Mary (30 Dec 2013). Caste and Kinship in a Modern Hindu Society: The Newar City of Lalitpur, Nepal. Bangkok: Orchid Press. ISBN 978-9745241367.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9745241367","url_text":"978-9745241367"}]},{"reference":"zzxxShrestha, Bal Gopal (2015-02-01). \"Newars of Sikkim\". Vajra Books.","urls":[]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R812_road_(Ireland)
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R812 road (Ireland)
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["1 See also","2 References"]
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Road in Ireland
R812 roadBóthar R812Route informationLength1.5 km (0.93 mi)LocationCountryIrelandPrimarydestinations
Dublin
R810 (Tyrconnell Road)
Davitt Road
R111 at (Dolphin Road)
Highway system
Roads in Ireland
Motorways
Primary
Secondary
Regional
The R812 road, or Davitt Road, is a regional road in Dublin, Ireland.
The official definition of the R812 from the Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2006 states:
R812: Davitt Road, Dublin
Between its junction with R810 at Tyrconnell Road and its junction with R111 at Dolphin Road via Davitt Road all in the city of Dublin.
The R812 is 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi).
See also
Roads in Ireland
National primary road
National secondary road
Regional road
References
^ Map of the route of R812, Google Maps. Retrieved: 2010-08-09.
^ Statutory Instrument 188 of 2006 — Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2006, Irish Statute Book (irishstatutebook.ie). (HTML file). Retrieved 2010-08-09.
^ Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2006 Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine – Department of Transport. (PDF file). Retrieved 2010-08-09.
vteRoads in IrelandMotorways
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See also
National Development Plan
Local roads
Toll roads
Transport Infrastructure Ireland
Trunk roads
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[{"title":"Roads in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roads_in_Ireland"},{"title":"National primary road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_primary_road"},{"title":"National secondary road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_secondary_road"},{"title":"Regional road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_road_(Ireland)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuihu
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Shuihu
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["1 General description","2 Sources","3 Geography","4 Pharmacological use","5 Classification issues","6 See also","7 Explanatory notes","8 References","9 External links"]
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This article is about a legendary creature. For the novel, see Water Margin.
Suiko, from the encyclopedia Wakan Sansai Zue (1712) compiled by Terajima Ryōan .
Suiko, from one of Toriyama Sekien's illustrated series, Konjaku Gazu Zoku Hyakki.
A shuihu or shui hu (Chinese: 水虎; Wade–Giles: shui-hu; Japanese pronunciation: ''suiko''; lit. 'water tiger'), is a legendary creature said to have inhabited river systems in what is now Hubei Province in China.
The water tiger is described as similar (in size) to a 3 or 4-year old human child, with tiger-like attributes in the lower limb and perhaps the head, though interpretations have varied. The modern interpretation is that the tiger-like (head), claws, etc., are always submerged and hidden, but the kneecap is exposed to view, although if a human tries to tamper with he may be killed.
Japanese books during the Tokugawa Period read the Chinese text rather differently. Wakan Sansai Zue, an influential encyclopedia of the early 18th-century, gave a considerably divergent reading and stated that the suiko possessed kneecaps like tiger-claws. This odd feature was replicated in its woodcut illustration, and propagated in Toriyama Sekien's drawing of the suiko in his yōkai anthology.
Past Japanese writers also sometimes used "suiko (water-tiger)" as a stilted Sinitic term for the kappa (aka kawatarō) in native folklore, even though Wakan Sansai Zue had distinguished these as two separate beings.
General description
The shuihu or shui hu (Chinese: 水虎; "water tiger") is described as being "about the size of a three- or four-year old (human) child", with a head like a tiger's, and a shell like that of the pangolin. Their knees, which are also tiger-like may be visible above water, but their claws always remain submerged, despite their habit of lying on sand and basking in the sun in autumn.
Alternative reading
A dissident reading exists, particularly among Japanese sources. The Osaka physician Terajima Ryōan in his Wakan Sansai Zue (1712) interpreted the text to read "its knee-cap resembles that of a tiger's forepaw claws". The accompanying woodcut illustration (figure top right) depicts this. The artist Toriyama Sekien who consulted Terajima's encyclopedia also drew the creature with the claws on the knees, with the caption: "..its kneecaps are sharp like tiger claws".
Sources
The description occurs in a quote from the Xiang miang ji (襄沔記; "Records of Xiang mian", 8th century) preserved in the well-known Ming Period materia medica, the Bencao Gangmu.
A similar description can be found the Shui Jing Zhu (Commentary on the Water Classic, 6th century) as quoted in the 17th century Ming Period dictionary, Tongya , where it is stated that the shuihu is also known as shuitang (水唐) or shuilu (水盧); however, the form shuitang may only be uniquely attested in the Tongya.
Geography
According to the quote from the Xiang miang ji, the shuihu inhabits the confluence between two rivers, where the river Shu (涑水) in Zhong lu county (in today's Xiangzhou District, Hubei Province) flows into the river Mian (=Han River).
Pharmacological use
The original text found in the Bencao Gangmu states that the if the suihu is caught alive, then the harvested nose can be "used for some trifles". The part of the anatomy in question is not referred to as the nose (bi, 鼻) but as the biyan (simplified Chinese: 鼻厌; traditional Chinese: 鼻厭) in the Tongya text, further explained to be the yin (simplified Chinese: 隂; traditional Chinese: 陰) or the "force" (si; simplified Chinese: 势; traditional Chinese: 勢) of the beast. In reference to the shuihu, the harvest of this body part has been glossed as "castration", namely, the removal of its genitals, as one newspaper has more bluntly put it. It is also stated that the part can be applied as an aphrodisiac (meiyao; 媚藥).
trifle use
The term xiaoshi (小使) which has been literally rendered as "used for some trifles" in translation actually refers to some aspect of sexuality or reproduction (bodily fluid), according to sources. More specifically, this term xiaoshi (lit. "small use") is glossed as a synonym of xiatong (小通, lit. "small avenue/path") in the Zhengzitong dictionary, etc., and one instance of usage of "small avenue" occurs in a poem in the Han shi waizhuan, where it is sung that the male's "small avenue" achieves sexual maturity at age 16, and the female's at age 14. In an English translation of this poem, the male's "small avenue" is rendered as "semen", and the female's as "her fluids".
taming
There are alternative interpretations, where instead of pharmacological use, the live specimen becomes a tamed or trained beast with the removal or manipulation of the body part.
One interpretation of the statement is that when the genitals are removed the beast, it becomes tame or docile, much like the spaying or neutering of dogs and cats. The Wakan Sansai Zue interpreted this passage of Chinese text to mean that if a person pinch (摘まむ, tsumamu) the nose, the beast turns into a servant (小使, kozukai).
Classification issues
In Japan, the word suiko (shuihu) has become a synonym for kappa, but this was not always the case.
Terajima Ryōan in his 18th century Wakan Sansai Zue stated that the suiko was a type/kindred of a kawatarō (the western local name for kappa) but was to be distinguished from it; thus he placed the suiko and kawatarō as separate (though adjacent) entries. The artist Sekien, who followed after this encyclopedia, also illustrated the two creatures separately.
However, many herbal medicinalist scholars, etc., during Japan's Edo Period equated the suiko with the kappa. Hence suiko became a synonym or alias for kappa or kawatarō. But it is not clear if the shuihu of China and the kappa of Japan share a common origin. The synonymous usage can be found in Ono Ranzan's commentary, which was on the topic of the suiko (shuihu), but also discussed the creature's love of sumo-wrestling usually associated with the Japanese kappa; he also included various collected lore on the suiko (i.e., kappa) found from his fieldwork or information gathering conducted in Japan. An illustrated work entitled Suiko kōryaku (水虎考略, "A Study of Water Tigers", 1820; copy made 1836) was in fact a catalogue of kappa legends and testimonies.
In parts of Aomori Prefecture, the kappa have been deified and enshrined by the name of suiko-sama.
See also
kappa
enkō (folklore)
kenmun
Explanatory notes
^ The accompanying text reads: "Suiko is shaped like a child. Its carapace resembles that of a pangolin, and its kneecaps are sharp like tiger claws. It dwells in China's Sushui River, where it is often seen on the sand, drying its shell". The carapace/shell (甲) is described as like those of a 綾鯉 (pangolin) which would normally be read ryōri in onyomi manner, but Toriyama here forces the reading of senzankō, the modern-day common term for pangolin in Japan.
^ Unschuld translates in two words, shui hu. The hyphenated form shui-hu adheres to the Wade-Giles system, used by Strassberg for example.
^ Literally it only actually states "resembling children aged three to four years" in the Bencao Gangmu, but the extrapolation has been made that this concerns the size or "being shaped like a child".
^ The Bencao Gangmu in its entry for shuihu refers to the pangolin as the 綾鯉; lingli, which literally can be translated to mean "hill carp". This explains why it is stated as "carp" rather than "pangolin" in one translated paper. The Bencao Gangmu has its own entry on the 綾鯉; lingli, where it is noted that the beast is also known as 穿山甲; chuanshanjia, which is the common modern term. The Japanese translation of this pangolin entry can be consulted for verification, where chuanshanjia is pronounced senzankō in Japanese. As noted above, illustrator Sekien mingled the script of lingli (ryōri) with the reading of the chuanshanjia (senzankō).
^ For the passage in the Chinese source, Bencao Gangmu, further elaborated below.
^ The identity of the River Shu here is uncertain. There is a river Shu mentioned in the Commentary on the Water Classic but that is situated in Wenxi County in what is now Shanxi Province.
^ Also written as gaoyan (simplified Chinese: 皋厌; traditional Chinese: 皋厭) in the unrectified text.
^ It is not an obscure reference that the term yin (陰) could imply or denote the genitalia, and it is one of the dictionary definitions, but the term yin (as in yin-yang) carries a variety of meanings.
^ As pointed out in Ono Ranzan's commentary on the shuihu. The same gloss (indication of synonym), and poem example also occurs in the Tongya, though in another book not specifically connected with the shuihu.
^ The historical kana" given in the original is コツカヒ"; the modern form is "コヅカイ".
^ Terajima Ryōan was a physician based in Osaka, and he uses the term kawatarō (川太郎; かハたらう). The Butsurui shōko (1775) explains that kawatarō, or so the creature is known in either Kinai (≈Kansai) or Kyūshū, is known as kappa in the east, and this is a truncated form of kawa-wappa. Cf. local historian Prof. Mataji Miyamoto who states that what was called kappa in Edo was called gatarō (河太郎; がたろう) in Osaka.
References
Citations
^ a b c d Toriyama, Sekien (2017), Japandemonium Illustrated: The Yokai Encyclopedias of Toriyama Sekien, translated by Hiroko Yoda; Matt Alt, Courier Dover Publications, p. 91, ISBN 9780486818757
^ a b Toriyama, Sekien (1779), Konjaku gazu zoku hyakki 今昔画図続百鬼, hdl:2324/422771, Kyushu University Library Collections.
^ a b Suzuki tr. (1930). p. 361
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Unschuld tr. (2021), p. 499.
^ a b c Strassberg, Richard E. (1994). Inscribed Landscapes: Travel Writing from Imperial China. University of California Press. p. 445, endnote 10. ISBN 9780520914865.
^ a b Marcon, Federico (2015). The Knowledge of Nature and the Nature of Knowledge in Early Modern Japan. University of Chicago Press. p. 195. ISBN 9780226251905.
^ Baldrian-Hussein, Farzeen (2004). "The Book of the Yellow Court: A Lost Song Commentary of the 12th Century". Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie. 14 (In Memoriam Isabelle Robinet 1932-2000): 216. doi:10.3406/asie.2004.1207. ISBN 9782855396408. JSTOR 44160396.
^ The Unshculd translation uses the form shui hu. The form shuihu is employed by a Japanologist and a sinologist, though the latter concerns a shuihu that dwells in the human body and "like to eat mercury".
^ a b Li Shizhen (1596) "Bugs (Worms, Insects, Amphibians) 4"; Li Shizhen (1782) Book 42, "Bugs 4". The Chinese text is also printed side by side in the Unschuld translation.
^ a b Ishida, Eiichirô; Yoshida, Ken'ichi (1950). "The Kappa Legend: A Comparative Ethnological Study on the Japanese Water-Spirit "Kappa" and Its Habit of Trying to Lure Horses into the Water" (PDF). Folklore Studies. 9: 119–120. doi:10.2307/1177401. JSTOR 1177401.
^ Unschuld, Paul U.; Zheng, Jinsheng (2021). "Section Worms/Bugs. Chapter 42. Appendix. Shui hu". Chinese Traditional Healing (3 vols): The Berlin Collections of Manuscript Volumes from the 16th through the Early 20th Century. BRILL. p. 333. ISBN 9789004229099.
^ Totton, Mary-Louise (2002). Weaving Flesh and Blood Into Sacred Architecture: Ornamental Stories of Candi Loro Jonggrang. University of Michigan. p. 65. ISBN 9780493736860.
^ Nappi, Carla (2010). The Monkey and the Inkpot: natural history and its transformations in early modern China. Harvard University Press. pp. 35, 174 n9, 209. ISBN 9780674054356.
^ a b c d e Terajima Ryōan (n.d.) , "40. Gūrui & kairui: Suiko" 四十 寓類・怪類：水虎, Wakan Sansai zue 和漢三才図会, vol. 27, Book 40 (kan-no-40), fol. 17b–18a
^ Ozawa (2011), pp. 31–32
^ a b "Suiko, Water-Tiger.. His illustration is new but the description paraphrases the one in the Illustrated Sino-Japanese Encyclopedia of the Three Realms ".
^ Li Shizhen (1782). Bencao Gangmu (Siku Quanshu library edition): 本草綱目 (四庫全書本)「巻42 蟲之四 溪鬼蟲〈拾遺〉水虎」:"時珍曰襄沔記云中廬縣有涑水注沔中有物如三四嵗小兒甲如鱗鯉射不能入秋曝沙上膝頭似虎掌爪常没水出膝示人小兒弄之便咬人人生得者摘其鼻可小小使之名曰水虎". The (misprinted) word for pangolin "鱗鯉" in this edition occurs as "鯪鯉" in the 1596 edition, and the latter is the form given by Unschuld.
^ a b c Fang Yizhi , Tongya 通雅 (in Chinese), vol. 47, ¶38
^ a b c d Ono, Ranzan (1844), Ono, Mototaka (ed.), Jūshū honzō kōmoku keimō (in 35 vols.) 重修本草綱目啓蒙 (in Japanese), vol. 28, Hishiya Kichibē, pp. 18b–20a. (copy held at NDL)
^ Asakawa Zenan Zenan zuihitsu 善庵随筆, via Kojiruien (1930) Dobutsu-bu/kemono 7 (e-text)
^ Suzuki tr. (1930), p. 324 n2.
^ Zhang, Zhibin; Unschuld, Paul Ulrich, eds. (2015), Dictionary of the Ben Cao Gang Mu, Volume 2: Geographical and Administrative Designations, Univ of California Press, p. 218, ISBN 9780520291966
^ Fang Yizhi (1805), Yao Wenxie (ed.), Tongya 通雅 (in Chinese), vol. 47, Kuwana, Japan, p. 19b–20a
^ Jang Dobin 張道斌 ; Gwon Sangro 權相老 , eds. (1982), Gosa seongeo sajeon (고사성어사전) 故事成語辭典, Hakwonsa, p. 528
^ "Removing gaoyan which is castration 摘皋厭은 勢去".
^ a b "Jiuzhou yaoguai lu:shuihu" 九州妖怪录│ 水虎 . Tencent Newspaper 腾讯新聞. 2020-11-25. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
^ Thoms, P. P. (1819), A dictionary of the Chinese language, in three parts, p. 1029
^ Fang Yizhi. Tongya 18. ¶46; Fang Yizhi (1800) unpaginated; Fang Yizhi (1805) 18, pp. 13b–14a.
^ Han Ying (1952). Han Shih Wai Chuan: Han Ying's Illustrations of the Didactic Application of the Classic of Songs. Translated by Hightower, James Robert. Harvard University Press. p. 28. ISBN 9780674370005.
^ a b c Iwai, Hiromi , ed. (April 2000). Mizu no yōkai 水の妖怪. Kawade Shobō Shinsha. p. 14. ISBN 9784309613826. 水虎は河童の呼び方の一つとするのが一般的だが、石燕は、河童とは違う妖怪と考えていたようだ
^ a b Ozawa (2011), pp. 27–28.
^ Miyamoto, Mataji (1970). Fūzokushi no kenkyū & Kōnoike-ke no kenkyū 風俗史の研究・鴻池家の研究. Osaka no kenkyū 5 (in Japanese). Seibundō shuppan. p. 230.
^ a b Ozawa (2011), pp. 31–32.
^ "Although is often treated as a variation of the kappa, Sekien breaks it out into its own entry here".
^ a b Suzuki tr. (1930), p. 324 n1. Annotation attributed to Yano. probably entomologist Yano Munemoto 矢野宗幹, since this is the "Bugs" section of the work.
^ Ozawa (2011), p. 28.
^ "Kappa densetsu: shinkakuka no rūtsu wo tadoru Aomori" 河童伝説: 神格化のルーツたどる 青森. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 2016-04-02.
Bibliography
Ozawa, Hana (March 2011), "Kappa no imēji no hensen ni tsuite: zushō shiryō no bunseki wo chūshin ni" 「河童」のイメージの変遷について―図像資料の分析を中心に― (PDF), Jomin bunka (in Japanese) (34): 23–46
神宮司庁 (1930), 動物部/獸七: 河童, in Jingū shichō (ed.), Koji ruien 古事類苑, vol. 49, Koji ruien kankōkai, pp. 480–490, doi:10.11501/1874269
Li Shizhen (1596). "Bugs (Worms, Insects, Amphibians) 4" 蟲之四 溪鬼蟲 水虎 . Bencao Gangmu 本草綱目 – via Wikisource.
Li Shizhen (1782) . "Book 42. Bugs (Worms, Insects, Amphibians) 4" 巻42 蟲之四, 溪鬼蟲〈拾遺〉 水虎鬼彈附 . Bencao Gangmu (SKQS) 本草綱目 (四庫全書本)』 – via Wikisource.
Li Shizhen (1930). "Mushi-bu dai-42-kan furoku suiko" 蟲部第四十二卷 附録 水虎. Tōchū kokuyaku honzō kōmoku 頭註国訳本草綱目 (in Japanese). Vol. 10. Translated by Suzuki, Shikai. Shunyōdō. pp. 323–324.
Li Shizhen (2021). "Section Worms/Bugs. Chapter 42. Appendix. Shui hu". Ben Cao Gang Mu, Volume VIII: Clothes, Utensils, Worms, Insects, Amphibians, Animals with Scales, Animals with Shells. Translated by Paul U. Unschuld. Univ of California Press. p. 499. ISBN 9780520976986.
External links
"Dōbutsu-bu/jū 7" 動物部/獸七. Kojiruien database 故事類苑データベース. International Research Center for Japanese Studies. 2019-11-13. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
yabtyan (2010-03-02). "Wakan sansai zue kan dai 40" 和漢三才圖會卷第四十. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
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This odd feature was replicated in its woodcut illustration, and propagated in Toriyama Sekien's drawing of the suiko in his yōkai anthology.Past Japanese writers also sometimes used \"suiko (water-tiger)\" as a stilted Sinitic term for the kappa (aka kawatarō) in native folklore, even though Wakan Sansai Zue had distinguished these as two separate beings.","title":"Shuihu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bencao-gangmu-zh-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strassberg-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnschuld_tr.2021499-5"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"pangolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangolin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnschuld_tr.2021499-5"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnschuld_tr.2021499-5"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Terajima Ryōan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terajima_Ry%C5%8Dan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%BA%E5%B3%B6%E8%89%AF%E5%AE%89"},{"link_name":"Wakan Sansai Zue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakan_Sansai_Zue"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terajima-wakansansaizue-19"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terajima-wakansansaizue-19"},{"link_name":"Toriyama Sekien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toriyama_Sekien"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-three-realms-21"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toriyama-eng-1"}],"text":"The shuihu or shui hu[8] (Chinese: 水虎; \"water tiger\") is described as being \"about the size of a three- or four-year old (human) child\", with a head like a tiger's,[9][5][4][c] and a shell like that of the pangolin.[4][d] Their knees, which are also tiger-like may be visible above water, but their claws always remain submerged, despite their habit of lying on sand and basking in the sun in autumn.[4]Alternative readingA dissident reading exists,[e] particularly among Japanese sources. The Osaka physician Terajima Ryōan [ja] in his Wakan Sansai Zue (1712) interpreted the text to read \"its knee-cap resembles that of a tiger's forepaw claws\".[14][15] The accompanying woodcut illustration (figure top right)[14] depicts this. The artist Toriyama Sekien who consulted Terajima's encyclopedia[16] also drew the creature with the claws on the knees, with the caption: \"..its kneecaps are sharp like tiger claws\".[1]","title":"General description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"materia medica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia_medica"},{"link_name":"Bencao Gangmu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bencao_Gangmu"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnschuld_tr.2021499-5"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Commentary on the Water Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commentary_on_the_Water_Classic"},{"link_name":"Tongya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tongya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E9%9B%85"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tongya-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ono-24"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zenan-25"}],"text":"The description occurs in a quote from the Xiang miang ji (襄沔記; \"Records of Xiang mian\", 8th century) preserved in the well-known Ming Period materia medica, the Bencao Gangmu.[4][17]A similar description can be found the Shui Jing Zhu (Commentary on the Water Classic, 6th century) as quoted in the 17th century Ming Period dictionary, Tongya [zh], where it is stated that the shuihu is also known as shuitang (水唐) or shuilu (水盧);[18][19] however, the form shuitang may only be uniquely attested in the Tongya.[20]","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zhong lu county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhong_lu_county_(Xiangzhou_District)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BB%AC%E7%9C%8C_(%E8%A5%84%E9%99%BD%E5%8C%BA)"},{"link_name":"Xiangzhou District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangzhou_District,_Xiangyang"},{"link_name":"Hubei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnschuld_tr.2021499-5"},{"link_name":"Han River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_River_(Hubei)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zhang&unschuld-mian-28"}],"text":"According to the quote from the Xiang miang ji, the shuihu inhabits the confluence between two rivers, where the river Shu (涑水) in Zhong lu county [ja] (in today's Xiangzhou District, Hubei Province)[f] flows into the river Mian[4] (=Han River[22]).","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnschuld_tr.2021499-5"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tongya-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ono-24"},{"link_name":"castration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castration"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tencent-33"},{"link_name":"[h]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"aphrodisiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrodisiac"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tongya-23"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnschuld_tr.2021499-5"},{"link_name":"Zhengzitong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengzitong"},{"link_name":"Han shi waizhuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_shi_waizhuan"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ono-24"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tongya-bk18-37"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hightower-tr-hanshi-38"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tencent-33"},{"link_name":"[j]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terajima-wakansansaizue-19"}],"text":"The original text found in the Bencao Gangmu states that the if the suihu is caught alive, then the harvested nose can be \"used for some trifles\".[4] The part of the anatomy in question is not referred to as the nose (bi, 鼻) but as the biyan (simplified Chinese: 鼻厌; traditional Chinese: 鼻厭) in the Tongya text,[g] further explained to be the yin (simplified Chinese: 隂; traditional Chinese: 陰) or the \"force\" (si; simplified Chinese: 势; traditional Chinese: 勢) of the beast.[18][19] In reference to the shuihu, the harvest of this body part has been glossed as \"castration\",[25] namely, the removal of its genitals, as one newspaper has more bluntly put it.[26][h] It is also stated that the part can be applied as an aphrodisiac (meiyao; 媚藥).[18]trifle useThe term xiaoshi (小使) which has been literally rendered as \"used for some trifles\" in translation[4] actually refers to some aspect of sexuality or reproduction (bodily fluid), according to sources. More specifically, this term xiaoshi (lit. \"small use\") is glossed as a synonym of xiatong (小通, lit. \"small avenue/path\") in the Zhengzitong dictionary, etc., and one instance of usage of \"small avenue\" occurs in a poem in the Han shi waizhuan, where it is sung that the male's \"small avenue\" achieves sexual maturity at age 16, and the female's at age 14.[i][19][28] In an English translation of this poem, the male's \"small avenue\" is rendered as \"semen\", and the female's as \"her fluids\".[29]tamingThere are alternative interpretations, where instead of pharmacological use, the live specimen becomes a tamed or trained beast with the removal or manipulation of the body part.One interpretation of the statement is that when the genitals are removed the beast, it becomes tame or docile, much like the spaying or neutering of dogs and cats.[26] The Wakan Sansai Zue interpreted this passage of Chinese text to mean that if a person pinch (摘まむ, tsumamu) the nose, the beast turns into a servant (小使, kozukai).[j][14]","title":"Pharmacological use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iwai-40"},{"link_name":"Terajima Ryōan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terajima_Ry%C5%8Dan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%BA%E5%B3%B6%E8%89%AF%E5%AE%89"},{"link_name":"Wakan Sansai Zue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakan_Sansai_Zue"},{"link_name":"kawatarō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawatar%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOzawa201127%E2%80%9328-41"},{"link_name":"[k]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terajima-wakansansaizue-19"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOzawa201131%E2%80%9332-44"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-three-realms-21"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iwai-40"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"herbal medicinalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbal_medicine"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOzawa201131%E2%80%9332-44"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yano-46"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iwai-40"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yano-46"},{"link_name":"Ono Ranzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ono_Ranzan"},{"link_name":"sumo-wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ono-24"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOzawa201128-47"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marcon-8"},{"link_name":"Aomori Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aomori_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mainichi20160402-48"}],"text":"In Japan, the word suiko (shuihu) has become a synonym for kappa,[30] but this was not always the case.Terajima Ryōan [ja] in his 18th century Wakan Sansai Zue stated that the suiko was a type/kindred of a kawatarō (the western local name for kappa[31][k]) but was to be distinguished from it; thus he placed the suiko and kawatarō as separate (though adjacent) entries.[14][33] The artist Sekien, who followed after this encyclopedia,[16] also illustrated the two creatures separately.[30][34]However, many herbal medicinalist scholars, etc., during Japan's Edo Period equated the suiko with the kappa.[33] Hence suiko became a synonym or alias for kappa or kawatarō.[35][30] But it is not clear if the shuihu of China and the kappa of Japan share a common origin.[35] The synonymous usage can be found in Ono Ranzan's commentary, which was on the topic of the suiko (shuihu), but also discussed the creature's love of sumo-wrestling usually associated with the Japanese kappa; he also included various collected lore on the suiko (i.e., kappa) found from his fieldwork or information gathering conducted in Japan.[19][36] An illustrated work entitled Suiko kōryaku (水虎考略, \"A Study of Water Tigers\", 1820; copy made 1836) was in fact a catalogue of kappa legends and testimonies.[6]In parts of Aomori Prefecture, the kappa have been deified and enshrined by the name of suiko-sama.[37]","title":"Classification issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-toriyama-inyo_4-0"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toriyama-eng-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toriyama-2"},{"link_name":"onyomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onyomi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suzuki-tr-senzanko-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toriyama-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnschuld_tr.2021499-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strassberg-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnschuld_tr.2021499-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strassberg-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishida-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bencao-gangmu-zh-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnschuld_tr.2021499-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unschuld&zheng-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-totton-15"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishida-12"},{"link_name":"穿山甲","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BF%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%B2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nappi-16"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suzuki-tr-senzanko-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki_tr.1930p._324_n2-26"},{"link_name":"Commentary on the Water Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commentary_on_the_Water_Classic"},{"link_name":"Wenxi County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenxi_County"},{"link_name":"Shanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tongya1805-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"陰","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%99%B0"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thoms-dict-34"},{"link_name":"yin-yang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin-yang"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"Ono Ranzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ono_Ranzan"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terajima-wakansansaizue-19"},{"link_name":"Butsurui shōko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Butsurui_sh%C5%8Dko&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E9%A1%9E%E7%A7%B0%E5%91%BC"},{"link_name":"Kinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinai"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOzawa201127%E2%80%9328-41"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miyamoto-42"}],"text":"^ The accompanying text reads: \"Suiko is shaped like a child. Its carapace resembles that of a pangolin, and its kneecaps are sharp like tiger claws. It dwells in China's Sushui River, where it is often seen on the sand, drying its shell\".[1] The carapace/shell (甲) is described as like those of a 綾鯉 (pangolin)[2] which would normally be read ryōri in onyomi manner,[3] but Toriyama here forces the reading of senzankō,[2] the modern-day common term for pangolin in Japan.\n\n^ Unschuld translates in two words, shui hu.[4] The hyphenated form shui-hu adheres to the Wade-Giles system, used by Strassberg for example.[5]\n\n^ Literally it only actually states \"resembling children aged three to four years\" in the Bencao Gangmu,[4] but the extrapolation has been made that this concerns the size[5] or \"being shaped like a child\".[10]\n\n^ The Bencao Gangmu in its entry for shuihu refers to the pangolin as the 綾鯉; lingli,[9][4][11] which literally can be translated to mean \"hill carp\".[12] This explains why it is stated as \"carp\" rather than \"pangolin\" in one translated paper.[10] The Bencao Gangmu has its own entry on the 綾鯉; lingli, where it is noted that the beast is also known as 穿山甲; chuanshanjia,[13] which is the common modern term. The Japanese translation of this pangolin entry can be consulted for verification, where chuanshanjia is pronounced senzankō in Japanese.[3] As noted above, illustrator Sekien mingled the script of lingli (ryōri) with the reading of the chuanshanjia (senzankō).\n\n^ For the passage in the Chinese source, Bencao Gangmu, further elaborated below.\n\n^ The identity of the River Shu here is uncertain.[21] There is a river Shu mentioned in the Commentary on the Water Classic but that is situated in Wenxi County in what is now Shanxi Province.\n\n^ Also written as gaoyan (simplified Chinese: 皋厌; traditional Chinese: 皋厭) in the unrectified text.[23]\n\n^ It is not an obscure reference that the term yin (陰) could imply or denote the genitalia, and it is one of the dictionary definitions,[27] but the term yin (as in yin-yang) carries a variety of meanings.\n\n^ As pointed out in Ono Ranzan's commentary on the shuihu. The same gloss (indication of synonym), and poem example also occurs in the Tongya, though in another book not specifically connected with the shuihu.\n\n^ The historical kana\" given in the original is コツカヒ\"; the modern form is \"コヅカイ\".\n\n^ Terajima Ryōan was a physician based in Osaka, and he uses the term kawatarō (川太郎; かハたらう).[14] The Butsurui shōko [ja] (1775) explains that kawatarō, or so the creature is known in either Kinai (≈Kansai) or Kyūshū, is known as kappa in the east, and this is a truncated form of kawa-wappa.[31] Cf. local historian Prof. Mataji Miyamoto who states that what was called kappa in Edo was called gatarō (河太郎; がたろう) in Osaka.[32]","title":"Explanatory notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Suiko, from the encyclopedia Wakan Sansai Zue (1712) compiled by Terajima Ryōan [ja].","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Wakan-sansai-zue-bk040-v021-f17b-suiko.jpg/200px-Wakan-sansai-zue-bk040-v021-f17b-suiko.jpg"},{"image_text":"Suiko, from one of Toriyama Sekien's illustrated series, Konjaku Gazu Zoku Hyakki.[a]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/SekienSuiko.jpg/200px-SekienSuiko.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa"},{"title":"enkō (folklore)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enk%C5%8D_(folklore)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%BF%E7%8C%B4"},{"title":"kenmun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenmun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A0%E3%83%B3"}]
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[{"reference":"Toriyama, Sekien (2017), Japandemonium Illustrated: The Yokai Encyclopedias of Toriyama Sekien, translated by Hiroko Yoda; Matt Alt, Courier Dover Publications, p. 91, ISBN 9780486818757","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toriyama_Sekien","url_text":"Toriyama, Sekien"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oeTtDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA91","url_text":"Japandemonium Illustrated: The Yokai Encyclopedias of Toriyama Sekien"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486818757","url_text":"9780486818757"}]},{"reference":"Toriyama, Sekien (1779), Konjaku gazu zoku hyakki 今昔画図続百鬼, hdl:2324/422771","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toriyama_Sekien","url_text":"Toriyama, Sekien"},{"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2324/422771","url_text":"Konjaku gazu zoku hyakki 今昔画図続百鬼"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2324%2F422771","url_text":"2324/422771"}]},{"reference":"Strassberg, Richard E. (1994). Inscribed Landscapes: Travel Writing from Imperial China. University of California Press. p. 445, endnote 10. ISBN 9780520914865.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SrstoswsLzkC&pg=PA445","url_text":"Inscribed Landscapes: Travel Writing from Imperial China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520914865","url_text":"9780520914865"}]},{"reference":"Marcon, Federico (2015). The Knowledge of Nature and the Nature of Knowledge in Early Modern Japan. University of Chicago Press. p. 195. ISBN 9780226251905.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=usEECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195","url_text":"The Knowledge of Nature and the Nature of Knowledge in Early Modern Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226251905","url_text":"9780226251905"}]},{"reference":"Baldrian-Hussein, Farzeen (2004). \"The Book of the Yellow Court: A Lost Song Commentary of the 12th Century\". Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie. 14 (In Memoriam Isabelle Robinet 1932-2000): 216. doi:10.3406/asie.2004.1207. ISBN 9782855396408. JSTOR 44160396.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1nIwAQAAIAAJ&q=shuihu","url_text":"\"The Book of the Yellow Court: A Lost Song Commentary of the 12th Century\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fasie.2004.1207","url_text":"10.3406/asie.2004.1207"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782855396408","url_text":"9782855396408"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44160396","url_text":"44160396"}]},{"reference":"Ishida, Eiichirô; Yoshida, Ken'ichi (1950). \"The Kappa Legend: A Comparative Ethnological Study on the Japanese Water-Spirit \"Kappa\" and Its Habit of Trying to Lure Horses into the Water\" (PDF). Folklore Studies. 9: 119–120. doi:10.2307/1177401. JSTOR 1177401.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishida_Eiichir%C5%8D","url_text":"Ishida, Eiichirô"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%27ichi_Yoshida_(literary_scholar)","url_text":"Yoshida, Ken'ichi"},{"url":"https://dl.ndl.go.jp/view/download/digidepo_10208282_po_1304.pdf?contentNo=1&alternativeNo=","url_text":"\"The Kappa Legend: A Comparative Ethnological Study on the Japanese Water-Spirit \"Kappa\" and Its Habit of Trying to Lure Horses into the Water\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1177401","url_text":"10.2307/1177401"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1177401","url_text":"1177401"}]},{"reference":"Unschuld, Paul U.; Zheng, Jinsheng (2021). \"Section Worms/Bugs. Chapter 42. Appendix. Shui hu\". Chinese Traditional Healing (3 vols): The Berlin Collections of Manuscript Volumes from the 16th through the Early 20th Century. BRILL. p. 333. ISBN 9789004229099.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RQsyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA333","url_text":"\"Section Worms/Bugs. Chapter 42. Appendix. Shui hu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004229099","url_text":"9789004229099"}]},{"reference":"Totton, Mary-Louise (2002). Weaving Flesh and Blood Into Sacred Architecture: Ornamental Stories of Candi Loro Jonggrang. University of Michigan. p. 65. ISBN 9780493736860.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bAMeAQAAMAAJ&q=lingli","url_text":"Weaving Flesh and Blood Into Sacred Architecture: Ornamental Stories of Candi Loro Jonggrang"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780493736860","url_text":"9780493736860"}]},{"reference":"Nappi, Carla (2010). The Monkey and the Inkpot: natural history and its transformations in early modern China. Harvard University Press. pp. 35, 174 n9, 209. ISBN 9780674054356.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zqeJ2xLk7NUC&pg=PA35","url_text":"The Monkey and the Inkpot: natural history and its transformations in early modern China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674054356","url_text":"9780674054356"}]},{"reference":"Terajima Ryōan [in Japanese] (n.d.) [1712], \"40. Gūrui & kairui: Suiko\" 四十 寓類・怪類：水虎, Wakan Sansai zue 和漢三才図会, vol. 27, Book 40 (kan-no-40), fol. 17b–18a","urls":[{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%BA%E5%B3%B6%E8%89%AF%E5%AE%89","url_text":"Terajima Ryōan"},{"url":"https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/2596374/21","url_text":"\"40. Gūrui & kairui: Suiko\" 四十 寓類・怪類：水虎"}]},{"reference":"Fang Yizhi [in Chinese], Tongya 通雅 (in Chinese), vol. 47","urls":[{"url":"https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E4%BB%A5%E6%99%BA","url_text":"Fang Yizhi"},{"url":"https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=553842&remap=gb","url_text":"Tongya 通雅"}]},{"reference":"Ono, Ranzan (1844), Ono, Mototaka (ed.), Jūshū honzō kōmoku keimō (in 35 vols.) 重修本草綱目啓蒙 (in Japanese), vol. 28, Hishiya Kichibē, pp. 18b–20a","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ono_Ranzan","url_text":"Ono, Ranzan"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wrlZAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP121","url_text":"Jūshū honzō kōmoku keimō (in 35 vols.) 重修本草綱目啓蒙"}]},{"reference":"Zhang, Zhibin; Unschuld, Paul Ulrich, eds. (2015), Dictionary of the Ben Cao Gang Mu, Volume 2: Geographical and Administrative Designations, Univ of California Press, p. 218, ISBN 9780520291966","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jUxeDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218","url_text":"Dictionary of the Ben Cao Gang Mu, Volume 2: Geographical and Administrative Designations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520291966","url_text":"9780520291966"}]},{"reference":"Fang Yizhi [in Chinese] (1805), Yao Wenxie [in Chinese] (ed.), Tongya 通雅 (in Chinese), vol. 47, Kuwana, Japan, p. 19b–20a","urls":[{"url":"https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E4%BB%A5%E6%99%BA","url_text":"Fang Yizhi"},{"url":"https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%9A%E6%96%87%E7%87%AE","url_text":"Yao Wenxie"},{"url":"https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/2580465/21","url_text":"Tongya 通雅"}]},{"reference":"Jang Dobin 張道斌 [in Korean]; Gwon Sangro 權相老 [in Korean], eds. (1982), Gosa seongeo sajeon (고사성어사전) 故事成語辭典, Hakwonsa, p. 528","urls":[{"url":"https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EB%8F%84%EB%B9%88","url_text":"Jang Dobin 張道斌"},{"url":"https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B6%8C%EC%83%81%EB%A1%9C","url_text":"Gwon Sangro 權相老"}]},{"reference":"\"Jiuzhou yaoguai lu:shuihu\" 九州妖怪录│ 水虎 [Records of the Nine Provinces' monsters: shuihu]. Tencent Newspaper 腾讯新聞. 2020-11-25. Retrieved 2021-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.qq.com/omn/20201125/20201125A0BLY200.html","url_text":"\"Jiuzhou yaoguai lu:shuihu\" 九州妖怪录│ 水虎"}]},{"reference":"Thoms, P. P. (1819), A dictionary of the Chinese language, in three parts, p. 1029","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Perring_Thoms","url_text":"Thoms, P. P."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VAxnAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1029","url_text":"A dictionary of the Chinese language, in three parts"}]},{"reference":"Han Ying [in Chinese] (1952). Han Shih Wai Chuan: Han Ying's Illustrations of the Didactic Application of the Classic of Songs. Translated by Hightower, James Robert. Harvard University Press. p. 28. ISBN 9780674370005.","urls":[{"url":"https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E5%A9%B4","url_text":"Han Ying"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FQfFbZ75dL4C&pg=PA28","url_text":"Han Shih Wai Chuan: Han Ying's Illustrations of the Didactic Application of the Classic of Songs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Robert_Hightower","url_text":"Hightower, James Robert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674370005","url_text":"9780674370005"}]},{"reference":"Iwai, Hiromi [in Japanese], ed. (April 2000). Mizu no yōkai 水の妖怪. Kawade Shobō Shinsha. p. 14. ISBN 9784309613826. 水虎は河童の呼び方の一つとするのが一般的だが、石燕は、河童とは違う妖怪と考えていたようだ [The suiko is generally considered to be another name for kappa, but Sekien seemed to think it was a separate yōkai from the kappa.]","urls":[{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E4%BA%95%E5%AE%8F%E5%AF%A6","url_text":"Iwai, Hiromi"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PXEPAQAAMAAJ&q=%E6%B0%B4%E8%99%8E","url_text":"Mizu no yōkai 水の妖怪"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawade_Shob%C5%8D_Shinsha","url_text":"Kawade Shobō Shinsha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784309613826","url_text":"9784309613826"}]},{"reference":"Miyamoto, Mataji [in Japanese] (1970). Fūzokushi no kenkyū & Kōnoike-ke no kenkyū 風俗史の研究・鴻池家の研究. Osaka no kenkyū 5 (in Japanese). Seibundō shuppan. p. 230.","urls":[{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%AE%E6%9C%AC%E5%8F%88%E6%AC%A1","url_text":"Miyamoto, Mataji"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VoUfAQAAMAAJ&q=%E3%81%8C%E3%81%9F%E3%82%8D%E3%81%86","url_text":"Fūzokushi no kenkyū & Kōnoike-ke no kenkyū 風俗史の研究・鴻池家の研究"}]},{"reference":"\"Kappa densetsu: shinkakuka no rūtsu wo tadoru Aomori\" 河童伝説: 神格化のルーツたどる 青森. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 2016-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://mainichi.jp/articles/20160402/k00/00e/040/245000c","url_text":"\"Kappa densetsu: shinkakuka no rūtsu wo tadoru Aomori\" 河童伝説: 神格化のルーツたどる 青森"}]},{"reference":"Ozawa, Hana (March 2011), \"Kappa no imēji no hensen ni tsuite: zushō shiryō no bunseki wo chūshin ni\" 「河童」のイメージの変遷について―図像資料の分析を中心に― [Charting the Changing Image of the Kappa through Visual Representations] (PDF), Jomin bunka (in Japanese) (34): 23–46","urls":[{"url":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/230524143.pdf","url_text":"\"Kappa no imēji no hensen ni tsuite: zushō shiryō no bunseki wo chūshin ni\" 「河童」のイメージの変遷について―図像資料の分析を中心に―"}]},{"reference":"神宮司庁 (1930), 動物部/獸七: 河童, in Jingū shichō (ed.), Koji ruien 古事類苑, vol. 49, Koji ruien kankōkai, pp. 480–490, doi:10.11501/1874269","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ise_Grand_Shrine","url_text":"Jingū shichō"},{"url":"https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1874269/262","url_text":"Koji ruien 古事類苑"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11501%2F1874269","url_text":"10.11501/1874269"}]},{"reference":"Li Shizhen (1596). \"Bugs (Worms, Insects, Amphibians) 4\" 蟲之四 溪鬼蟲 水虎 . Bencao Gangmu 本草綱目 – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Shizhen","url_text":"Li Shizhen"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89%E7%B6%B1%E7%9B%AE/%E8%9F%B2%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%9B#%E6%BA%AA%E9%AC%BC%E8%9F%B2/Bugs_(Worms,_Insects,_Amphibians)_4","url_text":"\"Bugs (Worms, Insects, Amphibians) 4\" 蟲之四 溪鬼蟲 水虎"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89%E7%B6%B1%E7%9B%AE/%E8%9F%B2%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%9B#%E6%BA%AA%E9%AC%BC%E8%9F%B2","url_text":"Bencao Gangmu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"Li Shizhen (1782) [1596]. \"Book 42. Bugs (Worms, Insects, Amphibians) 4\" 巻42 蟲之四, 溪鬼蟲〈拾遺〉 水虎鬼彈附 . Bencao Gangmu (SKQS) 本草綱目 (四庫全書本)』 – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Shizhen","url_text":"Li Shizhen"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89%E7%B6%B1%E7%9B%AE_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)_/%E5%8D%B742#%E6%BA%AA%E9%AC%BC%E8%9F%B2/Book_42._Bugs_(Worms,_Insects,_Amphibians)_4","url_text":"\"Book 42. Bugs (Worms, Insects, Amphibians) 4\" 巻42 蟲之四, 溪鬼蟲〈拾遺〉 水虎鬼彈附"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89%E7%B6%B1%E7%9B%AE_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)_/%E5%8D%B742#%E6%BA%AA%E9%AC%BC%E8%9F%B2","url_text":"Bencao Gangmu (SKQS)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"Li Shizhen (1930). \"Mushi-bu dai-42-kan furoku suiko\" 蟲部第四十二卷 附録 水虎. Tōchū kokuyaku honzō kōmoku 頭註国訳本草綱目 (in Japanese). Vol. 10. Translated by Suzuki, Shikai. Shunyōdō. pp. 323–324.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/kokuyakuhonzkmok10lishuoft/page/367/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Mushi-bu dai-42-kan furoku suiko\" 蟲部第四十二卷 附録 水虎"}]},{"reference":"Li Shizhen (2021). \"Section Worms/Bugs. Chapter 42. Appendix. Shui hu\". Ben Cao Gang Mu, Volume VIII: Clothes, Utensils, Worms, Insects, Amphibians, Animals with Scales, Animals with Shells. Translated by Paul U. Unschuld. Univ of California Press. p. 499. ISBN 9780520976986.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KXUgEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA499","url_text":"\"Section Worms/Bugs. Chapter 42. Appendix. Shui hu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520976986","url_text":"9780520976986"}]},{"reference":"\"Dōbutsu-bu/jū 7\" 動物部/獸七. Kojiruien database 故事類苑データベース. International Research Center for Japanese Studies. 2019-11-13. Retrieved 2021-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://ys.nichibun.ac.jp/kojiruien/index.php?%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E9%83%A8/%E7%8D%B8%E4%B8%83","url_text":"\"Dōbutsu-bu/jū 7\" 動物部/獸七"}]},{"reference":"yabtyan (2010-03-02). \"Wakan sansai zue kan dai 40\" 和漢三才圖會卷第四十. Retrieved 2021-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://yab.o.oo7.jp/wakan40.html","url_text":"\"Wakan sansai zue kan dai 40\" 和漢三才圖會卷第四十"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Berry_(special_effects_artist)
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David Berry (special effects artist)
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["1 Selected filmography","2 References","3 External links"]
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David BerryOther namesDave BerryOccupationVisual effects artistYears active1977-1985
David Berry is a special effects artist who won at the 58th Academy Awards in the category for Best Visual Effects for his work on the film Cocoon. His win was shared with Scott Farrar, Ralph McQuarrie and Ken Ralston.
Selected filmography
Star Wars (1977)
The Empire Strikes Back (1980)
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982)
Return of the Jedi (1983)
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984)
Star Trek III: The Search for Spock (1984)
Cocoon (1985)
References
^ "The 58th Academy Awards (1986) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
External links
David Berry at IMDb
vteAcademy Award for Best Visual Effects1963–1980
Emil Kosa Jr. – Cleopatra (1963)
Peter Ellenshaw, Eustace Lycett, and Hamilton Luske – Mary Poppins (1964)
John Stears – Thunderball (1965)
Art Cruickshank – Fantastic Voyage (1966)
L. B. Abbott – Doctor Dolittle (1967)
Stanley Kubrick – 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
Robie Robertson – Marooned (1969)
A. D. Flowers and L. B. Abbott – Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970)
Alan Maley, Eustace Lycett, and Danny Lee – Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971)
L. B. Abbott and A. D. Flowers – The Poseidon Adventure (1972)
Frank Brendel, Glen Robinson, and Albert Whitlock – Earthquake (1974)
Albert Whitlock and Glen Robinson – The Hindenburg (1975)
Carlo Rambaldi, Glen Robinson, and Frank Van der Veer – King Kong (1976)
John Stears, John Dykstra, Richard Edlund, Grant McCune, and Robert Blalack – Star Wars (1977)
Les Bowie, Colin Chilvers, Denys Coop, Roy Field, Derek Meddings, and Zoran Perisic – Superman (1978)
H. R. Giger, Carlo Rambaldi, Brian Johnson, Nick Allder, and Dennis Ayling – Alien (1979)
Brian Johnson, Richard Edlund, Dennis Muren, and Bruce Nicholson – The Empire Strikes Back (1980)
1981–2000
Richard Edlund, Kit West, Bruce Nicholson, and Joe Johnston – Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
Carlo Rambaldi, Dennis Muren, and Kenneth F. Smith – E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
Richard Edlund, Dennis Muren, Ken Ralston, and Phil Tippett – Return of the Jedi (1983)
Dennis Muren, Michael J. McAlister, Lorne Peterson, and George Gibbs – Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984)
Ken Ralston, Ralph McQuarrie, Scott Farrar, and David Berry – Cocoon (1985)
Robert Skotak, Stan Winston, John Richardson, and Suzanne M. Benson – Aliens (1986)
Dennis Muren, Bill George, Harley Jessup, and Kenneth F. Smith - Innerspace (1987)
Ken Ralston, Richard Williams, Edward Jones, and George Gibbs – Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
John Bruno, Dennis Muren, Hoyt Yeatman, and Dennis Skotak – The Abyss (1989)
Eric Brevig, Rob Bottin, Tim McGovern, and Alex Funke – Total Recall (1990)
Dennis Muren, Stan Winston, Gene Warren Jr., and Robert Skotak – Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991)
Ken Ralston, Doug Chiang, Douglas Smythe, and Tom Woodruff Jr. – Death Becomes Her (1992)
Dennis Muren, Stan Winston, Phil Tippett, and Michael Lantieri – Jurassic Park (1993)
Ken Ralston, George Murphy, Stephen Rosenbaum, and Allen Hall – Forrest Gump (1994)
Scott E. Anderson, Charles Gibson, Neal Scanlan, and John Cox – Babe (1995)
Volker Engel, Douglas Smith, Clay Pinney, and Joe Viskocil – Independence Day (1996)
Robert Legato, Mark Lasoff, Thomas L. Fisher, and Michael Kanfer – Titanic (1997)
Joel Hynek, Nicholas Brooks, Stuart Robertson, and Kevin Mack – What Dreams May Come (1998)
John Gaeta, Janek Sirrs, Steve Courtley, and Jon Thum – The Matrix (1999)
John Nelson, Neil Corbould, Tim Burke, and Rob Harvey – Gladiator (2000)
2001–2020
Jim Rygiel, Randall William Cook, Richard Taylor, and Mark Stetson – The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
Jim Rygiel, Joe Letteri, Randall William Cook, and Alex Funke – The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)
Jim Rygiel, Joe Letteri, Randall William Cook, and Alex Funke – The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
John Dykstra, Scott Stokdyk, Anthony LaMolinara, and John Frazier – Spider-Man 2 (2004)
Joe Letteri, Brian Van't Hul, Christian Rivers, and Richard Taylor – King Kong (2005)
John Knoll, Hal Hickel, Charles Gibson, and Allen Hall – Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006)
Michael L. Fink, Bill Westenhofer, Ben Morris, and Trevor Wood – The Golden Compass (2007)
Eric Barba, Steve Preeg, Burt Dalton, and Craig Barron – The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008)
Joe Letteri, Stephen Rosenbaum, Richard Baneham, and Andrew R. Jones – Avatar (2009)
Paul Franklin, Chris Corbould, Andrew Lockley, and Peter Bebb – Inception (2010)
Robert Legato, Joss Williams, Ben Grossmann, and Alex Henning – Hugo (2011)
Bill Westenhofer, Guillaume Rocheron, Erik-Jan de Boer, and Donald R. Elliott – Life of Pi (2012)
Tim Webber, Chris Lawrence, Dave Shirk, and Neil Corbould – Gravity (2013)
Paul Franklin, Andrew Lockley, Ian Hunter, and Scott R. Fisher – Interstellar (2014)
Mark Williams Ardington, Sara Bennett, Paul Norris, and Andrew Whitehurst – Ex Machina (2015)
Robert Legato, Adam Valdez, Andrew R. Jones, and Dan Lemmon – The Jungle Book (2016)
John Nelson, Gerd Nefzer, Paul Lambert, and Richard R. Hoover – Blade Runner 2049 (2017)
Paul Lambert, Ian Hunter, Tristan Myles, and J. D. Schwalm – First Man (2018)
Guillaume Rocheron, Greg Butler, and Dominic Tuohy – 1917 (2019)
Andrew Jackson, David Lee, Andrew Lockley, and Scott R. Fisher – Tenet (2020)
2021–present
Paul Lambert, Tristan Myles, Brian Connor, and Gerd Nefzer – Dune (2021)
Joe Letteri, Richard Baneham, Eric Saindon, and Daniel Barrett – Avatar: The Way of Water (2022)
Takashi Yamazaki, Kiyoko Shibuya, Masaki Takahashi, and Tatsuji Nojima – Godzilla Minus One (2023)
This article about a film artist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"The 58th Academy Awards (1986) Nominees and Winners\". oscars.org. Retrieved April 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1986","url_text":"\"The 58th Academy Awards (1986) Nominees and Winners\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_F._Bass
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Richard F. Bass
|
["1 Books","2 References","3 External links"]
|
American mathematician
Richard Franklin Bass is an American mathematician, the Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at the University of Connecticut. He is known for his work in probability theory.
Bass earned his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1977 under the supervision of Pressley Millar. He taught at the University of Washington before moving to Connecticut.
Bass is a fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Books
Bass is the author of:
Probabilistic Techniques in Analysis (Springer, 1995)
Diffusions and Elliptic Operators (Springer, 1997)
Stochastic Processes (Cambridge University Press, 2011)
Bass, Richard Franklin (2013) . Real analysis for graduate students (Second ed.). Createspace Independent Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4818-6914-0.
References
^ Board of Trustees Distinguished Professors, U. Conn, retrieved 2013-01-22.
^ Richard Franklin Bass at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
^ Honored IMS Fellows Archived 2014-03-02 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 2013-01-22.
^ List of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society, retrieved 2013-01-21.
External links
Home page
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Academics
MathSciNet
Mathematics Genealogy Project
zbMATH
Other
IdRef
This article about an American mathematician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakaler_Rang
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Sakaler Rang
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["1 Plot","2 Cast and crew","2.1 Cast","2.2 Crew","3 References"]
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2009 Indian filmSakaler RangFilm posterDirected bySuvamoy ChattopadhyayScreenplay bySuvamoy ChattopadhyayStory bySuvamoy ChattopadhyayProduced bySrabanti (Dona) DasStarringChurni GangulyMonu MukhopadhyayTaranga SarkarEdited bySuvamoy ChattopadhyayRelease date
2009 (2009)
CountryIndiaLanguageBengaliBudget₹900,000 (US$11,000)
Sakaler Rang (2009) is a Bengali film directed by Suvamoy Chattopadhyay. This was first movie of Suvamoy as a director. This budget of the film ₹900,000 (US$11,000). Because of this reason Suvamoy had to take burden of almost all the departments of the film.
Plot
Prananath aspires to educate the children of his village and goes to the city to earn and send back money for books. Eventually, the village gets a school, but the locals are in for some shocking news.
Cast and crew
Cast
Taranga Sarkar as Prananath.
Paulomi DeSakina.
Monu Mukhopadhyay as Teacher.
Churni Ganguly as Bhabi.
Crew
Direction: Suvomoy Chattopadhyay
Producer: Srabanti (Dona) Das.
Music direction: Suvomoy Chattopadhyay
Lyrics: Suvomoy Chattopadhyay
Story: Suvomoy Chattopadhyay
Screenplay: Suvomoy Chattopadhyay
Editor: Suvomoy Chattopadhyay
References
^ "Sakaler Rang (2009 – Bengali)". gomolo. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
^ "Sakaler Rang". Retrieved 15 April 2012.
This article about an Indian Bengali film of the 2000s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jjolmyeon
|
Jjolmyeon
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["1 Etymology","2 History","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Korean noodle dish
JjolmyeonA bowl of boiled jjolmyeonTypeKorean noodlesPlace of originKoreaRegion or stateIncheonMain ingredientsNoodles (wheat flour, starch), sauce (gochujang, vinegar, sugar (optional), garlic), vegetables Media: Jjolmyeon
JjolmyeonHangul쫄면Hanja쫄麵Revised Romanizationjjol myeonMcCune–Reischauertchol myŏn
A bowl of bibim-jjolmyeon (mixed chewy noodles)
Jjolmyeon (Korean: 쫄면) is either a type of Korean noodle with a very chewy texture made from wheat flour and starch, or a cold and spicy dish bibim-jjolmyeon (비빔쫄면) made with the noodles and vegetables. Jjolmyeon can add many vegetables such as cabbage and bean sprouts. The spicy and hot sauce is a combination of gochujang (chili pepper paste), vinegar, sugar, and minced garlic. It is also a type of bibim guksu (mixed noodles).
The chewy texture of jjolmyeon noodles owes to its manufacturing process in which the dough is heated to 130-150 degrees Celsius and extruded by a machine under high pressure, in a manner similar to rice cake production.
Etymology
The first syllable of the name comes from the sound symbolism jjolgit-jjolgit (쫄깃쫄깃) in Korean, which means "chewy", while myeon is a hanja word meaning "noodles". Thus, the name literally means "chewy noodles".
History
Jjolmyeon is one of the most popular noodle dishes in South Korea, especially among young people at bunsikjeom (Korean snack restaurants). It is a representative dish of Incheon, where jjolmyeon originated in the early 1970s by a mistake made while making naengmyeon. Noodles larger than regular naengmyeon noodles were made at a factory and instead of being thrown out, were given away to a nearby bunsikjeom. The owner mixed the noodles with gochujang sauce and jjolmyeon was born.
See also
Korean noodles
References
^ "Jjolmyeon". Doosan Encyclopedia (in Korean).
^ "Jjolmyeon". Nate News (in Korean).
^ "Jjolmyeon". Seoul News (in Korean). 2006-05-12.
^ "Noodles". Life in Korea.
^ "Incheon World Festival". The Dong-a Ilbo (in Korean). 2009-04-06.
^ "Jjolmyeon". The Korea Economic Daily (in Korean). 2008-09-09.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jjolmyeon.
Jjolymyeon recipe
(in Korean) Jjolmyeon recipe at Naver Kitchen
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[{"title":"Korean noodles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_noodles"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Country_Road
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New York State Route 25
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["1 Route description","1.1 Manhattan and Queens","1.2 Nassau and Suffolk counties","2 History","2.1 New York City and vicinity","2.2 Former segments","2.3 Reconstruction and widening projects","3 Suffixed routes","4 NY 25 Truck","5 Major intersections","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Highway in New York
"NY 25" redirects here. The term may also refer to New York's 25th congressional district.
New York State Route 25NY 25 highlighted in red and former reference routes in blueRoute informationMaintained by NYSDOT, NYCDOT and the village of GreenportLength105.07 mi (169.09 km)Existedmid-1920s–presentComponenthighways
(1) Queens Boulevard in most of Queens
(2) Hillside Avenue in eastern Queens
(3) Jericho Turnpike on most of Long Island
(4) Middle Country Road in Suffolk County
Major junctionsWest endSecond Avenue in ManhattanMajor intersections I-278 in Woodside I-495 in Rego Park I-678 in Kew Gardens I-295 / NY 24 / Grand Central Parkway in Hollis Hills Cross Island Parkway in Queens Village I-495 in Jericho Sunken Meadow State Parkway in Commack I-495 / CR 58 in CalvertonEast end Orient Point Ferry Landing in Orient
LocationCountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkCountiesNew York, Queens, Nassau, Suffolk
Highway system
New York Highways
Interstate
US
State
Reference
Parkways
← NY 24→ NY 25A
New York State Route 25 (NY 25) is an east–west state highway in downstate New York in the United States. The route extends along the central parts and North Shore of Long Island for just over 105 miles (169 km) from east midtown Manhattan in New York City to the Cross Sound Ferry terminal at Orient Point on the end of Long Island's North Fork. NY 25 is carried from Manhattan to Queens by way of the double-decked Queensboro Bridge over the East River.
NY 25 is unique among New York State Routes on Long Island, as it is the only one to leave the geographical boundaries of Long Island, albeit minimally; it ends at the western terminus of the Queensboro Bridge. It is also one of only two signed New York State routes in Manhattan (the other is NY 9A). Additionally, NY 25 is the second-longest highway on Long Island after its South Shore counterpart: NY 27 (Sunrise Highway / Montauk Highway).
NY 25 runs along several differently-named roads. In the borough of Queens, it is called Queens Boulevard, Hillside Avenue and finally Braddock Avenue. Braddock Avenue ends immediately upon crossing over the Cross Island Parkway. At that point, NY 25 turns east onto Jericho Turnpike, which runs along the Queens-Nassau border from Braddock Avenue to 257th Street. Continuing east through Nassau and western Suffolk counties, NY 25 retains the name Jericho Turnpike. Further east, the highway becomes Main Street in Smithtown, Middle Country Road in central Suffolk, Main Street again in Riverhead, and finally Main Road in eastern Suffolk.
Two alternate routings exist bearing the designation NY 25 Truck, both along the North Fork. They began as two separate routes, one between Laurel and Mattituck and the other in the vicinity of Greenport; however, they were effectively merged after a truck route was established between Mattituck and Greenport.
Route description
Manhattan and Queens
NY 25 crossing the East River on the Queensboro Bridge
Main articles: Queens Boulevard and Jamaica Avenue
NY 25 begins near Second Avenue in Manhattan, at the western end of the double-decked Queensboro Bridge spanning the East River and Roosevelt Island. East of the bridge, NY 25 becomes Queens Boulevard at the intersection with NY 25A, in the Long Island City section of the borough of Queens. Queens Plaza is based around this section of the road.
In Long Island City, NY 25 runs southeast beneath the elevated tracks of the IRT Flushing Line. At Thompson Avenue, the route turns to run eastward as the multi-lane divided Queens Boulevard, straddling the Flushing Line's elevated structure eastward to 48th Street, at which point the Flushing Line turns northeast onto Roosevelt Avenue and Queens Boulevard becomes 6 lanes in each direction, with main and service roads. In Woodside, NY 25 meets I-278 at exit 39. In Elmhurst, the road runs over the eponymous subway line starting at the intersection with Grand Avenue and Broadway. In Corona, the road intersects the Long Island Expressway (I-495) and the northern terminus of Woodhaven Boulevard.
Outside of Rego Park, NY 25 turns slightly southeast towards Forest Hills and Jamaica. In Kew Gardens the route is connected to the westbound and eastbound roadways of Union Turnpike and passes over the Jackie Robinson Parkway without access. Near Jamaica, the road meets I-678 at exit 9, a partial interchange. Three blocks southeast of I-678, NY 25 turns east and is known as Hillside Avenue, a city street that begins at Jamaica Avenue in Richmond Hill near the site of the former LIRR station. This section of NY 25 is undivided but has several lanes in the Jamaica-Hollis area. In Queens Village the route connects with both I-295 and NY 24 at an interchange that serves as NY 24's western end and I-295's southern terminus. East of I-295, NY 25 intersects the western terminus of NY 25B; NY 25 turns southeast onto Braddock Avenue while Hillside Avenue continues east as Route 25B.
NY 135 exit on NY 25.
In Bellerose, the roadway passes over the Cross Island Parkway and turns east onto Jericho Turnpike. This section, to just before 257th Street, is the border between the Bellerose and Floral Park neighborhoods of Queens to the north and the villages of Bellerose and Floral Park in Nassau County to the south. The westbound lanes are in New York City, whereas the eastbound lanes are in Nassau County.
Nassau and Suffolk counties
NY 25B and Hillside Avenue merge into NY 25 in Mineola. NY 25 continues in this area as a divided highway and parallels the Northern State Parkway. NY 25 again intersects with the Long Island Expressway in Jericho. NY 106 and NY 107 interchange with NY 25 in downtown Jericho, however the exit is not numbered.
NY 25 in Orient Point after leaving the Cross Sound Ferry
The northern end of the Seaford–Oyster Bay Expressway (NY 135) terminates at NY 25 in Syosset. NY 110 intersects at the 32.76 miles (52.72 km) mark, in South Huntington. NY 454 begins at an intersection with NY 25 in Commack. Just after the NY 454 intersection, NY 25 meets the Sunken Meadow State Parkway by way of an interchange. NY 25A, a spur of NY 25, becomes concurrent with NY 25 in Smithtown. In Village of the Branch, NY 25A leaves to the north where NY 111 intersects from the south. New York State Bicycle Route 25 (NYS Bike Route 25) also begins along NY 25A at this intersection.
NY 347 intersects at 47.93 miles (77.14 km) in Nesconset. In Coram, NY 25 intersects with NY 112. NY 25A ends at NY 25 in Calverton, and NYS Bike Route 25 joins NY 25 on its way to Orient Point, with occasional diversions in Riverhead, Aquebogue, and Greenport. Four miles (6 km) later, NY 25 encounters the Long Island Expressway one final time at another interchange. 20 miles (32 km) further eastward, in Greenport, NY 25 intersects with NY 114 at its northern terminus. NY 25 continues on the northeastern end of Long Island for the final ten miles (16 km). NY 25 enters Orient and ends at the Orient Point Ferry Landing. An attraction along NY 25 in Orient is Orient Beach State Park.
History
NY 25 and 25A overlap in Smithtown.
NY 25 was assigned in the mid-1920s along all of what is now NY 25A east of the New York City line and its current alignment from the modern east end of NY 25A to Greenport. At the time, the section of modern NY 25 between the New York City line and Smithtown was state-maintained but unnumbered. It was designated as NY 25A c. 1927. In the late 1920s, NY 25 was realigned to follow Jericho Turnpike and Middle Country Road between Smithtown and Riverhead while its former alignment to the north became part of NY 25A. In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, the routings of NY 25 and NY 25A were flipped west of Smithtown, placing both routes on their current alignments. NY 25 was extended east to Orient Point c. 1932.
NY 25 was one of several routes that was extended west into New York City in mid-December 1934 when the city signed routes within its limits for the first time. The route followed Jericho Turnpike, Braddock Avenue, Springfield Boulevard, Horace Harding Boulevard, and several smaller streets (including Corona, Woodside, and Skillman Avenues) westward to Queens Boulevard, then part of NY 24. NY 25 joined NY 24 here, overlapping NY 24 (and NY 25A west of Northern Boulevard) along Queens Boulevard and across the Queensboro Bridge into Manhattan. The three routes continued west for several more blocks along 2nd Avenue and 57th Street to Park Avenue (then NY 22 and NY 100), where NY 24, NY 25, and NY 25A all ended. At the time, the segment of modern NY 25 between Skillman Avenue and 212th Street was part of NY 24.
The overlaps with both NY 24 and NY 25A into Manhattan were eventually eliminated. In the mid-1940s, NY 24 was realigned to enter Manhattan by way of the Queens–Midtown Tunnel. As a result, NY 24 now left NY 25 at what is now exit 36 on the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway. The overlap with NY 25A was removed by 1952 after that route was truncated to the intersection of Northern and Queens Boulevards. NY 25 continued to extend into Manhattan until the mid-1960s when NY 22 was truncated to end in the North Bronx. At that time, westbound traffic on NY 25 continued off the Queensboro Bridge onto 60th Street to Park Avenue, where it turned south, then west along 57th Street to its terminus at the West Side Highway (NY 9A). Eastbound traffic traveled on 57th Street from NY 9A to the Queensboro Bridge entrance ramp. In the mid-1960s, NY 25 was truncated to end in Queens as a result. It was reextended across the Queensboro Bridge on January 1, 1970, to a new terminus at FDR Drive.
New York City and vicinity
NY 25 has been realigned several times within the New York City limits. In the late 1930s, NY 25 was realigned to follow Queens Boulevard (NY 24) from Skillman Avenue to Horace Harding Boulevard, where NY 25 turned eastward to follow Horace Harding Boulevard back to its original alignment at Corona Avenue. The route was altered again in the early 1940s to follow an even more southerly alignment between Horace Harding and Springfield Boulevards via Queens Boulevard and Union Turnpike. NY 25 went unchanged until January 1, 1970, when NY 24 was truncated to begin at the junction of 212th Street and Hillside Avenue. NY 24's former alignment along Queens Boulevard and Hillside Avenue became part of a realigned NY 25, which also used a previously unnumbered segment of Hillside Avenue between 212th Street and Braddock Avenue.
From 1920 to 2005, the section of NY 25 that forms the border between New York City and Nassau County was simultaneously named Jamaica Avenue on the westbound (Queens, New York City) side and Jericho Turnpike on the eastbound (Nassau County) side. Some map makers only showed one of the names. The confusion ended where the road wholly entered Nassau County and thus became Jericho Turnpike in both directions. Similarly, both sides of the road west of Braddock Avenue (where NY 25 splits off to the northwest) were known as Jamaica Avenue even though the south side is still the Nassau County border until 225th Street. Legislation renaming the westbound side of NY 25 between Braddock Avenue and the Nassau County line as Jericho Turnpike was signed into law by New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg on June 6, 2005, and took effect on September 4.
Former segments
Many former segments of the roads NY 25 follows exist along the current alignment, with most prefaced by the word "Old" in the road name. Within Jericho, Old Jericho Turnpike parallels the current road from a point east of the NY 106–NY 107 interchange and Marian Lane, where the old alignment merges with the current NY 25. Smithtown contains a former segment in the vicinity of the Nissequogue River with a bridge and former right-of-way that still exists today. In Coram, an old alignment of Middle Country Road (NY 25) extends from east of Paul's Path to Grant Smith Road. The road, however, is discontinuous at NY 112. At Middle Island, a former segment of Middle Country Road exists east of Church Lane and north of Bartlett Pond and runs to Robin Drive in Middle Island, where it rejoins NY 25. Another former segment used to dip south to avoid a small lake to the north. A small segment of the road remains intact as Old Middle Country Road from Picaso Way to Woodville Road. Prior to the construction of Picaso Way and the cluster developments it leads to, this section of Old Middle Country Road connected to the existing section at its west end, the stub of which can still be found.
Near Riverhead, Middle Country Road once followed a parallel roadway to the south of the current roadway between River Road and Forge Road. Although some of this section has been dismantled, a portion still exists as modern Forge Road from the Peconic River Bridge to Kroemer Avenue. In Laurel, New York (Southold township), A quarter mile section was rerouted past the town hamlet of Laurel in a more direct and straight manner. The old section became Franklinville Road which connects to NY 25 at both ends of the 1/4 mile bypass. In Mattituck, an old alignment of Main Road (NY 25) exists as Old Main Road from Bray Avenue to west of Sigsbee Road. Southwest of Southold, Main Road originally followed the length of Lower Road and Ackerly Pond Lane between Lower Road and Main Road. To the northeast of the community, another former segment remains intact as Old Main Road between Budd's Pond and Mill Creek to Hashamomuck Pond.
East of Greenport, a former alignment of Main Road is located between the creek from Silver Lake and Silvermere Road. In Orient, two former routings of Main Road exist, both in the vicinity of Bight Road. The first, a loop connecting Grandview Drive to NY 25, is located west of Bight Road. The second, a loop providing access to Whalers Road from NY 25, is west of Charles Rose Airport.
Reconstruction and widening projects
In the early 1970s, the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) wanted to install frontage roads along a divided NY 25 between Nesconset and Lake Grove as part of a proposed upgrade of NY 347 into a freeway.
In the 1960s and 1970s, NYSDOT wanted to realign both NY 25 and NY 112 in Coram. The realignment and widening of NY 25 was to take place between NY 112 and Winfield Davis Road.
The interchange between I-495 and CR 58 in Riverhead was completed as a result of I-495's eastern completion. This interchange was fully operational by 1972. It features grade separated ramps, high-speed banked curves, and interstate standard signing. A traffic light at Manor Road was installed at the time of completion of Splish Splash Water Park in 1991.
Suffixed routes
NY 25 once had as many as four suffixed routes; two no longer exist.
NY 25A (72.91 miles or 117.34 kilometres) is an alternate route of NY 25 across northern Long Island. The route begins at the Queens Midtown Tunnel in Queens and ends at NY 25 in Calverton. It was assigned c. 1927.
NY 25B (7.25 miles or 11.67 kilometres) is an alternate route of NY 25 between eastern Queens and Mineola, Nassau County. The route was assigned c. 1935.
NY 25C was a connector between NY 25 in the New York City borough of Queens and NY 25B in western Nassau County that utilized Union Turnpike and Marcus Avenue. It was assigned in the mid-1930s and removed in 1970.
NY 25D was a connector between NY 25 in Queens and NY 25A in Nassau County. The route was assigned c. 1933 and removed in 1958.
NY 25 Truck
New York State Route 25 TruckLocationLaurel–Greenport
There are two separate routes designated NY 25 Truck on the North Fork of Long Island. The longest of the two routes roughly parallels NY 25 along Franklinville Road, Aldrich Lane, Sound Avenue, and County Route 48 (CR 48) between Laurel and Greenport, while the other follows the north–south Moore's Lane between NY 25 and the east–west truck route just west of Greenport. Together, they bypass a low railroad bridge that carries the Main Line of the Long Island Rail Road over NY 25 in Laurel and narrow historic streets in Greenport.
The two routes were originally distinct highways that did not connect to one another. The truck route along Franklinville Road, Aldrich Lane, and Sound Avenue began as a route between Laurel and Mattituck, which followed Old Sound Avenue at its east end. The other NY 25 Truck began west of Greenport at the junction of NY 25 and Moore's Lane and followed Moore's Lane and CR 48 northeast to NY 25 north of the village. At some point, the section of CR 48 between Mattituck and Greenport was also posted as NY 25 Truck, effectively merging the two routes while retaining the north–south leg of the Greenport truck route along Moore's Lane.
Major intersections
CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
ManhattanUpper East Side0.000.002nd Avenue / East 60th StreetWestern terminus of the Lower Level
East 62nd Street / East 63rd Street to FDR Drive / 1st Avenue / 2nd AvenueWestern terminus of the Upper Level
East River0.480.77Ed Koch Queensboro Bridge
QueensLong Island City1.622.61 NY 25A (Northern Boulevard) / 21st Street – Roosevelt IslandEastern terminus of the Upper Level
NY 25A (Jackson Avenue / Northern Boulevard)
Woodside3.836.16 I-278 (Brooklyn-Queens Expressway) – RFK Bridge, Verrazano BridgeExit 39 on I-278; no eastbound access to I-278 west
Rego Park5.438.74 I-495 (Long Island Expressway) / Woodhaven Boulevard – Midtown Tunnel, Eastern Long IslandExit 19 on I-495
Kew Gardens7.9912.86 Union Turnpike to Jackie Robinson ParkwayInterchange; no westbound access to Union Turnpike west
8.5913.82 I-678 south (Van Wyck Expressway) – Kennedy AirportExit 9 on I-678
Hollis Hills9.1714.76 I-295 north (Clearview Expressway) / Grand Central Parkway / Hollis Court Boulevard (NY 24 east) – Throgs Neck BridgeSouthern terminus of I-295; unsigned western terminus of NY 24; exit 21 on Grand Central Parkway
Queens Village13.3721.52 NY 25B east (Hillside Avenue) / Springfield BoulevardWestern terminus of NY 25B
14.4323.22 Cross Island Parkway – Verrazano Bridge, Whitestone BridgeExit 27 on Cross Island Parkway
NassauOld Westbury–Westburyvillage line20.22–20.2732.54–32.62 Northern State Parkway / Glen Cove Road (CR 1) – New York, HauppaugeExit 31 on Northern Parkway
20.7633.41 NY 25B west – East WillistonInterchange; eastern terminus of NY 25B
22.2535.81 Post Avenue (CR 4 south) to Northern State Parkway
Jericho24.5439.49 I-495 – New York, RiverheadExit 40 on I-495
25.4040.88 NY 106 / NY 107 – Hicksville, Oyster Bay, Glen CoveCloverleaf interchange
Syosset–Woodbury line28.2545.46 NY 135 south – SeafordNorthern terminus and exits 14E-W on NY 135
SuffolkHuntington Station–South Huntington line32.7652.72 NY 110 – Walt Whitman House
Elwood–Dix Hills line35.4457.04 CR 35 to Northern State Parkway
36.9459.45 CR 66 south to Northern State ParkwayNorthern terminus of CR 66
Commack39.2463.15 CR 4 (Commack Road)
39.5863.70 NY 454 east – Hauppauge, PatchogueWestern terminus of NY 454
39.8864.18 Sunken Meadow State Parkway – Bay Shore, Sunken Meadow State ParkNo eastbound access to Parkway south; exits SM3E-W on Sunken Meadow Parkway
Community of Smithtown43.8070.49 NY 25A westWestern terminus of NY 25A concurrency
Smithtown–Village of the Branch line45.1572.66 NY 25A east / NY 111 south – Hauppauge, Stony Brook, Port JeffersonEastern terminus of NY 25A concurrency; northern terminus of NY 111
Village of the Branch45.7873.68 CR 16 east (Terry Road)Western terminus of CR 16
St. James–Nesconset line47.9377.14 NY 347 – Hauppauge, Port Jefferson
Centereach51.9283.56 CR 97 (Nicolls Road) – Stony Brook, Blue PointFirst SPUI in New York State
Coram54.2587.31 CR 83 – Patchogue, Mount Sinai
55.1088.67 NY 112 – Medford, Patchogue
Middle Island58.4894.11 CR 21 (Rocky Point Road)
Ridge61.6399.18 CR 46 – Wading River, Smith Point ParkCloverleaf interchange
Wading River–Calverton line66.85107.58 NY 25A west – Wading River, Port JeffersonEastern terminus of NY 25A
Calverton70.05112.73 CR 58 east (Old Country Road) – Greenport, OrientInterchange; western terminus of CR 58
70.57113.57 I-495 west – New YorkExit 72 (I-495)
Community of Riverhead73.85118.85 To NY 24 / CR 104 – MontaukAccess via Peconic Avenue; CR 104 was formerly NY 113
75.55121.59 CR 58 west (Old Country Road) to I-495 westEastern terminus of CR 58
Riverhead–Aquebogue line75.95122.23 CR 105 – Northville, Westhampton, Montauk
Laurel81.33130.89 NY 25 Truck east (Franklinville Road) – MattituckWestern terminus of NY 25 Truck
Greenport85.82138.11 NY 25 Truck east (Moores Lane) – Greenport WestAlternate routing of NY 25 Truck
95.68153.98 NY 114 south – Shelter IslandNorthern terminus of NY 114
96.82155.82 CR 48 west / NY 25 Truck west – MattituckEastern terminus of CR 48/NY 25 Truck
Orient Point105.07169.09 Orient Point Ferry LandingEastern terminus; ferries serve Fisher's Island and New London, CT
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Incomplete access
See also
U.S. roads portal
References
^ a b c d "2008 Traffic Data Report for New York State" (PDF). New York State Department of Transportation. June 16, 2009. pp. 154–157. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
^ a b "New York's Main Highways Designated by Numbers". The New York Times. December 21, 1924. p. XX9. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
^ a b c d e Official Map Showing State Highways and other important roads (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. State of New York Department of Public Works. 1926.
^ a b c d Google (October 11, 2007). "Route 25 in New York City" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
^ Google (October 11, 2007). "Route 25 in Mineola, NY" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
^ a b Google (October 11, 2007). "Route 25 in Jericho, NY" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
^ Google (October 11, 2007). "Route 25 in Commack, NY" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
^ Google (October 11, 2007). "Route 25 in Smithtown, NY" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
^ Google (October 11, 2007). "Route 25 in Greenport, NY" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
^ "Orient Beach State Park". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. 2010. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
^ a b Road Map of New York in Soconyland (Map). Cartography by General Drafting. Standard Oil Company of New York. 1927.
^ a b Dickinson, Leon A. (January 12, 1930). "New Signs for State Highways". The New York Times. p. 136. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
^ New York (Map). Cartography by H.M. Gousha Company. Kendall Refining Company. 1931.
^ a b Texaco Road Map – New York (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Texas Oil Company. 1932.
^ a b "Mark Ways in the City". The New York Times. December 16, 1934. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
^ a b New York with Pictorial Guide (Map). Cartography by General Drafting. Esso. 1942.
^ Official Highway Map of New York State (Map) (1947–48 ed.). Cartography by General Drafting. State of New York Department of Public Works.
^ New York (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Sunoco. 1952.
^ New York and Metropolitan New York (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Sinclair Oil Corporation. 1964.
^ Gousha Road Atlas (Map). Cartography by H.M. Gousha Company. H.M. Gousha Company. 1967. p. 56. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
^ a b c State of New York Department of Transportation (January 1, 1970). Official Description of Touring Routes in New York State (PDF). Retrieved May 24, 2009.
^ New York Road Map for 1938 (Map). Cartography by General Drafting. Esso. 1938.
^ a b New York (Map). Cartography by General Drafting. Esso. 1940.
^ New York State Highways (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. State of New York Department of Commerce. 1969.
^ a b "Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg Signs Legislation Renaming Jamaica Avenue Jericho Turnpike" (Press release). New York City. June 6, 2005. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
^ Bellerose, NY (Map). Mapquest. Retrieved April 12, 2009.
^ GoogleMaps satellite image saved on ImageShack
^ New York (Suffolk County) – Setauket Quadrangle (Map). 1 : 62,500. 15 Minute Series (Topographic). United States Geological Survey. 1904. Archived from the original on June 16, 2006. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
^ Google (December 18, 2007). "Coram, NY" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
^ New York (Suffolk County) – Moriches Quadrangle (Map). 1 : 62,500. 15 Minute Series (Topographic). United States Geological Survey. 1903. Archived from the original on March 22, 2005. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
^ Google (December 18, 2007). "Middle Island, NY" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
^ Google (June 6, 2010). "Middle Island, New York" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
^ a b Eastern Suffolk County (Map). H.M. Gousha Company. 1941. Retrieved January 3, 2010.
^ Google (December 18, 2007). "Riverhead, NY" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
^ New York (Suffolk County) – Shelter Island Quadrangle (Map). 1 : 62,500. 15 Minute Series (Topographic). United States Geological Survey. 1904. Archived from the original on June 16, 2006. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
^ New York (Suffolk County) – Shelter Island Quadrangle (Map). 1 : 62,500. 15 Minute Series (Topographic). United States Geological Survey. 1904. Archived from the original on June 16, 2006. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
^ Proposed Improvements; Route 347 Veterans Memorial Highway to Route 25A/Route 25 Sunny Drive to Hawkins Avenue (pamphlet). New York State Department of Transportation. 1973.
^ Town of Brookhaven Zoning Maps
^ Road Map & Historical Guide – New York (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Sun Oil Company. 1935.
^ a b Texaco Road Map – New York (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Texas Oil Company. 1933.
^ Road Map – Metropolitan New York and Long Island (Map). Cartography by H.M. Gousha Company. Shell Oil Company. 1936.
^ Anderson, Steve. "State Roads on Long Island". NYCRoads. Archived from the original on January 22, 2008. Retrieved March 3, 2008.
^ Anderson, Steve. "Nicolls Road". NYCRoads. Retrieved March 18, 2010.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York State Route 25 and New York State Route 25 Truck.
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/New York State Route 25KML is from Wikidata
New York State Route 25 at Alps' Roads • New York Routes
Queensborough Bridge History from NYCROADS.com
Queens Boulevard Expressway proposals from NYCROADS.com
Cross Sound Ferry Services
NY 25 (Greater New York Roads)
NY Times article about Route 25
^ Irwin, Neil (August 26, 2018). "A Single Road With Many Names, Traversing Many Worlds". The New York Times. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York's 25th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_25th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway"},{"link_name":"North Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_(Long_Island)"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Cross Sound Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Sound_Ferry"},{"link_name":"Orient Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient_Point,_New_York"},{"link_name":"North Fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Fork,_Suffolk_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"Queensboro Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensboro_Bridge"},{"link_name":"East River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_River"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"NY 9A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_9A"},{"link_name":"South Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shore_(Long_Island)"},{"link_name":"NY 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27"},{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"Queens Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Hillside Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillside_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Smithtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithtown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Riverhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhead_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Laurel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Mattituck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattituck,_New_York"}],"text":"\"NY 25\" redirects here. The term may also refer to New York's 25th congressional district.New York State Route 25 (NY 25) is an east–west state highway in downstate New York in the United States. The route extends along the central parts and North Shore of Long Island for just over 105 miles (169 km) from east midtown Manhattan in New York City to the Cross Sound Ferry terminal at Orient Point on the end of Long Island's North Fork. NY 25 is carried from Manhattan to Queens by way of the double-decked Queensboro Bridge over the East River.NY 25 is unique among New York State Routes on Long Island, as it is the only one to leave the geographical boundaries of Long Island, albeit minimally; it ends at the western terminus of the Queensboro Bridge. It is also one of only two signed New York State routes in Manhattan (the other is NY 9A). Additionally, NY 25 is the second-longest highway on Long Island after its South Shore counterpart: NY 27 (Sunrise Highway / Montauk Highway).NY 25 runs along several differently-named roads. In the borough of Queens, it is called Queens Boulevard, Hillside Avenue and finally Braddock Avenue. Braddock Avenue ends immediately upon crossing over the Cross Island Parkway. At that point, NY 25 turns east onto Jericho Turnpike, which runs along the Queens-Nassau border from Braddock Avenue to 257th Street. Continuing east through Nassau and western Suffolk counties, NY 25 retains the name Jericho Turnpike. Further east, the highway becomes Main Street in Smithtown, Middle Country Road in central Suffolk, Main Street again in Riverhead, and finally Main Road in eastern Suffolk.Two alternate routings exist bearing the designation NY 25 Truck, both along the North Fork. They began as two separate routes, one between Laurel and Mattituck and the other in the vicinity of Greenport; however, they were effectively merged after a truck route was established between Mattituck and Greenport.","title":"New York State Route 25"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queensboro_Bridge,_2000.JPG"},{"link_name":"Second Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Avenue_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Queensboro Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensboro_Bridge"},{"link_name":"East River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_River"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_Island"},{"link_name":"Queens Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"NY 25A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25A"},{"link_name":"Long Island City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_City"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"Queens Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Plaza_(Queens)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-4"},{"link_name":"IRT Flushing Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRT_Flushing_Line"},{"link_name":"divided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divided_highway"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_Avenue"},{"link_name":"service roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontage_road"},{"link_name":"Woodside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodside,_Queens"},{"link_name":"I-278","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_278"},{"link_name":"Elmhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmhurst,_Queens"},{"link_name":"eponymous subway line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line"},{"link_name":"Corona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Long Island Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Expressway"},{"link_name":"Woodhaven Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhaven_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-4"},{"link_name":"Rego Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rego_Park,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Forest Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Hills,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Kew Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew_Gardens_(Queens)"},{"link_name":"Union Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Turnpike_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Jackie Robinson Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Robinson_Parkway"},{"link_name":"I-678","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_678"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Richmond Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Hill,_Queens"},{"link_name":"LIRR station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Hill_(LIRR_station)"},{"link_name":"Hollis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollis,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Queens Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Village,_New_York"},{"link_name":"I-295","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_295_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"NY 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_24"},{"link_name":"NY 25B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25B"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NY135exiton25.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bellerose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellerose,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Cross Island Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Island_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Floral Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floral_Park,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Bellerose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellerose,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Floral Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floral_Park,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Nassau County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-4"}],"sub_title":"Manhattan and Queens","text":"NY 25 crossing the East River on the Queensboro BridgeNY 25 begins near Second Avenue in Manhattan, at the western end of the double-decked Queensboro Bridge spanning the East River and Roosevelt Island. East of the bridge, NY 25 becomes Queens Boulevard at the intersection with NY 25A, in the Long Island City section of the borough of Queens. Queens Plaza is based around this section of the road.[4]In Long Island City, NY 25 runs southeast beneath the elevated tracks of the IRT Flushing Line. At Thompson Avenue, the route turns to run eastward as the multi-lane divided Queens Boulevard, straddling the Flushing Line's elevated structure eastward to 48th Street, at which point the Flushing Line turns northeast onto Roosevelt Avenue and Queens Boulevard becomes 6 lanes in each direction, with main and service roads. In Woodside, NY 25 meets I-278 at exit 39. In Elmhurst, the road runs over the eponymous subway line starting at the intersection with Grand Avenue and Broadway. In Corona, the road intersects the Long Island Expressway (I-495) and the northern terminus of Woodhaven Boulevard.[4]Outside of Rego Park, NY 25 turns slightly southeast towards Forest Hills and Jamaica. In Kew Gardens the route is connected to the westbound and eastbound roadways of Union Turnpike and passes over the Jackie Robinson Parkway without access. Near Jamaica, the road meets I-678 at exit 9, a partial interchange. Three blocks southeast of I-678, NY 25 turns east and is known as Hillside Avenue, a city street that begins at Jamaica Avenue in Richmond Hill near the site of the former LIRR station. This section of NY 25 is undivided but has several lanes in the Jamaica-Hollis area. In Queens Village the route connects with both I-295 and NY 24 at an interchange that serves as NY 24's western end and I-295's southern terminus. East of I-295, NY 25 intersects the western terminus of NY 25B; NY 25 turns southeast onto Braddock Avenue while Hillside Avenue continues east as Route 25B.[4]NY 135 exit on NY 25.In Bellerose, the roadway passes over the Cross Island Parkway and turns east onto Jericho Turnpike. This section, to just before 257th Street, is the border between the Bellerose and Floral Park neighborhoods of Queens to the north and the villages of Bellerose and Floral Park in Nassau County to the south. The westbound lanes are in New York City, whereas the eastbound lanes are in Nassau County.[4]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google8-5"},{"link_name":"Jericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho,_New_York"},{"link_name":"NY 106","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_106"},{"link_name":"NY 107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_107"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google9-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NY_25_in_Orient_Point.jpg"},{"link_name":"NY 135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_135"},{"link_name":"Syosset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syosset,_New_York"},{"link_name":"NY 110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_110"},{"link_name":"South Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Huntington,_New_York"},{"link_name":"NY 454","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_454"},{"link_name":"Commack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commack,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google10-7"},{"link_name":"Sunken Meadow State Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunken_Meadow_State_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Smithtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithtown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google11-8"},{"link_name":"Village of the Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_of_the_Branch"},{"link_name":"NY 111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_111"},{"link_name":"New York State Bicycle Route 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Bicycle_Route_25"},{"link_name":"NY 347","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_347"},{"link_name":"Nesconset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesconset,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Coram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coram,_New_York"},{"link_name":"NY 112","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_112"},{"link_name":"Calverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calverton,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Long Island Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Expressway"},{"link_name":"Greenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenport,_Suffolk_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google12-9"},{"link_name":"Orient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Orient Point Ferry Landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Sound_Ferry"},{"link_name":"Orient Beach State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient_Beach_State_Park"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orientbeach-10"}],"sub_title":"Nassau and Suffolk counties","text":"NY 25B and Hillside Avenue merge into NY 25 in Mineola.[5] NY 25 continues in this area as a divided highway and parallels the Northern State Parkway. NY 25 again intersects with the Long Island Expressway in Jericho. NY 106 and NY 107 interchange with NY 25 in downtown Jericho, however the exit is not numbered.[6]NY 25 in Orient Point after leaving the Cross Sound FerryThe northern end of the Seaford–Oyster Bay Expressway (NY 135) terminates at NY 25 in Syosset. NY 110 intersects at the 32.76 miles (52.72 km) mark, in South Huntington. NY 454 begins at an intersection with NY 25 in Commack.[7] Just after the NY 454 intersection, NY 25 meets the Sunken Meadow State Parkway by way of an interchange. NY 25A, a spur of NY 25, becomes concurrent with NY 25 in Smithtown.[8] In Village of the Branch, NY 25A leaves to the north where NY 111 intersects from the south. New York State Bicycle Route 25 (NYS Bike Route 25) also begins along NY 25A at this intersection.NY 347 intersects at 47.93 miles (77.14 km) in Nesconset. In Coram, NY 25 intersects with NY 112. NY 25A ends at NY 25 in Calverton, and NYS Bike Route 25 joins NY 25 on its way to Orient Point, with occasional diversions in Riverhead, Aquebogue, and Greenport. Four miles (6 km) later, NY 25 encounters the Long Island Expressway one final time at another interchange. 20 miles (32 km) further eastward, in Greenport, NY 25 intersects with NY 114 at its northern terminus.[9] NY 25 continues on the northeastern end of Long Island for the final ten miles (16 km). NY 25 enters Orient and ends at the Orient Point Ferry Landing. An attraction along NY 25 in Orient is Orient Beach State Park.[10]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stownmainstreet.jpg"},{"link_name":"Smithtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithtown_(CDP),_New_York"},{"link_name":"NY 25A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25A"},{"link_name":"Greenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenport,_Suffolk_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Smithtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithtown_(CDP),_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1924nyt-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1926map-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1926map-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1927map-11"},{"link_name":"Riverhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhead_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1926map-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1930nyt-12"},{"link_name":"1930 renumbering of state highways in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930_state_highway_renumbering_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1930nyt-12"},{"link_name":"Orient Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient_Point,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1932map-14"},{"link_name":"Queens Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"NY 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_24"},{"link_name":"overlapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlap_(road)"},{"link_name":"NY 25A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25A"},{"link_name":"Queensboro Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensboro_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"2nd Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Avenue_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"57th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Park Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Avenue_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"NY 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_22"},{"link_name":"NY 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_100"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1934nyt-15"},{"link_name":"Queens–Midtown Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens%E2%80%93Midtown_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn–Queens Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Queens_Expressway"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1942map-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"North Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Bronx"},{"link_name":"60th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Park Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Avenue_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"57th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"West Side Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Side_Highway"},{"link_name":"NY 9A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_9A"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"FDR Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDR_Drive"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1970log-21"}],"text":"NY 25 and 25A overlap in Smithtown.NY 25 was assigned in the mid-1920s along all of what is now NY 25A east of the New York City line and its current alignment from the modern east end of NY 25A to Greenport. At the time, the section of modern NY 25 between the New York City line and Smithtown was state-maintained but unnumbered.[2][3] It was designated as NY 25A c. 1927.[3][11] In the late 1920s, NY 25 was realigned to follow Jericho Turnpike and Middle Country Road between Smithtown and Riverhead while its former alignment to the north became part of NY 25A.[3][12] In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, the routings of NY 25 and NY 25A were flipped west of Smithtown, placing both routes on their current alignments.[12] NY 25 was extended east to Orient Point c. 1932.[13][14]NY 25 was one of several routes that was extended west into New York City in mid-December 1934 when the city signed routes within its limits for the first time. The route followed Jericho Turnpike, Braddock Avenue, Springfield Boulevard, Horace Harding Boulevard, and several smaller streets (including Corona, Woodside, and Skillman Avenues) westward to Queens Boulevard, then part of NY 24. NY 25 joined NY 24 here, overlapping NY 24 (and NY 25A west of Northern Boulevard) along Queens Boulevard and across the Queensboro Bridge into Manhattan. The three routes continued west for several more blocks along 2nd Avenue and 57th Street to Park Avenue (then NY 22 and NY 100), where NY 24, NY 25, and NY 25A all ended. At the time, the segment of modern NY 25 between Skillman Avenue and 212th Street was part of NY 24.[15]The overlaps with both NY 24 and NY 25A into Manhattan were eventually eliminated. In the mid-1940s, NY 24 was realigned to enter Manhattan by way of the Queens–Midtown Tunnel. As a result, NY 24 now left NY 25 at what is now exit 36 on the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway.[16][17] The overlap with NY 25A was removed by 1952 after that route was truncated to the intersection of Northern and Queens Boulevards.[18] NY 25 continued to extend into Manhattan until the mid-1960s when NY 22 was truncated to end in the North Bronx. At that time, westbound traffic on NY 25 continued off the Queensboro Bridge onto 60th Street to Park Avenue, where it turned south, then west along 57th Street to its terminus at the West Side Highway (NY 9A). Eastbound traffic traveled on 57th Street from NY 9A to the Queensboro Bridge entrance ramp. In the mid-1960s, NY 25 was truncated to end in Queens as a result.[19][20] It was reextended across the Queensboro Bridge on January 1, 1970, to a new terminus at FDR Drive.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1940map-23"},{"link_name":"Union Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Turnpike_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1942map-16"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1940map-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1970log-21"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYC_PR_20050606-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mapquest-26"},{"link_name":"Michael Bloomberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYC_PR_20050606-25"}],"sub_title":"New York City and vicinity","text":"NY 25 has been realigned several times within the New York City limits. In the late 1930s, NY 25 was realigned to follow Queens Boulevard (NY 24) from Skillman Avenue to Horace Harding Boulevard, where NY 25 turned eastward to follow Horace Harding Boulevard back to its original alignment at Corona Avenue.[22][23] The route was altered again in the early 1940s to follow an even more southerly alignment between Horace Harding and Springfield Boulevards via Queens Boulevard and Union Turnpike.[16][23] NY 25 went unchanged until January 1, 1970, when NY 24 was truncated to begin at the junction of 212th Street and Hillside Avenue. NY 24's former alignment along Queens Boulevard and Hillside Avenue became part of a realigned NY 25, which also used a previously unnumbered segment of Hillside Avenue between 212th Street and Braddock Avenue.[21][24]From 1920 to 2005, the section of NY 25 that forms the border between New York City and Nassau County was simultaneously named Jamaica Avenue on the westbound (Queens, New York City) side and Jericho Turnpike on the eastbound (Nassau County) side.[25] Some map makers only showed one of the names.[26] The confusion ended where the road wholly entered Nassau County and thus became Jericho Turnpike in both directions. Similarly, both sides of the road west of Braddock Avenue (where NY 25 splits off to the northwest) were known as Jamaica Avenue even though the south side is still the Nassau County border until 225th Street. Legislation renaming the westbound side of NY 25 between Braddock Avenue and the Nassau County line as Jericho Turnpike was signed into law by New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg on June 6, 2005, and took effect on September 4.[25]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho,_New_York"},{"link_name":"NY 106","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_106"},{"link_name":"NY 107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_107"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google9-6"},{"link_name":"Nissequogue River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissequogue_River"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Coram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coram,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"NY 112","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_112"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Middle Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Island,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Riverhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhead_(CDP),_New_York"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1941map-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Mattituck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattituck,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Southold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southold_(CDP),_New_York"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Greenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenport,_Suffolk_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1941map-33"},{"link_name":"Orient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Former segments","text":"Many former segments of the roads NY 25 follows exist along the current alignment, with most prefaced by the word \"Old\" in the road name. Within Jericho, Old Jericho Turnpike parallels the current road from a point east of the NY 106–NY 107 interchange and Marian Lane, where the old alignment merges with the current NY 25.[6] Smithtown contains a former segment in the vicinity of the Nissequogue River with a bridge and former right-of-way that still exists today.[27] In Coram, an old alignment of Middle Country Road (NY 25) extends from east of Paul's Path to Grant Smith Road.[28] The road, however, is discontinuous at NY 112.[29] At Middle Island, a former segment of Middle Country Road exists east of Church Lane and north of Bartlett Pond and runs to Robin Drive in Middle Island, where it rejoins NY 25. Another former segment used to dip south to avoid a small lake to the north.[30] A small segment of the road remains intact as Old Middle Country Road from Picaso Way to Woodville Road.[31] Prior to the construction of Picaso Way and the cluster developments it leads to, this section of Old Middle Country Road connected to the existing section at its west end, the stub of which can still be found.[32]Near Riverhead, Middle Country Road once followed a parallel roadway to the south of the current roadway between River Road and Forge Road.[33] Although some of this section has been dismantled, a portion still exists as modern Forge Road from the Peconic River Bridge to Kroemer Avenue.[34] In Laurel, New York (Southold township), A quarter mile section was rerouted past the town hamlet of Laurel in a more direct and straight manner. The old section became Franklinville Road which connects to NY 25 at both ends of the 1/4 mile bypass. In Mattituck, an old alignment of Main Road (NY 25) exists as Old Main Road from Bray Avenue to west of Sigsbee Road. Southwest of Southold, Main Road originally followed the length of Lower Road and Ackerly Pond Lane between Lower Road and Main Road.[citation needed] To the northeast of the community, another former segment remains intact as Old Main Road between Budd's Pond and Mill Creek to Hashamomuck Pond.[35]East of Greenport, a former alignment of Main Road is located between the creek from Silver Lake and Silvermere Road.[33] In Orient, two former routings of Main Road exist, both in the vicinity of Bight Road. The first, a loop connecting Grandview Drive to NY 25, is located west of Bight Road. The second, a loop providing access to Whalers Road from NY 25, is west of Charles Rose Airport.[36]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York State Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"NY 347","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_347"},{"link_name":"freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled-access_highway"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"NY 112","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_112"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"}],"sub_title":"Reconstruction and widening projects","text":"In the early 1970s, the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) wanted to install frontage roads along a divided NY 25 between Nesconset and Lake Grove as part of a proposed upgrade of NY 347 into a freeway.[37]In the 1960s and 1970s, NYSDOT wanted to realign both NY 25 and NY 112 in Coram. The realignment and widening of NY 25 was to take place between NY 112 and Winfield Davis Road.[38][full citation needed]The interchange between I-495 and CR 58 in Riverhead was completed as a result of I-495's eastern completion. This interchange was fully operational by 1972. It features grade separated ramps, high-speed banked curves, and interstate standard signing. A traffic light at Manor Road was installed at the time of completion of Splish Splash Water Park in 1991.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NY 25A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25A"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"Queens Midtown Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Midtown_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"Calverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calverton,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008tdr-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1926map-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1927map-11"},{"link_name":"NY 25B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25B"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"Mineola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineola,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Nassau County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008tdr-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1934nyt-15"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"NY 25C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25C"},{"link_name":"Union Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Turnpike_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1933map-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1970log-21"},{"link_name":"NY 25D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25D"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1932map-14"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1933map-40"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"NY 25 once had as many as four suffixed routes; two no longer exist.NY 25A (72.91 miles or 117.34 kilometres) is an alternate route of NY 25 across northern Long Island. The route begins at the Queens Midtown Tunnel in Queens and ends at NY 25 in Calverton.[1] It was assigned c. 1927.[3][11]\nNY 25B (7.25 miles or 11.67 kilometres) is an alternate route of NY 25 between eastern Queens and Mineola, Nassau County.[1] The route was assigned c. 1935.[15][39]\nNY 25C was a connector between NY 25 in the New York City borough of Queens and NY 25B in western Nassau County that utilized Union Turnpike and Marcus Avenue. It was assigned in the mid-1930s[40][41] and removed in 1970.[21]\nNY 25D was a connector between NY 25 in Queens and NY 25A in Nassau County. The route was assigned c. 1933[14][40] and removed in 1958.[42]","title":"Suffixed routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Fork,_Suffolk_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"County Route 48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_48_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Laurel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Greenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenport,_Suffolk_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Line_(Long_Island_Rail_Road)"},{"link_name":"Long Island Rail Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road"},{"link_name":"Mattituck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattituck,_New_York"}],"text":"There are two separate routes designated NY 25 Truck on the North Fork of Long Island. The longest of the two routes roughly parallels NY 25 along Franklinville Road, Aldrich Lane, Sound Avenue, and County Route 48 (CR 48) between Laurel and Greenport, while the other follows the north–south Moore's Lane between NY 25 and the east–west truck route just west of Greenport. Together, they bypass a low railroad bridge that carries the Main Line of the Long Island Rail Road over NY 25 in Laurel and narrow historic streets in Greenport.The two routes were originally distinct highways that did not connect to one another. The truck route along Franklinville Road, Aldrich Lane, and Sound Avenue began as a route between Laurel and Mattituck, which followed Old Sound Avenue at its east end. The other NY 25 Truck began west of Greenport at the junction of NY 25 and Moore's Lane and followed Moore's Lane and CR 48 northeast to NY 25 north of the village. At some point, the section of CR 48 between Mattituck and Greenport was also posted as NY 25 Truck, effectively merging the two routes while retaining the north–south leg of the Greenport truck route along Moore's Lane.","title":"NY 25 Truck"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"}]
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[{"image_text":"NY 25 crossing the East River on the Queensboro Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Queensboro_Bridge%2C_2000.JPG/220px-Queensboro_Bridge%2C_2000.JPG"},{"image_text":"NY 135 exit on NY 25.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/NY135exiton25.JPG/220px-NY135exiton25.JPG"},{"image_text":"NY 25 in Orient Point after leaving the Cross Sound Ferry","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/NY_25_in_Orient_Point.jpg/220px-NY_25_in_Orient_Point.jpg"},{"image_text":"NY 25 and 25A overlap in Smithtown.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Stownmainstreet.jpg/220px-Stownmainstreet.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"U.S. roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:U.S._roads"}]
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[{"reference":"\"2008 Traffic Data Report for New York State\" (PDF). New York State Department of Transportation. June 16, 2009. pp. 154–157. Retrieved January 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/hds-respository/Traffic%20Data%20Report%202008.pdf","url_text":"\"2008 Traffic Data Report for New York State\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"New York State Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"\"New York's Main Highways Designated by Numbers\". The New York Times. December 21, 1924. p. XX9. Retrieved July 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1924/12/21/archives/new-yorks-main-highways-designated-by-numbers-even-numerals-used.html","url_text":"\"New York's Main Highways Designated by Numbers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Official Map Showing State Highways and other important roads (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. State of New York Department of Public Works. 1926.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand_McNally_and_Company","url_text":"Rand McNally and Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_New_York_Department_of_Public_Works","url_text":"State of New York Department of Public Works"}]},{"reference":"Google (October 11, 2007). \"Route 25 in New York City\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 11, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&time=&date=&ttype=&q=Queens+Blvd,+New+York+City&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=28.334641,59.765625&ie=UTF8&ll=40.746217,-73.86795&spn=0.105602,0.233459&z=12&om=1","url_text":"\"Route 25 in New York City\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Google (October 11, 2007). \"Route 25 in Mineola, NY\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 11, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&q=Rte+25,+Mineola,+New+York,+United+States&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wl","url_text":"\"Route 25 in Mineola, NY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Google (October 11, 2007). \"Route 25 in Jericho, NY\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 11, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&q=Rte+25,+Jericho,+New+York,+United+States&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wl","url_text":"\"Route 25 in Jericho, NY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Google (October 11, 2007). \"Route 25 in Commack, NY\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 11, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&q=Rte+25,+Commack,+New+York,+United+States&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wl","url_text":"\"Route 25 in Commack, NY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Google (October 11, 2007). \"Route 25 in Smithtown, NY\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 11, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&q=Rte+25,+Smithtown,+New+York,+United+States&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wl","url_text":"\"Route 25 in Smithtown, NY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Google (October 11, 2007). \"Route 25 in Greenport, NY\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 11, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&q=Rte+25,+Greenport,+New+York,+United+States&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wl","url_text":"\"Route 25 in Greenport, NY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"\"Orient Beach State Park\". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. 2010. Retrieved June 6, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://nysparks.state.ny.us/parks/106/details.aspx","url_text":"\"Orient Beach State Park\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Parks,_Recreation_and_Historic_Preservation","url_text":"New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation"}]},{"reference":"Road Map of New York in Soconyland (Map). Cartography by General Drafting. Standard Oil Company of New York. 1927.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Drafting","url_text":"General Drafting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Oil_Company_of_New_York","url_text":"Standard Oil Company of New York"}]},{"reference":"Dickinson, Leon A. (January 12, 1930). \"New Signs for State Highways\". The New York Times. p. 136. Retrieved July 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1930/01/12/archives/new-signs-for-state-highways-a-better-system-of-route-numbers-is.html","url_text":"\"New Signs for State Highways\""}]},{"reference":"New York (Map). Cartography by H.M. Gousha Company. Kendall Refining Company. 1931.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.M._Gousha_Company","url_text":"H.M. Gousha Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_Refining_Company","url_text":"Kendall Refining Company"}]},{"reference":"Texaco Road Map – New York (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Texas Oil Company. 1932.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Oil_Company","url_text":"Texas Oil Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Mark Ways in the City\". The New York Times. December 16, 1934. Retrieved July 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0A10F63558177A93C4A81789D95F408385F9","url_text":"\"Mark Ways in the City\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"New York with Pictorial Guide (Map). Cartography by General Drafting. Esso. 1942.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esso","url_text":"Esso"}]},{"reference":"Official Highway Map of New York State (Map) (1947–48 ed.). Cartography by General Drafting. State of New York Department of Public Works.","urls":[]},{"reference":"New York (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Sunoco. 1952.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunoco","url_text":"Sunoco"}]},{"reference":"New York and Metropolitan New York (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Sinclair Oil Corporation. 1964.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair_Oil_Corporation","url_text":"Sinclair Oil Corporation"}]},{"reference":"Gousha Road Atlas (Map). Cartography by H.M. Gousha Company. H.M. Gousha Company. 1967. p. 56. Retrieved January 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broermapsonline.org/members/NorthAmerica/UnitedStates/Midatlantic/NewYork/NewYorkCity/gousha_ra_1967_038.html","url_text":"Gousha Road Atlas"}]},{"reference":"State of New York Department of Transportation (January 1, 1970). Official Description of Touring Routes in New York State (PDF). Retrieved May 24, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_New_York_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"State of New York Department of Transportation"},{"url":"http://www.greaternyroads.info/pdfs/state70.pdf","url_text":"Official Description of Touring Routes in New York State"}]},{"reference":"New York Road Map for 1938 (Map). Cartography by General Drafting. Esso. 1938.","urls":[]},{"reference":"New York (Map). Cartography by General Drafting. Esso. 1940.","urls":[]},{"reference":"New York State Highways (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. State of New York Department of Commerce. 1969.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_of_New_York_Department_of_Commerce&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"State of New York Department of Commerce"}]},{"reference":"\"Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg Signs Legislation Renaming Jamaica Avenue Jericho Turnpike\" (Press release). New York City. June 6, 2005. Retrieved January 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/219-05/mayor-michael-bloomberg-signs-legislation-renaming-jamaica-avenue-jericho-turnpike","url_text":"\"Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg Signs Legislation Renaming Jamaica Avenue Jericho Turnpike\""}]},{"reference":"Bellerose, NY (Map). Mapquest. Retrieved April 12, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mapquest.com/maps/map.adp?country=us&zoom=5&size=big&city=Bellerose&state=NY&zip=11426#a/maps/m::12:40.724216:-73.716226:0:::::/e","url_text":"Bellerose, NY"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapquest","url_text":"Mapquest"}]},{"reference":"New York (Suffolk County) – Setauket Quadrangle (Map). 1 : 62,500. 15 Minute Series (Topographic). United States Geological Survey. 1904. Archived from the original on June 16, 2006. Retrieved December 18, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060616162213/http://historical.maptech.com/getImage.cfm?fname=seta04ne.jpg&state=NY","url_text":"New York (Suffolk County) – Setauket Quadrangle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"http://historical.maptech.com/getImage.cfm?fname=seta04ne.jpg&state=NY","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Google (December 18, 2007). \"Coram, NY\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved December 18, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?ie=UTF8&ll=40.869797,-73.003035&spn=0.005793,0.014334&z=17&om=1","url_text":"\"Coram, NY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"New York (Suffolk County) – Moriches Quadrangle (Map). 1 : 62,500. 15 Minute Series (Topographic). United States Geological Survey. 1903. Archived from the original on March 22, 2005. Retrieved December 18, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050322225839/http://historical.maptech.com/getImage.cfm?fname=mori03nw.jpg&state=NY","url_text":"New York (Suffolk County) – Moriches Quadrangle"},{"url":"http://historical.maptech.com/getImage.cfm?fname=mori03nw.jpg&state=NY","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Google (December 18, 2007). \"Middle Island, NY\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved December 18, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?ie=UTF8&ll=40.885689,-72.928426&spn=0.005791,0.014334&z=17&om=1","url_text":"\"Middle Island, NY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Google (June 6, 2010). \"Middle Island, New York\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 6, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?ie=UTF8&om=1&ll=40.885689,-72.928426&spn=0.002977,0.006958&t=h&z=18","url_text":"\"Middle Island, New York\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Eastern Suffolk County (Map). H.M. Gousha Company. 1941. Retrieved January 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nycroads.com/history/1941_metro-8/","url_text":"Eastern Suffolk County"}]},{"reference":"Google (December 18, 2007). \"Riverhead, NY\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved December 18, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?ie=UTF8&ll=40.916237,-72.712154&spn=0.011577,0.028667&z=16&om=1","url_text":"\"Riverhead, NY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"New York (Suffolk County) – Shelter Island Quadrangle (Map). 1 : 62,500. 15 Minute Series (Topographic). United States Geological Survey. 1904. Archived from the original on June 16, 2006. Retrieved December 18, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060616132655/http://historical.maptech.com/getImage.cfm?fname=shli04sw.jpg&state=NY","url_text":"New York (Suffolk County) – Shelter Island Quadrangle"},{"url":"http://historical.maptech.com/getImage.cfm?fname=shli04sw.jpg&state=NY","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"New York (Suffolk County) – Shelter Island Quadrangle (Map). 1 : 62,500. 15 Minute Series (Topographic). United States Geological Survey. 1904. Archived from the original on June 16, 2006. Retrieved December 18, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060616132632/http://historical.maptech.com/getImage.cfm?fname=shli04ne.jpg&state=NY","url_text":"New York (Suffolk County) – Shelter Island Quadrangle"},{"url":"http://historical.maptech.com/getImage.cfm?fname=shli04ne.jpg&state=NY","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Proposed Improvements; Route 347 Veterans Memorial Highway to Route 25A/Route 25 Sunny Drive to Hawkins Avenue (pamphlet). New York State Department of Transportation. 1973.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Road Map & Historical Guide – New York (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Sun Oil Company. 1935.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Oil_Company","url_text":"Sun Oil Company"}]},{"reference":"Texaco Road Map – New York (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Texas Oil Company. 1933.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Road Map – Metropolitan New York and Long Island (Map). Cartography by H.M. Gousha Company. Shell Oil Company. 1936.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_Oil_Company","url_text":"Shell Oil Company"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Steve. \"State Roads on Long Island\". NYCRoads. Archived from the original on January 22, 2008. Retrieved March 3, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080122174347/http://www.nycroads.com/roads/state_long-island/","url_text":"\"State Roads on Long Island\""},{"url":"http://www.nycroads.com/roads/state_long-island/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Steve. \"Nicolls Road\". NYCRoads. Retrieved March 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nycroads.com/roads/CR-97/","url_text":"\"Nicolls Road\""}]},{"reference":"Irwin, Neil (August 26, 2018). \"A Single Road With Many Names, Traversing Many Worlds\". The New York Times. Retrieved August 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/26/nyregion/a-single-road-with-many-names-traversing-many-worlds.html","url_text":"\"A Single Road With Many Names, Traversing Many Worlds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}]
|
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Bloomberg Signs Legislation Renaming Jamaica Avenue Jericho Turnpike\""},{"Link":"http://www.mapquest.com/maps/map.adp?country=us&zoom=5&size=big&city=Bellerose&state=NY&zip=11426#a/maps/m::12:40.724216:-73.716226:0:::::/e","external_links_name":"Bellerose, NY"},{"Link":"http://img441.imageshack.us/i/oldnewny2525aovernisseq.jpg/","external_links_name":"GoogleMaps satellite image saved on ImageShack"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060616162213/http://historical.maptech.com/getImage.cfm?fname=seta04ne.jpg&state=NY","external_links_name":"New York (Suffolk County) – Setauket Quadrangle"},{"Link":"http://historical.maptech.com/getImage.cfm?fname=seta04ne.jpg&state=NY","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?ie=UTF8&ll=40.869797,-73.003035&spn=0.005793,0.014334&z=17&om=1","external_links_name":"\"Coram, NY\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050322225839/http://historical.maptech.com/getImage.cfm?fname=mori03nw.jpg&state=NY","external_links_name":"New York (Suffolk County) – Moriches Quadrangle"},{"Link":"http://historical.maptech.com/getImage.cfm?fname=mori03nw.jpg&state=NY","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?ie=UTF8&ll=40.885689,-72.928426&spn=0.005791,0.014334&z=17&om=1","external_links_name":"\"Middle Island, NY\""},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?ie=UTF8&om=1&ll=40.885689,-72.928426&spn=0.002977,0.006958&t=h&z=18","external_links_name":"\"Middle Island, New York\""},{"Link":"http://www.nycroads.com/history/1941_metro-8/","external_links_name":"Eastern Suffolk County"},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?ie=UTF8&ll=40.916237,-72.712154&spn=0.011577,0.028667&z=16&om=1","external_links_name":"\"Riverhead, NY\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060616132655/http://historical.maptech.com/getImage.cfm?fname=shli04sw.jpg&state=NY","external_links_name":"New York (Suffolk County) – Shelter Island Quadrangle"},{"Link":"http://historical.maptech.com/getImage.cfm?fname=shli04sw.jpg&state=NY","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060616132632/http://historical.maptech.com/getImage.cfm?fname=shli04ne.jpg&state=NY","external_links_name":"New York (Suffolk County) – Shelter Island Quadrangle"},{"Link":"http://historical.maptech.com/getImage.cfm?fname=shli04ne.jpg&state=NY","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080122174347/http://www.nycroads.com/roads/state_long-island/","external_links_name":"\"State Roads on Long Island\""},{"Link":"http://www.nycroads.com/roads/state_long-island/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nycroads.com/roads/CR-97/","external_links_name":"\"Nicolls Road\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/New_York_State_Route_25&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/New_York_State_Route_25&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"http://www.alpsroads.net/roads/ny/ny_25","external_links_name":"Alps' Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.newyorkroutes.net/jct/025.htm","external_links_name":"New York Routes"},{"Link":"http://www.nycroads.com/crossings/queensboro/","external_links_name":"Queensborough Bridge History from NYCROADS.com"},{"Link":"http://www.nycroads.com/roads/queens-blvd/","external_links_name":"Queens Boulevard Expressway proposals from NYCROADS.com"},{"Link":"https://www.longislandferry.com/default.aspx","external_links_name":"Cross Sound Ferry Services"},{"Link":"http://www.greaternyroads.info/roads/nystate/ny25","external_links_name":"NY 25 (Greater New York Roads)"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/26/nyregion/a-single-road-with-many-names-traversing-many-worlds.html","external_links_name":"NY Times article"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/26/nyregion/a-single-road-with-many-names-traversing-many-worlds.html","external_links_name":"\"A Single Road With Many Names, Traversing Many Worlds\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucker_and_Dry
|
Sucker and Dry
|
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"]
|
1997 EP by CursiveSucker And DryEP by CursiveReleased1997GenreIndie rockLength10:25LabelZero HourCursive chronology
The Disruption(1996)
Sucker And Dry(1997)
Such Blinding Stars For Starving Eyes(1997)
Sucker And Dry was the second 7" to be released by the American indie rock band Cursive. It was released in 1997. The only format it was available in was 7".
Both of the songs were later put on the compilation, The Difference Between Houses and Homes in 2005.
Track listing
"Sucker And Dry" – 3:01
"And The Bit Just Chokes Them" – 4:50
Personnel
Tim Kasher – vocals, guitar
Steve Pedersen – guitar
Matt Maginn – bass
Clint Schnase – drums
References
^ Discogs.com
vteCursive
Tim Kasher
Matt Maginn
Ted Stevens
Clint Schnase
Patrick Newberry
Steve Pedersen
Gretta Cohn
Cornbread Compton
Cully Symington
Studio albums
Such Blinding Stars for Starving Eyes
The Storms of Early Summer: Semantics of Song
Domestica
The Ugly Organ
Happy Hollow
Mama, I'm Swollen
I Am Gemini
Vitriola
Compilation albums
The Difference Between Houses and Homes
EPs
The Icebreaker 7"
Silver Scooter / Cursive
Burst and Bloom
8 Teeth to Eat You
Singles
"Sucker and Dry"
Small Brown Bike / Cursive
"Art Is Hard"
"Dorothy at Forty"
Related articles
Discography
Slowdown Virginia
The Good Life
Crank! A Record Company
Saddle Creek Records
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indie rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rock"},{"link_name":"Cursive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursive_(band)"},{"link_name":"7\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7%22"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"The Difference Between Houses and Homes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Difference_Between_Houses_and_Homes"}],"text":"Sucker And Dry was the second 7\" to be released by the American indie rock band Cursive. It was released in 1997. The only format it was available in was 7\".[1]Both of the songs were later put on the compilation, The Difference Between Houses and Homes in 2005.","title":"Sucker and Dry"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"Sucker And Dry\" – 3:01\n\"And The Bit Just Chokes Them\" – 4:50","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tim Kasher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Kasher"},{"link_name":"vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"Steve Pedersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Pedersen"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"Matt Maginn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Maginn"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"Clint Schnase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Schnase"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"}],"text":"Tim Kasher – vocals, guitar\nSteve Pedersen – guitar\nMatt Maginn – bass\nClint Schnase – drums","title":"Personnel"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/Cursive-Sucker-And-Dry/release/2889324","external_links_name":"Discogs.com"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/2a8eebbd-aeae-467a-88ef-8fc16b6b1e25","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9nat
|
Senate (France)
|
["1 History","2 Powers","3 Composition","3.1 President","3.2 Election","3.3 Parliamentary groups","4 Criticism","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 48°50′54″N 2°20′14″E / 48.84833°N 2.33722°E / 48.84833; 2.33722Upper house of the French Parliament
Not to be confused with the Sénat conservateur of the French Consulate and First French Empire.
Senate Sénat21st Senate of the Fifth RepublicTypeTypeUpper house of the French Parliament HistoryFounded4 October 1958; 65 years ago (1958-10-04)Preceded byCouncil of the Republic(Fourth Republic)New session started2 October 2023; 8 months ago (2023-10-02)LeadershipPresidentGérard Larcher, LR since 1 October 2014 (2014-10-01) StructureSeats3481816641622561813251Political groups
REP (132)
SER (64)
UC (56)
RDPI (22)
CRCE-K (18)
LIRT (18)
GEST (16)
RDSE (16)
RASNAG (5)
Vacant (1)
Length of term6 yearsElectionsVoting systemIndirect electionFirst election26 April 1959 (1959-04-26)Last election24 September 2023 (2023-09-24)Next electionSeptember 2026Meeting placeSalle des SéancesLuxembourg PalaceParis, French RepublicWebsitewww.senat.fr ConstitutionConstitution of 4 October 1958RulesStanding Orders of the Senate (English)
48°50′54″N 2°20′14″E / 48.84833°N 2.33722°E / 48.84833; 2.33722
The Senate (French: Sénat; pronounced ) is the upper house of the French Parliament, with the lower house being the National Assembly, the two houses constituting the legislature of France. The French Senate is made up of 348 senators (sénateurs and sénatrices) elected by part of the country's local councillors (in indirect elections), as well as by representatives of French citizens living abroad. Senators have six-year terms, with half of the seats up for election every three years.
The Senate enjoys less prominence than the first, or lower house, the National Assembly, which is elected on direct universal ballot and upon the majority of which the Government has to rely: in case of disagreement, the Assembly can in many cases have the last word, although the Senate keeps a role in some key procedures, such as constitutional amendments and most importantly legislation about itself.
Bicameralism was first introduced in France in 1795; as in many countries, it assigned the second chamber with the role of moderating the first, although for a long time as an ally of the executive. The present selection mode of the Senate dates back to the start of the Third Republic, when it was turned into what Léon Gambetta famously called a "grand council of the communes of France". Over time, it developed a sense of independence as a "guardian of the institutions" and "guardian of liberties", favoured by the fact that senators are on average older than members of the National Assembly, and join the house in the last part of their career. Debates in the Senate tend to be less tense and generally receive less media coverage.
As a result of its election relying on what is often summed up as rural mayors, it has had a right-wing majority since 1958, with only a three-year exception in 2011–2014. The left has historically opposed the very existence of a second chamber, while the right defends it, and controversies over the Senate's role are revived from time to time. The common phrase "a senator's pace" (un train de sénateur) mocks the upper house's perceived slow rhythm and readiness to let new legislation die.
The president of the Senate is to step in as acting president of France in case of an incapacitation or a vacancy, which last happened in 1974. The current officeholder is Gérard Larcher. The Senate is housed inside the Luxembourg Palace in the 6th arrondissement of Paris. It is guarded by Republican Guards. In front of the building lies the Senate's garden, the Jardin du Luxembourg, open to the public.
History
The Luxembourg Palace in Paris, where the Senate meets
France's first experience with an upper house was under the Directory from 1795 to 1799, when the Council of Ancients was the upper chamber. There were Senates in both the First and Second Empires (the former being known as the Sénat conservateur, the latter as the French Senate), but these were only nominally legislative bodies – technically they were not legislative, but rather advisory bodies on the model of the Roman Senate.
With the Restoration in 1814, a new Chamber of Peers was created, on the model of the British House of Lords. At first it contained hereditary peers, but following the July Revolution of 1830, it became a body whose members were appointed for life. The Second Republic returned to a unicameral system after 1848, but soon after the establishment of the Second Empire in 1852, a Senate was established as the upper chamber. In the Fourth Republic, the Senate was replaced by the Council of the Republic, but its function was largely the same. With the new Constitution of the Fifth Republic which came into force on 4 October 1958, the older name of Senate was restored.
In 2011, the Socialist Party won control of the Senate for the first time since the foundation of the Fifth Republic. In 2014, the centre-right Gaullists and their allies won back the control of the Senate; they retained their majority in 2017.
Powers
Under the Constitution of France, the Senate has nearly the same powers as the National Assembly. Bills may be submitted by the government (projets de loi) or by either house of Parliament (propositions de loi). Because both houses may amend the bill, it may take several readings to reach an agreement between the National Assembly and the Senate. When the Senate and the National Assembly cannot agree on a bill, the administration can decide, after a procedure called commission mixte paritaire, to give the final decision to the National Assembly, whose majority is normally on the government's side, but as regarding the constitutional laws the administration must have the Senate's agreement. This does not happen frequently; usually the two houses eventually agree on the bill, or the administration decides to withdraw it. This power however gives the National Assembly a prominent role in the law-making process, especially since the administration is necessarily of the same side as the Assembly, for the Assembly can dismiss the administration through a motion of censure.
The power to pass a vote of censure, or vote of no confidence, is limited. As was the case in the Fourth Republic's constitution, new cabinets do not have to receive a vote of confidence. Also, a vote of censure can occur only after 10 per cent of the members sign a petition; if rejected, those members that signed cannot sign another petition until that session of Parliament has ended. If the petition gets the required support, a vote of censure must gain an absolute majority of all members, not just those voting. If the Assembly and the Senate have politically distinct majorities, the Assembly will in most cases prevail, and open conflict between the two houses is uncommon.
The Senate is also the representative of the territories and often defends the regions and mayors, as per article 24 of the Constitution.
The Senate also serves to monitor the administration's actions by publishing many reports each year on various topics.
Composition
Until September 2004, the Senate had 321 members, each elected to serve for a nine-year term. In that month, the term was reduced to six years, while – to reflect a growth in the country's population – the number of senators was set to increase progressively, to reach 348 by 2011. Senators had been elected in thirds every three years; this was also changed to one half of their number every three years.
President
Further information: List of presidents of the Senate of France
Gérard Larcher has been President of the Senate since 2014.
The president of the Senate is elected by senators from among their members. The current incumbent is Gérard Larcher. The President of the Senate is, under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic, first in the line of succession—in case of death, resignation or removal from office (only for health reasons)—to the presidency of the French Republic, becoming Acting President of the Republic until a new election can be held. This happened twice for Alain Poher—once at the resignation of Charles de Gaulle and once at the death of Georges Pompidou.
The President of the Senate also has the right to designate three of the nine members of the Constitutional Council, serving for nine years.
Election
Main article: French senate elections
Senators are elected indirectly by approximately 150,000 officials, known as the grands électeurs, including regional councillors, department councillors, mayors, municipal councillors in large communes, as well as members of the National Assembly. However, 90% of the electors are delegates appointed by councillors. This system introduces a bias in the composition of the Senate favoring rural areas. As a consequence, while the political majority changes frequently in the National Assembly, the Senate has remained politically right, with one brief exception, since the foundation of the Fifth Republic, much to the displeasure of the Socialists.
This has spurred controversy, especially after the 2008 election in which the Socialist Party, despite controlling all but two of France's regions, a majority of departments, as well as communes representing more than 50% of the population, still failed to achieve a majority in the Senate. The Senate has also been accused of being a "refuge" for politicians that have lost their seats in the National Assembly. The left, led by the Socialist Party, gained control of the Senate for the first time since 1958 during the 2011 election, leading to the election of Jean-Pierre Bel at its presidency. This proved a short-lived win, as the right, led by the Union for a Popular Movement, regained the Senate three years later.
The Senate has a larger share of citizens (especially of local descent, compared to non-citizens) among its voters compared to other institutions. Also, Senate voters have a higher income, capital and land possession compared to general voters.
Parliamentary groups
Composition of the Senate as of 4 March 2024
Parliamentary group
Members
Associated
Attached
Total
President
REP
Senate Republicans
99
20
13
132
Bruno Retailleau
SER
Socialist
64
0
0
64
Patrick Kanner
UC
Centrist Union
50
4
2
56
Hervé Marseille
RDPI
Rally of Democrats, Progressive and Independent
20
2
0
22
François Patriat
CRCE-K
Communist, Republican, Citizen and Ecologist
18
0
0
18
Cécile Cukierman
LIRT
The Independents – Republic and Territories
18
0
0
18
Claude Malhuret
GEST
Ecologist
16
0
0
16
Guillaume Gontard
RDSE
European Democratic and Social Rally
16
0
0
15
Maryse Carrère
RASNAG
Administrative meeting of senators not appearing on the list of any group
5
–
–
5
Christopher Szczurek (delegate)
Vacant seat
1
Criticism
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vte
As an indirectly elected house, the Senate is often criticised by political parties such as La France Insoumise and the National Rally as not being representative enough.
See also
Congress of the French Parliament
List of presidents of the Senate of France
List of senators of France by department
Leader of the Opposition in the French Senate
Politics of France
Senator for life (France)
Women in the French Senate
References
^ "1814-1830 : La Chambre des Pairs de la Restauration". Sénat (in French). Retrieved 23 January 2024.
^ "1851-1870 : Le Sénat du Second Empire". Sénat (in French). Retrieved 23 January 2024.
^ Bremer, Catherine (25 September 2011). "French left seizes Senate majority, hurts Sarkozy". Reuters.
^ "Welcome to the French Senate - Sénat". www.senat.fr.
^ "Les groupes politiques". Senat.fr. 13 January 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
^ Gilles Le Béguec, Les socialistes et le Sénat, Parlement, Revue d'histoire politique, n° 6 2006/2, pp. 57–72, L'Harmattan, ISSN 1768-6520 (print) ISSN 1760-6233 (online).
^ "Sénat, le triomphe de l'anomalie". Libération. France. 25 September 2008. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
^ "Salaries in France: How much migrants earn".
^ "Liste des sénateurs par groupes politiques". Sénat. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
^ Présidentielle : faut-il supprimer le Sénat? (in French).
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Senate.
French Senate at Google Cultural Institute
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Martine Berthet
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Joël Bigot
Christian Bilhac
Annick Billon
Jean Bizet
Étienne Blanc
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Maryvonne Blondin
Éric Bocquet
Christine Bonfanti-Dossat
François Bonhomme
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Laurent Bourgoa
Hussein Bourgi
Valérie Boyer
Isabelle Briquet
Céline Brulin
François-Noël Buffet
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Olivier Cadic
François Calvet
Christian Cambon
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Vincent Capo-Canellas
Rémi Cardon
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Marie-Arlette Carlotti
Joseph Castelli
Bernard Cazeau
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Pierre Charon
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Vincent Delahaye
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Jacques Fernique
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Christophe-André Frassa
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André Gattolin
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Frédérique Gerbaud
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Nathalie Goulet
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Jean-Pierre Grand
Michelle Gréaume
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Loïc Hervé
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Florence Lassarade
Daniel Laurent
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Claudine Lepage
Stéphane Le Rudulier
Valérie Létard
Pierre-Antoine Lévi
Marie-Noëlle Lienemann
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The French Senate is made up of 348 senators (sénateurs and sénatrices) elected by part of the country's local councillors (in indirect elections), as well as by representatives of French citizens living abroad. Senators have six-year terms, with half of the seats up for election every three years.The Senate enjoys less prominence than the first, or lower house, the National Assembly, which is elected on direct universal ballot and upon the majority of which the Government has to rely: in case of disagreement, the Assembly can in many cases have the last word, although the Senate keeps a role in some key procedures, such as constitutional amendments and most importantly legislation about itself.Bicameralism was first introduced in France in 1795; as in many countries, it assigned the second chamber with the role of moderating the first, although for a long time as an ally of the executive. The present selection mode of the Senate dates back to the start of the Third Republic, when it was turned into what Léon Gambetta famously called a \"grand council of the communes of France\". Over time, it developed a sense of independence as a \"guardian of the institutions\" and \"guardian of liberties\", favoured by the fact that senators are on average older than members of the National Assembly, and join the house in the last part of their career. Debates in the Senate tend to be less tense and generally receive less media coverage.As a result of its election relying on what is often summed up as rural mayors, it has had a right-wing majority since 1958, with only a three-year exception in 2011–2014. The left has historically opposed the very existence of a second chamber, while the right defends it, and controversies over the Senate's role are revived from time to time. The common phrase \"a senator's pace\" (un train de sénateur) mocks the upper house's perceived slow rhythm and readiness to let new legislation die.The president of the Senate is to step in as acting president of France in case of an incapacitation or a vacancy, which last happened in 1974. The current officeholder is Gérard Larcher. The Senate is housed inside the Luxembourg Palace in the 6th arrondissement of Paris. It is guarded by Republican Guards. In front of the building lies the Senate's garden, the Jardin du Luxembourg, open to the public.","title":"Senate (France)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palais_du_Luxembourg,_South_View_140116_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Directory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Directory"},{"link_name":"Council of Ancients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ancients"},{"link_name":"First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"Second Empires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sénat conservateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9nat_conservateur"},{"link_name":"Roman Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Senate"},{"link_name":"Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Peers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Peers_(France)"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"July Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Second Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Second_Republic"},{"link_name":"unicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameralism"},{"link_name":"Second Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Fourth Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic"},{"link_name":"Council of the Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_Republic_(France)"},{"link_name":"Fifth Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_French_Senate_election"},{"link_name":"Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_French_Senate_election"},{"link_name":"Gaullists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaullism"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_French_Senate_election"}],"text":"The Luxembourg Palace in Paris, where the Senate meetsFrance's first experience with an upper house was under the Directory from 1795 to 1799, when the Council of Ancients was the upper chamber. There were Senates in both the First and Second Empires (the former being known as the Sénat conservateur, the latter as the French Senate), but these were only nominally legislative bodies – technically they were not legislative, but rather advisory bodies on the model of the Roman Senate.With the Restoration in 1814, a new Chamber of Peers was created, on the model of the British House of Lords.[1] At first it contained hereditary peers, but following the July Revolution of 1830, it became a body whose members were appointed for life. The Second Republic returned to a unicameral system after 1848, but soon after the establishment of the Second Empire in 1852, a Senate was established as the upper chamber.[2] In the Fourth Republic, the Senate was replaced by the Council of the Republic, but its function was largely the same. With the new Constitution of the Fifth Republic which came into force on 4 October 1958, the older name of Senate was restored.In 2011, the Socialist Party won control of the Senate for the first time since the foundation of the Fifth Republic.[3] In 2014, the centre-right Gaullists and their allies won back the control of the Senate; they retained their majority in 2017.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constitution of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_France"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)"},{"link_name":"Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_(proposed_law)"}],"text":"Under the Constitution of France, the Senate has nearly the same powers as the National Assembly. Bills may be submitted by the government (projets de loi) or by either house of Parliament (propositions de loi). Because both houses may amend the bill, it may take several readings to reach an agreement between the National Assembly and the Senate. When the Senate and the National Assembly cannot agree on a bill, the administration can decide, after a procedure called commission mixte paritaire, to give the final decision to the National Assembly, whose majority is normally on the government's side, but as regarding the constitutional laws the administration must have the Senate's agreement. This does not happen frequently; usually the two houses eventually agree on the bill, or the administration decides to withdraw it. This power however gives the National Assembly a prominent role in the law-making process, especially since the administration is necessarily of the same side as the Assembly, for the Assembly can dismiss the administration through a motion of censure.The power to pass a vote of censure, or vote of no confidence, is limited. As was the case in the Fourth Republic's constitution, new cabinets do not have to receive a vote of confidence. Also, a vote of censure can occur only after 10 per cent of the members sign a petition; if rejected, those members that signed cannot sign another petition until that session of Parliament has ended. If the petition gets the required support, a vote of censure must gain an absolute majority of all members, not just those voting. If the Assembly and the Senate have politically distinct majorities, the Assembly will in most cases prevail, and open conflict between the two houses is uncommon.The Senate is also the representative of the territories and often defends the regions and mayors, as per article 24 of the Constitution.The Senate also serves to monitor the administration's actions by publishing many reports each year on various topics.","title":"Powers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Until September 2004, the Senate had 321 members, each elected to serve for a nine-year term. In that month, the term was reduced to six years, while – to reflect a growth in the country's population – the number of senators was set to increase progressively, to reach 348 by 2011.[4] Senators had been elected in thirds every three years; this was also changed to one half of their number every three years.[5]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of presidents of the Senate of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Senate_of_France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G%C3%A9rard_Larcher,_Pr%C3%A9sident_du_S%C3%A9nat_fran%C3%A7ais,_biblioth%C3%A8que_du_S%C3%A9nat.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gérard Larcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Larcher"},{"link_name":"presidency of the French Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_French_Republic"},{"link_name":"Alain Poher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Poher"},{"link_name":"Charles de Gaulle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle"},{"link_name":"Georges Pompidou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Pompidou"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Council_(France)"}],"sub_title":"President","text":"Further information: List of presidents of the Senate of FranceGérard Larcher has been President of the Senate since 2014.The president of the Senate is elected by senators from among their members. The current incumbent is Gérard Larcher. The President of the Senate is, under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic, first in the line of succession—in case of death, resignation or removal from office (only for health reasons)—to the presidency of the French Republic, becoming Acting President of the Republic until a new election can be held. This happened twice for Alain Poher—once at the resignation of Charles de Gaulle and once at the death of Georges Pompidou.The President of the Senate also has the right to designate three of the nine members of the Constitutional Council, serving for nine years.","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elected indirectly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_election"},{"link_name":"Fifth Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic"},{"link_name":"Socialists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2008 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_French_Senate_election"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France"},{"link_name":"departments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"communes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)"},{"link_name":"2011 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_French_Senate_election"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Bel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bel"},{"link_name":"Union for a Popular Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Election","text":"Senators are elected indirectly by approximately 150,000 officials, known as the grands électeurs, including regional councillors, department councillors, mayors, municipal councillors in large communes, as well as members of the National Assembly. However, 90% of the electors are delegates appointed by councillors. This system introduces a bias in the composition of the Senate favoring rural areas. As a consequence, while the political majority changes frequently in the National Assembly, the Senate has remained politically right, with one brief exception, since the foundation of the Fifth Republic, much to the displeasure of the Socialists.[6]This has spurred controversy, especially after the 2008 election[7] in which the Socialist Party, despite controlling all but two of France's regions, a majority of departments, as well as communes representing more than 50% of the population, still failed to achieve a majority in the Senate. The Senate has also been accused of being a \"refuge\" for politicians that have lost their seats in the National Assembly. The left, led by the Socialist Party, gained control of the Senate for the first time since 1958 during the 2011 election, leading to the election of Jean-Pierre Bel at its presidency. This proved a short-lived win, as the right, led by the Union for a Popular Movement, regained the Senate three years later.The Senate has a larger share of citizens (especially of local descent, compared to non-citizens) among its voters compared to other institutions. Also, Senate voters have a higher income, capital and land possession compared to general voters.[8]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Parliamentary groups","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La France Insoumise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_France_Insoumise"},{"link_name":"National Rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rally_(France)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"As an indirectly elected house, the Senate is often criticised by political parties such as La France Insoumise and the National Rally as not being representative enough.[10]","title":"Criticism"}]
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[{"image_text":"The Luxembourg Palace in Paris, where the Senate meets","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Palais_du_Luxembourg%2C_South_View_140116_1.jpg/220px-Palais_du_Luxembourg%2C_South_View_140116_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gérard Larcher has been President of the Senate since 2014.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/G%C3%A9rard_Larcher%2C_Pr%C3%A9sident_du_S%C3%A9nat_fran%C3%A7ais%2C_biblioth%C3%A8que_du_S%C3%A9nat.jpg/220px-G%C3%A9rard_Larcher%2C_Pr%C3%A9sident_du_S%C3%A9nat_fran%C3%A7ais%2C_biblioth%C3%A8que_du_S%C3%A9nat.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Congress of the French Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_French_Parliament"},{"title":"List of presidents of the Senate of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Senate_of_France"},{"title":"List of senators of France by department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_senators_of_France_by_department"},{"title":"Leader of the Opposition in the French Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_in_the_French_Senate"},{"title":"Politics of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_France"},{"title":"Senator for life (France)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senator_for_life_(France)"},{"title":"Women in the French Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_the_French_Senate"}]
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[{"reference":"\"1814-1830 : La Chambre des Pairs de la Restauration\". Sénat (in French). Retrieved 23 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senat.fr/connaitre-le-senat/lhistoire-du-senat/1814-1830-la-chambre-des-pairs-de-la-restauration.html","url_text":"\"1814-1830 : La Chambre des Pairs de la Restauration\""}]},{"reference":"\"1851-1870 : Le Sénat du Second Empire\". Sénat (in French). Retrieved 23 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senat.fr/connaitre-le-senat/lhistoire-du-senat/1851-1870-le-senat-du-second-empire.html","url_text":"\"1851-1870 : Le Sénat du Second Empire\""}]},{"reference":"Bremer, Catherine (25 September 2011). \"French left seizes Senate majority, hurts Sarkozy\". Reuters.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-senate-idUSTRE78O2G620110925","url_text":"\"French left seizes Senate majority, hurts Sarkozy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to the French Senate - Sénat\". www.senat.fr.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.senat.fr/lng/en/index.html","url_text":"\"Welcome to the French Senate - Sénat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Les groupes politiques\". Senat.fr. 13 January 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.senat.fr/role/fiche/groupespol.html","url_text":"\"Les groupes politiques\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sénat, le triomphe de l'anomalie\". Libération. France. 25 September 2008. Retrieved 21 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liberation.fr/politiques/010132156-senat-le-triomphe-de-l-anomalie","url_text":"\"Sénat, le triomphe de l'anomalie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Salaries in France: How much migrants earn\".","urls":[{"url":"https://koronapay.com/transfers/europe/en/blog/how-much-do-people-earn-in-france-1/","url_text":"\"Salaries in France: How much migrants earn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liste des sénateurs par groupes politiques\". Sénat. Retrieved 4 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.senat.fr/senateurs/grp.html","url_text":"\"Liste des sénateurs par groupes politiques\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaves_on_Dope
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Slaves on Dope
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["1 History","2 Musical style and influences","3 Members","3.1 Former","4 Discography","5 References","6 External links"]
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Canadian nu metal band
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Slaves on DopeOriginMontreal, Quebec, CanadaGenresNu metal, alternative metalYears active1993–2004, 2009–presentLabelsDivine RecordingsBieler Bros. RecordsTHC:Music MembersJason RockmanKevin JardineRob Laurion Peter Tzaferis
Slaves on Dope is a Canadian nu metal band based in Montreal, Quebec.
History
The band was formed in 1993 by Jason Rockman, Kevin Jardine and Avrum Nadigel. The original line-up also included Patrick Francis, and Lenny Vartanian. In 1995, the bass guitarist Francis and the drummer Vartanian were replaced by Frank Salvaggio and Robert Urbani respectively, beginning a new, heavier metal direction for the band.
At that time, the Canadian music scene had yet to embrace nu/alternative metal music, so Salvaggio and Urbani decided to make a six-day trip by Greyhound bus from Montreal to Los Angeles to make contacts and secure showcases for the band. After a year, the band secured a record deal through Ozzy and Sharon Osbourne's Divine Recordings, which released their full-length album, Inches from the Mainline, in 2000.
The band also toured Ozzfest in 2000, and made an appearance on the SnoCore Tour. The album sold approximately 70,000 copies in the US.
After Divine Recordings lost their distribution deal with EMI's Priority Records, the band was left without a label and returned to Montreal. Salvaggio once again returned to Los Angeles with the goal of securing another record deal. With the help of producers Jason Slater and Troy Van Leeuwen, a contract was signed with Bieler Bros. Records. Their second major album, Metafour, was released in 2003.
In March 2004, Rockman, the vocalist, left the band, prompting Slaves on Dope to disband. Salvaggio and Urbani are now part of the band Anew Revolution, with the ex-Ünloco vocalist Joey Duenas. Jardine has become a producer in Montreal (Uplift Recording Studio), as well as forming his own band called The Monarchy (Disbanded).
In 2006, the band's independent release One Good Turn Deserves Another was re-issued through Just A Minute Records. In 2009, Rockman and Jardine reformed Slaves on Dope and the group subsequently recorded their fourth studio album. In an online webisode, the band announced the name of the album to be Over the Influence. It was announced on webisode 18 that the recording had finished with 17 tracks. Rockman then said in a video on the band's Facebook page that the album would be released in spring 2011.
In October 2011, it was announced that Slaves on Dope had signed to THC:Music/Rocket Science Ventures, the new label of the Corporate Punishment Records President, and early Slaves on Dope manager Thom Hazaert, who would release Over the Influence worldwide in spring 2012. They also announced the release of a digital-only EP, Careless Coma, in November 2011.
Slaves On Dope released their fifth studio album, Horse, on September 9, 2016. It features DMC, Bill Kelliher, HR from Bad Brains and Lee Baum from The Damn Truth and their new bass player Rob Laurion.
Musical style and influences
One of the band's main influences is the San Francisco group Faith No More, whom vocalist Jason Rockman labelled as "our heroes". He stated "They were always our benchmark. They were always the band that inspired us. They just did what they wanted to do and they didn't give a flying fuck what people thought. That's how we are." Regarding the band's association with the nu metal genre, Rockman reflected "You know, we've always been a band that has been hard to lump in with anything. A lot of people said, 'you guys were a nu-metal band.' Well, no we were not a nu-metal band. We were just Slaves on Dope and doing what we do. You know, when I was screaming and singing I did it because I heard Burton from Fear Factory doing it and I thought it was cool. But then suddenly it became screamo and emo and metalcore and all these other genres that came after the 2000s, and we just never fit in. And we still don't fit in."
Members
Jason Rockman – vocals (1994–2004, 2009–present)
Kevin Jardine – guitar (1994–2004, 2009–present)
Rob Laurion – bass (2016–present)
Peter Tzaferis – drums (2009–present)
Former
Patrick Francis – bass (1994–1995)
Lenny Vartanian – drums (1994–1995)
Frank Salvaggio – bass (1995–2004)
Rob Urbani – drums (1995–2004)
Sebastien Ducap – bass (2009–2016)
Discography
Studio albums
One Good Turn Deserves Another (1997)
Inches from the Mainline (2000)
Metafour (2003)
Over the Influence (2012)
Horse (2016)
Demos/EPs
Sober (1994)
Klepto (1999)
Careless Coma (2011)
Covers, Vol. 1 (2013)
Covers, Vol. 2 (2019)
Other songs
"War Pigs", Black Sabbath cover, appears on Japanese release of Nativity in Black II: A Tribute to Black Sabbath (2000)
"Look What The Cat Dragged In", Poison cover, appears on Show Me Your Hits: A Tribute to Poison (2000)
"Go" (demo) (2002)
"Drain Me" (demo) (2002)
"All I Want for Christmas (Is My Two Front Teeth)" (2011)
Music Videos
"Yourself"
"I'll Never Feel"
"Light on Your Feet"
"Pushing Me (Live at Ozzfest 2000)"
"Go"
"No One to Blame"
"Careless Coma"
"All I Want for Christmas"
"Pork Sword"
"Unraveling"
"Cavalry"
"Script Writer"
References
^ a b "SLAVES ON DOPE To Release 'Horse' Album In September". blabbermouth.net. June 10, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
^ McIver, Joel (2002). Nu Metal: The Next Generation of Rock & Punk. Omnibus Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-7119-9209-2.
^ Modern Fix, "Slaves on Dope interview by James Wright". Retrieved May 22, 2007.
^ a b "An Interview with Jason Rockman of SLAVES ON DOPE – "We've always been a band that has been hard to lump in with anything. We've never fit in."". Antiheromagazine.com. October 23, 2016. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
External links
Slaves on Dope on Myspace
Slaves on Dope at AllMusic
Uplift productions
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
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Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bieler_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"Metafour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafour_(album)"},{"link_name":"Anew Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anew_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Ünloco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cnloco"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Corporate Punishment Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Punishment_Records"},{"link_name":"Thom Hazaert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thom_Hazaert"},{"link_name":"Bad Brains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Brains"}],"text":"The band was formed in 1993 by Jason Rockman, Kevin Jardine and Avrum Nadigel. The original line-up also included Patrick Francis, and Lenny Vartanian. In 1995, the bass guitarist Francis and the drummer Vartanian were replaced by Frank Salvaggio and Robert Urbani respectively, beginning a new, heavier metal direction for the band.At that time, the Canadian music scene had yet to embrace nu/alternative metal music, so Salvaggio and Urbani decided to make a six-day trip by Greyhound bus from Montreal to Los Angeles to make contacts and secure showcases for the band. After a year, the band secured a record deal through Ozzy and Sharon Osbourne's Divine Recordings, which released their full-length album, Inches from the Mainline, in 2000.The band also toured Ozzfest in 2000, and made an appearance on the SnoCore Tour. The album sold approximately 70,000 copies in the US.[3]After Divine Recordings lost their distribution deal with EMI's Priority Records, the band was left without a label and returned to Montreal. Salvaggio once again returned to Los Angeles with the goal of securing another record deal. With the help of producers Jason Slater and Troy Van Leeuwen, a contract was signed with Bieler Bros. Records. Their second major album, Metafour, was released in 2003.In March 2004, Rockman, the vocalist, left the band, prompting Slaves on Dope to disband. Salvaggio and Urbani are now part of the band Anew Revolution, with the ex-Ünloco vocalist Joey Duenas. Jardine has become a producer in Montreal (Uplift Recording Studio), as well as forming his own band called The Monarchy (Disbanded).In 2006, the band's independent release One Good Turn Deserves Another was re-issued through Just A Minute Records. In 2009, Rockman and Jardine reformed Slaves on Dope and the group subsequently recorded their fourth studio album. In an online webisode, the band announced the name of the album to be Over the Influence. It was announced on webisode 18 that the recording had finished with 17 tracks. Rockman then[when?] said in a video on the band's Facebook page that the album would be released in spring 2011.In October 2011, it was announced that Slaves on Dope had signed to THC:Music/Rocket Science Ventures, the new label of the Corporate Punishment Records President, and early Slaves on Dope manager Thom Hazaert, who would release Over the Influence worldwide in spring 2012. They also announced the release of a digital-only EP, Careless Coma, in November 2011.Slaves On Dope released their fifth studio album, Horse, on September 9, 2016. It features DMC, Bill Kelliher, HR from Bad Brains and Lee Baum from The Damn Truth and their new bass player Rob Laurion.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Faith No More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_No_More"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rockman016-4"},{"link_name":"Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_C._Bell"},{"link_name":"Fear Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_Factory"},{"link_name":"screamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screamo"},{"link_name":"emo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emo"},{"link_name":"metalcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalcore"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rockman016-4"}],"text":"One of the band's main influences is the San Francisco group Faith No More, whom vocalist Jason Rockman labelled as \"our heroes\". He stated \"They were always our benchmark. They were always the band that inspired us. They just did what they wanted to do and they didn't give a flying fuck what people thought. That's how we are.\"[4] Regarding the band's association with the nu metal genre, Rockman reflected \"You know, we've always been a band that has been hard to lump in with anything. A lot of people said, 'you guys were a nu-metal band.' Well, no we were not a nu-metal band. We were just Slaves on Dope and doing what we do. You know, when I was screaming and singing I did it because I heard Burton from Fear Factory doing it and I thought it was cool. But then suddenly it became screamo and emo and metalcore and all these other genres that came after the 2000s, and we just never fit in. And we still don't fit in.\"[4]","title":"Musical style and influences"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Jason Rockman – vocals (1994–2004, 2009–present)\nKevin Jardine – guitar (1994–2004, 2009–present)\nRob Laurion – bass (2016–present)\nPeter Tzaferis – drums (2009–present)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Former","text":"Patrick Francis – bass (1994–1995)\nLenny Vartanian – drums (1994–1995)\nFrank Salvaggio – bass (1995–2004)\nRob Urbani – drums (1995–2004)\nSebastien Ducap – bass (2009–2016)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Good Turn Deserves Another","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Good_Turn_Deserves_Another_(album)"},{"link_name":"Inches from the Mainline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inches_from_the_Mainline"},{"link_name":"Metafour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafour"},{"link_name":"Klepto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klepto_(EP)"},{"link_name":"Black Sabbath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sabbath"},{"link_name":"Poison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_(American_band)"}],"text":"Studio albumsOne Good Turn Deserves Another (1997)\nInches from the Mainline (2000)\nMetafour (2003)\nOver the Influence (2012)\nHorse (2016)Demos/EPsSober (1994)\nKlepto (1999)\nCareless Coma (2011)\nCovers, Vol. 1 (2013)\nCovers, Vol. 2 (2019)Other songs\"War Pigs\", Black Sabbath cover, appears on Japanese release of Nativity in Black II: A Tribute to Black Sabbath (2000)\n\"Look What The Cat Dragged In\", Poison cover, appears on Show Me Your Hits: A Tribute to Poison (2000)\n\"Go\" (demo) (2002)\n\"Drain Me\" (demo) (2002)\n\"All I Want for Christmas (Is My Two Front Teeth)\" (2011)Music Videos\"Yourself\"\n\"I'll Never Feel\"\n\"Light on Your Feet\"\n\"Pushing Me (Live at Ozzfest 2000)\"\n\"Go\"\n\"No One to Blame\"\n\"Careless Coma\"\n\"All I Want for Christmas\"\n\"Pork Sword\"\n\"Unraveling\"\n\"Cavalry\"\n\"Script Writer\"","title":"Discography"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sabaya
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Abu Sabaya
|
["1 Life","2 References","3 Sources"]
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This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Abu SabayaBornJuly 18, 1962DiedJune 21, 2002(2002-06-21) (aged 39)Cause of deathGunshot woundNationalityFilipinoKnown forA senior leader of the Filipino militant group Abu SayyafPredecessorAbdurajak Abubakar Janjalani
Abu Sabaya (/ˈɑːbuː səbəˈjɑː/ ⓘ AH-boo sə-bə-YAH; July 18, 1962 – June 21, 2002), born Aldam Tilao, was one of the leaders of the Abu Sayyaf in the southern Philippines until he was shot down by soldiers of the Armed Forces of the Philippines in 2002.
Life
Abu Sabaya was a former engineering student and police trainee in Zamboanga City. He had lived in Saudi Arabia for several years before returning to the Philippines in the late 1990s.
Prior to his death, the United States government had placed a US$5,000,000 reward on his arrest for the May 2001 Dos Palmas kidnappings of two American missionaries and another American who was beheaded. According to the Philippine Army documents, Sabaya had dropped out of a criminology course to join the Moro National Liberation Front (M.N.L.F.), an Islamic rebel group, who trained him in bomb-making and assassination. When the M.N.L.F. signed a peace treaty with the Philippine government in 1996, Sabaya joined Filipinos working in Saudi Arabia. Upon his return to the Philippines he came into contact with Abdurajak Abubakar Janjalani, one of the founders of the Abu Sayyaf. Sabaya was accused of several hostage kidnappings. In Basilan, he was accused of being involved in 13 kidnappings incidents, including that of a Roman Catholic priest, schoolchildren and teachers. In retaliation, the Philippine government offered a 5,000,000 peso reward for his capture.
On June 21, 2002, after being tracked by United States and Philippine forces, Sabaya was confronted by a Special Warfare Group team of the Philippine Navy. After attempting to evade capture, Sabaya was shot and shot down at sea. Four other members of the Abu Sayyaf survived and were arrested during the incident. According to Australian scholar Bob East, Sabaya's death has had a significant impact on the Abu Sayyaf, as the number of operatives working for the group sharply decreased from 1100 in 2001 to 450 in late 2002, and had since been stagnant for the next ten years.
References
^ Stephen E. Atkins, Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004) p282
^ "Asia-Pacific | Philippines rebel leader 'shot'". BBC News. 21 June 2002. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
^ "Asia Times". Atimes.com. 17 July 2002. Archived from the original on 22 October 2002. Retrieved 6 June 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ a b East, Bob (2013). Terror Truncated: The Decline of the Abu Sayyaf Group from the Crucial Year 2002. Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 3, 23. ISBN 978-1-4438-4461-1. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
^ Laude, Jaime; Pareño, Roel (22 June 2002). "Sabaya shot dead". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
Sources
Search for Abu Sayyaf leader's body CNN, June 22, 2002
Philippines rebel leader 'shot' BBC, June 21, 2002
"Abu Sabaya: Trainee policeman turned Public Enemy No. 1". Archived from the original on 27 May 2003.
Harakah Daily: Top Abu Sayyaf leader slain in southern Philippines
vteMoro conflictPrelude
Drug abuse
Gun cultures
Poverty
Racism
Rido
Piracy
Jabidah massacre (1968)
Manili massacre (1971)
Tacub massacre (1971)
Palimbang massacre (1974)
Rebel groupsPro-autonomy or independence
Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)
Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)
MNLF Executive Council of 15 (MNLF EC-15)
Islamists
Abu Sayyaf (ASG)
Ansar Khalifa Philippines (AKP)
Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF)
Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao (KIM)
Maute group (MG)
LeadersPro-autonomy or independence
Nur Misuari (MNLF)
Mus Sema (MNLF EC-15)
Murad Ebrahim (MILF)
Islamists
Isnilon Hapilon (ASG)
Khadaffy Janjalani (ASG)
Ameril Umbra Kato (BIFF)
Albader Parad (ASG)
Abu Sabaya (ASG)
Radullan Sahiron (ASG)
Jainal Antel Sali Jr. (ASG)
Ahmed Santos (RSM)
Hamsiraji Marusi Sali (ASG)
Omar Maute (MG)
Abdullah Maute (MG)
Incidents
Battle off Mukah (1862)
Battle of Jolo (1974)
Patikul massacre (1977)
Pata Island massacre (1981)
Ipil massacre (1995)
Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and the Battle of Camp Abubakar (2000)
Misuari rebellion (2001)
Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines (2002–2015)
Basilan beheading incident (2007)
Cotabato conflict (2008)
Lahad Datu standoff (2013)
Zamboanga City crisis (2013)
Operation Darkhorse (2014)
Battle of Basilan (2014)
Mamasapano clash (2015)
Battle of Tipo-Tipo (2016)
Butig clashes (2016)
Bohol clashes (2017)
Siege of Marawi (2017)
Ungkaya Pukan clash (2022)
Incidents involvingcivilians
Lahad Datu ambush (1985)
Ozamiz Ferry Bombing (2000)
Sipadan kidnappings (2000)
Rizal Day bombings (2000)
Dos Palmas kidnappings (2000–2001)
Siege of Lamitan (2001)
Zamboanga City bombings (2002)
SuperFerry 14 bombing (2004)
Central Mindanao bombings (2006)
Mindanao bombings (2009)
Maguindanao massacre (2009)
Bukidnon bus bombing (2014)
Davao City bombing (2016)
Jolo Cathedral bombings (2019)
Jolo bombings (2020)
Datu Paglas market occupation (2021)
Mindanao State University bombing (2023)
Peace process
1976 Tripoli Agreement (MNLF)
1987 Jeddah Accord (MNLF)
1996 Final Peace Agreement (MNLF)
2012 Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro (MILF)
2014 Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro (MILF)
Security zonesand peace monitoring
AFP Western Mindanao Command
AFP Eastern Mindanao Command
Eastern Sabah Security Command
Eastern Sabah Security Zone
International Monitoring Team
Joint Peace and Security Team
Related articles
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
Bangsamoro Organic Law
Bangsamoro Autonomous Region
Bangsamoro Republik
Cross border attacks in Sabah
Ilaga
Moro people
Proclamation No. 216
Refugees
|
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He had lived in Saudi Arabia for several years before returning to the Philippines in the late 1990s.[2][3][4]Prior to his death, the United States government had placed a US$5,000,000 reward on his arrest for the May 2001 Dos Palmas kidnappings of two American missionaries and another American who was beheaded. According to the Philippine Army documents, Sabaya had dropped out of a criminology course to join the Moro National Liberation Front (M.N.L.F.), an Islamic rebel group, who trained him in bomb-making and assassination. When the M.N.L.F. signed a peace treaty with the Philippine government in 1996, Sabaya joined Filipinos working in Saudi Arabia. Upon his return to the Philippines he came into contact with Abdurajak Abubakar Janjalani, one of the founders of the Abu Sayyaf. Sabaya was accused of several hostage kidnappings. In Basilan, he was accused of being involved in 13 kidnappings incidents, including that of a Roman Catholic priest, schoolchildren and teachers. In retaliation, the Philippine government offered a 5,000,000 peso reward for his capture.On June 21, 2002, after being tracked by United States and Philippine forces, Sabaya was confronted by a Special Warfare Group team of the Philippine Navy. After attempting to evade capture, Sabaya was shot and shot down at sea. Four other members of the Abu Sayyaf survived and were arrested during the incident.[5] According to Australian scholar Bob East, Sabaya's death has had a significant impact on the Abu Sayyaf, as the number of operatives working for the group sharply decreased from 1100 in 2001 to 450 in late 2002, and had since been stagnant for the next ten years.[4]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Search for Abu Sayyaf leader's body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20030527104524/http://www.worldreporter.org/news/anmviewer.asp?a=397"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"Philippines rebel leader 'shot'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2056941.stm"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"\"Abu Sabaya: Trainee policeman turned Public Enemy No. 1\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20030527104524/http://www.worldreporter.org/news/anmviewer.asp?a=397"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.worldreporter.org/news/anmviewer.asp?a=397"},{"link_name":"Harakah Daily: Top Abu Sayyaf leader slain in southern Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070927033259/http://harakahdaily.net/article.php?sid=1735"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Moro_conflict"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Moro_conflict"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moro_conflict"},{"link_name":"Moro conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_conflict"},{"link_name":"Drug abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Gun cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Poverty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Rido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rido"},{"link_name":"Piracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_Sea"},{"link_name":"Jabidah massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabidah_massacre"},{"link_name":"Manili massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manili_massacre"},{"link_name":"Tacub massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacub_massacre"},{"link_name":"Palimbang massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palimbang_massacre"},{"link_name":"Moro National Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"Moro Islamic Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"MNLF Executive Council of 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MNLF_Executive_Council_of_15"},{"link_name":"Abu Sayyaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf"},{"link_name":"Ansar Khalifa Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansar_Khalifa_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangsamoro_Islamic_Freedom_Fighters"},{"link_name":"Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa_Islamiyah_Mindanao"},{"link_name":"Maute group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maute_group"},{"link_name":"Nur Misuari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_Misuari"},{"link_name":"Mus Sema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus_Sema"},{"link_name":"Murad Ebrahim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murad_Ebrahim"},{"link_name":"Isnilon Hapilon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isnilon_Hapilon"},{"link_name":"Khadaffy Janjalani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadaffy_Janjalani"},{"link_name":"Ameril Umbra Kato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameril_Umbra_Kato"},{"link_name":"Albader Parad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albader_Parad"},{"link_name":"Abu Sabaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Radullan Sahiron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radullan_Sahiron"},{"link_name":"Jainal Antel Sali Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainal_Antel_Sali_Jr."},{"link_name":"Ahmed Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Santos_(militant)"},{"link_name":"Hamsiraji Marusi Sali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamsiraji_Marusi_Sali"},{"link_name":"Omar Maute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Maute"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Maute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Maute"},{"link_name":"Battle off Mukah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_off_Mukah"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jolo_(1974)"},{"link_name":"Patikul massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patikul_massacre"},{"link_name":"Pata Island massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pata_Island_massacre"},{"link_name":"Ipil massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Ipil_massacre"},{"link_name":"Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Philippine_campaign_against_the_Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"Battle of Camp Abubakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Camp_Abubakar"},{"link_name":"Misuari rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Misuari_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Basilan beheading incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Basilan_beheading_incident"},{"link_name":"Cotabato conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Cotabato_conflict"},{"link_name":"Lahad Datu standoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Lahad_Datu_standoff"},{"link_name":"Zamboanga City crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboanga_City_crisis"},{"link_name":"Operation Darkhorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Darkhorse"},{"link_name":"Battle of Basilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Basilan_(2014)"},{"link_name":"Mamasapano clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamasapano_clash"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tipo-Tipo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tipo-Tipo"},{"link_name":"Butig clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Butig_clashes"},{"link_name":"Bohol clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Bohol_clashes"},{"link_name":"Siege of Marawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Marawi"},{"link_name":"Ungkaya Pukan clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungkaya_Pukan_clash"},{"link_name":"Lahad Datu ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush"},{"link_name":"Ozamiz Ferry Bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozamiz_Ferry_Bombing"},{"link_name":"Sipadan kidnappings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Sipadan_kidnappings"},{"link_name":"Rizal Day bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_Day_bombings"},{"link_name":"Dos Palmas kidnappings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dos_Palmas_kidnappings"},{"link_name":"Siege of Lamitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Lamitan"},{"link_name":"Zamboanga City bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Zamboanga_City_bombings"},{"link_name":"SuperFerry 14 bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_SuperFerry_14"},{"link_name":"Central Mindanao bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Central_Mindanao_bombings"},{"link_name":"Mindanao bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Mindanao_bombings"},{"link_name":"Maguindanao massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maguindanao_massacre"},{"link_name":"Bukidnon bus bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Bukidnon_bus_bombing"},{"link_name":"Davao City bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Davao_City_bombing"},{"link_name":"Jolo Cathedral bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Jolo_Cathedral_bombings"},{"link_name":"Jolo bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Jolo_bombings"},{"link_name":"Datu Paglas market occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datu_Paglas_market_occupation"},{"link_name":"Mindanao State University bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao_State_University_bombing"},{"link_name":"Peace process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangsamoro_peace_process"},{"link_name":"1976 Tripoli Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Tripoli_Agreement"},{"link_name":"1987 Jeddah Accord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah_Accord"},{"link_name":"1996 Final Peace Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Final_Peace_Agreement"},{"link_name":"2012 Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framework_Agreement_on_the_Bangsamoro"},{"link_name":"2014 Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Agreement_on_the_Bangsamoro"},{"link_name":"AFP Western Mindanao Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFP_Western_Mindanao_Command"},{"link_name":"AFP Eastern Mindanao Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFP_Eastern_Mindanao_Command"},{"link_name":"Eastern Sabah Security Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Sabah_Security_Command"},{"link_name":"Eastern Sabah Security Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Sabah_Security_Zone"},{"link_name":"International Monitoring Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monitoring_Team"},{"link_name":"Joint Peace and Security Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Peace_and_Security_Team"},{"link_name":"Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao"},{"link_name":"Bangsamoro Organic Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangsamoro_Organic_Law"},{"link_name":"Bangsamoro Autonomous Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangsamoro"},{"link_name":"Bangsamoro Republik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangsamoro_Republik"},{"link_name":"Cross border attacks in Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah"},{"link_name":"Ilaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilaga"},{"link_name":"Moro people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_people"},{"link_name":"Proclamation No. 216","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_No._216"},{"link_name":"Refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Philippines"}],"text":"Search for Abu Sayyaf leader's body CNN, June 22, 2002\nPhilippines rebel leader 'shot' BBC, June 21, 2002\n\"Abu Sabaya: Trainee policeman turned Public Enemy No. 1\". Archived from the original on 27 May 2003.\nHarakah Daily: Top Abu Sayyaf leader slain in southern PhilippinesvteMoro conflictPrelude\nDrug abuse\nGun cultures\nPoverty\nRacism\nRido\nPiracy\nJabidah massacre (1968)\nManili massacre (1971)\nTacub massacre (1971)\nPalimbang massacre (1974)\nRebel groupsPro-autonomy or independence\nMoro National Liberation Front (MNLF)\nMoro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)\nMNLF Executive Council of 15 (MNLF EC-15)\nIslamists\nAbu Sayyaf (ASG)\nAnsar Khalifa Philippines (AKP)\nBangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF)\nKhalifa Islamiyah Mindanao (KIM)\nMaute group (MG)\nLeadersPro-autonomy or independence\nNur Misuari (MNLF)\nMus Sema (MNLF EC-15)\nMurad Ebrahim (MILF)\nIslamists\nIsnilon Hapilon (ASG)\nKhadaffy Janjalani (ASG)\nAmeril Umbra Kato (BIFF)\nAlbader Parad (ASG)\nAbu Sabaya (ASG)\nRadullan Sahiron (ASG)\nJainal Antel Sali Jr. (ASG)\nAhmed Santos (RSM)\nHamsiraji Marusi Sali (ASG)\nOmar Maute (MG)\nAbdullah Maute (MG)\nIncidents\nBattle off Mukah (1862)\nBattle of Jolo (1974)\nPatikul massacre (1977)\nPata Island massacre (1981)\nIpil massacre (1995)\nPhilippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and the Battle of Camp Abubakar (2000)\nMisuari rebellion (2001)\nOperation Enduring Freedom – Philippines (2002–2015)\nBasilan beheading incident (2007)\nCotabato conflict (2008)\nLahad Datu standoff (2013)\nZamboanga City crisis (2013)\nOperation Darkhorse (2014)\nBattle of Basilan (2014)\nMamasapano clash (2015)\nBattle of Tipo-Tipo (2016)\nButig clashes (2016)\nBohol clashes (2017)\nSiege of Marawi (2017)\nUngkaya Pukan clash (2022)\nIncidents involvingcivilians\nLahad Datu ambush (1985)\nOzamiz Ferry Bombing (2000)\nSipadan kidnappings (2000)\nRizal Day bombings (2000)\nDos Palmas kidnappings (2000–2001)\nSiege of Lamitan (2001)\nZamboanga City bombings (2002)\nSuperFerry 14 bombing (2004)\nCentral Mindanao bombings (2006)\nMindanao bombings (2009)\nMaguindanao massacre (2009)\nBukidnon bus bombing (2014)\nDavao City bombing (2016)\nJolo Cathedral bombings (2019)\nJolo bombings (2020)\nDatu Paglas market occupation (2021)\nMindanao State University bombing (2023)\nPeace process\n1976 Tripoli Agreement (MNLF)\n1987 Jeddah Accord (MNLF)\n1996 Final Peace Agreement (MNLF)\n2012 Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro (MILF)\n2014 Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro (MILF)\nSecurity zonesand peace monitoring\nAFP Western Mindanao Command\nAFP Eastern Mindanao Command\nEastern Sabah Security Command\nEastern Sabah Security Zone\nInternational Monitoring Team\nJoint Peace and Security Team\nRelated articles\nAutonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao\nBangsamoro Organic Law\nBangsamoro Autonomous Region\nBangsamoro Republik\nCross border attacks in Sabah\nIlaga\nMoro people\nProclamation No. 216\nRefugees","title":"Sources"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Asia-Pacific | Philippines rebel leader 'shot'\". BBC News. 21 June 2002. Retrieved 6 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/2056941.stm","url_text":"\"Asia-Pacific | Philippines rebel leader 'shot'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Asia Times\". Atimes.com. 17 July 2002. Archived from the original on 22 October 2002. Retrieved 6 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021022144542/http://atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/DG17Ae01.html","url_text":"\"Asia Times\""}]},{"reference":"East, Bob (2013). Terror Truncated: The Decline of the Abu Sayyaf Group from the Crucial Year 2002. Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 3, 23. ISBN 978-1-4438-4461-1. Retrieved 3 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob_East&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"East, Bob"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgyBwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Terror Truncated: The Decline of the Abu Sayyaf Group from the Crucial Year 2002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne","url_text":"Newcastle upon Tyne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-4461-1","url_text":"978-1-4438-4461-1"}]},{"reference":"Laude, Jaime; Pareño, Roel (22 June 2002). \"Sabaya shot dead\". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 28 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2002/06/22/165517/sabaya-shot-dead","url_text":"\"Sabaya shot dead\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philippine_Star","url_text":"The Philippine Star"}]},{"reference":"\"Abu Sabaya: Trainee policeman turned Public Enemy No. 1\". Archived from the original on 27 May 2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030527104524/http://www.worldreporter.org/news/anmviewer.asp?a=397","url_text":"\"Abu Sabaya: Trainee policeman turned Public Enemy No. 1\""},{"url":"http://www.worldreporter.org/news/anmviewer.asp?a=397","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/2056941.stm","external_links_name":"\"Asia-Pacific | Philippines rebel leader 'shot'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021022144542/http://atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/DG17Ae01.html","external_links_name":"\"Asia Times\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgyBwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Terror Truncated: The Decline of the Abu Sayyaf Group from the Crucial Year 2002"},{"Link":"https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2002/06/22/165517/sabaya-shot-dead","external_links_name":"\"Sabaya shot dead\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030527104524/http://www.worldreporter.org/news/anmviewer.asp?a=397","external_links_name":"Search for Abu Sayyaf leader's body"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2056941.stm","external_links_name":"Philippines rebel leader 'shot'"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030527104524/http://www.worldreporter.org/news/anmviewer.asp?a=397","external_links_name":"\"Abu Sabaya: Trainee policeman turned Public Enemy No. 1\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldreporter.org/news/anmviewer.asp?a=397","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927033259/http://harakahdaily.net/article.php?sid=1735","external_links_name":"Harakah Daily: Top Abu Sayyaf leader slain in southern Philippines"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Heathen_Scum
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Steve Broy
|
["1 Career","2 Discography","2.1 With The Mentors","2.2 With The Mantors","2.3 With El Duce","2.4 With Hammerhawk / Mentorhawk","2.5 As Pope Heathen Scum","2.6 As Dr. Heathen Scum with Hammergirl","2.7 With Church of El Duce","2.8 With Mentor Heathen Scum's Church of El Duce","2.9 With Kill Allen Wrench","3 Videography","4 References","5 External links"]
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American musician
Steve BroyAlso known asDr. Heathen Scum, Pope Heathen ScumBorn (1958-04-01) April 1, 1958 (age 66)OriginSeattle, Washington, United StatesGenresHeavy metal, Punk rockInstrument(s)Electric bass, guitarYears active1976-presentMusical artist
Steve Broy (born April 1, 1958), also known by the stage names Dr. Heathen Scum and Pope Heathen Scum, is an American musician, best known as a founding member and current bassist of the heavy metal band the Mentors. Broy has also collaborated in related bands and released solo records under the Dr. Heathen Scum moniker.
Career
Main article: The Mentors
As a teenager, Broy co-founded The Mentors in Seattle, Washington in 1976 with two classmates at Roosevelt High School, guitarist Eric Carlson (Sickie Wifebeater), and drummer/vocalist Eldon Hoke (El Duce.) The band later relocated to Los Angeles, California and gained extensive notoriety for their extreme shock rock aesthetic.
Broy was in and out of the Mentors during their early career due to his preoccupation while pursuing degrees in engineering. His replacement, Mike Dewey, also used the Dr. Heathen Scum moniker during his time with the band, causing confusion regarding contribution credits. Broy returned to the bass in 1985 when The Mentors signed to Death Records, a subsidiary of Metal Blade, and released their debut studio LP, You Axed For It!. Thereafter, Broy was briefly replaced by bassists Ed Danky ("Poppa Sneaky Spermshooter") and Zippy, but returned to the group in 1989. The band continued after Hoke's 1997 death and presently remain active, with Broy often acting as the group's unofficial spokesman.
Broy has also performed as Dr. Heathen Scum with Hoke on his solo albums, collaborated with many groups, and has made solo albums as Dr. Heathen Scum and Pope Heathen Scum. According to Broy, his band Church of El Duce was formed "immediately after the resurrection of our Lord, El Duce" and Hoke came to him in a dream, telling him to "keep rockin'".
Discography
With The Mentors
Get Up and Die (1981 Mystic Records)
You Axed for It! (1985 Metal Blade/Death Records)
Up the Dose (1986 Metal Blade/Death Records)
Rock Bible (1990 Mentor Records)
To The Max (1991 Mentor Records)
Over The Top (2005 Mentor Records)
Ducefixion (2009 Mentor Records)
With The Mantors
Lust Muscle (2008 Mad Dog/Mentors Records)
Matando Emo (2009 Mad Dog/Mentors Records)
With El Duce
Musical Pornography (1993 Mind Boggler Records)
With Hammerhawk / Mentorhawk
Motel 7 (2000 HMF Records)
As Pope Heathen Scum
Top Notch Rock (Mentors Records)
Lady Killer (2008 Mind Boggler Records)
As Dr. Heathen Scum with Hammergirl
Songs of Sex and Love (2009 Mind Boggler Records)
With Church of El Duce
The Devils Hand (2005)
With Mentor Heathen Scum's Church of El Duce
Not Suitable For Anyone (2006 Usmetal Records)
Ladies Man (2006 Usmetal S&m Records)
With Kill Allen Wrench
My Bitch Is A Junky (Wanker Records)
Full Metal Messiah
Videography
Get Up and Die (1983)
Mentors Fuck Movie (1987)
A Piece of Sinema (1990)
The Wretched World of The Mentors (1990)
Mentors Tour De Max '91 (1991)
El Duce, The Man. The Myth. The Video. (1993)
Mentors – El Duce Vita DVD (2007)
References
^ a b c d The Mentors, at Allmusic
^ a b Official Facebook bio
^ Lana Cooper: The Mentors El Duce Vita DVD, PopMatters
^ The Band, The Church of El Duce, is the Official Band of the Church of El Duce.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Steve Broy.
Pope Heathen Scum at Encyclopaedia Metallum
Dr. Heathen Scum's Church of El Duce
Church Of El Duce
Dr. Heathen Scum's channel at YouTube
The Mentors Official Website
Mentors @ the Metal Archives
Dr. Heathen Scum at MySpace
Church of El Duce at MySpace
Kill Allen Wrench at MySpace
vteMentors
Sickie Wifebeater
Dr. Heathen Scum
Insect on Acid
Cousin Fister
El Chapo
El Duce
Jeff Dahl
Jack Shit
Heathen Scum Wezda
Wayne Daddio
Louis Hinzo
Wino
Sneaky Spermshooter
Lucinda Rezabek
Zippy
Moosedick
Sickie J
El Rapo
Sleazy P
Mad Dog Marc Duce
Studio albums
Get Up and Die
You Axed for It!
Up the Dose
Sex, Drugs & Rock 'n' Roll
Rock Bible
To the Max
Houses of the Horny
Over the Top
Ducefixion
The Illuminaughty
Live albums
Live at the Whiskey
Live in Frisco
Songs
List of Mentors songs
Related articles
Discography
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"Mentors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentors_(band)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mentorsall-1"}],"text":"Musical artistSteve Broy (born April 1, 1958), also known by the stage names Dr. Heathen Scum and Pope Heathen Scum, is an American musician, best known as a founding member and current bassist of the heavy metal band the Mentors. Broy has also collaborated in related bands and released solo records under the Dr. Heathen Scum moniker.[1]","title":"Steve Broy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_High_School_(Seattle,_Washington)"},{"link_name":"Eric Carlson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickie_Wifebeater"},{"link_name":"Eldon Hoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldon_Hoke"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mentorsall-1"},{"link_name":"shock rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_rock"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mentorsall-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-face-2"},{"link_name":"Metal Blade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Blade_Records"},{"link_name":"You Axed For It!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Axed_For_It!"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-face-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mentorsall-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ElDuceVitaReview-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChurchBand-4"}],"text":"As a teenager, Broy co-founded The Mentors in Seattle, Washington in 1976 with two classmates at Roosevelt High School, guitarist Eric Carlson (Sickie Wifebeater), and drummer/vocalist Eldon Hoke (El Duce.)[1] The band later relocated to Los Angeles, California and gained extensive notoriety for their extreme shock rock aesthetic.[1]Broy was in and out of the Mentors during their early career due to his preoccupation while pursuing degrees in engineering.[2] His replacement, Mike Dewey, also used the Dr. Heathen Scum moniker during his time with the band, causing confusion regarding contribution credits. Broy returned to the bass in 1985 when The Mentors signed to Death Records, a subsidiary of Metal Blade, and released their debut studio LP, You Axed For It!.[2] Thereafter, Broy was briefly replaced by bassists Ed Danky (\"Poppa Sneaky Spermshooter\") and Zippy, but returned to the group in 1989. The band continued after Hoke's 1997 death and presently remain active,[1] with Broy often acting as the group's unofficial spokesman.[3]Broy has also performed as Dr. Heathen Scum with Hoke on his solo albums, collaborated with many groups, and has made solo albums as Dr. Heathen Scum and Pope Heathen Scum. According to Broy, his band Church of El Duce was formed \"immediately after the resurrection of our Lord, El Duce\" and Hoke came to him in a dream, telling him to \"keep rockin'\".[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Get Up and Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Up_and_Die"},{"link_name":"You Axed for It!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Axed_for_It!"},{"link_name":"Up the Dose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_the_Dose_(The_Mentors_album)"},{"link_name":"Rock Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Bible"},{"link_name":"To The Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_the_Max_(The_Mentors_album)"},{"link_name":"Over The Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_the_Top_(The_Mentors_album)"},{"link_name":"Ducefixion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ducefixion&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"With The Mentors","text":"Get Up and Die (1981 Mystic Records)\nYou Axed for It! (1985 Metal Blade/Death Records)\nUp the Dose (1986 Metal Blade/Death Records)\nRock Bible (1990 Mentor Records)\nTo The Max (1991 Mentor Records)\nOver The Top (2005 Mentor Records)\nDucefixion (2009 Mentor Records)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lust Muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lust_Muscle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Matando Emo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matando_Emo&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"With The Mantors","text":"Lust Muscle (2008 Mad Dog/Mentors Records)\nMatando Emo (2009 Mad Dog/Mentors Records)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Musical Pornography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical_Pornography&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"With El Duce","text":"Musical Pornography (1993 Mind Boggler Records)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"With Hammerhawk / Mentorhawk","text":"Motel 7 (2000 HMF Records)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As Pope Heathen Scum","text":"Top Notch Rock (Mentors Records)\nLady Killer (2008 Mind Boggler Records)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Songs of Sex and Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Songs_of_Sex_and_Love&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"As Dr. Heathen Scum with Hammergirl","text":"Songs of Sex and Love (2009 Mind Boggler Records)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Devils Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Devils_Hand&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"With Church of El Duce","text":"The Devils Hand (2005)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Not Suitable For Anyone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Not_Suitable_For_Anyone&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"With Mentor Heathen Scum's Church of El Duce","text":"Not Suitable For Anyone (2006 Usmetal Records)\nLadies Man (2006 Usmetal S&m Records)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"With Kill Allen Wrench","text":"My Bitch Is A Junky (Wanker Records)Full Metal Messiah","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Get Up and Die (1983)\nMentors Fuck Movie (1987)\nA Piece of Sinema (1990)\nThe Wretched World of The Mentors (1990)\nMentors Tour De Max '91 (1991)\nEl Duce, The Man. The Myth. The Video. (1993)\nMentors – El Duce Vita DVD (2007)","title":"Videography"}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p4898%7C1","external_links_name":"The Mentors"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/pages/The-Mentors/80684623655?v=info","external_links_name":"Official Facebook bio"},{"Link":"https://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/the-mentors-el-duce-vita-dvd/","external_links_name":"The Mentors El Duce Vita DVD"},{"Link":"http://www.churchofelduce.com/church%20of%20el%20duce%20the%20band/index.htm","external_links_name":"The Band, The Church of El Duce, is the Official Band of the Church of El Duce."},{"Link":"http://www.metal-archives.com/band.php?id=3540263676","external_links_name":"Pope Heathen Scum"},{"Link":"http://www.churchofelduce.com/","external_links_name":"Dr. Heathen Scum's Church of El Duce"},{"Link":"http://www.churchofelduce.com/","external_links_name":"Church Of El Duce"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/user/sbroy","external_links_name":"Dr. Heathen Scum's channel"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160208133355/http://www.thementors.us/","external_links_name":"The Mentors Official Website"},{"Link":"http://www.metal-archives.com/band.php?id=15788","external_links_name":"Mentors @ the Metal Archives"},{"Link":"https://www.myspace.com/30934183","external_links_name":"Dr. Heathen Scum"},{"Link":"https://www.myspace.com/churchofelduce","external_links_name":"Church of El Duce"},{"Link":"https://www.myspace.com/killallenwrench","external_links_name":"Kill Allen Wrench"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/a0380532-1aee-47c6-8649-5f2bdbdad718","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874_FA_Cup_final
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1874 FA Cup final
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["1 Route to the final","2 Match","2.1 Summary","2.2 Details","3 Post-match","4 References","5 External links"]
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Association football match between Oxford University and Royal Engineers in 1874
Football match1874 FA Cup finalAn illustration of the FA Cup trophy awarded in 1876Event1873–74 FA Cup
Oxford University
Royal Engineers
2
0
Date14 March 1874VenueKennington Oval, LondonRefereeAlfred Stair (Upton Park F.C.)Attendance2,000← 1873 1875 →
The 1874 FA Cup final was a football match between Oxford University and Royal Engineers on 14 March 1874 at Kennington Oval in London. It was the third final of the world's oldest football competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (known in the modern era as the FA Cup). Both teams had previously reached the final but been defeated by Wanderers. The Engineers had reached the final with comparative ease, scoring sixteen goals and conceding only one in the four previous rounds. Oxford's opponents in the earlier rounds had included two-time former winners Wanderers.
The final was decided by two goals from Oxford in the first twenty minutes. Their opponents had spent two weeks training for the match, an innovative concept at the time, but were repeatedly thwarted by Charles Nepean, the Oxford goalkeeper. The Engineers were said to have missed their best back, Lieut. Alfred Goodwyn, who had been posted overseas.
Route to the final
Main article: 1873–74 FA Cup
Oxford University's F.A. Cup winning side of 1874. Standing: Vidal, Green, Mackarness, Johnson, Benson, Birley, Nepean; Seated: Ottaway, Patton, Maddison, Rawson.
Oxford University and the Chatham-based Royal Engineers were among 28 entrants to the competition in the 1873–74 season. Both teams were ranked among the strongest in the country at the time, especially the Engineers who played 86 games between 1871 and 1875 and lost only three, scoring a total of 240 goals and conceding only 20.
Both teams progressed through the first round of the competition with little difficulty, Oxford defeating Upton Park 4–0 and the Engineers winning 5–0 against Brondesbury. In the second round, the University beat Barnes 2–0 and the "Sappers", as the Engineers were nicknamed, beat Uxbridge 2–1.
The Engineers comprehensively defeated their quarter-final opponents, Maidenhead, winning 7–0, the first time a team had ever scored as many as seven goals in an FA Cup match. Oxford, on the other hand, were paired with Wanderers, who had won the competition in both its first two seasons and never lost an FA Cup match. They had defeated the Engineers in the 1872 final and Oxford in the 1873 final. The first match finished in a 1–1 draw, necessitating a replay which Oxford won 1–0 to end Wanderers' grip on the competition.
Both semi-final matches were played at Kennington Oval, the home of Surrey County Cricket Club, as specified by the rules in use at the time. Royal Engineers defeated Swifts in the first match to be played, and Oxford booked their place in the final a month later with a 1–0 win over Clapham Rovers.
Match
Summary
Cuthbert Ottaway was the Oxford captain.
Oxford were able to call on their first-choice goalkeeper, Charles Nepean, who had been unable to play in the previous year's final, which Oxford lost. They also selected William Rawson, whose brother Herbert was in the Engineers' team. The Engineers, who represented the British Army's Corps of Royal Engineers, had undertaken two weeks of special training before the match, an innovative concept in an era when little importance was placed on training, but were unable to field Alfred Goodwyn, considered to be their best back, as he had been posted to India earlier in the year. Oxford's players were not all students, as the team included Arthur Johnson, an ordained clergyman and Fellow of All Souls College. Around 2,000 spectators were in attendance, a smaller crowd than had attended the previous final.
Oxford won the coin toss and elected to begin the game defending the Harleyford Road end of the stadium. Charles Mackarness gave Oxford the lead after just ten minutes. Following an Oxford corner kick, a melee developed in front of the Engineers' goal, and the ball fell to Mackarness, who shot it over the crowd of players and past goalkeeper William Merriman. Frederick Patton doubled the lead ten minutes later after some skillful dribbling by captain Cuthbert Ottaway and Robert Vidal, who was nicknamed the "prince of dribblers" for his skill in that aspect of the game. Just before the call of time, Oxford got the ball between the posts a third time, when a free-kick from near the corner-flag went straight in, but the University did not appeal for a goal; at the time the laws of the game required all free-kicks to be indirect.
The best effort for the Engineers came when Henry Renny-Tailyour's shot struck the goalpost. Late in the game the "Sappers" mounted a series of attacks on the Oxford goal but were unable to score, being repeatedly thwarted by Nepean. Oxford thus won 2–0 and secured the cup.
Details
14 March 1874
Oxford University2–0Royal Engineers
Mackarness 10' Patton 20'
Report
Kennington Oval, LondonAttendance: 2,000Referee: Alfred Stair (Upton Park F.C.)
O. University
R. Engineers
Gk
Charles Nepean
FB
Charles Mackarness
HB
Francis Birley
HB
Frederick Green
FW
Robert Benson
FW
Frederick Maddison
FW
William Rawson
FW
Cuthbert Ottaway
FW
Rev. Arthur Johnson
FW
Walpole Vidal
FW
Frederick Patton
GK
Capt. William Merriman
FB
Maj. Francis Marindin
HB
Lieut. George Addison
HB
Lieut. Gerald Onslow
FW
Lieut. Pelham von Donop
FW
Lieut. John Blackburn
FW
Lieut. Herbert Rawson
FW
Lieut. Henry Renny-Tailyour
FW
Lieut. Henry Olivier
FW
Lieut. Charles Wood
FW
Lieut. Thomas Digby
Match rules
90 minutes normal time.
30 minutes extra-time if scores are level, at captains' discretion.
Replay if scores still level.
No substitutes.
Post-match
As occurred each year until 1882, the winning team did not receive the trophy at the stadium on the day of the match, but later in the year at their annual dinner. The secretary of the Royal Engineers club, in his official report, stated that Oxford had thoroughly deserved their victory. Some time after the match, the Engineers discovered that Alfred Goodwyn, their absent star player, had died in India on the day of the final of injuries sustained in a fall from a horse.
References
General
Warsop, Keith (2004). The Early FA Cup Finals and the Southern Amateurs. SoccerData. ISBN 1-899468-78-1.
Specific
^ Warsop, p. 20
^ a b c d "England FA Challenge Cup 1873–74". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 27 January 2001. Retrieved 25 November 2009.
^ a b "England FA Challenge Cup 1871–72". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 27 January 2001. Retrieved 25 November 2009.
^ a b "England FA Challenge Cup 1872–73". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 27 January 2001. Retrieved 25 November 2009.
^ Warsop, p. 19
^ a b Warsop, p. 81
^ Warsop, p. 91
^ Warsop, p. 41
^ Warsop, p. 42
^ a b Warsop, p. 31
^ Warsop, p. 130
^ "report". The Field: 287. 21 March 1874.
^ Gibbons, Philip (2001). Association Football in Victorian England – A History of the Game from 1863 to 1900. Upfront Publishing. pp. 41–42. ISBN 1-84426-035-6.
^ Warsop, p. 53
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|
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It was the third final of the world's oldest football competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (known in the modern era as the FA Cup). Both teams had previously reached the final but been defeated by Wanderers. The Engineers had reached the final with comparative ease, scoring sixteen goals and conceding only one in the four previous rounds. Oxford's opponents in the earlier rounds had included two-time former winners Wanderers.The final was decided by two goals from Oxford in the first twenty minutes. Their opponents had spent two weeks training for the match, an innovative concept at the time, but were repeatedly thwarted by Charles Nepean, the Oxford goalkeeper. The Engineers were said to have missed their best back, Lieut. Alfred Goodwyn, who had been posted overseas.","title":"1874 FA Cup final"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oxford_univ_afc_1874.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walpole_Vidal"},{"link_name":"Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Green_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Mackarness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mackarness"},{"link_name":"Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Johnson_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Henry_Benson"},{"link_name":"Birley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Birley"},{"link_name":"Nepean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Nepean"},{"link_name":"Ottaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuthbert_Ottaway"},{"link_name":"Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Patton"},{"link_name":"Maddison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Maddison_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Rawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rawson"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Chatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham,_Kent"},{"link_name":"Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"1873–74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873%E2%80%9374_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Upton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upton_Park_F.C."},{"link_name":"Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_F.C."},{"link_name":"Uxbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxbridge_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS-2"},{"link_name":"Maidenhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidenhead_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS2-4"},{"link_name":"Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"1872 final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_FA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"1873 final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_FA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS2-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS-2"},{"link_name":"Kennington Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennington_Oval"},{"link_name":"Surrey County Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Swifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swifts_F.C."},{"link_name":"Clapham Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapham_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS-2"}],"text":"Oxford University's F.A. Cup winning side of 1874. Standing: Vidal, Green, Mackarness, Johnson, Benson, Birley, Nepean; Seated: Ottaway, Patton, Maddison, Rawson.Oxford University and the Chatham-based Royal Engineers were among 28 entrants to the competition in the 1873–74 season. Both teams were ranked among the strongest in the country at the time, especially the Engineers who played 86 games between 1871 and 1875 and lost only three, scoring a total of 240 goals and conceding only 20.[1]Both teams progressed through the first round of the competition with little difficulty, Oxford defeating Upton Park 4–0 and the Engineers winning 5–0 against Brondesbury. In the second round, the University beat Barnes 2–0 and the \"Sappers\", as the Engineers were nicknamed, beat Uxbridge 2–1.[2]The Engineers comprehensively defeated their quarter-final opponents, Maidenhead, winning 7–0, the first time a team had ever scored as many as seven goals in an FA Cup match.[2][3][4] Oxford, on the other hand, were paired with Wanderers, who had won the competition in both its first two seasons and never lost an FA Cup match. They had defeated the Engineers in the 1872 final and Oxford in the 1873 final.[3][4] The first match finished in a 1–1 draw, necessitating a replay which Oxford won 1–0 to end Wanderers' grip on the competition.[2]Both semi-final matches were played at Kennington Oval, the home of Surrey County Cricket Club, as specified by the rules in use at the time. Royal Engineers defeated Swifts in the first match to be played, and Oxford booked their place in the final a month later with a 1–0 win over Clapham Rovers.[2]","title":"Route to the final"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cuthbert_Ottaway.jpg"},{"link_name":"goalkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Charles Nepean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Nepean"},{"link_name":"William Rawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rawson"},{"link_name":"Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Rawson"},{"link_name":"Corps of Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Alfred Goodwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Goodwyn"},{"link_name":"back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W81-6"},{"link_name":"Arthur Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Johnson_(historian)"},{"link_name":"All Souls College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Souls_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"coin toss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin_flipping"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W42-9"},{"link_name":"Charles Mackarness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mackarness"},{"link_name":"corner kick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corner_kick"},{"link_name":"William Merriman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Merriman"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W31-10"},{"link_name":"Frederick Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Patton"},{"link_name":"dribbling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dribbling"},{"link_name":"Cuthbert Ottaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuthbert_Ottaway"},{"link_name":"Robert Vidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walpole_Vidal"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"laws of the game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Laws_of_the_Game_(1874)"},{"link_name":"Henry Renny-Tailyour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Renny-Tailyour"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Summary","text":"Cuthbert Ottaway was the Oxford captain.Oxford were able to call on their first-choice goalkeeper, Charles Nepean, who had been unable to play in the previous year's final, which Oxford lost. They also selected William Rawson, whose brother Herbert was in the Engineers' team. The Engineers, who represented the British Army's Corps of Royal Engineers, had undertaken two weeks of special training before the match, an innovative concept in an era when little importance was placed on training,[5] but were unable to field Alfred Goodwyn, considered to be their best back, as he had been posted to India earlier in the year.[6] Oxford's players were not all students, as the team included Arthur Johnson, an ordained clergyman and Fellow of All Souls College.[7] Around 2,000 spectators were in attendance, a smaller crowd than had attended the previous final.[8]Oxford won the coin toss and elected to begin the game defending the Harleyford Road end of the stadium.[9] Charles Mackarness gave Oxford the lead after just ten minutes. Following an Oxford corner kick, a melee developed in front of the Engineers' goal, and the ball fell to Mackarness, who shot it over the crowd of players and past goalkeeper William Merriman.[10] Frederick Patton doubled the lead ten minutes later after some skillful dribbling by captain Cuthbert Ottaway and Robert Vidal, who was nicknamed the \"prince of dribblers\" for his skill in that aspect of the game.[11] Just before the call of time, Oxford got the ball between the posts a third time, when a free-kick from near the corner-flag went straight in, but the University did not appeal for a goal;[12] at the time the laws of the game required all free-kicks to be indirect.The best effort for the Engineers came when Henry Renny-Tailyour's shot struck the goalpost. Late in the game the \"Sappers\" mounted a series of attacks on the Oxford goal but were unable to score, being repeatedly thwarted by Nepean. Oxford thus won 2–0 and secured the cup.[13]","title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Mackarness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mackarness"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090507191354/http://www.fa-cupfinals.co.uk:80/1874.html"},{"link_name":"Kennington Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oval"},{"link_name":"Alfred Stair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Stair"},{"link_name":"Upton Park F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upton_Park_F.C."}],"sub_title":"Details","text":"14 March 1874\nOxford University2–0Royal Engineers\nMackarness 10' Patton 20'\nReport\n\nKennington Oval, LondonAttendance: 2,000Referee: Alfred Stair (Upton Park F.C.)Match rules90 minutes normal time.\n30 minutes extra-time if scores are level, at captains' discretion.\nReplay if scores still level.\nNo substitutes.","title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W31-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W81-6"}],"text":"As occurred each year until 1882, the winning team did not receive the trophy at the stadium on the day of the match, but later in the year at their annual dinner.[14] The secretary of the Royal Engineers club, in his official report, stated that Oxford had thoroughly deserved their victory.[10] Some time after the match, the Engineers discovered that Alfred Goodwyn, their absent star player, had died in India on the day of the final of injuries sustained in a fall from a horse.[6]","title":"Post-match"}]
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[{"image_text":"Oxford University's F.A. Cup winning side of 1874. Standing: Vidal, Green, Mackarness, Johnson, Benson, Birley, Nepean; Seated: Ottaway, Patton, Maddison, Rawson.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Oxford_univ_afc_1874.jpg/250px-Oxford_univ_afc_1874.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cuthbert Ottaway was the Oxford captain.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Cuthbert_Ottaway.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Warsop, Keith (2004). The Early FA Cup Finals and the Southern Amateurs. SoccerData. ISBN 1-899468-78-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-899468-78-1","url_text":"1-899468-78-1"}]},{"reference":"\"England FA Challenge Cup 1873–74\". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 27 January 2001. Retrieved 25 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engcup1874.html","url_text":"\"England FA Challenge Cup 1873–74\""}]},{"reference":"\"England FA Challenge Cup 1871–72\". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 27 January 2001. Retrieved 25 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engcup1872.html","url_text":"\"England FA Challenge Cup 1871–72\""}]},{"reference":"\"England FA Challenge Cup 1872–73\". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 27 January 2001. Retrieved 25 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engcup1873.html","url_text":"\"England FA Challenge Cup 1872–73\""}]},{"reference":"\"report\". The Field: 287. 21 March 1874.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Field_(magazine)","url_text":"The Field"}]},{"reference":"Gibbons, Philip (2001). Association Football in Victorian England – A History of the Game from 1863 to 1900. Upfront Publishing. pp. 41–42. ISBN 1-84426-035-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84426-035-6","url_text":"1-84426-035-6"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Laws_of_the_Game_(1874)","external_links_name":"laws of the game"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090507191354/http://www.fa-cupfinals.co.uk:80/1874.html","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engcup1874.html","external_links_name":"\"England FA Challenge Cup 1873–74\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engcup1872.html","external_links_name":"\"England FA Challenge Cup 1871–72\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engcup1873.html","external_links_name":"\"England FA Challenge Cup 1872–73\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070824153754/http://www.sportingchronicle.com/FACUP/1874.html","external_links_name":"Line-ups"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_in_spaceflight
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1992 in spaceflight
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["1 Launches","1.1 January","1.2 February","1.3 March","1.4 April","1.5 May","1.6 June","1.7 July","1.8 August","1.9 September","1.10 October","1.11 November","1.12 December","2 Deep Space Rendezvous","3 EVAs","4 References","4.1 Footnotes"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "1992 in spaceflight" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
1992 in spaceflightRichard Hieb, Thomas Akers, and Pierre J. Thuot undertake the first-ever three-person EVA to repair the Intelsat 603 spacecraft during STS-49, the maiden flight of the Space Shuttle Endeavour.Orbital launchesFirst21 JanuaryLast29 DecemberTotal98Successes94Failures2Partial failures2National firstsSatellite South KoreaOrbital launch RussiaSpace traveller Belgium Italy SwitzerlandRocketsMaiden flightsAtlas IIASpace Shuttle EndeavourRetirementsCommercial Titan IIIDelta II 6920Delta II 6925H-ICrewed flightsOrbital10Total travellers59vte
The following is an outline of 1992 in spaceflight.
vteTimeline of spaceflight
Spaceflight before 1951
1950s
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960s
1960
1961
1962
1963
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1965
1966
1967
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1980s
1980
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1990s
1990
1991
1992
1993
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2000s
2000
2001
2002
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2005
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2010
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2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020s
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
Future
Launches
← Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec →
Date and time (UTC)
Rocket
Flight number
Launch site
LSP
Payload(⚀ = CubeSat)
Operator
Orbit
Function
Decay (UTC)
Outcome
Remarks
January
11 January03:40
Black Brant IX
White Sands LC-36
NASA
NASA
Suborbital
Astronomy
11 January
Successful
Apogee: 248 kilometres (154 mi)
17 January
Storm
White Sands SULF
US Air Force
BTTV-1
US Air Force
Suborbital
Test flight
17 January
Successful
Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi)
21 January15:00
Soyuz-U
Plesetsk Site 43/3
VKS
Kosmos 2175 (Yantar-4K2)
VKS
Low Earth
Reconnaissance
20 March
Successful
First Russian (post Soviet) satellite launch
22 January14:52:33
Space Shuttle Discovery
Kennedy LC-39A
United Space Alliance
STS-42
NASA
Low Earth
Microgravity
30 January16:07:17
Successful
Spacelab Long Module 2
ESA/NASA
Low Earth (Discovery)
Spacelab IML-1
Crewed orbital flight with seven astronauts
23 January19:19
Black Brant IX
White Sands LC-36
NASA
NASA
Suborbital
Plasma
23 January
Successful
Apogee: 300 kilometres (190 mi)
24 January01:18:01
Molniya-M/2BL
Plesetsk Site 43/3
VKS
Kosmos 2176 (Oko)
VKS
Molniya
Missile defence
17 January 2012
Successful
25 January07:50:17
Soyuz-U2
Baikonur Site 1/5
VKS
Progress M-11
Roskosmos
Low Earth (Mir)
Logistics
13 March
Successful
28 January12:00
S-310
Kagoshima LA-K
ISAS
ISAS
Suborbital
Aeronomy
28 January
Successful
Apogee: 223 kilometres (139 mi)
29 January22:19:12
Proton-K/DM-2
Baikonur Site 81/23
VKS
Kosmos 2177 (GLONASS)
VKS
Medium Earth
Navigation
In orbit
Successful
Kosmos 2178 (GLONASS)
VKS
Medium Earth
Navigation
In orbit
Successful
Kosmos 2179 (GLONASS)
VKS
Medium Earth
Navigation
In orbit
Successful
31 January11:55
Black Brant IX
White Sands LC-36
NASA
SXT
NASA/Boulder
Suborbital
X-ray astronomy
31 January
Successful
Apogee: 300 kilometres (190 mi)
February
1 February16:00
S-520
Kagoshima LA-K
ISAS
CIR
ISAS
Suborbital
Infrared astronomy
1 February
Successful
Apogee: 338 kilometres (210 mi)
5 February
Zenit-2
Baikonur Site 45/1
VKS
Tselina-2 #10
MO RF
Intended: Low Earth
ELINT
5 February
Launch failure
Second stage overheated, causing malfunction
11 February00:41:02
Atlas II
Cape Canaveral LC-36A
General Dynamics
USA-78 (DSCS IIIB-14)
US Air Force
Geostationary
Communications
In orbit
Operational
11 February01:50
H-I
Tanegashima LA-N
NASDA
JERS-1
NASDA
Sun-synchronous
Earth observation
3 December 2001
Successful
Final flight of H-I
17 February22:05:08
Kosmos-3M
Plesetsk Site 133/3
VKS
Kosmos 2180 (Parus)
MO RF
Low Earth
Navigation
In orbit
Successful
18 February
Aries
White Sands LC-36
SDIO
SDIO
Suborbital
Technology
18 February
Successful
Apogee: 320 kilometres (200 mi)
22 February03:15
Black Brant IX
White Sands LC-36
NASA
NASA
Suborbital
Astronomy
22 February
Successful
Apogee: 300 kilometres (190 mi)
22 February
UGM-133 Trident II
USS West Virginia, Eastern Range
US Navy
US Navy
Suborbital
Test flight
22 February
Successful
Commander's Evaluation Test; Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
22 February
UGM-133 Trident II
USS West Virginia, Eastern Range
US Navy
US Navy
Suborbital
Test flight
22 February
Successful
Commander's Evaluation Test; Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
22 February
UGM-133 Trident II
USS West Virginia, Eastern Range
US Navy
US Navy
Suborbital
Test flight
22 February
Successful
Commander's Evaluation Test; Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
22 February
UGM-133 Trident II
USS West Virginia, Eastern Range
US Navy
US Navy
Suborbital
Test flight
22 February
Successful
Commander's Evaluation Test; Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
23 February22:29
Delta II 7925
Cape Canaveral LC-17B
McDonnell Douglas
USA-79 (GPS IIA-3)
US Air Force
Medium Earth
Navigation
In orbit
Operational
26 February23:58:10
Ariane 4 44L
Kourou ELA-2
Arianespace
Superbird-B1
SCC
Geostationary
Communications
In orbit
Operational
Arabsat-1C
ARABSAT
Current: GraveyardOperational: Geostationary
Communications
In orbit
Successful
Arabsat sold to ISRO in November 1997 and operated until October 2004 as INSAT-2DT
March
3 March13:57:30
Nike Tomahawk
Poker Flat
NASA
Aria-1
NASA
Suborbital
Plasma
3 March
Successful
Apogee: 295 kilometres (183 mi)
3 March14:06:48
Black Brant VIIIC
Poker Flat
NASA
Aria-1
NASA
Suborbital
Plasma
3 March
Successful
Apogee: 289 kilometres (180 mi)
3 March14:57
Nike Tomahawk
Poker Flat
NASA
Aria-1
NASA
Suborbital
Plasma
3 March
Successful
Apogee: 270 kilometres (170 mi)
4 March04:27
Molniya-M/ML
Plesetsk Site 43/4
VKS
Molniya-1 #83
MOM
Molniya
Communications
1 July 2007
Successful
4 March
LGM-118 Peacekeeper
Vandenberg LF-05
US Air Force
US Air Force
Suborbital
Test flight
4 March
Successful
Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
6 March13:57:30
Nike Tomahawk
Poker Flat
NASA
NASA
Suborbital
Plasma
6 March
Successful
Apogee: 270 kilometres (170 mi)
9 March22:35:59
Kosmos-3M
Plesetsk Site 132/1
VKS
Kosmos 2181 (Tsikada)
MO RF
Low Earth
Navigation
In orbit
Successful
12 March22:42
Nike Orion
White Sands
NASA
CWAS-21
NASA
Suborbital
Aeronomy
12 March
Successful
Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi)
13 March18:15
LGM-30B Minuteman I
Vandenberg LF-03
US Air Force
US Air Force
Suborbital
Target
13 March
Successful
Apogee: 1,300 kilometres (810 mi)
13 March18:36:27
Aries
Meck
US Air Force
ERIS
US Air Force
Suborbital
Interceptor
13 March
Partial failure
Final flight of ERIS; missed target due to programming issue caused by test conditions, enough data collected to proceed with operagional programme.Apogee: 290 kilometres (180 mi)
14 March00:00
Atlas I
Cape Canaveral LC-36B
General Dynamics
Galaxy 5
Hughes
Geosynchronous
Communications
In orbit
Operational
15 March22:46
Nike Orion
White Sands
NASA
CWAS-22
NASA
Suborbital
Aeronomy
15 March
Successful
Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi)
17 March10:54:30
Soyuz-U2
Baikonur Site 1/5
VKS
Soyuz TM-14
Roskosmos
Low Earth (Mir)
Mir EO-11
10 August
Successful
Crewed orbital flight with three cosmonauts; First crewed Russian (post-Soviet) launch
18 March
Scout-II
Salto di Quirra
ASI
ASI
Suborbital
Test flight
18 March
Launch failure
19 March16:05
Black Brant IX
White Sands LC-36
CSA
CSAR-1
CSA
Suborbital
Microgravity
19 March
Successful
Apogee: 226 kilometres (140 mi)
19 March16:10
Black Brant IX
White Sands LC-36
NASA
HIRAAS-2
NASA
Suborbital
Airglow
19 March
Successful
Apogee: 300 kilometres (190 mi)
24 March13:13:39
Space Shuttle Atlantis
Kennedy LC-39A
United Space Alliance
STS-45
NASA
Low Earth
Microgravity
2 April
Successful
Spacelab Double Pallet
NASA
Low Earth (Atlantis)
Spacelab ATLAS-1
Crewed orbital flight with seven astronauts including the first Belgian in space
29 March07:27
Black Brant XI
Poker Flat
NASA
CHARGE-2B
NASA
Suborbital
Ionosphere
29 March
Successful
Apogee: 267 kilometres (166 mi)
29 March08:07:45
HPB
Poker Flat
Orbital Sciences
Orbital Sciences
Suborbital
Infrared astronomy
29 March
Successful
Apogee: 400 kilometres (250 mi)
April
1 April14:18
Soyuz-U
Plesetsk Site 16/2
VKS
Kosmos 2182 (Yantar-4K2)
MO RF
Low Earth
Reconnaissance
30 May
Successful
2 April01:50
Proton-K/DM-2
Baikonur Site 81/23
VKS
Gorizont 25
YeSSS
Geostationary
Communications
In orbit
Successful
8 April12:20
Soyuz-U
Baikonur Site 31/6
VKS
Kosmos 2183 (Yantar-4K2)
MO RF
Low Earth
Reconnaissance
16 February 1993
Successful
8 April
UGM-96 Trident I
USS Henry L. Stimson, Eastern Range
US Navy
US Navy
Suborbital
Test flight
8 April
Successful
Follow-on Commander's Evaluation Test 40; Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
8 April
UGM-96 Trident I
USS Henry L. Stimson, Eastern Range
US Navy
US Navy
Suborbital
Test flight
8 April
Successful
Follow-on Commander's Evaluation Test 40; Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
9 April10:40
Black Brant IXBM1
Esrange
SSC
MASER-5
SSC
Suborbital
Microgravity
9 April
Successful
Apogee: 317 kilometres (197 mi)
10 April03:20
Delta II 7925
Cape Canaveral LC-17B
McDonnell Douglas
USA-80 (GPS IIA-4)
US Air Force
Medium Earth
Navigation
In orbit
Successful
15 April07:17:43
Kosmos-3M
Plesetsk Site 132/1
VKS
Kosmos 2184 (Parus)
MO RF
Low Earth
Navigation
In orbit
Successful
15 April09:09
HPB
Wallops Island
Orbital Sciences
Orbital Sciences
Suborbital
Target
15 April
Successful
Apogee: 450 kilometres (280 mi)
15 April23:25:27
Ariane 4 44L
Kourou ELA-2
Arianespace
Inmarsat-2F4
Inmarsat
Geostationary
Communications
In orbit
Operational
Télécom 2B
France Télécom
Geostationary
Communications
In orbit
Operational
19 April21:29:25
Soyuz-U2
Baikonur Site 1/5
VKS
Progress M-12
Roskosmos
Low Earth (Mir)
Logistics
27 June
Successful
25 April08:53
Titan 23G
Vandenberg SLC-4W
US Air Force
USA-81 (Bernie/Singleton)
NRO
Low Earth (Polar)
ELINT
In orbit
Operational
29 April09:00
Soyuz-U
Plesetsk Site 43/4
VKS
Resurs-F #14
MO RF
Low Earth
Remote sensing
29 May
Successful
29 April10:10
Soyuz-U
Baikonur Site 1/5
VKS
Kosmos 2185 (Yantar-1KFT)
MO RF
Low Earth
Reconnaissance
11 June
Successful
29 April
DF-21
Taiyuan
CALT
CALT
Suborbital
Test flight
29 April
Launch failure
May
5 May
LGM-30G Minuteman III
Vandenberg LF-10
US Air Force
GT-147GM-1
US Air Force
Suborbital
Test flight
5 May
Successful
Apogee: 1,300 kilometres (810 mi)
5 May
Prithvi
Balasore
DRDO
DRDO
Suborbital
Test flight
5 May
Successful
Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi)
7 May23:40
Space Shuttle Endeavour
Kennedy LC-39B
United Space Alliance
STS-49
NASA
Low Earth
Satellite reboost
16 May
Successful
Crewed orbital flight with seven astronauts; Maiden flight of Space Shuttle Endeavour; reboosted Intelsat 603
12 May14:26
Black Brant IX
White Sands LC-36
NASA
SPARTAN (SPDE)
NASA
Suborbital
Solar
12 May
Successful
Apogee: 300 kilometres (190 mi)
14 May00:40
Delta II 7925-8
Cape Canaveral LC-17B
McDonnell Douglas
Palapa-B4
Telkom
Geostationary
Communications
In orbit
Successful
20 May00:30
ASLV
Sriharikota FLP
ISRO
SROSS-C
ISRO
Low Earth
Magnetosphere
14 July
Partial failure
Placed into incorrect orbit due to fifth stage spin-up failure
23 May00:00
Nike Orion
White Sands
CWAS-23
NASA
Suborbital
Aeronomy
23 May
Successful
Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi)
24 May
Terrier Malemute
Barking Sands
SDIO
CDX (LWIS)
SDIO
Suborbital
Target
24 May
Successful
Apogee: 290 kilometres (180 mi)
25 May23:52
Nike Tomahawk
Arecibo
NASA
AA-3A
NASA
Suborbital
Plasma
25 May
Successful
Apogee: 270 kilometres (170 mi)
27 May12:27
Nike Orion
White Sands
NASA
CWAS-24
NASA
Suborbital
Aeronomy
27 May
Successful
Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi)
28 May19:09:59
Soyuz-U
Plesetsk Site 16/2
VKS
Kosmos 2186 (Yantar-4K2)
MO RF
Low Earth
Reconnaissance
24 July
Successful
28 May
Agni-I
Balasore
DRDO
DRDO
Suborbital
Test flight
28 May
Failure
30 May08:11
Black Brant IX
Arecibo
NASA
AA-4IFH
NASA/NRL
Suborbital
Plasma
30 May
Successful
Apogee: 308 kilometres (191 mi)
May
DF-21
Taiyuan
CALT
CALT
Suborbital
Test flight
L+1 hour
Failure
June
1 June02:52
Sonda 3
Alcântara
INPE
INPE
Suborbital
Aeronomy
1 June
Successful
Apogee: 282 kilometres (175 mi)
2 June
LGM-30G Minuteman III
Vandenberg LF-26
US Air Force
GT-148GB
US Air Force
Suborbital
Test flight
2 June
Successful
Apogee: 1,300 kilometres (810 mi)
3 June00:50:30
Kosmos-3M
Plesetsk Site 133/3
VKS
Kosmos 2187 (Strela-1M)
MO RF
Low Earth
Communications
In orbit
Successful
Kosmos 2188 (Strela-1M)
MO RF
Low Earth
Communications
In orbit
Successful
Kosmos 2189 (Strela-1M)
MO RF
Low Earth
Communications
In orbit
Successful
Kosmos 2190 (Strela-1M)
MO RF
Low Earth
Communications
In orbit
Successful
Kosmos 2191 (Strela 1M)
MO RF
Low Earth
Communications
In orbit
Successful
Kosmos 2192 (Strela-1M)
MO RF
Low Earth
Communications
In orbit
Successful
Kosmos 2193 (Strela-1M)
MO RF
Low Earth
Communications
In orbit
Successful
Kosmos 2194 (Strela-1M)
MO RF
Low Earth
Communications
In orbit
Successful
6 June08:37:31
Black Brant IX
Arecibo
NASA
AA-3B
NASA
Suborbital
Plasma
6 June
Successful
Apogee: 370 kilometres (230 mi)
7 June16:40
Delta II 6920-10
Cape Canaveral LC-17A
McDonnell Douglas
EUVE
NASA
Low Earth
Ultraviolet astronomy
31 January 2002
Successful
Final flight of Delta II 6920
9 June05:32
Black Brant IX
Arecibo
NASA
NASA
Suborbital
Plasma
9 June
Successful
Apogee: 300 kilometres (190 mi)
10 June00:00
Atlas IIA
Cape Canaveral LC-36B
General Dynamics
Intelsat K
Intelsat
Geostationary
Communications
In orbit
Successful
Maiden flight of Atlas IIA
16 June
Storm
White Sands SULF
US Air Force
BTTV-2
US Air Force
Suborbital
Test flight
16 June
Failure
Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi)
18 June
UGM-133 Trident II
USS West Virginia, Eastern Range
US Navy
US Navy
Suborbital
Test flight
18 June
Successful
Commander's Evaluation Test; Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
18 June
UGM-133 Trident II
USS West Virginia, Eastern Range
US Navy
US Navy
Suborbital
Test flight
18 June
Successful
Commander's Evaluation Test; Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
18 June
UGM-133 Trident II
USS West Virginia, Eastern Range
US Navy
US Navy
Suborbital
Test flight
18 June
Successful
Commander's Evaluation Test; Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
18 June
UGM-133 Trident II
USS West Virginia, Eastern Range
US Navy
US Navy
Suborbital
Test flight
18 June
Successful
Commander's Evaluation Test; Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
19 June11:01
Aries
White Sands LC-36
SDIO
SDIO
Suborbital
Technology
19 June
Successful
Apogee: 330 kilometres (210 mi)
23 June00:24
Black Brant VC
Arecibo
NASA
NASA
Suborbital
Ionosphere
23 June
Successful
Apogee: 250 kilometres (160 mi)
23 June08:00
Soyuz-U
Plesetsk Site 43/3
VKS
Resurs-F #15
MO RF
Low Earth
Remote sensing
9 July
Successful
25 June16:12:22
Space Shuttle Columbia
Kennedy LC-39A
United Space Alliance
STS-50
NASA
Low Earth
Microgravity
9 July
Successful
Spacelab Long Module 1
NASA
Low Earth (Columbia)
Spacelab USML-1
EDO Pallet
NASA
Low Earth (Columbia)
Cryogenic mission extension pallet
Crewed orbital flight with seven astronauts; Maiden flight of EDO Pallet
30 June16:43:13
Soyuz-U2
Baikonur Site 31/6
VKS
Progress M-13
Roskosmos
Low Earth (Mir)
Logistics
24 July
Successful
June
Rodong-1
Musudan-ri
KPA
KPA
Suborbital
Test flight
L+1 hour
Failure
July
1 July02:20
LGM-118 Peacekeeper
Vandenberg LF-02
US Air Force
US Air Force
Suborbital
Test flight
1 July
Successful
Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
1 July20:16:22
Kosmos-3M
Plesetsk Site 133/3
VKS
Kosmos 2195 (Parus)
MO RF
Low Earth
Navigation
In orbit
Successful
2 July09:01:15
Black Brant IX
Arecibo
NASA
AA-1
NASA
Suborbital
Plasma
2 July
Successful
Apogee: 250 kilometres (160 mi)
2 July21:54:01
Atlas II/IABS
Cape Canaveral LC-36A
General Dynamics
USA-82 (DSCS IIIB-12)
US Air Force
Geostationary
Communications
In orbit
Operational
3 July14:19
Scout G-1
Vandenberg SLC-5
NASA
SAMPEX (SMEX-1/Explorer 68)
NASA
Low Earth
Solar
13 November 2012
Successful
3 July
RH-560
Sriharikota
ISRO
ISRO
Suborbital
Ionosphere
3 July
Successful
Apogee: 320 kilometres (200 mi)
4 July08:58
Black Brant IX
Arecibo
NASA
AA-7
NASA
Suborbital
Plasma
4 July
Successful
Apogee: 250 kilometres (160 mi)
7 July09:20:01
Delta II 7925
Cape Canaveral LC-17B
McDonnell Douglas
USA-83 (GPS IIA-5)
US Air Force
Medium Earth
Navigation
In orbit
Operational
8 July09:53:14
Molniya-M/2BL
Plesetsk Site 43/3
VKS
Kosmos 2196 (Oko)
MO RF
Molniya
Missile defence
In orbit
Successful
9 July22:42:19
Ariane 4 44L
Kourou ELA-2
Arianespace
INSAT-2A
ISRO
Geostationary
Communications
In orbit
Successful
Eutelsat 2F4
Eutelsat
Geostationary
Communications
In orbit
Successful
Eutelsat retired in 2003
12 July09:02
Black Brant IX
Arecibo
NASA
AA-2
NASA
Suborbital
Plasma
12 July
Successful
Apogee: 252 kilometres (157 mi)
13 July17:41:40
Tsyklon-3
Plesetsk
VKS
Kosmos 2197 (Strela-3)
MO RF
Low Earth
Communications
In orbit
Successful
Kosmos 2198 (Strela-3)
MO RF
Low Earth
Communications
In orbit
Successful
Kosmos 2199 (Gonets-D)
Roskosmos
Low Earth
Communications
In orbit
Successful
Kosmos 2200 (Strela-3)
MO RF
Low Earth
Communications
In orbit
Successful
Kosmos 2201 (Gonets-D)
Roskosmos
Low Earth
Communications
In orbit
Successful
Kosmos 2202 (Strela-3)
MO RF
Low Earth
Communications
In orbit
Successful
14 July22:02
Proton-K/DM-2
Baikonur Site 81/23
VKS
Gorizont 26
YeSSS
Geostationary
Communications
In orbit
Successful
24 July13:36
Black Brant VIIIC
Poker Flat
NASA
NASA
Suborbital
Plasma
24 July
Successful
Apogee: 340 kilometres (210 mi)
24 July14:26
Delta II 6925
Cape Canaveral LC-17A
McDonnell Douglas
GEOTAIL
ISAS/NASA
High Earth
Magnetosphere
In orbit
Successful
DUVE
NASA/California
Low Earth
Ultraviolet astronomy
16 March 2003
Successful
Final flight of Delta II 6000-series
24 July19:40
Soyuz-U
Plesetsk Site 43/3
VKS
Kosmos 2203 (Yantar-4K2)
MO RF
Low Earth
Reconnaissance
22 September
Successful
27 July06:08:42
Soyuz-U2
Baikonur Site 1/5
VKS
Soyuz TM-15
Roskosmos
Low Earth (Mir)
Mir EO-12
1 February 1993
Successful
Crewed orbital flight with three cosmonauts
28 July
UR-100NU
Baikonur
RVSN
SLI
RVSN
Suborbital
Test flight
28 July
Successful
Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
29 July
UGM-133 Trident II
USS Maryland, Eastern Range
US Navy
US Navy
Suborbital
Test flight
29 July
Successful
Demonstration and Shakedown Operation 9; Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
30 July01:59:01
Proton-K/DM-2
Baikonur Site 81/23
VKS
Kosmos 2204 (GLONASS)
VKS
Medium Earth
Navigation
In orbit
Successful
Kosmos 2205 (GLONASS)
VKS
Medium Earth
Navigation
In orbit
Successful
Kosmos 2206 (GLONASS)
VKS
Medium Earth
Navigation
In orbit
Successful
30 July11:00
Soyuz-U
Plesetsk Site 43/4
VKS
Kosmos 2207 (Zenit-8)
MO RF
Low Earth
Reconnaissance
13 August
Successful
31 July13:56:48
Space Shuttle Atlantis
Kennedy LC-39B
United Space Alliance
STS-46
NASA
Low Earth
Satellite deployment
8 August
Successful
TSS-1
ASI
Low Earth (Atlantis)
Technology
Failure
EURECA
ESA
Low Earth
Microgravity/Solar
1 July 1993
Successful
Crewed orbital flight with seven astronauts including the first Swiss and Italian in spaceTSS tether jammed during deployment; EURECA returned to Earth by Space Shuttle Endeavour during STS-57
July
Hwasong-6
Syrian Air Force
Syrian Air Force
Suborbital
Test flight
L+1 hour
Successful
Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi)
July
Hwasong-6
Syrian Air Force
Syrian Air Force
Suborbital
Test flight
L+1 hour
Successful
Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi)
August
4 August
UGM-133 Trident II
USS Tennessee, Eastern Range
US Navy
US Navy
Suborbital
Test flight
4 August
Successful
Commander's Evaluation Test; Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
4 August
UGM-133 Trident II
USS Tennessee, Eastern Range
US Navy
US Navy
Suborbital
Test flight
4 August
Successful
Commander's Evaluation Test; Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
4 August
UGM-133 Trident II
USS Tennessee, Eastern Range
US Navy
US Navy
Suborbital
Test flight
4 August
Successful
Commander's Evaluation Test; Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
4 August
UGM-133 Trident II
USS Tennessee, Eastern Range
US Navy
US Navy
Suborbital
Test flight
4 August
Successful
Commander's Evaluation Test; Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
6 August19:30:59
Molniya-M/ML
Plesetsk Site 43/3
VKS
Molniya-1 #84
MOM
Molniya
Communications
4 April 2008
Successful
9 August08:00
Long March 2D
Jiuquan LA-2B
CALT
FSW-2 #1
CASC
Low Earth
Reconnaissance
1 September
Successful
10 August23:08:07
Ariane 4 42P
Kourou ELA-2
Arianespace
TOPEX/Poseidon
CNES/NASA
Low Earth
Oceanography
In orbit
Successful
S80/T
CNES
Low Earth
Technology
In orbit
Successful
KITSAT-1 (OSCAR-23)
KAIST
Low Earth
Communications
In orbit
Successful
TOPEX/Poseidon mission ended in October 2005 and was deactivated on 18 January 2006. KITSAT-1 was the first South Korean satellite.
12 August05:44:01
Kosmos-3M
Plesetsk Site 132/1
VKS
Kosmos 2208 (Strela-2M)
MO RF
Low Earth
Communications
In orbit
Successful
13 August23:00
Long March 2E
Xichang LA-2
CALT
Optus B1
Optus
Current: GraveyardOperational: Geostationary
Communications
In orbit
Successful
Retired and moved to graveyard orbit in May 2008
15 August22:18:32
Soyuz-U2
Baikonur Site 31/6
VKS
Progress M-14
Roskosmos
Low Earth (Mir)
Logistics
21 October
Successful
18 August
Prithvi
Balasore
DRDO
DRDO
Suborbital
Test flight
18 August
Successful
Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi)
19 August10:20
Soyuz-U
Plesetsk Site 16/2
VKS
Resurs-F #16
MO RF
Low Earth
Remote sensing
4 September
Successful
Pion-Germes 1
MOM
Low Earth
Remote sensing
25 September
Successful
Pion-Germes 2
MOM
Low Earth
Remote sensing
24 September
Successful
19 August23:30
TR-1A
Tanegashima LA-T
NASDA
NASDA
Suborbital
Microgravity
19 August
Successful
Apogee: 290 kilometres (180 mi)
21 August17:46
Nike Orion
White Sands
NASA
NASA
Suborbital
Aeronomy
21 August
Successful
Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi)
22 August22:40
Atlas I
Cape Canaveral LC-36B
General Dynamics
Galaxy 1R
Hughes
Intended: Geosynchronous
Communications
22 August
Launch failure
Upper stage turbopump failed to start, destroyed by range safety
24 August16:30
Black Brant IX
White Sands LC-36
NASA
HRTS-8
NASA/NRL
Suborbital
Solar
24 August
Successful
Apogee: 249 kilometres (155 mi)
26 August15:10
Nike Orion
White Sands
NASA
CWAS-25
NASA
Suborbital
Aeronomy
26 August
Successful
Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi)
27 August18:30
Black Brant VIIIC
Wallops Island
NASA
NASA
Suborbital
Test flight
27 August
Successful
Apogee: 198 kilometres (123 mi)
31 August10:41
Delta II 7925
Cape Canaveral LC-17B
McDonnell Douglas
Satcom C4
GE Americom
Geostationary
Communications
In orbit
Successful
September
1 September01:00
Nike Orion
White Sands
NASA
CWAS-26
NASA
Suborbital
Aeronomy
1 September
Successful
Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi)
3 September
UGM-133 Trident II
USS Kentucky, Eastern Range
US Navy
US Navy
Suborbital
Test flight
3 September
Successful
Commander's Evaluation Test; Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
3 September
UGM-133 Trident II
USS Kentucky, Eastern Range
US Navy
US Navy
Suborbital
Test flight
3 September
Successful
Commander's Evaluation Test; Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
3 September
UGM-133 Trident II
USS Kentucky, Eastern Range
US Navy
US Navy
Suborbital
Test flight
3 September
Successful
Commander's Evaluation Test; Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
3 September
UGM-133 Trident II
USS Kentucky, Eastern Range
US Navy
US Navy
Suborbital
Test flight
3 September
Successful
Commander's Evaluation Test; Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
9 September08:57
Delta II 7925
Cape Canaveral LC-17A
McDonnell Douglas
USA-84 (GPS IIA-6)
US Air Force
Medium Earth
Navigation
In orbit
Operational
10 September14:30
Black Brant IXCM1
White Sands LC-36
SSI
CONSORT-5
Huntsville
Suborbital
Microgravity
10 September
Failure
Apogee: 235 kilometres (146 mi)
10 September18:01:18
Proton-K/DM-2
Baikonur Site 81/23
VKS
Kosmos 2209 (Prognoz)
MO RF
Geostationary
Missile defence
In orbit
Operational
10 September23:04
Ariane 4 44LP
Kourou ELA-2
Arianespace
Hispasat 1A
Hispasat
Geostationary
Communications
In orbit
Successful
Satcom C3
GE Americom
Geostationary
Communications
In orbit
Operational
Hispasat retired in 2003
12 September14:23
Space Shuttle Endeavour
Kennedy LC-39B
United Space Alliance
STS-47
NASA
Low Earth
Microgravity
20 September
Successful
Spacelab Long Module 2
NASDA/NASA
Low Earth (Endeavour)
Spacelab-J
Crewed orbital flight with seven astronauts; 50th mission of the Space Shuttle programme
16 September03:15
LGM-118 Peacekeeper
Vandenberg LF-05
US Air Force
US Air Force
Suborbital
Test flight
16 September
Successful
Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
22 September16:10
Soyuz-U
Plesetsk Site 16/2
VKS
Kosmos 2210 (Yantar-4K2)
MO RF
Low Earth
Reconnaissance
20 November
Successful
25 September17:05:01
Commercial Titan III/TOS
Cape Canaveral LC-40
Martin Marietta
Mars Observer
NASA
Intended: AreocentricAchieved: Heliocentric
Mars orbiter
Unknown
Partial failure
Final flight of Commercial Titan III; Maiden flight of TOSContact lost three days before orbit insertion. It is unclear whether the spacecraft entered Aerocentric orbit, remained in Heliocentric orbit, or exploded.
28 September
LGM-30G Minuteman III
Vandenberg LF-26
US Air Force
GT-149GB
US Air Force
Suborbital
Test flight
28 September
Successful
Apogee: 1,300 kilometres (810 mi)
October
6 October06:20:05
Long March 2C
Jiuquan LA-2B
CALT
FSW-1 #4
CASC
Low Earth
Reconnaissance
13 October
Successful
Freja
SSC
Low Earth
Magnetosphere
In orbit
Successful
Freja mission ended 30 June 1995 and last contact made on 14 October 1996
8 October19:00
Soyuz-U
Plesetsk Site 43/4
VKS
Foton-8
Roskosmos
Low Earth
Microgravity
24 October
Successful
12 October09:47
Delta II 7925
Cape Canaveral LC-17B
McDonnell Douglas
DFS-3
Bundespost
Current: GraveyardOperational: Geostationary
Communications
In orbit
Successful
Retired in February 2003
14 October19:58
Molniya-M/ML
Plesetsk Site 43/3
VKS
Molniya-3 #50L
MOM
Molniya
Communications
In orbit
Operational
16 October
Castor-Orbus
Wake Island
Orbital Sciences
SDIO
Suborbital
Reentry test
16 October
Failure
Maiden flight of Castor-Orbus; Apogee: 500 kilometres (310 mi)
19 October
UGM-133 Trident II
USS Maryland, Eastern Range
US Navy
US Navy
Suborbital
Test flight
19 October
Successful
Demonstration and Shakedown Operation 10; Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
20 October12:58:12
Tsyklon-3
Plesetsk
VKS
Kosmos 2211 (Strela-3)
MO RF
Low Earth
Communications
In orbit
Successful
Kosmos 2212 (Strela-3)
MO RF
Low Earth
Communications
In orbit
Successful
Kosmos 2213 (Strela-3)
MO RF
Low Earth
Communications
In orbit
Successful
Kosmos 2214 (Strela-3)
MO RF
Low Earth
Communications
In orbit
Successful
Kosmos 2215 (Strela-3)
MO RF
Low Earth
Communications
In orbit
Successful
Kosmos 2216 (Strela-3)
MO RF
Low Earth
Communications
In orbit
Successful
21 October10:21:22
Molniya-M/2BL
Plesetsk Site 16/2
VKS
Kosmos 2217 (Oko)
MO RF
Molniya
Missile defence
6 November 201004:22
Successful
22 October17:09:40
Space Shuttle Columbia
Kennedy LC-39B
United Space Alliance
STS-52
NASA
Low Earth
USMP-1
1 November
Successful
CANEX-2
CSA
Low Earth (Columbia)
Microgravity
LAGEOS-2
ASI
Medium Earth
Geodesy
In orbit
Operational
Crewed orbital flight with six astronauts
22 October
Aries
Wallops Island
SDIO
Orbus 1 (SPFE-3)
SDIO
Suborbital
Target
22 October
Failure
Apogee: 20 kilometres (12 mi)
25 October01:06
LGM-30B Minuteman I
Vandenberg LF-03
US Air Force
AST-DT2
US Air Force
Suborbital
Target
25 October
Failure
Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi)
27 October17:19:41
Soyuz-U2
Baikonur Site 31/6
VKS
Progress M-15
Roskosmos
Low Earth (Mir)
Logistics
7 February 1993
Successful
Mak-2
Roskosmos
Low Earth
Ionosphere
1 April 1993
Successful
Znamya 2
Roskosmos
Low Earth
Solar mirror
5 February 1993
Successful
Mak-2 deployed from Mir on 20 November 1992; Znamya deployed from Progress on 4 February 1993
27 October18:30
Black Brant IX
White Sands LC-36
NASA
CU-3
NASA
Suborbital
Ultraviolet astronomy
27 October
Successful
Apogee: 298 kilometres (185 mi)
28 October00:15
Ariane 4 42P
Kourou ELA-2
Arianespace
Galaxy 7
Hughes
Geostationary
Communications
In orbit
Spacecraft failure
Major spacecraft malfunction November 2000
29 October10:40:33
Kosmos-3M
Plesetsk Site 133/3
VKS
Kosmos 2218 (Parus)
MO RF
Low Earth
Navigation
In orbit
Successful
30 October14:59
Proton-K/DM-2
Baikonur Site 81/23
VKS
Ekran-M3
MOM
Geostationary
Communications
In orbit
Successful
November
4 November02:00
LGM-30G Minuteman III
Vandenberg LF-04
US Air Force
GT-150GM
US Air Force
Suborbital
Test flight
4 November
Failure
Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi)
8 November10:25
Maxus
Esrange
SSC/DLR
MAXUS 1B
ESA
Suborbital
Microgravity
8 November
Successful
Apogee: 717 kilometres (446 mi)
10 November
UGM-133 Trident II
USS Tennessee, Eastern Range
US Navy
US Navy
Suborbital
Test flight
10 November
Successful
Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
10 November
UGM-133 Trident II
USS Tennessee, Eastern Range
US Navy
US Navy
Suborbital
Test flight
10 November
Successful
Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
10 November
UGM-133 Trident II
USS Tennessee, Eastern Range
US Navy
US Navy
Suborbital
Test flight
10 November
Successful
Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
10 November
UGM-133 Trident II
USS Tennessee, Eastern Range
US Navy
US Navy
Suborbital
Test flight
10 November
Successful
Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
15 November21:45:01
Soyuz-U
Plesetsk Site 16/2
VKS
Resurs 500
MOM
Low Earth
Remote sensing
22 November
Successful
17 November07:47
Zenit-2
Baikonur Site 45/1
VKS
Kosmos 2219 (Tselina-2)
MO RF
Low Earth
ELINT
In orbit
Operational
20 November15:29:59
Soyuz-U
Plesetsk Site 43/4
VKS
Kosmos 2220 (Yantar-4K2)
MO RF
Low Earth
Reconnaissance
18 January 1993
Successful
21 November13:45
Scout G-1
Vandenberg SLC-5
NASA
MSTI-1
US Air Force/SDIO
Sun-synchronous
Technology
18 July 1993
Successful
22 November09:22
Skylark 7
Esrange LA-S
DLR
TEXUS 29
DLR
Suborbital
Microgravity
22 November
Successful
Apogee: 230 kilometres (140 mi)
22 November23:54
Delta II 7925
Cape Canaveral LC-17A
McDonnell Douglas
USA-85 (GPS IIA-7)
US Air Force
Medium Earth
Navigation
In orbit
Successful
24 November04:09:59
Tsyklon-3
Plesetsk
VKS
Kosmos 2221 (Tselina-D)
MO RF
Low Earth
ELINT
In orbit
Successful
25 November12:18:54
Molniya-M/2BL
Plesetsk Site 43/3
VKS
Kosmos 2222 (Oko)
MO RF
Molniya
Missile defence
3 May 202303:58
Successful
27 November13:10
Proton-K/DM-2
Baikonur Site 81/23
VKS
Gorizont 27
YeSSS
Geostationary
Communications
In orbit
Successful
28 November21:34
Titan IVA (404)
Vandenberg SLC-4E
US Air Force
USA-86 (KH-12-1)
NRO
Sun-synchronous
Reconnaissance
5 June 2000
Successful
December
1 December22:48
Ariane 4 42P
Kourou ELA-2
Arianespace
Superbird A1
SCC
Geostationary
Communications
In orbit
Successful
1 December
UR-100NU
Baikonur
RVSN
RVSN
Suborbital
Test flight
1 December
Failure
2 December01:57
Molniya-M/ML
Plesetsk Site 43/3
VKS
Molniya-3 #56L
MOM
Molniya
Communications
8 November 2008
Successful
2 December13:24
Space Shuttle Discovery
Kennedy LC-39A
United Space Alliance
STS-53
NASA
Low Earth
Satellite deployment
9 December
Successful
USA-89 (SDS-2-3)
NRO
Molniya
Communications
In orbit
Operational
ODERACS A
NASA
Low Earth
Calibration
9 December
Failure
ODERACS B
NASA
Low Earth
Calibration
ODERACS C
NASA
Low Earth
Calibration
ODERACS D
NASA
Low Earth
Calibration
ODERACS E
NASA
Low Earth
Calibration
ODERACS F
NASA
Low Earth
Calibration
Crewed orbital flight with five astronauts; ODERACS deployment cancelled and reflown on STS-60
6 December16:00
Nike Orion
White Sands
NASA
CWAS-27
NASA
Suborbital
Aeronomy
6 December
Successful
Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi)
9 December00:00
Zyb
Submarine, Pacific Ocean
VMF
Efir
RVSN
Suborbital
Technology
9 December
Successful
Apogee: 500 kilometres (310 mi)
9 December11:25
Soyuz-U
Baikonur Site 1/5
VKS
Kosmos 2223 (Yantar-4KS1)
MO RF
Low Earth
Reconnaissance
16 December 1993
Successful
9 December
Black Brant IXCM1
Centre d'Essais des Landes
MATRA
POIVRE (VERT)
MATRA
Suborbital
Imaging
9 December
Successful
Apogee: 300 kilometres (190 mi)
11 December22:45
Nike Orion
White Sands
NASA
CWAS-28
NASA
Suborbital
Aeronomy
11 December
Successful
Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi)
15 December03:00
Black Brant IX
White Sands LC-36
NASA
NASA/JHU
Suborbital
Ultraviolet astronomy
15 December
Successful
Apogee: 302 kilometres (188 mi)
17 December12:45
Proton-K/DM-2
Baikonur Site 200/39
VKS
Kosmos 2224 (Prognoz)
MO RF
Geosynchronous
Missile defence
In orbit
Operational
18 December22:16
Delta II 7925
Cape Canaveral LC-17B
McDonnell Douglas
USA-87 (GPS IIA-8)
US Air Force
Medium Earth
Navigation
In orbit
Successful
21 December11:21
Long March 2E
Xichang LA-2
CALT
Optus B2
Optus
Intended: GeosynchronousAchieved: Low Earth
Communications
29 June 1995
Launch Partial Failure
Payload fairing collapsed during ascent; rocket continued to orbit deploying remains of payload and upper stage into low Earth orbit
22 December12:00
Soyuz-U
Baikonur Site 31/6
VKS
Kosmos 2225 (Orlets)
MO RF
Low Earth
Reconnaissance
18 February 1993
Successful
22 December12:36
Tsyklon-3
Plesetsk Site 32/2
VKS
Kosmos 2226 (Geo-IK)
MO RF
Low Earth
Geodesy
In orbit
Successful
25 December05:56
Zenit-2
Baikonur Site 45/1
VKS
Kosmos 2227 (Tselina-2)
MO RF
Low Earth
ELINT
In orbit
Successful
25 December20:07:59
Tsyklon-3
Plesetsk
VKS
Kosmos 2228 (Tselina-D)
MO RF
Low Earth
ELINT
In orbit
Successful
29 December13:30:01
Soyuz-U
Plesetsk Site 43/3
VKS
Kosmos 2229 (Bion 10)
Roskosmos
Low Earth
Biological
10 January 1993
Successful
← Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec →
Deep Space Rendezvous
Date (GMT)
Spacecraft
Event
Remarks
8 February
Ulysses
1st flyby of Jupiter
Gravity assist, inclination change
15 February
Hiten
Selenocentric orbit injection
14 July
Giotto
Flyby of 26P/Grigg-Skjellerup
Closest approach: 200 kilometres (120 mi)
8 October
Pioneer Venus Orbiter
Deliberately deorbited into the Venerian atmosphere
8 December
Galileo
2nd flyby of the Earth
Gravity assist; Closest approach: 305 kilometres (190 mi)
EVAs
Start Date/Time
Duration
End Time
Spacecraft
Crew
Remarks
20 February20:09
4 hours12 minutes
21 February00:21
Mir EO-10Kvant-2
Aleksandr VolkovSergei Krikalev
Performed maintenance activities on the outside of Mir, including cleaning camera lenses. Volkov had problems with the cooling system on his Orlan space suit, and was limited in his mobility.
10 May20:40
3 hours43 minutes
11 May00:23
STS-49 Endeavour
Pierre J. ThuotRichard Hieb
Thuot attempted to capture the Intelsat VI satellite using a capture bar while Hieb stood by to assist with placement in the payload bay. After multiple attempts to catch Intelsat VI, the spacewalkers returned to the airlock to consider the failed attempts.
11 May21:05
5 hours30 minutes
12 May02:35
STS-49Endeavour
Pierre J. ThuotRichard Hieb
Thuot tried five more times to capture Intelsat VI while Hieb stood by to assist. Once again Thuot was unable to engage the capture bar to the satellite.
13 May21:17
8 hours29 minutes
14 May05:46
STS-49Endeavour
Pierre J. ThuotRichard HiebThomas Akers
Thuot, Hieb and Akers captured Intelsat VI with their hands. The trio then pulled the satellite into the payload bay, added a new perigee kick motor, and launched the satellite away from Endeavour. This spacewalk was the first three-person spacewalk in history. The three spacewalkers also set a new record for elapsed spacewalk time.
14 May~21:00
7 hours44 minutes
15 May~04:45
STS-49Endeavour
Thomas AkersKathryn C. Thornton
Tested space station assembly techniques on an experimental structure, the Assembly of Station by Extravehicular Activity Methods (ASEM).
8 July12:38
2 hours3 minutes
14:41
Mir EO-11Kvant-2
Aleksandr ViktorenkoAleksandr Kaleri
Inspected several gyrodynes, located on the Kvant-2 module, near the airlock to provide data needed to prepare for the planned repair and replacement work of the gyrodynes.
3 September13:32
3 hours56 minutes
17:28
Mir EO-12Kvant-2
Sergei AvdeyevAnatoly Solovyev
Moved the VDU thruster unit to its position and prepared the Sofora girder for installation of the VDU.
7 September11:47
5 hours8 minutes
16:55
Mir EO-12Kvant-2
Sergei AvdeyevAnatoly Solovyev
Installed the electrical and control cables needed by the VDU thruster for operation on the Sofora truss and recovered the Russian flag installed on the Sofora truss the year before.
11 September10:06
5 hours44 minutes
15:50
Mir EO-12Kvant-2
Sergei AvdeyevAnatoly Solovyev
Completed install of the VDU thruster on Sofora truss, and moved the truss into its extended position.
15 September07:49
3 hours33 minutes
11:22
Mir EO-12Kvant-2
Sergei AvdeyevAnatoly Solovyev
Collected samples of a solar array and relocated the Kurs docking antenna on the Kristall module in preparation of the arrival of Soyuz TM-16.
References
Bergin, Chris. "NASASpaceFlight.com".
Clark, Stephen. "Spaceflight Now".
Kelso, T.S. "Satellite Catalog (SATCAT)". CelesTrak.
Krebs, Gunter. "Chronology of Space Launches".
Kyle, Ed. "Space Launch Report". Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
McDowell, Jonathan. "GCAT Orbital Launch Log".
Pietrobon, Steven. "Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive".
Wade, Mark. "Encyclopedia Astronautica".
Webb, Brian. "Southwest Space Archive".
Zak, Anatoly. "Russian Space Web".
"ISS Calendar". Spaceflight 101.
"NSSDCA Master Catalog". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
"Space Calendar". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
"Space Information Center". JAXA.
"Хроника освоения космоса" . CosmoWorld (in Russian).
Generic references: viewtalkedit Spaceflight portal
Footnotes
^ NASA (23 November 2007). "NASA – STS-42". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
^ "GEOTAIL ends after over 30 years of observational operations". ISAS/JAXA. 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
^ "The Aerospace Corporation - Assuring Mission Success". reentrynews.aero.org. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
^ McDowell, Jonathan (3 May 2023). "The Russian early warning satellite Oko 73D6-6051, codename Kosmos-2222, reentered south of New Zealand at 0358 UTC May 3 after 30.4 years in space. It operated from 1992 to about 1995 and has been space junk since then" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ a b c Kallender, Mark. "STS-49, The Rescue Of Intelsat-VI 603". Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2009.
vteTimeline of spaceflight
Spaceflight before 1951
1950s
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960s
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970s
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980s
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990s
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000s
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010s
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020s
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
Future
vte← 1991Orbital launches in 19921993 →January
Kosmos 2175
STS-42
Kosmos 2176
Progress M-11
Kosmos 2177, Kosmos 2178, Kosmos 2179
February
Unnamed
USA-78
Fuyo 1
Kosmos 2180
USA-79
Superbird B1, Arabsat 1C
March
Molniya 1-83
Kosmos 2181
Galaxy 5
Soyuz TM-14
STS-45
April
Kosmos 2182
Gorizont No.36L
Kosmos 2183
USA-80
Kosmos 2184
Telecom 2B, Inmarsat-2 F4
Progress M-12
USA-81
Resurs-F2 No.8
Kosmos 2185
May
STS-49
Palapa B4
SROSS-C
Kosmos 2186
June
Kosmos 2187, Kosmos 2188, Kosmos 2189, Kosmos 2190, Kosmos 2191, Kosmos 2192, Kosmos 2193, Kosmos 2194
EUVE
Intelsat K
Resurs-F1 No.55
STS-50
Progress M-13
July
Kosmos 2195
USA-82
SAMPEX
USA-83
Kosmos 2196
INSAT-2A, Eutelsat-2 F4
Kosmos 2197, Kosmos 2198, Kosmos 2199, Kosmos 2200, Kosmos 2201, Kosmos 2202
Gorizont No.37L
Geotail, DUVE
Kosmos 2203
Soyuz TM-15
Kosmos 2204, Kosmos 2205, Kosmos 2206
Kosmos 2207
STS-46 (EURECA, TSS-1)
August
Molniya 1-84
FSW-13
TOPEX/Poseidon, Uribyol 1, S80/T
Kosmos 2208
Optus B1
Progress M-14
Resurs-F1 No.54, Pion-Germes 1, Pion-Germes 2
Galaxy 1R
Satcom C4
September
USA-84
Kosmos 2209
Hispasat 1A, Satcom C3
STS-47
Kosmos 2210
Mars Observer
October
FSW-14, Freja
Foton No.8L
DFS-Kopernikus 3
Molniya-3 No.50
Kosmos 2211, Kosmos 2212, Kosmos 2213, Kosmos 2214, Kosmos 2215, Kosmos 2216
Kosmos 2217
STS-52 (LAGEOS-2, CTA)
Progress M-15 (Znamya-2)
Galaxy 7
Kosmos 2218
Ekran-M No.15L
November
Resurs 500
Kosmos 2219
Kosmos 2220
MSTI-1
USA-85
Kosmos 2221
Kosmos 2222
Gorizont No.38L
USA-86
December
Superbird A1
Molniya-3 No.56
STS-53 (USA-89, ODERACS)
Kosmos 2223
Kosmos 2224
USA-87
Optus B2
Kosmos 2226
Kosmos 2225
Kosmos 2227
Kosmos 2228
Kosmos 2229
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
|
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following is an outline of 1992 in spaceflight.vteTimeline of spaceflight\nSpaceflight before 1951\n1950s\n1950\n1951\n1952\n1953\n1954\n1955\n1956\n1957\n1958\n1959\n1960s\n1960\n1961\n1962\n1963\n1964\n1965\n1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\n1970s\n1970\n1971\n1972\n1973\n1974\n1975\n1976\n1977\n1978\n1979\n1980s\n1980\n1981\n1982\n1983\n1984\n1985\n1986\n1987\n1988\n1989\n1990s\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999\n2000s\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010s\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020s\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\n2025\n2026\n2027\n2028\n2029\n\nFuture","title":"1992 in spaceflight"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Launches"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Deep Space Rendezvous"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"EVAs"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Bergin, Chris. \"NASASpaceFlight.com\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/","url_text":"\"NASASpaceFlight.com\""}]},{"reference":"Clark, Stephen. \"Spaceflight Now\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spaceflightnow.com/","url_text":"\"Spaceflight Now\""}]},{"reference":"Kelso, T.S. \"Satellite Catalog (SATCAT)\". CelesTrak.","urls":[{"url":"https://celestrak.com/satcat/search.asp","url_text":"\"Satellite Catalog (SATCAT)\""}]},{"reference":"Krebs, Gunter. \"Chronology of Space Launches\".","urls":[{"url":"http://space.skyrocket.de/directories/chronology.htm","url_text":"\"Chronology of Space Launches\""}]},{"reference":"Kyle, Ed. \"Space Launch Report\". Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091005063125/http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/","url_text":"\"Space Launch Report\""},{"url":"http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McDowell, Jonathan. \"GCAT Orbital Launch Log\".","urls":[{"url":"https://planet4589.org/space/gcat/data/derived/launchlog.html","url_text":"\"GCAT Orbital Launch Log\""}]},{"reference":"Pietrobon, Steven. \"Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sworld.com.au/steven/space/","url_text":"\"Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive\""}]},{"reference":"Wade, Mark. \"Encyclopedia Astronautica\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.astronautix.com/","url_text":"\"Encyclopedia Astronautica\""}]},{"reference":"Webb, Brian. \"Southwest Space Archive\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spacearchive.info/index.htm","url_text":"\"Southwest Space Archive\""}]},{"reference":"Zak, Anatoly. \"Russian Space Web\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.russianspaceweb.com/","url_text":"\"Russian Space Web\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISS Calendar\". Spaceflight 101.","urls":[{"url":"http://spaceflight101.com/iss/iss-calendar/","url_text":"\"ISS Calendar\""}]},{"reference":"\"NSSDCA Master Catalog\". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.","urls":[{"url":"https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/","url_text":"\"NSSDCA Master Catalog\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA","url_text":"NASA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center","url_text":"Goddard Space Flight Center"}]},{"reference":"\"Space Calendar\". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/calendar/","url_text":"\"Space Calendar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA","url_text":"NASA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory","url_text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory"}]},{"reference":"\"Space Information Center\". JAXA.","urls":[{"url":"http://spaceinfo.jaxa.jp/","url_text":"\"Space Information Center\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAXA","url_text":"JAXA"}]},{"reference":"\"Хроника освоения космоса\" [Chronicle of space exploration]. CosmoWorld (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cosmoworld.ru/spaceencyclopedia/chrono/index.shtml","url_text":"\"Хроника освоения космоса\""}]},{"reference":"NASA (23 November 2007). \"NASA – STS-42\". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-42.html","url_text":"\"NASA – STS-42\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080609200537/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-42.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"GEOTAIL ends after over 30 years of observational operations\". ISAS/JAXA. 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.isas.jaxa.jp/en/topics/003261.html","url_text":"\"GEOTAIL ends after over 30 years of observational operations\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Aerospace Corporation - Assuring Mission Success\". reentrynews.aero.org. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120513042527/http://reentrynews.aero.org/1992069a.html","url_text":"\"The Aerospace Corporation - Assuring Mission Success\""},{"url":"http://reentrynews.aero.org/1992069a.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McDowell, Jonathan [@planet4589] (3 May 2023). \"The Russian early warning satellite Oko 73D6-6051, codename Kosmos-2222, reentered south of New Zealand at 0358 UTC May 3 after 30.4 years in space. It operated from 1992 to about 1995 and has been space junk since then\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/planet4589/status/1653764989159628803","url_text":"\"The Russian early warning satellite Oko 73D6-6051, codename Kosmos-2222, reentered south of New Zealand at 0358 UTC May 3 after 30.4 years in space. It operated from 1992 to about 1995 and has been space junk since then\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Kallender, Mark. \"STS-49, The Rescue Of Intelsat-VI 603\". Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081216075632/http://uu.cx/flight/49/","url_text":"\"STS-49, The Rescue Of Intelsat-VI 603\""},{"url":"http://uu.cx/flight/49/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heads_And_Tails
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Heads and Tails
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["1 See also"]
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Heads and Tails may refer to:
Heads and Tails (card game), a solitaire card game which uses two decks of playing cards.
Heads and Tails (film), a 1995 Russian Film
Heads and Tails (Russian telecast), a Ukrainian Russian-speaking travel series
Heads and Tails (TV series), a British children's programme
See also
Heads or Tails (disambiguation)
Heads and Tales (disambiguation)
Obverse and reverse
CAR and CDR, use of "heads and tails" in programming
Fish Heads and Tails, a 1989 album by Goodbye Mr. Mackenzie
"Heads Carolina, Tails California", a 1996 song by Jo Dee Messina
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Heads and Tails.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heads and Tails (card game)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heads_and_Tails_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Heads and Tails (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heads_and_Tails_(film)"},{"link_name":"Heads and Tails (Russian telecast)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heads_and_Tails_(Russian_telecast)"},{"link_name":"Heads and Tails (TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heads_and_Tails_(TV_series)"}],"text":"Heads and Tails (card game), a solitaire card game which uses two decks of playing cards.\nHeads and Tails (film), a 1995 Russian Film\nHeads and Tails (Russian telecast), a Ukrainian Russian-speaking travel series\nHeads and Tails (TV series), a British children's programme","title":"Heads and Tails"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Heads_and_Tails&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chumb
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Battle of Chumb
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["1 Background","1.1 Pakistani Plans and Preparations","1.2 Indian Plans and Preparations","2 Strength","3 Outcome","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 32°50′17″N 74°24′14″E / 32.838°N 74.404°E / 32.838; 74.404Battle of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971Battle of ChumbPart of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 (Western Front)Top to bottom, left to right:
Digitized map of the Chumb sector in Kashmir with the rough area captured by Pakistan hatched in yellow.
Pakistani soldiers riding on a captured Indian army jeep that has been painted with the word Indira transport in Urdu.
An Indian soldier killed in action.
Pakistani forces in Chumb after capturing the area.Date1 December 1971LocationChumb, Jammu and Kashmir, India (present−day Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan)32°50′17″N 74°24′14″E / 32.838°N 74.404°E / 32.838; 74.404Result
Pakistani victoryTerritorialchanges
Chumb (127 Km² of territory) becomes part of Azad Kashmir, PakistanBelligerents
India
PakistanCommanders and leaders
Maj. Gen. Jaswant Singh
Maj. Gen. Iftikhar Janjua † Wg. Cdr. Sharbat Ali ChangeziUnits involved
Army
2nd Engineer Regiment
9th Para SF Brigade
1st Guided Missiles Company
Air force
No. 20 Squadron
Army
19 Baloch
23 Baloch
3 Frontier Force
11 Cavalry
28 Cavalry
Air force
No. 18 Squadron
No. 26 SquadronStrength
4th Infantry Brigade
6 Artillery Regiments
3 Armoured Divisions(mainly composed of T-54 and T-55 tanks)
5th Infantry Brigade
11 Artillery Regiments
2nd Armoured Brigade(mainly composed of Type 59 tanks)Casualties and losses
72 killed15 woundedSeveral tanks, artillery and military vehicles destroyed or captured1 Hawker Hunter & 2 Sukhoi Su-7s damaged
60 killed80 wounded4 tanks, several military vehicles destroyed2 F-86F Sabres lost.Chambclass=notpageimage| Location of the battle with present−day geopolitical borders in the Kashmir region
vteIndo-Pakistani war of 1971
Western Front
Chengiz Khan
Hussainiwala
Chamb
Turtuk
Longewala
Basantar
Trident
Python
Eastern Front
Jackpot
PNS Ghazi
Kamalpur
Boyra
Dhalai
Garibpur
Gazipur
Hilli
Sylhet
Cactus-Lilly
Tangail
Naval War
Air War
Instrument of Surrender
Genocide of Bengali Hindus
Simla Agreement
vteIndo-Pakistani conflictsKashmir conflict
War of 1947–48
War of 1965
War of 1971
Siachen conflict
Kargil War
2001–02 standoff
2008 standoff
Other conflicts
Bangladesh Liberation War
1959 Canberra shootdown
1999 Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown
Border skirmishes
1958
2011
2013
2014–15
2016–18
2019
2020–21
2023
Strikes
LoC 2016
Balakot 2019
J&K 2019
The Battle of Chumb was a major battle in the Western Front of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 fought between the Pakistan Army and the Indian Army in 1-11 December 1971. Pakistan captured Chumb from India on the same principle as in the Battle of Chumb during Operation Grand Slam in 1965. The Pakistan Army's primary objective was to capture the town of Chumb and surrounding areas that had strategic importance for both Pakistan and India.
Background
Prior to the outbreak of war in 1971, Chumb was under Indian control, having been handed back by Pakistan under the Tashkent Agreement after the Battle of Chumb (1965) during the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War.
Pakistani Plans and Preparations
The offensive was designed by Pakistani military planners as a defensive maneuver to prevent the Indians from using Chumb as a base of operations to attack Gujrat, Lalamusa and Kharian as the crucial north-south line of communication i.e - the Grand Trunk Road lay between 35 to 40 miles from Chumb.
The Pakistan Army's 23 Division which was responsible for operations in the area had received orders from the GHQ to capture and protect the Chumb-Dewa sector. It had 5 infantry brigades and 26 Cavalry as it's main armored force which had old M4A1E6 Shermans. Hence, 11 Cavalry with T-59s and an Independent Armored Squadron with M36B2s from the 6th Armored Division along with an infantry brigade and artillery resources from the I Corps were transferred a month prior to the war to support the 23 Division's force.
Indian Plans and Preparations
Having learnt from Operation Grand Slam, the Indian Army's 10th Division was responsible to prevent a Pakistani advance towards Akhnoor which served as the main line of communications between India and Indian Administered Kashmir. Though the Pakistani Army wasn't in a state to start an offensive of this scale, the division was tasked to defend the Chhamb-Jourian sector and also attack across the border. In addition to its regular brigades (28, 52 and 191); 68 Infantry Brigade, which was the XV Corps reserve brigade in the Kashmir valley was earmarked as its fourth brigade. 191 Brigade was moved to Chhamb, 68 Brigade was kept as reserve at Akhnoor, while the other infantry brigades and armoured elements were at Kalit-Troti. Anticipating the onset of a Pakistani attack, 52 Brigade was deployed in the area Nawan Harimpur, 28 Brigade on the Kalidhar range and 68 Brigade to the Troti heights.
Strength
Brigadier Amar Cheema of the Indian Army, while comparing the strength of two countries during the battle, claimed that the Indian Armed Forces had superior tanks such as T-55 and T-54 who were equipped with 100 mm guns. They were said to be far superior to those of the Pakistani Type 59 tank.
The Indian T-55 tanks also possessed APDS ammunition firing capability which the Pakistani Type 59 tanks did not have. The T-55 had a far superior stabilization system.
Cheema also claims that there was near parity in terms of artillery but, when it came to infantry, the Pakistan army had fewer soldiers than the Indian army during the battle. He states that "it was this battle which helped in sustaining the morale of Pakistan army. The Indians, on the other hand, describe it as a most serious reverse suffered in the 1971 war".
Outcome
The fierce battle led to thousands of civilians evacuating the area.
Towards the end of the battle, the Indian Army hastily retreated from the area with little resistance, leaving behind entire volumes of sensitive documents and radios tuned to their respective codes.
Under the Simla Agreement, signed between India and Pakistan on 2 July 1972, Pakistan retained the territory it captured in the Chumb sector.
See also
Indo-Pakistan Wars
Operation Grand Slam
References
^ a b c d e Brigadier Amar Cheema (2015). The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective. Lancer Publishers. pp. 297–298. ISBN 978-81-7062-301-4. The contention that this was the most serious reverse for India in the war is also correct as it was here that Pakistan could maximise their territorial gains amounting to some 400 Sq. Km.... The way it ultimately planned out, Chamb was the only sector in J&K where the Indian forces suffered setback and this was attributable to Indian operational stance and inadequate preparation for the defensive battle for which the formation had been mandated.....Loss of territory in the sector for both sides was unacceptable, yet it was India who let this happen.
^ a b c d e f Major General Jagjit Singh (1994). Indian Gunners at War:The Western Front 1971. Lancer Publishers. p. 88. The saga of Chamb had come to an end. Despite defeat, 191 infantry brigade under the leadership of Brigadier Jasbir Singh (later Lieutenant General) had fought splendidly against, heavy odds.
^ "Three Indian blunders in 1971 war". Rediff India. 11 December 2011. In the 1971 war in Kashmir, Pakistan gained some territory in Chhamb as the Indian Army poised for an offensive was caught off guard by the Pakistani attack.
^ www.webspider.pk, Web Spider (pvt) Ltd. "50 Years Celebrations of Pakistan's Victory in the Battle of Chhamb". www.hilal.gov.pk. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
^ a b c d Major K.C. Parval (1987). Indian Army After Independence. Lancer Publisher. ISBN 9781935501619.
^ a b c Kaiser Tufail (10 May 2010). "Air Support in Chamb – 1971 War". Aeronaut.
^ a b LT COL MUHAMMAD MAJID MIRZA. "50 Years Celebrations of Pakistan's Victory in the Battle of Chhamb". Hilal English.
^ a b c d e f Major (Retd) AGHA HUMAYUN AMIN. "The Battle of Chamb-1971". Archived from the original on 29 August 2000.
^ "Armoured Corps History, 1971 war". Pakistan Army Website.
^ "No. 26 Squadron PAF". PakDef.info. Archived from the original on 29 August 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
^ Hamid, Syed. At the Forward Edge of Battle - A History of the Pakistan Armoured Corps 1938-2016. Helion & Company. ISBN 9789692310109.
^ a b Singh, Jagjit (1994). Indian Gunners at War: The Western Front 1971. Spantech & Lancer. ISBN 978-1897829554.
^ Lt. Col. Muhammad Usman Hassan. "Battle Lore – On Breakthrough in Chamb". Soldiers Speak, Selected Articles from Pakistan Army Journal 1956–1981. Army Education Press, GHQ, Rawalpindi.
^ a b Kamm, Henry (1971-12-13). "Pakistani Forces Take Ghost Town in Kashmir". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-04-23. The Pakistani contention that the enemy left this side of the river in a rout is sustained by what they left behind. Entire volumes of records of the Sikh and Gurkha battalions that bore the brunt of the fighting were found in the large, neat camps from which they fled without destroying anything. On the ridgeline, the defenders left communication equipment tuned to their air and ground frequencies and did not bother to destroy their codes.
^ "Agreement between the Government of India and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on Bilateral Relations (Simla Agreement) | UN Peacemaker". peacemaker.un.org. Retrieved 2023-12-12.
Further reading
VSM, Brig Amar Cheema (31 March 2015), The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective, Lancer Publishers, pp. 297–, ISBN 978-81-7062-301-4
External links
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Ghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_PNS_Ghazi"},{"link_name":"Kamalpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_of_Kamalpur"},{"link_name":"Boyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Boyra"},{"link_name":"Dhalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dhalai"},{"link_name":"Garibpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Garibpur"},{"link_name":"Gazipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gazipur"},{"link_name":"Hilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hilli"},{"link_name":"Sylhet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sylhet"},{"link_name":"Cactus-Lilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cactus-Lilly"},{"link_name":"Tangail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangail_Airdrop"},{"link_name":"Naval War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Naval_War_of_1971"},{"link_name":"Air 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1947–48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948"},{"link_name":"War of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965"},{"link_name":"War of 1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971"},{"link_name":"Siachen conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siachen_conflict"},{"link_name":"Kargil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_War"},{"link_name":"2001–02 standoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff"},{"link_name":"2008 standoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Indo-Pakistani_standoff"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Liberation War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War"},{"link_name":"1959 Canberra shootdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_Canberra_shootdown"},{"link_name":"1999 Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic 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2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Indian_Line_of_Control_strike"},{"link_name":"Balakot 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Balakot_airstrike"},{"link_name":"J&K 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Jammu_and_Kashmir_airstrikes"},{"link_name":"Indo-Pakistani War of 1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Army"},{"link_name":"Indian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Army"},{"link_name":"Chumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chumb"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chumb_(1965)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Operation Grand Slam in 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Grand_Slam"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hilal-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kaiser-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agha-8"}],"text":"Battle of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971vteIndo-Pakistani war of 1971\nWestern Front\nChengiz Khan\nHussainiwala\nChamb\nTurtuk\nLongewala\nBasantar\nTrident\nPython\n\nEastern Front\nJackpot\nPNS Ghazi\nKamalpur\nBoyra\nDhalai\nGaribpur\nGazipur\nHilli\nSylhet\nCactus-Lilly\nTangail\nNaval War\nAir War\nInstrument of Surrender\nGenocide of Bengali Hindus\nSimla AgreementvteIndo-Pakistani conflictsKashmir conflict\nWar of 1947–48\nWar of 1965\nWar of 1971\nSiachen conflict\nKargil War\n2001–02 standoff\n2008 standoff\nOther conflicts\n\nBangladesh Liberation War\n1959 Canberra shootdown\n1999 Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown\nBorder skirmishes\n\n1958\n2011\n2013\n2014–15\n2016–18\n2019\n2020–21\n2023\nStrikes\n\nLoC 2016\nBalakot 2019\nJ&K 2019The Battle of Chumb was a major battle in the Western Front of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 fought between the Pakistan Army and the Indian Army in 1-11 December 1971. Pakistan captured Chumb from India on the same principle as in the Battle of Chumb during Operation Grand Slam in 1965. The Pakistan Army's primary objective was to capture the town of Chumb and surrounding areas that had strategic importance for both Pakistan and India.[7][6][8]","title":"Battle of Chumb"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tashkent Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chumb (1965)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chumb_(1965)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1965 Indo-Pakistani War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_War"}],"text":"Prior to the outbreak of war in 1971, Chumb was under Indian control, having been handed back by Pakistan under the Tashkent Agreement after the Battle of Chumb (1965) during the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gujrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujrat,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Lalamusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalamusa"},{"link_name":"Kharian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharian"},{"link_name":"Grand Trunk Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Road"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hamid-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agha-8"},{"link_name":"GHQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Headquarters_(Pakistan_Army)"},{"link_name":"M4A1E6 Shermans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4_Sherman"},{"link_name":"11 Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Cavalry_(Frontier_Force)"},{"link_name":"M36B2s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M36_Tank_Destroyer"},{"link_name":"6th Armored Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Armoured_Division_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"I Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Corps_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agha-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jagjit-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Pakistani Plans and Preparations","text":"The offensive was designed by Pakistani military planners as a defensive maneuver to prevent the Indians from using Chumb as a base of operations to attack Gujrat, Lalamusa and Kharian as the crucial north-south line of communication i.e - the Grand Trunk Road lay between 35 to 40 miles from Chumb.[11][8]The Pakistan Army's 23 Division which was responsible for operations in the area had received orders from the GHQ to capture and protect the Chumb-Dewa sector. It had 5 infantry brigades and 26 Cavalry as it's main armored force which had old M4A1E6 Shermans. Hence, 11 Cavalry with T-59s and an Independent Armored Squadron with M36B2s from the 6th Armored Division along with an infantry brigade and artillery resources from the I Corps were transferred a month prior to the war to support the 23 Division's force.[8][12][13]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operation Grand Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Grand_Slam"},{"link_name":"Akhnoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhnoor"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jagjit-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agha-8"}],"sub_title":"Indian Plans and Preparations","text":"Having learnt from Operation Grand Slam, the Indian Army's 10th Division was responsible to prevent a Pakistani advance towards Akhnoor which served as the main line of communications between India and Indian Administered Kashmir. Though the Pakistani Army wasn't in a state to start an offensive of this scale, the division was tasked to defend the Chhamb-Jourian sector and also attack across the border. In addition to its regular brigades (28, 52 and 191); 68 Infantry Brigade, which was the XV Corps reserve brigade in the Kashmir valley was earmarked as its fourth brigade. 191 Brigade was moved to Chhamb, 68 Brigade was kept as reserve at Akhnoor, while the other infantry brigades and armoured elements were at Kalit-Troti. Anticipating the onset of a Pakistani attack, 52 Brigade was deployed in the area Nawan Harimpur, 28 Brigade on the Kalidhar range and 68 Brigade to the Troti heights. [12][8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Army"},{"link_name":"Indian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"T-55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-55"},{"link_name":"T-54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-54"},{"link_name":"Type 59 tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_59_tank"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-v-1"},{"link_name":"APDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour-piercing_discarding_sabot"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agha-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-v-1"}],"text":"Brigadier Amar Cheema of the Indian Army, while comparing the strength of two countries during the battle, claimed that the Indian Armed Forces had superior tanks such as T-55 and T-54 who were equipped with 100 mm guns. They were said to be far superior to those of the Pakistani Type 59 tank.[1]The Indian T-55 tanks also possessed APDS ammunition firing capability which the Pakistani Type 59 tanks did not have. The T-55 had a far superior stabilization system.[8]Cheema also claims that there was near parity in terms of artillery but, when it came to infantry, the Pakistan army had fewer soldiers than the Indian army during the battle. He states that \"it was this battle which helped in sustaining the morale of Pakistan army. The Indians, on the other hand, describe it as a most serious reverse suffered in the 1971 war\".[1]","title":"Strength"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-14"},{"link_name":"Simla Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simla_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The fierce battle led to thousands of civilians evacuating the area.[14]Towards the end of the battle, the Indian Army hastily retreated from the area with little resistance, leaving behind entire volumes of sensitive documents and radios tuned to their respective codes.[14]Under the Simla Agreement, signed between India and Pakistan on 2 July 1972, Pakistan retained the territory it captured in the Chumb sector.[15]","title":"Outcome"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Qc25BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA297"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-7062-301-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7062-301-4"}],"text":"VSM, Brig Amar Cheema (31 March 2015), The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective, Lancer Publishers, pp. 297–, ISBN 978-81-7062-301-4","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Indo-Pakistan Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistan_Wars"},{"title":"Operation Grand Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Grand_Slam"}]
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[{"reference":"Brigadier Amar Cheema (2015). The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective. Lancer Publishers. pp. 297–298. ISBN 978-81-7062-301-4. The contention that this was the most serious reverse for India in the war is also correct as it was here that Pakistan could maximise their territorial gains amounting to some 400 Sq. Km.... The way it ultimately planned out, Chamb was the only sector in J&K where the Indian forces suffered setback and this was attributable to Indian operational stance and inadequate preparation for the defensive battle for which the formation had been mandated.....Loss of territory in the sector for both sides was unacceptable, yet it was India who let this happen.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7062-301-4","url_text":"978-81-7062-301-4"}]},{"reference":"Major General Jagjit Singh (1994). Indian Gunners at War:The Western Front 1971. Lancer Publishers. p. 88. The saga of Chamb had come to an end. Despite defeat, 191 infantry brigade under the leadership of Brigadier Jasbir Singh (later Lieutenant General) had fought splendidly against, heavy odds.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Three Indian blunders in 1971 war\". Rediff India. 11 December 2011. In the 1971 war in Kashmir, Pakistan gained some territory in Chhamb as the Indian Army poised for an offensive was caught off guard by the Pakistani attack.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-three-indian-blunders-in-the-1971-war/20111212.htm","url_text":"\"Three Indian blunders in 1971 war\""}]},{"reference":"www.webspider.pk, Web Spider (pvt) Ltd. \"50 Years Celebrations of Pakistan's Victory in the Battle of Chhamb\". www.hilal.gov.pk. Retrieved 2 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hilal.gov.pk/eng-article/detail/NTc4NA==.html","url_text":"\"50 Years Celebrations of Pakistan's Victory in the Battle of Chhamb\""}]},{"reference":"Major K.C. Parval (1987). Indian Army After Independence. Lancer Publisher. ISBN 9781935501619.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DdxDcxj_wn4C&q=Chhamb","url_text":"Indian Army After Independence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781935501619","url_text":"9781935501619"}]},{"reference":"Kaiser Tufail (10 May 2010). \"Air Support in Chamb – 1971 War\". Aeronaut.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Tufail","url_text":"Kaiser Tufail"},{"url":"http://kaiser-aeronaut.blogspot.com/2010/05/air-support-in-chamb-1971-war.html?m=1","url_text":"\"Air Support in Chamb – 1971 War\""}]},{"reference":"LT COL MUHAMMAD MAJID MIRZA. \"50 Years Celebrations of Pakistan's Victory in the Battle of Chhamb\". Hilal English.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hilal.gov.pk/eng-article/detail/NTc4NA==.html","url_text":"\"50 Years Celebrations of Pakistan's Victory in the Battle of Chhamb\""}]},{"reference":"Major (Retd) AGHA HUMAYUN AMIN. \"The Battle of Chamb-1971\". Archived from the original on 29 August 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000829175714/http://www.defencejournal.com:80/sept99/chamb.htm","url_text":"\"The Battle of Chamb-1971\""},{"url":"http://www.defencejournal.com/sept99/chamb.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Armoured Corps History, 1971 war\". Pakistan Army Website.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/Armoured-corps.php","url_text":"\"Armoured Corps History, 1971 war\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26 Squadron PAF\". PakDef.info. Archived from the original on 29 August 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120829062015/http://www.pakdef.info/pakmilitary/airforce/squadrons/sqdr26.html","url_text":"\"No. 26 Squadron PAF\""},{"url":"http://www.pakdef.info/pakmilitary/airforce/squadrons/sqdr26.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hamid, Syed. At the Forward Edge of Battle - A History of the Pakistan Armoured Corps 1938-2016. Helion & Company. ISBN 9789692310109.","urls":[{"url":"https://a.co/d/hWG0sKT","url_text":"At the Forward Edge of Battle - A History of the Pakistan Armoured Corps 1938-2016"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789692310109","url_text":"9789692310109"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Jagjit (1994). Indian Gunners at War: The Western Front 1971. Spantech & Lancer. ISBN 978-1897829554.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1897829554","url_text":"978-1897829554"}]},{"reference":"Lt. Col. Muhammad Usman Hassan. \"Battle Lore – On Breakthrough in Chamb\". Soldiers Speak, Selected Articles from Pakistan Army Journal 1956–1981. Army Education Press, GHQ, Rawalpindi.","urls":[{"url":"http://pakdef.org/battle-lore-on-breakthrough-in-chamb/","url_text":"\"Battle Lore – On Breakthrough in Chamb\""}]},{"reference":"Kamm, Henry (1971-12-13). \"Pakistani Forces Take Ghost Town in Kashmir\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-04-23. The Pakistani contention that the enemy left this side of the river in a rout is sustained by what they left behind. Entire volumes of records of the Sikh and Gurkha battalions that bore the brunt of the fighting were found in the large, neat camps from which they fled without destroying anything. On the ridgeline, the defenders left communication equipment tuned to their air and ground frequencies and did not bother to destroy their codes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/13/archives/pakistani-forces-take-ghost-town-in-kashmir.html","url_text":"\"Pakistani Forces Take Ghost Town in Kashmir\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Agreement between the Government of India and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on Bilateral Relations (Simla Agreement) | UN Peacemaker\". peacemaker.un.org. Retrieved 2023-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://peacemaker.un.org/indiapakistan-simlaagreement72","url_text":"\"Agreement between the Government of India and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on Bilateral Relations (Simla Agreement) | UN Peacemaker\""}]},{"reference":"VSM, Brig Amar Cheema (31 March 2015), The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective, Lancer Publishers, pp. 297–, ISBN 978-81-7062-301-4","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc25BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA297","url_text":"The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7062-301-4","url_text":"978-81-7062-301-4"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Sooden-Allendorf
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Bad Sooden-Allendorf
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["1 Geography","1.1 Location","1.2 Neighbouring communities","1.3 Constituent communities","2 History","2.1 Modernization","3 Politics","3.1 Town council","3.2 Mayors","3.3 Coat of arms","3.4 Town partnerships","4 Culture and sightseeing","4.1 Museums","4.2 Buildings","4.3 Regular events","4.4 Cuisine","5 Economy and infrastructure","5.1 Transport","5.2 Media","5.3 Education","6 Notable people","6.1 Personalities who have worked or lived in Bad Sooden-Allendorf","7 References","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 51°17′N 09°59′E / 51.283°N 9.983°E / 51.283; 9.983Town in Hesse, GermanyBad Sooden-Allendorf TownView over Bad Sooden-Allendorf
Coat of armsLocation of Bad Sooden-Allendorf within Werra-Meißner-Kreis district
Bad Sooden-Allendorf Show map of GermanyBad Sooden-Allendorf Show map of HesseCoordinates: 51°17′N 09°59′E / 51.283°N 9.983°E / 51.283; 9.983CountryGermanyStateHesseAdmin. regionKassel DistrictWerra-Meißner-Kreis Government • Mayor (2021–27) Frank Hix (CDU)Area • Total73.53 km2 (28.39 sq mi)Elevation265 m (869 ft)Population (2022-12-31) • Total8,394 • Density110/km2 (300/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes37242Dialling codes05652Vehicle registrationESWWebsitewww.bad-sooden-allendorf.de
Bad Sooden-Allendorf is a spa town in the Werra-Meißner-Kreis in Hesse, Germany.
Geography
Location
The spa town of Bad Sooden-Allendorf lies in the Werra valley near the Hoher Meißner, right on the boundary with Thuringia, almost at Germany's geographical centre, 33 km east of Kassel.
Neighbouring communities
Bad Sooden-Allendorf borders in the north on the communities of Lindewerra, Wahlhausen and Asbach-Sickenberg, in the east on the communities of Wiesenfeld und Volkerode (all in Thuringia's Eichsfeld district), in the south on the community of Meinhard, the town of Eschwege and the community of Berkatal, in the west on the town of Großalmerode and in the northwest on the town of Witzenhausen (all in the Werra-Meißner-Kreis).
Constituent communities
Besides the main town, which is also called Bad Sooden-Allendorf, the town has nine other Stadtteile named Ahrenberg, Dudenrode, Ellershausen, Hilgershausen, Kammerbach, Kleinvach, Oberrieden, Orferode and Höfe-Weiden. The main town itself is divided into Sooden and Allendorf, the former of which is west of the railway tracks.
History
The place has existed since at least the late 8th century. This is confirmed by one of the Frankish king Charlemagne’s donation documents, which historians have dated to some time between 776 and 779. With this document, Charlemagne transferred the saltsprings, the saltpans, the saltworkers, the market, the tribute and the toll of the settlement of Westera to the Fulda Abbey. The settlement’s name refers to its location on the western border with Thuringia, which still runs through here today.
Allendorf - excerpt from the Topographia Hassiae by Matthäus Merian 1655
In April 1637, during the Thirty Years' War, the Geleen and Count Isolani Croatian regiments attacked the town, whereby the town was burnt almost right down. Even the two churches and the town hall were destroyed. The council estate – built wholly out of stone – withstood the great town fire, and still remains preserved today as the town’s oldest building.
Pedestrian precinct in Bad Sooden-Allendorf
Spa hall entrance area
For more than a thousand years, until the late 19th century, salt was extracted from brine at the saltworks by boiling. The brine was brought up from a deposit under the town. The breaking of the salt monopoly in the wake of annexation by Prussia in 1866 led to a fall in price, which in turn led to the industry’s end. The last salt was produced in 1906.
Along with the downfall of the saltworks, however, came the discovery of the brine’s healing properties, and thus began the spa industry, with a bathhouse opening on 1 June 1881.
Still today, the time of saltmaking is remembered with the Brunnenfest (“Well Festival”) held yearly at Whitsun, when salt is extracted from brine by boiling in an historically authentic process to demonstrate how salt was produced. In a salt museum, the salt is then sold; presented there, as well, is the history of saltmaking.
St. Crucius Church in Allendorf
St. Marien Church in Bad Sooden
Modernization
At the turn of the millennium, the graduation tower was dismantled and completely rebuilt. In late 2005, a new bathhouse with a big sauna area was finished, to lure privately paying guests to town. In April 2007, a new event hall for conventions and concerts was opened. Even the street layout was changed. Since that time there has been no more direct link between Sooden-Nord and Sooden-Süd. Traffic must turn off and take the bypass road through the industrial area. Furthermore, the railway station is currently reduced to two tracks and is being modernized with the goal of establishing a direct link to Sooden. Through these measures the town hopes to work against the downturn in the spa operations by making the bathhouse and spa area easier to reach and making it into a pedestrian precinct.
Politics
Town council
The municipal election held on 26 March 2006 yielded the following results:
Parties and voter communities
%2006
Seats2006
%2001
Seats2001
SPD
Social Democratic Party of Germany
41.8
13
38.8
12
CDU
Christian Democratic Union of Germany
36.8
11
32.7
10
GREENS
Bündnis 90/Die Grünen
9.1
3
9.5
3
FWG
Freie Wählergemeinschaft
7.6
2
10.0
3
FDP
Free Democratic Party
4.7
2
5.9
2
REP
The Republicans
–
–
3.1
1
Total
100
31
100
31
Voter turnout in %
53.9
55.4
Mayors
The town's mayor is Frank Hix (Party of CDU). He won the mayoral contest on 2 November 2008 between him and Thomas Giese (Party of SPD).
List of former mayors of Allendorf (up to the union with Sooden in 1929) and of Bad Sooden-Allendorf (from 1929):
Frank Hix (since 2009)
Ronald Gundlach (March 1997 to 2009)
Erich Giese (1991 to 1997)
Rolf Jenther (1984 to resign in 1991, shortly after the re-election)
Rolf Erich Barié (1978–1984)
Gerhard Harke (1960–1978)
Fritz Franke (April 1946 to 1960, acting since September 1945)
Wilhelm Siebert (June 1945 – September 1945)
Fritz Haase (April 1945 – June 1945)
Cornelius Bents (January 1945 to April 1945)
Ferdinand Schneider (May 1930 – December 1944)
Dr. jur. Karl Eulert (August 1925 – April 1930)
Charles Leimbach (December 1923 to July 1925, City Treasurer / Acting Mayor)
Adolf Müller (January 1898 – December 1923)
Georg Ludwig Oeste (June 1877 – July 1897)
Leutnand A.D. Hugo Jesse (January 1874 – May 1876)
Kroeschell Otto Heinrich (1853–1873)
Christian August Seyl (1834–1852)
Lorenz Heinrich Stephan (1808 to 1813 but no mayor, during the Westphalian time)
Barthold Storm (+ -1650)
The following list shows the names of the families of the 19th century - since about 1400 - the owner, almost "tenant" in the Mayor's Office in Allendort (it does not claim to be exhaustive, sorted alphabetically with no annual figures). They were the patricians, the City Council:
Brandt, Breul, Casselmann, Cörper/Corper, Deichmann, Diede, Dietz, Dörr, Eschstruht, Frohn, Gaule, Gehrung, Gille, Grau, Grebe, Grunewald, Gundlach, Haas, von Haagen, Hupfeld, Hüter, Iring, von Jossa, Isenhuth, Kirchmeyer, Klinkerfuß, Königsee, Kraft, Kröschell, Lappe, Lutemann, Marold, Mattenberg, Meinhard, Jost Motz (um 1620), Müller, Neuenroth, Niedenstein, Geißler Praesendt (um 1585), Prediger, Quentel, Ruland, Saame, Schaffnicht, Heinrich Schaub (um 1440), Schmidt, Schnödde, Stephan, Storm, Thaurer, Tholde, Thorey, Valentin, Vielmeder, Vietor, Wagner, Weber, Wehr, Wissenbach, Wolff
Coat of arms
Coat of Arms of Allendorf
The town's arms might be described thus: Gules a town wall embattled with gate tower and four towers within (used from the old Allendorf Coat of Arms), the whole argent with roofs azure, in the gateway arch a saltpan hook and a Berlaff (wooden spoon for hastening brine evaporation, used from the old Sooden Coat of Arms) in saltire Or.
The arms were approved by the State Archive in 1931.
Coat of Arms of Sooden
Town partnerships
Bad Sooden-Allendorf maintains partnership arrangements with these towns:
Landivisiau, Finistère, France since 1974
Bad Frankenhausen, Thuringia since 1990
Culture and sightseeing
Museums
Schifflersgrund Border Museum
This museum stands right on the former “death strip” between East and West Germany, although nowadays it is only the boundary between Hesse and Thuringia. It houses, besides old border installations and a range of old military vehicles and helicopters, a visual and detailed history of the Inner German Border.
Buildings
Bad Sooden, floodlighting 2007
“Well Before the Gate”
This became the subject of a well known German folksong Am Brunnen vor dem Tore. The well with the linden tree – also mentioned in the song – is still preserved, and the gate was rebuilt in 1997.
Graduation tower
This is one of Germany’s last graduation towers, having been thoroughly overhauled in the last ten years, and is a popular recreation spot.
Werratal-Therme (“Werra Valley Bathhouse”)
This is a bathhouse with brine, sauna and outdoor area. The graduation tower can be reached from here without leaving the bathhouse area.
Diebesturm (“Thief’s Tower”)
Historic timber-frame Old Town
Regular events
Frau Holle on the Hoher Meißner
Bad Sooden-Allendorf is nationally known for the Erntedank- und Heimatfest (roughly “Thanksgiving and Homeland Festival”), which is celebrated each year through the third weekend in August (Friday to Tuesday). Above all, it is popular for its many traditions, having been celebrated for more than a hundred years with the same programme. The highlights are:
Street festival in the Old Town (Friday), midway on the festival square (Saturday to Tuesday)
Torchlight procession followed by a military tattoo and the festival of lights (“Werra in Flames”)
Triolett dance, a round dance with two threesomes
Spanisch Fricco – food
Great festival parade on Sunday
Rich decoration of the town with garlands and harvest crowns made of grain
Every year in the week after Easter, the traditional Märchenwoche (“Fairytale Week”) is held in Bad Sooden-Allendorf. Many events such as “fairytale evenings” and theatrical productions bring fairy tales into the world, framed by daily appearances by fairytale characters in the spa park. At the focus stands Frau Holle, who is said to have lived on the nearby Hoher Meißner and to have daily shaken the featherbeds out in the historic Söder Tor (“Sooden Gate”)
Cuisine
Spanish fricco is a traditional stew dish of Bad Sooden-Allendorf.
Economy and infrastructure
Transport
Bad Sooden-Allendorf is linked to the Autobahn network by Bundesstraße 27 (Witzenhausen–Eschwege).
The central railway station lies on the north-south Göttingen–Bebra–Fulda line.
There is a town bus system.
The nearest airport is Kassel Calden Airport.
The Werra is not usable by big ships. Canoe traffic is, however, quite lively.
A recreational vehicle park in the Old Town and near the Werra attracts caravans.
There are also hiking and cycling paths.
Media
The Witzenhäuser Allgemeine, a local edition of the Hessische/Niedersächsische Allgemeine, appears as a daily newspaper.
Moreover, the MB-Media-Verlag (publisher), which through the Ippen Group likewise belongs to Hessische/Niedersächsische Allgemeine, publishes two weekly newspapers named Marktspiegel and Extra-Tip, which do not, however, give themselves over to quite as many regional issues as many other tabloids.
Publication of the BSA-Kurier, an advertising paper for the local Kurpark-Hotel, whose fliers in the end were also acquired by Hessische/Niedersächsische Allgemeine, has been suspended. Club reports and cultural announcements were found in this paper.
A Stadtblättchen is published by Verlag Linus-Wittich for a few subscribing customers.
Furthermore, the local radio station Rundfunk Meißner (RFM), named after the nearby mountain, Hoher Meißner, can be picked up in town.
Education
Bad Sooden-Allendorf offers with the primary school Am Brunnen vor dem Tore (classes 1 to 4) and the Rhenanusschule (classes 5 to 13) a full range of education without changing location or daily travel, something that can no longer be taken for granted in the Werra-Meißner-Kreis. Integrated into the Rhenanusschule is a sport Gymnasium with adjoining boarding school, which once produced famous sportsmen.
With a location of the Bernd-Blindow-Schulen, the town has for some years also been a university town.
Notable people
Burkard Waldis (around 1490–1556), fabulist, playwright and Shrove Author
Johannes Gottsleben (for 1559/60–1612), Protestant theologian in the age of Reformation
Bernhard Textor (around 1560–1602), reformed theologian
Ferdinand von Wintzingerode (1770–1818), nobleman and officer in various armies, most recently General of Russian army
Wilhelm Müller
Ludwig Rehn (1849–1930), surgeon
Gerhard Ritter (1888–1967), historian
Wilhelm Müller (1794–1827), romantic poet, who wrote here among other things the beginning of "Das Wandern ist des Müllers Lust", which became popular as a song
Eberhardt Eichner, superintendent
Personalities who have worked or lived in Bad Sooden-Allendorf
Wilhelm Speck (1861–1925), writer, poet, Evangelical pastor, chaplain and teacher
Sigurd Lohde (1899–1977), film and television actor
References
^ "Ergebnisse der letzten Direktwahl aller hessischen Landkreise und Gemeinden" (XLS) (in German). Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt. 5 September 2022.
^ "Bevölkerung in Hessen am 31.12.2022 nach Gemeinden" (XLS) (in German). Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt. June 2023.
^ "Aeltere Pfännerfamilien zu Allendorf in den Sooden - Ahnenforschung.Net Forum".
^ Bendel, L. (2013). Deutsche Regionalküche von A-Z (in German). Köln Anaconda Verlag. p. 467. ISBN 978-3-7306-9042-0. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
External links
Local history club (in German)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bad Sooden-Allendorf.
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Czech Republic
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spa town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa_town"},{"link_name":"Werra-Meißner-Kreis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werra-Mei%C3%9Fner-Kreis"},{"link_name":"Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"}],"text":"Town in Hesse, GermanyBad Sooden-Allendorf is a spa town in the Werra-Meißner-Kreis in Hesse, Germany.","title":"Bad Sooden-Allendorf"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Werra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werra"},{"link_name":"Hoher Meißner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoher_Mei%C3%9Fner"},{"link_name":"Thuringia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia"},{"link_name":"Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassel"}],"sub_title":"Location","text":"The spa town of Bad Sooden-Allendorf lies in the Werra valley near the Hoher Meißner, right on the boundary with Thuringia, almost at Germany's geographical centre, 33 km east of Kassel.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lindewerra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindewerra"},{"link_name":"Wahlhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahlhausen"},{"link_name":"Asbach-Sickenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbach-Sickenberg"},{"link_name":"Wiesenfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesenfeld,_Eichsfeld"},{"link_name":"Volkerode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkerode"},{"link_name":"Eichsfeld district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eichsfeld_(district)"},{"link_name":"Meinhard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meinhard"},{"link_name":"Eschwege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschwege"},{"link_name":"Berkatal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkatal"},{"link_name":"Großalmerode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Falmerode"},{"link_name":"Witzenhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witzenhausen"}],"sub_title":"Neighbouring communities","text":"Bad Sooden-Allendorf borders in the north on the communities of Lindewerra, Wahlhausen and Asbach-Sickenberg, in the east on the communities of Wiesenfeld und Volkerode (all in Thuringia's Eichsfeld district), in the south on the community of Meinhard, the town of Eschwege and the community of Berkatal, in the west on the town of Großalmerode and in the northwest on the town of Witzenhausen (all in the Werra-Meißner-Kreis).","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stadtteile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortsteil"},{"link_name":"Oberrieden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberrieden_(Bad_Sooden-Allendorf)"},{"link_name":"railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway"}],"sub_title":"Constituent communities","text":"Besides the main town, which is also called Bad Sooden-Allendorf, the town has nine other Stadtteile named Ahrenberg, Dudenrode, Ellershausen, Hilgershausen, Kammerbach, Kleinvach, Oberrieden, Orferode and Höfe-Weiden. The main town itself is divided into Sooden and Allendorf, the former of which is west of the railway tracks.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frankish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks"},{"link_name":"Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"Fulda Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulda_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Thuringia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bad_Sooden-Allendorf_De_Merian_Hassiae.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thirty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bad_Sooden-Allendorf.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KurhalleBSA.jpg"},{"link_name":"salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt"},{"link_name":"brine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine"},{"link_name":"saltworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltworks"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"Whitsun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitsun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Crucius_in_Bad_Sooden-Allendorf.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Marien_Kirche_in_Bad_Sooden-Allendorf.jpg"}],"text":"The place has existed since at least the late 8th century. This is confirmed by one of the Frankish king Charlemagne’s donation documents, which historians have dated to some time between 776 and 779. With this document, Charlemagne transferred the saltsprings, the saltpans, the saltworkers, the market, the tribute and the toll of the settlement of Westera to the Fulda Abbey. The settlement’s name refers to its location on the western border with Thuringia, which still runs through here today.Allendorf - excerpt from the Topographia Hassiae by Matthäus Merian 1655In April 1637, during the Thirty Years' War, the Geleen and Count Isolani Croatian regiments attacked the town, whereby the town was burnt almost right down. Even the two churches and the town hall were destroyed. The council estate – built wholly out of stone – withstood the great town fire, and still remains preserved today as the town’s oldest building.Pedestrian precinct in Bad Sooden-AllendorfSpa hall entrance areaFor more than a thousand years, until the late 19th century, salt was extracted from brine at the saltworks by boiling. The brine was brought up from a deposit under the town. The breaking of the salt monopoly in the wake of annexation by Prussia in 1866 led to a fall in price, which in turn led to the industry’s end. The last salt was produced in 1906.Along with the downfall of the saltworks, however, came the discovery of the brine’s healing properties, and thus began the spa industry, with a bathhouse opening on 1 June 1881.Still today, the time of saltmaking is remembered with the Brunnenfest (“Well Festival”) held yearly at Whitsun, when salt is extracted from brine by boiling in an historically authentic process to demonstrate how salt was produced. In a salt museum, the salt is then sold; presented there, as well, is the history of saltmaking.St. Crucius Church in AllendorfSt. Marien Church in Bad Sooden","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"graduation tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduation_tower"},{"link_name":"sauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna"},{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"pedestrian precinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedestrian_precinct"}],"sub_title":"Modernization","text":"At the turn of the millennium, the graduation tower was dismantled and completely rebuilt. In late 2005, a new bathhouse with a big sauna area was finished, to lure privately paying guests to town. In April 2007, a new event hall for conventions and concerts was opened. Even the street layout was changed. Since that time there has been no more direct link between Sooden-Nord and Sooden-Süd. Traffic must turn off and take the bypass road through the industrial area. Furthermore, the railway station is currently reduced to two tracks and is being modernized with the goal of establishing a direct link to Sooden. Through these measures the town hopes to work against the downturn in the spa operations by making the bathhouse and spa area easier to reach and making it into a pedestrian precinct.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Town council","text":"The municipal election held on 26 March 2006 yielded the following results:","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Mayors","text":"The town's mayor is Frank Hix (Party of CDU). He won the mayoral contest on 2 November 2008 between him and Thomas Giese (Party of SPD).List of former mayors of Allendorf (up to the union with Sooden in 1929) and of Bad Sooden-Allendorf (from 1929):Frank Hix (since 2009)\nRonald Gundlach (March 1997 to 2009)\nErich Giese (1991 to 1997)\nRolf Jenther (1984 to resign in 1991, shortly after the re-election)\nRolf Erich Barié (1978–1984)\nGerhard Harke (1960–1978)\nFritz Franke (April 1946 to 1960, acting since September 1945)\nWilhelm Siebert (June 1945 – September 1945)\nFritz Haase (April 1945 – June 1945)\nCornelius Bents (January 1945 to April 1945)\nFerdinand Schneider (May 1930 – December 1944)\nDr. jur. Karl Eulert (August 1925 – April 1930)\nCharles Leimbach (December 1923 to July 1925, City Treasurer / Acting Mayor)\nAdolf Müller (January 1898 – December 1923)\nGeorg Ludwig Oeste (June 1877 – July 1897)\nLeutnand A.D. Hugo Jesse (January 1874 – May 1876)\nKroeschell Otto Heinrich (1853–1873)\nChristian August Seyl (1834–1852)\nLorenz Heinrich Stephan (1808 to 1813 but no mayor, during the Westphalian time)\nBarthold Storm (+ -1650)The following list shows the names of the families of the 19th century - since about 1400 - the owner, almost \"tenant\" in the Mayor's Office in Allendort (it does not claim to be exhaustive, sorted alphabetically with no annual figures). They were the patricians, the City Council:Brandt, Breul, Casselmann, Cörper/Corper, Deichmann, Diede, Dietz, Dörr, Eschstruht, Frohn, Gaule, Gehrung, Gille, Grau, Grebe, Grunewald, Gundlach, Haas, von Haagen, Hupfeld, Hüter, Iring, von Jossa, Isenhuth, Kirchmeyer, Klinkerfuß, Königsee, Kraft, Kröschell, Lappe, Lutemann, Marold, Mattenberg, Meinhard, Jost Motz (um 1620), Müller, Neuenroth, Niedenstein, Geißler Praesendt (um 1585), Prediger, Quentel, Ruland, Saame, Schaffnicht, Heinrich Schaub (um 1440), Schmidt, Schnödde, Stephan, Storm, Thaurer, Tholde, Thorey, Valentin, Vielmeder, Vietor, Wagner, Weber, Wehr, Wissenbach, Wolff[3]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Coat of arms","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Landivisiau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landivisiau"},{"link_name":"Finistère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Bad Frankenhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Frankenhausen"},{"link_name":"Thuringia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia"}],"sub_title":"Town partnerships","text":"Bad Sooden-Allendorf maintains partnership arrangements with these towns:Landivisiau, Finistère, France since 1974\n Bad Frankenhausen, Thuringia since 1990","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture and sightseeing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse"},{"link_name":"Thuringia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia"},{"link_name":"helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter"},{"link_name":"Inner German Border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_German_Border"}],"sub_title":"Museums","text":"Schifflersgrund Border MuseumThis museum stands right on the former “death strip” between East and West Germany, although nowadays it is only the boundary between Hesse and Thuringia. It houses, besides old border installations and a range of old military vehicles and helicopters, a visual and detailed history of the Inner German Border.","title":"Culture and sightseeing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bad_Sooden_Lichterfest_2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"timber-frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_framing"}],"sub_title":"Buildings","text":"Bad Sooden, floodlighting 2007“Well Before the Gate”This became the subject of a well known German folksong Am Brunnen vor dem Tore. The well with the linden tree – also mentioned in the song – is still preserved, and the gate was rebuilt in 1997.Graduation towerThis is one of Germany’s last graduation towers, having been thoroughly overhauled in the last ten years, and is a popular recreation spot.Werratal-Therme (“Werra Valley Bathhouse”)This is a bathhouse with brine, sauna and outdoor area. The graduation tower can be reached from here without leaving the bathhouse area.Diebesturm (“Thief’s Tower”)\nHistoric timber-frame Old Town","title":"Culture and sightseeing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frau-Holle-Teich_002.jpg"},{"link_name":"midway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_(fair)"},{"link_name":"military tattoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tattoo"},{"link_name":"round dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_dance_(ballroom)"},{"link_name":"Easter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter"},{"link_name":"fairy tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tale"},{"link_name":"Frau Holle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Hulda"},{"link_name":"Hoher Meißner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoher_Mei%C3%9Fner"}],"sub_title":"Regular events","text":"Frau Holle on the Hoher MeißnerBad Sooden-Allendorf is nationally known for the Erntedank- und Heimatfest (roughly “Thanksgiving and Homeland Festival”), which is celebrated each year through the third weekend in August (Friday to Tuesday). Above all, it is popular for its many traditions, having been celebrated for more than a hundred years with the same programme. The highlights are:Street festival in the Old Town (Friday), midway on the festival square (Saturday to Tuesday)\nTorchlight procession followed by a military tattoo and the festival of lights (“Werra in Flames”)\nTriolett dance, a round dance with two threesomes\nSpanisch Fricco – food\nGreat festival parade on Sunday\nRich decoration of the town with garlands and harvest crowns made of grainEvery year in the week after Easter, the traditional Märchenwoche (“Fairytale Week”) is held in Bad Sooden-Allendorf. Many events such as “fairytale evenings” and theatrical productions bring fairy tales into the world, framed by daily appearances by fairytale characters in the spa park. At the focus stands Frau Holle, who is said to have lived on the nearby Hoher Meißner and to have daily shaken the featherbeds out in the historic Söder Tor (“Sooden Gate”)","title":"Culture and sightseeing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish fricco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_fricco"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Cuisine","text":"Spanish fricco is a traditional stew dish of Bad Sooden-Allendorf.[4]","title":"Culture and sightseeing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Economy and infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Autobahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobahn"},{"link_name":"Bundesstraße","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe"},{"link_name":"Witzenhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witzenhausen"},{"link_name":"Eschwege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschwege"},{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"Bebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebra"},{"link_name":"Fulda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulda"},{"link_name":"bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus"},{"link_name":"airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport"},{"link_name":"Kassel Calden Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassel_Calden_Airport"},{"link_name":"recreational vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_vehicle"},{"link_name":"hiking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiking"},{"link_name":"cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling"}],"sub_title":"Transport","text":"Bad Sooden-Allendorf is linked to the Autobahn network by Bundesstraße 27 (Witzenhausen–Eschwege).\nThe central railway station lies on the north-south Göttingen–Bebra–Fulda line.\nThere is a town bus system.\nThe nearest airport is Kassel Calden Airport.\nThe Werra is not usable by big ships. Canoe traffic is, however, quite lively.\nA recreational vehicle park in the Old Town and near the Werra attracts caravans.\nThere are also hiking and cycling paths.","title":"Economy and infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper"}],"sub_title":"Media","text":"The Witzenhäuser Allgemeine, a local edition of the Hessische/Niedersächsische Allgemeine, appears as a daily newspaper.\nMoreover, the MB-Media-Verlag (publisher), which through the Ippen Group likewise belongs to Hessische/Niedersächsische Allgemeine, publishes two weekly newspapers named Marktspiegel and Extra-Tip, which do not, however, give themselves over to quite as many regional issues as many other tabloids.\nPublication of the BSA-Kurier, an advertising paper for the local Kurpark-Hotel, whose fliers in the end were also acquired by Hessische/Niedersächsische Allgemeine, has been suspended. Club reports and cultural announcements were found in this paper.\nA Stadtblättchen is published by Verlag Linus-Wittich for a few subscribing customers.\nFurthermore, the local radio station Rundfunk Meißner (RFM), named after the nearby mountain, Hoher Meißner, can be picked up in town.","title":"Economy and infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_school"},{"link_name":"Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)"},{"link_name":"boarding school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_school"},{"link_name":"university town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_town"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"Bad Sooden-Allendorf offers with the primary school Am Brunnen vor dem Tore (classes 1 to 4) and the Rhenanusschule (classes 5 to 13) a full range of education without changing location or daily travel, something that can no longer be taken for granted in the Werra-Meißner-Kreis. Integrated into the Rhenanusschule is a sport Gymnasium with adjoining boarding school, which once produced famous sportsmen.With a location of the Bernd-Blindow-Schulen, the town has for some years also been a university town.","title":"Economy and infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burkard Waldis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burkard_Waldis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fabulist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabel"},{"link_name":"playwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwright"},{"link_name":"Johannes Gottsleben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Gottsleben&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"theologian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation"},{"link_name":"Bernhard Textor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Textor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand von Wintzingerode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wintzingerode"},{"link_name":"officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General"},{"link_name":"Russian army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dichter_Wilhelm_M%C3%BCller.gif"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Rehn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Rehn"},{"link_name":"surgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Ritter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Ritter"},{"link_name":"historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_M%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"Das Wandern ist des Müllers Lust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Wandern_ist_des_M%C3%BCllers_Lust"}],"text":"Burkard Waldis (around 1490–1556), fabulist, playwright and Shrove Author\nJohannes Gottsleben (for 1559/60–1612), Protestant theologian in the age of Reformation\nBernhard Textor (around 1560–1602), reformed theologian\nFerdinand von Wintzingerode (1770–1818), nobleman and officer in various armies, most recently General of Russian armyWilhelm MüllerLudwig Rehn (1849–1930), surgeon\nGerhard Ritter (1888–1967), historian\nWilhelm Müller (1794–1827), romantic poet, who wrote here among other things the beginning of \"Das Wandern ist des Müllers Lust\", which became popular as a song\nEberhardt Eichner, superintendent","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sigurd Lohde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigurd_Lohde"}],"sub_title":"Personalities who have worked or lived in Bad Sooden-Allendorf","text":"Wilhelm Speck (1861–1925), writer, poet, Evangelical pastor, chaplain and teacher\nSigurd Lohde (1899–1977), film and television actor","title":"Notable people"}]
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bad_Sooden-Allendorf_ESW.svg/240px-Bad_Sooden-Allendorf_ESW.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Allendorf - excerpt from the Topographia Hassiae by Matthäus Merian 1655","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bad_Sooden-Allendorf_De_Merian_Hassiae.jpg/220px-Bad_Sooden-Allendorf_De_Merian_Hassiae.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pedestrian precinct in Bad Sooden-Allendorf","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bad_Sooden-Allendorf.jpg/220px-Bad_Sooden-Allendorf.jpg"},{"image_text":"Spa hall entrance area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/KurhalleBSA.jpg/220px-KurhalleBSA.jpg"},{"image_text":"St. Crucius Church in Allendorf","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/St._Crucius_in_Bad_Sooden-Allendorf.jpg/220px-St._Crucius_in_Bad_Sooden-Allendorf.jpg"},{"image_text":"St. Marien Church in Bad Sooden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/St._Marien_Kirche_in_Bad_Sooden-Allendorf.jpg/220px-St._Marien_Kirche_in_Bad_Sooden-Allendorf.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coat of Arms of Allendorf","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Allendorf-alt.png/60px-Wappen_Allendorf-alt.png"},{"image_text":"Coat of Arms of Sooden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Wappen_Sooden.png/60px-Wappen_Sooden.png"},{"image_text":"Bad Sooden, floodlighting 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bad_Sooden_Lichterfest_2007.jpg/220px-Bad_Sooden_Lichterfest_2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"Frau Holle on the Hoher Meißner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Frau-Holle-Teich_002.jpg/220px-Frau-Holle-Teich_002.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wilhelm Müller","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Dichter_Wilhelm_M%C3%BCller.gif/140px-Dichter_Wilhelm_M%C3%BCller.gif"},{"image_text":"Wappen des Landkreises Werra-Meißner-Kreis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wappen_Werra-Meissner-Kreis.svg/30px-Wappen_Werra-Meissner-Kreis.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Ergebnisse der letzten Direktwahl aller hessischen Landkreise und Gemeinden\" (XLS) (in German). Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt. 5 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://statistik.hessen.de/sites/statistik.hessen.de/files/2022-10/direktwahlen_09_2022_10102022.xlsx","url_text":"\"Ergebnisse der letzten Direktwahl aller hessischen Landkreise und Gemeinden\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessisches_Statistisches_Landesamt","url_text":"Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt"}]},{"reference":"\"Bevölkerung in Hessen am 31.12.2022 nach Gemeinden\" (XLS) (in German). Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt. June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://statistik.hessen.de/sites/statistik.hessen.de/files/2023-06/ai2_j2022_bevoelkerung_tabelle_2.xlsx","url_text":"\"Bevölkerung in Hessen am 31.12.2022 nach Gemeinden\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessisches_Statistisches_Landesamt","url_text":"Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt"}]},{"reference":"\"Aeltere Pfännerfamilien zu Allendorf in den Sooden - Ahnenforschung.Net Forum\".","urls":[{"url":"http://forum.ahnenforschung.net/showthread.php?t=53081","url_text":"\"Aeltere Pfännerfamilien zu Allendorf in den Sooden - Ahnenforschung.Net Forum\""}]},{"reference":"Bendel, L. (2013). Deutsche Regionalküche von A-Z (in German). Köln Anaconda Verlag. p. 467. ISBN 978-3-7306-9042-0. Retrieved 14 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aTTKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT467","url_text":"Deutsche Regionalküche von A-Z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7306-9042-0","url_text":"978-3-7306-9042-0"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Regiment_Illinois_Volunteer_Cavalry
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8th Illinois Cavalry Regiment
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["1 Service","1.1 Battle of Gettysburg","1.2 Total strength and casualties","2 Commanders","3 Other notables","4 See also","5 References","6 Notes"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "8th Illinois Cavalry Regiment" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
8th Illinois Cavalry RegimentIllinois flagActiveSeptember 18, 1861, to July 17, 1865CountryUnited StatesAllegianceUnionBranchCavalryEngagementsBattle of WilliamsburgBattle of Fair OaksBattle of AntietamBattle of FredericksburgStoneman's RaidBattle of Brandy StationBattle of GettysburgBattle of MonocacyBattle of OpequonBattle of Fort StevensMilitary unit
Illinois U.S. Volunteer Cavalry Regiments 1861-1865
Previous Next 7th Illinois Volunteer Cavalry Regiment 9th Illinois Volunteer Cavalry Regiment
The 8th Illinois Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment served the duration of the war, and was the only Illinois cavalry regiment to serve the entire war in the Army of the Potomac. They also aided in the hunt for John Wilkes Booth and served as President Lincoln's honor guard while he lay in state under the rotunda. Lincoln gave them the nickname of "Farnsworth's Abolitionist Regiment" when he watched them march past the White House.
Service
The regiment was commissioned on August 11, 1861, and was assembled for service in St. Charles, Illinois, on September 18, 1861, at the site donated by Colonel Farnsworth called Camp Kane. They were sent out on July 17, 1865, in Chicago, Illinois.
Battle of Gettysburg
During the Gettysburg Campaign, the 8th Illinois Cavalry was in the division of Brig. Gen. John Buford. They deployed west of Gettysburg on June 30, 1863, under the command of Colonel William Gamble, and waited for oncoming Confederates that arrived early the following morning. The first shot of the subsequent battle was fired by Lieutenant Marcellus E. Jones of Company E, who borrowed a carbine from Sergeant Levi Shafer and fired at an unidentified officer on a gray horse over a half-mile away. The 8th, along with the rest of the brigade, performed a fighting withdrawal toward McPherson's Ridge, delaying the Confederate division of Henry Heth for several hours and allowing the Union I Corps to arrive.
Two decades after the war ended, veterans of the regiment dedicated a monument to the 8th Illinois along the crest of McPherson's Ridge.
Jones also erected a monument in recognition of the first shot he fired on the location of the shot next to the Whistler's home just east of Marsh Creek on the Chambersburg Pike. The stone was quarried from Naperville limestone; Naperville was the hometown of Levi Shafer, whose carbine Jones borrowed.
Total strength and casualties
The regiment suffered a total of 250 fatalities; seven officers and 68 enlisted men killed in action or died of their wounds and one officer and 174 enlisted men died of disease.
Commanders
Colonel John F. Farnsworth - promoted brigadier general on December 5, 1862.
Colonel William Gamble - mustered out with the regiment.
Major John Lourie Beveridge - commanded at Gettysburg, then promoted to colonel and commander of the 17th Illinois Cavalry in November 1863 was Governor of Illinois, 1873-1877.
Major William H. Medill - commanded at Antietam and Williamsport before dying from wounds in the latter.
Other notables
Sergeant Horace Capron, Jr. - Medal of Honor recipient; son of Horace Capron
First Lieutenant Elon J. Farnsworth - promoted in June 1863 to brigadier general as assigned to a brigade command; killed in the Battle of Gettysburg. Nephew of Colonel Farnsworth.
Captain George Alexander Forsyth, later a famed Indian fighter in the Old West.
Lieutenant Marcellus Jones, would go on to remove the Dupage County records from Naperville, Illinois and take them to Wheaton, Illinois, where the present county seat is located.
Private Henry Laycock - later a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.
See also
List of Illinois Civil War Units
Illinois in the American Civil War
References
The Civil War Archive
Notes
^ Pfanz, Harry W., Gettysburg – The First Day, University of North Carolina Press, 2001, pp. 52-56.
^ Martin, David G., Gettysburg July 1, rev. ed., Combined Publishing, 1996, pp. 63-64.
^ Virtual Gettysburg: a photo of the monument.
^ The Civil War Archive website after Dyer, Frederick Henry. A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion. 3 vols. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.
^ Illinois in the Civil War website after Illinois Adjutant General's muster rolls
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry"},{"link_name":"regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Army of the Potomac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac"}],"text":"Military unitThe 8th Illinois Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment served the duration of the war, and was the only Illinois cavalry regiment to serve the entire war in the Army of the Potomac. They also aided in the hunt for John Wilkes Booth and served as President Lincoln's honor guard while he lay in state under the rotunda. Lincoln gave them the nickname of \"Farnsworth's Abolitionist Regiment\" when he watched them march past the White House.","title":"8th Illinois Cavalry Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Charles, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Charles,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Chicago, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois"}],"text":"The regiment was commissioned on August 11, 1861, and was assembled for service in St. Charles, Illinois, on September 18, 1861, at the site donated by Colonel Farnsworth called Camp Kane. They were sent out on July 17, 1865, in Chicago, Illinois.","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gettysburg Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg_Campaign"},{"link_name":"division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(military)"},{"link_name":"Brig. Gen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_General_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"John Buford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Buford"},{"link_name":"Confederates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Marcellus E. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellus_E._Jones"},{"link_name":"carbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbine"},{"link_name":"brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade"},{"link_name":"McPherson's Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McPherson%27s_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Henry Heth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Heth"},{"link_name":"I Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Corps_(ACW)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"}],"sub_title":"Battle of Gettysburg","text":"During the Gettysburg Campaign, the 8th Illinois Cavalry was in the division of Brig. Gen. John Buford. They deployed west of Gettysburg on June 30, 1863, under the command of Colonel William Gamble, and waited for oncoming Confederates that arrived early the following morning. The first shot of the subsequent battle was fired by Lieutenant Marcellus E. Jones of Company E, who borrowed a carbine from Sergeant Levi Shafer and fired at an unidentified officer on a gray horse over a half-mile away. The 8th, along with the rest of the brigade, performed a fighting withdrawal toward McPherson's Ridge, delaying the Confederate division of Henry Heth for several hours and allowing the Union I Corps to arrive.[1][2]Two decades after the war ended, veterans of the regiment dedicated a monument to the 8th Illinois along the crest of McPherson's Ridge.[3]\nJones also erected a monument in recognition of the first shot he fired on the location of the shot next to the Whistler's home just east of Marsh Creek on the Chambersburg Pike. The stone was quarried from Naperville limestone; Naperville was the hometown of Levi Shafer, whose carbine Jones borrowed.","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Total strength and casualties","text":"The regiment suffered a total of 250 fatalities; seven officers and 68 enlisted men killed in action or died of their wounds and one officer and 174 enlisted men died of disease.[4]","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John F. Farnsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Farnsworth"},{"link_name":"William Gamble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gamble_(USA)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"John Lourie Beveridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lourie_Beveridge"},{"link_name":"17th Illinois Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Regiment_Illinois_Volunteer_Cavalry"},{"link_name":"William H. Medill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Medill"}],"text":"Colonel John F. Farnsworth - promoted brigadier general on December 5, 1862.\nColonel William Gamble - mustered out with the regiment.[5]\nMajor John Lourie Beveridge - commanded at Gettysburg, then promoted to colonel and commander of the 17th Illinois Cavalry in November 1863 was Governor of Illinois, 1873-1877.\nMajor William H. Medill - commanded at Antietam and Williamsport before dying from wounds in the latter.","title":"Commanders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Horace Capron, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Capron,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"Horace Capron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Capron"},{"link_name":"Elon J. Farnsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_J._Farnsworth"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gettysburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg"},{"link_name":"George Alexander Forsyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Alexander_Forsyth"},{"link_name":"Old West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_West"},{"link_name":"Henry Laycock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Laycock"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly"}],"text":"Sergeant Horace Capron, Jr. - Medal of Honor recipient; son of Horace Capron\nFirst Lieutenant Elon J. Farnsworth - promoted in June 1863 to brigadier general as assigned to a brigade command; killed in the Battle of Gettysburg. Nephew of Colonel Farnsworth.\nCaptain George Alexander Forsyth, later a famed Indian fighter in the Old West.\nLieutenant Marcellus Jones, would go on to remove the Dupage County records from Naperville, Illinois and take them to Wheaton, Illinois, where the present county seat is located.\nPrivate Henry Laycock - later a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.","title":"Other notables"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Virtual Gettysburg: a photo of the monument.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.virtualgettysburg.com/exhibit/monuments/pages/sr089.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"The Civil War Archive website after Dyer, Frederick Henry. A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion. 3 vols. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.civilwararchive.com/Unreghst/unilcav1.htm#8th"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Illinois in the Civil War website after Illinois Adjutant General's muster rolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rootsweb.com/~ilcivilw/f&s/cav008-fs.htm"}],"text":"^ Pfanz, Harry W., Gettysburg – The First Day, University of North Carolina Press, 2001, pp. 52-56.\n\n^ Martin, David G., Gettysburg July 1, rev. ed., Combined Publishing, 1996, pp. 63-64.\n\n^ Virtual Gettysburg: a photo of the monument.\n\n^ The Civil War Archive website after Dyer, Frederick Henry. A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion. 3 vols. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.\n\n^ Illinois in the Civil War website after Illinois Adjutant General's muster rolls","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of Illinois Civil War Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Illinois_Civil_War_Units"},{"title":"Illinois in the American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_in_the_American_Civil_War"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_(Noakhali_politician)
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Abdur Rahman (Noakhali politician)
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["1 Early life","2 Career","3 References"]
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Bangladesh Awami League politician and the former Member of Parliament of Noakhali-5
Abdur RahmanMember of Bangladesh ParliamentIn office1973–1976Succeeded byMoudud Ahmed
Personal detailsDied1981Political partyBangladesh Awami League
Abdur Rahman is a Bangladesh Awami League politician and the former Member of Parliament of Noakhali-5. He was a jute workers union leader.
Early life
Rahman was born in Senbagh Upazila, Noakhali District.
Career
Rahman worked at a Jute mill in Narsingdi owned by Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation and where he was a union leader. He had founded the Pakistan Jute Mills Labour Union in the 1960s.
Rahman was elected to parliament from Noakhali-5 as an Awami League candidate in 1973. He was affiliated with Bangladesh Chatkal Sramik Federation which was aligned with the Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League and went into decline after the government collapsed in 1975.
Rahman was assassinated in 1981 after attending a meeting on the Labor Act.
References
^ a b Countries, International Center for Public Enterprises in Developing (1980). Workers' Self-management and Participation in Decision-making as a Factor of Social Change and Economic Progress in Developing Countries: Bangladesh, Malta, Peru, Yugoslavia. ICPE. p. 72.
^ a b c d AHMAD, IQBAL (2013-04-09). INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND LABOUR MANAGEMENT OF BANGLADESH. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4269-9652-8.
^ ""List of 1st Parliament Members"" (PDF). Bangladesh Parliament (in Bengali). Retrieved 12 April 2020.
^ Abdur Rahman Dead. India: Asian Labour. 1981. p. 17.
This about a politician from Chittagong Division article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford-Cabral%27s_dasymys
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Crawford-Cabral's shaggy rat
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["1 See also","2 References"]
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Species of rodent
Crawford-Cabral's shaggy rat
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Rodentia
Family:
Muridae
Genus:
Dasymys
Species:
D. cabrali
Binomial name
Dasymys cabraliW. Verheyen, Hulselmans, Dierckx, Colyn, Leirs, E. Verheyen, 2003
Crawford-Cabral's shaggy rat or Crawford-Cabral's shaggy marsh rat (Dasymys cabrali) is a species of shaggy marsh rat endemic to north-eastern Namibia, near the Okavango River.
See also
List of mammals of Namibia
References
Data related to Dasymys cabrali at Wikispecies
^ a b Verheyen, Walter N.; Hulselmans, Jan L. J.; Dierckx, Theo; Colyn, Marc; Leirs, Herwig; Verheyen, Erik (2003). "A craniometric and genetic approach to the systematics of the genus Dasymys Peters, 1875, selection of a neotype and description of three new taxa (Rodentia, Muridae, Africa)". Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Biologie. 73: 27–71.
^ a b Musser, G.G.; Carleton, M.D. (2005). "Species Dasymys cabrali". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 1315. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
vteExtant species of subfamily Murinae (Colomys–Golunda)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordate
Class: Mammalia
Superorder: Euarchontoglires
Order: Rodentia
Family: Muridae
ColomysDivisionColomys
African wading rat (C. goslingi)
Nilopegamys
Ethiopian amphibious rat (N. plumbeus)
Zelotomys(Stink mice)
Hildegarde's broad-headed mouse (Z. hildegardeae)
Woosnam's broad-headed mouse (Z. woosnami)
CrunomysDivisionCrunomys
Celebes shrew-rat (C. celebensis)
Northern Luzon shrew-rat (C. fallax)
Mindanao shrew-rat (C. melanius)
Katanglad shrew-mouse (C. suncoides)
Sommeromys
Sommer's Sulawesi rat (S. macrorhinos)
DacnomysDivisionAnonymomys
Mindoro climbing rat (A. mindorensis)
Chiromyscus
Fea's tree rat (C. chiropus)
Dacnomys
Millard's rat (D. millardi)
Leopoldamys(Long-tailedgiant rats)
Sundaic mountain leopoldamys (L. ciliatus)
Diwangkara's long-tailed giant rat (L. diwangkarai)
Edwards's long-tailed giant rat (L. edwardsi)
Millet's leopoldamys (L. milleti)
Neill's long-tailed giant rat (L. neilli)
Long-tailed giant rat (L. sabanus)
Mentawai long-tailed giant rat (L. siporanus)
Niviventer(White-bellied rats)
Anderson's white-bellied rat (N. andersoni)
Brahma white-bellied rat (N. brahma)
Cameron Highlands white-bellied rat (N. cameroni)
Chinese white-bellied rat (N. confucianus)
Coxing's white-bellied rat (N. coninga)
Dark-tailed tree rat (N. cremoriventer)
Oldfield white-bellied rat (N. culturatus)
Smoke-bellied rat (N. eha)
Large white-bellied rat (N. excelsior)
Montane Sumatran white-bellied rat (N. fraternus)
Chestnut white-bellied rat (N. fulvescens)
Limestone rat (N. hinpoon)
Lang Bian white-bellied rat (N. langbianis)
Narrow-tailed white-bellied rat (N. lepturus)
Hainan white-bellied rat (N. lotipes)
White-bellied rat (N. niviventer)
Long-tailed mountain rat (N. rapit)
Tenasserim white-bellied rat (N. tenaster)
Saxatilomys
Paulina's limestone rat (S. paulinae)
Srilankamys
Ohiya rat (S. ohiensis)
Tonkinomys
Daovantien's limestone rat (T. daovantieni)
DasymysDivisionDasymys(Shaggyswamp rats)
Glover Allen's dasymys (D. alleni)
Crawford-Cabral's shaggy rat (D. cabrali)
Fox's shaggy rat (D. foxi)
African marsh rat (D. incomtus)
Montane shaggy rat (D. montanus)
Angolan marsh rat (D. nudipes)
Robert's shaggy rat (D. robertsii)
West African shaggy rat (D. rufulus)
Rwandan shaggy rat (D. rwandae)
D. shortridgei
Tanzanian shaggy rat (D. sua)
EchiothrixDivisionEchiothrix
Central Sulawesi echiothrix (E. centrosa)
Northern Sulawesi echiothrix (E. leucura)
GolundaDivisionGolunda
Indian bush rat (G. ellioti)
See also
Aethomys–Chrotomys
Hadromys–Maxomys
Melasmothrix–Mus
Oenomys–Pithecheir
Pogonomys–Pseudomys
Rattus
Stenocephalomys–Xeromys
Otomys
Others
Taxon identifiersDasymys cabrali
Wikidata: Q2478107
Wikispecies: Dasymys cabrali
CoL: 3496M
GBIF: 4264903
ITIS: 970817
MDD: 1003049
MSW: 13001320
Open Tree of Life: 3608664
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shaggy marsh rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasymys"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"Okavango River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okavango_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WilsonReeder2005-2"}],"text":"Crawford-Cabral's shaggy rat or Crawford-Cabral's shaggy marsh rat (Dasymys cabrali) is a species of shaggy marsh rat endemic to north-eastern Namibia, near the Okavango River.[2]","title":"Crawford-Cabral's shaggy rat"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of mammals of Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Namibia"}]
|
[{"reference":"Verheyen, Walter N.; Hulselmans, Jan L. J.; Dierckx, Theo; Colyn, Marc; Leirs, Herwig; Verheyen, Erik (2003). \"A craniometric and genetic approach to the systematics of the genus Dasymys Peters, 1875, selection of a neotype and description of three new taxa (Rodentia, Muridae, Africa)\". Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Biologie. 73: 27–71.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bulletin-de-linstitut-royal-des-sciences-naturelles-de-belgique-biologie-73-027-071","url_text":"\"A craniometric and genetic approach to the systematics of the genus Dasymys Peters, 1875, selection of a neotype and description of three new taxa (Rodentia, Muridae, Africa)\""}]},{"reference":"Musser, G.G.; Carleton, M.D. (2005). \"Species Dasymys cabrali\". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 1315. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Musser","url_text":"Musser, G.G."},{"url":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=13001320","url_text":"\"Species Dasymys cabrali\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_E._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, D.E."},{"url":"http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA1315","url_text":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0","url_text":"978-0-8018-8221-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","url_text":"62265494"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Join_(Unix_utility)
|
join (Unix)
|
["1 Overview","2 History","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
joinOriginal author(s)Douglas McIlroyDeveloper(s)AT&T Bell LaboratoriesInitial releaseJanuary 1979; 45 years ago (1979-01)Written inCOperating systemUnix, Unix-like, Plan 9PlatformCross-platformTypeCommandLicensecoreutils: GPLv3+Plan 9: MIT License
join is a command in Unix and Unix-like operating systems that merges the lines of two sorted text files based on the presence of a common field. It is similar to the join operator used in relational databases but operating on text files.
Overview
The join command takes as input two text files and a number of options. If no command-line argument is given, this command looks for a pair of lines from the two files having the same first field (a sequence of characters that are different from space), and outputs a line composed of the first field followed by the rest of the two lines.
The program arguments specify which character to be used in place of space to separate the fields of the line, which field to use when looking for matching lines, and whether to output lines that do not match. The output can be stored to another file rather than printing using redirection.
As an example, the two following files list the known fathers and the mothers of some people. Both files have been sorted on the join field — this is a requirement of the program.
george jim
kumar gunaware
albert martha
george sophie
The join of these two files (with no argument) would produce:
george jim sophie
Indeed, only "george" is common as a first word of both files.
History
join is intended to be a relation database operator. It is part of the X/Open Portability Guide since issue 2 of 1987. It was inherited into the first version of POSIX.1 and the Single Unix Specification.
The version of join bundled in GNU coreutils was written by Mike Haertel. The command is available as a separate package for Microsoft Windows as part of the UnxUtils collection of native Win32 ports of common GNU Unix-like utilities.
See also
Textutils
Join (SQL)
Relational algebra
List of Unix commands
References
^ printf – Shell and Utilities Reference, The Single UNIX Specification, Version 4 from The Open Group
^ printf(1) – FreeBSD General Commands Manual
^ join(1) – Linux General Commands Manual
^ "Native Win32 ports of some GNU utilities". unxutils.sourceforge.net.
External links
The Wikibook Guide to Unix has a page on the topic of: Commands
join(1) – Plan 9 Programmer's Manual, Volume 1
join(1) – Linux User Commands Manual
join command
vteUnix command-line interface programs and shell builtinsFile system
cat
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file
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ed
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List
vtePlan 9 command-line interface programs and shell builtinsFile system
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Processes
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Text processing
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ip/ipconfig
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ar
hoc
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Miscellaneous
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Category
vteGNU Core Utilities command-line interface programsFile system
chcon
chmod
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chgrp
cksum
cp
dd
df
dir
dircolors
install
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yes
This Unix-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
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[{"title":"Textutils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textutils"},{"title":"Join (SQL)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Join_(SQL)"},{"title":"Relational algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_algebra"},{"title":"List of Unix commands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unix_commands"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Native Win32 ports of some GNU utilities\". unxutils.sourceforge.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://unxutils.sourceforge.net/","url_text":"\"Native Win32 ports of some GNU utilities\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_J._LeVeque
|
Randall J. LeVeque
|
["1 Education and career","2 Books","3 References","4 External links"]
|
American mathematician
Randall J. LeVequeRandall J. LeVeque in 2008Scientific careerFieldsMathematics, Applied MathematicsInstitutionsUniversity of WashingtonUniversity of California, Los AngelesCourant InstituteDoctoral advisorJoseph Oliger
Randall J.. LeVeque is a Professor of Applied Mathematics at University of Washington who works in many fields including numerical analysis, computational fluid dynamics, and mathematical theory of conservation laws. Among other contributions, he is lead developer of the open source software project Clawpack for solving hyperbolic partial differential equations using the finite volume method. With Zhilin Li, he has also devised a numerical technique called the immersed interface method for solving problems with elastic boundaries or surface tension.
He was an invited speaker at the 2006 International Congress of Mathematicians held in Madrid. He became a fellow of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics in 2010, fellow of the American Mathematical Society in 2013, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2021.
LeVeque is a son of the well-known mathematician William J. LeVeque.
Education and career
LeVeque received his B.A. in mathematics from University of California, San Diego in 1977. He then continued to Stanford University to get his Ph.D. in computer science in 1982. Following a postdoctoral fellowship at the Courant Institute and the Hedrick Assistant Professorship at University of California, Los Angeles, he has been a faculty member at the University of Washington since 1985. He has advised twenty three PhD students.
Books
LeVeque has authored several textbooks and monographs:
Finite Volume Methods for Hyperbolic Problems, Cambridge University Press (2002). ISBN 0-521-00924-3
Numerical Methods for Conservation Laws, 1st ed. (1992), 2nd ed., Birkhäuser Basel (2005). ISBN 3-7643-2723-5
Computational Methods for Astrophysical Fluid Flow, Springer (1998). ISBN 3-540-64448-2
Finite Difference Methods for Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations, Steady State and Time Dependent Problems, SIAM (2007). ISBN 978-0-89871-629-0
References
^ "Randy LeVeque at University of Washington". Retrieved 2009-04-14.
^ LeVeque, Randall J.; Li, Zhilin (1994), "The immersed interface method for elliptic equations with discontinuous coefficients and singular sources", SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 31 (4): 1019–1044, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.53.4120, doi:10.1137/0731054, JSTOR 2158113
^ LeVeque, Randall J.; Li, Zhilin (1997), "Immersed interface method for Stokes flow with elastic boundaries or surface tension", SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 18 (3): 709–735, Bibcode:1997SJSC...18..709L, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.464.664, doi:10.1137/s1064827595282532
^ ICM Plenary and Invited Speakers, retrieved 2021-04-26.
^ List of Fellows of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
^ List of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society, retrieved 2013-01-27.
^ National Academy of Sciences Elects New Members — Including a Record Number of Women — and International Members, retrieved 2021-04-26.
^ Personal Website of Randall J. LeVeque, CV and bibliography, retrieved 2021-04-28.
^ Finite Volume Methods for Hyperbolic Problems - Review by John Weatherwax
^ Strikwerda, John C. (1993). "Numerical methods for conservation laws". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.). 28 (2): 370–373. doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-1993-00366-5.
External links
Randall J. LeVeque at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Australia
Netherlands
Academics
CiNii
DBLP
MathSciNet
Mathematics Genealogy Project
ORCID
zbMATH
People
Trove
Other
IdRef
|
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LeVeque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._LeVeque"}],"text":"Randall J.. LeVeque is a Professor of Applied Mathematics at University of Washington who works in many fields including numerical analysis, computational fluid dynamics, and mathematical theory of conservation laws.[1] Among other contributions, he is lead developer of the open source software project Clawpack for solving hyperbolic partial differential equations using the finite volume method. With Zhilin Li, he has also devised a numerical technique called the immersed interface method for solving problems with elastic boundaries or surface tension.[2][3]He was an invited speaker at the 2006 International Congress of Mathematicians held in Madrid.[4] He became a fellow of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics in 2010,[5] fellow of the American Mathematical Society in 2013,[6] and a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2021.[7]LeVeque is a son of the well-known mathematician William J. LeVeque.","title":"Randall J. LeVeque"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of California, San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"Courant Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courant_Institute"},{"link_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"University of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"LeVeque received his B.A. in mathematics from University of California, San Diego in 1977. He then continued to Stanford University to get his Ph.D. in computer science in 1982. Following a postdoctoral fellowship at the Courant Institute and the Hedrick Assistant Professorship at University of California, Los Angeles, he has been a faculty member at the University of Washington since 1985. He has advised twenty three PhD students.[8]","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finite Volume Methods for Hyperbolic Problems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.clawpack.org/book.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-00924-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-00924-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7643-2723-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7643-2723-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-540-64448-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-64448-2"},{"link_name":"Finite Difference Methods for Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations, Steady State and Time Dependent Problems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//faculty.washington.edu/rjl/fdmbook"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-89871-629-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89871-629-0"}],"text":"LeVeque has authored several textbooks and monographs:Finite Volume Methods for Hyperbolic Problems, Cambridge University Press (2002). ISBN 0-521-00924-3[9]\nNumerical Methods for Conservation Laws, 1st ed. (1992),[10] 2nd ed., Birkhäuser Basel (2005). ISBN 3-7643-2723-5\nComputational Methods for Astrophysical Fluid Flow, Springer (1998). ISBN 3-540-64448-2\nFinite Difference Methods for Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations, Steady State and Time Dependent Problems, SIAM (2007). ISBN 978-0-89871-629-0","title":"Books"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bierkamp
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Walther Bierkamp
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["1 Early life","2 First SS and police positions","3 Einsatzgruppe commander and Holocaust actions in Russia and Poland","4 Last assignments and death","5 SS and police ranks","6 References","7 Sources","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
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German Nazi lawyer and SS-Brigadeführer
Walther BierkampBorn17 December 1901Hamburg, German EmpireDied15 May 1945 (age 43)Scharbeutz, Allied-occupied GermanyBuriedWaldfriedhof cemetery, Timmendorfer StrandAllegiance Nazi GermanyService/branchSchutzstaffelYears of service1939–1945RankSS-BrigadeführerCommands heldCommander of SiPo and SD, "Belgium and Northern France," "General Government," "Südwest"Commander, Einsatzgruppe DActing Higher SS and Police Leader, "Südost"Battles/warsWorld War IIAwardsWar Merit Cross, 1st and 2nd class with Swords
Walther Karl Johannes Bierkamp, also sometimes spelled Walter Bierkamp (17 December 1901 – 15 May 1945) was a German Nazi lawyer and SS-Brigadeführer. During the Second World War, he served as the commander of the Sicherheitspolizei or SiPo (Security Police) and Sicherheitsdienst or SD (Security Service) in occupied Belgium and Northern France and later in occupied Poland and in Baden & Württemberg. He also commanded Einsatzgruppe D, in the occupied Soviet Union. He was involved in Holocaust-related war crimes in Poland and the North Caucasus area. After the end of the war in Europe, he committed suicide.
Early life
Born in Hamburg, Bierkamp joined that city's far-right Freikorps Bahrenfeld and the following year he participated in the Kapp Putsch, in an attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic. After studying law in Göttingen and Hamburg, he received his doctorate of law degree, passed his state examinations in 1928 and joined the civil service as a lawyer.
First SS and police positions
Bierkamp joined the Nazi Party on 1 December 1932 (Party membership number 1,408,449). At the beginning of February 1937 he became a Senior Government Counselor (Oberregierungsrat), and the Director of the Kriminalpolizei (KriPo) in Hamburg. On 1 April 1939, he joined the SS (SS number 310,172). He was assigned to the SD Main Office until September when it was incorporated into the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), headed by SS-Gruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich. Bierkamp remained in RSHA at SS headquarters until he was appointed Inspector of the Security Police and SD (IdS) in Düsseldorf on 15 February 1941, holding this position until 24 June 1942. In addition, from September 1941 to April 1942, he served as the Commander of the SiPo and SD (Befehlshaber der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD, or BdS), for Belgium and northern France, based in Paris.
Einsatzgruppe commander and Holocaust actions in Russia and Poland
After training in anti-partisan warfare, on 30 June 1942 Bierkamp replaced SS-Standartenführer Otto Ohlendorf as commander of Einsatzgruppe D, an SS paramilitary death squad which was responsible for mass killings in the Soviet Union, chiefly in the area between southern Ukraine and the northern Caucasus. On 21 and 22 August 1942, approximately 500 to 600 Jews from Krasnodar were shot. In addition to shootings, the Nazis also employed gas vans to kill their victims, including 30 to 60 individuals in Krasnodar. On 1 September 1942 the Jews of Mineralnyye Vody were taken to the site of a glass factory outside the town, where they were shot in anti-tank trenches. Estimates of the number of victims vary between 200 and 500. In September 1942 the trenches also became the mass grave for Jews from Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, and other nearby locations. The total number murdered in the area of the glass factory is estimated as between 6,500 and 7,500. In spring 1943, Einsatzgruppe D was renamed Kampfgruppe Bierkamp (Battle Group Bierkamp) and Bierkamp remained in command of this unit until 15 June 1943.
At that time, Bierkamp was posted as the Commander of SiPo and SD forces (BdS) in the General Government with headquarters in Kraków, retaining this position until February 1945. In this capacity, as well as overseeing additional murders of the Jews in Kraków, he organized the evacuation of the area before the advancing Soviet forces. In a memorandum dated 20 July 1944, he ordered that all prisoners in the labor camps and all those working in the armaments industry were to be evacuated before the Red Army arrived. This involved perhaps up to 70,000 forced laborers. If, he wrote, unforeseen circumstances made it impossible to transport the inmates, they were to be killed on the spot and the bodies disposed of by burning them, by blowing up the buildings, or by other means. The camps were liquidated over the next two months with most inmates being sent to Auschwitz. At the time of the Warsaw Uprising, Bierkamp issued orders for the preventative arrest of thousands of men in the Kraków and Radom districts who were to be shot if the unrest spread.
Last assignments and death
Bierkamp's next assignment was as the BdS "Südwest," based in Stuttgart and encompassing Baden and Württemberg. However, on 10 February 1945, the Higher SS and Police Leader (HSSPF) "Südost" in Silesia, SS-Obergruppenführer Ernst-Heinrich Schmauser, went missing and was presumed captured. SS-Obergruppenführer Richard Hildebrandt was named as his replacement on 20 February, but Bierkamp was made Acting HSSPF in Breslau (today, Wrocław) until 17 March 1945 when Hildebrandt arrived to take command. Bierkamp then returned to his BdS post in Stuttgart until mid-April 1945 when the city was liberated. From then until Germany's surrender, he was stationed in Hamburg. He committed suicide in Scharbeutz on 15 May 1945. He was buried in the Waldfriedhof cemetery at Timmendorfer Strand in Schleswig-Holstein.
SS and police ranks
SS ranks
Rank
Date
1 April 1939
SS-Hauptsturmführer
20 April 1939
SS-Sturmbannführer
15 December 1940
SS-Obersturmbannführer
20 April 1941
SS-Standartenführer
1 May 1942
SS-Oberführer
15 May 1942
Oberst der polizei
9 November 1944
SS-Brigadeführer und Generalmajor der polizei
References
^ Bartrop & Grimm 2019, pp. 27–28.
^ a b Klee 2007, p. 49.
^ a b Schiffer Publishing Ltd. 2000, p. 39.
^ a b c d Yerger 1997, p. 31.
^ Krasnodar in the Yad Vashem World Holocaust Remembrance Center. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
^ Mineralnyye-Vody in the Yad Vashem World Holocaust Remembrance Center. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
^ Winstone 2014, pp. 235–236.
^ Miller & Schulz 2015, p. 165.
Sources
Bartrop, Paul R.; Grimm, Eve E. (2019). Perpetrating the Holocaust: Leaders, Enablers, and Collaborators. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-440-85897-0.
Klee, Ernst (2007). Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Frankfurt-am-Main: Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-596-16048-8.
Miller, Michael D.; Schulz, Andreas (2015). Leaders of the SS & German Police. Vol. 2 Reichsführer SS – Gruppenführer (Hans Haltermann to Walter Kruger). R. James Bender Publishing. ISBN 978-1-932-97025-8.
Schiffer Publishing Ltd., ed. (2000). SS Officers List: SS-Standartenführer to SS-Oberstgruppenführer (As of 30 January 1942). Schiffer Military History Publishing. ISBN 0-7643-1061-5.
Winstone, Martin (2014). The Dark Heart of Hitler's Europe: Nazi Rule in Poland Under the General Government. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-857-72519-6.
Yerger, Mark C. (1997). Allgemeine-SS: The Commands, Units and Leaders of the General SS. Schiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7643-0145-4.
Further reading
Andrej Angrick: Besatzungspolitik und Massenmord. Die Einsatzgruppe D in der südlichen Sowjetunion 1941-1943, Hamburg: Hamburger Edition 2003, ISBN 3-930908-91-3.
Helmut Krausnick/Hans-Heinrich Wilhelm: Die Truppe des Weltanschauungskrieges. Die Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD 1938-1942. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-421-01987-8.
External links
Walther Bierkamp, brief biography in Olokaustos.it (in Italian)
vteEinsatzgruppen and EinsatzkommandosPeopleDirector
Reinhard Heydrich
Ernst Kaltenbrunner
Commanders of Einsatzgruppen
Humbert Achamer-Pifrader
Walther Bierkamp
Horst Böhme
Erich Ehrlinger
Wilhelm Fuchs
Heinz Jost
Bruno Müller
Erich Naumann
Arthur Nebe
Otto Ohlendorf
Friedrich Panzinger
Otto Rasch
Heinrich Seetzen
Franz Walter Stahlecker
Bruno Streckenbach
Commanders ofEinsatzkommandos,Sonderkommandos
Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski
Gerhard Bast
Rudolf Batz
Ernst Biberstein
Wolfgang Birkner
Helmut Bischoff
Paul Blobel
Walter Blume
Friedrich-Wilhelm Bock
Otto Bradfisch
Werner Braune
Karl Brunner
Friedrich Buchardt
Ernst Damzog
Gerhard Flesch
Ludwig Hahn
Erich Isselhorst
Karl Jäger
Friedrich Jeckeln
Waldemar Klingelhöfer
Wolfgang Kügler
Walter Kutschmann
Rudolf Lange
Josef Meisinger
Gustav Adolf Nosske
Hans-Adolf Prützmann
Walter Rauff
Martin Sandberger
Emanuel Schäfer
Hermann Schaper
Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
Erwin Schulz
Franz Six
Eugen Steimle
Eduard Strauch
Martin Weiss
Udo von Woyrsch
Other members
August Becker
Lothar Fendler
Joachim Hamann
Emil Haussmann
Felix Landau
Heinz Schubert
Albert Widmann
Collaborators
Viktors Arājs
Herberts Cukurs
Antanas Impulevičius
Konrāds Kalējs
Algirdas Klimaitis
GroupsGerman
Schutzstaffel (SS)
Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA)
Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo)
Sicherheitsdienst (SD)
Ordnungspolizei (Orpo)
8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer
Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz
Sonderdienst
Non-German
Schutzmannschaft (Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Ukrainian)
Arajs Kommando
Lithuanian Security Police
Rollkommando Hamann
TDA
Ypatingasis būrys
CrimesBelarus
Łachwa Ghetto
Minsk Ghetto
Slutsk Affair
Estonia
Kalevi-Liiva
Latvia
Burning of the Riga synagogues
Dünamünde Action
Jelgava
Pogulianski
Rumbula
Liepāja (Šķēde)
Lithuania
Ninth Fort
Kaunas June 1941
Kaunas 29 October 1941
Ninth Fort November 1941
Ponary
Poland
Operation Tannenberg
Intelligenzaktion
AB-Aktion
Russia
Gully of Petrushino
Zmievskaya Balka
Slovakia
Kremnička and Nemecká
Ukraine
Babi Yar
Drobytsky Yar
Drohobycz
Kamianets-Podilskyi
Lviv pogroms
Mizocz Ghetto
Odesa
Records
List of Einsatzgruppen
The Black Book
Commissar Order
Einsatzgruppen trial
Jäger Report
Korherr Report
Special Prosecution Book-Poland
Einsatzgruppen reports
|
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After the end of the war in Europe, he committed suicide.","title":"Walther Bierkamp"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Freikorps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freikorps"},{"link_name":"Bahrenfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrenfeld"},{"link_name":"Kapp Putsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapp_Putsch"},{"link_name":"Weimar Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartropGrimm201927%E2%80%9328-1"},{"link_name":"Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"doctorate of law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate_of_law"},{"link_name":"civil service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlee200749-2"}],"text":"Born in Hamburg, Bierkamp joined that city's far-right Freikorps Bahrenfeld and the following year he participated in the Kapp Putsch, in an attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic.[1] After studying law in Göttingen and Hamburg, he received his doctorate of law degree, passed his state examinations in 1928 and joined the civil service as a lawyer.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiffer_Publishing_Ltd.200039-3"},{"link_name":"Kriminalpolizei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriminalpolizei_(Nazi_Germany)"},{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiffer_Publishing_Ltd.200039-3"},{"link_name":"Reich Security Main Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office"},{"link_name":"Gruppenführer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppenf%C3%BChrer"},{"link_name":"Reinhard Heydrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich"},{"link_name":"Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYerger199731-4"}],"text":"Bierkamp joined the Nazi Party on 1 December 1932 (Party membership number 1,408,449).[3] At the beginning of February 1937 he became a Senior Government Counselor (Oberregierungsrat), and the Director of the Kriminalpolizei (KriPo) in Hamburg. On 1 April 1939, he joined the SS (SS number 310,172).[3] He was assigned to the SD Main Office until September when it was incorporated into the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), headed by SS-Gruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich. Bierkamp remained in RSHA at SS headquarters until he was appointed Inspector of the Security Police and SD (IdS) in Düsseldorf on 15 February 1941, holding this position until 24 June 1942. In addition, from September 1941 to April 1942, he served as the Commander of the SiPo and SD (Befehlshaber der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD, or BdS), for Belgium and northern France, based in Paris.[4]","title":"First SS and police positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"partisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_(military)"},{"link_name":"Standartenführer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standartenf%C3%BChrer"},{"link_name":"Otto Ohlendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Ohlendorf"},{"link_name":"Einsatzgruppe D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsatzgruppe_D"},{"link_name":"paramilitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary"},{"link_name":"death squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_squad"},{"link_name":"mass killings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_killings"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Krasnodar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnodar"},{"link_name":"gas vans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_van"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mineralnyye Vody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralnyye_Vody"},{"link_name":"Kislovodsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kislovodsk"},{"link_name":"Pyatigorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyatigorsk"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kampfgruppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampfgruppe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYerger199731-4"},{"link_name":"General Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Government"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"labor camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_camps"},{"link_name":"armaments industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_industry"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"forced laborers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Auschwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_District"},{"link_name":"Radom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radom_District"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinstone2014235%E2%80%93236-7"}],"text":"After training in anti-partisan warfare, on 30 June 1942 Bierkamp replaced SS-Standartenführer Otto Ohlendorf as commander of Einsatzgruppe D, an SS paramilitary death squad which was responsible for mass killings in the Soviet Union, chiefly in the area between southern Ukraine and the northern Caucasus. On 21 and 22 August 1942, approximately 500 to 600 Jews from Krasnodar were shot. In addition to shootings, the Nazis also employed gas vans to kill their victims, including 30 to 60 individuals in Krasnodar.[5] On 1 September 1942 the Jews of Mineralnyye Vody were taken to the site of a glass factory outside the town, where they were shot in anti-tank trenches. Estimates of the number of victims vary between 200 and 500. In September 1942 the trenches also became the mass grave for Jews from Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, and other nearby locations. The total number murdered in the area of the glass factory is estimated as between 6,500 and 7,500.[6] In spring 1943, Einsatzgruppe D was renamed Kampfgruppe Bierkamp (Battle Group Bierkamp) and Bierkamp remained in command of this unit until 15 June 1943.[4]At that time, Bierkamp was posted as the Commander of SiPo and SD forces (BdS) in the General Government with headquarters in Kraków, retaining this position until February 1945. In this capacity, as well as overseeing additional murders of the Jews in Kraków, he organized the evacuation of the area before the advancing Soviet forces. In a memorandum dated 20 July 1944, he ordered that all prisoners in the labor camps and all those working in the armaments industry were to be evacuated before the Red Army arrived. This involved perhaps up to 70,000 forced laborers. If, he wrote, unforeseen circumstances made it impossible to transport the inmates, they were to be killed on the spot and the bodies disposed of by burning them, by blowing up the buildings, or by other means. The camps were liquidated over the next two months with most inmates being sent to Auschwitz. At the time of the Warsaw Uprising, Bierkamp issued orders for the preventative arrest of thousands of men in the Kraków and Radom districts who were to be shot if the unrest spread.[7]","title":"Einsatzgruppe commander and Holocaust actions in Russia and Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden"},{"link_name":"Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"SS and Police Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_and_Police_Leader"},{"link_name":"Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia"},{"link_name":"Obergruppenführer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer"},{"link_name":"Ernst-Heinrich Schmauser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst-Heinrich_Schmauser"},{"link_name":"Richard Hildebrandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hildebrandt"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerSchulz2015165-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYerger199731-4"},{"link_name":"Scharbeutz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scharbeutz"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlee200749-2"},{"link_name":"Timmendorfer Strand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timmendorfer_Strand"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein"}],"text":"Bierkamp's next assignment was as the BdS \"Südwest,\" based in Stuttgart and encompassing Baden and Württemberg. However, on 10 February 1945, the Higher SS and Police Leader (HSSPF) \"Südost\" in Silesia, SS-Obergruppenführer Ernst-Heinrich Schmauser, went missing and was presumed captured. SS-Obergruppenführer Richard Hildebrandt was named as his replacement on 20 February, but Bierkamp was made Acting HSSPF in Breslau (today, Wrocław) until 17 March 1945 when Hildebrandt arrived to take command.[8] Bierkamp then returned to his BdS post in Stuttgart until mid-April 1945 when the city was liberated.[4] From then until Germany's surrender, he was stationed in Hamburg. He committed suicide in Scharbeutz on 15 May 1945.[2] He was buried in the Waldfriedhof cemetery at Timmendorfer Strand in Schleswig-Holstein.","title":"Last assignments and death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"SS and police ranks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-440-85897-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-440-85897-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-596-16048-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-596-16048-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-932-97025-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932-97025-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7643-1061-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7643-1061-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-857-72519-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-857-72519-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7643-0145-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7643-0145-4"}],"text":"Bartrop, Paul R.; Grimm, Eve E. (2019). Perpetrating the Holocaust: Leaders, Enablers, and Collaborators. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-440-85897-0.\nKlee, Ernst (2007). Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Frankfurt-am-Main: Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-596-16048-8.\nMiller, Michael D.; Schulz, Andreas (2015). Leaders of the SS & German Police. Vol. 2 Reichsführer SS – Gruppenführer (Hans Haltermann to Walter Kruger). R. James Bender Publishing. ISBN 978-1-932-97025-8.\nSchiffer Publishing Ltd., ed. (2000). SS Officers List: SS-Standartenführer to SS-Oberstgruppenführer (As of 30 January 1942). Schiffer Military History Publishing. ISBN 0-7643-1061-5.\nWinstone, Martin (2014). The Dark Heart of Hitler's Europe: Nazi Rule in Poland Under the General Government. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-857-72519-6.\nYerger, Mark C. (1997). Allgemeine-SS: The Commands, Units and Leaders of the General SS. Schiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7643-0145-4.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-930908-91-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-930908-91-3"},{"link_name":"Helmut Krausnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Krausnick"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-421-01987-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-421-01987-8"}],"text":"Andrej Angrick: Besatzungspolitik und Massenmord. Die Einsatzgruppe D in der südlichen Sowjetunion 1941-1943, Hamburg: Hamburger Edition 2003, ISBN 3-930908-91-3.\nHelmut Krausnick/Hans-Heinrich Wilhelm: Die Truppe des Weltanschauungskrieges. Die Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD 1938-1942. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-421-01987-8.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Bartrop, Paul R.; Grimm, Eve E. (2019). Perpetrating the Holocaust: Leaders, Enablers, and Collaborators. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-440-85897-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-440-85897-0","url_text":"978-1-440-85897-0"}]},{"reference":"Klee, Ernst (2007). Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Frankfurt-am-Main: Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-596-16048-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-596-16048-8","url_text":"978-3-596-16048-8"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Michael D.; Schulz, Andreas (2015). Leaders of the SS & German Police. Vol. 2 Reichsführer SS – Gruppenführer (Hans Haltermann to Walter Kruger). R. James Bender Publishing. ISBN 978-1-932-97025-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932-97025-8","url_text":"978-1-932-97025-8"}]},{"reference":"Schiffer Publishing Ltd., ed. (2000). SS Officers List: SS-Standartenführer to SS-Oberstgruppenführer (As of 30 January 1942). Schiffer Military History Publishing. ISBN 0-7643-1061-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7643-1061-5","url_text":"0-7643-1061-5"}]},{"reference":"Winstone, Martin (2014). The Dark Heart of Hitler's Europe: Nazi Rule in Poland Under the General Government. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-857-72519-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-857-72519-6","url_text":"978-0-857-72519-6"}]},{"reference":"Yerger, Mark C. (1997). Allgemeine-SS: The Commands, Units and Leaders of the General SS. Schiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7643-0145-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7643-0145-4","url_text":"0-7643-0145-4"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/untold-stories/community/14622231-Krasnodar","external_links_name":"Krasnodar"},{"Link":"https://www.yadvashem.org/","external_links_name":"Yad Vashem World Holocaust Remembrance Center"},{"Link":"https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/untold-stories/community/14621534-Mineralnyye-Vody","external_links_name":"Mineralnyye-Vody"},{"Link":"https://www.yadvashem.org/","external_links_name":"Yad Vashem World Holocaust Remembrance Center"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20011230042644/http://www.olokaustos.org/bionazi/leaders/bierkamp.htm","external_links_name":"Walther Bierkamp, brief biography"},{"Link":"https://www.olokaustos.it/","external_links_name":"Olokaustos.it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_at_the_2017_World_Championships_in_Athletics
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Turkey at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics
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["1 Medalists","2 Results","2.1 Men","2.2 Women","3 References"]
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This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Turkey at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2017)
Sporting event delegationTurkey at the2017 World Championships in AthleticsWA codeTURin LondonCompetitors27 in 17 eventsMedalsRanked = 11th
Gold
1
Silver
1
Bronze
0
Total
2
World Championships in Athletics appearances (overview)1983198719911993199519971999200120032005200720092011201320152017201920222023← 2015 2019 →
Turkey has competed at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics in London, United Kingdom, from 4–13 August 2017.
Medalists
Medal
Athlete
Event
Date
Gold
Ramil Guliyev
Men's 200 metres
August 10
Silver
Yasmani Copello
Men's 400 metres hurdles
August 9
Results
Men
Track and road events
Athlete
Event
Preliminaries
Heat
Semifinal
Final
Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Emre Zafer Barnes
100 metres
10.22
2 Q
10.22
21 Q
10.27
18
Did not advance
Jak Ali Harvey
—
10.13
=10 Q
10.16
12
Ramil Guliyev
200 metres
—
20.16
3 Q
20.17
4 Q
20.09
Polat Kemboi Arıkan
10,000 metres
—
DNF
–
Kaan Kigen Özbilen
Marathon
—
2:14.29
14
Mert Girmalegesse
2:17.36
29
Yasmani Copello
400 metres hurdles
—
49.13
1 Q
48.91
6 Q
48.49
Tarık Langat Akdağ
3000 metres steeplechase
—
8.53.42
44
—
Did not advance
Yiğitcan HekimoğluJak Ali HarveyEmre Zafer BarnesRamil Guliyev
4 × 100 metres relay
—
38.44 SB
7 q
—
38.73
7
Ahmet KasapBatuhan AltıntaşMahsum KorkmazYavuz Can
4 × 400 metres relay
—
3:15.45
16
—
Did not advance
Ersin Tacir
20 kilometres walk
—
1:24.43
45
Mert Atlı
1:31.26
58
Salih Korkmaz
DNF
–
Field events
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Final
Distance
Position
Distance
Position
Eşref Apak
Hammer throw
73.55
16
Did not advance
Özkan Baltacı
74.69
11 Q
74.39
12
Women
Track and road events
Athlete
Event
Heat
Semifinal
Final
Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Meryem Akdağ
1500 metres
4:12.51
37
Did not advance
Yasemin Can
5000 metres
15:08.20
16
—
Did not advance
Yasemin Can
10,000 metres
—
31:35.48
11
Fadime Suna Çelik
Marathon
—
DNF
–
Özlem Kaya
3000 metres steeplechase
9.37.06
14
—
Did not advance
Tuğba Güvenç
10.13.03
38
Field events
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Final
Distance
Position
Distance
Position
Eda Tuğsuz
Javelin throw
63.87
6 Q
64.52
5
Kıvılcım Kaya
Hammer throw
67.76
15
Did not advance
References
^ "Medal Table − IAAF World Championships London 2017". IAAF. Retrieved 2018-04-26.
^ "Athletes by event and season best" (PDF). iaaf.org. Retrieved 2017-08-03.
^ "Turkey's Ramil Guliyev upstages Wayde van Niekerk and Isaac Makwala to win 200m gold". telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-08-14.
^ "Young Norwegian Warholm earns breakthrough 400m hurdles win". Reuters. Retrieved 2017-08-14.
vteNations at the 2017 World Championships in AthleticsAfrica
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Congo DR
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Asia
Afghanistan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Chinese Taipei
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Macau
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
North Korea
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine
Philippines
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
South Korea
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Europe
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Gibraltar
Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kosovo
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
North America
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
Aruba
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
British Virgin Islands
Canada
Cayman Islands
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Montserrat
Nicaragua
Puerto Rico
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
Turks and Caicos Islands
United States
U.S. Virgin Islands
Oceania
Australia
Cook Islands
Federated States of Micronesia
Fiji
French Polynesia
Guam
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Nauru
New Zealand
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
South America
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Guyana
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other
Athlete Refugee Team
Authorised Neutral Athletes
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"2017 World Championships in Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_World_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Sporting event delegationTurkey has competed at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics in London, United Kingdom, from 4–13 August 2017.[2]","title":"Turkey at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men","text":"Track and road eventsField events","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women","text":"Track and road eventsField events","title":"Results"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Medal Table − IAAF World Championships London 2017\". IAAF. Retrieved 2018-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-championships/iaaf-world-championships-london-2017-5151/medaltable","url_text":"\"Medal Table − IAAF World Championships London 2017\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Athletics_Federations","url_text":"IAAF"}]},{"reference":"\"Athletes by event and season best\" (PDF). iaaf.org. Retrieved 2017-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitioninfo/0db01e8c-b857-479b-819e-c7ee1fbed7e7.pdf","url_text":"\"Athletes by event and season best\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey's Ramil Guliyev upstages Wayde van Niekerk and Isaac Makwala to win 200m gold\". telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-08-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/athletics/2017/08/10/turkeys-ramil-guliyev-upstageswayne-niekerk-isaac-makwala-win/","url_text":"\"Turkey's Ramil Guliyev upstages Wayde van Niekerk and Isaac Makwala to win 200m gold\""}]},{"reference":"\"Young Norwegian Warholm earns breakthrough 400m hurdles win\". Reuters. Retrieved 2017-08-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://reuters.com/article/canadaSportsNews/idCAKBN1AP2KH-OCASP","url_text":"\"Young Norwegian Warholm earns breakthrough 400m hurdles win\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkey_at_the_2017_World_Championships_in_Athletics&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Turkey+at+the+2017+World+Championships+in+Athletics%22","external_links_name":"\"Turkey at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Turkey+at+the+2017+World+Championships+in+Athletics%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Turkey+at+the+2017+World+Championships+in+Athletics%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Turkey+at+the+2017+World+Championships+in+Athletics%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Turkey+at+the+2017+World+Championships+in+Athletics%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Turkey+at+the+2017+World+Championships+in+Athletics%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-championships/iaaf-world-championships-london-2017-5151/medaltable","external_links_name":"\"Medal Table − IAAF World Championships London 2017\""},{"Link":"https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitioninfo/0db01e8c-b857-479b-819e-c7ee1fbed7e7.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Athletes by event and season best\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/athletics/2017/08/10/turkeys-ramil-guliyev-upstageswayne-niekerk-isaac-makwala-win/","external_links_name":"\"Turkey's Ramil Guliyev upstages Wayde van Niekerk and Isaac Makwala to win 200m gold\""},{"Link":"http://reuters.com/article/canadaSportsNews/idCAKBN1AP2KH-OCASP","external_links_name":"\"Young Norwegian Warholm earns breakthrough 400m hurdles win\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigrid_Bonde_Tusvik
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Sigrid Bonde Tusvik
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["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Publications","2.2 Filmography","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]
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This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Sigrid Bonde Tusvik" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Sigrid Bonde Tusvik in 2010
Sigrid Bonde Tusvik (born 2 February 1980) is a Norwegian television presenter and entertainer.
Early life
Tusvik was born in Nordstrand in Oslo, Norway. She went to Westerdals School of Communication.
Career
She has appeared many times on the television programme Torsdag kveld fra Nydalen (Thursday night from Nydalen) on the Norwegian television channel TV 2.
Publications
Noe med media: en bok om hva du kan bli (Something with Media: A book about what you can become), 2008, ISBN 9788248908340
Glitterfitter: helt sanne historier om å være ung kvinne (Glittercunts: totally true stories about being a young woman), 2009, ISBN 9788248908944
Filmography
Hjelp, vi er i filmbransjen (2011)
Personal life
Tusvik is married to Martin Jøndahl who works for the Norwegian television channel VGTV. They have a son and daughter.
References
^ Husband in July 2016 (in Norwegian)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sigrid Bonde Tusvik.
Biography (norge)
IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
United States
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castilian_nationalism
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Castilian nationalism
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["1 History","2 See also","3 References"]
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Fringe Spanish political movement
Castilianist mural in Villalar de los Comuneros
The purple flag displaying a red star and a yellow castle is used by contemporary organizations advocating for a sovereign Castile as a Socialist republic consisting of seventeen provinces.
Castilian nationalism or "Castilianism" (Spanish: castellanismo) is a fringe political movement that advocates for the national recognition of Castile, and in some cases, its independence from Spain.
History
The 19th century saw the development of what historian Celso Almuiña terms as a Castilian "regio-nationalism", fostered by a sense of grievance against Catalonia among the Conservative milieus (supportive of the protectionist interests of the flour-making Bourgeoisie) who pitted themselves against central power in the wake of the 1843 freetrading policies brought forward by Espartero.
During the Second Republic, Castilian nationalist postulates were fringe, adopting a merely "mimetic and defensive" role that tended to fade towards otherwise strongly anti-Catalanist regionalist stances, just as it had been previously the case with the messages of Burgos (1918) and Segovia (1919).
A new sovereignist and internationalist leftist iteration of Castilianism, characterised by the most radical rejection of the identification of 'Castile' with 'Spain' (referred to as Spanish State among its followers), emerged after the creation of Castilian Popular Unity (UPC) in 1983, and, most notably, Castilian Left (IzCa) in 2000.
See also
Castilian people
References
Notes
^ Camazón Linacero 2013, p. 472.
^ Estaire Cabañas, Óscar (23 April 2022). "Villalar, 45 años de una fiesta para presumir de Comunidad". Noticias de Castilla y León – via El Español.
^ Núñez Seixas 1994, pp. 277–278.
^ Orobon 2014, pp. 203–204.
^ Camazón Linacero 2013, pp. 484–485.
Bibliography
Camazón Linacero, Carlos Alberto (2013). "La articulación de Castilla y España como tema de la canción popular". Revista de Dialectología y Tradiciones Populares. 68 (2). Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas: 469–488. doi:10.3989/rdtp.2013.02.019. ISSN 0034-7981.
Núñez Seixas, Xosé M. (1994). "Recensiones". Historia Contemporánea (11). Bilbao: Universidad del País Vasco: 273–280. doi:10.1387/hc.19708.
Orobon, Marie-Àngele (2014). "Lenguas y naciones en las Cortes Constituyentes de la II República: la visión castellana" (PDF). Investigaciones Históricas. 34. Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid: 185–209. ISSN 0210-9425.
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|
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|
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[{"title":"Castilian people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castilian_people"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_brunonii
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Rosa brunonii
|
["1 References"]
|
Species of plant in the genus Rosa
Rosa brunonii
Flower
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Rosales
Family:
Rosaceae
Genus:
Rosa
Species:
R. brunonii
Binomial name
Rosa brunoniiLindl.
Synonyms
Rosa clavigera H.Lév.
Rosa nepalensis Lindl. ex Steud.
Rosa pubescens Roxb.
Rosa brunonii is a species of flowering plant in the family Rosaceae. It is commonly known as the Himalayan musk rose. It is a deciduous or semi-evergreen climber that typically grows at altitudes of 1200–2400 meters.
The five-petalled flowers are white and about 3–4 cm across, filled with a mass of yellow stamens. The stems are prickly and the leaves are finely-toothed ovals with pointed tips. Rosa moschata found in the western Himalayas is very similar, the main difference being that its branches are smooth and the leaf stalks are without prickles. Several other varieties of wild white roses grow in the hills. Wild, pink roses or Rosa macrophylla are also common and can be seen growing side by side with the white ones. When the wild rose withers away, its place is taken by a red rounded fruit known as a rose-hip.
In Hindi, the musk rose is known as Kuji, Kunja or Karer. Sometimes the wood is used to make walking sticks. An attar is extracted from the flowers. A soothing cough syrup is made out of the hips; these have a high vitamin C content. A kind of a marmalade can also be made of the hips by boiling them and passing the pulp through a sieve.
References
^ a b "Rosa brunanii Lindl". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
^ "USDA Plants Database". plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
^ "Rosa brunonii - Trees and Shrubs Online". treesandshrubsonline.org. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
^ "Rosa brunonii - Himalayan Musk Rose". Flowersofindia.net. Retrieved 2015-09-08.
^ "Wild Flowers of India - English - Nimrit Handa".
^ "Rosa brunonii Rose (£15.25) : Species". Classicroses.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-09-08.
^ "Rosa brunonii in Flora of Pakistan @". Efloras.org. Retrieved 2015-09-08.
Taxon identifiersRosa brunonii
Wikidata: Q309878
Wikispecies: Rosa brunonii
BOLD: 436646
CoL: 4TCYT
EPPO: ROSBU
FNA: 200011227
FoC: 200011227
GBIF: 3011684
GRIN: 5306
IPNI: 60464131-2
IRMNG: 10424801
ITIS: 836488
NCBI: 119236
Open Tree of Life: 599969
PLANTS: ROBR4
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60464131-2
Tropicos: 27807310
WFO: wfo-0000985884
This article about roses is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba_Gooding_Sr.
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Cuba Gooding Sr.
|
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life and death","4 References","4.1 Notes","4.2 Citations","5 External links"]
|
American singer (1944-2017)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Cuba Gooding Sr." – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Cuba Gooding Sr.Gooding in 2008BornCuba Mark Gooding(1944-04-27)April 27, 1944New York City, U.S.DiedApril 20, 2017(2017-04-20) (aged 72)Woodland Hills, California, U.S.Resting placeTrinity Church CemeteryOccupationSingerYears active1964–2017Spouses
Shirley Sullivan
(m. 1966; div. 1974)
(m. 1995)
Children4, including Cuba Jr. and OmarRelativesMason Gooding (grandson)
Cuba Mark Gooding Sr. (April 27, 1944 – April 20, 2017) was an American singer. He was the most successful lead singer of the soul group The Main Ingredient, replacing former lead singer Donald McPherson who was diagnosed with leukemia in 1971. According to Billboard, as the lead vocalist he scored five top 10 hits, most notably, "Everybody Plays the Fool" (1972), peaking at No. 2 for three weeks, and peaking at No. 3 on Billboard′s all-genre Hot-100 list. "Just Don't Want to Be Lonely" (1974), "Happiness Is Just Around the Bend" and "Rolling Down a Mountainside" were also top 10 hits on Billboard charts. He also recorded as a solo artist with hits of his own.
Early life
Born in Harlem, New York City, Gooding was a son of Dudley MacDonald Gooding (1890–1955) and his wife Addie Alston. The elder Gooding was a native of Barbados who fled the island in 1936 to Cuba, and met and married a woman there. When she was murdered because of their affiliation with Pan Africanist leader Marcus Garvey, Dudley Gooding promised his wife on her deathbed that he would name his first son Cuba. Dudley Gooding was a taxi driver in Manhattan who died when Cuba was 11 years old.
Career
Gooding Sr. was lead singer of The Charades in the 1960s. He joined The Main Ingredient as a back-up vocalist. He became the lead singer after lead singer Donald McPherson died of leukemia in 1971. The 1973 album Afrodisiac featured several songs co-written by Stevie Wonder. Gooding left The Main Ingredient in either 1977 or 1978.1 He had a brief solo career on Motown Records during the late 1970s and early 1980s making two albums; the first was titled The 1st Cuba Gooding Album. His biggest international success was Brian Auger's "Happiness Is Just Around the Bend" in 1983, which has in recent times been sampled by several R&B artists, as well as hitting the charts again as a remix by UK Hardcore Rave group Altern-8 in 1991. In 1980, Gooding returned to The Main Ingredient and made two more albums for RCA Victor. In 1991, samples from the song also featured prominently in Bizarre Inc's single "Playing With Knives". Gooding released a single called "Politics" in September 2007. He was also developing a film project called Everybody Plays the Fool: The Cuba Gooding Story. The film highlights three generations of the Gooding Family: Dudley "Cuba" Gooding, Cuba Gooding Sr., Cuba Gooding Jr. and Omar Gooding.
On the Boat Trip DVD trivia track, it was stated that he was going to appear in the 2003 romantic-comedy The Fighting Temptations, which stars his son Cuba Gooding Jr., but he is not in the movie.
Gooding appeared on the Beach Music Super Collaboration CD, performing the Charles Wallert composition, "Meant To Be In Love". This led to the duo's project, “Never Give Up” (Bluewater Recordings), which debuted at the 2009 presidential inauguration.
Personal life and death
Gooding moved from the Bronx to southern California in the 1970s. Gooding and his wife, singer Shirley Gooding (née Sullivan) had four children: actors Cuba Gooding Jr., Omar Gooding, actress April Gooding and musician Tommy Gooding. Gooding Sr. later became a minor actor himself. Gooding Sr. separated from his wife in 1974. In 1995, the Goodings remarried.
In 2011, he had a residence in Rosarito Beach, Mexico where he performed at least one charity concert. He also had a residence in Flagler Beach, Florida.
On April 20, 2017, one week before his 73rd birthday, Gooding was found dead in his vehicle while parked on a street in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles. CPR was performed by the fire department but they were unable to revive him. An autopsy determined he died of natural causes.
He is interred at the Trinity Church Cemetery in Manhattan.
References
Notes
^ BBC News gives the year as 1977. NPR gives the year as 1978.
Citations
^ a b Stutz, Colin (April 20, 2017). "Cuba Gooding Sr., 'Everybody Plays the Fool' Singer & Dad to Oscar-Winning Actor, Dies at 72". Billboard. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
^ "The Main Ingredient - Chart history". www.billboard.com. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
^ a b c d Savage, Mark (April 21, 2017). "Cuba Gooding Sr found dead in LA". BBC News. London: BBC. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
^ Modzelewski, Eve (September 27, 2000). "Stage Preview: Acting takes Cuba Gooding Sr. on an inspirational tour". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. PG Publishing. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
^ a b "Cuba Gooding Sr., Soul Singer, Dies at 72". The New York Times. Associated Press. April 21, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
^ a b c d e Tsioulcas, Anastasia (April 21, 2017). "Cuba Gooding Sr., Star Of The Main Ingredient, Dies At 72". NPR. Washington, D.C. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
^ Feldman, Kate (April 20, 2017). "Cuba Gooding Sr. dead at 72 of possible overdose: report". New York Daily News. Retrieved April 22, 2017.
^ Baetens, Melody (April 20, 2017). "Cuba Gooding Sr. reportedly found dead in his car". The Detroit News. Digital First Media. Retrieved April 22, 2017.
^ Colin Larkin, ed. (1993). The Guinness Who's Who of Soul Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 102. ISBN 0-85112-733-9.
^ Persinger, Ryanne (February 29, 2008). "CIAA is rare homecoming for R&B legend". The Charlotte Post. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
^ "'Never Give Up' Reviewed by RadioIndy.com!". Bluewater Recordings. New York City: Bluewater Recordings, Inc. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
^ "Cuba Gooding Sr. Sings in San Felipe". www.blueroadrunner.com. Retrieved 2020-01-30.
^ Abbott, Jim. "Cuba Gooding's Main Ingredient: Soul". orlandosentinel.com. Retrieved 2021-12-10.
^ Goldblatt, Daniel (April 20, 2017). "Cuba Gooding Sr., 70s Singer and Father to Cuba Jr., Dead at 72: Report". People. Time Inc. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
^ Ungerman, Alex (June 6, 2017). "Cuba Gooding Sr. Cause of Death Revealed, Medical Examiner Reports Natural Causes". ET Online. CBS Studios Inc. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
^ "Buried Here - Cuba Gooding, Sr - Lead Singer Of The Main Ingredient". Rockandrollroadmap.com. 21 February 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
External links
Cuba Gooding at IMDb
vteThe Main Ingredient
Jerome Jackson
Stanley Alston
Cuba Gooding Sr.
Donald McPherson
Tony Silvester
Luther Simmons
Carl Tompkins
Larry Moore
Carlton Blount
George Staley, Sr.
Studio albums
Black Seeds (1971)
Bitter Sweet (1972)
Afrodisiac (1973)
Euphrates River (1974)
Singles
"Everybody Plays the Fool"
"Just Don't Want to Be Lonely"
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
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According to Billboard, as the lead vocalist he scored five top 10 hits, most notably, \"Everybody Plays the Fool\" (1972), peaking at No. 2 for three weeks, and peaking at No. 3 on Billboard′s all-genre Hot-100 list. \"Just Don't Want to Be Lonely\" (1974), \"Happiness Is Just Around the Bend\" and \"Rolling Down a Mountainside\" were also top 10 hits on Billboard charts. He also recorded as a solo artist with hits of his own.[1][2]","title":"Cuba Gooding Sr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-3"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Pan Africanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Africanism"},{"link_name":"Marcus Garvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Garvey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-6"}],"text":"Born in Harlem, New York City, Gooding was a son of Dudley MacDonald Gooding (1890–1955) and his wife Addie Alston.[3] The elder Gooding was a native of Barbados who fled the island in 1936 to Cuba, and met and married a woman there. When she was murdered because of their affiliation with Pan Africanist leader Marcus Garvey, Dudley Gooding promised his wife on her deathbed that he would name his first son Cuba.[3] Dudley Gooding was a taxi driver in Manhattan who died when Cuba was 11 years old.[4][5][3][6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Main Ingredient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Main_Ingredient_(band)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-6"},{"link_name":"leukemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Stevie Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wonder"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-6"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Motown Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown_Records"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinSM-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-6"},{"link_name":"Brian Auger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Auger"},{"link_name":"remix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix"},{"link_name":"Rave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rave"},{"link_name":"Altern-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altern-8"},{"link_name":"RCA Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Victor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-6"},{"link_name":"Bizarre Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizarre_Inc"},{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Boat Trip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat_Trip_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Fighting Temptations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fighting_Temptations"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Gooding Sr. was lead singer of The Charades in the 1960s. He joined The Main Ingredient as a back-up vocalist.[6] He became the lead singer after lead singer Donald McPherson died of leukemia in 1971.[7] The 1973 album Afrodisiac featured several songs co-written by Stevie Wonder.[8] Gooding left The Main Ingredient in either 1977 or 1978.[3][6]1 He had a brief solo career on Motown Records during the late 1970s and early 1980s making two albums;[9] the first was titled The 1st Cuba Gooding Album.[6] His biggest international success was Brian Auger's \"Happiness Is Just Around the Bend\" in 1983, which has in recent times been sampled by several R&B artists, as well as hitting the charts again as a remix by UK Hardcore Rave group Altern-8 in 1991. In 1980, Gooding returned to The Main Ingredient and made two more albums for RCA Victor.[6] In 1991, samples from the song also featured prominently in Bizarre Inc's single \"Playing With Knives\". Gooding released a single called \"Politics\" in September 2007. He was also developing a film project called Everybody Plays the Fool: The Cuba Gooding Story. The film highlights three generations of the Gooding Family: Dudley \"Cuba\" Gooding, Cuba Gooding Sr., Cuba Gooding Jr. and Omar Gooding.[10]On the Boat Trip DVD trivia track, it was stated that he was going to appear in the 2003 romantic-comedy The Fighting Temptations, which stars his son Cuba Gooding Jr., but he is not in the movie.Gooding appeared on the Beach Music Super Collaboration CD, performing the Charles Wallert composition, \"Meant To Be In Love\". This led to the duo's project, “Never Give Up” (Bluewater Recordings), which debuted at the 2009 presidential inauguration.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-5"},{"link_name":"Cuba Gooding Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba_Gooding_Jr."},{"link_name":"Omar Gooding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Gooding"},{"link_name":"Rosarito Beach, Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosarito_Beach,_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Flagler Beach, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagler_Beach,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Woodland Hills, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland_Hills,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"CPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard170421-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cause_of_death-15"},{"link_name":"Trinity Church Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Church_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Gooding moved from the Bronx to southern California in the 1970s.[5] Gooding and his wife, singer Shirley Gooding (née Sullivan) had four children: actors Cuba Gooding Jr., Omar Gooding, actress April Gooding and musician Tommy Gooding. Gooding Sr. later became a minor actor himself. Gooding Sr. separated from his wife in 1974. In 1995, the Goodings remarried.In 2011, he had a residence in Rosarito Beach, Mexico where he performed at least one charity concert.[12] He also had a residence in Flagler Beach, Florida.[13]On April 20, 2017, one week before his 73rd birthday, Gooding was found dead in his vehicle while parked on a street in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles. CPR was performed by the fire department but they were unable to revive him.[14][1] An autopsy determined he died of natural causes.[15]He is interred at the Trinity Church Cemetery in Manhattan.[16]","title":"Personal life and death"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Stutz, Colin (April 20, 2017). \"Cuba Gooding Sr., 'Everybody Plays the Fool' Singer & Dad to Oscar-Winning Actor, Dies at 72\". Billboard. Retrieved April 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/obituary/7767914/cuba-gooding-sr-everybody-plays-the-fool-singer-dad-dies-72","url_text":"\"Cuba Gooding Sr., 'Everybody Plays the Fool' Singer & Dad to Oscar-Winning Actor, Dies at 72\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"The Main Ingredient - Chart history\". www.billboard.com. Retrieved April 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/418574/main-ingredient/chart","url_text":"\"The Main Ingredient - Chart history\""}]},{"reference":"Savage, Mark (April 21, 2017). \"Cuba Gooding Sr found dead in LA\". BBC News. London: BBC. Retrieved April 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-39657941","url_text":"\"Cuba Gooding Sr found dead in LA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Modzelewski, Eve (September 27, 2000). \"Stage Preview: Acting takes Cuba Gooding Sr. on an inspirational tour\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. PG Publishing. Retrieved November 19, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.post-gazette.com/magazine/20000927cuba3.asp","url_text":"\"Stage Preview: Acting takes Cuba Gooding Sr. on an inspirational tour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette","url_text":"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Cuba Gooding Sr., Soul Singer, Dies at 72\". The New York Times. Associated Press. April 21, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/21/arts/music/cuba-gooding-sr-dead-soul-singer.html","url_text":"\"Cuba Gooding Sr., Soul Singer, Dies at 72\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Tsioulcas, Anastasia (April 21, 2017). \"Cuba Gooding Sr., Star Of The Main Ingredient, Dies At 72\". NPR. Washington, D.C. Retrieved April 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2017/04/21/524975190/cuba-gooding-sr-star-of-the-main-ingredient-dies-at-72","url_text":"\"Cuba Gooding Sr., Star Of The Main Ingredient, Dies At 72\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"}]},{"reference":"Feldman, Kate (April 20, 2017). \"Cuba Gooding Sr. dead at 72 of possible overdose: report\". New York Daily News. Retrieved April 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/cuba-gooding-sr-dead-72-report-article-1.3082321","url_text":"\"Cuba Gooding Sr. dead at 72 of possible overdose: report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News","url_text":"New York Daily News"}]},{"reference":"Baetens, Melody (April 20, 2017). \"Cuba Gooding Sr. reportedly found dead in his car\". The Detroit News. Digital First Media. Retrieved April 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.detroitnews.com/story/entertainment/people/2017/04/20/cuba-gooding-sr-reportedly-found-dead-car-california/100721088/","url_text":"\"Cuba Gooding Sr. reportedly found dead in his car\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Detroit_News","url_text":"The Detroit News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_First_Media","url_text":"Digital First Media"}]},{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (1993). The Guinness Who's Who of Soul Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 102. ISBN 0-85112-733-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Guinness Who's Who of Soul Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Publishing","url_text":"Guinness Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85112-733-9","url_text":"0-85112-733-9"}]},{"reference":"Persinger, Ryanne (February 29, 2008). \"CIAA is rare homecoming for R&B legend\". The Charlotte Post. Retrieved April 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecharlottepost.com/index.php?src=news&refno=725&category=Arts%20and%20Entertainment&PHPSESSID=dc5c39d58150337bdcef2acd1f6bda9e","url_text":"\"CIAA is rare homecoming for R&B legend\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Charlotte_Post","url_text":"The Charlotte Post"}]},{"reference":"\"'Never Give Up' Reviewed by RadioIndy.com!\". Bluewater Recordings. New York City: Bluewater Recordings, Inc. Retrieved April 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://rzdyt.bluewaterrecordings.com/news.html","url_text":"\"'Never Give Up' Reviewed by RadioIndy.com!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cuba Gooding Sr. Sings in San Felipe\". www.blueroadrunner.com. Retrieved 2020-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blueroadrunner.com/goodingsr.htm","url_text":"\"Cuba Gooding Sr. Sings in San Felipe\""}]},{"reference":"Abbott, Jim. \"Cuba Gooding's Main Ingredient: Soul\". orlandosentinel.com. Retrieved 2021-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.orlandosentinel.com/entertainment/os-cuba-gooding-orlando-20141119-story.html","url_text":"\"Cuba Gooding's Main Ingredient: Soul\""}]},{"reference":"Goldblatt, Daniel (April 20, 2017). \"Cuba Gooding Sr., 70s Singer and Father to Cuba Jr., Dead at 72: Report\". People. Time Inc. Retrieved April 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://people.com/movies/cuba-gooding-sr-dead/","url_text":"\"Cuba Gooding Sr., 70s Singer and Father to Cuba Jr., Dead at 72: Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)","url_text":"People"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Inc.","url_text":"Time Inc."}]},{"reference":"Ungerman, Alex (June 6, 2017). \"Cuba Gooding Sr. Cause of Death Revealed, Medical Examiner Reports Natural Causes\". ET Online. CBS Studios Inc. Retrieved October 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etonline.com/news/219083_cuba_gooding_sr_cause_of_death_revealed","url_text":"\"Cuba Gooding Sr. Cause of Death Revealed, Medical Examiner Reports Natural Causes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buried Here - Cuba Gooding, Sr - Lead Singer Of The Main Ingredient\". Rockandrollroadmap.com. 21 February 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://rockandrollroadmap.com/places/burial-sites/north-east-u-s-burial-sites/buried-here-cuba-gooding-sr/","url_text":"\"Buried Here - Cuba Gooding, Sr - Lead Singer Of The Main Ingredient\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Post_Office-Laconia_Main
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U.S. Post Office-Laconia Main
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["1 Description and history","2 See also","3 References"]
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Coordinates: 43°31′47″N 71°28′10″W / 43.52972°N 71.46944°W / 43.52972; -71.46944United States historic placeU.S. Post Office-Laconia MainU.S. National Register of Historic Places
Show map of New HampshireShow map of the United StatesLocation33 Church St., Laconia, New HampshireCoordinates43°31′47″N 71°28′10″W / 43.52972°N 71.46944°W / 43.52972; -71.46944Area0.7 acres (0.28 ha)Built1917 (1917)ArchitectOffice of the Supervising Architect under James A. WetmoreArchitectural styleBeaux ArtsNRHP reference No.86002252Added to NRHPJuly 18, 1986
The U.S. Post Office-Laconia Main is a historic post office building at 33 Church Street in Laconia, New Hampshire. Occupying a prominent corner site near the city's central business district, it was built in 1916-17 and is a prominent regional example of Beaux Arts architecture. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.
Description and history
Laconia's main post office is located on the northeast side of its downtown area, at the southeast corner of Church and Beacon streets. It is a single-story masonry structure, built of brick with stone trim. Its main entrance is located on the corner diagonal, and features a colonnade of six Corinthian columns in front of matching pilasters. The stairs leading to the main entry are flanked by wrought iron lamp posts with globular lights. The entrance, now modernized doors, is flanked by paired casement windows with transom windows and decorative carved panels above. The building is topped by a parapet with a dentillated cornice that extends around the building. The side elevations have three windows each, articulated by brick pilasters and topped by decorative carved stone panels. The interior lobby, although it has been modernized, features murals depicting the area's natural beauty, painted by Loran Percy in 1980 and 1982.
The building was constructed in 1916-17, its design provided by the Office of the Supervising Architect of the United States Department of the Treasury, then headed by James A. Wetmore.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Belknap County, New Hampshire
References
^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ "NRHP nomination for US Post Office-Laconia Main". National Park Service. Retrieved 2014-08-07.
vteNational Register of Historic Places in Belknap County, New HampshireHistoric districts
Centre Harbor Village Historic District
Lochmere Archeological District
Monument Square Historic District
New Hampshire Veterans' Association Historic District
Sanbornton Square Historic District
Tilton Downtown Historic District
Historic properties
Alton Bay Railroad Station
Bay Meeting House and Vestry
Belknap-Sulloway Mill
Belmont Public Library
Benjamin Rowe House
Busiel-Seeburg Mill
Centre Congregational Church
Charles E. Tilton Mansion
Colonial Theatre Complex
Dana Meeting House
District No. 9 Schoolhouse
Endicott Rock
Evangelical Baptist Church
Federal Building
First Baptist Church of Gilmanton
First Congregational Church
First Free Will Baptist Church in Meredith
First Freewill Baptist Church
Gale Memorial Library
Gilmanton Academy
Gilmanton Ironworks Library
Gordon-Nash Library
House by the Side of the Road
John J. Morrill Store
John W. Busiel House
Kimball Castle
Laconia District Court
Laconia Passenger Station
Meredith Public Library
New Hampton Community Church
New Hampton Town House
Oscar Foss Memorial Library
Ossian Wilbur Goss Reading Room
Second Free Baptist Church
Smith Meeting House
The Weirs
Tilton Island Park Bridge
United Baptist Church of Lakeport
US Post Office-Laconia Main
Washington Mooney House
See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Belknap County, New Hampshire and List of National Historic Landmarks in New Hampshire
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laconia, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laconia,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"}],"text":"United States historic placeThe U.S. Post Office-Laconia Main is a historic post office building at 33 Church Street in Laconia, New Hampshire. Occupying a prominent corner site near the city's central business district, it was built in 1916-17 and is a prominent regional example of Beaux Arts architecture. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.[1]","title":"U.S. Post Office-Laconia Main"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP-2"},{"link_name":"Office of the Supervising Architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Supervising_Architect"},{"link_name":"United States Department of the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"James A. Wetmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Wetmore"}],"text":"Laconia's main post office is located on the northeast side of its downtown area, at the southeast corner of Church and Beacon streets. It is a single-story masonry structure, built of brick with stone trim. Its main entrance is located on the corner diagonal, and features a colonnade of six Corinthian columns in front of matching pilasters. The stairs leading to the main entry are flanked by wrought iron lamp posts with globular lights. The entrance, now modernized doors, is flanked by paired casement windows with transom windows and decorative carved panels above. The building is topped by a parapet with a dentillated cornice that extends around the building. The side elevations have three windows each, articulated by brick pilasters and topped by decorative carved stone panels. The interior lobby, although it has been modernized, features murals depicting the area's natural beauty, painted by Loran Percy in 1980 and 1982.[2]The building was constructed in 1916-17, its design provided by the Office of the Supervising Architect of the United States Department of the Treasury, then headed by James A. Wetmore.","title":"Description and history"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Belknap County, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Belknap_County,_New_Hampshire"}]
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[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"NRHP nomination for US Post Office-Laconia Main\". National Park Service. Retrieved 2014-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/86002252_text","url_text":"\"NRHP nomination for US Post Office-Laconia Main\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=U.S._Post_Office-Laconia_Main¶ms=43_31_47_N_71_28_10_W_type:landmark_region:US-NH","external_links_name":"43°31′47″N 71°28′10″W / 43.52972°N 71.46944°W / 43.52972; -71.46944"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=U.S._Post_Office-Laconia_Main¶ms=43_31_47_N_71_28_10_W_type:landmark_region:US-NH","external_links_name":"43°31′47″N 71°28′10″W / 43.52972°N 71.46944°W / 43.52972; -71.46944"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/86002252","external_links_name":"86002252"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/86002252_text","external_links_name":"\"NRHP nomination for US Post Office-Laconia Main\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamstown_Naval_Dockyard
|
Williamstown Dockyard
|
["1 Vessels constructed at Williamstown Dockyard","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 37°51′50″S 144°54′41″E / 37.86389°S 144.91139°E / -37.86389; 144.91139
Williamstown Dockyard was one of Australia's principal ship building yards at Williamstown, Victoria, Australia.
The Colony of Victoria decided to construct a large slipway at Williamstown to provide ship repair facilities in 1856 and the Government Patent Slip was opened in 1858. Slip Pier was built in 1858 and was used in conjunction with the Government Patent Slip. The Slip Pier was later known as the Lady Loch Jetty after the similarly named Government steamer. The pier and Government Patent Slipway were demolished in 1919.
In 1858, the Colony of Victoria decided to build a graving dock and dockyard. Construction commenced in 1868, and was completed in February 1874. The Alfred Graving Dock, named after Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, was built at a cost of £300,000. The graving dock was 143 m (469 ft) in length, 24 m (79 ft) wide, 8 m (26 ft) deep. The dock was designed by William Wardell for the Public Works Department (Victoria), and it was the largest structure of its type in the southern hemisphere.
The Dockyard Pier, originally known as Dock Pier was constructed in 1874 for use with vessels engaged in pre/post docking in the Alfred Graving Dock. In the 1870s, the railway department contracted for the construction of a new pier to meet increased demand imposed by wool and later grain handling. When completed in 1878, it was initially referred to as the Western Pier, but was later renamed New Railway Pier. It was rebuilt in 1915 and 1927 and was renamed Nelson Pier in 1923. The pier and surrounding land was purchased by the Commonwealth in 1967, and use of the facility declined. Demolition work began in 1979 due to its poor condition. Nelsons Pier West was constructed in 1978 to replace the nearby Nelson Pier. It provided two cranes and two berths for the refitting and outfitting of warships. Reid St Pier was constructed for the Melbourne Harbour Trust for exclusive use with its own floating plant in September 1891. It was later used to house the tug fleet, and was rebuilt in 1949.
In 1913, the dockyard was known as the State Shipbuilding Yard and was requisitioned in 1918 by the Commonwealth. Ownership passed to the Melbourne Harbor Trust in 1924 and during World War II it was requisitioned by the Commonwealth in 1942 and was known as HM Naval Dockyard Williamstown, or Williamstown Naval Dockyard. In 1987 it passed into private control of Tenix Defence and which was subsequently acquired by BAE Systems Australia.
Vessels constructed at Williamstown Dockyard
Name
Type
Class
Completed
Notes
HMAS Kooronga
Tug
1924
HMAS Ballarat (J184)
Corvette
Bathurst
1941
HMAS Castlemaine (J244)
Corvette
Bathurst
1942
Preserved as museum ship in Williamstown, 600 m (2,000 ft) from the slipway where she was constructed.
HMAS Echuca (J252)
Corvette
Bathurst
1942
Transferred to RNZN on 5 March 1952, and served as HMNZS Echuca.
HMAS Geelong (J201)
Corvette
Bathurst
1942
Sank on 18 October 1944, after colliding with a tanker north of New Guinea. There were no deaths.
HMAS Horsham (J235)
Corvette
Bathurst
1942
HMAS Benalla (J323)
Corvette
Bathurst
1943
HMAS Shepparton (J248)
Corvette
Bathurst
1943
HMAS Stawell (J348)
Corvette
Bathurst
1943
Transferred to RNZN on 5 March 1952, and served as HMNZS Stawell.
AV Crusader (AV2767)
Army cargo ship
1945
HMAS Culgoa (K408)
Frigate
Bay
1945
HMAS Anzac (D59)
Destroyer
Battle
1951
HMAS Vendetta (D08)
Destroyer
Daring
1958
HMAS Yarra (DE 45)
Destroyer escort
River
1961
HMAS Derwent (DE 49)
Destroyer escort
River
1964
HMAS Swan (DE 50)
Destroyer escort
River
1970
TRV Tailor (803)
Torpedo recovery vessel
1971
TRV Trevally (802)
Torpedo recovery vessel
1971
TRV Tuna (801)
Torpedo recovery vessel
1971
HMAS Flinders (A 312)
Survey vessel
1973
HMAS Cook (A 219)
Survey vessel
1980
Wallaby
Water and fuel lighter
Wallaby
1983
Wombat
Water and fuel lighter
Wallaby
1983
Warrigal
Water and fuel lighter
Wallaby
1984
Wyulda
Water and fuel lighter
Wallaby
1984
HMAS Melbourne (FFG 05)
Frigate
Adelaide
1992
HMAS Newcastle (FFG 06)
Frigate
Adelaide
1994
HMAS Anzac (FFH 150)
Frigate
Anzac
1996
HMNZS Te Kaha (F77)
Frigate
Anzac
1997
HMAS Arunta (FFH 151)
Frigate
Anzac
1998
HMNZS Te Mana (F111)
Frigate
Anzac
1999
HMAS Warramunga (FFH 152)
Frigate
Anzac
2001
HMAS Stuart (FFH 153)
Frigate
Anzac
2002
HMAS Parramatta (FFH 154)
Frigate
Anzac
2003
HMAS Ballarat (FFH 155)
Frigate
Anzac
2004
HMAS Toowoomba (FFH 156)
Frigate
Anzac
2005
HMAS Perth (FFH 157)
Frigate
Anzac
2006
HMNZS Otago (P148)
Offshore patrol vessel
Protector
2010
HMNZS Wellington (P55)
Offshore Patrol Vessel
Protector
2010
HMAS Canberra (L02)
Landing helicopter dock
Canberra
2014
Hull constructed by Navantia in Ferrol, Spain.
HMAS Adelaide (L01)
Landing helicopter dock
Canberra
2015
Hull constructed by Navantia in Ferrol, Spain.
References
^ Victorian Heritage Register (VHR) Number H0697
^ National Trust of Australia (Victoria) Register File B65993
Victorian Heritage Register Accessed on 9 Nov 2010
National Trust of Australia (Victoria) Register Accessed on 9 Nov 2010
External links
Alfred Graving Dock
Authority control databases: People
Trove
37°51′50″S 144°54′41″E / 37.86389°S 144.91139°E / -37.86389; 144.91139
|
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[]
| null |
[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baysamun
|
Baysamun
|
["1 History","1.1 Prehistoric and Bronze Age site","1.2 British Mandate village","1.3 1948, aftermath","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 33°5′51″N 35°34′54″E / 33.09750°N 35.58167°E / 33.09750; 35.58167Place in Safad, Mandatory PalestineBaysamun
بيسمونBeisamun, En Besamun, Basimun
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Baysamun (click the buttons)BaysamunLocation within Mandatory PalestineCoordinates: 33°5′51″N 35°34′54″E / 33.09750°N 35.58167°E / 33.09750; 35.58167Palestine grid204/278Geopolitical entityMandatory PalestineSubdistrictSafadDate of depopulationMay 25, 1948Population (1945) • Total20Cause(s) of depopulationWhispering campaign
Baysamun or Beisamoun (Arabic: بيسمون, Beisamûn) was a small Palestinian Arab village, located 16.5 kilometers (10.3 mi) in the marshy Hula Valley northeast of Safad. In 1945, it had a population of 20. It was depopulated during the 1948 War on May 25, 1948, by the Palmach's First Battalion in Operation Yiftach.
Beisamoun is an important archaeological site for the Neolithic period, with two plastered human skulls, cremation signs and house floors found there. It stood in close proximity to another major Natufian ("Final Old Stone Age") site, 'Ain Mallaha.
History
Prehistoric and Bronze Age site
Beisamoun (archaeological site)HistoryPeriodsPre-Pottery Neolithic B (mainly), Pottery Neolithic, Bronze Age
Kathleen Kenyon notes that Beisamoun disappeared under modern drainage systems set up by Israel; in the fish ponds created, Neolithic remains were found that included houses and two plastered skulls. Rectangular houses with plastered floors show striking similarities to those at Byblos. These "Levantine pier house" were also found in Yiftahel, Ayn Ghazal, and Jericho.
A main period of habitation was during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B era, but also Pottery Neolithic and Bronze Age remains have been found.
British Mandate village
The population of Baysamun in the 1922 census of Palestine consisted of 41 Muslims, increasing to 50 Muslims in 11 houses by 1931.
In the 1945 statistics the population was 20 Muslims, with a total of 2,102 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 107 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 1,817 for cereals; while 133 dunams was non-cultivable area.
1948, aftermath
It was depopulated during the 1948 War on May 25, 1948, by the Palmach's First Battalion in Operation Yiftach in a Whispering campaign.
In 1992 the village site was described: "No traces of the houses remain. The site is occupied by warehouses for agricultural implements used by Kibbutz Manara, which had been established in 1943. The land around the site is cultivated and fish ponds have been constructed close to it."
References
^ Grootkerk, 2000, p. 120
^ a b Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 9
^ a b Morris, 2004, p. xvi, village #27. Also gives cause of depopulation.
^ Hadawi, 1970, p. 69.
^ a b Kenyon, 1985, p. 29.
^ Wright, 1985, p. 30.
^ Negev and Gibson, 2005, p. 232.
^ Khalaily and Bocquentin, 2008, Beisamoun (Mallaha)
^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, p. 42
^ Mills, 1932, p. 105
^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 69.
^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 118
^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 970, p. 168
^ Morris, 2004, p. 251
^ Khalidi, 1992, p. 438
Bibliography
Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.
Grootkerk, Salomon E. (2000). Ancient sites in Galilee: a toponymic gazetteer (Illustrated ed.). BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-11535-4.
Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
Kenyon, K. (1985). Archaeology in the Holy Land (4th, illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-416-36490-3.
Khalaily, Hamudi; Bocquentin, Fanny (2008-06-16). "Beisamoun (Mallaha)" (120). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Khalaily, Hamudi; Barzilai, Omry; Bezal’el, Gilad (2009-12-02). "Beisamoun (Mallaha)" (121). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Khalaily, Hamudi; Bocquentin, Fanny (2010-11-17). "Beisamoun (Mallaha)" (122). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Khalaily, Hamudi; Bocquentin, Fanny (2012-08-13). "Beisamoun (Mallaha)" (124). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Khalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
Morris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
Negev, Avraham; Gibson, S. (2005). Archaeological encyclopedia of the Holy Land (4th, revised, illustrated ed.). Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-8571-7.
Wright, G. R. H. (1985). Ancient Building in South Syria and Palestine. Brill Archive. ISBN 978-90-04-07091-2.
External links
Welcome To Baysamun
Baysamun, Zochrot
Baysamun, Villages of Palestine
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 4: IAA, Wikimedia commons
vtePalestinian Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus by subdistrictAcre
Amqa
Arab al-Samniyya
al-Bassa
al-Birwa
al-Damun
Dayr al-Qassi
al-Ghabisiyya
Iqrit
Iribbin
Jiddin
al-Kabri
Kafr 'Inan
Kuwaykat
al-Manshiyya
al-Mansura
Mi'ar
al-Nabi Rubin
al-Nahr
al-Ruways
Suhmata
al-Sumayriyya
Suruh
al-Tall
Tarbikha
Umm al-Faraj
az-Zeeb
Beisan
Arab al-'Arida
Arab al-Bawati
Arab al-Safa
al-Ashrafiyya
al-Bira
Beisan
Danna
Farwana
al-Fatur
al-Ghazzawiyya
al-Hamidiyya
al-Hamra
Jabbul
Kafra
Kawkab al-Hawa
al-Khunayzir
Masil al-Jizl
al-Murassas
Qumya
al-Sakhina
al-Samiriyya
Sirin
Tall al-Shawk
al-Taqa
al-Tira
Umm 'Ajra
Umm Sabuna
Yubla
Zab'a
al-Zawiya
Beersheba
al-Imara
al-Jammama
al-Khalasa
Auja al-Hafir
Gaza
Arab Suqrir
Barbara
Barqa
al-Batani al-Gharbi
al-Batani al-Sharqi
Bayt 'Affa
Bayt Daras
Bayt Jirja
Bayt Tima
Bil'in
Burayr
Dayr Sunayd
Dimra
al-Faluja
Hamama
Hatta
Hiribya
Huj
Hulayqat
Ibdis
Iraq al-Manshiyya
Iraq Suwaydan
Isdud
al-Jaladiyya
al-Jiyya
Julis
al-Jura
Jusayr
Karatiyya
Kawfakha
Kawkaba
al-Khisas
al-Masmiyya al-Kabira
al-Masmiyya al-Saghira
al-Muharraqa
Najd
Ni'ilya
Qastina
al-Sawafir al-Gharbiyya
al-Sawafir al-Shamaliyya
al-Sawafir al-Sharqiyya
Simsim
Summil
Tall al-Turmus
Yasur
Haifa
Abu Shusha
Abu Zurayq
Arab al-Fuqara
Arab al-Nufay'at
Arab Zahrat al-Dumayri
'Atlit
Ayn Ghazal
Ayn Hawd
Balad al-Sheikh
Barrat Qisarya
Burayka
al-Burj
al-Butaymat
Daliyat al-Rawha'
al-Dumun
al-Ghubayya al-Fawqa
al-Ghubayya al-Tahta
Hawsha
Ijzim
Jaba'
al-Jalama
Kabara
al-Kafrayn
Kafr Lam
al-Kasayir
Khubbayza
Lid
al-Manara
al-Mansi
al-Mansura
al-Mazar
Naghnaghiya
Qannir
Qira
Qisarya
Qumbaza
al-Rihaniyya
Sabbarin
al-Sarafand
al-Sarkas
Sa'sa'
al-Sawamir
al-Shuna
al-Sindiyana
al-Tantura
al-Tira
Umm ash Shauf
Umm az-Zinat
Wa'arat al-Sarris
Wadi Ara
Yajur
Hebron
'Ajjur
Barqusya
Bayt Jibrin
Bayt Nattif
al-Dawayima
Deir al-Dubban
Dayr Nakhkhas
Kudna
Mughallis
al-Qubayba
Ra'na
Tell es-Safi
Umm Burj
az-Zakariyya
Zayta
Zikrin
Jaffa
al-'Abbasiyya
Abu Kabir
Abu Kishk
Bayt Dajan
Biyar 'Adas
Fajja
al-Haram
Ijlil al-Qibliyya
Ijlil al-Shamaliyya
al-Jammasin al-Gharbi
al-Jammasin al-Sharqi
Jarisha
Kafr 'Ana
al-Khayriyya
al-Mas'udiyya
al-Mirr
al-Muwaylih
Rantiya
al-Safiriyya
Salama
Saqiya
al-Sawalima
al-Shaykh Muwannis
Yazur
Jenin
al-Jawfa
al-Mazar
Ayn al-Mansi
Lajjun
Nuris
Zir'in
Jerusalem
Allar
Aqqur
Artuf
Bayt 'Itab
Bayt Mahsir
Bayt Naqquba
Bayt Thul
Bayt Umm al-Mays
al-Burayj
Dayr Aban
Dayr 'Amr
Dayr al-Hawa
Dayr Rafat
Dayr al-Shaykh
Deir Yassin
Ayn Karim
Ishwa
Islin
Ism Allah
Jarash
al-Jura
Kasla
al-Lawz
Lifta
al-Maliha
Nitaf
al-Qabu
Qalunya
al-Qastal
Ras Abu 'Ammar
Sar'a
Saris
Sataf
Sheikh Badr
Suba
Sufla
al-Tannur
al-'Umur
al-Walaja
Nazareth
al-Mujaydil
Indur
Ma'alul
Saffuriyya
Ramle
Abu al-Fadl
Abu Shusha
Ajanjul
Aqir
Barfiliya
al-Barriyya
Bashshit
Bayt Far
Bayt Jiz
Bayt Nabala
Bayt Shanna
Bayt Susin
Bir Ma'in
Bir Salim
al-Burj
al-Buwayra
Daniyal
Dayr Abu Salama
Dayr Ayyub
Dayr Muhaysin
Dayr Tarif
al-Duhayriyya
al-Haditha
Idnibba
Innaba
Jilya
Jimzu
Kharruba
al-Khayma
Khulda
al-Kunayyisa
al-Latrun
Lydda
al-Maghar
Majdal Yaba
al-Mansura
al-Mukhayzin
al-Muzayri'a
al-Na'ani
al-Nabi Rubin
Qatra
Qazaza
al-Qubab
al-Qubayba
Qula
Ramla
Sajad
Salbit
Sarafand al-Amar
Sarafand al-Kharab
Saydun
Shahma
Shilta
al-Tina
al-Tira
Umm Kalkha
Wadi Hunayn
Yibna
Zakariyya
Zarnuqa
Safad
Abil al-Qamh
al-'Abisiyya
'Akbara
Alma
Ammuqa
Arab al-Shamalina
Arab al-Zubayd
Ayn al-Zaytun
Baysamun
Biriyya
al-Butayha
al-Buwayziyya
Dallata
al-Dawwara
Dayshum
al-Dirbashiyya
al-Dirdara
Fara
al-Farradiyya
Fir'im
Ghabbatiyya
Ghuraba
al-Hamra'
Harrawi
Hunin
al-Husayniyya
Jahula
al-Ja'una
Jubb Yusuf
Kafr Bir'im
al-Khalisa
Khan al-Duwayr
Karraza
al-Khisas
Khiyam al-Walid
Kirad al-Baqqara
Kirad al-Ghannama
Lazzaza
Madahil
Al-Malkiyya
Mallaha
al-Manshiyya
al-Mansura
Mansurat al-Khayt
Marus
Meiron
al-Muftakhira
Mughr al-Khayt
al-Muntar
al-Nabi Yusha'
al-Na'ima
Qabba'a
Qadas
Qaddita
Qaytiyya
al-Qudayriyya
al-Ras al-Ahmar
Sabalan
Safsaf
Saliha
al-Salihiyya
al-Sammu'i
al-Sanbariyya
Sa'sa'
al-Shawka al-Tahta
al-Shuna
Taytaba
Tulayl
al-'Ulmaniyya
al-'Urayfiyya
al-Wayziyya
Yarda, Safad
al-Zahiriyya al-Tahta
al-Zanghariyya
Zawiya
al-Zuq al-Fawqani
al-Zuq al-Tahtani
Tiberias
Awlam
al-Dalhamiyya
Ghuwayr Abu Shusha
Hadatha
al-Hamma
Hittin
Kafr Sabt
Lubya
Ma'dhar
al-Majdal
al-Manara
al-Manshiyya
al-Mansura
Nasir al-Din
Nimrin
al-Nuqayb
Samakh
al-Samakiyya
al-Samra
al-Shajara
al-Tabigha
al-'Ubaydiyya
Wadi Hamam
al-Wa'ra al-Sawda'
Yaquq
Tulkarm
Bayt Lid
Bayyarat Hannun
Fardisya
Ghabat Kafr Sur
al-Jalama
Kafr Saba
al-Majdal
al-Manshiyya
Miska
Qaqun
Raml Zayta
Tabsur
Umm Khalid
Wadi al-Hawarith
Wadi Qabbani
al-Zabadida
Zalafa
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Palestinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_people"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab"},{"link_name":"Hula Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hula_Valley"},{"link_name":"Safad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safad"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hadawip69-4"},{"link_name":"1948 War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab-Israeli_War"},{"link_name":"Palmach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmach"},{"link_name":"Operation Yiftach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Yiftach"},{"link_name":"plastered human skulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastered_human_skulls"},{"link_name":"Natufian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natufian"},{"link_name":"'Ain Mallaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ain_Mallaha"}],"text":"Place in Safad, Mandatory PalestineBaysamun or Beisamoun (Arabic: بيسمون, Beisamûn) was a small Palestinian Arab village, located 16.5 kilometers (10.3 mi) in the marshy Hula Valley northeast of Safad. In 1945, it had a population of 20.[4] It was depopulated during the 1948 War on May 25, 1948, by the Palmach's First Battalion in Operation Yiftach.Beisamoun is an important archaeological site for the Neolithic period, with two plastered human skulls, cremation signs and house floors found there. It stood in close proximity to another major Natufian (\"Final Old Stone Age\") site, 'Ain Mallaha.","title":"Baysamun"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kathleen Kenyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Kenyon"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"plastered skulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastered_human_skulls"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kenyonp39-5"},{"link_name":"Byblos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byblos"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kenyonp39-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wrightp30-6"},{"link_name":"Levantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant"},{"link_name":"Yiftahel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiftahel"},{"link_name":"Ayn Ghazal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Ghazal"},{"link_name":"Jericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Negevp232-7"},{"link_name":"Pre-Pottery Neolithic B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B"},{"link_name":"Pottery Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Prehistoric and Bronze Age site","text":"Kathleen Kenyon notes that Beisamoun disappeared under modern drainage systems set up by Israel; in the fish ponds created, Neolithic remains were found that included houses and two plastered skulls.[5] Rectangular houses with plastered floors show striking similarities to those at Byblos.[5][6] These \"Levantine pier house[s]\" were also found in Yiftahel, Ayn Ghazal, and Jericho.[7]A main period of habitation was during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B era, but also Pottery Neolithic and Bronze Age remains have been found.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1922 census of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_census_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"1931","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_census_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"1945 statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Statistics,_1945"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1945p9-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hadawi-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"British Mandate village","text":"The population of Baysamun in the 1922 census of Palestine consisted of 41 Muslims,[9] increasing to 50 Muslims in 11 houses by 1931.[10]In the 1945 statistics the population was 20 Muslims,[2] with a total of 2,102 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey.[11] Of this, 107 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 1,817 for cereals;[12] while 133 dunams was non-cultivable area.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1948 War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab-Israeli_War"},{"link_name":"Palmach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmach"},{"link_name":"Operation Yiftach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Yiftach"},{"link_name":"Whispering campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whispering_campaign"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morrispxvi-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Manara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manara,_Israel"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"1948, aftermath","text":"It was depopulated during the 1948 War on May 25, 1948, by the Palmach's First Battalion in Operation Yiftach in a Whispering campaign.[3][14]In 1992 the village site was described: \"No traces of the houses remain. The site is occupied by warehouses for agricultural implements used by Kibbutz Manara, which had been established in 1943. The land around the site is cultivated and fish ponds have been constructed close to it.\"[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922"},{"link_name":"Village Statistics, April, 1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390"},{"link_name":"Ancient sites in Galilee: a toponymic gazetteer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=J7UzjipP3l8C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-11535-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11535-4"},{"link_name":"Hadawi, S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_Hadawi"},{"link_name":"Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html"},{"link_name":"Kenyon, K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Kenyon"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-416-36490-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-416-36490-3"},{"link_name":"\"Beisamoun (Mallaha)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=809&mag_id=114"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical"},{"link_name":"\"Beisamoun (Mallaha)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1245&mag_id=115"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical"},{"link_name":"\"Beisamoun (Mallaha)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1527&mag_id=117"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical"},{"link_name":"\"Beisamoun (Mallaha)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2025&mag_id=119"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical"},{"link_name":"Khalidi, W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walid_Khalidi"},{"link_name":"All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"Washington D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_D.C."},{"link_name":"Institute for Palestine Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Palestine_Studies"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88728-224-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88728-224-5"},{"link_name":"Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas"},{"link_name":"Morris, B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Morris"},{"link_name":"The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-00967-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00967-6"},{"link_name":"Gibson, S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_Gibson"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8264-8571-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8571-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-07091-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07091-2"}],"text":"Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.\nDepartment of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.\nGrootkerk, Salomon E. (2000). Ancient sites in Galilee: a toponymic gazetteer (Illustrated ed.). BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-11535-4.\nHadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.\nKenyon, K. (1985). Archaeology in the Holy Land (4th, illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-416-36490-3.\nKhalaily, Hamudi; Bocquentin, Fanny (2008-06-16). \"Beisamoun (Mallaha)\" (120). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)\nKhalaily, Hamudi; Barzilai, Omry; Bezal’el, Gilad (2009-12-02). \"Beisamoun (Mallaha)\" (121). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)\nKhalaily, Hamudi; Bocquentin, Fanny (2010-11-17). \"Beisamoun (Mallaha)\" (122). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)\nKhalaily, Hamudi; Bocquentin, Fanny (2012-08-13). \"Beisamoun (Mallaha)\" (124). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)\nKhalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.\nMills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.\nMorris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.\nNegev, Avraham; Gibson, S. (2005). Archaeological encyclopedia of the Holy Land (4th, revised, illustrated ed.). Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-8571-7.\nWright, G. R. H. (1985). Ancient Building in South Syria and Palestine. Brill Archive. ISBN 978-90-04-07091-2.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922","url_text":"Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922"}]},{"reference":"Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390","url_text":"Village Statistics, April, 1945"}]},{"reference":"Grootkerk, Salomon E. (2000). Ancient sites in Galilee: a toponymic gazetteer (Illustrated ed.). BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-11535-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J7UzjipP3l8C","url_text":"Ancient sites in Galilee: a toponymic gazetteer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11535-4","url_text":"978-90-04-11535-4"}]},{"reference":"Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_Hadawi","url_text":"Hadawi, S."},{"url":"http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html","url_text":"Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine"}]},{"reference":"Kenyon, K. (1985). Archaeology in the Holy Land (4th, illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-416-36490-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Kenyon","url_text":"Kenyon, K."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-416-36490-3","url_text":"978-0-416-36490-3"}]},{"reference":"Khalaily, Hamudi; Bocquentin, Fanny (2008-06-16). \"Beisamoun (Mallaha)\" (120). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=809&mag_id=114","url_text":"\"Beisamoun (Mallaha)\""}]},{"reference":"Khalaily, Hamudi; Barzilai, Omry; Bezal’el, Gilad (2009-12-02). \"Beisamoun (Mallaha)\" (121). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1245&mag_id=115","url_text":"\"Beisamoun (Mallaha)\""}]},{"reference":"Khalaily, Hamudi; Bocquentin, Fanny (2010-11-17). \"Beisamoun (Mallaha)\" (122). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1527&mag_id=117","url_text":"\"Beisamoun (Mallaha)\""}]},{"reference":"Khalaily, Hamudi; Bocquentin, Fanny (2012-08-13). \"Beisamoun (Mallaha)\" (124). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2025&mag_id=119","url_text":"\"Beisamoun (Mallaha)\""}]},{"reference":"Khalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walid_Khalidi","url_text":"Khalidi, W."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_D.C.","url_text":"Washington D.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Palestine_Studies","url_text":"Institute for Palestine Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88728-224-5","url_text":"0-88728-224-5"}]},{"reference":"Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas","url_text":"Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas"}]},{"reference":"Morris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Morris","url_text":"Morris, B."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C","url_text":"The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00967-6","url_text":"978-0-521-00967-6"}]},{"reference":"Negev, Avraham; Gibson, S. (2005). Archaeological encyclopedia of the Holy Land (4th, revised, illustrated ed.). Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-8571-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_Gibson","url_text":"Gibson, S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8571-7","url_text":"978-0-8264-8571-7"}]},{"reference":"Wright, G. R. H. (1985). Ancient Building in South Syria and Palestine. Brill Archive. ISBN 978-90-04-07091-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07091-2","url_text":"978-90-04-07091-2"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baysamun¶ms=33_5_51_N_35_34_54_E_type:city_region:PS","external_links_name":"33°5′51″N 35°34′54″E / 33.09750°N 35.58167°E / 33.09750; 35.58167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baysamun¶ms=33_5_51_N_35_34_54_E_type:city_region:PS","external_links_name":"33°5′51″N 35°34′54″E / 33.09750°N 35.58167°E / 33.09750; 35.58167"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J7UzjipP3l8C&pg=PA120","external_links_name":"120"},{"Link":"http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p09.jpg","external_links_name":"9"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR16","external_links_name":"xvi"},{"Link":"http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Safad/Page-069.jpg","external_links_name":"p. 69"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QqoOAAAAQAAJ&dq=beisamun&pg=PR12","external_links_name":"p. 29"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nrsUAAAAIAAJ&dq=beisamun&pg=PA284","external_links_name":"p. 30"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=27nq65cZUIgC&dq=beisamun&pg=PA232","external_links_name":"p. 232"},{"Link":"http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=809&mag_id=114","external_links_name":"Beisamoun (Mallaha)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n44/mode/1up","external_links_name":"42"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas","external_links_name":"105"},{"Link":"http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Safad/Page-069.jpg","external_links_name":"69"},{"Link":"http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Safad/Page-118.jpg","external_links_name":"118"},{"Link":"http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Safad/Page-168.jpg","external_links_name":"168"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA251","external_links_name":"251"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922","external_links_name":"Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922"},{"Link":"http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390","external_links_name":"Village Statistics, April, 1945"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J7UzjipP3l8C","external_links_name":"Ancient sites in Galilee: a toponymic gazetteer"},{"Link":"http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html","external_links_name":"Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine"},{"Link":"http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=809&mag_id=114","external_links_name":"\"Beisamoun (Mallaha)\""},{"Link":"http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1245&mag_id=115","external_links_name":"\"Beisamoun (Mallaha)\""},{"Link":"http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1527&mag_id=117","external_links_name":"\"Beisamoun (Mallaha)\""},{"Link":"http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2025&mag_id=119","external_links_name":"\"Beisamoun (Mallaha)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas","external_links_name":"Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C","external_links_name":"The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited"},{"Link":"http://www.palestineremembered.com/Safad/Baysamun/index.html","external_links_name":"Welcome To Baysamun"},{"Link":"https://www.zochrot.org/en/village/49029","external_links_name":"Baysamun"},{"Link":"http://www.villagesofpalestine.com/Baysamun.htm","external_links_name":"Baysamun"},{"Link":"http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8367","external_links_name":"IAA"},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.04.jpg","external_links_name":"Wikimedia commons"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexor
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Sexor
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["1 Track listing","2 Charts","3 Notes","4 References"]
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2006 studio album by TigaSexorStudio album by TigaReleasedFebruary 6, 2006GenreHouseLength58:51LabelDifferentProducerTigaSoulwaxJori HulkkonenJesper DahlbäckTiga chronology
Sexor(2006)
Ciao!(2009)
Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic61/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusic Pitchfork Media(6.2/10) Resident Advisor Stylus MagazineB Spin Magazine
Sexor is the debut album by Canadian electronic musician Tiga, released in 2006 on the Different label. It won the 2007 Juno Award for Dance Recording of the Year. The album's cover art is based on Bryan Ferry's In Your Mind.
Track listing
No.TitleProducer(s)Length1."Welcome to Planet Sexor"Tiga0:522."(Far from) Home"Soulwax2:433."You Gonna Want Me"Soulwax3:574."High School" (contains hidden track; "Jamaican Boa")Jori Hulkkonen3:135."Louder Than a Bomb" (Originally by Public Enemy)Soulwax3:166."Pleasure from the Bass"Jesper Dahlbäck3:507."Who's That?"Jesper Dahlbäck1:138."Down in It" (Originally by Nine Inch Nails)Jesper Dahlbäck3:309."The Ballad of Sexor"Jesper Dahlbäck3:2210."Good as Gold" (contains hidden track; "Flexible Skulls")Soulwax7:3811."(Far From) Home (The Speed of Sexor Reprise)"Jesper Dahlbäck4:3212."Burning Down the House" (Originally by Talking Heads)Jesper Dahlbäck4:0713."3 Weeks"Jesper Dahlbäck4:1914."Brothers" (contains hidden tracks; "Sir Sir Sir" and "8455584 Mommy")Soulwax8:05Total length:58:51
Charts
Chart (2006)
Peakposition
Belgian Albums Chart (Flanders)
5
Belgian Albums Chart (Wallonia)
25
Dutch Albums Chart
45
French Albums Chart
89
UK Albums Chart
139
Notes
"Far from Home" was featured on all of the trailers and as the theme song for Sony PlayStation Home.
"Good as Gold/Flexible Skulls" was featured as a song in the racing game Need for Speed: Carbon.
References
^ "Sexor Reviews, Ratings, Credits, and More at Metacritic". Metacritic.com. Retrieved 2012-03-09.
^ Sexor at AllMusic
^ "Tiga: Sexor". Pitchfork.
^ "RA Reviews: Tiga - Sexor (Album)". Residentadvisor.net. 2009-02-24. Archived from the original on 2006-11-16. Retrieved 2012-03-09.
^ "Tiga - Sexor - Review". Stylus Magazine. Retrieved 2012-03-09.
^ a b c d Tiga - Sexor (Album) Ultratop. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
^ "Chart Log UK : DJ T – Tzant". Zobbel. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
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|
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga_(wrestling)
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Bundesliga (wrestling)
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["1 Teams 2021–22","2 References"]
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The top division of team wrestling in Germany, is the Bundesliga (German: Bundesliga-Ringen). Every year since 1964, championships have been held by Bundesliga-Ringen.
Each time a team competes, then a number of the matches will be contested by rules of Greco-Roman wrestling, and the rest of the matches will be fought by the rules of Freestyle wrestling.
The Vorrunde consists of 20 teams (2010–11) competing for a slot in the play-offs, which consists of quarter-finals and semi-finals.
The finals are held around the month of February. The finals consist of one set of matches (in different weight classes) during an evening, and another set of matches on another evening.
Teams 2021–22
Western division
Eastern division
Southwestern division
Southeastern division
ASV Mainz 1888
RV Lübtheen
TuS Adelhausen
SV Wacker Burghausen
SV Alemannia Nackenheim
SC Siegfried Kleinostheim
RKG Freiburg 2000
AC Lichtenfels
KSV Witten 07
KSC Germania Hösbach
ASV Urloffen
SV St. Johannis Nürnberg
RC CWS Düren-Merken
FC Erzgebirge Aue
KV 03 Riegelsberg
ASV Schorndorf
Red Devils Heilbronn
RSV Rotation Greiz
ASV Hüttigweiler
RKG Reilingen-Hockenheim
KSK Konkordia Neuss
AV Germania Markneukirchen
AC Heusweiler
SRC Viernheim
WKG Wrestling Tigers Untere Nahe
KSV Köllerbach
The 2021–22 season is slated to begin in September 2021.
References
^ "Ringen - Deutsche Mannschaftsmeisterschaften".
This article about an organisation based in Germany is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greco-Roman wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling"},{"link_name":"Freestyle wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling"},{"link_name":"play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play-off"}],"text":"Each time a team competes, then a number of the matches will be contested by rules of Greco-Roman wrestling, and the rest of the matches will be fought by the rules of Freestyle wrestling.The Vorrunde consists of 20 teams (2010–11) competing for a slot in the play-offs, which consists of quarter-finals and semi-finals.The finals are held around the month of February. The finals consist of one set of matches (in different weight classes) during an evening, and another set of matches on another evening.","title":"Bundesliga (wrestling)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The 2021–22 season is slated to begin in September 2021.","title":"Teams 2021–22"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Ringen - Deutsche Mannschaftsmeisterschaften\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sport-komplett.de/sport-komplett/sportarten/r/ringen/hst/25.html","url_text":"\"Ringen - Deutsche Mannschaftsmeisterschaften\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.sport-komplett.de/sport-komplett/sportarten/r/ringen/hst/25.html","external_links_name":"\"Ringen - Deutsche Mannschaftsmeisterschaften\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bundesliga_(wrestling)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht_of_the_Seven_Sins
|
Yacht of the Seven Sins
|
["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]
|
1928 film
Yacht of the Seven SinsDirected byJacob FleckLuise FleckWritten byPaul Rosenhayn (novel)Hans RameauProduced byGünther StapenhorstStarringBrigitte HelmJohn StuartRina MarsaCinematographyCarl DrewsEdgar S. ZiesemerProductioncompanyUFADistributed byUFARelease date
6 August 1928 (1928-08-06)
CountryGermanyLanguagesSilentGerman intertitles
Yacht of the Seven Sins (German: Die Yacht der sieben Sünden) is a 1928 German silent drama film directed by Jacob Fleck and Luise Fleck and starring Brigitte Helm, John Stuart and Rina Marsa.
The film's art direction was by Jacek Rotmil.
Synopsis
A number of millionaires and criminals gather aboard a luxury cruise liner for a round-the-world trip, but a shipping tycoon is murdered soon after departure.
Cast
Brigitte Helm as Marfa Petrowna
John Stuart as Kilian Gurlitt
Rina Marsa as Léonie Storm, seine Braut
Kurt Vespermann as Alfons Costa
Hugo Werner-Kahle as Der Fremde
Kurt Gerron as Der Mann mit der Narbe
Alfred Gerasch as Stefan Martini
Emil Rameau as Bürovorsteher
Otto Kronburger as Kommissar
Nico Turoff
References
^ Ganeva p.133
Bibliography
Ganeva, Mila. Women in Weimar Fashion: Discourses and Displays in German Culture, 1918-1933. Camden House, 2008.
External links
Yacht of the Seven Sins at IMDb
Yacht of the Seven Sins is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive
This article related to a German silent film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0019599/","external_links_name":"Yacht of the Seven Sins"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/yacht-of-the-seven-sins_1928","external_links_name":"Yacht of the Seven Sins"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yacht_of_the_Seven_Sins&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_National_Bank_of_Boston
|
BankBoston
|
["1 History","1.1 The Massachusetts Bank","1.2 First National Bank of Boston","1.3 Acquisition of BayBank to form BankBoston","1.4 Bank of New York","1.5 Merger with Fleet","1.6 Acquisition by Bank of America","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References"]
|
Bank in Massachusetts, US; bought out
BankBostonIndustryBank holding companyPredecessorBank of BostonBayBankFoundedFebruary 7, 1784 (as Massachusetts Bank)DefunctOctober 1, 1999SuccessorFleetBoston FinancialHeadquartersBoston, MassachusettsProductsFinancial services
BankBoston was a bank based in Boston, Massachusetts, which was created by the 1996 merger of Bank of Boston and BayBank. One of its predecessor banks started in 1784, but the merged BankBoston was short-lived, being acquired by FleetBoston Financial in 1999. In 2005, FleetBoston was purchased by, and merged into, Bank of America of Charlotte, North Carolina.
After the sale of its Latin American branches in 2006, BankBoston currently exists solely as a subsidiary private bank owned by Bank of America.
History
The history of BankBoston represents the combination of dozens of banks throughout the New England region acquired over the course of more than two centuries. Among its notable predecessors were the Massachusetts Bank, the First National Bank of Boston, the Old Colony Trust Company and BayBank.
The Massachusetts Bank
Bank of Boston traced its roots back to The Massachusetts Bank founded in 1784. The Massachusetts Bank was the first federally chartered joint-stock owned bank in the United States and only the second bank to receive a charter in the United States, after the Bank of North America. The bank's charter was signed by John Hancock and among its early account holders were such notable figures as Paul Revere, Samuel Adams, John Hancock and Henry Knox. The bank's founders were largely made up of merchants who wanted to use a U.S., rather than British bank to send money abroad. It was first headquartered at the old Manufactory House, near Boston Common. The bank was the only bank in the city of Boston until the Union Bank (later the Bank of New England) was founded in 1792.
In 1786, the Massachusetts Bank financed the first U.S. trade mission to China, and in 1791, it financed the first voyage of an American ship to Argentina, establishing what would become a long-standing presence in Latin America. Bank of Boston would later become the largest foreign bank in several major Latin American cities.
In 1864, The Massachusetts Bank was renamed the Massachusetts National Bank.
First National Bank of Boston
First National Bank of Boston logo, c. 1921
Bank of Boston logo, c. 1982
In 1903, The Massachusetts Bank merged with The First National Bank of Boston amidst a wave of consolidation in the banking industry at the start of the 20th century. First National had been founded in 1859 as Safety Fund Bank, changing its name in 1864 when it joined the national bank system. After a year operating as The Massachusetts First National Bank of Boston, the combined firm dropped the usage of "Massachusetts" in the name.
On December 24, 1927, Bank of Boston's headquarters in Buenos Aires, Argentina, were blown up by the Italian anarchist Severino Di Giovanni, in the frame of the international campaign supporting Sacco and Vanzetti.
Despite the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the First National Bank of Boston continued to grow in 1929, purchasing the Old Colony Trust Company. However, following the passage of the Glass–Steagall legislation in 1933, which prohibited commercial banks from engaging in investment banking and securities dealing, First National Bank of Boston was forced to divest its investment banking arm, the First Boston Corporation.
In 1970 the Bank of Boston reorganized under a new holding company, First National Boston Corporation, and began a series of acquisitions of regional banks through the 1970s and 1980s. In 1978, the bank challenged a Massachusetts law limiting bank contributions to political issues. The U.S. Supreme Court sided with the bank that their First Amendment rights were being restricted, in First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti. In 1982, the bank renamed itself Bank of Boston. In 1985 Bank of Boston acquired Connecticut-based Colonial Bancorp and in 1987 acquired BankVermont Corporation.
Acquisition of BayBank to form BankBoston
By the 1990s, Bank of Boston was looking to make another large acquisition, hoping to make itself too rich to be acquired by a much larger player. However, the bank lost the bidding in 1991 for the failed Bank of New England to Fleet Bank, and its attempted merger with Shawmut Bank collapsed in early 1992. In 1994, Bank of Boston entered into discussions with Fleet about a potential merger but ultimately Fleet chose to merge with Shawmut in 1995. This merger made Fleet the largest bank in Boston and New England.
In 1995, Bank of Boston announced a merger with BayBank, another local financial institution. Although still smaller than its failed takeover targets earlier in the decade, BayBank had a strong retail banking operation, with 205 branches and over a thousand ATMs. Baybanks was founded in 1928 when a Massachusetts asset manager with controlling stakes in nine banks reorganized itself as Old Colony Trust. After successfully weathering the Great Depression, Old Colony Trust changed its name to Baystate Corporation. This reflected the widening scope of operations and services the firm provided throughout Massachusetts. In the 1950s and 1960s, Baystate engaged in an aggressive acquisitions strategy and bought more than 40 banks. In 1976 the bank's name was changed from Baystate to BayBanks, Inc. BayBanks derived 80 percent of its revenues from its retail business, with 31% of households in eastern Massachusetts, and 25% across the entire state, having at least one BayBanks account.
Following the merger, the combined Bank of Boston did regain the title as the largest bank in the city of Boston from its rival Fleet Bank although Fleet was still the larger bank overall. With the addition of BayBank's $11 billion of assets, the combined bank had total assets of over $62 billion at the end of 1996.
The combined bank, rebranded BankBoston in 1996, was a major financial institution both domestically and internationally, due in part to the Latin American holdings of Bank of Boston, where the old name was still used. Nonetheless, it would soon be subsumed by one of the many U.S. bank mergers that proliferated in the 1990s.
In August 1998 BankBoston acquired Robertson Stephens & Co. from BankAmerica Corporation for approximately $800 million. The transaction represented the second largest acquisition in company history, after the purchase of BayBank.
Bank of New York
On 26 October 1999, Bank of New York gained BankBoston Panama as its subcustodian bank in Panama. Beginning in 1996, the 1973 established BankBoston Panama provided custody services to non-resident investors in Panama.
Merger with Fleet
Boston-based Fleet Bank (originally Providence Bank, founded in Rhode Island in 1791) acquired BankBoston in 1999, on the heels of acquiring Shawmut Bank just a few years earlier. Fleet now dominated the New England market, yet saw the value in maintaining the old Bank of Boston brand in Latin America.
The combination of Fleet and BankBoston resulted in what was the eighth largest bank in the United States at the time, with assets of over $190 billion. Between the acquisitions by Fleet and BankBoston, the combined bank had consumed eight of the ten largest banks in New England at the start of the 1990s.
The merged entity, FleetBoston Financial, adopted BankBoston's former Boston headquarters as its own. The bank had branches throughout New England and the mid-Atlantic states. In 2000, FleetBoston acquired Summit Bancorp of Princeton, New Jersey. The acquisition of Summit, New Jersey's largest remaining bank at the time, vaulted FleetBoston into the #1 market-share position in the state of New Jersey and provided critical mass in the Philadelphia metro area.
Acquisition by Bank of America
In 2004, FleetBoston in turn was purchased by Bank of America, which was looking to expand its East Coast presence. Bank of America chose to unload Bank of Boston's historic Latin American assets (still branded as BankBoston), in order to focus on becoming one of the largest U.S. domestic banks.
On 17 December 2004, Bank of America sold its BankBoston (BKB) operations in Peru, Colombia, and Panama to the 1955 established Panamanian private equity bank Banco General.
In 2006, Bank of America sold all BankBoston's Brazilian assets to Brazilian bank Banco Itaú, in exchange for Itaú shares. The BankBoston name and trademarks were not part of the transaction and, as part of the sale agreement, cannot be used by Bank of America.
In August 2006, Itaú purchased BankBoston assets in Chile and Uruguay. Operations in these countries continued to use the BankBoston brand until Banco Itau completed its takeover in Chile on February 27, 2007, and in Uruguay on March 23, 2007.
In December 2006, Argentina's central bank approved Bank of America's sale of BankBoston Argentina to South Africa's Standard Bank. With the finalization of the sale on April 3, 2007, the BankBoston brand ceased to exist in any branches (in 2012 an 80% stake was sold by Standard Bank to Industrial and Commercial Bank of China).
BankBoston currently exists solely as an international private bank, a subsidiary owned by Bank of America.
See also
Banks portal
Notes
^ Banco General maintains offices in Costa Rica, has representative offices in Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Colombia and Peru and has correspondent banking with Dresdner Bank Lateinamerika AG in Panama, Banco Latinoamericano de Exportaciones SA (BLADEX) in Panama, Bank of Nova Scotia in Panama, Chase Manhattan Bank, Bank of New York, Citibank, Colonial Bank in Miami, First Union Bank in Miami, SunTrust Bank in Miami, Bank of America in Miami, Barclays Bank PLC in Miami, Banco General (Overseas) in the Cayman Islands, HSBC Bank USA in New York, HSBC Bank PLC in Panama, and others.
References
^ "November 1999". Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. 1999-11-01. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
^ "The North American Review, Volume 201", 1915.
^ Hower, Ralph M., ed. (1937). "A History of Boston's Oldest Bank". Bulletin of the Business Historical Society. 11 (6). The President and Fellows of Harvard College: 101–104. doi:10.2307/3110492. JSTOR 3110492.
^ "The Bank of New York Appoints BankBoston Panama as its Subcustodian in Panama, Expanding Network To 90 Countries". Bank of New York website. 26 October 1999. Archived from the original on 17 August 2000. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
^ "BofA offloading BKB ops in Panama, Colombia, Peru". BNAmericas website. 17 December 2004. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
^ "Información Corporativa" . Banco General (bgeneral.com) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
^ "Organigrama" . Banco General (bgeneral.com) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 February 2005. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
^ "Corresponsales" . Banco General (bgeneral.com) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 February 2005. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
^ "BankBoston Building". ICIJ. 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
^ Brazzil Magazine, 10 August 2006
^ Business News Americas, 6 March 2007
^ "Emerging Markets Economy, 26 March 2007". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 6 April 2007.
^ Boston Business Journal, 22 December 2006
^ Standard Bank, 3 April 2007 (press release)
vteBank of AmericaDivisions
Bank of America Home Loans
Bank of America Private Bank
BofA Securities
Merrill
Historical components
Banc of America Securities
Bank of America, Los Angeles
Bank of America NT&SA
Bank of Italy
Bank of New England
BankBoston
Barnett Bank
Baybank
Benj. Franklin Savings and Loan
Boatmen's Bancshares
Cassatt & Company
Central Bank and Trust
Citizens & Southern National Bank
Commercial National Bank
Continental Illinois
Countrywide Financial
E. A. Pierce & Co.
Farmers and Merchants Bank of Los Angeles
First Franklin
First Republic Bank Corporation
Fleet Bank
Fourth Financial Corporation
G. H. Walker & Co.
Gibraltar Savings and Loan
Gibraltar Savings Association
LaSalle Bank
Mercury Asset Management
MBNA/Maryland National Bank
Michigan National Bank
Montgomery Securities
National Westminster Bank USA
NationsBank
North Carolina National Bank
Provident Institution for Savings
Rainier Bancorp
Robertson Stephens
Seafirst Bank
Security Pacific Bank
Shawmut Bank
Standard Federal Bank
Sovran Bank
Summit Bancorp
Suretrade
Western Savings and Loan
White Weld & Co.
Buildings
555 California Street (San Francisco)
701 Brickell Avenue
Albuquerque Plaza
American Security and Trust Company Building (Washington, D.C.)
Bank of America Building
Baltimore
Midland
Oakland
Bank of America Center
Baltimore
Houston
Los Angeles
Norfolk
Tulsa
Bank of America Corporate Center (Charlotte)
Bank of America Plaza
Atlanta
Charlotte
Chicago
Dallas
Fort Lauderdale
St. Louis
Tampa
Bank of America Tower
Jacksonville
Manhattan
Phoenix
St. Petersburg
Boulder Towers
Hearst Tower (Charlotte)
Miami Tower
Museum Tower
Executives
Amadeo Giannini
Ken Lewis
Brian Moynihan
Category
Commons
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"FleetBoston Financial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FleetBoston_Financial"},{"link_name":"Bank of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_America"},{"link_name":"Charlotte, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina"}],"text":"BankBoston was a bank based in Boston, Massachusetts, which was created by the 1996 merger of Bank of Boston and BayBank. One of its predecessor banks started in 1784, but the merged BankBoston was short-lived, being acquired by FleetBoston Financial in 1999. In 2005, FleetBoston was purchased by, and merged into, Bank of America of Charlotte, North Carolina.After the sale of its Latin American branches in 2006, BankBoston currently exists solely as a subsidiary private bank owned by Bank of America.","title":"BankBoston"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The history of BankBoston represents the combination of dozens of banks throughout the New England region acquired over the course of more than two centuries. Among its notable predecessors were the Massachusetts Bank, the First National Bank of Boston, the Old Colony Trust Company and BayBank.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bank of North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_North_America"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"John Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Paul Revere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere"},{"link_name":"Samuel Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Adams"},{"link_name":"John Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Henry Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Knox"},{"link_name":"Manufactory House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufactory_House"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hower-3"},{"link_name":"Bank of New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_New_England"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"}],"sub_title":"The Massachusetts Bank","text":"Bank of Boston traced its roots back to The Massachusetts Bank founded in 1784. The Massachusetts Bank was the first federally chartered joint-stock owned bank in the United States and only the second bank to receive a charter in the United States, after the Bank of North America.[2] The bank's charter was signed by John Hancock and among its early account holders were such notable figures as Paul Revere, Samuel Adams, John Hancock and Henry Knox. The bank's founders were largely made up of merchants who wanted to use a U.S., rather than British bank to send money abroad. It was first headquartered at the old Manufactory House, near Boston Common.[3] The bank was the only bank in the city of Boston until the Union Bank (later the Bank of New England) was founded in 1792.In 1786, the Massachusetts Bank financed the first U.S. trade mission to China, and in 1791, it financed the first voyage of an American ship to Argentina, establishing what would become a long-standing presence in Latin America. Bank of Boston would later become the largest foreign bank in several major Latin American cities.In 1864, The Massachusetts Bank was renamed the Massachusetts National Bank.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_National_Bank_of_Boston_1921.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bank_of_Boston_1982_logo.png"},{"link_name":"national bank system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_bank_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Italian anarchist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"Severino Di Giovanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni"},{"link_name":"Sacco and Vanzetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti"},{"link_name":"Wall Street Crash of 1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929"},{"link_name":"Glass–Steagall legislation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass%E2%80%93Steagall_legislation"},{"link_name":"investment banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_banking"},{"link_name":"First Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Boston"},{"link_name":"First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_National_Bank_of_Boston_v._Bellotti"}],"sub_title":"First National Bank of Boston","text":"First National Bank of Boston logo, c. 1921Bank of Boston logo, c. 1982In 1903, The Massachusetts Bank merged with The First National Bank of Boston amidst a wave of consolidation in the banking industry at the start of the 20th century. First National had been founded in 1859 as Safety Fund Bank, changing its name in 1864 when it joined the national bank system. After a year operating as The Massachusetts First National Bank of Boston, the combined firm dropped the usage of \"Massachusetts\" in the name.On December 24, 1927, Bank of Boston's headquarters in Buenos Aires, Argentina, were blown up by the Italian anarchist Severino Di Giovanni, in the frame of the international campaign supporting Sacco and Vanzetti.Despite the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the First National Bank of Boston continued to grow in 1929, purchasing the Old Colony Trust Company. However, following the passage of the Glass–Steagall legislation in 1933, which prohibited commercial banks from engaging in investment banking and securities dealing, First National Bank of Boston was forced to divest its investment banking arm, the First Boston Corporation.In 1970 the Bank of Boston reorganized under a new holding company, First National Boston Corporation, and began a series of acquisitions of regional banks through the 1970s and 1980s. In 1978, the bank challenged a Massachusetts law limiting bank contributions to political issues. The U.S. Supreme Court sided with the bank that their First Amendment rights were being restricted, in First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti. In 1982, the bank renamed itself Bank of Boston. In 1985 Bank of Boston acquired Connecticut-based Colonial Bancorp and in 1987 acquired BankVermont Corporation.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bank of New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_New_England"},{"link_name":"Fleet Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Bank"},{"link_name":"Shawmut Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawmut_Bank"},{"link_name":"ATMs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine"},{"link_name":"Fleet Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Bank"},{"link_name":"Robertson Stephens & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertson_Stephens_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"BankAmerica Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BankAmerica_Corporation"}],"sub_title":"Acquisition of BayBank to form BankBoston","text":"By the 1990s, Bank of Boston was looking to make another large acquisition, hoping to make itself too rich to be acquired by a much larger player. However, the bank lost the bidding in 1991 for the failed Bank of New England to Fleet Bank, and its attempted merger with Shawmut Bank collapsed in early 1992. In 1994, Bank of Boston entered into discussions with Fleet about a potential merger but ultimately Fleet chose to merge with Shawmut in 1995. This merger made Fleet the largest bank in Boston and New England.In 1995, Bank of Boston announced a merger with BayBank, another local financial institution. Although still smaller than its failed takeover targets earlier in the decade, BayBank had a strong retail banking operation, with 205 branches and over a thousand ATMs. Baybanks was founded in 1928 when a Massachusetts asset manager with controlling stakes in nine banks reorganized itself as Old Colony Trust. After successfully weathering the Great Depression, Old Colony Trust changed its name to Baystate Corporation. This reflected the widening scope of operations and services the firm provided throughout Massachusetts. In the 1950s and 1960s, Baystate engaged in an aggressive acquisitions strategy and bought more than 40 banks. In 1976 the bank's name was changed from Baystate to BayBanks, Inc. BayBanks derived 80 percent of its revenues from its retail business, with 31% of households in eastern Massachusetts, and 25% across the entire state, having at least one BayBanks account.Following the merger, the combined Bank of Boston did regain the title as the largest bank in the city of Boston from its rival Fleet Bank although Fleet was still the larger bank overall. With the addition of BayBank's $11 billion of assets, the combined bank had total assets of over $62 billion at the end of 1996.The combined bank, rebranded BankBoston in 1996, was a major financial institution both domestically and internationally, due in part to the Latin American holdings of Bank of Boston, where the old name was still used. Nonetheless, it would soon be subsumed by one of the many U.S. bank mergers that proliferated in the 1990s.In August 1998 BankBoston acquired Robertson Stephens & Co. from BankAmerica Corporation for approximately $800 million. The transaction represented the second largest acquisition in company history, after the purchase of BayBank.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Bank of New York","text":"On 26 October 1999, Bank of New York gained BankBoston Panama as its subcustodian bank in Panama. Beginning in 1996, the 1973 established BankBoston Panama provided custody services to non-resident investors in Panama.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fleet Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Bank"},{"link_name":"Shawmut Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawmut_Bank"},{"link_name":"FleetBoston Financial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FleetBoston_Financial"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"Summit Bancorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_Bancorp"},{"link_name":"Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"}],"sub_title":"Merger with Fleet","text":"Boston-based Fleet Bank (originally Providence Bank, founded in Rhode Island in 1791) acquired BankBoston in 1999, on the heels of acquiring Shawmut Bank just a few years earlier. Fleet now dominated the New England market, yet saw the value in maintaining the old Bank of Boston brand in Latin America.The combination of Fleet and BankBoston resulted in what was the eighth largest bank in the United States at the time, with assets of over $190 billion. Between the acquisitions by Fleet and BankBoston, the combined bank had consumed eight of the ten largest banks in New England at the start of the 1990s.The merged entity, FleetBoston Financial, adopted BankBoston's former Boston headquarters as its own. The bank had branches throughout New England and the mid-Atlantic states. In 2000, FleetBoston acquired Summit Bancorp of Princeton, New Jersey. The acquisition of Summit, New Jersey's largest remaining bank at the time, vaulted FleetBoston into the #1 market-share position in the state of New Jersey and provided critical mass in the Philadelphia metro area.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bank of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_America"},{"link_name":"Banco General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_General_(Panam%C3%A1)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Bank of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_America"},{"link_name":"Banco Itaú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_Itau"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Standard Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Bank"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Industrial and Commercial Bank of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_and_Commercial_Bank_of_China"}],"sub_title":"Acquisition by Bank of America","text":"In 2004, FleetBoston in turn was purchased by Bank of America, which was looking to expand its East Coast presence. Bank of America chose to unload Bank of Boston's historic Latin American assets (still branded as BankBoston), in order to focus on becoming one of the largest U.S. domestic banks.On 17 December 2004, Bank of America sold its BankBoston (BKB) operations in Peru, Colombia, and Panama to the 1955 established Panamanian private equity bank Banco General.[5][a]In 2006, Bank of America sold all BankBoston's Brazilian assets to Brazilian bank Banco Itaú, in exchange for Itaú shares. The BankBoston name and trademarks were not part of the transaction and, as part of the sale agreement, cannot be used by Bank of America.\nIn August 2006, Itaú purchased BankBoston assets in Chile and Uruguay.[10] Operations in these countries continued to use the BankBoston brand until Banco Itau completed its takeover in Chile on February 27, 2007,[11] and in Uruguay on March 23, 2007.[12]In December 2006, Argentina's central bank approved Bank of America's sale of BankBoston Argentina to South Africa's Standard Bank.[13] With the finalization of the sale on April 3, 2007,[14] the BankBoston brand ceased to exist in any branches (in 2012 an 80% stake was sold by Standard Bank to Industrial and Commercial Bank of China).BankBoston currently exists solely as an international private bank, a subsidiary owned by Bank of America.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Banco General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_General_(Panam%C3%A1)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"^ Banco General maintains offices in Costa Rica, has representative offices in Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Colombia and Peru and has correspondent banking with Dresdner Bank Lateinamerika AG in Panama, Banco Latinoamericano de Exportaciones SA (BLADEX) in Panama, Bank of Nova Scotia in Panama, Chase Manhattan Bank, Bank of New York, Citibank, Colonial Bank in Miami, First Union Bank in Miami, SunTrust Bank in Miami, Bank of America in Miami, Barclays Bank PLC in Miami, Banco General (Overseas) in the Cayman Islands, HSBC Bank USA in New York, HSBC Bank PLC in Panama, and others.[6][7][8][9]","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"First National Bank of Boston logo, c. 1921","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/First_National_Bank_of_Boston_1921.png/220px-First_National_Bank_of_Boston_1921.png"},{"image_text":"Bank of Boston logo, c. 1982","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7e/Bank_of_Boston_1982_logo.png/220px-Bank_of_Boston_1982_logo.png"}]
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[{"title":"Banks portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Banks"}]
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[{"reference":"\"November 1999\". Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. 1999-11-01. Retrieved 2023-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonfed.org/publications/bank-notes/xxviii/november-1999.aspx","url_text":"\"November 1999\""}]},{"reference":"Hower, Ralph M., ed. (1937). \"A History of Boston's Oldest Bank\". Bulletin of the Business Historical Society. 11 (6). The President and Fellows of Harvard College: 101–104. doi:10.2307/3110492. JSTOR 3110492.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3110492","url_text":"10.2307/3110492"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3110492","url_text":"3110492"}]},{"reference":"\"The Bank of New York Appoints BankBoston Panama as its Subcustodian in Panama, Expanding Network To 90 Countries\". Bank of New York website. 26 October 1999. Archived from the original on 17 August 2000. Retrieved 6 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000817053946/http://www.bankofny.com/pressrel/bbp102699.htm","url_text":"\"The Bank of New York Appoints BankBoston Panama as its Subcustodian in Panama, Expanding Network To 90 Countries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_New_York","url_text":"Bank of New York"},{"url":"http://www.bankofny.com/pressrel/bbp102699.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BofA offloading BKB ops in Panama, Colombia, Peru\". BNAmericas website. 17 December 2004. Retrieved 6 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bnamericas.com/en/news/BofA_offloading_BKB_ops_in_Panama,_Colombia,_Peru","url_text":"\"BofA offloading BKB ops in Panama, Colombia, Peru\""}]},{"reference":"\"Información Corporativa\" [Corporate Information]. Banco General (bgeneral.com) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210807005858/https://www.bgeneral.com/informacion-corporativa/","url_text":"\"Información Corporativa\""},{"url":"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_General_(Panam%C3%A1)","url_text":"Banco General"},{"url":"https://www.bgeneral.com/informacion-corporativa/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Organigrama\" [Organizational chart]. Banco General (bgeneral.com) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 February 2005. Retrieved 6 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050213105811/http://www.bgeneral.com/bgespanol/acerca/organigrama.htm","url_text":"\"Organigrama\""},{"url":"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_General_(Panam%C3%A1)","url_text":"Banco General"},{"url":"http://www.bgeneral.com/bgespanol/acerca/organigrama.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Corresponsales\" [Correspondent]. Banco General (bgeneral.com) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 February 2005. Retrieved 6 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050213070438/http://www.bgeneral.com/bgespanol/acerca/Corresponsales.htm","url_text":"\"Corresponsales\""},{"url":"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_General_(Panam%C3%A1)","url_text":"Banco General"},{"url":"http://www.bgeneral.com/bgespanol/acerca/Corresponsales.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BankBoston Building\". ICIJ. 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://offshoreleaks.icij.org/nodes/12208689","url_text":"\"BankBoston Building\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Consortium_of_Investigative_Journalists","url_text":"ICIJ"}]},{"reference":"\"Emerging Markets Economy, 26 March 2007\". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 6 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929023146/http://www.emeconomy.com/Latin_America/-Moody__s_rates_BankBoston_Uruguay_S_A_.htm","url_text":"\"Emerging Markets Economy, 26 March 2007\""},{"url":"http://www.emeconomy.com/Latin_America/-Moody__s_rates_BankBoston_Uruguay_S_A_.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Somerset
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Economy of Somerset
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["1 Industry","2 Defence industries","3 Agriculture and food and drink","4 Clothing","5 Mining and quarrying","6 Tourism","7 Regional gross value","8 References"]
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The Market cross in Shepton Mallet
Somerset is a county in the south west of England. It is a rural county and transport infrastructure has been significant in industrial development. There is some heavy industry particularly related to the defence technologies and the county has several centres for stone quarrying, although the coalfield is now closed.
Agriculture and textile production continue to provide employment along with tourism.
Industry
AgustaWestland EH101 manufactured by AgustaWestland in Yeovil
Somerset has few industrial centres. Bridgwater was developed during the Industrial Revolution as the West Country's leading port. The River Parrett was navigable by large ships as far as Bridgwater. By then loading the cargoes onto smaller boats at Langport Quay, next to the Bridgwater Bridge, they could be carried further up river to Langport. The Parrett is now only navigable as far as Dunball Wharf; and the wharf is still in use today to unload marine gravels and sands. Bridgwater, in the 19th and 20th centuries, was a centre for the manufacture of bricks and clay roof tiles, Bath bricks and later cellophane, but those industries have now closed. With its good links to the motorway system, Bridgwater has developed as a distribution hub for companies such as Argos, Toolstation and Gerber Juice.
The Somerset Levels has historically been a large producer of peat, but ecological concerns have led to the search for alternative materials for applications, such as potting of plants.
AgustaWestland manufacture helicopters in Yeovil. Helicopters were also built at Weston-super-Mare; it is now the home of a helicopter museum - The Helicopter Museum. Normalair Garratt, who built aircraft oxygen systems, are also based in the town; the company is now part of Honeywell Aerospace.
Many towns have encouraged small-scale light industries, such as Crewkerne's Ariel Motor Company, one of the UK's smallest car manufacturers.
Defence industries
Somerset was, and is, an important supplier of equipment and technology to support the defence of United Kingdom. A Royal Ordnance Factory, ROF Bridgwater was built at the start of the Second World War, between the villages of Puriton and Woolavington, to manufacture explosives; and in 2007 is still operating, at a much reduced output, as part of BAE Systems Land Systems and is due to close completely in 2008. Templecombe has Thales Underwater Systems; and Taunton presently has the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office and Avimo, which became part of Thales Optics. It has been announced twice, in 2006 and 2007, that manufacturing is to end at Thales Optics' Taunton site, but the Trade Unions and Taunton Deane District Council are working to reverse or mitigate these decisions. Bath had Ministry of Defence offices across several parts of the city but these had closed and transferred to Filton's Abbey Wood site near Bristol by March 2013; and Norton Fitzwarren is the home of 40 Commando. Other high-technology companies include the optics company Gooch and Housego, at Ilminster.
Agriculture and food and drink
Cheddar cheese
Agriculture and food and drink production continue to be major industries in the county, employing over 15,000 people. Apple orchards were once plentiful, and Somerset is still a major producer of cider. The towns of Taunton and Shepton Mallet are involved with the production of cider, especially Blackthorn Cider, which is sold nationwide, and there are specialist producers such as Sheppy's Cider Burrow Hill Cider Farm and Thatchers Cider. Gerber Products Company in Bridgwater are the largest producer of fruit juices in Europe, producing brands such as 'Sunny Delight' and 'Ocean Spray'. Development of the milk-based industries, such as Yeo Valley Organic, has resulted in the production of ranges of desserts, yoghurts and cheeses,
including Cheddar cheese – some of which has the West Country Farmhouse Cheddar PDO.
Clothing
The Dunster Yarn Market was built in 1609 for the trading of local cloth
Towns such as Castle Cary and Frome grew around the medieval weaving industry. Street developed as a centre for the production of woollen slippers and, later, boots and shoes, with C&J Clark establishing its headquarters in the town. C&J Clark's shoes are no longer manufactured there as the work was transferred to lower-wage areas in Asia, such as China. Instead, in 1993, redundant factory buildings were converted to form Clarks Village, the first purpose built factory outlet in the UK. C&J Clark also had shoe factories, at one time at Bath, Bridgwater and Minehead, to provide employment outside of the main summer tourist season, but these satellite sites had been closed, in the late 1980s, before the main site at Street. Dr. Martens shoes were also made in Somerset, by the Northampton-based R. Griggs Group, using redundant skilled shoemakers from C&J Clark; this work has also been transferred to Asia.
Mining and quarrying
Coal mining was an important industry in north Somerset during the 18th and 19th centuries, and by 1800 it was prominent in Radstock. The Somerset Coalfield reached its peak production by the 1920s. All the pits have now been closed, the last in 1973. Most of the surface buildings have been removed, and apart from a winding wheel outside Radstock Museum, little evidence of their former existence remains. Further west, the Brendon Hills were mined for iron ore in the late 19th century; this was taken by the West Somerset Mineral Railway to Watchet Harbour for shipment to the furnaces at Ebbw Vale in south Wales.
The county has a long tradition of supplying freestone and building stone. Quarries at Doulting supplied the freestone used in the construction of Wells Cathedral. Bath stone is also widely used. Ralph Allen promoted its use in the early 18th century, but it was used locally long before then. It was mined underground at Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines, and as a result of cutting the Box Tunnel, at various locations in Wiltshire, including Box. Bath stone is still used today, on a reduced scale; but more often as a cladding, rather than a structural material.
Further south, Hamstone is the colloquial name given to stone from Ham Hill, which is also widely used in the construction industry.
Blue Lias has been used locally as a building stone; and as a raw material for lime mortar and Portland cement. Puriton up to the 1960s had Blue Lias stone quarries, as did several other Polden Villages. Its quarries also supplied a Lime mortar and Portland cement factory at Dunball, adjacent to the King's Sedgemoor Drain. Its derelict, early 20th century, remains were removed when the M5 motorway was constructed in the mid-1970s. Keinton Mandeville was also heavily involved in quarrying; the village's quarries are now abandoned, but they are still remembered in the name of a Public House. Quarrying of blue lias is still undertaken at Charlton Mackrell and Charlton Adam.
Since the 1920s, the county has supplied aggregates. Foster Yeoman is Europe's large supplier of limestone aggregates, with quarries at Merehead Quarry. It has a dedicated railway operation, Mendip Rail, which is used to transport aggregates by rail from a group of Mendip quarries.
Tourism
Bishops Lydeard station on the West Somerset Railway.
Much of the county is scenic and unspoilt. Tourism is a major industry, estimated in 2001 to support around 23,000 people.
Attractions include the coastal towns, from the west to the north east, Minehead, Watchet, Burnham-on-Sea, Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon and Portishead, with their various piers and beaches. Inland the county includes part of the Exmoor National Park, the West Somerset Railway (a heritage railway), and the museum of the Fleet Air Arm at RNAS Yeovilton. The town of Glastonbury has mythical associations, and the annual open-air Glastonbury Festival (actually in Pilton), while the Cheddar Gorge has show caves open to visitors, as well as its locally produced cheese, although there is now only one cheese maker remaining in the village of Cheddar.
Regional gross value
Regional gross value added by the non-metropolitan county of Somerset at current basic prices. Figures are in millions of British pounds sterling.
Year
Regional Gross Value Added
Agriculture
Industry
Services
1995
4,601
298
1,608
2,695
2000
5,872
199
1,936
3,737
2003
6,586
215
1,956
4,416
Notes
Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Includes hunting and forestry
Includes energy and construction
Includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured
References
Somerset portal
^ Lawrence, J.F. (2005). A History of Bridgwater. (revised and compiled by J.C. Lawrence) Chichester: Phillimore & Co. ISBN 1-86077-363-X.
^ "Shock at factory closure news". This is the West Country. Archived from the original on 25 October 2008. Retrieved 29 October 2007.
^ "Mini profiles of the key industrial sectors in Somerset". Celebrating Somerset. Archived from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 26 October 2007.
^ "Clarks ends shoemaking in Somerset". BBC Somerset. Retrieved 29 October 2007.
^ "A Brief History of the Bristol and Somerset Coalfield". The Mines of the Bristol and Somerset Coalfield. Archived from the original on 17 January 2009. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
^ Cornwell, John (2005). Collieries of Somerset & Bristol. Ashbourne, Derbyshire: Landmark Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-84306-170-8.
^ Jones, M.H. (2011). The Brendon Hiills Iron Mines and the West Somerset Mineral Railway. Lightmoor Press. ISBN 978-1-899889-53-2.
^ a b Hudson (1971). The Fashionable Stone. Bath: Adams & Dart. ISBN 0-239-00066-8
^ Bezzant, Norman (1980). Out of the Rock... London: William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 0-434-06900-0
^ Perkins, J.W., Brooks, A.T. and McR. Pearce, A.E. (1979). Bath Stone: a quarry history. Cardiff: Department of Extra-mural Studies, University College Cardiff. ISBN 0-906230-26-8
^ (1998).Images of England: Bridgwater (Compiled from the collections at Admiral Blake Museum). Stroud: Tempus Publishing. ISBN 0-7524-1049-0
^ "Employers in Somerset". Somerset Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on 4 September 2006. Retrieved 28 May 2006.
^ "Regional Gross Value Added (pp.240-253)" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2007. Retrieved 17 October 2007.
vte Ceremonial county of SomersetSomerset PortalUnitary authorities
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Somerset_sm_market.jpg"},{"link_name":"Market cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_cross"},{"link_name":"Shepton Mallet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepton_Mallet"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"heavy industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_industry"}],"text":"The Market cross in Shepton MalletSomerset is a county in the south west of England. It is a rural county and transport infrastructure has been significant in industrial development. There is some heavy industry particularly related to the defence technologies and the county has several centres for stone quarrying, although the coalfield is now closed.Agriculture and textile production continue to provide employment along with tourism.","title":"Economy of Somerset"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zj128-merlin.jpg"},{"link_name":"AgustaWestland EH101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgustaWestland_EH101"},{"link_name":"AgustaWestland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgustaWestland"},{"link_name":"Yeovil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeovil"},{"link_name":"Bridgwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgwater"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"River Parrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Parrett"},{"link_name":"Langport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lawrence-1"},{"link_name":"Dunball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunball"},{"link_name":"marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_(ocean)"},{"link_name":"bricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick"},{"link_name":"tiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiles"},{"link_name":"Bath bricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_brick"},{"link_name":"cellophane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellophane"},{"link_name":"Argos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argos_(retailer)"},{"link_name":"Somerset Levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_Levels"},{"link_name":"peat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat"},{"link_name":"potting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potting_(horticulture)"},{"link_name":"plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants"},{"link_name":"AgustaWestland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgustaWestland"},{"link_name":"Yeovil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeovil"},{"link_name":"Weston-super-Mare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston-super-Mare"},{"link_name":"The Helicopter Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Helicopter_Museum"},{"link_name":"Normalair Garratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalair"},{"link_name":"Honeywell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell"},{"link_name":"light industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_industry"},{"link_name":"Crewkerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewkerne"},{"link_name":"Ariel Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Ltd"}],"text":"AgustaWestland EH101 manufactured by AgustaWestland in YeovilSomerset has few industrial centres. Bridgwater was developed during the Industrial Revolution as the West Country's leading port. The River Parrett was navigable by large ships as far as Bridgwater. By then loading the cargoes onto smaller boats at Langport Quay, next to the Bridgwater Bridge, they could be carried further up river to Langport.[1] The Parrett is now only navigable as far as Dunball Wharf; and the wharf is still in use today to unload marine gravels and sands. Bridgwater, in the 19th and 20th centuries, was a centre for the manufacture of bricks and clay roof tiles, Bath bricks and later cellophane, but those industries have now closed. With its good links to the motorway system, Bridgwater has developed as a distribution hub for companies such as Argos, Toolstation and Gerber Juice.The Somerset Levels has historically been a large producer of peat, but ecological concerns have led to the search for alternative materials for applications, such as potting of plants.AgustaWestland manufacture helicopters in Yeovil. Helicopters were also built at Weston-super-Mare; it is now the home of a helicopter museum - The Helicopter Museum. Normalair Garratt, who built aircraft oxygen systems, are also based in the town; the company is now part of Honeywell Aerospace.Many towns have encouraged small-scale light industries, such as Crewkerne's Ariel Motor Company, one of the UK's smallest car manufacturers.","title":"Industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Ordnance Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ordnance_Factory"},{"link_name":"ROF Bridgwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROF_Bridgwater"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Puriton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puriton"},{"link_name":"Woolavington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolavington"},{"link_name":"BAE Systems Land Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Systems_Land_Systems"},{"link_name":"Templecombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templecombe"},{"link_name":"Thales Underwater Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_Underwater_Systems"},{"link_name":"Taunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunton"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom Hydrographic Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Hydrographic_Office"},{"link_name":"Avimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avimo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Trade Unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_Unions"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Norton Fitzwarren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Fitzwarren"},{"link_name":"40 Commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_Commando_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Ilminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilminster"}],"text":"Somerset was, and is, an important supplier of equipment and technology to support the defence of United Kingdom. A Royal Ordnance Factory, ROF Bridgwater was built at the start of the Second World War, between the villages of Puriton and Woolavington, to manufacture explosives; and in 2007 is still operating, at a much reduced output, as part of BAE Systems Land Systems and is due to close completely in 2008. Templecombe has Thales Underwater Systems; and Taunton presently has the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office and Avimo, which became part of Thales Optics. It has been announced twice, in 2006 and 2007, that manufacturing is to end at Thales Optics' Taunton site,[2] but the Trade Unions and Taunton Deane District Council are working to reverse or mitigate these decisions. Bath had Ministry of Defence offices across several parts of the city but these had closed and transferred to Filton's Abbey Wood site near Bristol by March 2013; and Norton Fitzwarren is the home of 40 Commando. Other high-technology companies include the optics company Gooch and Housego, at Ilminster.","title":"Defence industries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Somerset-Cheddar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cheddar cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheddar_cheese"},{"link_name":"cider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider"},{"link_name":"Shepton Mallet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepton_Mallet"},{"link_name":"Blackthorn Cider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackthorn_Cider"},{"link_name":"Sheppy's Cider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sheppyscider.com/"},{"link_name":"Burrow Hill Cider Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrow_Hill_Cider_Farm"},{"link_name":"Thatchers Cider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatchers_Cider"},{"link_name":"Gerber Products Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerber_Products_Company"},{"link_name":"Sunny Delight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SunnyD"},{"link_name":"Yeo Valley Organic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeo_Valley_Organic"},{"link_name":"yoghurts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoghurt"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cheddar cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheddar_cheese"},{"link_name":"PDO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_designation_of_origin"}],"text":"Cheddar cheeseAgriculture and food and drink production continue to be major industries in the county, employing over 15,000 people. Apple orchards were once plentiful, and Somerset is still a major producer of cider. The towns of Taunton and Shepton Mallet are involved with the production of cider, especially Blackthorn Cider, which is sold nationwide, and there are specialist producers such as Sheppy's Cider Burrow Hill Cider Farm and Thatchers Cider. Gerber Products Company in Bridgwater are the largest producer of fruit juices in Europe, producing brands such as 'Sunny Delight' and 'Ocean Spray'. Development of the milk-based industries, such as Yeo Valley Organic, has resulted in the production of ranges of desserts, yoghurts and cheeses,[3]\nincluding Cheddar cheese – some of which has the West Country Farmhouse Cheddar PDO.","title":"Agriculture and food and drink"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Somerset.dunster.arp.750pix.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dunster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunster"},{"link_name":"Castle Cary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Cary"},{"link_name":"Frome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frome"},{"link_name":"weaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaving"},{"link_name":"Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"slippers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipper"},{"link_name":"boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot"},{"link_name":"shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoe"},{"link_name":"C&J Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%26J_Clark"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Clarks Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarks_Village"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Minehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minehead"},{"link_name":"Dr. Martens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Martens"},{"link_name":"Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton"},{"link_name":"redundant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layoff"}],"text":"The Dunster Yarn Market was built in 1609 for the trading of local clothTowns such as Castle Cary and Frome grew around the medieval weaving industry. Street developed as a centre for the production of woollen slippers and, later, boots and shoes, with C&J Clark establishing its headquarters in the town. C&J Clark's shoes are no longer manufactured there as the work was transferred to lower-wage areas in Asia, such as China.[4] Instead, in 1993, redundant factory buildings were converted to form Clarks Village, the first purpose built factory outlet in the UK. C&J Clark also had shoe factories, at one time at Bath, Bridgwater and Minehead, to provide employment outside of the main summer tourist season, but these satellite sites had been closed, in the late 1980s, before the main site at Street. Dr. Martens shoes were also made in Somerset, by the Northampton-based R. Griggs Group, using redundant skilled shoemakers from C&J Clark; this work has also been transferred to Asia.","title":"Clothing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radstock"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Somerset Coalfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_Coalfield"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cornwell-6"},{"link_name":"Radstock Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radstock_Museum"},{"link_name":"Brendon Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendon_Hills"},{"link_name":"West Somerset Mineral Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Somerset_Mineral_Railway"},{"link_name":"Watchet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchet"},{"link_name":"Ebbw Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebbw_Vale"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"freestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestone_(masonry)"},{"link_name":"building stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Building_stone"},{"link_name":"Doulting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doulting"},{"link_name":"Wells Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wells_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Bath stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_stone"},{"link_name":"Ralph Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Allen"},{"link_name":"Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combe_Down_and_Bathampton_Down_Mines"},{"link_name":"Box Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box,_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hudson-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bezzant-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perkins-10"},{"link_name":"cladding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladding_(construction)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hudson-8"},{"link_name":"Hamstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamstone"},{"link_name":"Ham Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham_Hill_Country_Park"},{"link_name":"Blue Lias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Lias"},{"link_name":"lime mortar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_mortar"},{"link_name":"Portland cement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_cement"},{"link_name":"Puriton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puriton"},{"link_name":"Polden Villages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polden_Hills"},{"link_name":"Dunball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunball"},{"link_name":"King's Sedgemoor Drain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Sedgemoor_Drain"},{"link_name":"M5 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M5_motorway"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-image-11"},{"link_name":"Keinton Mandeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keinton_Mandeville"},{"link_name":"Charlton Mackrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_Mackrell"},{"link_name":"Charlton Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_Adam"},{"link_name":"aggregates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_aggregate"},{"link_name":"Foster Yeoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_Yeoman"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"Merehead Quarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr_Works"},{"link_name":"Mendip Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendip_Rail"},{"link_name":"Mendip quarries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarries_of_the_Mendip_Hills"}],"text":"Coal mining was an important industry in north Somerset during the 18th and 19th centuries, and by 1800 it was prominent in Radstock.[5] The Somerset Coalfield reached its peak production by the 1920s. All the pits have now been closed, the last in 1973.[6] Most of the surface buildings have been removed, and apart from a winding wheel outside Radstock Museum, little evidence of their former existence remains. Further west, the Brendon Hills were mined for iron ore in the late 19th century; this was taken by the West Somerset Mineral Railway to Watchet Harbour for shipment to the furnaces at Ebbw Vale in south Wales.[7]The county has a long tradition of supplying freestone and building stone. Quarries at Doulting supplied the freestone used in the construction of Wells Cathedral. Bath stone is also widely used. Ralph Allen promoted its use in the early 18th century, but it was used locally long before then. It was mined underground at Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines, and as a result of cutting the Box Tunnel, at various locations in Wiltshire, including Box.[8][9][10] Bath stone is still used today, on a reduced scale; but more often as a cladding, rather than a structural material.[8]Further south, Hamstone is the colloquial name given to stone from Ham Hill, which is also widely used in the construction industry.Blue Lias has been used locally as a building stone; and as a raw material for lime mortar and Portland cement. Puriton up to the 1960s had Blue Lias stone quarries, as did several other Polden Villages. Its quarries also supplied a Lime mortar and Portland cement factory at Dunball, adjacent to the King's Sedgemoor Drain. Its derelict, early 20th century, remains were removed when the M5 motorway was constructed in the mid-1970s.[11] Keinton Mandeville was also heavily involved in quarrying; the village's quarries are now abandoned, but they are still remembered in the name of a Public House. Quarrying of blue lias is still undertaken at Charlton Mackrell and Charlton Adam.Since the 1920s, the county has supplied aggregates. Foster Yeoman is Europe's large supplier of limestone aggregates, with quarries at Merehead Quarry. It has a dedicated railway operation, Mendip Rail, which is used to transport aggregates by rail from a group of Mendip quarries.","title":"Mining and quarrying"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Westsom.rail.5224.750pix.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bishops Lydeard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishops_Lydeard"},{"link_name":"West Somerset Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Somerset_Railway"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tourism-12"},{"link_name":"Minehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minehead"},{"link_name":"Watchet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchet"},{"link_name":"Burnham-on-Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnham-on-Sea"},{"link_name":"Weston-super-Mare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston-super-Mare"},{"link_name":"Clevedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clevedon"},{"link_name":"Portishead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portishead,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Exmoor National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmoor_National_Park"},{"link_name":"West Somerset Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Somerset_Railway"},{"link_name":"heritage railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_railway"},{"link_name":"Fleet Air Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm"},{"link_name":"RNAS Yeovilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAS_Yeovilton_(HMS_Heron)"},{"link_name":"Glastonbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury"},{"link_name":"Glastonbury Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival"},{"link_name":"Pilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilton,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"show caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_cave"},{"link_name":"Cheddar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheddar,_Somerset"}],"text":"Bishops Lydeard station on the West Somerset Railway.Much of the county is scenic and unspoilt. Tourism is a major industry, estimated in 2001 to support around 23,000 people.[12] \nAttractions include the coastal towns, from the west to the north east, Minehead, Watchet, Burnham-on-Sea, Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon and Portishead, with their various piers and beaches. Inland the county includes part of the Exmoor National Park, the West Somerset Railway (a heritage railway), and the museum of the Fleet Air Arm at RNAS Yeovilton. The town of Glastonbury has mythical associations, and the annual open-air Glastonbury Festival (actually in Pilton), while the Cheddar Gorge has show caves open to visitors, as well as its locally produced cheese, although there is now only one cheese maker remaining in the village of Cheddar.","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[A]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_RoundingA"},{"link_name":"[B]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_AgricultureB"},{"link_name":"[C]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_IndustryC"},{"link_name":"[D]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_ServicesD"}],"text":"Notes[A]Components may not sum to totals due to rounding\n[B]Includes hunting and forestry\n[C]Includes energy and construction\n[D]Includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured","title":"Regional gross value"}]
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[{"image_text":"The Market cross in Shepton Mallet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Somerset_sm_market.jpg/220px-Somerset_sm_market.jpg"},{"image_text":"AgustaWestland EH101 manufactured by AgustaWestland in Yeovil","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Zj128-merlin.jpg/220px-Zj128-merlin.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cheddar cheese","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Somerset-Cheddar.jpg/220px-Somerset-Cheddar.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Dunster Yarn Market was built in 1609 for the trading of local cloth","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Somerset.dunster.arp.750pix.jpg/220px-Somerset.dunster.arp.750pix.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bishops Lydeard station on the West Somerset Railway.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Westsom.rail.5224.750pix.jpg/220px-Westsom.rail.5224.750pix.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Shock at factory closure news\". This is the West Country. Archived from the original on 25 October 2008. Retrieved 29 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081025032744/http://archive.thisisthewestcountry.co.uk/2006/11/9/70222.html","url_text":"\"Shock at factory closure news\""},{"url":"http://archive.thisisthewestcountry.co.uk/2006/11/9/70222.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mini profiles of the key industrial sectors in Somerset\". Celebrating Somerset. Archived from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 26 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080915132227/http://www.burrows.co.uk/somerset/09WorM.htm","url_text":"\"Mini profiles of the key industrial sectors in Somerset\""},{"url":"http://www.burrows.co.uk/somerset/09WorM.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Clarks ends shoemaking in Somerset\". BBC Somerset. Retrieved 29 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/somerset/content/articles/2005/01/10/clarks_feature.shtml","url_text":"\"Clarks ends shoemaking in Somerset\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Brief History of the Bristol and Somerset Coalfield\". The Mines of the Bristol and Somerset Coalfield. Archived from the original on 17 January 2009. Retrieved 22 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://projects.exeter.ac.uk/mhn/b_s_coal/coal_text.htm","url_text":"\"A Brief History of the Bristol and Somerset Coalfield\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090117010102/http://projects.exeter.ac.uk/mhn/b_s_coal/coal_text.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cornwell, John (2005). Collieries of Somerset & Bristol. Ashbourne, Derbyshire: Landmark Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-84306-170-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84306-170-8","url_text":"1-84306-170-8"}]},{"reference":"Jones, M.H. (2011). The Brendon Hiills Iron Mines and the West Somerset Mineral Railway. Lightmoor Press. ISBN 978-1-899889-53-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-899889-53-2","url_text":"978-1-899889-53-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Employers in Somerset\". Somerset Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on 4 September 2006. Retrieved 28 May 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060904091706/http://www.somerset-chamber.co.uk/somerset_employers.htm","url_text":"\"Employers in Somerset\""},{"url":"http://www.somerset-chamber.co.uk/somerset_employers.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Regional Gross Value Added (pp.240-253)\" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2007. Retrieved 17 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071201002538/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf","url_text":"\"Regional Gross Value Added (pp.240-253)\""},{"url":"http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.sheppyscider.com/","external_links_name":"Sheppy's Cider"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081025032744/http://archive.thisisthewestcountry.co.uk/2006/11/9/70222.html","external_links_name":"\"Shock at factory closure news\""},{"Link":"http://archive.thisisthewestcountry.co.uk/2006/11/9/70222.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080915132227/http://www.burrows.co.uk/somerset/09WorM.htm","external_links_name":"\"Mini profiles of the key industrial sectors in Somerset\""},{"Link":"http://www.burrows.co.uk/somerset/09WorM.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/somerset/content/articles/2005/01/10/clarks_feature.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Clarks ends shoemaking in Somerset\""},{"Link":"http://projects.exeter.ac.uk/mhn/b_s_coal/coal_text.htm","external_links_name":"\"A Brief History of the Bristol and Somerset Coalfield\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090117010102/http://projects.exeter.ac.uk/mhn/b_s_coal/coal_text.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060904091706/http://www.somerset-chamber.co.uk/somerset_employers.htm","external_links_name":"\"Employers in Somerset\""},{"Link":"http://www.somerset-chamber.co.uk/somerset_employers.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071201002538/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Regional Gross Value Added (pp.240-253)\""},{"Link":"http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion_(musician)
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DJ Champion
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["1 Early music career","2 Work as DJ Champion","2.1 Chill'em All","2.2 Musical projects from 2006 to 2008","2.3 Resistance","2.4 Illness and recovery","3 G Strings","3.1 Current members","3.2 Past members","4 Discography","5 Singles chart positions","6 References","7 External links"]
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"Champion (musician)" redirects here. For the Seattle punk band, see Champion (band).
DJ ChampionDJ Champion at Place des festivals in Montreal, on September 7, 2009Background informationBirth nameMaxime MorinBorn (1969-09-23) 23 September 1969 (age 54)OriginMontreal, Quebec, CanadaGenresElectronica, rock, trip hop, big beatOccupation(s)Musician, composer, songwriter, session musicianInstrument(s)Electric guitar, bass guitar, music sequencer, drums, samplerYears active1994–presentLabelsBonsoundWebsitehttp://www.djchampion.ca/Musical artist
Maxime Morin (born c. 1969), is a Canadian multi-instrumentalist, better known for his work in electronic music under the name DJ Champion or simply Champion. Morin is based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Early music career
Maxime Morin began playing guitar at age 13, playing mostly heavy metal music. He went on to play in a few punk and metal bands, but by the age of 25 he found himself moving away from metal and gravitating towards techno. The transition was a gradual one: "Totally, I was like 'Dance music is crap!' So it was actually a big liberation, to lose my fear of dance music," said Morin in a 2004 interview. Morin's girlfriend at the time took him to a warehouse show and soon he began to attend techno Sundays at Les Foufounes Électriques, a Montreal nightclub better known in the 1980s and 90s for booking punk and alternative rock acts. By 1994 Morin began producing his own dance music and was performing around the Montreal club scene under the names Le Max and Mad Max. By about age 27 he stopped playing guitar altogether.
In the late 1990s, Québécois composer Benoît Charest attended a Mad Max performance; after the show Charest approached Morin with a business proposal; the two men went on to become co-owners of Ben & Max Studios—a company specializing in jingles and soundtracks. Ben & Max Studios became quite successful, however in 2001 Morin sold his share in the company back to Charest in order to continue his own personal musical career. Even after leaving their business partnership, Morin remained in close contact with Charest who was working on the score for the 2003 animated film, The Triplets of Belleville (Les Triplettes de Belleville). Morin would go on to perform the bass and percussion on the song "Belleville Rendez-vous" and he also performed the song live, along with Charest and vocalist Béatrice (Betty) Bonifassi, at the 76th Academy Awards ceremony—Morin played percussion on a bicycle during the live performance. One of the main protagonists in Les Triplettes de Belleville is an aspiring cyclist who happens to be named Champion; Morin has stated that he was already performing under that name before the film was even created.
Work as DJ Champion
By 2001 Morin had become frustrated with commercial music work. As part owner of Ben & Max Studios he was making quite a good living producing music for advertising and film, but he also felt "empty." He decided to leave that world to focus on more personal music. He decided to move in a musical direction where he could combine "the two things that made feel good: Live electronics and guitars ..." He also chose to change his performance name from Mad Max to DJ Champion as a way to poke fun at the growing dance music scene and the resulting outbreak of DJs: "Everybody wanted to be a DJ and wanted to know 'Who's the best DJ?' I was like, 'I don't give a damn about all that crap now. I'm DJ Champion."
The DJ Champion sound was formed by experimenting with the software music sequencer Ableton Live, which is specially designed for live DJing and arranging sounds. He would then layer the digitally produced beats and sounds with guitar loops. During live performances he and his live band would tour as "Champion et ses G Strings" ("Champion and his G Strings"). His live act often consists of four guitarists, one bassist, a vocalist, and Morin working at his laptop and conducting the band. On occasion Morin has also played live drums.
Chill'em All
2005 saw the release of DJ Champion's debut album, Chill'em All. The album included the hit single "No Heaven" — a soulful and bluesy song set against heavy dance beats and noisy guitar riffs. Inspired by Negro Songs of Protest recorded by music collector Lawrence Gellert, Béatrice "Betty" Bonifassi (with whom Morin had previously collaborated on the Les Triplettes de Belleville soundtrack) sings a plaintive tune reminiscent of the work songs sung by the chain-gangs of the American South in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. "I heard Betty singing those blues songs, and she was the girl for that job," said Morin. The single "No Heaven" was used in both a trailer and the ending credits of Gearbox Software's 2009 video game Borderlands, and is used in the opening credits of the television series The Line and the ending credits of the game Army of Two.
Chill'em All won an ADISQ Félix Award in 2005 for "Album of the Year" in the electronic/techno category and was nominated for "Best Dance Recording" at the 2006 Juno Awards. The single "No Heaven" was nominated at the 2006 CASBY Awards in the category "Favourite New Song" and won the SOCAN prize for Dance Music in 2007. DJ Champion's indie debut went on to sell over 100,000 copies across Canada.
Musical projects from 2006 to 2008
In 2006, Morin released The Remix Album, an album featuring remixes of tracks from "Chill'em All" by such guest musicians as Akufen and Patrick Watson. The Remix Album garnered Morin another ADISQ Félix Award for "Show of the Year" and it was also nominated for Dance Recording of the Year at the 2007 Juno Awards. Morin and Bonifassi worked together again on a version of 1957 Screamin' Jay Hawkins hit "I Put a Spell on You"; it was used as the theme song of the Québécois film Truffe which premiered at the Fantasia Festival in January 2008.
Resistance
In the winter of 2008, after a long spate of touring and performing, Morin felt that his newer material was starting to sound too similar to the songs of Chill'em All and he decided to delete an entire studio recording in order to start fresh. Morin withdrew himself from the musical scene and began experimenting. He also recruited Pilou Côté, a young musician from the Montreal music scene, to provide vocals, replacing Betty Bonifassi who had since moved on to her own electronic music project, Beast.
Resistance was released on September 15, 2009. The first single from the album is titled "Alive Again".
Illness and recovery
On May 18, 2010 it was announced on DJ Champion's official website that all confirmed concert dates up until July 3, 2010 were cancelled. It was explained that Morin was "facing a health matter" which required him to "stop all activities in order to regain his strength." As of June 7, an updated statement was added to his official website confirming that he would be postponing all performances indefinitely. On July 4, 2010 DJ Champion's management company, Bonsound, officially announced to the press that Morin was suffering from lymphoma. On January 27, 2011, DJ Champion posted an announcement on his website stating "I ain't sick anymore", and on April 13 another post on his website stated that he would be "gradually resume performing in the coming weeks".
G Strings
DJ Champion tours with a live back-up band normally composed of four guitarists, one bassist and a vocalist. Together they tour as "Champion et ses G Strings" ("Champion and his G Strings").
Current members
Maxime Morin — Main producer, keyboards
Barry Russell — Guitar
Sébastien Blais-Montpetit — Guitar
Pierre-Philippe (Pilou) Côté — Vocals
Stéphane Leclerc — Guitar
Jean-Luc Huet — Guitar
Louis Lalancette — Bass
Past members
Betty Bonifassi — Vocals
Manon Chaput — Bass
Blanche Baillargeon — Bass
Marie-Christine Depestre — Vocals
Discography
Chill'em All (2005)
The Remix Album (2006)
Live (2007)
Resistance (2009)
°1 (2013)
Best Seller (2016)
Singles chart positions
Year
Song
Chart positions
Album
CAN
CANAlt.
2007
"No Heaven"
30
Chill'em All
2008
"I Put A Spell On You"
96
The Remix Album
2009
"Alive Again"
-
13
Resistance
2010
"Perfect In Between"
-
18
References
^ a b c Martel, Stéphanie, "Le Monde est Chill", Voir, Dec 8, 2005 Archived June 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (French text) Last retrieved Jan 8, 2010
^ a b c d Lala, Steve, "Chillin' Them Softly With His Song", Hour, Dec 14, 2004 Archived December 13, 2004, at the Wayback Machine Last retrieved Jan 8, 2010
^ a b c d e Benson, Denise, "Champion & His G-Strings", Eye Weekly, Nov 23, 2006
^ a b c d e f Devlin, Mike, "Laptop loaded, DJ hits the road", Times Colonist, Mar 24, 2007
^ a b c d Sperounes, Sandra, "Montreal music scene holding strong", The Edmonton Journal, Mar 27, 2007 Archived November 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Last retrieved Jan 8, 2010
^ a b Ash, Amanda, "Heaven after all", SEE Magazine, Mar 22, 2007 Archived March 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Last retrieved Jan 8, 2010
^ Gamotin, Desiree, "DJ Champion combines electro and guitar", The University of Western Ontario Gazette, Mar 27, 2007 Archived June 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Last retrieved Jan 8, 2010
^ a b Bottenburg, Rupert, “Personal Best >> Montreal’s Champion goes for gold”, Montreal Mirror, Jan 27-Feb 2.2005 Vol. 20 No. 31 Archived 2008-12-03 at the Wayback Machine Last retrieved Jan 9, 2010
^ Music Review: Dj Champion - No Heaven Borderlands from blogcritics.org Archived 2010-10-15 at the Wayback Machine Last retrieved Jan 9, 2010
^ Army of Two review on reviewsproducts.com Last retrieved Jan 9, 2010
^ a b DJ Champion's bio on his official website Archived 2010-03-29 at the Wayback Machine Last retrieved Jan 9, 2010
^ 18th Annual SOCAN Award highlights from their official website Archived 2009-09-28 at the Wayback Machine Last retrieved Jan 9, 2010
^ a b Dunlevy, T'Cha, "Album of the week Sept. 17: Champion's Resistance", The Montreal Gazette, Sep 2009 Last retrieved Jan 9, 2010
^ Rhéaume, Julie, "Le film «Truffe» ouvrira le festival Fantasia le 3 juillet", Showbizz.net, Apr 16, 2008 Archived 2008-08-21 at the Wayback Machine (French text) Last retrieved Jan 9, 2010
^ "Truffe au Festival Fantasia", LeCinema.ca, Apr 16, 2008 Archived 2010-04-07 at the Wayback Machine (French text) Last retrieved Jan 9, 2010
^ a b c d e f g DJ Champion bio page from CBC Radio 3 Last retrieved on Jun 1, 2010
^ Berner, Drew, "DJ Champion Chooses Path of Most Resistance", Spinner, Dec 30, 2009 Archived July 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Last retrieved Jan 9, 2010
^ a b Dunlevy, T'Cha, "Resistance isn’t futile, after all, as DJ Champion adapts to loss of lead singer", The Montreal Gazette, Sep 11, 2009 Last retrieved Jan 9, 2010
^ May 18, 2010 tour date cancellation announcement on DJ Champion's official website Archived July 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Last retrieved Jun 1, 2010
^ McKay, Stephanie, "Worth the wait", "The StarPhoenix", May 21, 2010 Last retrieved Jun 1, 2010
^ Duchesne, André, "Loco Locass crée une version instrumentale de Le but", La Presse, May 18, 2010 (French text) Last retrieved Jun 1, 2010
^ "DJ Champion annule tous les spectacles prévus en raison d'ennuis de santé", La Presse Canadienne, June 7, 2010 Archived June 11, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (French text) Last retrieved Jun 13, 2010
^ Plante, Claude, "DJ Champion est malade", La Tribune, June 7, 2010 (French text) Last retrieved June 13, 2010
^ "Montreal's DJ Champion has leukemia", Montreal Gazette, July 4, 2010 Archived July 8, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Last retrieved Jul 5, 2010
^ Journet, Paul, "DJ Champion atteint d'un cancer", La Presse, July 4, 2010 (French text) Last retrieved Jul 5, 2010.
^ a b c d e f g Montminy, Marie-Josée, "DJ Champion résiste à la tentation de la répétition", Le Nouvelliste, Sep 19, 2009 (French text) Last retrieved Jun 1, 2010
^ a b Conner, Shawn, "Interview – Champion", Guttersnipe, Nov 8, 2009 Archived January 11, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Last retrieved Jun 1, 2010
^ Leijon, Erik, “Beast Emerge From The Champion Camp”, CHARTattack, Apr 9, 2008 Last retrieved Jun 1, 2010
^ Marie-Christine Depestre's bio on her official website. Last retrieved Jan 3, 2023
^ Marie-Christine Depestre performing the song "No Heaven" with DJ Champion on the Radio-Canada tv show Tout le monde en parle in 2007. Last retrieved Jun 15, 2010
^ America's Music Charts: Canadian Alternative Rock
External links
DJ Champion's official website
DJ Champion on MySpace
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Catalonia
Artists
MusicBrainz
Other
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Champion (band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion_(band)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOIR1-1"},{"link_name":"multi-instrumentalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-instrumentalist"},{"link_name":"electronic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"}],"text":"\"Champion (musician)\" redirects here. For the Seattle punk band, see Champion (band).Musical artistMaxime Morin (born c. 1969),[1] is a Canadian multi-instrumentalist, better known for his work in electronic music under the name DJ Champion or simply Champion. Morin is based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.","title":"DJ Champion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOUR-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BENSON-3"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DEVLIN-4"},{"link_name":"techno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOIR1-1"},{"link_name":"Les Foufounes Électriques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Foufounes_%C3%89lectriques"},{"link_name":"alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOIR1-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BENSON-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DEVLIN-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BENSON-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DEVLIN-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EDMONTON-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOUR-2"},{"link_name":"Québécois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French-speaking_Quebecer"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"Benoît Charest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Charest"},{"link_name":"jingles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingles"},{"link_name":"soundtracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DEVLIN-4"},{"link_name":"The Triplets of Belleville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triplets_of_Belleville"},{"link_name":"Belleville Rendez-vous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belleville_Rendez-vous"},{"link_name":"Béatrice (Betty) Bonifassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9atrice_Bonifassi"},{"link_name":"76th Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/76th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BENSON-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DEVLIN-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DEVLIN-4"}],"text":"Maxime Morin began playing guitar at age 13, playing mostly heavy metal music.[2][3] He went on to play in a few punk and metal bands,[4] but by the age of 25 he found himself moving away from metal and gravitating towards techno. The transition was a gradual one: \"Totally, I was like 'Dance music is crap!' So it was actually a big liberation, to lose my fear of dance music,\" said Morin in a 2004 interview.[1] Morin's girlfriend at the time took him to a warehouse show and soon he began to attend techno Sundays at Les Foufounes Électriques, a Montreal nightclub better known in the 1980s and 90s for booking punk and alternative rock acts.[1][3][4] By 1994 Morin began producing his own dance music and was performing around the Montreal club scene under the names Le Max and Mad Max.[3][4][5] By about age 27 he stopped playing guitar altogether.[2]In the late 1990s, Québécois composer Benoît Charest attended a Mad Max performance; after the show Charest approached Morin with a business proposal; the two men went on to become co-owners of Ben & Max Studios—a company specializing in jingles and soundtracks. Ben & Max Studios became quite successful, however in 2001 Morin sold his share in the company back to Charest in order to continue his own personal musical career.[4] Even after leaving their business partnership, Morin remained in close contact with Charest who was working on the score for the 2003 animated film, The Triplets of Belleville (Les Triplettes de Belleville). Morin would go on to perform the bass and percussion on the song \"Belleville Rendez-vous\" and he also performed the song live, along with Charest and vocalist Béatrice (Betty) Bonifassi, at the 76th Academy Awards ceremony—Morin played percussion on a bicycle during the live performance.[3][4] One of the main protagonists in Les Triplettes de Belleville is an aspiring cyclist who happens to be named Champion; Morin has stated that he was already performing under that name before the film was even created.[4]","title":"Early music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EDMONTON-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEE-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BENSON-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EDMONTON-5"},{"link_name":"Ableton Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ableton_Live"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UWOGAZETTE-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOUR-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EDMONTON-5"}],"text":"By 2001 Morin had become frustrated with commercial music work. As part owner of Ben & Max Studios he was making quite a good living producing music for advertising and film, but he also felt \"empty.\" He decided to leave that world to focus on more personal music.[5][6] He decided to move in a musical direction where he could combine \"the two things that made [him] feel good: Live electronics and guitars ...\"[3] He also chose to change his performance name from Mad Max to DJ Champion as a way to poke fun at the growing dance music scene and the resulting outbreak of DJs: \"Everybody wanted to be a DJ and wanted to know 'Who's the best DJ?' I was like, 'I don't give a damn about all that crap now. I'm DJ Champion.\"[5]The DJ Champion sound was formed by experimenting with the software music sequencer Ableton Live, which is specially designed for live DJing and arranging sounds. He would then layer the digitally produced beats and sounds with guitar loops.[7] During live performances he and his live band would tour as \"Champion et ses G Strings\" (\"Champion and his G Strings\"). His live act often consists of four guitarists, one bassist, a vocalist, and Morin working at his laptop and conducting the band. On occasion Morin has also played live drums.[2][5]","title":"Work as DJ Champion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chill'em All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chill%27em_All"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Gellert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Gellert"},{"link_name":"Béatrice \"Betty\" Bonifassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9atrice_Bonifassi"},{"link_name":"work songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_songs"},{"link_name":"chain-gangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain-gang"},{"link_name":"American South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_South"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOUR-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUPERT2-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUPERT2-8"},{"link_name":"Gearbox Software's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearbox_Software"},{"link_name":"Borderlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borderlands_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Line_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Army of Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Two"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"ADISQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADISQ"},{"link_name":"Félix Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Award"},{"link_name":"Juno Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Award"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEE-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJCHAMPION-11"},{"link_name":"CASBY Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CASBY_Award"},{"link_name":"SOCAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOCAN"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJCHAMPION-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOCAN-12"},{"link_name":"indie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_music"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GAZETTE-13"}],"sub_title":"Chill'em All","text":"2005 saw the release of DJ Champion's debut album, Chill'em All. The album included the hit single \"No Heaven\" — a soulful and bluesy song set against heavy dance beats and noisy guitar riffs. Inspired by Negro Songs of Protest recorded by music collector Lawrence Gellert, Béatrice \"Betty\" Bonifassi (with whom Morin had previously collaborated on the Les Triplettes de Belleville soundtrack) sings a plaintive tune reminiscent of the work songs sung by the chain-gangs of the American South in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[2][8] \"I heard Betty singing those blues songs, and she was the girl for that job,\" said Morin.[8] The single \"No Heaven\" was used in both a trailer and the ending credits of Gearbox Software's 2009 video game Borderlands,[9] and is used in the opening credits of the television series The Line and the ending credits of the game Army of Two.[10]Chill'em All won an ADISQ Félix Award in 2005 for \"Album of the Year\" in the electronic/techno category and was nominated for \"Best Dance Recording\" at the 2006 Juno Awards.[6][11] The single \"No Heaven\" was nominated at the 2006 CASBY Awards in the category \"Favourite New Song\" and won the SOCAN prize for Dance Music in 2007.[11][12] DJ Champion's indie debut went on to sell over 100,000 copies across Canada.[13]","title":"Work as DJ Champion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Akufen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akufen"},{"link_name":"Patrick Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Watson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Dance Recording of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Award_for_Dance_Recording_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"2007 Juno Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Juno_Awards"},{"link_name":"Screamin' Jay Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screamin%27_Jay_Hawkins"},{"link_name":"I Put a Spell on You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Put_a_Spell_on_You"},{"link_name":"Fantasia Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasia_Festival"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RHEAUME-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CINEMA-15"}],"sub_title":"Musical projects from 2006 to 2008","text":"In 2006, Morin released The Remix Album, an album featuring remixes of tracks from \"Chill'em All\" by such guest musicians as Akufen and Patrick Watson. The Remix Album garnered Morin another ADISQ Félix Award for \"Show of the Year\" and it was also nominated for Dance Recording of the Year at the 2007 Juno Awards. Morin and Bonifassi worked together again on a version of 1957 Screamin' Jay Hawkins hit \"I Put a Spell on You\"; it was used as the theme song of the Québécois film Truffe which premiered at the Fantasia Festival in January 2008.[14][15]","title":"Work as DJ Champion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPINNER-17"},{"link_name":"electronic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music"},{"link_name":"Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beast_(Canadian_band)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GAZETTE-13"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GAZZETTE2-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GAZZETTE2-18"}],"sub_title":"Resistance","text":"In the winter of 2008, after a long spate of touring and performing, Morin felt that his newer material was starting to sound too similar to the songs of Chill'em All and he decided to delete an entire studio recording in order to start fresh.[16][17] Morin withdrew himself from the musical scene and began experimenting. He also recruited Pilou Côté, a young musician from the Montreal music scene, to provide vocals, replacing Betty Bonifassi who had since moved on to her own electronic music project, Beast.[13][18]Resistance was released on September 15, 2009.[18] The first single from the album is titled \"Alive Again\".","title":"Work as DJ Champion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STARPHOENIX-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CYBERPRESSE-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAPRESSE-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"lymphoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphoma"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Illness and recovery","text":"On May 18, 2010 it was announced on DJ Champion's official website that all confirmed concert dates up until July 3, 2010 were cancelled. It was explained that Morin was \"facing a health matter\" which required him to \"stop all activities in order to regain his strength.\"[19][20][21] As of June 7, an updated statement was added to his official website confirming that he would be postponing all performances indefinitely.[22][23] On July 4, 2010 DJ Champion's management company, Bonsound, officially announced to the press that Morin was suffering from lymphoma.[24][25] On January 27, 2011, DJ Champion posted an announcement on his website stating \"I ain't sick anymore\", and on April 13 another post on his website stated that he would be \"gradually resume performing in the coming weeks\".","title":"Work as DJ Champion"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"DJ Champion tours with a live back-up band normally composed of four guitarists, one bassist and a vocalist. Together they tour as \"Champion et ses G Strings\" (\"Champion and his G Strings\").","title":"G Strings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC-16"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOUVEL-26"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC-16"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOUVEL-26"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC-16"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOUVEL-26"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC-16"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOUVEL-26"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC-16"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOUVEL-26"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC-16"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GUTTER-27"}],"sub_title":"Current members","text":"Maxime Morin — Main producer, keyboards\nBarry Russell — Guitar[16][26]\nSébastien Blais-Montpetit — Guitar[16][26]\nPierre-Philippe (Pilou) Côté — Vocals[16][26]\nStéphane Leclerc — Guitar[16][26]\nJean-Luc Huet — Guitar[16][26]\nLouis Lalancette — Bass[16][27]","title":"G Strings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Betty Bonifassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Bonifassi"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOUVEL-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GUTTER-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHART-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOUVEL-26"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Past members","text":"Betty Bonifassi — Vocals[26]\nManon Chaput — Bass[27][28]\nBlanche Baillargeon — Bass[26]\nMarie-Christine Depestre — Vocals[29][30]","title":"G Strings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chill'em All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chill%27em_All"},{"link_name":"The Remix Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Remix_Album_(Champion_album)"},{"link_name":"Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_(Champion_album)"}],"text":"Chill'em All (2005)\nThe Remix Album (2006)\nLive (2007)\nResistance (2009)\n°1 (2013)\nBest Seller (2016)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Singles chart positions"}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.djchampion.ca/","external_links_name":"http://www.djchampion.ca/"},{"Link":"http://www.voir.ca/publishing/article.aspx?zone=1§ion=6&article=39419","external_links_name":"Martel, Stéphanie, \"Le Monde est Chill\", Voir, Dec 8, 2005"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110627164456/http://www.voir.ca/publishing/article.aspx?zone=1§ion=6&article=39419","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hour.ca/music/music.aspx?iIDArticle=4701","external_links_name":"Lala, Steve, \"Chillin' Them Softly With His Song\", Hour, Dec 14, 2004"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041213144156/http://www.hour.ca/music/music.aspx?iIDArticle=4701","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.canada.com/cityguides/edmonton/story.html?id=a2b6cd14-3cb5-4a8d-a15e-32bd3248557d&k=97358","external_links_name":"Sperounes, Sandra, \"Montreal music scene holding strong\", The Edmonton Journal, Mar 27, 2007"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121107205140/http://www.canada.com/cityguides/edmonton/story.html?id=a2b6cd14-3cb5-4a8d-a15e-32bd3248557d&k=97358","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.seemagazine.com/Issues/2007/0322/mus2.htm","external_links_name":"Ash, Amanda, \"Heaven after all\", SEE Magazine, Mar 22, 2007"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120309122921/http://www.seemagazine.com/Issues/2007/0322/mus2.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.gazette.uwo.ca/article.cfm?section=Arts&articleID=1640&month=3&day=27&year=2007","external_links_name":"Gamotin, Desiree, \"DJ Champion combines electro and guitar\", The University of Western Ontario Gazette, Mar 27, 2007"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110611183559/http://www.gazette.uwo.ca/article.cfm?section=Arts&articleID=1640&month=3&day=27&year=2007","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.montrealmirror.com/2005/012705/cover_music.html","external_links_name":"Bottenburg, Rupert, “Personal Best >> Montreal’s Champion goes for gold”, Montreal Mirror, Jan 27-Feb 2.2005 Vol. 20 No. 31"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081203170928/http://www.montrealmirror.com/2005/012705/cover_music.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://blogcritics.org/music/article/music-review-dj-champion-no-heaven/","external_links_name":"Music Review: Dj Champion - No Heaven Borderlands from blogcritics.org"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101015015519/http://blogcritics.org/music/article/music-review-dj-champion-no-heaven/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.reviewsproducts.com/video-game/borderlands-videos-3466.html","external_links_name":"Army of Two review on reviewsproducts.com"},{"Link":"http://www.djchampion.net/info","external_links_name":"DJ Champion's bio on his official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100329070549/http://www.djchampion.net/info","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.socan.ca/jsp/en/pub/news_events/Tor18_AnnualAwards.jsp","external_links_name":"18th Annual SOCAN Award highlights from their official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090928213754/http://www.socan.ca/jsp/en/pub/news_events/Tor18_AnnualAwards.jsp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://montrealgazette.com/entertainment/Album+week+Champion+Resistance/2001013/story.html","external_links_name":"Dunlevy, T'Cha, \"Album of the week Sept. 17: Champion's Resistance\", The Montreal Gazette, Sep 2009"},{"Link":"http://www.showbizz.net/articles/20080416104207/truffe_sortira_salles_juillet.html","external_links_name":"Rhéaume, Julie, \"Le film «Truffe» ouvrira le festival Fantasia le 3 juillet\", Showbizz.net, Apr 16, 2008"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080821044340/http://www.showbizz.net/articles/20080416104207/truffe_sortira_salles_juillet.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.lecinema.ca/nouvelle/7740/","external_links_name":"\"Truffe au Festival Fantasia\", LeCinema.ca, Apr 16, 2008"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100407095253/http://www.lecinema.ca/nouvelle/7740/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://radio3.cbc.ca/bands/Champion","external_links_name":"DJ Champion bio page from CBC Radio 3"},{"Link":"http://www.spinner.ca/2009/12/30/dj-champion-chooses-path-of-most-resistance/","external_links_name":"Berner, Drew, \"DJ Champion Chooses Path of Most Resistance\", Spinner, Dec 30, 2009"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706203733/http://www.spinner.ca/2009/12/30/dj-champion-chooses-path-of-most-resistance/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://montrealgazette.com/entertainment/Resistance+futile+after+Champion+adapts+loss+lead+singer/1984407/story.html","external_links_name":"Dunlevy, T'Cha, \"Resistance isn’t futile, after all, as DJ Champion adapts to loss of lead singer\", The Montreal Gazette, Sep 11, 2009"},{"Link":"http://www.djchampion.net/landing/view/602","external_links_name":"May 18, 2010 tour date cancellation announcement on DJ Champion's official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100725040512/http://www.djchampion.net/landing/view/602","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://thestarphoenix.com/entertainment/Worth+wait/3054700/story.html","external_links_name":"McKay, Stephanie, \"Worth the wait\", \"The StarPhoenix\", May 21, 2010"},{"Link":"http://www.cyberpresse.ca/arts/musique/201005/18/01-4281413-loco-locass-cree-une-version-instrumentale-de-le-but.php","external_links_name":"Duchesne, André, \"Loco Locass crée une version instrumentale de Le but\", La Presse, May 18, 2010"},{"Link":"http://www.journalmetro.com/culture/article/544809--dj-champion-annule-tous-les-spectacles-prevus-en-raison-d-ennuis-de-sante","external_links_name":"\"DJ Champion annule tous les spectacles prévus en raison d'ennuis de santé\", La Presse Canadienne, June 7, 2010"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100611072404/http://www.journalmetro.com/culture/article/544809--dj-champion-annule-tous-les-spectacles-prevus-en-raison-d-ennuis-de-sante","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cyberpresse.ca/la-tribune/arts-spectacles/201006/07/01-4287636-dj-champion-est-malade.php","external_links_name":"Plante, Claude, \"DJ Champion est malade\", La Tribune, June 7, 2010"},{"Link":"https://montrealgazette.com/health/Montreal+Champion+leukemia/3235058/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Montreal's DJ Champion has leukemia\", Montreal Gazette, July 4, 2010"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100708195419/http://www.montrealgazette.com/health/Montreal+Champion+leukemia/3235058/story.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cyberpresse.ca/arts/musique/201007/04/01-4295445-dj-champion-atteint-dun-cancer.php","external_links_name":"Journet, Paul, \"DJ Champion atteint d'un cancer\", La Presse, July 4, 2010"},{"Link":"http://www.cyberpresse.ca/le-nouvelliste/week-end/200909/17/01-902785-dj-champion-resiste-a-la-tentation-de-la-repetition.php","external_links_name":"Montminy, Marie-Josée, \"DJ Champion résiste à la tentation de la répétition\", Le Nouvelliste, Sep 19, 2009"},{"Link":"http://www.guttersnipenews.com/2009/11/08/dj-champion/","external_links_name":"Conner, Shawn, \"Interview – Champion\", Guttersnipe, Nov 8, 2009"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100111000923/http://www.guttersnipenews.com/2009/11/08/dj-champion/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607074656/http://www.chartattack.com/news/53559/beast-emerge-from-the-champion-camp","external_links_name":"Leijon, Erik, “Beast Emerge From The Champion Camp”, CHARTattack, Apr 9, 2008"},{"Link":"http://www.mariechristinemusic.com/about-me","external_links_name":"Marie-Christine Depestre's bio on her official website."},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKiAJD_n0Kc","external_links_name":"Marie-Christine Depestre performing the song \"No Heaven\" with DJ Champion"},{"Link":"http://americasmusiccharts.com/index.cgi?fmt=Z7","external_links_name":"America's Music Charts: Canadian Alternative Rock"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101115191235/http://www.djchampion.net/","external_links_name":"DJ Champion's official website"},{"Link":"http://www.myspace.com/djchampion","external_links_name":"DJ Champion on MySpace"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000080120811","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/106679045","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511061506706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/2a818056-ac42-41a1-a9e8-e088f38e1b9b","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/195821165","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Kelly_(musician)
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Scott Kelly (musician)
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["1 Career","2 Musical influences","3 Personal life","4 Discography","5 References","6 External links"]
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American guitarist and singer
Scott KellyKelly in 2004Background informationBirth nameScott Michael KellyBorn (1967-07-16) July 16, 1967 (age 56)Evanston, Illinois, U.S.OriginOakland, California, U.S.Genres
Avant-garde metal
sludge metal
post-metal
experimental
folk
hardcore punk (early)
Occupation(s)Singer, musicianInstrument(s)Vocals, guitarYears active1985–2022LabelsNeurot, Relapse, Alternative Tentacles, Lookout!, AlchemyFormerly ofNeurosis, Tribes of Neurot, ShrinebuilderMusical artist
Scott Michael Kelly (born July 16, 1967) is an American former musician. He was one of three founding members of California experimental metal band Neurosis, in which he was the band's lead vocalist and guitarist from its formation until his firing in 2019. Kelly retired from music in 2022 after admitting to many years of physically abusing his family.
Aside from Neurosis, Kelly was also a member of the bands Tribes of Neurot, Blood and Time, Shrinebuilder, Corrections House, Mirrors of Psychic Warfare and Absent in Body. He released three solo albums. Kelly has also appeared on six albums by the American metal band Mastodon, featuring on all of their albums from 2004's Leviathan to 2017's Emperor of Sand.
Career
Kelly formed Neurosis in 1985 originally as a hardcore punk band with bassist Dave Edwardson and drummer Jason Roeder. Kelly was the band's vocalist and guitarist, and the band released eleven studio albums together with him. Kelly was fired from Neurosis in 2019 after the band learned that he had been abusing his wife and children, but this remained unpublicized until 2022 for his family's protection. Kelly admitted to committing the abuse in August 2022 and announced his retirement from music and public life.
In Shrinebuilder, Kelly collaborated with Al Cisneros, Scott Weinrich, and Dale Crover, whose first and only album was released in October 2009. Kelly was also a member of the supergroup Absent in Body which formed in 2022, with Amenra's vocalist Colin H. Van Eeckhout and guitarist Mathieu J. Vandekerckhove alongside former Sepultura drummer Igor Cavalera.
In addition to his musical projects, Kelly, along with his bandmates in Neurosis, was co-owner of Neurot Recordings. Beginning in April 2011, he began hosting a monthly three hour streaming radio show on Scion A/V.com channel 5 called KMBT. He had previously owned and operated an Internet radio station of his own called combatmusicradio.com that featured weekly shows from him as well as others such as Eugene S. Robinson, Joe Preston, and others.
Kelly also worked extensively as a solo artist, releasing three albums and doing over 400 solo performances worldwide since the year 2000, including involving Neurosis bandmates in his The Road Home project.
Musical influences
Kelly cites Swans, Black Flag, Black Sabbath, Pink Floyd, Die Kreuzen, Amebix, Jimi Hendrix, King Crimson, Neil Young, Melvins, Celtic Frost, Negative Approach, Townes Van Zandt, Voivod, and Hank Williams as important influences.
Personal life
A native of the East Bay, Kelly used to reside with his wife Sarah and two youngest children in the woods of Southern Oregon. In August 2022, after admitting to abusing his wife and children, Kelly officially retired from music and public life, and his current living situation is unknown. The other members of Neurosis said in a statement that they condemned Kelly's behavior and had expelled him from the band in 2019 after learning about the abuse, but had respected a request for privacy from Kelly's wife in not publicly discussing the matter at the time.
Discography
Kelly performing in 2009
Neurosis
Pain of Mind (1987)
Aberration (EP) (1989)
The Word as Law (1990)
Souls at Zero (1992)
Enemy of the Sun (1993)
Through Silver in Blood (1996)
Times of Grace (1999)
Sovereign (EP) (2000)
A Sun That Never Sets (2001)
The Eye of Every Storm (2004)
Given to the Rising (2007)
Honor Found in Decay (2012)
Fires Within Fires (2016)
Neurosis & Jarboe
Neurosis & Jarboe (2003)
Tribes of Neurot
Rebegin (1995)
Silver Blood Transmission (1995)
Static Migration (1998)
Grace (1999)
60° (2000)
Adaptation and Survival: The Insect Project (2002)
Cairn (2002)
Meridian (2005)
Solo albums
Spirit Bound Flesh (2001)
The Wake (2008)
The Forgiven Ghost in Me (2012)
Blood and Time
At the Foot of the Garden (2003)
Latitudes (2007)
Shrinebuilder
Shrinebuilder (2009)
Corrections House
Hoax the System / Grin with a Purpose (7") (2013)
Last City Zero (2013)
Know How to Carry a Whip (2015)
Mastodon (guest vocals)
Leviathan (on the track "Aqua Dementia") (2004)
Blood Mountain (on the track "Crystal Skull") (2006)
Crack the Skye (on the track "Crack the Skye") (2009)
The Hunter (on the track "Spectrelight") (2011)
Once More 'Round the Sun (on the track "Diamond in the Witch House") (2014)
Emperor of Sand (on the track "Scorpion Breath") (2017)
Medium Rarities (on the track "Fallen Torches") (2020)
Mirrors for Psychic Warfare
Mirrors for Psychic Warfare (2016)
I See What I Became (2018)
Absent in Body
The Abyss Stares Back - Vol. V (EP) (2017)
Plague God (2022)
References
^ a b Kennelty, Greg. "Neurosis Parted Ways With Scott Kelly In 2019, Issues Lengthy Statement After His Admission Of Abuse". MetalInjection. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
^ a b c "Neurosis singer Scott Kelly retires from music and admits abuse". NME. August 28, 2022.
^ Solis, Matt (August 18, 2016). "Grace Period: Neurosis Talk Times of Grace's Companion Album". Decibel. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
^ Shadows, Em (October 11, 2022). "Brann Dailor Says New Mastodon May Be Coming "Sooner Than Later"". MetalSucks. Retrieved March 20, 2023.
^ Kennelty, Greg (March 10, 2022). "ABSENT IN BODY (Ex-SEPULTURA, NEUROSIS, AMENRA) Streams New Single "Rise From Ruins"". Metal Injection. Retrieved March 20, 2023.
^ Sun, Jake (November 8, 2013). "Scott Kelly & The Road Home @ The Zoo". theMusic.com.au. Handshake Media. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
^ Samudrala, Ram (2000). "Q & A with Scott Kelly of Neurosis". Music Ram-blings; www.ram.org. Retrieved January 20, 2008.
^ Kennelty, Greg. "Neurosis Parted Ways With Scott Kelly In 2019, Issues Lengthy Statement After His Admission Of Abuse". MetalInjection. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scott Kelly.
Scott Kelly's artist page on Neurot Recordings
'Return to Zero' (hosted by Scott Kelly) on Combat Music Radio
vteNeurosis
Dave Edwardson
Noah Landis
Jason Roeder
Steve Von Till
Scott Kelly
Simon McIlroy
Chad Salter
Studio albums
Pain of Mind
The Word as Law
Souls at Zero
Enemy of the Sun
Through Silver in Blood
Times of Grace
A Sun That Never Sets
Neurosis & Jarboe (with Jarboe)
The Eye of Every Storm
Given to the Rising
Honor Found in Decay
Fires Within Fires
Singles and EPs
Locust Star
Sovereign
Video albums
A Sun That Never Sets
Related articles
Discography
Neurot Recordings
Tribes of Neurot
Red Sparowes
Christ on Parade
Nailbomb
Shrinebuilder
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"experimental metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde_metal"},{"link_name":"Neurosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosis_(band)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Tribes of Neurot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribes_of_Neurot"},{"link_name":"Shrinebuilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrinebuilder"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Solis_2016-3"},{"link_name":"Mastodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastodon_(band)"},{"link_name":"Leviathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan_(Mastodon_album)"},{"link_name":"Emperor of Sand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Sand"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"American guitarist and singerMusical artistScott Michael Kelly (born July 16, 1967) is an American former musician. He was one of three founding members of California experimental metal band Neurosis, in which he was the band's lead vocalist and guitarist from its formation until his firing in 2019.[1] Kelly retired from music in 2022 after admitting to many years of physically abusing his family.[2]Aside from Neurosis, Kelly was also a member of the bands Tribes of Neurot, Blood and Time, Shrinebuilder, Corrections House, Mirrors of Psychic Warfare and Absent in Body.[3] He released three solo albums. Kelly has also appeared on six albums by the American metal band Mastodon, featuring on all of their albums from 2004's Leviathan to 2017's Emperor of Sand.[4]","title":"Scott Kelly (musician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hardcore punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_punk"},{"link_name":"Jason Roeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Roeder"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Al Cisneros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Cisneros"},{"link_name":"Scott Weinrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Weinrich"},{"link_name":"Dale Crover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Crover"},{"link_name":"Amenra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenra"},{"link_name":"Sepultura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepultura"},{"link_name":"Igor Cavalera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Cavalera"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Neurot Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurot_Recordings"},{"link_name":"Joe Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Preston_(bassist)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sun_2012-6"}],"text":"Kelly formed Neurosis in 1985 originally as a hardcore punk band with bassist Dave Edwardson and drummer Jason Roeder. Kelly was the band's vocalist and guitarist, and the band released eleven studio albums together with him. Kelly was fired from Neurosis in 2019 after the band learned that he had been abusing his wife and children, but this remained unpublicized until 2022 for his family's protection.[1] Kelly admitted to committing the abuse in August 2022 and announced his retirement from music and public life.[2]In Shrinebuilder, Kelly collaborated with Al Cisneros, Scott Weinrich, and Dale Crover, whose first and only album was released in October 2009. Kelly was also a member of the supergroup Absent in Body which formed in 2022, with Amenra's vocalist Colin H. Van Eeckhout and guitarist Mathieu J. Vandekerckhove alongside former Sepultura drummer Igor Cavalera.[5]In addition to his musical projects, Kelly, along with his bandmates in Neurosis, was co-owner of Neurot Recordings. Beginning in April 2011, he began hosting a monthly three hour streaming radio show on Scion A/V.com channel 5 called KMBT. He had previously owned and operated an Internet radio station of his own called combatmusicradio.com that featured weekly shows from him as well as others such as Eugene S. Robinson, Joe Preston, and others.Kelly also worked extensively as a solo artist, releasing three albums and doing over 400 solo performances worldwide since the year 2000, including involving Neurosis bandmates in his The Road Home project.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swans_(band)"},{"link_name":"Black Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Flag_(band)"},{"link_name":"Black Sabbath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sabbath"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"Die Kreuzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Kreuzen"},{"link_name":"Amebix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amebix"},{"link_name":"Jimi Hendrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix"},{"link_name":"King Crimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Crimson"},{"link_name":"Neil Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Young"},{"link_name":"Melvins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvins"},{"link_name":"Celtic Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Frost"},{"link_name":"Negative Approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_Approach"},{"link_name":"Townes Van Zandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townes_Van_Zandt"},{"link_name":"Voivod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivod_(band)"},{"link_name":"Hank Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Williams"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Kelly cites Swans, Black Flag, Black Sabbath, Pink Floyd, Die Kreuzen, Amebix, Jimi Hendrix, King Crimson, Neil Young, Melvins, Celtic Frost, Negative Approach, Townes Van Zandt, Voivod, and Hank Williams as important influences.[7]","title":"Musical influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-8"}],"text":"A native of the East Bay, Kelly used to reside with his wife Sarah and two youngest children in the woods of Southern Oregon. In August 2022, after admitting to abusing his wife and children, Kelly officially retired from music and public life, and his current living situation is unknown.[2] The other members of Neurosis said in a statement that they condemned Kelly's behavior and had expelled him from the band in 2019 after learning about the abuse, but had respected a request for privacy from Kelly's wife in not publicly discussing the matter at the time.[8]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scott_Kelly_-_live_2009_-_02_new.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pain of Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_of_Mind"},{"link_name":"The Word as Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Word_as_Law"},{"link_name":"Souls at Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souls_at_Zero"},{"link_name":"Enemy of the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_of_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"Through Silver in Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through_Silver_in_Blood"},{"link_name":"Times of Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_of_Grace_(album)"},{"link_name":"Sovereign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_(EP)"},{"link_name":"A Sun That Never Sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Sun_That_Never_Sets"},{"link_name":"The Eye of Every Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eye_of_Every_Storm"},{"link_name":"Given to the Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_to_the_Rising"},{"link_name":"Honor Found in Decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_Found_in_Decay"},{"link_name":"Fires Within Fires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fires_Within_Fires"},{"link_name":"Neurosis & Jarboe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosis_%26_Jarboe"},{"link_name":"Static Migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_Migration"},{"link_name":"Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_of_Grace_(album)#Grace"},{"link_name":"Spirit Bound Flesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_Bound_Flesh"},{"link_name":"The Wake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wake_(Scott_Kelly_album)"},{"link_name":"Shrinebuilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrinebuilder_(album)"},{"link_name":"7\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7%22"},{"link_name":"Leviathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan_(Mastodon_album)"},{"link_name":"Blood Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Mountain_(album)"},{"link_name":"Crack the Skye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_the_Skye"},{"link_name":"The Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunter_(Mastodon_album)"},{"link_name":"Once More 'Round the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_More_%27Round_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"Emperor of Sand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Sand"},{"link_name":"Medium Rarities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_Rarities_(Mastodon_album)"}],"text":"Kelly performing in 2009NeurosisPain of Mind (1987)\nAberration (EP) (1989)\nThe Word as Law (1990)\nSouls at Zero (1992)\nEnemy of the Sun (1993)\nThrough Silver in Blood (1996)\nTimes of Grace (1999)\nSovereign (EP) (2000)\nA Sun That Never Sets (2001)\nThe Eye of Every Storm (2004)\nGiven to the Rising (2007)\nHonor Found in Decay (2012)\nFires Within Fires (2016)Neurosis & JarboeNeurosis & Jarboe (2003)Tribes of NeurotRebegin (1995)\nSilver Blood Transmission (1995)\nStatic Migration (1998)\nGrace (1999)\n60° (2000)\nAdaptation and Survival: The Insect Project (2002)\nCairn (2002)\nMeridian (2005)Solo albumsSpirit Bound Flesh (2001)\nThe Wake (2008)\nThe Forgiven Ghost in Me (2012)Blood and TimeAt the Foot of the Garden (2003)\nLatitudes (2007)ShrinebuilderShrinebuilder (2009)Corrections HouseHoax the System / Grin with a Purpose (7\") (2013)\nLast City Zero (2013)\nKnow How to Carry a Whip (2015)Mastodon (guest vocals)Leviathan (on the track \"Aqua Dementia\") (2004)\nBlood Mountain (on the track \"Crystal Skull\") (2006)\nCrack the Skye (on the track \"Crack the Skye\") (2009)\nThe Hunter (on the track \"Spectrelight\") (2011)\nOnce More 'Round the Sun (on the track \"Diamond in the Witch House\") (2014)\nEmperor of Sand (on the track \"Scorpion Breath\") (2017)\nMedium Rarities (on the track \"Fallen Torches\") (2020)Mirrors for Psychic WarfareMirrors for Psychic Warfare (2016)\nI See What I Became (2018)Absent in BodyThe Abyss Stares Back - Vol. V (EP) (2017)\nPlague God (2022)","title":"Discography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Kelly performing in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Scott_Kelly_-_live_2009_-_02_new.jpg/300px-Scott_Kelly_-_live_2009_-_02_new.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Kennelty, Greg. \"Neurosis Parted Ways With Scott Kelly In 2019, Issues Lengthy Statement After His Admission Of Abuse\". MetalInjection. Retrieved August 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://metalinjection.net/news/breakups/neurosis-parted-ways-with-scott-kelly-in-2019-issues-lengthy-statement-after-his-admission-of-abuse","url_text":"\"Neurosis Parted Ways With Scott Kelly In 2019, Issues Lengthy Statement After His Admission Of Abuse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Neurosis singer Scott Kelly retires from music and admits abuse\". NME. August 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/neurosis-singer-scott-kelly-retires-from-music-and-admits-abuse-3299228","url_text":"\"Neurosis singer Scott Kelly retires from music and admits abuse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"Solis, Matt (August 18, 2016). \"Grace Period: Neurosis Talk Times of Grace's Companion Album\". Decibel. Retrieved January 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.decibelmagazine.com/2016/08/18/grace-period-neurosis-talk-times-of-grace-s-companion-album/","url_text":"\"Grace Period: Neurosis Talk Times of Grace's Companion Album\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibel_(magazine)","url_text":"Decibel"}]},{"reference":"Shadows, Em (October 11, 2022). \"Brann Dailor Says New Mastodon May Be Coming \"Sooner Than Later\"\". MetalSucks. Retrieved March 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metalsucks.net/2022/10/11/brann-dailor-says-new-mastodon-may-be-coming-sooner-than-later/","url_text":"\"Brann Dailor Says New Mastodon May Be Coming \"Sooner Than Later\"\""}]},{"reference":"Kennelty, Greg (March 10, 2022). \"ABSENT IN BODY (Ex-SEPULTURA, NEUROSIS, AMENRA) Streams New Single \"Rise From Ruins\"\". Metal Injection. Retrieved March 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://metalinjection.net/new-music/absent-in-body-ex-sepultura-neurosis-streams-new-single-rise-from-ruins","url_text":"\"ABSENT IN BODY (Ex-SEPULTURA, NEUROSIS, AMENRA) Streams New Single \"Rise From Ruins\"\""}]},{"reference":"Sun, Jake (November 8, 2013). \"Scott Kelly & The Road Home @ The Zoo\". theMusic.com.au. Handshake Media. Retrieved January 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://themusic.com.au/reviews/scott-kelly-and-the-road-home-the-zoo-jake-sun/aTB6fXx_fmE/25-11-13/","url_text":"\"Scott Kelly & The Road Home @ The Zoo\""}]},{"reference":"Samudrala, Ram (2000). \"Q & A with Scott Kelly of Neurosis\". Music Ram-blings; www.ram.org. Retrieved January 20, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ram.org/music/articles/neurosisinterview.html","url_text":"\"Q & A with Scott Kelly of Neurosis\""}]},{"reference":"Kennelty, Greg. \"Neurosis Parted Ways With Scott Kelly In 2019, Issues Lengthy Statement After His Admission Of Abuse\". MetalInjection. Retrieved August 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://metalinjection.net/news/breakups/neurosis-parted-ways-with-scott-kelly-in-2019-issues-lengthy-statement-after-his-admission-of-abuse","url_text":"\"Neurosis Parted Ways With Scott Kelly In 2019, Issues Lengthy Statement After His Admission Of Abuse\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://metalinjection.net/news/breakups/neurosis-parted-ways-with-scott-kelly-in-2019-issues-lengthy-statement-after-his-admission-of-abuse","external_links_name":"\"Neurosis Parted Ways With Scott Kelly In 2019, Issues Lengthy Statement After His Admission Of Abuse\""},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/neurosis-singer-scott-kelly-retires-from-music-and-admits-abuse-3299228","external_links_name":"\"Neurosis singer Scott Kelly retires from music and admits abuse\""},{"Link":"https://www.decibelmagazine.com/2016/08/18/grace-period-neurosis-talk-times-of-grace-s-companion-album/","external_links_name":"\"Grace Period: Neurosis Talk Times of Grace's Companion Album\""},{"Link":"https://www.metalsucks.net/2022/10/11/brann-dailor-says-new-mastodon-may-be-coming-sooner-than-later/","external_links_name":"\"Brann Dailor Says New Mastodon May Be Coming \"Sooner Than Later\"\""},{"Link":"https://metalinjection.net/new-music/absent-in-body-ex-sepultura-neurosis-streams-new-single-rise-from-ruins","external_links_name":"\"ABSENT IN BODY (Ex-SEPULTURA, NEUROSIS, AMENRA) Streams New Single \"Rise From Ruins\"\""},{"Link":"https://themusic.com.au/reviews/scott-kelly-and-the-road-home-the-zoo-jake-sun/aTB6fXx_fmE/25-11-13/","external_links_name":"\"Scott Kelly & The Road Home @ The Zoo\""},{"Link":"http://www.ram.org/music/articles/neurosisinterview.html","external_links_name":"\"Q & A with Scott Kelly of Neurosis\""},{"Link":"https://metalinjection.net/news/breakups/neurosis-parted-ways-with-scott-kelly-in-2019-issues-lengthy-statement-after-his-admission-of-abuse","external_links_name":"\"Neurosis Parted Ways With Scott Kelly In 2019, Issues Lengthy Statement After His Admission Of Abuse\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060518122155/http://www.neurotrecordings.com/artists/smk/index.aspx","external_links_name":"Scott Kelly's artist page on Neurot Recordings"},{"Link":"http://www.combatmusicradio.com/returntozero/","external_links_name":"'Return to Zero' (hosted by Scott Kelly) on Combat Music Radio"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/eb8277d5-0caf-467f-9d46-ed86059966bc","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Seymour_(Cambridgeshire_cricketer)
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List of English cricketers (1826–1840)
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[]
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This is a list of cricketers who played first-class cricket in England in matches between the 1826 and 1840 seasons. The sport of cricket had acquired most of its modern features by this time and the period saw the establishment of roundarm bowling as an accepted practise.
County cricket clubs began to become more formally established during this period and Sussex County Cricket Club, the oldest professional sporting organisation in the world, was formerly established in 1839. This would soon be followed by formal organisations in other counties, although the County Championship was not formally established until 1890.
The players included are those known to have played in matches which were given retrospective first-class status between 1826 and 1840 inclusive.
Contents
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
See also
References
Notes
A
Name
Seasons
Comments
Ref
Sir Thomas Abdy, 1st Baronet, of Albyns
1834
A single first-class appearance for MCC.
John Abercrombie
1838
A single first-class match for Cambridge University.
James Adams
1830
Played in four first-class matches in 1830, two for Suffolk, one for Cambridge Town Club and one for the Players.
Tom Adams
1836–1858
Played 157 first-class matches, mainly for Kent sides. Laid down the wicket at the Bat and Ball Ground in Gravesend in 1845 which was used by Kent for county matches between 1849 and 1971.
J. Adlam
1834
Played twice for England sides, once against a Kent XI and once against a Sussex XI. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
William Agar
1835–1836
Played in two first-class matches, once for MCC in 1835 and once for Cambridge University in 1836.
Benjamin Aislabie
1808–1841
56 first-class matches for a range of teams, with 20 appearances for MCC. Secretary of MCC between 1822 and 1842 and President in 1823–24.
Henry Anderson
1830–1832
Made eight first-class appearances, five of which were for MCC. Brother of Robert Anderson.
Robert Anderson
1837–1841
Played in three matches for MCC. Brother of Henry Anderson.
Thomas Anson
1839–1862
Played in 44 first-class matches, mainly for Cambridge University, MCC and various Gentlemen's sides.
John Antrobus
1826–1832
Made two first-class appearances, once for Cambridge University in 1826 and once for Lord Strathavon's XI in 1832.
Argent
1830
Made a single first-class appearance for a Middlesex XI and is known to have played in several matches for St John's Wood against MCC between 1832 and 1835. Other than a surname, no other biographical information is known.
Henry Arkwright
1829–1834
Played four times for Cambridge University, all against the Cambridge Town Club.
William Ashby
1808–1830
45 appearances, mainly for Kent and England sides. Played nine times for the Players in early Gentlemen v Players matches.
Henry Ashley
1830–1833
Played in five first-class matches for MCC and was President of the club in 1834–35.
Atkinson
1826
Played once for a Middlesex XI. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
William Austin
1827–1828
Two appearances for Cambridge Town Club, both against Cambridge University.
W Ayling
1825–1826
Three matches for Sussex.
Henry Ayres
1829
One first-class appearance for a Sussex side against a Kent XI without scoring a run. Ayres was christened in 1791 at Hangleton, but no other biographical details are known.
B
Name
Seasons
Comments
Ref
Richard Bagge
1836
Two first-class appearances for Norfolk against Yorkshire XIs. Played other matches for MCC and various Norfolk teams between 1844 and 1866. Twin brother of William Bagge.
William Bagge
1836–1839
Four first-class appearances, two for Norfolk against Yorkshire XIs in 1836 and two for MCC in 1839. Played other matches for MCC between 1837 and 1844. Twin brother of Richard Bagge.
George Baigent
1835
Two first-class matches for Sussex sides.
G. E. Baker
1832
Played once for The B's against MCC. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
James Baker
1816–1828
15 first-class appearances, mainly for Sussex and Kent teams.
William Barber
1826–1828
Made five first-class appearances, mainly for Sheffield teams.
George Barker
1840
Three first-class matches played for Cambridge University.
Thomas Barker
1826–1845
Played in 72 first-class matches, primarily for Nottingham and Nottinghamshire sides as well as MCC and England XIs.
Thomas Barker
1833–1849
Played in nine first-class matches for Yorkshire and Sheffield sides.
Frederick Barlow
1834–1836
Made four first-class appearances, three for Yorkshire XIs and one for Sheffield.
George Barnard
1825–1826
Two matches for Cambridge University against Cambridge Town. Had captained the Eton College side whilst at school and died in 1827 without completing his degree. The brother of John and Henry Watson Barnard.
John Barnard
1815–1830
18 matches for a variety of sides, including seven for MCC sides. Brother of George and Henry Watson Barnard.
Charles James Barnett
1820–1837
29 matches, mainly for MCC sides. First known President of MCC.
Edward Barnett
1837–1841
Played in five first-class matches, three of which were for Sussex.
Henry Barnett
1836–1839
Four matches for MCC.
William Barnett
1837–1838
Five first-class matches, four of which were for MCC.
Barton
1831–1832
Played in two first-class matches: once for A-K in 1831 and once for MCC the following year. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
George Barton
1835–1856
A total of 37 first-class appearances, almost all for Sussex sides.
Abraham Bass
1840–1843
Played in four first-class matches, three for the North and one for a Nottinghamshire XI.
John Bastard
1838–1840
A total of six first-class matches played, all for Cambridge University.
Horace Bates
1822–1832
Nine appearances for the Bs and Kent sides.
J. Bathurst
1835
Played in two first-class matches for Oxford University in 1835 and in one other match for MCC the following year. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
Robert Bathurst
1838–1839
Six first-class matches for Oxford University sides. Brother of Stuart Bathurst.
Stuart Bathurst
1836–1839
Six first-class matches for Oxford University. Brother of Frederick Bathurst.
Batt
1827
Made one appearance for the Gentlemen against the Players. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
George Baxter
1830
A solitary first-class match for a Surrey XI.
John Baxter
1830
A single match for a Surrey XI.
John Bayley
1822–1850
83 appearances, mostly for MCC.
Sir John Bayley, 2nd Baronet
1817–1832
Played in 11 matches for a variety of sides. MCC President in 1844/45.
Charles Henville Bayly
1827–1832
Three matches for Oxford University.
Henry Beagley
1825–1835
Professional from Hampshire who played in six first-class matches. Brother of John and Thomas Beagley.
John Beagley
1823–1826
Hampshire professional who played in six first-class matches. Brother of Henry and Thomas Beagley.
Thomas Beagley
1816–1839
Hampshire professional who played in 70 first-class matches for a variety of sides, including England XIs and the Players in early Gentlemen v Players matches. Brother of Henry and John Beagley.
Walter Bearblock
1831–1832
Played in two first-class matches, one for MCC and one for the Bs.
Beauclerk
1831
Made on first-class appearance for A-K. Played occasional other matches for MCC between 1832 and 1847. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
Aubrey Beauclerk
1837
Played in two matches, one for MCC and one for the Bs. The son of Lord Frederick Beauclerk, who had been influential in the foundation of MCC, and brother of Charles William Beauclerk
Charles William Beauclerk
1835–1837
Played in 12 first-class matches. The son of Lord Frederick Beauclerk and brother of Aubrey Beauclerk.
C. Beecham
1836
A single first-class appearance for the Gentlemen. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
Benn
1831
Played once for The Bs. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
Studwell Bennett
1830–1831
Played in three first-class matches, once for the Bs and twice for Middlesex sides.
William Bennett
1831–1845
A total of 12 first-class matches played, most frequently for MCC.
George Cavendish-Bentinck
1840–1846
Played in 11 first-class matches, nine times for MCC.
C. Bentley
1809–1832
Played in three first-class matches, two for the Bs, as well as in one known match for MCC against Suffolk in 1827. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
Henry Berens
1837–1838
Played in two first-class matches for the Gentlemen of Kent.
Richard Berens
1819–1833
Four first-class matches, one for Hampshire in 1819 and three for the Gentlemen of Kent between 1830 and 1833.
George Betts
1832–1835
Two first-class appearances, one for the Gentlemen and one for a Kent XI.
Henry Bird
1819–1826
Six first-class appearances for Cambridge Town Club.
James Bird
1827–1834
Made two first-class appearances for Oxford University and one for Norfolk. CricInfo splits the appearances between two players, one known only as Bird who played in the Norfolk match. CricketArchive credits all three appearances to the same man who later lived in Norfolk.
W. Blackwell
1835
Played in one match, Left-Handed v Right-Handed. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
Thomas Blake
1829–1832
Made seven first-class appearances.
Nathaniel Bland
1836–1841
Played in two first-class matches, one for MCC in 1836 and one for a Fast Bowlers side in 1841.
Richard Bodle
1838–1849
Played 15 first-class matches, 14 of which were for Hampshire sides.
William Procter Bolland
1836–1843
Played nine times in first-class matches for MCC.
Henry Bolsover
1830
A single first-class match for Sheffield.
Bond
1835
One match for MCC. Other than a surname, no biographical details are known.
John Boning
1822–1847
Played in 35 first-class matches for Cambridge Town-based teams.
William Bonsey
1839
Played twice for MCC.
Henry Booth
1835–1836
Six first-class matches, all for Cambridge University.
William Borradaile
1815–1832
Three first-class matches.
John Borrer
1837–1845
Made four first-class appearances.
Michael Botting
1829
Played once for a Sussex XI.
George Boudier
1840–1847
Made 17 first-class appearances, 12 of which were for Cambridge University.
Joseph Bowles
1834–1835
Two first-class appearances for Oxford University.
Samuel Bowtell
1830–1838
Played in four first-class matches for the Cambridge Town Club.
John Bowyer
1810–1828
Played in 18 first-class matches.
Thomas Box
1826–1856
Played in 247 first-class matches as a wicket-keeper, including in every match played by Sussex between 1832 and 1856. Played in 20 Gentlemen v Players matches for the Players and was considered one of the best wicket-keepers and batsmen of his era. He leased the Royal Brunswick Ground in Hove until 1863.
John Bradshaw
1833–1849
A total of six first-class appearances.
Peter Bramley
1826
A single first-class appearance for Nottingham.
John Brand
1815–1828
Played 28 times in first-class matches, mainly for MCC sides. Played five times for the Gentlemen in early Gentlemen v Players matches.
James Bray
1816–1828
Eight first-class matches.
Briden
1826
A single match for a Middlesex side. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
James Brittain
1827
A single first-class match for Nottingham.
Charles Broadbridge
1838
Played one for a Sussex side.
Jem Broadbridge
1814–1840
Professional who made 102 first-class appearances, primarily for Sussex, and one of the first bowlers to make their name through bowling roundarm deliveries. Brother of William Broadbridge.
John Broadbridge
1838
A single appearance for the Left-handed team against MCC and one other match for the Uptown Club are all that is known of his career. Other than a name, no biographical information is known.
William Broadbridge
1817–1830
Played in 25 first-class matches, mainly for Sussex.
Francis Brooke
1836
Played one match for MCC.
A. Brooks
1826
A single first-class appearance for a Middlesex XI in 1826. Is known to have played one other match for Middlesex the previous year. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
Robert Broughton
1836–1864
Made a total of 26 first-class appearances, most of which were for MCC or Cambridge University.
George Brown
1819–1838
Played in 52 first-class matches, mainly for Sussex.
Richard Brown
1830–1833
Five first-class matches for Cambridge University.
William Brown
1836–1843
Eight first-class matches played.
William Buckingham
1835–1836
Played in three first-class matches.
E. H. Budd
1808–1831
Made 72 first-class appearances for a variety of sides. Described as an "accomplished all-rounder".
William Buller
1833–1839
Played in six first-class matches, including four for MCC. His son, Charles Buller, played in 90 first-class matches between 1865 and 1877.
Samuel Bullock
1825–1827
Three first-class appearances for Cambridge-based teams.
Thomas Burgoyne junior
1835–1841
Played four times in first-class matches for MCC.
George Burr
1840–1841
Three appearances for Cambridge University.
James Burt
1825–1832
Amateur who made 13 first-class appearances.
Arthur Button
1838
Played in one first-class match for MCC.
C
Name
Seasons
Comments
Ref
Caesar
1828
Played in one match for a Kent XI, probably as a last minute replacement for an established player. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
Benjamin Caesar
1824–1830
Played 11 first-class matches for Surrey teams. His sons, Julius and Frederick Caesar played first-class cricket
Will Caldecourt
1821–1844
42 first-class matches, mainly for MCC and England XIs.
George Caldwell
1829–1833
Played in 10 first-class matches. Brother of Henry Caldwell.
Henry Berney Caldwell
1832
Played in five first-class matches, four for MCC and one for an England side. Played in a number of other matches, mainly for Norfolk and Swaffam. Brother of George Caldwell.
Thomas Calhoun
1827
Played once for a Kent side.
Charles Calmady
1828
A single appearance for MCC.
Hugh Campbell
1837
Played twice for MCC.
George Carpenter
1838–1844
Played in nine matches, all for Cambridge-based sides.
Lewis Carrick
1828
A single match for a Kent side.
Charles Chapman
1825–1831
Six first-class matches, all for Cambridge University. Captained Eton as a schoolboy.
Thomas Charlton
1839–1840
Played in four first-class matches, three for Nottingham and one for MCC.
Richard Cheslyn
1825–1846
Made 10 first-class appearances.
Christie
1830
Played one first-class match for Middlesex and is known to have played one other match for Marylebone in 1828. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
George Claridge
1818–1829
Played in 10 first-class matches, eight of which were for Kent.
C. Clarke
1837
Played in one first-class match for MCC. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
William Clarke
1826–1845
Played in 143 first-class matches. Described as "one of the most remarkable cricketers of the nineteenth century", Clarke played for Nottingham. He formed the William Clarke's All-England Eleven, a team of touring professionals, in 1846.
William Grasett Clarke
1840–1848
Played in four first-class matches, including in the 1840 University Match.
William Clifford
1834–1841
Played 29 first-class matches, primarily for Kent sides.
Robert Dillon, 3rd Baron Clonbrock
1832–1834
Played in five first-class matches.
Henry Clutterbuck
1832
Played in one match for Oxford University.
James Cobbett
1826–1841
Played in 100 first-class matches for a range of sides, mainly for MCC, where he was a professional bowler for 16 seasons, and England XIs. Considered one of the best all-rounders of his era.
John Coker
1840–1844
Played 11 first-class matches.
Henry Cole
1835
Played once for a Yorkshire XI.
John Cooke
1829
Played once for Oxford University.
William Cookesley
1822–1827
Four matches for Cambridge University.
Algernon Coote
1837–1840
Played in 12 first-class matches.
St Vincent Cotton
1832–1835
Played in 21 first-class matches for a variety of sides.
Courtnay
1825–1826
Two first-class appearances, one for Godalming in 1825 and the other for Sussex the following year. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
Cowell
1817–1828
Played four matches, three for MCC sides. Served in the British Army as a Major, but other than this and his surname no biographical information is known.
Frederick Craven
1833
Played once for Cambridge University.
Thomas Craven
1837–1851
Played in 14 first-class matches.
Charles Creswell
1836–1843
Played in 11 first-class matches.
Charles Crofts
1840–1843
Played in three first-class matches, once for Sussex and twice for Cambridge University.
Henry Crook
1827–1837
Five first-class matches for Nottingham and Nottinghamshire sides.
John Crouch
1827–1836
Seven first-class appearances, all for Cambridge-based sides.
Thomas Crowhurst
1832
One first-class match for the Gentlemen of Kent.
D
Name
Seasons
Comments
Ref
Samuel Dakin
1840–1855
Played in 45 first-class matches for a wide range of teams, most frequently for MCC or The North.
James Dale
1823–1827
Played nine matches for Sussex.
Edward Daniell
1835–1837
Four appearances in first-class matches, three of which were for Oxford University.
George Daniels
1830–1839
Played five times for Sussex in firs-class matches.
Mathew Daplyn
1833–1836
Made seven appearances in first-class matches, four of which were for Norfolk.
Darby
1840
A single first-class appearance for the Cambridge Town Club against Cambridge University. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
Benjamin Dark
1814–1826
Six first-class appearances. Brother of James Dark.
James Dark
1815–1843
Played in 17 matches before going on to own Lord's, which he developed as a ground. Brother of Benjamin Dark.
Nicholas Darnell
1836–1840
Made nine first-class appearances.
Henry Daubeney
1834–1837
Played in four first-class matches.
John Davidson
1828–1845
Played in six first-class matches. Brother of William Davidson.
William Davidson
1832–1837
Three first-class matches, Brother of John Davidson.
J. Davies
1825–1832
Played 10 matches for Cambridge-based teams, occasionally as a wicket-keeper. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical details are known.
Henry Davis
1826
Played on first-class match for a Sheffield and Leicester team.
James Davis
1828–1834
Played in four first-class matches.
George Dawson
1827–1836
Played in eight first-class matches, mainly for Sheffield or Yorkshire sides.
John Day
1829–1835
Played eight first-class matches, all for Nottingham or Nottinghamshire sides.
William de St Croix
1839–1843
Made 15 first-class appearances, 12 of which were for Cambridge University.
Henry Deacon
1840–1842
Played in five first-class matches.
Thomas Deakin
1833–1836
Played in five matches for Yorkshire or Sheffield sides.
Jemmy Dean
1835–1861
Played in 305 first-class matches, most frequently for Sussex or MCC. Helped form the United All-England XI with John Wisden.
Charles Dearman
1828–1832
Played in eight first-class matches for Sheffield teams.
James Dearman
1826–1846
Played 22 first-class matches, primarily for Sheffield or Yorkshire sides.
John Deedes
1822–1829
Made 12 first-class appearances. Brother of William Deedes senior.
William Deedes senior
1817–1826
Made 24 first-class appearances and went on to be President of MCC.
William Dench
1826
One first-class appearance for Sussex.
Henry Denison
1829
A sole first-class match for Oxford University.
William Denison
1832–1847
Played in eight first-class matches.
J. Denne
1832
Played one first-class match for an England XI. Other than surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
Thomas Denne
1827–1832
Played in four first-class matches.
Joseph Dennis
1803–1829
Made seven first-class appearances for Nottingham sides.
John Dicker
1840–1844
Played in three first-class matches, two of which were for Kent sides.
John Dolignon
1832–1844
Five first-class appearances.
John Dolphin
1825–1834
Six first-class matches, four of which were for Cambridge University between 1825 and 1827.
Alban Dorrinton
1836
A single appearance for a Kent side. Brother of William Dorrinton.
William Dorrinton
1836–1848
Made 94 first-class appearances, mainly for Kent and MCC.
William Drake
1836
One first-class match for Oxford University.
Charles Duff
1824–1830
Twelve appearances for Sussex sides.
Duke
1831
A single first-class match for the Cambridge Town Club. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
Timothy Duke
1823–1828
Five first-class matches for Kent.
Harry Dupuis
1828–1830
Three first-class matches for Cambridge University.
Durell Durell
1838–1840
Four first-class matches for Oxford University and MCC.
James Dyer
1830
One first-class match for the Gentlemen of Kent.
William Dyer
1830
One first-class match for the Gentlemen of Kent.
Percyvall Dyke
1822–1837
Played in 21 first-class matches, most frequently for Kent sides. Brother of Thomas Dyke.
Thomas Dyke
1824–1827
Played in two first-class matches, one for MCC and one for Kent. Brother of Percyvall Dyke.
E
Name
Seasons
Comments
Ref
Octavius Eaden
1827–1831
Played in four first-class matches for Cambridge-based sides.
David Edwards
1826–1843
Played 26 first-class matches, all for Cambridge-based sides.
W. Edwards
1832–1843
Played in seven first-class matches, mainly for the Cambridge Town Club. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical details are known.
George Elliot
1831
May have played twice for Cambridge University in 1831, although he is thought to have been serving in the Royal Navy at the time and there is no record of him having graduated from the university.
Charles Ellis
1833
Played in three first-class matches.
Edward Ellis
1829–1835
Played in nine first-class matches, manly for Cambridge University.
W. Ellis
1835
Played a single match for MCC. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical details are known.
William Webb Ellis
1827
Played once for Oxford University in the 1827 University Match. Is better known as the apocryphal "inventor" of Rugby Union.
Henry Ellison
1833–1837
Played in six first-class matches. Better known as the founder of the Church of England and Ireland Temperance Society in 1862.
Edward Elmhirst
1834–1843
Played in 15 first-class matches.
John Emmerson
1827–1831
Played in three first-class matches for Cambridge-based sides. Brother of William Emmerson.
William Emmerson
1829
Played in a single first-class match for the Cambridge Union Club. Brother of John Emmerson.
George Englebright
1834
Played in a single first-class match for Norfolk.
Etherington
1830
One first-class appearance for Sussex. Other than a surname, no biographical details are known.
Henry Everett
1812–1839
Played in 10 first-class matches.
Mortimer Ewen
1839–1844
Played in seven first-class matches, six of which were for Sussex.
F
Name
Seasons
Comments
Ref
Frederick Fagge
1833–1853
Played in 44 first-class matches, primarily for Kent or the Gentlemen of Kent.
James Faithfull
1839
A single first-class match for Oxford University.
Arthur Farmer
1834–1839
Ten first-class matches, all for Cambridge-based sides.
George Faulkner
1829
A single first-class appearance for Sussex.
Nicholas Felix
1830–1852
Made 132 first-class appearances, 52 of which were for Kent and 23 for Surrey. Felix was a pseudonym: his actual surname was Wanostrocht. Described as "one of the most remarkable cricketers of all times".
Francis Fenner
1829–1856
Played 54 first-class matches, most frequently for Cambridge-based sides. Established Fenner's ground in Cambridge.
Fidler
1830
Played a single match for Middlesex. Other than a surname, no biographical details are known.
J. Fisher
1827
Played in one match for Sheffield. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical details are known.
Thomas Flavel
1821–1828
22 first-class matches, most frequently for Godalming.
John Floyer
1832–1833
Played in two first-class matches.
C. B. Ford
1837
A single match for MCC. Other than a surname and initials, no biographical information is known.
Frederick Ford
1836
Played one match for MCC.
George Ford
1837–1840
Played in nine first-class matches.
J. Ford
1836
Played a single match for MCC. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical details are known.
William Ford
1839–1849
Played in six first-class matches. Three sons, William Justice Ford, Augustus Ford and Francis Ford all played first-class cricket.
Thomas Foster
1827–1828
Played twice for Nottingham.
John Foxcraft
1837–1842
Played four times for Nottinghamshire sides.
George Freemantle
1829–1832
Made three first-class appearances.
John Freer
1827
Played twice for Cambridge University.
Thomas Fryer
1832
Played twice for the Cambridge Town Club against MCC.
J. Fuller
1831–1834
Played in a total of ten first-class matches, all for Cambridge-based sides. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
G
Name
Seasons
Comments
Ref
Gainsford
1834
A single match for Sheffield. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
George Galloway
1837–1844
Played in four first-class matches.
Gloucester Gambier
1838–1844
Played in three first-class matches.
Thomas Gamble
1826
A single first-class match for a Sheffield and Leicester side. Brother of William Gamble.
William Gamble
1828
Played in one first-class match. Brother of Thomas Gamble.
C. Gardiner
1828
A solitary match for Kent. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
John Gardiner
1828–1830
Played twice in first-class matches for Surrey XIs.
Frederick Garnett
1840
A single first-class match for Oxford University.
James Garnett
1833
Played in two first-class matches for Cambridge University.
William Garnett
1839
One match for Oxford University.
John Garnier
1832
A sole first-class appearance for Oxford University. Brother of William Garnier.
Thomas Garnier
1832
Two first-class matches for Oxford University. Brother of John Garnier. Became Dean of Lincoln Cathedral.
William Garrat
1832–1845
Made a total of 32 appearances in first-class matches, most frequently for Nottinghamshire-based sides.
Edward Garrow
1839
One first-class match for Oxford University.
Richard Garth
1839–1844
Played in 21 first-class matches, mostly for MCC and Oxford University.
Daniel Geere
1840
Played twice for Sussex.
John Gibson
1837–1842
Made a total of four first-class appearances, three of which were for Nottinghamshire-based sides.
Robert Gibson
1828
Played one match for Nottingham.
George Markham Giffard
1834–1836
Played in four first-class matches for Oxford University.
William Girton
1830
Played once for Suffolk. CricInfo identifies him as P. Girton and provides no additional biographical information, CricketArchive as William Girton.
Matthew Gisborne
1840
Played once for the North of England.
Robert Glasscock
1832–1834
Four first-class matches for Cambridge-based sides.
George Goad
1826–1834
Played in seven first-class matches for Sussex.
George Goldney
1838
A single appearance for Cambridge University.
Billy Good
1831–1847
Played in 68 first-class matches, most frequently for MCC.
Charles Goodall
1826
A solitary first-class match for a Nottingham side.
Charles Gordon, 10th Marquess of Huntly
1818–1843
Played 33 first-class matches, most frequently for MCC sides. Styled as Lord Strathavon between 1794 and 1836 and the Earl of Aboyne from 1836 to 1853. Brother of Francis Gordon.
Francis Gordon
1826–1830
Played in seven first-class matches. Brother of Charles Gordon.
Charles Goring
1836–1838
Played four times for Oxford University in first-class matches.
William Goring
1833–1835
Played in seven first-class matches.
James Graham, 4th Duke of Montrose
1828
A single appearance for an England XI.
Henry Grazebrook
1828–1830
Four appearances in first-class matches for Cambridge University.
Green
1828
A single match for a Kent side. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known, although Kent histories suggest the possibility that he was the father of William Green who played three times for the county side in the 1850s and 60s.
William Greenwood
1818–1828
Played twice, once for Hampshire against MCC in 1818 and once for Hampshire against an England XI in 1828.
Charles Greville
1819–1827
Played five times, three times for MCC and twice for the Gentlemen.
Thomas Grimstead
1831
A single match for a Surrey side.
Edward Grimston
1832–1849
Played in 32 first-class matches, mainly for MCC. Brother of James and Robert Grimston.
James Grimston, 2nd Earl of Verulam
1830–1849
Made 21 first-class appearances, most frequently for MCC. Brother of Edward and Robert Grimston. Succeeded his father as 2nd Earl of Verulam in 1845. MCC President in 1837–38 and 1867–68.
Robert Grimston
1836–1855
Played in 63 first-class matches, most frequently for MCC or the Gentlemen of England. MCC President 1883–84 and the only President of the club to have died in office. Brother of Edward and James Grimston.
James Grinham
1822–1835
Played in 13 first-class matches, nine of which were for Godalming.
Groom
1833
A single first-class match for Norfolk. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
Joseph Grout
1838–1839
Played in eight first-class matches.
Joe Guy
1837–1854
Made 148 first-class appearances, most commonly for England sides or teams from Nottinghamshire.
Guyett
1826
One first-class appearance for a Middlesex side. Other than a surname, no biographical details are known.
H
Name
Seasons
Comments
Ref
Israel Haggis
1834–1849
Played in 20 first-class matches, mainly for Cambridge-based sides.
Charles Hale
1832
Four first-class matches played.
Richard Hales
1840
A single first-class match for Oxford University.
Henry Hall
1827–1837
Played a total of 14 first-class matches, most frequently for Yorkshire or Sheffield sides.
James Hall
1821–1838
A total of 12 matches for Cambridge-based sides.
W. Hall
1833–1834
Played five times for the Cambridge Town Club. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
Henry Hand
1828–1840
Played in 14 first-class matches.
Edwin Handley
1827
Played twice for Cambridge University.
Thomas Harden
1829
Played one first-class match for a Kent side.
John Richard Hardy
1829
A single match for Cambridge University.
Hare
1830
Played one match for MCC. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
Archibald Harenc
1840–1859
Played in 14 first-class matches, generally for amateur sides such as the Gentlemen of Kent, as well as a number of other matches for the same side. Also played a non-first-class match for Canada against the United States in 1845 at McGill University in Montréal. Brother of Charles, Edward and Henry Harenc.
Charles Harenc
1830–1849
Played in 56 first-class matches, most frequently for the Gentlemen of Kent and for Kent sides both before and after the formation of Kent County Cricket Club. Had captained Harrow School and went on to play a number of non-first-class matches for sides such as I Zingari. Brother of Archibald, Edward and Henry Harenc.
Edward Harenc
1837–1841
Played in four first-class matches, once for the Gentlemen of Kent in 1837 and three times for Cambridge University in 1840 and 1841. Brother of Archibald, Charles and Henry Harenc.
Henry Harenc
1832
Played in one first-class match for the Gentlemen of Kent. Brother of Archibald, Charles and Edward Harenc.
Edward Harman
1837
A single match for MCC.
William Harvey
1831
A single match for Cambridge University.
Frederick Haslett
1837–1841
Six first-class matches for Sussex teams.
Ashby Haslewood
1833–1835
Three matches for Cambridge University.
Henry Hattersley
1834
Played in three first-class matches for Yorkshire-based sides.
Hawkes
1836
Played in one first-class match for Norfolk. Is known to have played one other match for the side in 1843. Other than a surname, no biographical details are known.
Charles Hawkins
1838–1845
Played in 57 first-class matches, most frequently for Sussex or England XIs.
Daniel Hayward
1832–1851
Appeared in 24 first-class matches, primarily for Cambridge-based sides.
Thomas Heath
1828–1848
Played in 20 first-class matches for sides from Nottinghamshire.
John Henson
1834
Played in one match for Nottingham. Other than a name, no biographical details are known.
Edward Herbert, 3rd Earl of Powis
1837–1838
Played in two matches for the Cambridge Town Club.
Lord Charles Hervey
1835
Played in one match for Cambridge University.
Sir Frederick Hervey-Bathurst, 3rd Baronet
1831–1861
Played in 92 first-class matches, most frequently for Gentlemen's sides and MCC.
William Hewitt
1827–1829
Played in six first-class matches for Nottingham.
Robert Hibbert
1832
Appeared twice for Cambridge University in first-class matches.
Horatio Hildyard
1832
Played in two matches for Oxford University.
Hillingston
1831
One match for A-K. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
Arthur Hill, 4th Marquess of Downshire
1837
One match for MCC.
Robert Hills
1836–1838
Played in seven first-class matches for Kent sides
Thomas Hills
1840
One appearance for a Kent XI.
William Hillyer
1835–1853
Played in 230 first-class matches, most frequently for MCC and Kent. Considered "one of the greatest bowlers of his period".
John Hilton
1829–1830
Played in three first-class matches for Nottingham.
Edward Hoare
1831
Played a single match for Cambridge University. Brother of John Gurney Hoare.
Henry Hoare
1835–1838
Played in six matches for MCC.
John Gurney Hoare
1831
Played once for Cambridge University. Brother of Edward Hoare.
Edward Hodgson
1835–1836
Appeared in three matches for Cambridge University.
James Hodson
1838–1854
Played in 54 first-class matches, 51 of which were for Sussex.
William Hodson
1833
A single match for Sussex.
E. Hogg
1833–1836
Played three first-class matches for Norfolk. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
Robert Holden
1835–1836
Played in five first-class matches for MCC.
Holdsworth
1830–1831
Played in two first-class matches for Sheffield. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
Henry Holloway
1836
A single match for Oxford University.
Holmes
1832
Played a single first-class match for Cambridge University. Other than a surname, no biographical details are known.
William Hooker
1823–1833
Played in 26 first-class matches, most commonly for Sussex.
William Hopkins
1825–1828
Four first-class matches, three for Cambridge University and one for an England XI.
James Hopper
1822–1827
Three matches for Kent.
J. Horn
1827
Played on a single match for the Cambridge Union Club. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
Edward Horsman
1827–1829
Played in three matches for Cambridge University.
Howard
1834
Made a single first-class appearance for Norfolk. Other than a surname, no biographical details are known.
Henry Howard
1830–1832
Played in three first-class matches for three different sides.
Thomas Howard
1803–1829
Made 88 first-class appearances, mainly for England XIs and Hampshire sides.
Abraham Hume
1839–1844
Played in 12 first-class matches for Cambridge University or MCC.
Francis Hurt
1840
A solitary match for MCC.
Joseph Hydes
1834
Played in two first-class matches for a Yorkshire XI, both against Norfolk.
J
Name
Seasons
Comments
Ref
Alfred Jackson
1837
One first-class match for the Gentlemen.
James Jardine
1827–1829
Played in two first-class matches.
Charles Jarvis
1826
A solitary first-class match played for Nottingham. Brother of George Jarvis.
George Jarvis
1826–1841
Played in a total of 37 first-class matches, generally for sides from Nottinghamshire. Brother of Charles Jarvis.
William Jenkins
1826–1830
Three first-class appearances for Sussex.
Charles Jenner
1828–1833
Played in six first-class matches. Brother of Herbert and Henry Jenner.
Herbert Jenner
1825–1838
Played in 36 first-class matches, mainly for Kent sides and the Gentlemen. Captained Cambridge University in the first University Match in 1827, was President of MCC in 1833/34 and of the West Kent club. Brother of Charles and Henry Jenner.
Henry Jenner
1839–1842
Played in four first-class matches. Brother of Charles and Herbert Jenner.
John Jenner
1807–1826
Six first-class matches, five of which were for Middlesex.
Isaac Johnson
1840–1843
Played three times for Nottinghamshire.
T. Johnson
1825–1834
Played in 17 first-class matches for Cambridge sides. Other than his surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
P. S. Johnston
1833–1834
Two matches, one for Yorkshire and one for Sheffield. Other than his surname and initials, no biographical information is known.
W. Johnston
1837–1838
Two matches for Cambridge Town sides. Other than his surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
Jones
1832–1833
Two matches for Sussex. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
G. Jones
1839
Played a single match for the Cambridge Town Club. Other than his surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
Harry Jones
1826
A single first-class match for a Middlesex side.
John Judd
1831
A single first-class match for Cambridge University.
Henry Jupp
1824–1827
Two first-class appearances, one for Godalming in 1824 and one for an England XI in 1827.
K
Name
Seasons
Comments
Ref
Walter Kavanagh
1834
Played in three first-class matches, two for Cambridge University and one for MCC.
Robert William Keate
1832–1853
Played in 39 first-class matches, 21 of which were for MCC.
William Keen
1821–1831
Played in 28 first-class matches, including 12 for Godalming and seven for Surrey.
Kelsey
1829
A single first-class match for Sussex. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
Francis Kerry
1830
A single match for Nottingham.
George Kettle
1839–1851
A total of 15 first-class appearances.
John Kettleband
1826–1832
Nine first-class matches, all for Nottingham.
John King
1830
A single first-class match for Suffolk. Played regularly for Suffolk and Bury St Edmunds between 1821 and 1831 in other matches.
Samuel Kingdon
1827
One first-class match for Cambridge University.
Henry Robert Kingscote
1825–1844
Made 33 first-class appearances. President of MCC 1827/28.
James Kirkpatrick
1838
One first-class match played for the Gentlemen of Kent.
Edward Kirwan
1834–1837
Played six first-class matches for Cambridge University. Brother of John Kirwan.
John Kirwan
1836–1842
Made 18 first-class appearances, 14 of which were for Cambridge University. Brother of Edward Kirwan.
James Kitson
1832
A single first-class match for MCC.
John Kitson
1838
One first-class match for Oxford University.
Henry Knatchbull
1827–1849
Played in 41 first-class matches for a wide range of sides
Edward Knight
1822–1828
Made 13 first-class appearances. Brother of George T and Henry Knight.
George T Knight
1820–1837
Played 23 first-class matches. Brother of Edward and Henry Knight.
Henry Knight
1827
A solitary first-class match for Sussex. Brother of Edward and George T Knight
J. Knill
1833–1835
Played in two matches, both for Left-handed sides. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
Benjamin Koe
1838
One first-class match for Cambridge University.
Roger Kynaston
1830–1854
Played in 166 first-class matches, including 111 for MCC and more for related sides. Secretary of MCC between 1842 and 1858.
L
Name
Seasons
Comments
Ref
James Ladbroke
1800–1826
Played in 19 first-class matches, 11 of which were for Godalming.
Charles Lanaway
1825–1838
Made 36 first-class appearances, 34 of which were for Sussex.
Henry Thomas Lane
1818–1827
Nine first-class matches. President of MCC 1824/25
George Langdon
1839–1842
15 first-class matches played, mainly for Sussex sides.
Langford
1836
A single known match for Norfolk. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
William Lautour
1838–1849
Played in 18 first-class matches for a range of amateur sides.
Lawrence
1831
A single appearance for an England side. Other than a surname, no biographical details are known.
O. Laws
1834
A single first-class match for Norfolk. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
John Leaney
1825–1826
Played twice for Kent.
Edward Leathes
1830–1834
Played in five first-class matches.
Godfrey Lee
1837–1845
Played in eight first-class matches, most frequently for Oxford University.
Charles Leech
1830
Played in two first-class matches for Suffolk.
R. B. Legden
1833
One first-class match for an L to Z side. Other than a surname and initials, no biographical information is known.
Lord Sussex Lennox
1826
A single first-class match for MCC.
Richard Lenton
1828–1841
Played in three first-class matches for Cambridge-based sides. Lenton was born at Connington in 1804 and died at Cambridge in 1870.
John Leslie
1836
Played in two first-class matches, once for MCC against Oxford University and once for the university against MCC.
Thomas Leventhorpe
1835
Played in a single first-class match for Cambridge University.
Lewis
1830
A single appearance for a Middlesex side is all that is known about him. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
Thomas Lewis
1837–1846
Played in two first-class matches, one for the Gentlemen in 1837 and one for a Surrey side in 1846.
William Lewis
1827
Played in one first-class match for Oxford University.
George Liddell
1840–1852
Played in 25 first-class matches, most frequently for MCC.
Charles Lillywhite
1837
Played in a single match for Sussex.
William Lillywhite
1825–1853
Played in 237 first-class matches, mainly for Sussex, MCC and England XI. One of the first major rounder bowlers.
George Lister-Kaye
1828
A single match for Sussex.
Charles Lloyd
1833–1850
Played in five first-class matches, four of which were for MCC. Brother of Henry J Lloyd.
Henry J. Lloyd
1815–1830
Made 34 first-class appearances, mainly for sides related to MCC. President of MCC 1822/23. Brother of Charles Lloyd.
Frederick Loftus
1830
Played in three first-class matches and is known to have played other matches for MCC between 1827 and 1831.
Frederick Long
1836–1841
Played in five first-class matches, four of them for Cambridge University and one for the Cambridge Town Club.
Robert Longden
1837
Played twice in first-class matches for Cambridge University.
Lowe
1828
Played in a single first-class match for a Hampshire side. Other than a surname, no biographical details are known.
Lowe
1830
Played twice for Middlesex sides. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
Alfred Lowth
1836–1841
Played in eight first-class matches.
Henry Lowther
1819–1843
47 first-class matches, primarily for MCC sides.
W. Lupton
1833
A single match for a Yorkshire XI against Sheffield. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical details are known.
George Lyttelton, 4th Baron Lyttelton
1836–1838
Played in three first-class matches for Cambridge University.
M
Name
Seasons
Comments
Ref
John McCoy
1834
Just one first-class match, played for Yorkshire against Norfolk.
McKinnon
1829
A sole first-class appearance for a team of Single players. Other than a surname and the fact that he was a captain in the British Army, no biographical information is known.
Main
1830–1833
Played in a total of three first-class matches. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
Henry Maister
1832
Played in two first-class matches.
Arthur Malkin
1826
A single match for Cambridge University.
J. Mallinson
1834
A single first-class match for Sheffield. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
John Manners-Sutton, 3rd Viscount Canterbury
1832–1836
Played in 10 first-class matches, mainly for Cambridge University.
William Maples
1839
One first-class match for Cambridge University.
Earl of March
1837–1838
Played in four first-class matches.
George Marriott
1836
Played in two first-class matches for Norfolk.
Tom Marsden
1826–1841
Played 55 first-class matches.
Marshall
1839
Played one match for the Cambridge Town Club. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
John Marshall
1837–1845
Played in six first-class matches
Martin
1833
Played a single first-class match for an England side.
W. Martin
1819–1826
Played in seven first-class matches and three other matches for the Cambridge Town Club. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
Russell Martingell
1828
A single first-class appearances for a Surrey XI. Father of Will Martingell.
Will Martingell
1839–1860
Played in 182 first-class matches, most frequently for Surrey and Kent; he played 49 times for each in first-class matches. An excellent bowler, Martingell went on to coach the game. Son of Robert Martingell.
William Mason
1832–1842
Made 11 first-class appearances for Sussex sides.
William Massey
1837–1842
Played in 13 first-class matches, nine for Cambridge University.
William Mathews
1821–1830
Made 31 first-class appearances, most frequently for Godalming and England sides.
William May
1834
A single first-class match for Kent.
John Mayers
1827
A single first-class match for Kent.
S. Maynard
1823–1828
Five first-class appearances, four of them for Hampshire. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
Henry Mayne
1833–1849
Made 18 appearances in first-class matches, including seven for MCC.
George Meads
1825–1836
Played 14 times for Sussex.
Adolphus Meetkerke
1840
Played in one first-class match for Cambridge University.
Francis Mellersh
1814–1830
Played in 11 first-class matches, nine of which were for Sussex.
William Mellish
1832
Made two first-class appearances for Cambridge University.
William Meryweather
1829
A single first-class match for Cambridge University.
T. Metcalfe
1830
A single first-class match for the Cambridge Town Club. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
William Meyrick
1828–1837
Played in nine first-class matches, six of which were for Cambridge University.
John Michell
1831–1833
Played in three first-class matches.
Frederick Micklethwait
1836–1848
Made six first-class appearances.
Miller
1828
A single first-class match for the Cambridge Town Club. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
Miller
1830
A solitary match played for Middlesex is the extent of the information known. No biographical details have been discovered.
Mills
1829
Just one first-class match played for a Surrey side. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
Charles Mills
1840
A single appearance for a Kent side in first-class matches.
George Mills
1825–1831
A total of eight first-class matches, mainly for Kent. Brother of Richard Mills.
Richard Mills
1825–1843
A total of 47 first-class matches, primarily for Kent sides. Brother of George Mills.
William Mills
1840–1844
Played in 16 first-class matches, 11 of which were for Cambridge University.
George Millyard
1835–1842
Played in 50 first-class matches, most frequently for Sussex sides.
Mitchell
1831
A single first-class match played for a team made up of single men. Other than a surname, no biographical details are known.
Spencer Montagu
1832–1835
Played twice in first-class matches.
Robert Moore
1834–1835
Played in three first-class matches for Oxford University.
H. Morgan
1836–1837
Played twice for the Cambridge Town Club. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
Henry Morley
1815–1838
Played in 30 first-class matches.
Pierrepont Mundy
1838–1853
Played in nine first-class matches.
Daniel Murcutt
1837–1842
Played five time for Cambridge Town Club sides.
George Murrell
1826–1828
Played in two first-class matches for Sussex sides.
C. Musgrave
1826
Played in just one first-class match for MCC. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
William Musters
1829–1848
Played in 10 first-class matches, most frequently for Nottingham or Nottinghamshire sides.
Alfred Mynn
1832–1859
Nicknamed the "Lion of Kent", Mynn made 212 first-class appearances, most frequently playing for Kent both before and after the formation of the first county club in 1842. Brother of Walter Mynn.
Walter Mynn
1833–1852
Played in 75 first-class matches, most frequently for Kent or the Gentlemen of Kent. Brother of Alfred Mynn.
N
Name
Seasons
Comments
Ref
Charles Napier
1838–1841
Played in eight first-class matches.
Edwin Napper
1839–1862
Played in 128 first-class matches, 92 of them for Sussex.
J. Napper
1838
A single first-class appearance for Sussex. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
Henry Nethercote
1839–1854
Played in 18 first-class matches
William Newcome
1836
Just one first-class match played for Cambridge University.
Francis Nicholas
1821–1830
Played in 23 first-class matches, mainly for MCC sides.
Frederick Nicholl
1835
Played one first-class match in Cambridge University.
Richard Nicholson
1837–1841
Played twice in first-class matches.
Thomas Nicoll
1817–1835
Made 28 first-class appearances, mostly for MCC sides.
John Noakes
1826
Made two appearances for Kent sides. Noakes was probably born in 1802 and possibly died in 1840 at Lamberhurst.
George Warde Norman
1832–1838
Nine first-class appearances for Kent-based sides. Brother of Henry Norman.
Henry Norman
1827–1835
Played 14 first-class matches, most frequently for Kent-based sides. Brother of George Norman.
William North
1827–1828
Played three first-class matches for Nottingham sides.
M. Norton
1837
Played a single match for MCC. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
O
Name
Seasons
Comments
Ref
Henry Oddie
1834–1836
Seven first-class matches played for Cambridge University.
Oliver
1824–1828
Played in four first-class matches, three for Godalming and one for Surrey. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
Henry Ommaney
1828
A single match for Kent.
A. Onslow
1835
Played a single first-class match for MCC. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
Thomas Ormsby
1829
A sole first-class match for a team of married players.
George Osbaldeston
1808–1830
Described as "one of the leading figures in the game in the early 19th century", Osbaldeston played in 33 first-class matches, primarily for MCC, and was a "renowned" single-wicket player.
John Oscroft
1834–1848
Nine first-class matches played for Nottinghamshire-based sides.
George Owston
1826
A single first-class match played.
P
Name
Seasons
Comments
Ref
James Pagden
1835–1858
Played in two first-class matches, once for MCC in 1835 and once for Sussex in 1858. Is known to have played a number of club matches, most frequently for the Gentlemen of Sussex side, between 1830 and 1868.
Henry Page
1819–1826
Seven first-class matches for Cambridge Town Club.
Martin Page
1820–1834
Played in 13 first-class matches for Cambridge-based sides.
William Pakenham, 4th Earl of Longford
1836
A single first-class match for the Gentlemen.
Thomas Paley
1829–1831
Played in two first-class matches for Surrey sides.
John Papillon
1827
A single first-class match for Oxford University.
Henry Parker
1839–1854
Played in a total of 17 first-class matches, most frequently for Cambridge University or the Gentlemen of Kent.
John Parnell
1831
Played in a single first-class match for Cambridge University.
Charles Parnther
1832–1836
Made 16 first-class appearances.
Butler Parr
1835–1854
Made 23 first-class appearances, generally for Nottinghamshire-based sides.
Samuel Parr
1840–1855
Played in 25 first-class matches, generally for Nottinghamshire-based sides.
F. Parry
1830
A single first-class match for Middlesex and one other match for MCC, both in 1830, are all that is known about Parry's career. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical details have been found.
George Parry
1818–1829
Played in 16 first-class matches.
Edwin Patchitt
1840–1843
Played four times for Nottinghamshire sides.
William Paterson
1840
A single first-class match for MCC.
Robert Payne
1832
Played twice for Oxford University.
William Pellett
1837
Three first-class matches for Sussex.
George Pescott
1840
One first-class match for Sussex.
William Peto
1822–1826
Nine matches, eight of them for Godalming.
John Philipps
1830–1839
Played in six matches. Changed his name to John Scourfield in 1862.
Picard
1830
Played a single first-class match for a Middlesex side. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
Edward Pickering
1827–1844
Played in 15 first-class matches. Brother of William Pickering.
William Pickering
1840–1848
Made 29 first-class appearances. Brother of Edward Pickering.
William Pickett
1828–1838
17 first-class appearances for Sussex sides.
George Picknell
1835–1854
Played in 81 first-class matches, 73 times for Sussex. Brother of Robert Picknell.
Robert Picknell
1837–1845
Made 18 first-class appearances, all for Sussex. Brother of George Picknell.
Charles Pierpoint
1825–1827
Played four matches for Sussex.
Thomas Pierpoint
1827–1833
Played in nine first-class matches.
Frederick Pigou
1836
Made four first-class appearances.
Fuller Pilch
1820–1854
One of the leading batsmen of his time, Pilch, who was originally from Norfolk, was recruited to play for Kent sides before the foundation of Kent County Cricket Club. Played in a total of 229 first-class matches for a number of sides, most frequently for Kent. Brother of Nathaniel and William Pilch.
Nathaniel Pilch
1820–1836
Played in all of Norfolk's six first-class matches alongside his brothers Fuller and William Pilch, his only first-class matches. Father of William Pilch.
William Pilch
1820–1836
Played in all of Norfolk's six first-class matches alongside his brothers Fuller and Nathaniel. Made a total of eight first-class appearances.
William Pilch
1840–1857
Played 52 times, mostly for Kent. Son of Nathianel Pilch and nephew of Fuller and William Pilch.
Pile
1833–1836
Played in two first-class matches for Norfolk.
William Pilkington
1827
A single first-class match for Oxford University.
Uriah Pillion
1828
A single first-class match for Kent.
George Pitts
1835
Played in a single first-class match for a team of left-handed cricketers.
George Plank
1837
A single first-class match for the Gentlemen.
Edward Pole
1827–1832
Played twice for Oxford University.
Frederick Ponsonby, 6th Earl of Bessborough
1834–1856
Played in 67 first-class matches. Brother of John Ponsonby.
John Ponsonby, 5th Earl of Bessborough
1830–1836
Played in five first-class matches. Brother of Frederick Ponsonby.
Sydney Pontifex
1829
A single first-class appearance for an England side.
Francis Popham
1829–1833
Played in four first-class matches.
Porter
1833
A single match for the Cambridge Town Club.
William Potter
1829–1831
Played in seven first-class matches.
Henry Potts
1831
A single first-class appearance for Cambridge University.
Frederick Powys
1830–1832
Played twice for Cambridge University.
Guy Prendergast
1826
A single first-class match for Cambridge University.
James Preston
1828
A single first-class match played for Sussex.
Price
1828–1842
Played in four first-class matches. Was probably a captain in the British Army, but other than this and his surname, no biographical information is known.
Rice Price
1827–1838
Played six first-class matches, all for Oxford University.
Charles Prickett
1826
Played in two first-class matches for Kent.
George Prothero
1839
A single first-class match for Oxford University.
Charles Pryor
1833–1859
Made 31 first-class appearances, almost all for Cambridge-based sides.
Purcell
1829
A solitary first-class match played for a Kent side. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
James Pycroft
1836–1838
Played in five first-class matches.
Q
Name
Seasons
Comments
Ref
William Quarles
1820–1830
Played two first-class matches, one for Norfolk in 1820 and one for Suffolk in 1830.
R
Name
Seasons
Comments
Ref
George Rawlins
1826–1836
Played in 18 first-class matches, 10 for Sheffield and 6 for Yorkshire sides.
George Rawlinson
1836–1839
Played in five first-class matches for Oxford University.
Philip Ray
1827
Played once for Cambridge University.
Sam Redgate
1830–1846
Considered one of the best bowlers of the 1830s, Redgate played in 78 first-class matches, primarily for Nottinghamshire sides and the Cambridge Town Club.
Thomas Redgate
1840
Played twice for Nottinghamshire sides.
Ambrose Redhead
1829–1831
Played twice, both matches for Cambridge-based sides.
Hayter Reed
1832–1834
Played five times in first-class matches.
Reid
1828
A single match for a Kent side. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known, although the 1907 History of Kent County Cricket Club suggests that he came from Sevenoaks.
Henry Reynolds-Moreton, 2nd Earl of Ducie
1831
A single first-class match for an England side.
Edward Royd Rice
1826–1834
Played in two first-class matches, one for a Middlesex side in 1828 and the other for an England side in 1834.
Arthur Rich
1833–1838
Six first-class matches played.
Henry Rich
1838
A single first-class match for Oxford University.
George Richards
1828–1831
Played six times for Surrey sides in first-class matches.
J. Richardson
1840–1843
Played in five first-class matches. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
Riley
1832
A single match for a Sheffield side. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
Robert Ringwood
1840–1849
Played in 16 matches for Cambridge-based sides.
Thomas Roberts
1834
A single first-class match for Norfolk.
William Roberts
1833–1836
Played in four matches for Norfolk.
John Robertson
1828
A single first-class match for Oxford University.
Charles Rocke
1822–1828
Played in six first-class matches.
J. Roker
1825–1830
Played in five first-class matches, four for Surrey and one for Godlaming. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
Charles Romilly
1828–1833
Made 13 first-class appearances. Brother of Edward and Frederick Romilly.
Edward Romilly
1825–1831
Played nine first-class matches. Brother of Charles and Frederick Romilly
Frederick Romilly
1836
Played in one match for MCC. Brother of Charles and Edward Romilly.
Batchelor Roper
1833–1835
Played twice in first-class matches.
Rose
1830
A single match for a Middlesex team. Other than a surname, no biographical details are known.
George Rothera
1832–1837
Played in 10 first-class matches, mainly for Nottinghamshire-based sides.
Russell
1831
A single match for a team of single players. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
Lord Charles Russell
1833–1851
Played in 11 first-class matches, mainly for MCC. MCC President 1835/36.
Charles Russell
1836
A single first-class match for Cambridge University.
Henry Stuart Russell
1839
Played in four first-class matches, three for Oxford University and one for MCC.
Henry Vane Russell
1832
One match for Oxford University.
J. C. Ryle
1835–1838
Played in seven first-class matches for Oxford University.
S
Name
Seasons
Comments
Ref
Salmoni
1831
Played in one match for the Cambridge Town Club. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
Henry Sampson
1840–1857
Played in 38 first-class matches.
Thomas Sanders
1828–1839
Made nine first-class appearances.
John Montagu, 7th Earl of Sandwich
1831–1832
Played twice for Cambridge University.
James Saunders
1822–1831
Played 54 first-class matches, most often for England XIs, Godalming and the Players.
Arthur Savile
1839–1841
Played in six first-class matches.
Edward Sayres
1838–1842
Played in 24 first-class matches.
J. Scott
1819–1831
Made eight appearances for Cambridge-based sides. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
Edward Seale
1832–1835
Played three first-class matches for Cambridge University.
William Searle
1821–1833
Made 48 first-class appearances.
Thomas Selby
1839–1841
Played three first-class matches for Kent sides.
Thomas Sell
1827–1833
Played in seven first-class matches for Cambridge-based sides.
Francis Semmence
1833
A single first-class match for Norfolk.
John Seton Karr
1837–1838
Played four matches for Oxford University.
Tom Sewell
1830–1853
Played in 117 first-class matches, most frequently for MCC or England sides.
William Sewell
1822–1827
Eight first-class appearances, four for Middlesex and four for the Gentlemen.
George Seymour
1835–1838
Played in six first-class matches for Cambridge University.
James Seymour
1834–1836
Played twice for the Cambridge Town Club.
William Seymour
1837
Played once for Oxford University.
J. Shackley
1830–1834
Played in four first-class matches for Sheffield and Yorkshire sides. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical details are known.
Frederick Shaw
1835–1836
Played three matches for Yorkshire sides.
Sir John Shelley, 7th Baronet
1835
Played in a single first-class match for an England side against a Kent XI.
W. Shelton
1826–1828
Played twice in first-class matches for combined teams and in other matches for Leicester-based sides. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical details are known.
William Sheraton
1827–1831
Six first-class matches, all for Nottingham.
John Sherman
1809–1852
Played 27 first-class matches.
Gervaise Waldo-Sibthorp
1834–1836
Played in four first-class matches for Oxford University.
Edward Sivewright
1828–1829
Three first-class matches, each for a different side.
G. Skinner
1827–1829
Played four first-class matches for Sheffield sides.
Hiriam Slack
1831–1832
Played twice for Nottingham in first-class matches.
John Slater
1825–1829
Played seven times, mainly for Sussex. Brother of William Slater.
William Slater
1814–1829
Played in 30 first-class matches, most frequently for Sussex.
Smeed
1830
A single first-class match for Middlesex. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
Smith
1825–1826
Two matches for Cambridge University. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
Smith
1831
Played a single first-class match for Cambridge University. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
Smith
1827
A single first-class match for the Cambridge Union Club. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
George Smith
1826–1827
Played three first-class matches, all for Nottingham.
George Smith
1827–1836
Made 12 first-class appearances for Sheffield and Yorkshire sides.
H. Smith
1832
A single first-class match for MCC. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
J. Smith
1833
A sole first-class match for the Gentlemen. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
Percy Smith
1825–1826
Played twice for Cambridge University.
William Smith
1840–1857
Played seven times for Kent.
Henry Snow
1830–1839
Played 20 times in first-class matches. Brother of William Strahan.
Henry Southern
1828
A single first-class match for Sheffield.
Stephen Southon
1825–1826
Played four times for Kent.
John Sparks
1803–1829
Played in 50 first-class matches, most frequently for Surrey and England XIs.
Abraham Spinks
1833–1836
Played four first-class matches for Norfolk.
Thomas Spinks
1840
A single first-class match for Oxford University.
Sprig
1831
A sole first-class match for the Cambridge Town Club. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
William Squires
1826
Played in a single first-class match for a Sheffield ad Leicester side. Is known to have played for Leicester between 1823 and 1839.
Edward St John
1829
Played twice for Cambridge University.
Richard Stanford
1832
Played a single match for Sussex.
William Stearman
1836–1840
Played in 15 first-class matches, 11 times for Kent sides.
J. Stearn
1834
Played a single first-class match for the Cambridge Town Club. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
Thomas Stearn
1825–1840
Played 22 first-class matches for Cambridge sides.
William Strahan
1832–1849
Born William Snow, played 26 first-class matches. Brother of Henry Snow.
John Strange
1836–1839
Played in 13 first-class matches.
A. Stuart
1838–1839
Played twice for MCC. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
H. Stubbs
1830
A single first-class match for MCC. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
George Sussum
1827–1832
Played in nine first-class matches for Cambridge-based sides.
J. Swan
1825–1826
Played twice for the Cambridge Town Club. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
T
Name
Seasons
Comments
Ref
William Talbot
1837
A single match for Oxford University.
Henry Tamplin
1827–1828
Played twice for Sussex sides.
John Tanner
1797–1826
Played 45 first-class matches.
Charles Taylor
1836–1859
Played in 125 first-class matches.
James Taylor
1834–1844
Played in 28 first-class matches, most frequently for Sussex sides.
W. Taylor
1828–1829
Played in three matches, all for Sheffield. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
Charles Templeton
1827–1829
Played in three first-class matches, two for Cambridge University and one in an Kent XI.
Frederick Thackeray
1837–1854
Played in 38 first-class matches, mainly for Cambridge University and MCC.
George Thackeray
1826
A single first-class appearance for Cambridge University.
Arthur Thomas
1837–1838
Played in four first-class matches for Cambridge University.
Richard Thomas
1833–1835
Played in five first-class matches.
Thompson
1827–1836
Played in five first-class matches for Cambridge University. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
H. Thompson
1829–1831
Played twice for Sheffield. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
Charles Thornhill
1837–1840
Six first-class matches for Cambridge University. Brother of George and John Thornhill.
George Thornhill
1831–1836
Played in seven first-class matches for Cambridge University. Brother of Charles and John Thornhill.
John Thornhill
1840–1842
Played twice for MCC. Brother of Charles and George Thornhill.
R. Thornhill
1833–1835
Played in two first-class matches. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical details are known.
George Thorpe
1826
A single first-class match for Nottingham.
Theodore Thring
1840
One match for MCC.
James Thumwood
1816–1826
Played 23 first-class catches, 12 of them for Hampshire.
Edward Thwaites
1825–1837
Made 25 first-class appearances, most frequently for Sussex.
Henry Torre
1839–1841
Played six times for Oxford University in first-class matches.
James Townsend
1821–1831
Made nine first-class appearances.
Chauncy Hare Townshend
1827
A single match for a Kent side.
Charles Trower
1838–1840
Played in three first-class matches for Oxford University.
Thomas Trueman
1827
Played once for Nottingham. Other than a name and that he was christened in March 1802 at Nottingham, there are no biographical details.
Thomas Tuck
1832–1842
Played in nine first-class matches.
John Turner
1837
Played twice for Oxford University.
Thomas Turney
1828
One match for a Kent XI.
U
Name
Seasons
Comments
Ref
William Upton
1827–1828
Two matches for Nottingham.
V
Name
Seasons
Comments
Ref
Philip Vallance
1829–1834
Played in three matches for Sussex.
George Vance
1835–1838
Played six first-class matches.
George Vane-Tempest, 5th Marquess of Londonderry
1840–1846
Played in three first-class matches.
Godfrey Vigne
1819–1845
Played in 11 first-class matches, primarily for MCC sides. Son of Thomas Vigne.
Henry Vigne
1837–1838
Played four matches for MCC. Changed his name to Henry Goldsmith.
Thomas Vigne
1804–1832
Played in 60 first-class matches, mainly for sides connected to MCC. Father of Godfrey Vigne.
Emmanuel Vincent
1826–1837
Played in 20 first-class matches.
W
Name
Seasons
Comments
Ref
Edward Walker
1838
A single match for Cambridge University.
Henry Walker
1832–1842
Played 12 times in first-class matches, most frequently for MCC sides.
John Wallington
1817–1828
Played in four matches for four different teams.
Richard Walmesley
1836
A single match for Cambridge University.
William Walton
1828–1833
Played in two first-class matches, the first for a Kent XI and the second for the Gentlemen of Kent.
Henry Ward
1832
Played a single first-class match for Lord Strathavon's XI. Son of William Ward, brother of Matthew Ward.
Matthew Ward
1835
Played in two first-class matches. Son of William Ward, brother of Henry Ward.
William Ward
1810–1845
Played in 130 first-class matches, scoring 278 for MCC against Norfolk in 1820, a score which remained a record in first-class cricket until WG Grace surpassed it in 1876.
William Ward, 1st Earl of Dudley
1838–1842
Played in five first-class matches, all for Oxford University. President of MCC in 1864/65.
Henry Warner
1826–1830
Played in three first-class matches, all for Sussex sides.
Charles Warren
1795–1826
Played in 23 first-class matches.
Richard Warsop
1803–1826
Played in two first-class matches, once for a Nottinghamshire and Leicestershire side in 1803 and once for Nottingham in 1826. Brother of Thomas Warsop.
William Weatherley
1832
Played in two matches for the Gentlemen of Kent.
Webb
1839–1841
Played twice for Cambridge Town Club. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
Robert Webb
1826–1827
Played three times in first-class matches for Cambridge University.
J. Webster
1827–1829
Played in three first-class matches, all for Sheffield, Known to have played in other matches for Sheffield between 1822 and 1825. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
Frederick Wells
1828–1839
Played in a total of 29 first-class matches, most frequently for Sussex.
Charles Wenman
1828
A single first-class match for a Kent XI. Brother of Ned Wenman and cousin of George and John Wenman.
George Wenman
1825–1834
Nine first-class appearances, five of them for Kent. Brother of John Wenman and cousin of Charles and Ned Wenman.
John Wenman
1825–1838
Nine first-class appearances, five of them for Kent. Brother of George Wenman and cousin of Charles and Ned Wenman.
Ned Wenman
1825–1854
A leading wicket=keeper and all-rounder who played in 146 first-class matches, 61 of them for Kent. Brother of Charles Wenman and cousin of George and John Wenman.
Nathan Wetherell
1828–1831
Played in four first-class matches for Cambridge University.
George Wheatcroft
1831
Played a single first-class match for Sheffield. Is known to have played club cricket in America in the 1840s.
R. Wheatley
1836
Played in two matches for Yorkshire sides. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
Whitbourn
1826
A single first-class match for a Hampshire and Surrey side. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
Thomas Whitby
1837
Played two first-class matches for Kent sides.
Charles Whittaker
1839–1848
Played in a total of 70 first-class matches, generally for Kent sides, including the Gentlemen of Kent and Kent County Cricket Club after its initial formation in 1842.
Whomes
1830
A single first-class match for the Gentlemen of Kent. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
Charles Whyting
1837–1839
Played in two first-class matches, once for the Gentlemen in 1837 and once for Surrey in 1839. Brother of George Whyting.
George Whyting
1837
Played in a single first-class match for the Gentlemen alongside his brother, Charles Whyting in a team of 16 against the Players.
Charles Wilkinson
1833–1835
Played in eight first-class matches, six of which were for Cambridge University.
F. Wilkinson
1836
A single first-class match for a Yorkshire XI. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
Robert Wilkinson
1831
Played in one first-class match for Cambridge University.
John Willan
1819–1830
Played in 13 first-class matches.
Richard Willis
1829
A single first-class match for Sussex.
Sir John Eardley-Wilmot, 2nd Baronet
1840
Played a single match for MCC before changing his name from John Wilmot.
W. Wilson
1828–1832
Played in nine first-class matches for Sheffield or Yorkshire sides. Other than a surname and initial no biographical details are known.
Edward Turnour, 4th Earl Winterton
1834–1856
Played in 25 first-class matches, primarily for Sussex sides.
Charles Winterton
1839–1861
Played in 18 first-class matches for the Cambridge Town Club.
Stephen Winthrop
1829
Played twice for Cambridge University.
James Wiseman
1836
Played in a single match for Oxford University.
Henry Wodehouse
1828–1833
Played in 11 first-class matches for a range of amateur sides.
Wood
1828–1829
Played twice for Kent XIs. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
Skynner Woodruffe
1836–1837
Played twice for MCC in first-class matches.
Charles Woods
1828–1831
Played six times for Surrey sides in first-class matches.
William Woodward
1830–1835
Played in six first-class matches for Nottingham or Nottinghamshire sides.
William Woolhouse
1826–1834
Played in 17 first-class matches, generally for Sheffield or Yorkshire sides.
John Woollen
1834
Played twice for Yorkshire XIs against Norfolk.
Charles Wordsworth
1827–1832
Played in five first-class matches, four of which were for Oxford University.
Wright
1840
Two matches for Cambridge University. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
Wright
1829
A solitary first-class match for a team of single players is all that is known about Wright's cricketing career. Other than a surname, no biographical details are known.
Charles Wright
1834–1836
Played in three first-class matches for Norfolk sides.
Frank Wright
1829–1838
Played in five first-class matches for Oxford University.
G. Wright
1831
Played a single first-class match for a Surrey side. Other than a surname and initial, no biographical information is known.
John Wright
1827–1828
Played in four first-class matches for Sheffield.
J. D. Wright
1831
An officer in the British Army, Wright played one first-class match for a team of L-Z players. He played at least two Army matches in the 1840s and for MCC and the Gentlemen of Hampshire in the same decade. Other than a surname and initials, no biographical details are known.
William Wybrow
1830
Played in three first-class matches.
John Wynne
1838–1853
Played in 12 first-class matches.
Charles Wynne
1835–1836
Played two first-class matches for Oxford University.
Thomas Wythe
1839–1841
Played in ten first-class matches, nine for MCC.
Y
Name
Seasons
Comments
Ref
Charles Duke Yonge
1836
Three first-class matches for Oxford University.
Young
1831
A single match for an L-Z side. Other than a surname, no biographical information is known.
See also
List of English cricketers (1772–1786)
List of English cricketers (1787–1825)
List of English cricketers (1841–1850)
List of English cricketers (1851–1860)
List of English cricketers (1861–1870)
List of English cricketers (1871–1880)
Notes
^ Details of players are not always complete for this period. In some cases cricket historians have made assumptions regarding the identity of players where just a surname was recorded on original scorecards. Although scorecard information is more complete from this period, bowling analyses are rarely provided in the detail which modern scorecards would do so.
^ The range of seasons the player was involved in first-class cricket are shown.
^ Where no specific reference is provided references can be found in the player's article. Further information can be found in Scores and Biographies, Volume 1 and/or Volume 2.
^ The use of John as Henson's forename is in some doubt.
^ Noakes' forename is a matter of considerable doubt with no initials being provided by either Haygarth or the 1907 History of Kent County Cricket.
^ There is some doubt about Roper's identity.
^ There are several instances of a Truman playing for Nottingham and other clubs in the Nottingham area between 1810 and 1840, but in only one case is a forename given.
References
Note that CricketArchive is a subscription only website.
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Bibliography
Carlaw D (2020) Kent County Cricketers A to Z. Part One: 1806–1914 (revised edition). (Available online at the Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians. Retrieved 2020-12-21.)
Haygarth, Arthur (1862). Scores & Biographies, Volume 1 (1744–1826). Lillywhite.
Haygarth, Arthur (1862). Scores & Biographies, Volume 2 (1827–1840). Lillywhite.
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|
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This would soon be followed by formal organisations in other counties, although the County Championship was not formally established until 1890.The players included are those known to have played in matches which were given retrospective first-class status between 1826 and 1840 inclusive.[A]Contents\n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ\nSee also\nReferences\nNotes","title":"List of English cricketers (1826–1840)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Q"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"W"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Y"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Scores and Biographies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scores_and_Biographies"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-119"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nottsjh-118"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-184"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noakes-183"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-221"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carlaw415-220"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-261"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nottstt-260"}],"text":"^ Details of players are not always complete for this period. In some cases cricket historians have made assumptions regarding the identity of players where just a surname was recorded on original scorecards.[1] Although scorecard information is more complete from this period, bowling analyses are rarely provided in the detail which modern scorecards would do so.\n\n^ The range of seasons the player was involved in first-class cricket are shown.\n\n^ Where no specific reference is provided references can be found in the player's article. Further information can be found in Scores and Biographies, Volume 1 and/or Volume 2.^ The use of John as Henson's forename is in some doubt.[115]\n\n^ Noakes' forename is a matter of considerable doubt with no initials being provided by either Haygarth or the 1907 History of Kent County Cricket.[179]\n\n^ There is some doubt about Roper's identity.[215]\n\n^ There are several instances of a Truman playing for Nottingham and other clubs in the Nottingham area between 1810 and 1840, but in only one case is a forename given.[254]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Available online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.acscricket.com/books/Kent_Cricketers_A_to_Z_Part_One_Revised_Expanded.pdf"},{"link_name":"Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Cricket_Statisticians_and_Historians"},{"link_name":"Haygarth, Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Haygarth"},{"link_name":"Haygarth, Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Haygarth"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lists_of_English_cricketers"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Lists_of_English_cricketers"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lists_of_English_cricketers"},{"link_name":"Lists of English cricketers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_English_cricketers"},{"link_name":"Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_England_Test_cricketers"},{"link_name":"ODI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_England_ODI_cricketers"},{"link_name":"T20I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_England_Twenty20_International_cricketers"},{"link_name":"Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_England_women_Test_cricketers"},{"link_name":"ODI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_England_women_ODI_cricketers"},{"link_name":"T20I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_England_women_Twenty20_International_cricketers"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Derbyshire_County_Cricket_Club_players"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Durham_County_Cricket_Club_players"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Essex_County_Cricket_Club_players"},{"link_name":"Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Glamorgan_County_Cricket_Club_players"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gloucestershire_County_Cricket_Club_players"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hampshire_County_Cricket_Club_players"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kent_County_Cricket_Club_players"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lancashire_County_Cricket_Club_players"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Leicestershire_County_Cricket_Club_players"},{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Middlesex_County_Cricket_Club_players"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Northamptonshire_County_Cricket_Club_players"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nottinghamshire_County_Cricket_Club_players"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Somerset_County_Cricket_Club_players"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Surrey_County_Cricket_Club_players"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sussex_County_Cricket_Club_players"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Warwickshire_County_Cricket_Club_players"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Worcestershire_County_Cricket_Club_players"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Yorkshire_County_Cricket_Club_players"},{"link_name":"Central Sparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Central_Sparks_cricketers"},{"link_name":"Northern Diamonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Northern_Diamonds_cricketers"},{"link_name":"North West Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_North_West_Thunder_cricketers"},{"link_name":"South East Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_South_East_Stars_cricketers"},{"link_name":"Southern Vipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Southern_Vipers_cricketers"},{"link_name":"Sunrisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sunrisers_women%27s_cricketers"},{"link_name":"The Blaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Blaze_women%27s_cricketers"},{"link_name":"Western Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Western_Storm_cricketers"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Birmingham_Phoenix_cricketers"},{"link_name":"London Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_London_Spirit_cricketers"},{"link_name":"Manchester Originals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Manchester_Originals_cricketers"},{"link_name":"Northern Superchargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Northern_Superchargers_cricketers"},{"link_name":"Oval Invincibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Oval_Invincibles_cricketers"},{"link_name":"Southern Brave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Southern_Brave_cricketers"},{"link_name":"Trent Rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Trent_Rockets_cricketers"},{"link_name":"Welsh Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Welsh_Fire_cricketers"},{"link_name":"Marylebone Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Marylebone_Cricket_Club_players"},{"link_name":"1787–1826","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Marylebone_Cricket_Club_players_(1787%E2%80%931826)"},{"link_name":"1827–1863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Marylebone_Cricket_Club_players_(1827%E2%80%931863)"},{"link_name":"1864–1894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Marylebone_Cricket_Club_players_(1864%E2%80%931894)"},{"link_name":"1895–1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Marylebone_Cricket_Club_players_(1895%E2%80%931914)"},{"link_name":"1919–1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Marylebone_Cricket_Club_players_(1919%E2%80%931939)"},{"link_name":"1946–1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Marylebone_Cricket_Club_players_(1946%E2%80%931977)"},{"link_name":"1978–","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Marylebone_Cricket_Club_players_(1978%E2%80%93)"},{"link_name":"Gentlemen v Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentlemen_v_Players"},{"link_name":"Gentlemen (1806–1840)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gentlemen_cricketers_(1806%E2%80%931840)"},{"link_name":"Gentlemen (1841–1962)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gentlemen_cricketers_(1841%E2%80%931962)"},{"link_name":"Players (1806–1840)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Players_cricketers_(1806%E2%80%931840)"},{"link_name":"Players (1841–1962)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Players_cricketers_(1841%E2%80%931962)"},{"link_name":"British Universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Universities_cricketers"},{"link_name":"Cambridge UCCE & MCCU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cambridge_UCCE_%26_MCCU_players"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cambridge_University_Cricket_Club_players"},{"link_name":"Cardiff MCCU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cardiff_MCCU_players"},{"link_name":"Combined Universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Combined_Universities_cricket_team_players"},{"link_name":"Durham UCCE & MCCU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Durham_UCCE_%26_MCCU_players"},{"link_name":"Leeds/Bradford MCCU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Leeds/Bradford_MCCU_players"},{"link_name":"Loughborough MCCU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Loughborough_MCCU_players"},{"link_name":"Oxford UCCE & MCCU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Oxford_UCCE_%26_MCCU_players"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Oxford_University_Cricket_Club_players"},{"link_name":"Oxford and Cambridge Universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Oxford_and_Cambridge_Universities_cricket_team_players"},{"link_name":"A. J. Webbe's XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_A._J._Webbe%27s_XI_cricketers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Berkshire and Oldfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Berkshire_and_Oldfield_first-class_cricketers_to_1795"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Army_first-class_cricketers"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Town/Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cambridge_Town_Club_and_Cambridgeshire_cricketers"},{"link_name":"Combined Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Combined_Services_(United_Kingdom)_cricketers"},{"link_name":"D. H. Robins' XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_D._H._Robins%27_XI_cricketers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Essex_first-class_cricketers_to_1793"},{"link_name":"Gentlemen of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gentlemen_of_Kent_cricketers"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Hampshire_first-class_cricketers_to_1863&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"H. D. G. Leveson-Gower's XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_H._D._G_Leveson-Gower%27s_XI_cricketers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"I Zingari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_I_Zingari_first-class_cricketers"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kent_county_cricketers_to_1842"},{"link_name":"London County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_London_County_Cricket_Club_players"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Manchester_Cricket_Club_players"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Norfolk_first-class_cricketers"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nottingham_Cricket_Club_players"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Authentics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Oxford_University_Authentics_cricketers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_first-class_cricketers"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Royal_Navy_first-class_cricketers"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sheffield_Cricket_Club_players"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Suffolk_first-class_cricketers"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Surrey_first-class_cricketers_to_1845&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sussex_first-class_cricketers_to_1838"},{"link_name":"W. G. Grace's XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_W._G._Grace%27s_XI_first-class_cricketers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bedfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bedfordshire_County_Cricket_Club_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Berkshire_County_Cricket_Club_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buckinghamshire_County_Cricket_Club_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cambridgeshire_County_Cricket_Club_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cheshire_County_Cricket_Club_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cornwall_County_Cricket_Club_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cumberland_County_Cricket_Club_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Devon_County_Cricket_Club_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dorset_County_Cricket_Club_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Herefordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Herefordshire_County_Cricket_Club_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hertfordshire_County_Cricket_Club_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Huntingdonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Huntingdonshire_County_Cricket_Club_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lincolnshire_County_Cricket_Club_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Minor Counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Minor_Counties_cricketers"},{"link_name":"Minor Counties East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Minor_Counties_East_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Minor Counties North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Minor_Counties_North_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Minor Counties South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Minor_Counties_South_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Minor Counties West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Minor_Counties_West_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Norfolk_County_Cricket_Club_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Northumberland_County_Cricket_Club_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Oxfordshire_County_Cricket_Club_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Shropshire_County_Cricket_Club_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Staffordshire_County_Cricket_Club_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Suffolk_County_Cricket_Club_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Unicorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unicorns_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Wales Minor Counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wales_Minor_Counties_Cricket_Club_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wiltshire_County_Cricket_Club_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Derbyshire_Cricket_Board_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Durham CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Durham_Cricket_Board_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Essex CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Essex_Cricket_Board_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Gloucs CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gloucestershire_Cricket_Board_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Hampshire CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hampshire_Cricket_Board_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Kent CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kent_Cricket_Board_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Lancashire CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lancashire_Cricket_Board_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Leicestershire_Cricket_Board_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Middlesex CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Middlesex_Cricket_Board_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Northants CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Northamptonshire_Cricket_Board_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Notts CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nottinghamshire_Cricket_Board_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Somerset CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Somerset_Cricket_Board_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Surrey CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Surrey_Cricket_Board_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Sussex CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sussex_Cricket_Board_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Warwickshire_Cricket_Board_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Worcestershire_Cricket_Board_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Yorkshire_Cricket_Board_List_A_players"},{"link_name":"Lancashire Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lancashire_Thunder_cricketers"},{"link_name":"Loughborough Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Loughborough_Lightning_cricketers"},{"link_name":"Surrey Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Surrey_Stars_cricketers"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Diamonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Yorkshire_Diamonds_cricketers"},{"link_name":"to 1771","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_cricketers_to_1771"},{"link_name":"1772–1786","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_cricketers_(1772%E2%80%931786)"},{"link_name":"1787–1825","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_cricketers_(1787%E2%80%931825)"},{"link_name":"1826–1840","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"1841–1850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_cricketers_(1841%E2%80%931850)"},{"link_name":"1851–1860","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_cricketers_(1851%E2%80%931860)"},{"link_name":"1861–1870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_cricketers_(1861%E2%80%931870)"},{"link_name":"1871–1880","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_cricketers_(1871%E2%80%931880)"},{"link_name":"Players born abroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_international_cricketers_born_outside_of_England"}],"text":"Carlaw D (2020) Kent County Cricketers A to Z. Part One: 1806–1914 (revised edition). (Available online at the Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians. Retrieved 2020-12-21.)\nHaygarth, Arthur (1862). Scores & Biographies, Volume 1 (1744–1826). Lillywhite.\nHaygarth, Arthur (1862). Scores & Biographies, Volume 2 (1827–1840). Lillywhite.vteLists of English cricketersNational men\nTest\nODI\nT20I\nNational women\nTest\nODI\nT20I\nCurrent first-class counties\nDerbyshire\nDurham\nEssex\nGlamorgan\nGloucestershire\nHampshire\nKent\nLancashire\nLeicestershire\nMiddlesex\nNorthamptonshire\nNottinghamshire\nSomerset\nSurrey\nSussex\nWarwickshire\nWorcestershire\nYorkshire\nCurrent women's regional teams\nCentral Sparks\nNorthern Diamonds\nNorth West Thunder\nSouth East Stars\nSouthern Vipers\nSunrisers\nThe Blaze\nWestern Storm\nThe Hundred teams\nBirmingham Phoenix\nLondon Spirit\nManchester Originals\nNorthern Superchargers\nOval Invincibles\nSouthern Brave\nTrent Rockets\nWelsh Fire\nMarylebone Cricket Club\n1787–1826\n1827–1863\n1864–1894\n1895–1914\n1919–1939\n1946–1977\n1978–\nGentlemen v Players\nGentlemen (1806–1840)\nGentlemen (1841–1962)\nPlayers (1806–1840)\nPlayers (1841–1962)\nFormer first-class universities\nBritish Universities\nCambridge UCCE & MCCU\nCambridge University\nCardiff MCCU\nCombined Universities\nDurham UCCE & MCCU\nLeeds/Bradford MCCU\nLoughborough MCCU\nOxford UCCE & MCCU\nOxford University\nOxford and Cambridge Universities\nFormer first-class teams\nA. J. Webbe's XI\nBerkshire and Oldfield\nBritish Army\nCambridge Town/Cambridgeshire\nCombined Services\nD. H. Robins' XI\nEssex\nGentlemen of Kent\nHampshire\nH. D. G. Leveson-Gower's XI\nI Zingari\nKent\nLondon County\nManchester\nNorfolk\nNottingham\nOxford University Authentics\nRoyal Air Force\nRoyal Navy\nSheffield\nSuffolk\nSurrey\nSussex\nW. G. Grace's XI\nMinor counties\nBedfordshire\nBerkshire\nBuckinghamshire\nCambridgeshire\nCheshire\nCornwall\nCumberland\nDevon\nDorset\nHerefordshire\nHertfordshire\nHuntingdonshire\nLincolnshire\nMinor Counties\nMinor Counties East\nMinor Counties North\nMinor Counties South\nMinor Counties West\nNorfolk\nNorthumberland\nOxfordshire\nShropshire\nStaffordshire\nSuffolk\nUnicorns\nWales Minor Counties\nWiltshire\nCounty cricket boards\nDerbyshire CB\nDurham CB\nEssex CB\nGloucs CB\nHampshire CB\nKent CB\nLancashire CB\nLeicestershire CB\nMiddlesex CB\nNorthants CB\nNotts CB\nSomerset CB\nSurrey CB\nSussex CB\nWarwickshire CB\nWorcestershire CB\nYorkshire CB\nFormer women's regional teams\nLancashire Thunder\nLoughborough Lightning\nSurrey Stars\nYorkshire Diamonds\nPlayers by era\nto 1771\n1772–1786\n1787–1825\n1826–1840\n1841–1850\n1851–1860\n1861–1870\n1871–1880\nBirthplace\nPlayers born abroad","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"List of English cricketers (1772–1786)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_cricketers_(1772%E2%80%931786)"},{"title":"List of English cricketers (1787–1825)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_cricketers_(1787%E2%80%931825)"},{"title":"List of English cricketers (1841–1850)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_cricketers_(1841%E2%80%931850)"},{"title":"List of English cricketers (1851–1860)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_cricketers_(1851%E2%80%931860)"},{"title":"List of English cricketers (1861–1870)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_cricketers_(1861%E2%80%931870)"},{"title":"List of English cricketers (1871–1880)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_cricketers_(1871%E2%80%931880)"}]
|
[{"reference":"Haygarth, Arthur (1862). Scores & Biographies, Volume 1 (1744–1826). Lillywhite.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Haygarth","url_text":"Haygarth, Arthur"}]},{"reference":"Haygarth, Arthur (1862). Scores & Biographies, Volume 2 (1827–1840). Lillywhite.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Haygarth","url_text":"Haygarth, Arthur"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yew_Tee
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Yew Tee
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["1 Etymology and history","2 Housing","3 Infrastructure","3.1 Education","3.2 Transportation","3.3 Recreation","4 Army camps","5 References"]
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This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Yew Tee" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2012)
Place in SingaporeYew TeePlanning Area & Housing EstateName transcription(s) • Chinese油池Yóuchí (Pinyin)Iû-tî (Hokkien POJ)Iû-tî (Teochew PUJ) • MalayYew Tee • Tamilஇயூ டீ Iyū ṭī (Transliteration)Aerial view of the town center before 2009CountrySingapore
Yew Tee is a residential area in the West Region of Singapore. Yew Tee is a cluster of Housing and Development Board flats and private condominiums, As a relatively new estate, a large proportion of its residents are young families and middle income earners.
Etymology and history
Yew Tee is originally a village off Woodlands Road, near present day Gali Batu Depot. During the Japanese Occupation of Singapore, oil was stored in the village and the village became known as Yew Tee ("oil pond" in Teochew).
The village used to have more than 300 families residing there which consists mostly of farmers growing vegetables and rearing ducks and chickens. In the 1980s, development of the area led to the villagers moving away from Yew Tee.
For the neighbourhood of Limbang ("balance" in Malay), the name was derived from an old road, Lorong Limbang. Lorongs were common in the past before urban redevelopment such as Lorong Kebasi, Lorong Bistari and Lorong Keduang (present day Choa Chu Kang Drive).
Housing
As part of the Choa Chu Kang New Town, all the apartments are built after 1993. Yew Tee is divided into two towns - Limbang and Yew Tee. Limbang has a smaller land area than Yew Tee. Yew Tee Point serves Yew Tee residents while Limbang Shopping Center serves Limbang residents.
Infrastructure
Education
To cater to the mainly young families population of three neighbourhoods, there are several primary and secondary schools in Yew Tee. Primary schools consist of De La Salle School, Kranji Primary School, Unity Primary School and Yew Tee Primary School. Secondary schools consist of Kranji Secondary School, Regent Secondary School and Unity Secondary School.
Transportation
Yew Tee has a MRT station, Yew Tee MRT station, opened in 1996 as part of the 16-km Woodlands Extension. The town is served by public buses such as Service 302 and Service 307 from the Choa Chu Kang Bus Interchange. In Dec 2015, under the DTL2 Bukit Panjang Bus Service Enhancements, Service 979 was introduced to provide a vital link for Yew Tee residents to Bukit Panjang, the Downtown Line. There are also new short-haul buses added to bring residents from Choa Chu Kang/ Yew Tee to Bukit Panjang MRT Station.
Recreation
There are 3 parks in Yew Tee, namely Limbang Park, Stagmont Park and Yew Tee Park. There is also a sports complex located within the vicinity of Yew Tee. In March 2009, a new shopping mall and condominium was opened. The shopping mall is known as YewTee Point and the condominium is known as Yew Tee Residences. The Pang Sua Canal park connector forms part of the Western Adventure Loop linking various parks in Yew Tee, Choa Chu Kang and Bukit Panjang. In 2019, Minister Lawrence Wong announced plans for a new integrated hub in Yew Tee. It will consist of a community club, HDB block, hawker centre, polyclinic as well as a kidney dialysis centre. It is set to be completed in 2026.
Army camps
The Kranji Camp was built in 1994 when Yew Tee was developed. Thereafter, the military police and Kranji Detention Barracks was moved in from the Woodlands Camp in 2000. There was a growing need for the expansion of Kranji Camp, called Kranji Camp II which was built in 2004. The Mowbray Camp and Police Dog K9 Unit was shifted from Ulu Pandan in 2003 to Kranji. The Kranji Camp III was built in 2009 to replace Ayer Rajah Camp and Portsdown Camp due to the redevelopment of one-North area for chemical sciences and lifestyle hub.
References
^ a b c d Savage, Victor R. (2013). Singapore street names : a study of toponymics. Brenda S. A. Yeoh. Singapore. p. 939. ISBN 978-981-4484-74-9. OCLC 868957283.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Singapore, Remember (2015-04-20). "Remnants of Singapore's Lost Roads – Lorong Bistari". Remember Singapore. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
vtePlaces in Singapore by regionListed by planning areas (Subzones in parentheses)Central
Central Area (City centre)
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Upper Thomson
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one-north
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Kim Keat
Lorong 8 Toa Payoh
Pei Chun
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Sennett
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East
Bedok
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Flora Drive
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Pasir Ris Central
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Pasir Ris West
Paya Lebar
Airport Road, Singapore
Paya Lebar East
Paya Lebar North
Paya Lebar West
Plab
Tampines
Simei
Tampines East
Tampines North
Tampines West
Xilin
North
Central Water Catchment
Lim Chu Kang
Mandai
Mandai East
Mandai Estate
Mandai West
Sembawang
Admiralty
Sembawang Central
Sembawang East
Sembawang North
Sembawang Spring
Sembawang Straits
Senoko North
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The Wharves
Simpang
Pulau Seletar
Simpang North
Simpang South
Tanjong Irau
Sungei Kadut
Gali Batu
Kranji
Pang Sua
Turf Club
Reservoir View
Woodlands
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Midview
North Coast
Senoko West
Woodgrove
Woodlands East
Woodlands Regional Centre
Woodlands South
Woodlands West
Yishun
Khatib
Lower Seletar
Nee Soon
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Springleaf
Yishun Central
Yishun East
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Yishun West
North-East
Ang Mo Kio
Ang Mo Kio Town Centre
Cheng San
Chong Boon
Kebun Baru
Sembawang Hills
Shangri-la
Tagore
Townsville, Singapore
Yio Chu Kang
Yio Chu Kang East
Yio Chu Kang North
Yio Chu Kang West
Hougang
Defu Industrial Park
Hougang Central
Hougang East
Hougang West
Kangkar
Kovan
Lorong Ah Soo
Lorong Halus
Tai Seng
Trafalgar
North-Eastern Islands
Punggol
Coney Island
Matilda
Northshore
Punggol Canal
Punggol Field
Punggol Town Centre
Waterway East
Seletar
Pulau Punggol Barat
Pulau Punggol Timor
Seletar
Aerospace Park
Sengkang
Anchorvale
Compassvale
Fernvale
Jalan Kayu
Lorong Halus North
Rivervale
Sengkang Town Centre
Sengkang West
Serangoon
Lorong Chuan
Seletar Hills
Serangoon Central
Serangoon Garden
Serangoon North
Serangoon North Industrial Estate
Upper Paya Lebar
West
Boon Lay
Liu Fang
Samulun
Shipyard
Tukang
Bukit Batok
Bukit Batok Central
Bukit Batok East
Bukit Batok South
Bukit Batok West
Brickworks
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Guilin
Hillview
Hong Kah North
Bukit Panjang
Bangkit
Dairy Farm
Fajar
Jelebu
Nature Reserve
Saujana
Senja
Choa Chu Kang
Choa Chu Kang Central
Choa Chu Kang North
Keat Hong
Peng Siang
Teck Whye
Yew Tee
Clementi
Clementi Central
Clementi North
Clementi West
Clementi Woods
Faber
Pandan
Sunset Way
Toh Tuck
West Coast
Jurong East
International Business Park
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Jurong Port
Lakeside
Jurong River
Penjuru Crescent
Teban Gardens
Toh Guan
Yuhua
Jurong West
Central
Boon Lay Place
Chin Bee
Hong Kah
Kian Teck
Safti
Taman Jurong
Wenya
Yunnan
Pioneer
Benoi Sector
Gul Basin
Gul Circle
Joo Koon
Pioneer Sector
Tengah
Tuas
Tengeh
Tuas Bay
Tuas North
Tuas Promenade
Tuas View
Tuas View Extension
Western Islands
Jurong Island
Bukum
Semakau
Sudong
Western Water Catchment
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Region,_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Housing and Development Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_and_Development_Board"},{"link_name":"flats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartment"},{"link_name":"condominiums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condominium_(living_space)"}],"text":"Place in SingaporeYew Tee is a residential area in the West Region of Singapore. Yew Tee is a cluster of Housing and Development Board flats and private condominiums, As a relatively new estate, a large proportion of its residents are young families and middle income earners.","title":"Yew Tee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gali Batu Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gali_Batu_Depot"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Japanese Occupation of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Occupation_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Teochew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teochew_dialect"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Yew Tee is originally a village off Woodlands Road, near present day Gali Batu Depot.[1] During the Japanese Occupation of Singapore, oil was stored in the village and the village became known as Yew Tee (\"oil pond\" in Teochew).[1]The village used to have more than 300 families residing there which consists mostly of farmers growing vegetables and rearing ducks and chickens.[1] In the 1980s, development of the area led to the villagers moving away from Yew Tee.[1]For the neighbourhood of Limbang (\"balance\" in Malay), the name was derived from an old road, Lorong Limbang.[2] Lorongs were common in the past before urban redevelopment such as Lorong Kebasi, Lorong Bistari and Lorong Keduang (present day Choa Chu Kang Drive).","title":"Etymology and history"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As part of the Choa Chu Kang New Town, all the apartments are built after 1993. Yew Tee is divided into two towns - Limbang and Yew Tee. Limbang has a smaller land area than Yew Tee. Yew Tee Point serves Yew Tee residents while Limbang Shopping Center serves Limbang residents.","title":"Housing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Education","text":"To cater to the mainly young families population of three neighbourhoods, there are several primary and secondary schools in Yew Tee. Primary schools consist of De La Salle School, Kranji Primary School, Unity Primary School and Yew Tee Primary School. Secondary schools consist of Kranji Secondary School, Regent Secondary School and Unity Secondary School.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_(Singapore)"},{"link_name":"Yew Tee MRT station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yew_Tee_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"Woodlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlands,_Singapore"},{"link_name":"buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus"},{"link_name":"Service 302","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.transitlink.com.sg/eservice/eguide/service_route.php?service=302"},{"link_name":"Service 307","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.transitlink.com.sg/eservice/eguide/service_route.php?service=307"},{"link_name":"Choa Chu Kang Bus Interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choa_Chu_Kang_Bus_Interchange"},{"link_name":"Service 979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.transitlink.com.sg/eservice/eguide/service_route.php?service=979"}],"sub_title":"Transportation","text":"Yew Tee has a MRT station, Yew Tee MRT station, opened in 1996 as part of the 16-km Woodlands Extension. The town is served by public buses such as Service 302 and Service 307 from the Choa Chu Kang Bus Interchange. In Dec 2015, under the DTL2 Bukit Panjang Bus Service Enhancements, Service 979 was introduced to provide a vital link for Yew Tee residents to Bukit Panjang, the Downtown Line. There are also new short-haul buses added to bring residents from Choa Chu Kang/ Yew Tee to Bukit Panjang MRT Station.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park"},{"link_name":"sports complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choa_Chu_Kang_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Wong"},{"link_name":"community club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pa.gov.sg/cc-details/yew-tee-community-club/"}],"sub_title":"Recreation","text":"There are 3 parks in Yew Tee, namely Limbang Park, Stagmont Park and Yew Tee Park. There is also a sports complex located within the vicinity of Yew Tee. In March 2009, a new shopping mall and condominium was opened. The shopping mall is known as YewTee Point and the condominium is known as Yew Tee Residences. The Pang Sua Canal park connector forms part of the Western Adventure Loop linking various parks in Yew Tee, Choa Chu Kang and Bukit Panjang. In 2019, Minister Lawrence Wong announced plans for a new integrated hub in Yew Tee. It will consist of a community club, HDB block, hawker centre, polyclinic as well as a kidney dialysis centre. It is set to be completed in 2026.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Kranji Camp was built in 1994 when Yew Tee was developed. Thereafter, the military police and Kranji Detention Barracks was moved in from the Woodlands Camp in 2000. There was a growing need for the expansion of Kranji Camp, called Kranji Camp II which was built in 2004. The Mowbray Camp and Police Dog K9 Unit was shifted from Ulu Pandan in 2003 to Kranji. The Kranji Camp III was built in 2009 to replace Ayer Rajah Camp and Portsdown Camp due to the redevelopment of one-North area for chemical sciences and lifestyle hub.","title":"Army camps"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Savage, Victor R. (2013). Singapore street names : a study of toponymics. Brenda S. A. Yeoh. Singapore. p. 939. ISBN 978-981-4484-74-9. OCLC 868957283.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/868957283","url_text":"Singapore street names : a study of toponymics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4484-74-9","url_text":"978-981-4484-74-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/868957283","url_text":"868957283"}]},{"reference":"Singapore, Remember (2015-04-20). \"Remnants of Singapore's Lost Roads – Lorong Bistari\". Remember Singapore. Retrieved 2024-06-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://remembersingapore.org/2015/04/20/singapore-lost-roads-lorong-bistari/","url_text":"\"Remnants of Singapore's Lost Roads – Lorong Bistari\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnybridge
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Bonnybridge
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["1 History","2 Education","3 Notable people","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 55°59′56″N 3°53′13″W / 55.999°N 3.887°W / 55.999; -3.887
Human settlement in ScotlandBonnybridgeScottish Gaelic: Drochaid BhunaichScots: BonniebrigTerraced housing in BonnybridgeBonnybridgeLocation within the Falkirk council areaArea1.10 sq mi (2.8 km2)Population5,200 (2020)• Density4,727/sq mi (1,825/km2)OS grid referenceNS825805• Edinburgh27.2 mi (43.8 km) ESE• London347 mi (558 km) SSECouncil areaFalkirkLieutenancy areaStirling and FalkirkCountryScotlandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townBONNYBRIDGEPostcode districtFK4Dialling code01324PoliceScotlandFireScottishAmbulanceScottish
UK ParliamentFalkirkScottish ParliamentFalkirk WestWebsitefalkirk.gov.uk
List of places
UK
Scotland
55°59′56″N 3°53′13″W / 55.999°N 3.887°W / 55.999; -3.887
Bonnybridge (Scottish Gaelic: Drochaid Bhunaich; Scots: Bonniebrig) is a village in the Falkirk council area of Scotland. It is 4.0 miles (6.4 km) west of Falkirk, 5.3 miles (8.5 km) north-east of Cumbernauld and 8.3 miles (13.4 km) south-southwest of Stirling. The village is situated near the Bonny Water which runs through the town and lies north of the Forth and Clyde Canal. To the south-east of Bonnybridge is a well-preserved section of the Antonine Wall, and the remnants of Rough Castle Fort, the most complete of the surviving Roman forts of the wall.
According to the 2001 Census, the population stands at 6,870 residents. However, the Bonnybridge settlement area, which includes Banknock, Denny, Dunipace and Haggs has a total population of around 24,370.
History
Bonnybridge from the air with the canal and rail lines visible
Bonnybridge developed greatly during the industrial revolution in the nineteenth century. Significant industries that were established include paper milling, sawmilling, chemical manufacturing, refractory brick manufacture and whisky distilling. Particularly important for Bonnybridge was the establishment of several iron foundries including the famous Smith and Wellstood Foundry, which was important in introducing the American metal heating stoves to Europe under the 'Esse stoves' brand. The output from these foundries was transported via the Forth & Clyde Canal to local markets, and also to Glasgow for export. Bonnybridge was also particularly well served by rail, with the Glasgow to Edinburgh, Kilsyth and Bonnybridge and the Carlisle to Perth lines both nearby. With the canal and rail links Bonnybridge became a centre for industrial production.
Bonnybridge town centreAn aerial view of Bonnybridge Golf Club
The first part of the National Grid was installed at Bonnyfield on 14 July 1928. It had covered the country by 1938.
Education
The town has three primary schools: Bonnybridge Primary School, Antonine Primary School and St. Joseph's R.C. Primary School. The former two are catchment primaries for Denny High School and the latter is within the catchment area of St. Mungo's High School.
Notable people
Ruth Connell, theatre, television and film actress and producer
Calum Stevenson Portrait Artist of the Year 2021
See also
List of places in Falkirk council area
References
^ "Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland". National Records of Scotland. 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
^ Comparative Population Profile: Bonnybridge Locality Archived June 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, www.scrol.gov.uk. Retrieved 2011-05-13
^ National Grid 1928
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bonnybridge.
Falkirk Local History Society – Bonnybridge
Bonnybridge on the Gazetteer for Scotland
St Joseph's Roman Catholic Church, Bonnybridge
An Illustrated History and Geography of Bonnybridge
Reinstate Bonnybridge Railway Station
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Bonnybridge
Braes villages
Denny
Falkirk
Grangemouth
Larbert
Stenhousemuir
Villages
Airth
Allandale
Avonbridge
Bainsford
Banknock
Binniehill
Blackness
Braeface
Brightons
California
Camelon
Carron
Carronshore
Dennyloanhead
Dunipace
Dunmore
Fankerton
Glen Village / Hallglen
Glensburgh
Greenhill
Haggs
Head of Muir
High Bonnybridge
Laurieston
Letham
Limerigg
Longcroft
Maddiston
Muirhouses
Polmont
Redding
Reddingmuirhead
Rumford
Shieldhill
Skinflats
Slamannan
South Alloa
Standburn
Stoneywood
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Torwood
Wallacestone
Westquarter
Whitecross
Authority control databases International
VIAF
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Israel
United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language"},{"link_name":"Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_language"},{"link_name":"Falkirk council area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkirk_(council_area)"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Falkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkirk"},{"link_name":"Cumbernauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbernauld"},{"link_name":"Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling"},{"link_name":"Bonny Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bonny_Water&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Forth and Clyde Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_and_Clyde_Canal"},{"link_name":"Antonine Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonine_Wall"},{"link_name":"Rough Castle Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Castle_Fort"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"forts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortification"},{"link_name":"2001 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCROL-2"},{"link_name":"Banknock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknock"},{"link_name":"Denny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny,_Falkirk"},{"link_name":"Dunipace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunipace"},{"link_name":"Haggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haggs"}],"text":"Human settlement in ScotlandBonnybridge (Scottish Gaelic: Drochaid Bhunaich; Scots: Bonniebrig) is a village in the Falkirk council area of Scotland. It is 4.0 miles (6.4 km) west of Falkirk, 5.3 miles (8.5 km) north-east of Cumbernauld and 8.3 miles (13.4 km) south-southwest of Stirling. The village is situated near the Bonny Water which runs through the town and lies north of the Forth and Clyde Canal. To the south-east of Bonnybridge is a well-preserved section of the Antonine Wall, and the remnants of Rough Castle Fort, the most complete of the surviving Roman forts of the wall.According to the 2001 Census, the population stands at 6,870 residents.[2] However, the Bonnybridge settlement area, which includes Banknock, Denny, Dunipace and Haggs has a total population of around 24,370.","title":"Bonnybridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bonnybridge_from_the_air_(geograph_5629467).jpg"},{"link_name":"industrial revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution"},{"link_name":"paper milling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_mill"},{"link_name":"sawmilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawmill"},{"link_name":"chemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound"},{"link_name":"refractory brick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_brick"},{"link_name":"whisky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky"},{"link_name":"distilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distill"},{"link_name":"iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron"},{"link_name":"foundries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundry"},{"link_name":"Esse stoves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esse_stoves"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Forth & Clyde Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_%26_Clyde_Canal"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Glasgow to Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_to_Edinburgh_via_Falkirk_Line"},{"link_name":"Kilsyth and Bonnybridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilsyth_and_Bonnybridge_railway"},{"link_name":"Carlisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Scotland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bonnybridge_Town_Centre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bonnybridge_Golf_Club_Aerial_View.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Bonnybridge from the air with the canal and rail lines visibleBonnybridge developed greatly during the industrial revolution in the nineteenth century. Significant industries that were established include paper milling, sawmilling, chemical manufacturing, refractory brick manufacture and whisky distilling. Particularly important for Bonnybridge was the establishment of several iron foundries including the famous Smith and Wellstood Foundry, which was important in introducing the American metal heating stoves to Europe under the 'Esse stoves' brand.[citation needed] The output from these foundries was transported via the Forth & Clyde Canal to local markets, and also to Glasgow for export. Bonnybridge was also particularly well served by rail, with the Glasgow to Edinburgh, Kilsyth and Bonnybridge and the Carlisle to Perth lines both nearby. With the canal and rail links Bonnybridge became a centre for industrial production.Bonnybridge town centreAn aerial view of Bonnybridge Golf ClubThe first part of the National Grid was installed at Bonnyfield on 14 July 1928. It had covered the country by 1938.\n[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primary schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_school"},{"link_name":"Denny High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_High_School"},{"link_name":"St. Mungo's High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mungo%27s_High_School"}],"text":"The town has three primary schools: Bonnybridge Primary School, Antonine Primary School and St. Joseph's R.C. Primary School. The former two are catchment primaries for Denny High School and the latter is within the catchment area of St. Mungo's High School.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ruth Connell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Connell"},{"link_name":"Calum Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calum_Stevenson"}],"text":"Ruth Connell, theatre, television and film actress and producer\nCalum Stevenson Portrait Artist of the Year 2021","title":"Notable people"}]
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[{"image_text":"Bonnybridge from the air with the canal and rail lines visible","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bonnybridge_from_the_air_%28geograph_5629467%29.jpg/220px-Bonnybridge_from_the_air_%28geograph_5629467%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bonnybridge town centre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bonnybridge_Town_Centre.jpg/240px-Bonnybridge_Town_Centre.jpg"},{"image_text":"An aerial view of Bonnybridge Golf Club","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bonnybridge_Golf_Club_Aerial_View.jpg/220px-Bonnybridge_Golf_Club_Aerial_View.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of places in Falkirk council area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_in_Falkirk_council_area"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland\". National Records of Scotland. 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/statistics-and-data/statistics/statistics-by-theme/population/population-estimates/settlements-and-localities/mid-2020","url_text":"\"Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Records_of_Scotland","url_text":"National Records of Scotland"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_%22Hy%22_Mayer
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Henry Mayer (cartoonist)
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["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
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German-American cartoonist and animator
For other people named Henry Mayer, see Henry Mayer (disambiguation).
Henry Mayer, 1922
Henry Mayer (18 July 1868 – 27 September 1954), often seen as Hy Mayer in signatures, using the traditional abbreviation for Henry, was a German-American editorial cartoonist, comic artist, children's book illustrator and animator.
Biography
The Awakening. Suffragists were successful in the West; their torch awakens the women struggling in the East and South in this cartoon by Henry Mayer in Puck February 20, 1915
Mayer was born in Worms, Germany, the son of a Jewish merchant from London. After working as a magazine illustrator in Munich, Paris (Le Figaro Illustré), and London (Pall Mall Gazette), he emigrated to the United States in 1886. In 1893 he moved to New York, and illustrated a number of children's books. He was a political cartoonist for the New York Times from 1904, and then in 1914 chief cartoonist of Puck. From 1909 to 1917 he contributed artwork to early films such as the Universal Animated Weekly newsreel series. He created and directed the original "Travelaughs" series, released through Universal Studios from 1913 to 1920, and the "Such Is Life" series, with titles Such Is Life at a County Fair (1921) and Such Is Life in Munich (1922), released by Film Booking Offices of America from 1920 to 1926. These two short subject film series combined animation with live action film taken in exotic locations. He is credited with directing over 100 short films from 1913 to 1926.
Mayer also worked with Otto Messmer on the series The Travels of Teddy, satirizing President Teddy Roosevelt, before Messmer left to work with producer Pat Sullivan on the long-running Felix the Cat animation series.
He died in South Norwalk, Connecticut, United States.
References
^ Given names gov.pe.ca
^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/m/mayer_hy.htm
^ "Mayer, Henry". The Jewish Encyclopedia.
^ Ruoff, Henry Woldmar (ed) (1913) Masters of Achievement: The World's Greatest Leaders in Literature, Art Buffalo, N.Y.: Frontier Press Company. OCLC 5689410. p. 875.
^ West, Richard Samuel (2009) The Light That Failed The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum Collection
^ Affidavit of Carl Laemmle, Humiston v. Universal Film Co., 189 App. Div. 467, 178 N.Y. Supp. 752 (1919) page 37
^ "Henry 'Hy' Mayer". IMDB.
^ Lenburg, Jeff (2006) Who's who in Animated Cartoons: An International Guide to Film & Television's Award-winning and Legendary Animators. Hal Leonard Corp .ISBN 9781557836717. p. 227.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henry Mayer.
Lambiek Comiclopedia biography.
Henry Mayer at IMDb
Henry "Hy" Mayer at Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Online Catalog
Works by or about Henry Mayer at Internet Archive
Works by Henry Mayer at Project Gutenberg
Henry Mayer director at Complete Index to World Film
In Laughland digitized by Loyola University New Orleans
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Artists
KulturNav
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ULAN
People
Deutsche Biographie
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SNAC
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Mayer (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Mayer_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Mayer_-_Mar_1922_EH.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"editorial cartoonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorial_cartoonist"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"animator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animator"}],"text":"For other people named Henry Mayer, see Henry Mayer (disambiguation).Henry Mayer, 1922Henry Mayer (18 July 1868 – 27 September 1954), often seen as Hy Mayer in signatures, using the traditional abbreviation for Henry,[1] was a German-American editorial cartoonist, comic artist,[2] children's book illustrator and animator.","title":"Henry Mayer (cartoonist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Mayer,_The_Awakening,_1915_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1176_01_-_Restoration.jpg"},{"link_name":"Suffragists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragists"},{"link_name":"Puck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puck_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Worms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worms,_Germany"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Le Figaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Figaro"},{"link_name":"Pall Mall Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pall_Mall_Gazette"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Puck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puck_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"newsreel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsreel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Universal Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios"},{"link_name":"Film Booking Offices of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Booking_Offices_of_America"},{"link_name":"short subject","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_subject"},{"link_name":"animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation"},{"link_name":"live action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_action"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Otto Messmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Messmer"},{"link_name":"Teddy Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Pat Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Sullivan_(film_producer)"},{"link_name":"Felix the Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_the_Cat"},{"link_name":"South Norwalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Norwalk"}],"text":"The Awakening. Suffragists were successful in the West; their torch awakens the women struggling in the East and South in this cartoon by Henry Mayer in Puck February 20, 1915Mayer was born in Worms, Germany, the son of a Jewish merchant from London.[3] After working as a magazine illustrator in Munich, Paris (Le Figaro Illustré), and London (Pall Mall Gazette), he emigrated to the United States in 1886. In 1893 he moved to New York, and illustrated a number of children's books.[4] He was a political cartoonist for the New York Times from 1904, and then in 1914 chief cartoonist of Puck.[5] From 1909 to 1917 he contributed artwork to early films such as the Universal Animated Weekly newsreel series.[6] He created and directed the original \"Travelaughs\" series, released through Universal Studios from 1913 to 1920, and the \"Such Is Life\" series, with titles Such Is Life at a County Fair (1921) and Such Is Life in Munich (1922), released by Film Booking Offices of America from 1920 to 1926. These two short subject film series combined animation with live action film taken in exotic locations.[7] He is credited with directing over 100 short films from 1913 to 1926.[8]Mayer also worked with Otto Messmer on the series The Travels of Teddy, satirizing President Teddy Roosevelt, before Messmer left to work with producer Pat Sullivan on the long-running Felix the Cat animation series.He died in South Norwalk, Connecticut, United States.","title":"Biography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Henry Mayer, 1922","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Henry_Mayer_-_Mar_1922_EH.jpg/170px-Henry_Mayer_-_Mar_1922_EH.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Awakening. Suffragists were successful in the West; their torch awakens the women struggling in the East and South in this cartoon by Henry Mayer in Puck February 20, 1915","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Henry_Mayer%2C_The_Awakening%2C_1915_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1176_01_-_Restoration.jpg/330px-Henry_Mayer%2C_The_Awakening%2C_1915_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1176_01_-_Restoration.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Mayer, Henry\". The Jewish Encyclopedia.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10515-mayer-henry","url_text":"\"Mayer, Henry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Jewish Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"\"Henry 'Hy' Mayer\". IMDB.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0562400/","url_text":"\"Henry 'Hy' Mayer\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.gov.pe.ca/photos/sites/archives/file/GivenNames.pdf","external_links_name":"Given names"},{"Link":"https://www.lambiek.net/artists/m/mayer_hy.htm","external_links_name":"https://www.lambiek.net/artists/m/mayer_hy.htm"},{"Link":"http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10515-mayer-henry","external_links_name":"\"Mayer, Henry\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5QxBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA875","external_links_name":"Masters of Achievement: The World's Greatest Leaders in Literature, Art"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5689410","external_links_name":"5689410"},{"Link":"http://cartoons.osu.edu/digital_exhibits/light/lecture.html","external_links_name":"The Light That Failed"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SZO_lxJZLk0C&pg=RA2-PA37","external_links_name":"Affidavit of Carl Laemmle"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0562400/","external_links_name":"\"Henry 'Hy' Mayer\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FVShFCjVzvIC&pg=PA227","external_links_name":"Who's who in Animated Cartoons: An International Guide to Film & Television's Award-winning and Legendary Animators"},{"Link":"https://www.lambiek.net/artists/m/mayer_hy.htm","external_links_name":"Lambiek Comiclopedia biography."},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0562400/","external_links_name":"Henry Mayer"},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/pictures/related/?fi=name&q=Mayer%2C%20Henry%2C%201868-1954","external_links_name":"Henry \"Hy\" Mayer"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28Mayer+AND+%28Henry+OR+Hy%29%29","external_links_name":"Works by or about Henry Mayer"},{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/26414","external_links_name":"Works by Henry Mayer"},{"Link":"http://www.citwf.com/person291242.htm","external_links_name":"Henry Mayer"},{"Link":"http://www.louisianadigitallibrary.org/islandora/object/loyno-p16313coll5%3A185","external_links_name":"In Laughland"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1563009/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000371188170","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/46411202","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJx8FCY6BR9P4GgwKpyjmd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1022868926","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2001034162","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://kulturnav.org/09ac0ff6-8db8-4774-9b53-db94cac26896","external_links_name":"KulturNav"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/336623","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500002474","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1022868926.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6b01ccs","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas_van_%27t_Wout
|
Bas van 't Wout
|
["1 Early career","2 Political career","2.1 Career in local politics","2.2 Member of the Dutch Parliament, 2012–2020","2.3 Minister of Economic Affairs, 2021","3 References"]
|
Dutch politician
In this Dutch name, the surname is Van 't Wout, not Wout.
Bas van 't WoutVan 't Wout in 2017Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate PolicyIn office20 January 2021 – 24 May 2021Prime MinisterMark RuttePreceded byCora van Nieuwenhuizen (Acting)Succeeded byStef BlokState Secretary for Social Affairs and EmploymentIn office9 July 2020 – 20 January 2021Prime MinisterMark RuttePreceded byTamara van ArkSucceeded byPosition abolishedMember of the House of RepresentativesIn office20 September 2012 – 2 July 2020
Personal detailsBornBastiaan van 't Wout (1979-04-22) 22 April 1979 (age 45)Amersfoort, NetherlandsPolitical partyPeople's Party for Freedom and DemocracyAlma materVrije Universiteit AmsterdamOccupationPolitician
Bastiaan "Bas" van 't Wout (born 22 April 1979) is a Dutch retired politician who served as Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy in 2021 in the Third Rutte cabinet. A member of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD), he was previously elected to the House of Representatives from 2012 to 2020, before he held the position of State Secretary for Social Affairs and Employment from 2020 until 2021.
Early career
A native of Amersfoort, Van 't Wout worked as a political assistant to the State Secretary for Education, Culture and Science and chairman of the VVD party in the House of Representatives Mark Rutte from 2005 to 2007.
Political career
Career in local politics
Van 't Wout became a municipal councillor of Amsterdam following the 2006 election.
Member of the Dutch Parliament, 2012–2020
Van 't Wout served as a member of the House of Representatives from September 20, 2012 to 2 July 2020. In the 2012 parliamentary elections, he was in 27th place, and was elected lower. He received 1,178 preferential votes. In the 2017 House of Representatives elections, he was in 13th place and was elected again. Until 26 October 2017, he was spokesperson for Long-term care, Social Support Act and Social Affairs and Employment. From 26 October 2017 he was vice-chairman of the VVD and spokesperson for the Ministry of General Affairs.
In addition to his work in parliament, Van 't Wout was a member of the Dutch delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from 2015 until 2016.
In July 2020 Tamara van Ark was promoted from State Secretary of Social Affairs and Employment to Minister for Medical Care. Van 't Wout replaced her as State Secretary.
Minister of Economic Affairs, 2021
After the departure of Eric Wiebes, Van 't Wout was appointed as his successor as Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy as of 20 January 2021 in the demissionary third cabinet of Prime Minister Rutte. He was in 6th place on the VVD candidate list for the 2021 elections. On 31 March 2021, he was sworn in again as a member of parliament.
On 24 May 2021 it was reported that Van't Wout was suffering from a occupational burnout and would not be returning to the parliament for at least 3 months; fellow cabinet ministers Stef Blok and Sigrid Kaag took over and shared the economic affairs portfolio in his absence.
References
^ a b c "B. (Bas) van 't Wout" (in Dutch). Parlement.com. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
^ "Van Ark beëdigd als minister voor Medische Zorg, Van 't Wout als staatssecretaris van SZW" (in Dutch). Parlement.com. 9 July 2020. Archived from the original on 13 July 2020.
^ https://www.tweedekamer.nl/kamerstukken/plenaire_verslagen/detail/b980e031-a6f8-473b-82be-8ae2eb4577c8#idecd364fa Archived 2021-05-24 at the Wayback Machine Beëdiging van de overige leden
^ Bas Van 't Wout Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.
^ "Burn-out minister Bas van 't Wout: minstens drie maanden niet aan het werk | Binnenland | Telegraaf.nl". 24 May 2021.
^ Mia Bartoloni (28 May 2021), Movers & Shakers The Parliament Magazine.
vteThird Rutte cabinet (2017–2022)MinistersGeneral Affairs
Mark Rutte (2017–2022; Prime Minister)
Interior and Kingdom Relations
Kajsa Ollongren (2017–2019; Deputy Prime Minister)
Raymond Knops (2019–2020 ad interim)
Kajsa Ollongren (2020–2022; Deputy Prime Minister)
Foreign Affairs
Halbe Zijlstra (2017–2018)
Sigrid Kaag (2018 ad interim)
Stef Blok (2018–2021)
Sigrid Kaag (2021)
Tom de Bruijn (2021 ad interim)
Ben Knapen (2021–2022)
Finance
Wopke Hoekstra (2017–2022)
Justice and Security
Ferdinand Grapperhaus (2017–2022)
Economic Affairs and Climate Policy
Eric Wiebes (2017–2021)
Cora van Nieuwenhuizen (2021 ad interim)
Bas van 't Wout (2021)
Stef Blok (2021–2022)
Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality
Carola Schouten (2017–2022; Deputy Prime Minister)
Defence
Ank Bijleveld (2017–2021)
Ferdinand Grapperhaus (2021 ad interim)
Henk Kamp (2021–2022)
Health, Welfare and Sport
Hugo de Jonge (2017–2022; Deputy Prime Minister)
Education, Culture and Science
Ingrid van Engelshoven (2017–2022)
Infrastructure and Water Management
Cora van Nieuwenhuizen (2017–2021)
Barbara Visser (2021–2022)
Social Affairs and Employment
Wouter Koolmees (2017–2022; Deputy Prime Minister 2019–2020 ad interim)
Ministers without portfolioForeign Trade and Development Cooperation
Sigrid Kaag (2017–2021)
Tom de Bruijn (2021–2022)
Legal Protection
Sander Dekker (2017–2022)
Medical Care
Bruno Bruins (2017–2020)
Martin van Rijn (2020)
Tamara van Ark (2020–2021)
Primary and Secondary Education and Media
Arie Slob (2017–2022)
Environment and Housing
Stientje van Veldhoven (2019–2020)
State SecretariesInterior and Kingdom Relations
Raymond Knops (2017–2022)
Finance
Menno Snel (2017–2019)
Hans Vijlbrief (2020–2022)
Alexandra van Huffelen (2020–2022)
Justice and Security
Mark Harbers (2017–2019)
Ankie Broekers-Knol (2019–2022)
Economic Affairs and Climate Policy
Mona Keijzer (2017–2021)
Dilan Yeşilgöz-Zegerius (2021–2022)
Defence
Barbara Visser (2017–2021)
Health, Welfare and Sport
Paul Blokhuis (2017–2022)
Infrastructure and Water Management
Stientje van Veldhoven (2017–2019; 2020–2021)
Steven van Weyenberg (2021–2022)
Social Affairs and Employment
Tamara van Ark (2017–2020)
Bas van 't Wout (2020–2021)
Dennis Wiersma (2021–2022)
Preceded by: Second Rutte cabinet
Succeeded by: Fourth Rutte cabinet
vteMembers of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands (2021–2023)House of Representatives 31 March 2021 – 5 December 2023People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD – 34)
Hermans
Aartsen
‹Van Ark›
Becker
Bevers
Bijenhof
Brekelmans
Van Campen
Ellian
Erkens
Grevink
P. de Groot
‹Harbers›
Haverkort
Heerema
Heinen
Van den Hil
‹Idsinga›
Kamminga
Klink
Koerhuis
De Kort
Michon
Minhas
‹De Neef›
‹Paul›
Rahimi
Rajkowski
Richardson
‹Rutte›
C. Simons
Smals
Van Strien
Strolenberg
‹Tellegen›
Tielen
Valstar
Verkuijlen
‹De Vries›
‹Wiersma›
‹Van Wijngaarden›
Van der Woude
‹Van 't Wout›
El Yassini
‹Yeşilgöz-Zegerius›
Democrats 66 (D66 – 24)
Paternotte
Belhaj
Bergkamp (Speaker)
‹Van Beukering›
Boucke
Boulakjar
Van Breugel
Dekker-Abdulaziz
Van Ginneken
T. de Groot
Hagen
Hammelburg
‹Jetten›
R. de Jong
‹Kaag›
Kat
Van der Laan
‹Van Meenen›
Paulusma
Podt
Raemakers
Sahla
Sjoerdsma
‹Smeets›
Sneller
H. Teunissen
‹Vijlbrief›
Warmerdam
(Van der Werf)
Van Weyenberg
Wuite
Party for Freedom (PVV – 16)
Wilders
Agema
Beertema
Bosma
Van Dijck
Fritsma
De Graaf
Graus
L. de Jong
Kops
Madlener
Maeijer
Markuszower
E. Mulder
De Roon
Van Weerdenburg
Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA – 14)
Bontenbal
Amhaouch
Van den Berg
Boswijk
Van den Brink
I. van Dijk
‹Geurts›
Heerma
‹Hoekstra›
‹Keijzer›
‹Knops›
Krul
Kuik
‹Van der Molen›
‹A. Mulder›
Palland
Peters
Slootweg
Vedder
Werner
Socialist Party (SP – 9)
Marijnissen
Alkaya
Beckerman
Dijk
J. van Dijk
‹Futselaar›
‹Hijink›
Van Kent
Kwint
‹Leijten›
Van Nispen
Temmink
Labour Party (PvdA – 9)
Kuiken
‹Arib›
Bushoff
‹G. van Dijk›
De Hoop
Kathmann
Mutluer
Nijboer
Piri
‹Ploumen›
Thijssen
GroenLinks (GL – 8)
Klaver
Bouchallikht
Bromet
Ellemeet
Kröger
Van der Lee
Maatoug
‹Snels›
Westerveld
Party for the Animals (PvdD – 6)
Ouwehand
‹Akerboom›
Van Esch
Van Raan
C. Teunissen
Vestering
Wassenberg
Forum for Democracy (FVD – 5)
Baudet
‹Dekker›
Van Houwelingen
Jansen
Kerseboom
Van Meijeren
Christian Union (CU – 5)
Bikker
Ceder
Drost
Van der Graaf
Grinwis
‹Schouten›
‹Segers›
Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB – 4)
Van der Plas
Eppink
Helder
Pouw-Verweij
Reformed Political Party (SGP – 3)
Stoffer
Bisschop
Van der Staaij
DENK (DENK – 3)
Van Baarle
Azarkan
Kuzu
Volt Netherlands (Volt – 2)
Dassen
‹Boutkan›
Koekkoek
JA21 (JA21 – 1)
Eerdmans
‹Goudzwaard›
Den Haan Group (FDH – 1)
Den Haan
BIJ1 (BIJ1 – 1)
S. Simons
Van Haga Group (Indep. – 3)
Van Haga
Smolders
Member Ephraim (Indep. – 1)
Ephraim
Member Gündoğan (Indep. – 1)
Gündoğan
Member Omtzigt (Indep. – 1)
Omtzigt
Bold indicates the parliamentary leader (first mentioned) and the Speaker; (Brackets) indicate a temporarily absent member; Italics indicate a temporary member; ‹Guillemets› indicate a member who has left the House of Representatives
See also: Members of the Senate of the Netherlands, 2019–2023 · Members of the Senate of the Netherlands, 2023–2027
vteMembers of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands (2017–2021)House of Representatives 23 March 2017 – 31 March 2021People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD – 32)
Dijkhoff
‹Van Ark›
Aartsen
‹Azmani›
Becker
Bolkestein
Van den Bosch
Bosman
‹Ten Broeke›
‹Dekker›
R. Dijkstra
‹Duisenberg›
El Yassini
Van Gent
Harbers
Heerema
‹Hennis-Plasschaert›
Hermans
Koerhuis
Koopmans
Laan-Geselschap
‹De Lange›
Van der Linde
Lodders
Middendorp
‹A. Mulder›
Nijkerken-de Haan
‹Van Oosten›
Regterschot
‹A. Rutte›
‹M. Rutte›
Smals
Snoeren
Tellegen
Tielen
Veldman
‹Visser›
De Vries
Weverling
Wiersma
Van Wijngaarden
Wörsdörfer
‹Van 't Wout›
Yeşilgöz-Zegerius
Ziengs
‹Zijlstra›
Party for Freedom (PVV – 20)
Wilders
Van Aalst
Agema
Beertema
Bosma
Van Dijck
E. van Dijk
Fritsma
‹Gerbrands›
De Graaf
Graus
Helder
Jansen
De Jong
Kops
Madlener
(Maeijer)
Markuszower
E. Mulder
‹Popken›
De Roon
De Vree
Van Weerdenburg
Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA – 19)
Heerma
Amhaouch
Van den Anker
Van den Berg
‹Bruins Slot›
C. van Dam
Geluk-Poortvliet
Geurts
‹Van Haersma Buma›
Van Helvert
‹Keijzer›
‹Knops›
Kuik
Von Martels
Van der Molen
A.H. Mulder
Omtzigt
Palland
De Pater-Postma
Peters
‹Rog›
‹Ronnes›
Slootweg
Terpstra
Van Toorenburg
Democrats 66 (D66 – 19)
Jetten
Belhaj
Bergkamp
Van Beukering
‹Den Boer›
Bouali
Diertens
P. Dijkstra
Van Eijs
‹Van Engelshoven›
De Groot
Groothuizen
‹Koolmees›
Van Meenen
Paternotte
‹Pechtold›
Raemakers
Schonis
Sienot
Sjoerdsma
Sneller
‹Van Veldhoven›
Verhoeven
Van Weyenberg
GroenLinks (GL – 14)
Klaver
Bromet
Van den Berge
Buitenweg
‹Diks›
Ellemeet
‹Grashoff›
Kröger
Van der Lee
Van den Nieuwenhuijzen
Van Ojik
‹Özdil›
Özütok
Renkema
Smeulders
Snels
‹Van Tongeren›
‹Voortman›
Westerveld
Socialist Party (SP – 14)
Marijnissen
Alkaya
Beckerman
J. van Dijk
Futselaar
Van Gerven
Hijink
Karabulut
Van Kent
‹Kooiman›
Kwint
Laçin
Leijten
Van Nispen
Van Raak
‹Roemer›
Labour Party (PvdA – 9)
Ploumen
Arib (Speaker)
Asscher
G. van Dijk
‹Dijksma›
‹Dijsselbloem›
Van den Hul
Kerstens
Kuiken
Moorlag
Nijboer
Christian Union (CU – 5)
Segers
Bruins
Dik-Faber
Van der Graaf
‹Schouten›
Voordewind
Party for the Animals (PvdD – 4)
Ouwehand
‹Thieme›
Van Esch
Van Raan
Wassenberg
50PLUS (50+ – 3)
Van Brenk
Van Otterloo
‹Van Rooijen›
Sazias
Reformed Political Party (SGP – 3)
Van der Staaij
Bisschop
‹Dijkgraaf›
Stoffer
DENK (DENK – 3)
Azarkan
Kuzu
Öztürk
Forum for Democracy (FVD – 2)
Baudet
Van Haga
‹Hiddema›
(vacant)
Member Krol (Indep. – 1)
Krol
Member Van Kooten-Arissen (Indep. – 1)
Van Kooten-Arissen
Bold indicates the parliamentary leader (first mentioned) and the Speaker; (Brackets) indicate a temporarily absent member; Italics indicate a temporary member; ‹Guillemets› indicate a member who has left the House of Representatives
See also: Members of the Senate of the Netherlands, 2015–2019 · 2019–2023
vteMembers of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands (2012–2017)House of Representatives 20 September 2012 – 23 March 2017People's Party forFreedom and Democracy(VVD – 40)
Zijlstra
Van Ark
Azmani
Berckmoes-Duindam
‹Blok›
De Boer
Bosma
Bosman
Ten Broeke
Van der Burg
De Caluwé
‹Dijkhoff›
R. Dijkstra
Duisenberg
Elias
Geselschap
Harbers
Heerema
‹Hennis-Plasschaert›
‹Huizing›
De Lange
‹Leegte›
‹De Liefde›
Van der Linde
‹Litjens›
Lodders
‹Lucas›
Van Miltenburg (Speaker, 2012–15)
Moors
A. Mulder
Neppérus
‹Van Nieuwenhuizen›
Nijkerken-de Haan
Van Oosten
Potters
Van der Ree
A. Rutte
‹M. Rutte›
‹Schippers›
Schut-Welkzijn
‹Van der Steur›
Straus
Taverne
Teeven
Tellegen
‹Van Veen›
Veldman
‹Verheijen›
Visser
A. de Vries
Vuijk
‹Weekers›
Van Wijngaarden
Van 't Wout
Ziengs
Labour Party (PvdA – 35)
Kuiken
Arib (Speaker, 2015–17)
Asante
‹Bonis›
Bouwmeester
Brouwer
Çegerek
‹Van Dam›
Van Dekken
‹O. van Dijk›
‹Dijsselbloem›
Dikkers
Eijsink
Fokke
Groot
Günal-Gezer
‹Hamer›
‹Heijnen›
‹Hilkens›
Hoogland
Jacobi
‹Jadnanansing›
Kerstens
‹Klijnsma›
Van Laar
Leenders
Maij
Marcouch
Mohandis
Nijboer
Oosenbrug
‹Plasterk›
Recourt
‹Samsom›
Servaes
Tanamal
‹Timmermans›
‹Ünver›
Van der Velde
Vermeij
Vermue
Volp
J. Vos
M. Vos
A.A. de Vries
Wolbert
Ypma
Yücel
Socialist Party (SP – 15)
Roemer
Bashir
Van Bommel
J. van Dijk
Van Gerven
Gesthuizen
‹Jansen›
Karabulut
Kooiman
Leijten
Merkies
Van Nispen
Van Raak
Siderius
Smaling
‹Smits›
‹Swinkels›
Ulenbelt
‹De Wit›
Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA – 13)
Van Haersma Buma
Amhaouch
Bruins Slot
Geurts
Heerma
Van Helvert
‹Van Hijum›
Keijzer
Knops
A.H. Mulder
Omtzigt
‹Oskam›
Rog
Ronnes
‹De Rouwe›
Van Toorenburg
Party for Freedom (PVV – 12)
Wilders
Agema
Beertema
Bosma
Van Dijck
Fritsma
‹Gerbrands›
De Graaf
Graus
Helder
Klever
Madlener
De Roon
Democrats 66 (D66 – 12)
Pechtold
Belhaj
Bergkamp
‹Berndsen›
P. Dijkstra
‹Hachchi›
Koolmees
Koşer Kaya
Van Meenen
‹Schouw›
Sjoerdsma
Swinkels
Van Veldhoven
Verhoeven
Van Weyenberg
Christian Union (CU – 5)
Segers
Bruins
Dik-Faber
Schouten
‹Slob›
Voordewind
GroenLinks (GL – 4)
Klaver
‹Ellemeet›
Grashoff
‹Van Ojik›
‹Sap›
Van Tongeren
Voortman
Reformed Political Party (SGP – 3)
Van der Staaij
Bisschop
Dijkgraaf
Party for the Animals (PvdD – 2)
Thieme
Ouwehand
‹Wassenberg›
50PLUS (50+ – 1)
Krol
‹Baay-Timmerman›
Bontes/Van Klaveren Group (Indep. – 2)
Bontes
Van Klaveren
Kuzu/Öztürk Group (Indep. – 2)
Kuzu
Öztürk
Member Van Vliet (Indep. – 1)
Van Vliet
Member Klein (Indep. – 1)
Klein
Member Houwers (Indep. – 1)
Houwers
Member Monasch (Indep. – 1)
Monasch
Abc signifies the parliamentary leader (first mentioned) and the Speaker; (Abc) signifies a temporarily absent member; Abc signifies a temporary member; ‹Abc› signifies a member who prematurely left the House of Representatives
See also: Members of the Senate of the Netherlands, 2011–2015 · 2015–2019
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Economic_Affairs_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Third Rutte cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Rutte_cabinet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parlement-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"People's Party for Freedom and Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_for_Freedom_and_Democracy"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"State Secretary for Social Affairs and Employment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Social_Affairs_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parlement-1"}],"text":"In this Dutch name, the surname is Van 't Wout, not Wout.Bastiaan \"Bas\" van 't Wout (born 22 April 1979) is a Dutch retired politician who served as Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy in 2021 in the Third Rutte cabinet.[1][2] A member of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD), he was previously elected to the House of Representatives from 2012 to 2020, before he held the position of State Secretary for Social Affairs and Employment from 2020 until 2021.[1]","title":"Bas van 't Wout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amersfoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amersfoort"},{"link_name":"State Secretary for Education, Culture and Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Secretary_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"Mark Rutte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Rutte"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"A native of Amersfoort, Van 't Wout worked as a political assistant to the State Secretary for Education, Culture and Science and chairman of the VVD party in the House of Representatives Mark Rutte from 2005 to 2007.[3]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipal councillor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_council_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"2006 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Dutch_municipal_elections"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parlement-1"}],"sub_title":"Career in local politics","text":"Van 't Wout became a municipal councillor of Amsterdam following the 2006 election.[1]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2012 parliamentary elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"Ministry of General Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_General_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tamara van Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_van_Ark"},{"link_name":"Minister for Medical Care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Health_of_the_Netherlands"}],"sub_title":"Member of the Dutch Parliament, 2012–2020","text":"Van 't Wout served as a member of the House of Representatives from September 20, 2012 to 2 July 2020. In the 2012 parliamentary elections, he was in 27th place, and was elected lower. He received 1,178 preferential votes. In the 2017 House of Representatives elections, he was in 13th place and was elected again. Until 26 October 2017, he was spokesperson for Long-term care, Social Support Act and Social Affairs and Employment. From 26 October 2017 he was vice-chairman of the VVD and spokesperson for the Ministry of General Affairs.In addition to his work in parliament, Van 't Wout was a member of the Dutch delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from 2015 until 2016.[4]In July 2020 Tamara van Ark was promoted from State Secretary of Social Affairs and Employment to Minister for Medical Care. Van 't Wout replaced her as State Secretary.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eric Wiebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Wiebes"},{"link_name":"demissionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demissionary_cabinet"},{"link_name":"third cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Rutte_cabinet"},{"link_name":"2021 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"occupational burnout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_burnout"},{"link_name":"Stef Blok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stef_Blok"},{"link_name":"Sigrid Kaag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigrid_Kaag"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Minister of Economic Affairs, 2021","text":"After the departure of Eric Wiebes, Van 't Wout was appointed as his successor as Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy as of 20 January 2021 in the demissionary third cabinet of Prime Minister Rutte. He was in 6th place on the VVD candidate list for the 2021 elections. On 31 March 2021, he was sworn in again as a member of parliament.On 24 May 2021 it was reported that Van't Wout was suffering from a occupational burnout and would not be returning to the parliament for at least 3 months; fellow cabinet ministers Stef Blok and Sigrid Kaag took over and shared the economic affairs portfolio in his absence.[5][6]","title":"Political career"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"B. (Bas) van 't Wout\" (in Dutch). Parlement.com. Retrieved 13 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parlement.com/id/vizzce7aemkj/b_bas_van_t_wout","url_text":"\"B. (Bas) van 't Wout\""}]},{"reference":"\"Van Ark beëdigd als minister voor Medische Zorg, Van 't Wout als staatssecretaris van SZW\" (in Dutch). Parlement.com. 9 July 2020. Archived from the original on 13 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200713101037/https://www.parlement.com/id/vla7ecb7g5dd/nieuws/van_ark_beedigd_als_minister_voor","url_text":"\"Van Ark beëdigd als minister voor Medische Zorg, Van 't Wout als staatssecretaris van SZW\""},{"url":"https://www.parlement.com/id/vla7ecb7g5dd/nieuws/van_ark_beedigd_als_minister_voor","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Burn-out minister Bas van 't Wout: minstens drie maanden niet aan het werk | Binnenland | Telegraaf.nl\". 24 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraaf.nl/nieuws/875086549/burn-out-minister-bas-van-t-wout-minstens-drie-maanden-niet-aan-het-werk","url_text":"\"Burn-out minister Bas van 't Wout: minstens drie maanden niet aan het werk | Binnenland | Telegraaf.nl\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.parlement.com/id/vizzce7aemkj/b_bas_van_t_wout","external_links_name":"\"B. (Bas) van 't Wout\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200713101037/https://www.parlement.com/id/vla7ecb7g5dd/nieuws/van_ark_beedigd_als_minister_voor","external_links_name":"\"Van Ark beëdigd als minister voor Medische Zorg, Van 't Wout als staatssecretaris van SZW\""},{"Link":"https://www.parlement.com/id/vla7ecb7g5dd/nieuws/van_ark_beedigd_als_minister_voor","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.tweedekamer.nl/kamerstukken/plenaire_verslagen/detail/b980e031-a6f8-473b-82be-8ae2eb4577c8#idecd364fa","external_links_name":"https://www.tweedekamer.nl/kamerstukken/plenaire_verslagen/detail/b980e031-a6f8-473b-82be-8ae2eb4577c8#idecd364fa"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210524124808/https://www.tweedekamer.nl/kamerstukken/plenaire_verslagen/detail/b980e031-a6f8-473b-82be-8ae2eb4577c8#idecd364fa","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://pace.coe.int/en/members/7408?lang=FR","external_links_name":"Bas Van 't Wout"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraaf.nl/nieuws/875086549/burn-out-minister-bas-van-t-wout-minstens-drie-maanden-niet-aan-het-werk","external_links_name":"\"Burn-out minister Bas van 't Wout: minstens drie maanden niet aan het werk | Binnenland | Telegraaf.nl\""},{"Link":"https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/news/article/movers-and-shakers-28-may-2021","external_links_name":"Movers & Shakers"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Halyuza
|
Illya Haliuza
|
["1 External links"]
|
Ukrainian footballer
In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Sergeyevich and the family name is Galiuza.
Illya Haliuza
Personal informationFull name
Illya Serhiyovych HaliuzaDate of birth
(1979-11-16) 16 November 1979 (age 44)Place of birth
Arkhangelsk, Soviet UnionHeight
1.76 m (5 ft 9+1⁄2 in)Position(s)
MidfielderYouth career1995–1998
Zorya LuhanskSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1996–2000
Zorya Luhansk
65
(10)2001–2002
Chornomorets Odesa
58
(2)2001–2002
→ Chornomorets-2 Odesa
6
(3)2003
Dnepr Mogilev
26
(4)2004
Oryol
1
(0)2004–2005
Dnepr Mogilev
39
(9)2006
Šiauliai
33
(16)2007–2011
Tavriya Simferopol
68
(4)2012–2013
Zorya Luhansk
36
(9)2014
Shakhtyor Soligorsk
29
(4)2015
Belshina Bobruisk
24
(5)2016
Dnepr Mogilev
21
(1)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Illya Serhiyovych Haliuza (Ukrainian: Ілля Сергійович Галюза; born 16 November 1979) is a retired Ukrainian football midfielder.
External links
Illya Haliuza at UAF and archived FFU page (in Ukrainian)
Illya Haliuza at Soccerway
Illya Haliuza at FootballFacts.ru (in Russian)
This biographical article related to a Ukrainian association football midfielder born in the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Slavic naming customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"}],"text":"In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Sergeyevich and the family name is Galiuza.Illya Serhiyovych Haliuza (Ukrainian: Ілля Сергійович Галюза; born 16 November 1979) is a retired Ukrainian football midfielder.","title":"Illya Haliuza"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://start.uaf.ua/players/26843","external_links_name":"Illya Haliuza"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.ffu.org.ua/ukr/tournaments/prof/26843/","external_links_name":"archived FFU page"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/-/37113/","external_links_name":"Illya Haliuza"},{"Link":"https://footballfacts.ru/person/29575","external_links_name":"Illya Haliuza"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illya_Haliuza&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Morgenstein
|
Rod Morgenstein
|
["1 Equipment","2 Discography","2.1 with Dixie Dregs","2.2 with The Steve Morse Band","2.3 with Winger","2.4 with Fiona","2.5 with Rudess/Morgenstein Project","2.6 with Platypus","2.7 with The Jelly Jam","2.8 with Jazz Is Dead","3 References","4 External links"]
|
American drummer (born 1953)
Rod MorgensteinMorgenstein in 2008Background informationBorn (1953-04-19) April 19, 1953 (age 71)New York City, U.S.Genres
Progressive rock
jazz fusion
hard rock
glam metal
progressive metal
Occupation(s)
Musician
educator
Instrument(s)
Drums
percussion
Years active1973–presentMusical artist
Rod Morgenstein (born April 19, 1953) is an American drummer with rock bands Winger and Dixie Dregs.
He also played with Fiona, Platypus, the Steve Morse Band, and Jelly Jam. He has also done session work with Jordan Rudess including his ventures with the Rudess/Morgenstein Project. He also toured with Jazz Is Dead. He has also been awarded Modern Drummer's "Best Progressive Rock Drummer" five years (1986-'90), "Best All-Around Drummer" (1999) and was inducted into magazine's Honor Roll.
He worked for twenty years as a professor, teaching percussion at Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts. Morgenstein continues to tour with the band Winger. He has also been a columnist for Modern Drummer magazine.
Morgenstein is known for his versatility of playing many styles of music.
Equipment
Morgenstein currently uses Premier drums, Evans Drumheads, Sabian cymbals, Vic Firth drumsticks, and LP Percussion. He has, in the past, also used Remo drumheads and Paiste cymbals.
Drums: Premier signia series (also uses the genista series):
22" x 18" bass drums (x2)
10" x 9" rack tom
12" x 10" rack tom
13" x 11" rack tom
16" x 16" floor tom
18" x 16" floor tom
14" x 6.5" snare
14" x 4" piccolo snare
Drumheads: Evans:
Snare: G1 Coated or Power Center Reverse Dot/300 Snare Side
Toms: EC2S Clear or G1 Clear (top and resonant)
Bass: EQ4 Clear/EQ3 Black Bass Reso
Drumsticks: Vic Firth:
Vic Firth Rod Morgenstein signature drumsticks (Length 16.12", Diameter: .610")
- described as essentially combining a 5B and 2B stick
Cymbals: Sabian:
AA regular hi-hats 13"
HH china kang 10"/AA splash 10" (stacked)
AA splash 12"
AA splash 10"
AA splash 8"
AAX stage crash 18"/cymbal disc 12" (stacked)
AAX stage crash 16" (or studio crash)
AA splash 10"
Signature tri-top ride 21"
HH china 20"
HH thin crash 18"
Paiste cymbals (circa 1984):
RUDE 14" hi-hats
Formula 602 11" splash
RUDE 16" crash/ride
RUDE 18" crash/ride
2002 18" medium
RUDE 20" ride/crash
Formula 602 22" heavy
2002 20" china type
Sound Creation 22" dark china
Cymbals circa 1988:
3000 14" sound edge hi-hats
Formula 602 11" splash
3000 17" thin crash
3000 18" thin crash
3000 19" thin crash
RUDE 22" ride/crash
Sound Creation 20" dark china
Discography
with Dixie Dregs
The Great Spectacular (1976)
Free Fall (1977)
What If (1978)
Night of the Living Dregs (1979)
Dregs of the Earth (1980)
Unsung Heroes (1981)
Industry Standard (1982)
Full Circle (1994)
with The Steve Morse Band
The Introduction (1984)
Stand Up (1985)
High Tension Wires (1989)
with Winger
Winger (1988)
In the Heart of the Young (1990)
Pull (1993)
IV (2006)
Karma (2009)
Better Days Comin' (2014)
Seven (2023)
with Fiona
Heart Like a Gun (1989)
with Rudess/Morgenstein Project
Rudess/Morgenstein Project (1997)
The Official Bootleg (2001)
with Platypus
When Pus Comes to Shove (1998)
Ice Cycles (2000)
with The Jelly Jam
The Jelly Jam (2002)
The Jelly Jam 2 (2004)
Shall We Descend (2011)
Profit (2016)
with Jazz Is Dead
Laughing Water (1999)
Great Sky River (2001)
Grateful Jazz (2015)
References
^ Schlenker, Dave (September 11, 1992). "Steve Morse and the Dregs on the road again". Gainesville Sun. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
^ "Rudess Morgenstein Project announce four US dates". musicradar.com. October 22, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
^ Hochanadel, Michael (April 5, 2002). "Jazz is Dead to jam on Grateful Undead songs at Van Dyck". The Daily Gazette. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
^ Zimmerman, Curtis (August 9, 1999). "Jazz Is Dead Laughing Wake Water 'Wake Of The Laughing Flood'". The Michigan Daily. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
^ "About". rodmorgenstein.com. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
^ "Rod Morgenstein:Cross-Genre Ripping". moderndrummer.com. November 15, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rod Morgenstein.
Official website
Berklee College of Music profile
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
vteDixie Dregs
Steve Morse
Rod Morgenstein
Andy West
Allen Sloan, M.D.
Steve Davidowski
Frank Brittingham
Dave Morse
Johnny Carr
Mark Parrish
Allen Sloan, M.D.
Bart Yarnall
Gilbert Frayer
Frank Josephs
T Lavitz
Mark O'Connor
Dave LaRue
Jerry Goodman
Studio albums
The Great Spectacular
Free Fall
What If
Night of the Living Dregs
Dregs of the Earth
Unsung Heroes
Industry Standard
Off the Record
Full Circle
Related bands
Deep Purple
Kansas
Winger
Mahavishnu Orchestra
Flying Colors
vteWinger
Kip Winger
Reb Beach
Rod Morgenstein
Paul Taylor
John Roth
Cenk Eroglu
Donnie Wayne Smith
Studio albums
Winger
In the Heart of the Young
Pull
IV
Karma
Better Days Comin'
Seven
Compilations
The Very Best of Winger
Demo Anthology
Singles
"Madalaine"
"Seventeen"
"Headed for a Heartbreak"
"Hungry"
"Can't Get Enuff"
"Miles Away"
"Easy Come Easy Go"
"Down Incognito"
Live albums and videos
In the Heart of the Young, Vols. 1 & 2
The Making of Pull
Winger Live
Related articles
Discography
vteThe Jelly Jam
Rod Morgenstein
Ty Tabor
John Myung
Studio albums
The Jelly Jam
The Jelly Jam 2
Related
Derek Sherinian
Platypus
When Pus Comes to Shove
Ice Cycles
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Winger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winger_(band)"},{"link_name":"Dixie Dregs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Dregs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Fiona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Platypus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platypus_(band)"},{"link_name":"the Steve Morse Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Steve_Morse_Band"},{"link_name":"Jelly Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Jam"},{"link_name":"Jordan Rudess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Rudess"},{"link_name":"Rudess/Morgenstein Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudess/Morgenstein_Project"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jazz Is Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_Is_Dead_(band)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Modern Drummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Drummer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Berklee College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Winger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winger_(band)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"American drummer (born 1953)Musical artistRod Morgenstein (born April 19, 1953) is an American drummer with rock bands Winger and Dixie Dregs.[1]He also played with Fiona, Platypus, the Steve Morse Band, and Jelly Jam. He has also done session work with Jordan Rudess including his ventures with the Rudess/Morgenstein Project.[2] He also toured with Jazz Is Dead.[3][4] He has also been awarded Modern Drummer's \"Best Progressive Rock Drummer\" five years (1986-'90), \"Best All-Around Drummer\" (1999) and was inducted into magazine's Honor Roll.[5]He worked for twenty years as a professor, teaching percussion at Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts. Morgenstein continues to tour with the band Winger. He has also been a columnist for Modern Drummer magazine.Morgenstein is known for his versatility of playing many styles of music.[6]","title":"Rod Morgenstein"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Premier drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_drums"},{"link_name":"Evans Drumheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evans_Drumheads"},{"link_name":"Sabian cymbals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabian_cymbals"},{"link_name":"Vic Firth drumsticks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Firth_drumsticks"},{"link_name":"Remo drumheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remo_Drumheads"},{"link_name":"Paiste cymbals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiste_Cymbals"}],"text":"Morgenstein currently uses Premier drums, Evans Drumheads, Sabian cymbals, Vic Firth drumsticks, and LP Percussion. He has, in the past, also used Remo drumheads and Paiste cymbals.Drums: Premier signia series (also uses the genista series):22\" x 18\" bass drums (x2)\n10\" x 9\" rack tom\n12\" x 10\" rack tom\n13\" x 11\" rack tom\n16\" x 16\" floor tom\n18\" x 16\" floor tom\n14\" x 6.5\" snare\n14\" x 4\" piccolo snareDrumheads: Evans:Snare: G1 Coated or Power Center Reverse Dot/300 Snare Side\nToms: EC2S Clear or G1 Clear (top and resonant)\nBass: EQ4 Clear/EQ3 Black Bass ResoDrumsticks: Vic Firth:Vic Firth Rod Morgenstein signature drumsticks (Length 16.12\", Diameter: .610\")- described as essentially combining a 5B and 2B stickCymbals: Sabian:AA regular hi-hats 13\"\nHH china kang 10\"/AA splash 10\" (stacked)\nAA splash 12\"\nAA splash 10\"\nAA splash 8\"\nAAX stage crash 18\"/cymbal disc 12\" (stacked)\nAAX stage crash 16\" (or studio crash)\nAA splash 10\"\nSignature tri-top ride 21\"\nHH china 20\"\nHH thin crash 18\"Paiste cymbals (circa 1984):RUDE 14\" hi-hats\nFormula 602 11\" splash\nRUDE 16\" crash/ride\nRUDE 18\" crash/ride\n2002 18\" medium\nRUDE 20\" ride/crash\nFormula 602 22\" heavy\n2002 20\" china type\nSound Creation 22\" dark chinaCymbals circa 1988:3000 14\" sound edge hi-hats\nFormula 602 11\" splash\n3000 17\" thin crash\n3000 18\" thin crash\n3000 19\" thin crash\nRUDE 22\" ride/crash\nSound Creation 20\" dark china","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Great Spectacular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Spectacular"},{"link_name":"Free Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Fall_(Dixie_Dregs_album)"},{"link_name":"What If","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_If_(Dixie_Dregs_album)"},{"link_name":"Night of the Living Dregs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_of_the_Living_Dregs"},{"link_name":"Dregs of the Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dregs_of_the_Earth"},{"link_name":"Unsung Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsung_Heroes_(Dixie_Dregs_album)"},{"link_name":"Industry Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_Standard"},{"link_name":"Full Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Circle_(Dixie_Dregs_album)"}],"sub_title":"with Dixie Dregs","text":"The Great Spectacular (1976)\nFree Fall (1977)\nWhat If (1978)\nNight of the Living Dregs (1979)\nDregs of the Earth (1980)\nUnsung Heroes (1981)\nIndustry Standard (1982)\nFull Circle (1994)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Introduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Introduction_(album)"},{"link_name":"Stand Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_Up_(Steve_Morse_Band_album)"},{"link_name":"High Tension Wires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Tension_Wires"}],"sub_title":"with The Steve Morse Band","text":"The Introduction (1984)\nStand Up (1985)\nHigh Tension Wires (1989)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winger_(album)"},{"link_name":"In the Heart of the Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Heart_of_the_Young"},{"link_name":"Pull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pull_(Winger_album)"},{"link_name":"IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_(Winger_album)"},{"link_name":"Karma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_(Winger_album)"},{"link_name":"Better Days Comin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Days_Comin%27"},{"link_name":"Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_(Winger_album)"}],"sub_title":"with Winger","text":"Winger (1988)\nIn the Heart of the Young (1990)\nPull (1993)\nIV (2006)\nKarma (2009)\nBetter Days Comin' (2014)\nSeven (2023)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heart Like a Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_Like_a_Gun"}],"sub_title":"with Fiona","text":"Heart Like a Gun (1989)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rudess/Morgenstein Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudess/Morgenstein_Project"},{"link_name":"The Official Bootleg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Bootleg"}],"sub_title":"with Rudess/Morgenstein Project","text":"Rudess/Morgenstein Project (1997)\nThe Official Bootleg (2001)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"When Pus Comes to Shove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Pus_Comes_to_Shove"},{"link_name":"Ice Cycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Cycles"}],"sub_title":"with Platypus","text":"When Pus Comes to Shove (1998)\nIce Cycles (2000)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"with The Jelly Jam","text":"The Jelly Jam (2002)\nThe Jelly Jam 2 (2004)\nShall We Descend (2011)\nProfit (2016)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laughing Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughing_Water"},{"link_name":"Great Sky River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sky_River_(album)"},{"link_name":"Grateful Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grateful_Jazz"}],"sub_title":"with Jazz Is Dead","text":"Laughing Water (1999)\nGreat Sky River (2001)\nGrateful Jazz (2015)","title":"Discography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Schlenker, Dave (September 11, 1992). \"Steve Morse and the Dregs on the road again\". Gainesville Sun. Retrieved January 31, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1320&dat=19920911&id=cEFWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XeoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3372,3528540","url_text":"\"Steve Morse and the Dregs on the road again\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville_Sun","url_text":"Gainesville Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"Rudess Morgenstein Project announce four US dates\". musicradar.com. October 22, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicradar.com/us/news/drums/rudess-morgenstein-project-announce-four-us-dates-586606","url_text":"\"Rudess Morgenstein Project announce four US dates\""}]},{"reference":"Hochanadel, Michael (April 5, 2002). \"Jazz is Dead to jam on Grateful Undead songs at Van Dyck\". The Daily Gazette. Retrieved January 31, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1957&dat=20020405&id=RXshAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IYoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1562,862191","url_text":"\"Jazz is Dead to jam on Grateful Undead songs at Van Dyck\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Gazette","url_text":"The Daily Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Zimmerman, Curtis (August 9, 1999). \"Jazz Is Dead Laughing Wake Water 'Wake Of The Laughing Flood'\". The Michigan Daily. Retrieved January 31, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2706&dat=19990809&id=vPtJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GB4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=4919,6352871","url_text":"\"Jazz Is Dead Laughing Wake Water 'Wake Of The Laughing Flood'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Michigan_Daily","url_text":"The Michigan Daily"}]},{"reference":"\"About\". rodmorgenstein.com. Retrieved January 31, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rodmorgenstein.com/about.html","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rod Morgenstein:Cross-Genre Ripping\". moderndrummer.com. November 15, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.moderndrummer.com/site/2010/11/rod-morgenstein/#.UuwUFvsmZnI","url_text":"\"Rod Morgenstein:Cross-Genre Ripping\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1320&dat=19920911&id=cEFWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XeoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3372,3528540","external_links_name":"\"Steve Morse and the Dregs on the road again\""},{"Link":"http://www.musicradar.com/us/news/drums/rudess-morgenstein-project-announce-four-us-dates-586606","external_links_name":"\"Rudess Morgenstein Project announce four US dates\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1957&dat=20020405&id=RXshAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IYoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1562,862191","external_links_name":"\"Jazz is Dead to jam on Grateful Undead songs at Van Dyck\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2706&dat=19990809&id=vPtJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GB4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=4919,6352871","external_links_name":"\"Jazz Is Dead Laughing Wake Water 'Wake Of The Laughing Flood'\""},{"Link":"http://www.rodmorgenstein.com/about.html","external_links_name":"\"About\""},{"Link":"http://www.moderndrummer.com/site/2010/11/rod-morgenstein/#.UuwUFvsmZnI","external_links_name":"\"Rod Morgenstein:Cross-Genre Ripping\""},{"Link":"http://www.rodmorgenstein.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.berklee.edu/people/rod-morgenstein","external_links_name":"Berklee College of Music profile"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000061582797","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/23787252","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJd88B7ffX6bkXmXXV9CcP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14208735k","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14208735k","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/134569652","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91127659","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/8713eace-a03b-4699-8026-c6a54334a619","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randjespark
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Randjespark
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[]
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Coordinates: 25°57′29″S 28°08′10″E / 25.958°S 28.136°E / -25.958; 28.136
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Place in Gauteng, South AfricaRandjesparkRandjesparkShow map of GautengRandjesparkShow map of South AfricaCoordinates: 25°57′29″S 28°08′10″E / 25.958°S 28.136°E / -25.958; 28.136CountrySouth AfricaProvinceGautengMunicipalityCity of JohannesburgTime zoneUTC+2 (SAST)
Randjespark is a suburb of Midrand, South Africa. It is located in Region A of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality.
vteGreater JohannesburgNatural environment
Highveld
Geology
Kaapvaal Craton
Transvaal Supergroup
Transvaal Basin
Witwatersrand Supergroup
Witwatersrand Basin
Banket
Topography
Witwatersrand
Magaliesberg (partially)
Vredefort impact structure (partially)
Rivers andwetlands
Blesbokspruit
Braamfontein Spruit
Crocodile River
Hennops River
Jukskei River
Klip River
Wilge River
Wonderfonteinspruit
Climate
2016 flooding
2018–2021 drought
Cradle ofHumankind
Taung Child
Mrs Ples
Little Foot
Rising Star Expedition
Underground Astronauts
Fossil sites
Bolt's Farm
Cooper's Cave
Drimolen
Gladysvale
Haasgat
Kromdraai
Malapa
Minnaar's Cave
Motsetsi
Plovers Lake
Rising Star Cave
Sterkfontein
Swartkrans
Wonder Cave
Biodiversity
Highveld grasslands (ecoregion)
Montane grasslands and shrublands (biome)
Afrotropical realm (biogeographic realm)
Palaeotropical kingdom (floristic kingdom)
Northern Provinces (WGSRPD area)
Timber trees
Vegetation types
Andesite Mountain Bushveld
Carletonville Dolomite Grassland
Eastern Highveld Grassland
Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands
Egoli Granite Grassland
Gauteng Shale Mountain Bushveld
Gold Reef Mountain Bushveld
Highveld Alluvial Vegetation
Moot Plains Bushveld
Rand Highveld Grassland
Soweto Highveld Grassland
Tsakane Clay Grassland
Urban woodland
Parks and gardens
Brenthurst Gardens
Delta Park
Donald Mackay Park
Emmarentia Dam
Huddle Park
Johannesburg Botanical Garden
Johannesburg Zoo
Pullinger Kop Park
Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden
Wemmer Pan
Zoo Lake
Nature reserves
Abe Bailey Nature Reserve
Aloe Ridge Game Reserve
Klipriviersberg Nature Reserve
Kloofendal Nature Reserve
Kromdraai Conservancy
Krugersdorp Game Reserve
Magaliesberg Biosphere Reserve
Marievale Bird Sanctuary
Melville Koppies
Olifantsvlei Nature Reserve
Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve
The Wilds Municipal Nature Reserve
Human impact
Acid mine drainage
Mine dumps
Urbanisation
Sprawl
CommunitiesInner City
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Albertville
Aldara Park
Amalgam
Auckland Park
Belgravia
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Benrose
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City Deep
City and Suburban
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Observatory
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Ebony Park
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Erand
Fairland
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Forbesdale
Fourways
Franklin Roosevelt Park
Gallo Manor
The Gardens
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Halfway Gardens
Halfway House Estate
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Illovo
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Ivory Park
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Jukskei Park
Kaalfontein
Kensington B
Kentview
Kew
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Klevehill Park
Kya Sand
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Kyalami AH
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Linden
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Lone Hill
Lyme Park
Magaliessig
Malanshof
Marlboro
Marlboro Gardens
Maroeladal
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Melrose
Melrose Estate
Melrose North
Midrand
Midridge Park
Mill Hill
Millgate Farm
Moodie Hill
Morningside
Morningside Manor
New Brighton
Newlands
Nietgedacht
Noordwyk
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North Champagne Estates
Northcliff
Northern Acres
Northgate
Northriding
Norwood
Oerder Park
Olivedale
Orange Grove
Osummit
Parkhurst
Parkmore
Parktown North
Parkview
Parkwood
Paulshof
Petervale
Plooysville
President Ridge
Rabie Ridge
Randburg
Randjesfontein AH
Randjespark
Randpark
Randpark Ridge
Raumarais Park
River Club
Riverbend
Rivonia
Rosebank
Rouxville
Ruiterhof
Salfred
Sandhurst
Sandown
Sandton
Savoy Estate
Saxonwold
Simba
Solridge
Strathavon
Strijdompark
Sunninghill
Sunrella
Sunset Acres
Vandia Grove
Victoria
Victory Park
Vorna Valley
Waterval Estate
Waverley
Wierda Valley
Willaway
Willowild
Witkoppen
Witpoort
Woodlands
Woodmead
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Zandspruit
Southernsuburbs andenvirons
Aeroton
Alan Manor
Alberton
Aspen Hills
Bassonia
Booysens
Chrisville
Crown Gardens
Diepkloof
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Doornkop
Drieziek
Eastcliff
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Eldorado Park
Electron
Elladoone
Ennerdale
Evans Park
Forest Hill
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Haddon
The Hill
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Kanana Park
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Klipriviersberg Estate
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La Rochelle
Lawley
Lenasia
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Lindberg Park
Linmeyer
Mayfield Park
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Mondeor
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Nasrec
Noordgesig
Oakdene
Ophirton
Orange Farm
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Phiri
Protea Glen
Regents Park
Regents Park Estate
Reuven
Rewlatch
Reynolds View
Ridgeway
Risana
Rispark
Robertsham
Roseacre
Rosettenville
Salisbury Claims
Selby
South Hills
Southdale
Southfork
Southgate
Soweto
Springfield
Stafford
Steeledale
Suideroord
Theta
Towerby
Townsview
Tulisa Park
Turf Club
Turffontein
Unigray
Winchester Hills
Zola
East Rand
Allen Grove
Aston Manor
Bapsfontein
Bedfordview
Benoni
Bezuidenhout Valley
Birch Acres
Birchleigh
Birchleigh North
Boksburg
Bonaero Park
Brakpan
Bredell
Bruma
Cresslawn
Croydon
Cyrildene
Daveyton
Dawn Park
Dewetshof
Duduza
Edenvale
Edleen
Elcedes
Elsburg
Esther Park
Etwatwa
Fairmount
The Gables
Germiston
Glen Marais
Glenhazel
Greenstone Hill
Heriotdale
Isando
Katlehong
Kempton Park
Kempton Park West
Kensington
KwaThema
Lakeside
Langaville
Lombardy East
Malvern
Modderfontein
Mountain View
Nigel
Nimrod Park
Norkem Park
Oaklands
Olifantsfontein
Percelia Estate
Pomona
Primrose
Prolecon
Raedene Estate
Reiger Park
Rhodesfield
Sandringham
Spartan
Spes Bona
Springs
Sunningdale
Sunningdale Ridge
Sydenham
Talboton
Terenure
Thembisa
Thokoza
Tsakane
Van Riebeeck Park
Vosloorus
Wanderers View
Wattville
West Rand
Azaadville
Bekkersdal
Blyvooruitzicht
Boikarabelo
Bosmont
Carletonville
Claremont
Constantia Kloof
Coronationville
Denver
Driefontein
East Driefontein
Elandsrand
Florida
Florida Glen
Florida Hills
Fochville
Kagiso
Khutsong
Krugersdorp
Lindley
Magaliesburg
Mohlakeng
Muldersdrift
Munsieville
Oberholzer
Randfontein
Rietvallei
Roodepoort
Sophiatown
Venterspos
Weltevredenpark
Welverdiend
West Driefontein
Westdene
Westonaria
Zuurbekom
Cityscape
Constitution Hill
Beyers Naudé Square
Fordsburg Square
Gandhi Square
Mary Fitzgerald Square
Walter Sisulu Square
7th Street
Commissioner Street
Munro Drive
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Jan Smuts Avenue
Louis Botha Avenue
Malibongwe Drive
Metropolitan routes
M1
M2
Provincial routes
R24
R25
R29
R41
R55
R82
R564
Johannesburg Ring Road
N1
Western Bypass
N3
Eastern Bypass
N12
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N17
Landmarks
Tallest buildings
Public art
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Civicbuildings
Johannesburg City Hall
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Officebuildings
11 Diagonal Street
Chamber of Mines Building
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Consolidated Building
Corner House
Corona Lodge
Cuthberts Building
Eskom Centre
Johannesburg Trades Hall
Kimberley House
Logistics House
London House
Luthuli House
Markham Building
Megawatt Park
Natal Bank Building
National Bank Building
Shell House
Standard Bank Building
Victory House
Skyscrapers
Absa Tower
Carlton Centre
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Exchange Square
Hekro Towers
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Kine Centre
The Leonardo
Marble Towers
Mariston Hotel
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Radiopark
Schlesinger Building
Southern Life Centre
Standard Bank Centre
Trust Bank Building
UCS Building
Residentialbuildings
Ansteys Building
Arop House
Astor Mansions
Beacon Royal
Circle Court
Dorkay House
Houghton Heights
Kingsway Mansions
Lauriston Court
Manners Mansions
Radoma Court
Skyscrapers
120 End Street
Highpoint Hillbrow
Ponte City
Tygerberg Building
Structures
Brixton Tower
Hillbrow Tower
Nelson Mandela Bridge
Grayston Pedestrian and Cycle Bridge
Urban planning
Alexandra Renewal Project
GovernmentNational governmentCourts
Constitutional Court of South Africa
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Commission for Gender Equality
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City of Johannesburg
Seat: Johannesburg
Mayor: Kabelo Gwamanda
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Mayor: Sivuyile Ngodwana
Elections
West Rand
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Seat: Carletonville
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Seat: Krugersdorp
Rand West
Seat: Randfontein
African Union
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PoliticsGoverning parties
Johannesburg: Al Jama-ah
Ekurhuleni: AIC
West Rand: ANC
Merafong: ANC
Mogale: ATM
Rand West: ANC
Political organisationsand parties based inGreater JohannesburgPolitical parties
ActionSA
African Christian Democratic Party
African National Congress
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Agang
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Landless People's Movement
OUTA
PASMA
SASCO
South African Institute of Race Relations
South African Zionist Federation
Tripartite Alliance
Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front
History
Timeline
Kweneng' Ruins
Tlokwe Ruins
Witwatersrand Gold Rush
Mineral Revolution
Transvaal gold fields
Randlord
Uitlander
Ferreira's Camp
Second Boer War
Fortifications
Johannesburg Fort
Blockhouses
Monumentsand memorials
Anglo-Boer War Memorial
Chris Hani Memorial
Constitution Hill
Hector Pieterson Memorial
Observatory Ridge
Scottish Horse War Memorial
Walter Sisulu Square
Cemeteries
Avalon Cemetery
Juliwe Cemetery
Westpark Cemetery
Historicalsites
Bantu Men's Social Centre
Kirchoff's Building
Langlaagte Stamp Mill
OK Bazaars
Rand Water Board Building
Red Square
Rissik Street Post Office
Shlom Native Eating House
Union Observatory
Houses
36 Houghton Drive
David Webster House
Dr Xuma House
Endstead
House Brunton
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Kholvad House
Lindfield House
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Parktown mansions
Villa Arcadia
Pullinger Kop
Rahima Moosa House
Satyagraha House
Tutu House
Villa d'Este
Historicalcompanies andorganisationsCompanies
Bosasa
Deneys Reitz
Edcon
Lema
Mandela and Tambo
Simmer and Jack
VBS Mutual Bank
Politicalorganisations
Anti-Privatisation Forum
Black Sash
Democratic Left Front
Gay and Lesbian Organization of Witwatersrand
Industrial Workers of the World
MK Military Veterans' Association
Reform Committee
Socialist Party of Azania
Other organisations
Witwatersrand Native Labour Association
Events
Jameson Raid
Braamfontein explosion
Battle of Doornkop
Battle of Witpoort
Rand Rebellion
Empire Exhibition
Schlesinger African Air Race
1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
Sophiatown forced removals
Congress of the People
Freedom Charter
Treason Trial
1957 Alexandra bus boycott
Soweto uprising
Concert in the Park
Westdene dam disaster
Eerste Alternatiewe Afrikaanse Rockkonsert
Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
Shell House massacre
Ellis Park Stadium disaster
Bredell land occupation
World Summit on Sustainable Development
Johannesburg Declaration
2002 Soweto bombings
Jacob Zuma rape trial
Live 8 concert
Live Earth concert
Occupy Johannesburg
Murder of Mido Macia
Death and state memorial service of Nelson Mandela
2015 train crash
#FeesMustFall
Life Esidimeni scandal
10th BRICS summit
Zondo Commission
2019 riots
Shooting of Nathaniel Julies
Zuma riots
Murder of Babita Deokaran
2022 Soweto shooting
Boksburg explosion
2023 Boksburg gas leak
15th BRICS summit
2023 building fire
CultureCultural heritage
Architecture
Gumboot dancing
amaKota
Kwaito
Performance art
Joburg Ballet
Musical ensembles
Johannesburg Philharmonic Orchestra
Johannesburg Youth Orchestra
Soweto Gospel Choir
Soweto String Quartet
Theatres
Alexander Theatre
Alhambra Theatre
Johannesburg Civic Theatre
Market Theatre
Wits Theatre
Events and festivals
Abantu Book Festival
Encounters South African International Documentary Festival
Joburg Art Fair
In the City
Johannesburg International Motor Show
Johannesburg Pride
Jozi Book Fair
Naledi Theatre Awards
Out In Africa South African Gay and Lesbian Film Festival
RAMFest
Rand Show
South Africa’s Children’s Book Fair
Transforming Stories International Christian Film Festival
Ultra South Africa
Museums and artgalleries
Apartheid Museum
Constitution Hill Museum
Fietas Museum
Gold Reef City
Goodman Gallery
Hector Pieterson Museum
James Hall Transport Museum
Johannesburg Art Gallery
South African Airways Museum
Mandela House
Market Photo Workshop
Maropeng
Military History Museum
Museum Africa
Photo:
Satyagraha House
Workers' Museum
Defunct
SAB World of Beer
South African National Railway And Steam Museum
Clubs and societies
Afrikaanse Taal- en Kultuurvereniging
Automobile Association
Nippon Club
Rand Club
SAA Museum Society
South African Radio League
Southern African Vexillological Association
Religion
SACC
Anglican
Diocese of Johannesburg
Diocese of the Highveld
Diocese of Christ the King
Catholic
Archdiocese of Johannesburg
Knights of Da Gama
Protestant
Baptist Union
Presbytery of Egoli
Jewish
Union of Orthodox Synagogues
Johannesburg Beth Din
Ohr Somayach
SAUPJ
Islamic
Jamiatul Ulama
Places ofworshipChurchesAnglican
Cathedral Church of Saint Mary the Virgin
Cathedral Church of Saint Dunstan
St Aidan's Anglican Church
St Boniface Church
St Mary's Anglican Church
St Michael and All Angels' Anglican Church
Baptist
Troyeville Baptist Church
Calvinist
Brixton Reformed Church
Fordsburg Reformed Church
Johanesburg East Reformed Church
Johannesburg North Reformed Church
Johannesburg Reformed Church
Johannesburg Reformed Church (GKSA)
Langlaagte Reformed Church
Linden Reformed Church
Parkhurst Reformed Church
Turffontein Reformed Church
Catholic
Cathedral of Christ the King
Holy Trinity Catholic Church
Regina Mundi Catholic Church
Maronite
Shrine of Our Lady of the Cedars
GreekOrthodox
Cathedral of Saints Constantine and Helen
Latter-daySaints
Johannesburg South Africa Temple
Lutheran
Friedenskirche
SynagoguesOrthodox
Chassidim Shul
Doornfontein Synagogue
Great Synagogue
Oxford Shul
Historical
President Street Synagogue
Progressive
Beit Emanuel Progressive Synagogue
Temple Israel
Mosques
Jumah Mosque
Nizamiye Mosque
Hindu temples
Madhya Kailash Shiva Temple
Scientology centres
Castle Kyalami
Media
South African National Editors' Forum
Southern African Music Rights Organisation
AmaBhungane
Mass mediaMagazines
African Communist
Drum
Financial Mail
Mining Weekly
Music Industry Online
Nomad Africa Magazine
SA Flyer
Defunct
Die Arbeider en Arm Boer
Style
Top 40 Music Magazine
Newspapers
Caxton local newspapers (various)
Beeld
Business Day
The Citizen
City Press
Daily Maverick
Daily Sun
Jewish Report
Mail & Guardian
Mayihlome News
Rapport
The South African
The Sowetan
The Star
The Sunday Independent
Sunday Times
TimesLIVE
Wits Vuvuzela
Defunct
New Age
The New Age
The World
Radio stations
5FM
702
947
ArrowLine Chinese Radio
Boervolk Radio
ChaiFM
Channel Africa
Ekurhuleni FM
Hot 1027
Jozi FM
Kasie FM
Kaya FM
Metro FM
Munghana Lonene FM
Power FM
Radio 2000
Radio Sonder Grense
Rock FM 91.9
SAfm
UJFM
YFM
Television channels
CNBC Africa
eNCA
M-Net
Me
SABC 1
SABC 2
SABC 3
SABC Children
SABC Education
SABC News
SABC Sport
Soweto TV
Defunct
M-Net Series
Film studios
Film Resource Unit
Quizzical Pictures
Defunct
Killarney Film Studios
Record labels
Ambitiouz Entertainment
CCP Records
Family Tree Records
Gallo Records
Kalawa Jazmee Records
Game studios
Celestial Games
Cultural references
District 9
Egoli: Place of Gold
"Gimme Hope Jo'anna"
Johannesburg Festival Overture
The Real Housewives of Johannesburg
Sarafina!
"Soweto Blues"
Welcome to Our Hillbrow
Zoo City
Economy
Johannesburg Stock Exchange
AltX
Safex
companies traded
A2X Markets
Brenthurst Foundation
CompaniesvteCompanies based in Greater JohannesburgDiversifiedconglomerates
Aveng
Barloworld
Bidvest
Chancellor House
Famous Brands
Airlines
Aerolift
Airlink
Cargo
CemAir
Egoli Air
Federal Air
Global Aviation
National Airways
Norse Air
Phoebus Apollo Aviation
SAA
Safair
FlySafair
Solenta Aviation
Defunct
1time
African International Airways
AirQuarius Aviation
Avia
Comair
Command Airways
Executive Aerospace
Fly Blue Crane
Imperial Air Cargo
Interair South Africa
Interlink Airlines
kulula.com
Mango
Nationwide Airlines
Rossair Executive Air Charter
Rovos Air
Skywise
South African Express
Constructionand engineering
Concor
Murray & Roberts
Energy
DLO Energy Resources
Total South Africa
Financial
Absa Group
ACM Gold & Forex
Alexforbes
Discovery
Evolution Group
Hollard Group
Investec
Liberty Holdings
Livestock Wealth
MiWay Insurance
Lesaka Technologies
Old Mutual
Riovic Capital Group
RMB Holdings
RMI Holdings
STANLIB
Venmyn Rand
Banks
Absa Bank
Access Bank South Africa
African Alliance Investment Bank
African Bank
Bank Zero
Bidvest Bank
DBSA
First National Bank
FirstRand Bank
Imperial Bank South Africa
Mercantile Bank
Nedbank
Rand Merchant Bank
Sasfin Bank
Stanchart South Africa
Standard Bank
TymeBank
Ubank
Wizzit
Defunct
VBS Mutual Bank
Hospitality
Southern Sun Hotels
Sun International
Tsogo Sun
ICT
Afrihost
BCX
Cell C
Cybatar
Datatec
Dimension Data
EOH Holdings
iVeri Payment Technologies
MTN
Neotel
OTEL Telecoms
Rain
Sybrin
Teraco Data Environments
Vodacom
Defunct
Internet Solutions
Luma Arcade
Vision Software
Legal
Bowman Gilfillan
ENSafrica
Webber Wentzel
Werksmans
Defunct
Deneys Reitz
Mandela and Tambo
Manufacturing
Adcock Ingram
AECI
African Explosives
All Joy Foods
Bakers
Clover Industries
FEW
IWC
Isuzu Trucks South Africa
Land Systems OMC
Nampak
Paramount Group
PPC
Premier FMCG
Rand Refinery
Rembrandt Group
Sappi
Simba
SkyReach Aircraft
Sling Aircraft
South African Breweries
Tiger Brands
Truvelo Armoury
Union Carriage & Wagon
Defunct
Basil Green Motors
New PowerChutes
Media
Arena Holdings
Caxton and CTP Publishers and Printers
MultiChoice
Nu Metro Cinemas
Primedia
SABC
StarSat
Ster-Kinekor
Mining
Alexkor
Asa Resources
African Rainbow Minerals
AngloGold Ashanti
DRDGOLD
ERPM
Gold Fields
Harmony Gold
Impala Platinum
JCI
Metorex
Northam Platinum
Sibanye-Stillwater
Defunct
Simmer and Jack
Retail andmarketing
AutoTrader
Bidorbuy
Cadac
CNA
The Creative Counsel
Dis-Chem
Exclusive Books
Hyundai South Africa
Incredible Connection
Massmart
Wantitall
Defunct
Edcon
OK Bazaars
Restaurantfranchises
Chicken Licken
Debonairs Pizza
Mugg & Bean
Nando's
Roman's Pizza
Steers
Wimpy
Services
Netcare
SA Waste Holdings
Defunct
Bosasa
Transport
Avis Southern Africa
Comazar
PUTCO
Surtees Rail Group
State-ownedenterprises
Airports Company South Africa
Denel Aeronautics
Development Bank of Southern Africa
Eskom
Rand Water
South African Broadcasting Corporation
Sasol
Sentech
South African Airways
Transnet
Freightdynamics
Defunct
Lema
Companies based in Ekurhuleni
Companies based in Johannesburg
Professionalassociations
Gauteng Institute for Architecture
South African Institute of Chartered Accountants
South African Institute of Electrical Engineers
South African Institute of Professional Accountants
Mining
Minerals Council South Africa
Rand Refinery
Mines
Blyvooruitzicht
Driefontein
ERPM
KDC
Kopanang
Kusasalethu
Mintails
Mponeng
Old Randfontein
Randfontein
South Deep
TauTona
West Wits
Shopping centres
Carlton Centre
Cresta Mall
Dobsonville Mall
Eastgate
Fourways Mall
Hyde Park Corner
Mall of Africa
Maponya Mall
Nelson Mandela Square
Northgate
Northmead Square
Oriental City
Oriental Plaza
Protea Glen Mall
Sandton City
Southgate
Hotels and resorts
The Leonardo
Michelangelo Towers
Montecasino
Venues
The Bassline
Ellis Park Arena
Gallagher Convention Centre
Restaurants,bars and cafés
The Radium
Tourism
Gold Reef City
Cultural villages
Ke-Ditselana Cultural Village
Kwa-Khaya Lendaba Cultural Village
Lesedi Cultural Village
TransportCivil aviation
South African Civil Aviation Authority
Airports
Grand Central Airport
Lanseria International Airport
O. R. Tambo International Airport
Rand Airport
Defunct
Palmietfontein Airport
Road transport
Gauteng Department of Roads and Transport
Johannesburg Roads Agency
Roads
Freeways
e-tolling
Buses and taxis
PUTCO
Trolleybuses
Rail transport
Gautrain
Metrorail Gauteng
Johannesburg–Durban high speed rail (proposed)
Trams
Train stations
Johannesburg Park Station
Marlboro Station
Midrand Station
Rhodesfield Station
Rosebank Station
Sandton Station
SportsSports governingbodies based inGreater Johannesburg
SASCOC
Athletics South Africa
Basketball South Africa
Bowls South Africa
Cricket South Africa
Mind Sports South Africa
South African Baseball Union
South African Confederation of Cue Sport
South African Equestrian Federation
South African Football Association
South African Handball Federation
South African Hockey Association
South African National Climbing Federation
South African Sailing
Squash South Africa
Volleyball South Africa
TeamsSoccer
Atlie
Bidvest Wits
Jomo Cosmos
JVW
Kaizer Chiefs
Lusitano
Mahlangu Tigers
Moroka Swallows
Orlando Pirates
UJ Ladies
Wits University
Yebo Yes United
Former
Germiston Callies
Giant Blackpool
Rugby
Golden Lions
Lions
Falcons
Jozi Cats
Cricket
Central Gauteng Lions
Easterns
Easterns Women
Highveld Lions
Imperial Lions
Joburg Super Kings
Titans
Basketball
Egoli Magic
Jozi Nuggets
Soweto Panthers
UJ men's basketball team
Equestrian sports
National Horseracing Authority
South African Lipizzaners
Sports events
1992 Return Test
1995 Rugby World Cup
Final
2003 Cricket World Cup
Final
2010 FIFA World Cup
Final
Joburg Open
Joburg Ladies Open
South African Derby
South African PGA Championship
Soweto Derby
Sports venuesStadia andarenas
Alexandra Stadium
Arthur Block Park Stadium
Barnard Stadium
Bidvest Stadium
Bosman Stadium
Cecil Payne Stadium
Dobsonville Stadium
Ellis Park Arena
Ellis Park Stadium
Germiston Stadium
Huntersfield Stadium
Johannesburg Stadium
KwaThema Stadium
Lenasia Stadium
Makhulong Stadium
Mehlareng Stadium
Modderfontein Stadium
Mohlakeng Stadium
Orlando Stadium
Potgietersrus Rugby Stadium
Rabie Ridge Stadium
Rand Stadium
Randburg Hockey Stadium
Ruimsig Stadium
Sinaba Stadium
Soccer City
Soweto Cricket Oval
UJ Stadium
Union Stadium
Wanderers Stadium
Willowmoore Park Stadium
Defunct
Old Wanderers
PAM Brink Stadium
WeBuyCars Dome
Golf courses
Glendower Golf Club
Randpark Golf Club
Royal Johannesburg & Kensington Golf Club
Equestrianvenues
Turffontein Racecourse
Motorsportsvenues
Kyalami Grand Prix Circuit
Education and research
GDE
CIDA
FOTIM
Geological Society of South Africa
Mandela Institute for Development Studies
SAARF
South African Institute for Heritage Science and Conservation
Student Sponsorship Programme South Africa
Libraries
Brenthurst Library
Buckland Library
Johannesburg Public Library
Orlando East Public Library
UJ Libraries
University of the Witwatersrand Libraries
UniversitiesUniversity of Johannesburg
Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study
UJFM
Campuses
APB Campus
APK Campus
Doornfontein Campus
Soweto Campus
Faculties
Art, Design and Architecture
Business and Economics
Education
Engineering and the Built Environment
Health Sciences
Humanities
Law
Science
University of the Witwatersrand
Campuses
Evolutionary Studies Institute
Global Change Institute
Industrial and Mining Water Research Unit
Johannesburg Planetarium
Philosophical Papers
Wits Theatre Complex
Wits Vuvuzela
Faculties
Commerce, Law and Management
Engineering and the Built Environment
School of Architecture and Planning
School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Health Sciences
Humanities
Science
CIDA City Campus
IIE MSAOther tertiaryinstitutions
AFDA
Central Johannesburg College
CityVarsity
Damelin
Damelin Correspondence College
Inscape Design College
Lyceum College
Midrand Graduate Institute
Business schools
Gordon Institute of Business Science
IMM Graduate School
Independent Institute of Education
Milpark Business School
Regenesys Business School
Religious institutions
Auckland Park Theological Seminary
Baptist Theological College of Southern Africa
Kollel Bet Mordechai
Kollel Yad Shaul
Lubavitch Yeshiva Gedolah
St Augustine College
South African Theological Seminary
Yeshiva Gedolah
State schools
Hoërskool Alberton
Allen Glen High School
Athlone Boys' High School
Barnato Park High School
Boksburg High School
Bopasenatla Secondary School
Bryanston High School
Hoërskool Dinamika
Hoërskool Florida
The Glen High School
Germiston High School
Greenside High School
Hyde Park High School
Jeppe High School for Boys
Jeppe High School for Girls
King Edward VII School
Hoërskool Marais Viljoen
Meadowlands Secondary School
Moletsane High School
Hoërskool Monument
Morris Isaacson High School
Naledi High School
Northcliff High School
Orchards Primary School
Parktown Boys' High School
Parkview Senior Primary School
Sandown High School
Sandringham High School
Sir John Adamson High School
Springs Boys' High School
Thutolore Secondary School
Hoërskool Voortrekker
Waverley Girls' High School
Westbury Secondary School
Private schools
Ashton International College
Auckland Park Academy of Excellence
Aurora Private School
Charter College
Christian Brothers' College
Crawford College, Lonehill
Crawford College, Sandton
Helpmekaar Kollege
Holy Family College
Japari School
Johannesburg Muslim School
King David Schools
Kingsmead College
Lenasia Muslim School
Marist Brothers College
Redhill School
The Ridge School
Roedean School
Sacred Heart College
St Andrew's School for Girls
St Barnabas College
St Benedict's College
St Catherine's School
St David's Marist College
St Dominic's Catholic School for Girls
St Dunstan's College
St John's College
St Martin's School
St Mary's School
St Peter's College
St Stithians College
Torah Academy School
Yeshiva College of South Africa
Yeshiva Maharsha Beis Aharon
Alternative schools
African Leadership Academy
Branson School of Entrepreneurship
Khanya College
Michael Mount Waldorf School
International schools
American International School
Deutsche Internationale Schule
Japanese School
Lycée Jules Verne
Services
Johannesburg City Parks
Hospitals
Charlotte Maxeke Hospital
Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital
Helen Joseph Hospital
Leratong Hospital
Milpark Hospital
Nelson Mandela Children's Hospital
Pholosong Hospital
Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital
Tambo Memorial Hospital
Historical
Imperial Military Hospital, Baragwanath
Queen Victoria Hospital
Transvaal Memorial Hospital for Children
Water supplyand sanitation
Rand Water
Lesotho Highlands Water Project
Dams
Vaal Dam
Vaal Barrage
Water towers
Grand Central Water Tower
Yeoville Water Tower
Electricity supply
Eskom
City Power
Kelvin Power Station
Kibo Gauteng Thermal Power Station (planned)
Defunct power stations
Orlando Power Station
President Street Power Station
Law enforcement andemergency services
Johannesburg Central Police Station
Metro Police departments
Johannesburg Emergency Services
Berea Fire Station
Ekurhuleni Disaster & Emergency Management Services
Charities and NGOs
ActionAid
Africa's Young Entrepreneurs
African Parks
Bigshoes Foundation
Camp Sizanani
Children of Fire International
Global Water Foundation
LoveLife South Africa
Nelson Mandela Children's Fund
Never Ending Gardens
Nkosi's Haven
POLAF
Woman Against Rape
Military units and formationsArmy unitsRegular
46 South African Brigade
21 South African Infantry Battalion
35 Engineer Support Regiment
Sekhukhune Anti-Aircraft Regiment
Reserve
Andrew Mlangeni Regiment
Bambatha Rifles
Johannesburg Light Horse Regiment
Johannesburg Regiment
Lenong Regiment
OR Tambo Regiment
Rand Light Infantry
Sandfontein Artillery Regiment
Solomon Mahlangu Regiment
iWombe Anti-Aircraft Regiment
SAMHS units
6 Medical Battalion Group
Disbanded unitsArmy
Witwatersrand Command
SA Army Troop Information Unit
2 Locating Regiment
3 Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron
7 South African Infantry Division
15 Reception Depot
72 Motorised Brigade
73 Motorised Brigade
Regiment University of the Witwatersrand
Commandos
Alberton
Atlas
Benoni
Boksburg
Brakpan
Edenvale
East Park
Germiston
Johannesburg East
Johannesburg West
Kempton Park
Krugersdorp
Modderfontein
Nigel
Randburg
Roodepoort
Sandton
Springs
Wemmerpan
West Park
West Rand
Special Forces
Hunter Group
SAAF
4 Squadron SAAF
10 Squadron SAAF
Category
Johannesburg
This Johannesburg-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Rand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Rand_Commando"},{"link_name":"Special Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Special_Forces"},{"link_name":"Hunter Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Group"},{"link_name":"SAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"4 Squadron SAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Squadron_SAAF"},{"link_name":"10 Squadron SAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Squadron_SAAF"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Greater_Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Johannesburg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Johannesburg,_South_Africa.svg"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Randjespark&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Johannesburg-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Johannesburg-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Johannesburg-stub"}],"text":"Place in Gauteng, South AfricaRandjespark is a suburb of Midrand, South Africa. It is located in Region A of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality.vteGreater JohannesburgNatural environment\nHighveld\nGeology\nKaapvaal Craton\nTransvaal Supergroup\nTransvaal Basin\nWitwatersrand Supergroup\nWitwatersrand Basin\nBanket\nTopography\nWitwatersrand\nMagaliesberg (partially)\nVredefort impact structure (partially)\nRivers andwetlands\nBlesbokspruit\nBraamfontein Spruit\nCrocodile River\nHennops River\nJukskei River\nKlip River\nWilge River\nWonderfonteinspruit\nClimate\n2016 flooding\n2018–2021 drought\nCradle ofHumankind\nTaung Child\nMrs Ples\nLittle Foot\nRising Star Expedition\nUnderground Astronauts\nFossil sites\nBolt's Farm\nCooper's Cave\nDrimolen\nGladysvale\nHaasgat\nKromdraai\nMalapa\nMinnaar's Cave\nMotsetsi\nPlovers Lake\nRising Star Cave\nSterkfontein\nSwartkrans\nWonder Cave\n\nBiodiversity\nHighveld grasslands (ecoregion)\nMontane grasslands and shrublands (biome)\nAfrotropical realm (biogeographic realm)\nPalaeotropical kingdom (floristic kingdom)\nNorthern Provinces (WGSRPD area)\nTimber trees\nVegetation types\nAndesite Mountain Bushveld\nCarletonville Dolomite Grassland\nEastern Highveld Grassland\nEastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands\nEgoli Granite Grassland\nGauteng Shale Mountain Bushveld\nGold Reef Mountain Bushveld\nHighveld Alluvial Vegetation\nMoot Plains Bushveld\nRand Highveld Grassland\nSoweto Highveld Grassland\nTsakane Clay Grassland\nUrban woodland\nParks and gardens\nBrenthurst Gardens\nDelta Park\nDonald Mackay Park\nEmmarentia Dam\nHuddle Park\nJohannesburg Botanical Garden\nJohannesburg Zoo\nPullinger Kop Park\nWalter Sisulu National Botanical Garden\nWemmer Pan\nZoo Lake\nNature reserves\nAbe Bailey Nature Reserve\nAloe Ridge Game Reserve\nKlipriviersberg Nature Reserve\nKloofendal Nature Reserve\nKromdraai Conservancy\nKrugersdorp Game Reserve\nMagaliesberg Biosphere Reserve\nMarievale Bird Sanctuary\nMelville Koppies\nOlifantsvlei Nature Reserve\nSuikerbosrand Nature Reserve\nThe Wilds Municipal Nature Reserve\n\nHuman impact\nAcid mine drainage\nMine dumps\nUrbanisation\nSprawl\n\nCommunitiesInner City\nJohannesburg CBD\nAlbertville\nAldara Park\nAmalgam\nAuckland Park\nBelgravia\nBellevue\nBellevue East\nBenrose\nBerea\nBertrams\nBraamfontein\nBraamfontein Werf\nBrixton\nCity Deep\nCity and Suburban\nCity and Suburban Industrial\nCottesloe\nCrosby\nCrown\nCrown North\nDoornfontein\nDroste Park\nEmmarentia\nFairview\nFerreirasdorp\nFordsburg\nForest Town\nHighlands\nHillbrow\nHomestead Park\nJan Hofmeyer\nJeppestown\nJeppestown South\nJoubert Park\nJudith's Paarl\nKillarney\nLake View Estate\nLanglaagte North\nLorentzville\nMarshalltown\nMayfair\nMayfair West\nMelville\nMilpark\nNew Centre\nNew Doornfontein\nNewtown\nNorth Doornfontein\nObservatory\nPaarlshoop\nPageview\nPark Central\nParktown\nRandview\nRiepen Park\nRiviera\nRossmore\nTrojan\nTroyeville\nVillage Deep\nVillage Main\nVrededorp\nWemmer\nWestbury\nWestcliff\nYeoville\nNorthernsuburbs andenvirons\nAbbotsford\nAirdlin\nAlbertskroon\nAlexandra\nAtholhurst\nAtholl\nAtholl Gardens\nBagleyston\nBarbeque Downs\nBarbeque Downs Business Park\nBenmore Gardens\nBerario\nBeverley Gardens\nBirdhaven\nBirnam\nBlackheath\nBlairgowrie\nBloubosrand\nBlue Hills\nBordeaux\nBramley\nBramley North\nBramley Park\nBridle Park\nBroadacres\nBromhof\nBryanbrink\nBryanston\nBryanston East\nBryanston West\nBuccleuch\nBultfontein\nBush Hill\nCarlswald\nChartwell\nCheltondale\nChislehurston\nCountry Life Park\nCountry View\nCowdray Park\nCraighall\nCraighall Park\nCramerview\nCresta\nCrowthorne\nDainfern\nDaniel Brink Park\nDarrenwood\nDennehof\nDiepsloot\nDouglasdale\nDunhill\nDunkeld\nDunkeld West\nEbony Park\nEdenburg\nElton Hill\nEpsom Downs\nErand\nFairland\nFairway\nFairwood\nFarmall\nFellside\nFerndale\nFontainebleau\nForbesdale\nFourways\nFranklin Roosevelt Park\nGallo Manor\nThe Gardens\nGlen Austin\nGlenadrienne\nGreenside\nGresswold\nGreymont\nHalfway Gardens\nHalfway House Estate\nHawkins Estate\nHeadway Hill\nHighlands North\nHoughton Estate\nHoutkoppen\nHurl Park\nHurlingham\nHurlingham Gardens\nHyde Park\nIllovo\nInadan\nInanda\nIvory Park\nJohannesburg North\nJukskei Park\nKaalfontein\nKensington B\nKentview\nKew\nKhyber Rock\nKlevehill Park\nKya Sand\nKya Sands\nKyalami AH\nKyalami Business Park\nKyalami Estates\nLinden\nLinksfield\nLittlefillan\nLone Hill\nLyme Park\nMagaliessig\nMalanshof\nMarlboro\nMarlboro Gardens\nMaroeladal\nMaryvale\nMelrose\nMelrose Estate\nMelrose North\nMidrand\nMidridge Park\nMill Hill\nMillgate Farm\nMoodie Hill\nMorningside\nMorningside Manor\nNew Brighton\nNewlands\nNietgedacht\nNoordwyk\nNorscot\nNorth Champagne Estates\nNorthcliff\nNorthern Acres\nNorthgate\nNorthriding\nNorwood\nOerder Park\nOlivedale\nOrange Grove\nOsummit\nParkhurst\nParkmore\nParktown North\nParkview\nParkwood\nPaulshof\nPetervale\nPlooysville\nPresident Ridge\nRabie Ridge\nRandburg\nRandjesfontein AH\nRandjespark\nRandpark\nRandpark Ridge\nRaumarais Park\nRiver Club\nRiverbend\nRivonia\nRosebank\nRouxville\nRuiterhof\nSalfred\nSandhurst\nSandown\nSandton\nSavoy Estate\nSaxonwold\nSimba\nSolridge\nStrathavon\nStrijdompark\nSunninghill\nSunrella\nSunset Acres\nVandia Grove\nVictoria\nVictory Park\nVorna Valley\nWaterval Estate\nWaverley\nWierda Valley\nWillaway\nWillowild\nWitkoppen\nWitpoort\nWoodlands\nWoodmead\nWynberg\nZandspruit\nSouthernsuburbs andenvirons\nAeroton\nAlan Manor\nAlberton\nAspen Hills\nBassonia\nBooysens\nChrisville\nCrown Gardens\nDiepkloof\nDobsonville\nDoornkop\nDrieziek\nEastcliff\nElandspark\nEldorado Park\nElectron\nElladoone\nEnnerdale\nEvans Park\nForest Hill\nFramton\nGillview\nGlenanda\nGlenesk\nGlenvista\nHaddon\nThe Hill\nJohannesburg South\nKanana Park\nKenilworth\nKibler Park\nKlipriviersberg\nKlipriviersberg Estate\nKliptown\nLa Rochelle\nLawley\nLenasia\nLiefde en Vrede\nLindberg Park\nLinmeyer\nMayfield Park\nMeadowlands\nMeredale\nMoffat View\nMondeor\nMulbarton\nNasrec\nNoordgesig\nOakdene\nOphirton\nOrange Farm\nOrlando\nOrmonde\nPhiri\nProtea Glen\nRegents Park\nRegents Park Estate\nReuven\nRewlatch\nReynolds View\nRidgeway\nRisana\nRispark\nRobertsham\nRoseacre\nRosettenville\nSalisbury Claims\nSelby\nSouth Hills\nSouthdale\nSouthfork\nSouthgate\nSoweto\nSpringfield\nStafford\nSteeledale\nSuideroord\nTheta\nTowerby\nTownsview\nTulisa Park\nTurf Club\nTurffontein\nUnigray\nWinchester Hills\nZola\nEast Rand\nAllen Grove\nAston Manor\nBapsfontein\nBedfordview\nBenoni\nBezuidenhout Valley\nBirch Acres\nBirchleigh\nBirchleigh North\nBoksburg\nBonaero Park\nBrakpan\nBredell\nBruma\nCresslawn\nCroydon\nCyrildene\nDaveyton\nDawn Park\nDewetshof\nDuduza\nEdenvale\nEdleen\nElcedes\nElsburg\nEsther Park\nEtwatwa\nFairmount\nThe Gables\nGermiston\nGlen Marais\nGlenhazel\nGreenstone Hill\nHeriotdale\nIsando\nKatlehong\nKempton Park\nKempton Park West\nKensington\nKwaThema\nLakeside\nLangaville\nLombardy East\nMalvern\nModderfontein\nMountain View\nNigel\nNimrod Park\nNorkem Park\nOaklands\nOlifantsfontein\nPercelia Estate\nPomona\nPrimrose\nProlecon\nRaedene Estate\nReiger Park\nRhodesfield\nSandringham\nSpartan\nSpes Bona\nSprings\nSunningdale\nSunningdale Ridge\nSydenham\nTalboton\nTerenure\nThembisa\nThokoza\nTsakane\nVan Riebeeck Park\nVosloorus\nWanderers View\nWattville\nWest Rand\nAzaadville\nBekkersdal\nBlyvooruitzicht\nBoikarabelo\nBosmont\nCarletonville\nClaremont\nConstantia Kloof\nCoronationville\nDenver\nDriefontein\nEast Driefontein\nElandsrand\nFlorida\nFlorida Glen\nFlorida Hills\nFochville\nKagiso\nKhutsong\nKrugersdorp\nLindley\nMagaliesburg\nMohlakeng\nMuldersdrift\nMunsieville\nOberholzer\nRandfontein\nRietvallei\nRoodepoort\nSophiatown\nVenterspos\nWeltevredenpark\nWelverdiend\nWest Driefontein\nWestdene\nWestonaria\nZuurbekom\nCityscape\nConstitution Hill\nBeyers Naudé Square\nFordsburg Square\nGandhi Square\nMary Fitzgerald Square\nWalter Sisulu Square\n7th Street\nCommissioner Street\nMunro Drive\nBeyers Naudé Drive\nJan Smuts Avenue\nLouis Botha Avenue\nMalibongwe Drive\nMetropolitan routes\nM1\nM2\nProvincial routes\nR24\nR25\nR29\nR41\nR55\nR82\nR564\nJohannesburg Ring Road\nN1\nWestern Bypass\nN3\nEastern Bypass\nN12\nSouthern Bypass\nN17\nLandmarks\nTallest buildings\nPublic art\nFire Walker\nFlame of Democracy\nNelson Mandela Mural\nOrlando Power Station cooling towers\nStatues\nMahatma Gandhi\nNelson Mandela\n\nCivicbuildings\nJohannesburg City Hall\nJohannesburg Central Police Station\nOfficebuildings\n11 Diagonal Street\nChamber of Mines Building\nChancellor House\nConsolidated Building\nCorner House\nCorona Lodge\nCuthberts Building\nEskom Centre\nJohannesburg Trades Hall\nKimberley House\nLogistics House\nLondon House\nLuthuli House\nMarkham Building\nMegawatt Park\nNatal Bank Building\nNational Bank Building\nShell House\nStandard Bank Building\nVictory House\nSkyscrapers\nAbsa Tower\nCarlton Centre\nCarlton Hotel\nExchange Square\nHekro Towers\nJohannesburg Sun Hotel\nKine Centre\nThe Leonardo\nMarble Towers\nMariston Hotel\nMichelangelo Towers\nRadiopark\nSchlesinger Building\nSouthern Life Centre\nStandard Bank Centre\nTrust Bank Building\nUCS Building\n\nResidentialbuildings\nAnsteys Building\nArop House\nAstor Mansions\nBeacon Royal\nCircle Court\nDorkay House\nHoughton Heights\nKingsway Mansions\nLauriston Court\nManners Mansions\nRadoma Court\nSkyscrapers\n120 End Street\nHighpoint Hillbrow\nPonte City\nTygerberg Building\n\nStructures\nBrixton Tower\nHillbrow Tower\nNelson Mandela Bridge\nGrayston Pedestrian and Cycle Bridge\n\nUrban planning\nAlexandra Renewal Project\n\nGovernmentNational governmentCourts\nConstitutional Court of South Africa\nSouth Gauteng High Court\nLabour Court\nLabour Appeal Court\nChapter nine institutions\nCommission for Gender Equality\nCRL Rights Commission\nHuman Rights Commission\nProvincial government\nGauteng Provincial Legislature\nExecutive Council of Gauteng\nMunicipalities\nCity of Johannesburg\nSeat: Johannesburg\nMayor: Kabelo Gwamanda\nElections\nFlag\nCoat of arms\nCity of Ekurhuleni\nSeat: Germiston\nMayor: Sivuyile Ngodwana\nElections\nWest Rand\nMerafong\nSeat: Carletonville\nMogale\nSeat: Krugersdorp\nRand West\nSeat: Randfontein\nAfrican Union\nPan-African Parliament\nBureau\nSecretariat\nNEPAD Secretariat\nPoliticsGoverning parties\nJohannesburg: Al Jama-ah\nEkurhuleni: AIC\nWest Rand: ANC\nMerafong: ANC\nMogale: ATM\nRand West: ANC\nPolitical organisationsand parties based inGreater JohannesburgPolitical parties\nActionSA\nAfrican Christian Democratic Party\nAfrican National Congress\nVeteran's League\nWomen's League\nYouth League\nAfrican People's Convention\nAgang\nAzanian People's Organisation\nCapitalist Party\nCongress of the People\nDagga Party\nEconomic Freedom Fighters\nPan Africanist Congress\nSouth African Communist Party\nSocialist Revolutionary Workers Party\nWorkers and Socialist Party\nTrade unions\nCOSATU\nAFADWU\nCEPPWAWU\nCWU\nNEHAWU\nNUM\nPOPCRU\nSAAPAWU\nSACCAWU\nSADNU\nSADTU\nSAFPU\nSAMWU\nSASAWU\nSASBO\nSATAWU\nFEDUSA\nUASA\nNACTU\nSAFTU\nNUMSA\nOther politicalorganisations\nAfrikanerbond\nAhmed Kathrada Foundation\nCivicus\nCOSAS\nDagga Couple\nEarthlife Africa\nFree Market Foundation\nHelen Suzman Foundation\nJacob Zuma Foundation\nKeep Left\nLandless People's Movement\nOUTA\nPASMA\nSASCO\nSouth African Institute of Race Relations\nSouth African Zionist Federation\nTripartite Alliance\nZabalaza Anarchist Communist Front\nHistory\nTimeline\nKweneng' Ruins\nTlokwe Ruins\nWitwatersrand Gold Rush\nMineral Revolution\nTransvaal gold fields\nRandlord\nUitlander\nFerreira's Camp\nSecond Boer War\nFortifications\nJohannesburg Fort\nBlockhouses\nMonumentsand memorials\nAnglo-Boer War Memorial\nChris Hani Memorial\nConstitution Hill\nHector Pieterson Memorial\nObservatory Ridge\nScottish Horse War Memorial\nWalter Sisulu Square\nCemeteries\nAvalon Cemetery\nJuliwe Cemetery\nWestpark Cemetery\nHistoricalsites\nBantu Men's Social Centre\nKirchoff's Building\nLanglaagte Stamp Mill\nOK Bazaars\nRand Water Board Building\nRed Square\nRissik Street Post Office\nShlom Native Eating House\nUnion Observatory\nHouses\n36 Houghton Drive\nDavid Webster House\nDr Xuma House\nEndstead\nHouse Brunton\nHouse Hains\nJames Mpanza House\nKholvad House\nLindfield House\nMandela House\nParktown mansions\nVilla Arcadia\nPullinger Kop\nRahima Moosa House\nSatyagraha House\nTutu House\nVilla d'Este\n\nHistoricalcompanies andorganisationsCompanies\nBosasa\nDeneys Reitz\nEdcon\nLema\nMandela and Tambo\nSimmer and Jack\nVBS Mutual Bank\nPoliticalorganisations\nAnti-Privatisation Forum\nBlack Sash\nDemocratic Left Front\nGay and Lesbian Organization of Witwatersrand\nIndustrial Workers of the World\nMK Military Veterans' Association\nReform Committee\nSocialist Party of Azania\nOther organisations\nWitwatersrand Native Labour Association\nEvents\nJameson Raid\nBraamfontein explosion\nBattle of Doornkop\nBattle of Witpoort\nRand Rebellion\nEmpire Exhibition\nSchlesinger African Air Race\n1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike\nSophiatown forced removals\nCongress of the People\nFreedom Charter\nTreason Trial\n1957 Alexandra bus boycott\nSoweto uprising\nConcert in the Park\nWestdene dam disaster\nEerste Alternatiewe Afrikaanse Rockkonsert\nStorming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre\nShell House massacre\nEllis Park Stadium disaster\nBredell land occupation\nWorld Summit on Sustainable Development\nJohannesburg Declaration\n2002 Soweto bombings\nJacob Zuma rape trial\nLive 8 concert\nLive Earth concert\nOccupy Johannesburg\nMurder of Mido Macia\nDeath and state memorial service of Nelson Mandela\n2015 train crash\n#FeesMustFall\nLife Esidimeni scandal\n10th BRICS summit\nZondo Commission\n2019 riots\nShooting of Nathaniel Julies\nZuma riots\nMurder of Babita Deokaran\n2022 Soweto shooting\nBoksburg explosion\n2023 Boksburg gas leak\n15th BRICS summit\n2023 building fire\n\nCultureCultural heritage\nArchitecture\nGumboot dancing\namaKota\nKwaito\nPerformance art\nJoburg Ballet\nMusical ensembles\nJohannesburg Philharmonic Orchestra\nJohannesburg Youth Orchestra\nSoweto Gospel Choir\nSoweto String Quartet\nTheatres\nAlexander Theatre\nAlhambra Theatre\nJohannesburg Civic Theatre\nMarket Theatre\nWits Theatre\n\nEvents and festivals\nAbantu Book Festival\nEncounters South African International Documentary Festival\nJoburg Art Fair\nIn the City\nJohannesburg International Motor Show\nJohannesburg Pride\nJozi Book Fair\nNaledi Theatre Awards\nOut In Africa South African Gay and Lesbian Film Festival\nRAMFest\nRand Show\nSouth Africa’s Children’s Book Fair\nTransforming Stories International Christian Film Festival\nUltra South Africa\nMuseums and artgalleries\nApartheid Museum\nConstitution Hill Museum\nFietas Museum\nGold Reef City\nGoodman Gallery\nHector Pieterson Museum\nJames Hall Transport Museum\nJohannesburg Art Gallery\nSouth African Airways Museum\nMandela House\nMarket Photo Workshop\nMaropeng\nMilitary History Museum\nMuseum Africa\nPhoto:\nSatyagraha House\nWorkers' Museum\nDefunct\nSAB World of Beer\nSouth African National Railway And Steam Museum\n\nClubs and societies\nAfrikaanse Taal- en Kultuurvereniging\nAutomobile Association\nNippon Club\nRand Club\nSAA Museum Society\nSouth African Radio League\nSouthern African Vexillological Association\nReligion\nSACC\nAnglican\nDiocese of Johannesburg\nDiocese of the Highveld\nDiocese of Christ the King\nCatholic\nArchdiocese of Johannesburg\nKnights of Da Gama\nProtestant\nBaptist Union\nPresbytery of Egoli\nJewish\nUnion of Orthodox Synagogues\nJohannesburg Beth Din\nOhr Somayach\nSAUPJ\nIslamic\nJamiatul Ulama\nPlaces ofworshipChurchesAnglican\nCathedral Church of Saint Mary the Virgin\nCathedral Church of Saint Dunstan\nSt Aidan's Anglican Church\nSt Boniface Church\nSt Mary's Anglican Church\nSt Michael and All Angels' Anglican Church\nBaptist\nTroyeville Baptist Church\nCalvinist\nBrixton Reformed Church\nFordsburg Reformed Church\nJohanesburg East Reformed Church\nJohannesburg North Reformed Church\nJohannesburg Reformed Church\nJohannesburg Reformed Church (GKSA)\nLanglaagte Reformed Church\nLinden Reformed Church\nParkhurst Reformed Church\nTurffontein Reformed Church\nCatholic\nCathedral of Christ the King\nHoly Trinity Catholic Church\nRegina Mundi Catholic Church\nMaronite\nShrine of Our Lady of the Cedars\n\nGreekOrthodox\nCathedral of Saints Constantine and Helen\nLatter-daySaints\nJohannesburg South Africa Temple\nLutheran\nFriedenskirche\nSynagoguesOrthodox\nChassidim Shul\nDoornfontein Synagogue\nGreat Synagogue\nOxford Shul\nHistorical\nPresident Street Synagogue\n\nProgressive\nBeit Emanuel Progressive Synagogue\nTemple Israel\nMosques\nJumah Mosque\nNizamiye Mosque\nHindu temples\nMadhya Kailash Shiva Temple\nScientology centres\nCastle Kyalami\n\nMedia\nSouth African National Editors' Forum\nSouthern African Music Rights Organisation\nAmaBhungane\nMass mediaMagazines\nAfrican Communist\nDrum\nFinancial Mail\nMining Weekly\nMusic Industry Online\nNomad Africa Magazine\nSA Flyer\nDefunct\nDie Arbeider en Arm Boer\nStyle\nTop 40 Music Magazine\n\nNewspapers\nCaxton local newspapers (various)\nBeeld\nBusiness Day\nThe Citizen\nCity Press\nDaily Maverick\nDaily Sun\nJewish Report\nMail & Guardian\nMayihlome News\nRapport\nThe South African\nThe Sowetan\nThe Star\nThe Sunday Independent\nSunday Times\nTimesLIVE\nWits Vuvuzela\nDefunct\nNew Age\nThe New Age\nThe World\n\nRadio stations\n5FM\n702\n947\nArrowLine Chinese Radio\nBoervolk Radio\nChaiFM\nChannel Africa\nEkurhuleni FM\nHot 1027\nJozi FM\nKasie FM\nKaya FM\nMetro FM\nMunghana Lonene FM\nPower FM\nRadio 2000\nRadio Sonder Grense\nRock FM 91.9\nSAfm\nUJFM\nYFM\nTelevision channels\nCNBC Africa\neNCA\nM-Net\nMe\nSABC 1\nSABC 2\nSABC 3\nSABC Children\nSABC Education\nSABC News\nSABC Sport\nSoweto TV\nDefunct\nM-Net Series\n\nFilm studios\nFilm Resource Unit\nQuizzical Pictures\nDefunct\nKillarney Film Studios\n\nRecord labels\nAmbitiouz Entertainment\nCCP Records\nFamily Tree Records\nGallo Records\nKalawa Jazmee Records\nGame studios\nCelestial Games\nCultural references\nDistrict 9\nEgoli: Place of Gold\n\"Gimme Hope Jo'anna\"\nJohannesburg Festival Overture\nThe Real Housewives of Johannesburg\nSarafina!\n\"Soweto Blues\"\nWelcome to Our Hillbrow\nZoo City\n\nEconomy\nJohannesburg Stock Exchange\nAltX\nSafex\ncompanies traded\nA2X Markets\nBrenthurst Foundation\nCompaniesvteCompanies based in Greater JohannesburgDiversifiedconglomerates\nAveng\nBarloworld\nBidvest\nChancellor House\nFamous Brands\nAirlines\nAerolift\nAirlink\nCargo\nCemAir\nEgoli Air\nFederal Air\nGlobal Aviation\nNational Airways\nNorse Air\nPhoebus Apollo Aviation\nSAA\nSafair\nFlySafair\nSolenta Aviation\nDefunct\n1time\nAfrican International Airways\nAirQuarius Aviation\nAvia\nComair\nCommand Airways\nExecutive Aerospace\nFly Blue Crane\nImperial Air Cargo\nInterair South Africa\nInterlink Airlines\nkulula.com\nMango\nNationwide Airlines\nRossair Executive Air Charter\nRovos Air\nSkywise\nSouth African Express\n\nConstructionand engineering\nConcor\nMurray & Roberts\nEnergy\nDLO Energy Resources\nTotal South Africa\nFinancial\nAbsa Group\nACM Gold & Forex\nAlexforbes\nDiscovery\nEvolution Group\nHollard Group\nInvestec\nLiberty Holdings\nLivestock Wealth\nMiWay Insurance\nLesaka Technologies\nOld Mutual\nRiovic Capital Group\nRMB Holdings\nRMI Holdings\nSTANLIB\nVenmyn Rand\nBanks\nAbsa Bank\nAccess Bank South Africa\nAfrican Alliance Investment Bank\nAfrican Bank\nBank Zero\nBidvest Bank\nDBSA\nFirst National Bank\nFirstRand Bank\nImperial Bank South Africa\nMercantile Bank\nNedbank\nRand Merchant Bank\nSasfin Bank\nStanchart South Africa\nStandard Bank\nTymeBank\nUbank\nWizzit\nDefunct\nVBS Mutual Bank\n\nHospitality\nSouthern Sun Hotels\nSun International\nTsogo Sun\nICT\nAfrihost\nBCX\nCell C\nCybatar\nDatatec\nDimension Data\nEOH Holdings\niVeri Payment Technologies\nMTN\nNeotel\nOTEL Telecoms\nRain\nSybrin\nTeraco Data Environments\nVodacom\nDefunct\nInternet Solutions\nLuma Arcade\nVision Software\nLegal\nBowman Gilfillan\nENSafrica\nWebber Wentzel\nWerksmans\nDefunct\nDeneys Reitz\nMandela and Tambo\nManufacturing\nAdcock Ingram\nAECI\nAfrican Explosives\nAll Joy Foods\nBakers\nClover Industries\nFEW\nIWC\nIsuzu Trucks South Africa\nLand Systems OMC\nNampak\nParamount Group\nPPC\nPremier FMCG\nRand Refinery\nRembrandt Group\nSappi\nSimba\nSkyReach Aircraft\nSling Aircraft\nSouth African Breweries\nTiger Brands\nTruvelo Armoury\nUnion Carriage & Wagon\nDefunct\nBasil Green Motors\nNew PowerChutes\nMedia\nArena Holdings\nCaxton and CTP Publishers and Printers\nMultiChoice\nNu Metro Cinemas\nPrimedia\nSABC\nStarSat\nSter-Kinekor\nMining\nAlexkor\nAsa Resources\nAfrican Rainbow Minerals\nAngloGold Ashanti\nDRDGOLD\nERPM\nGold Fields\nHarmony Gold\nImpala Platinum\nJCI\nMetorex\nNortham Platinum\nSibanye-Stillwater\nDefunct\nSimmer and Jack\nRetail andmarketing\nAutoTrader\nBidorbuy\nCadac\nCNA\nThe Creative Counsel\nDis-Chem\nExclusive Books\nHyundai South Africa\nIncredible Connection\nMassmart\nWantitall\nDefunct\nEdcon\nOK Bazaars\nRestaurantfranchises\nChicken Licken\nDebonairs Pizza\nMugg & Bean\nNando's\nRoman's Pizza\nSteers\nWimpy\nServices\nNetcare\nSA Waste Holdings\nDefunct\nBosasa\nTransport\nAvis Southern Africa\nComazar\nPUTCO\nSurtees Rail Group\nState-ownedenterprises\nAirports Company South Africa\nDenel Aeronautics\nDevelopment Bank of Southern Africa\nEskom\nRand Water\nSouth African Broadcasting Corporation\nSasol\nSentech\nSouth African Airways\nTransnet\nFreightdynamics\nDefunct\nLema\n\n Companies based in Ekurhuleni\nCompanies based in Johannesburg\nProfessionalassociations\nGauteng Institute for Architecture\nSouth African Institute of Chartered Accountants\nSouth African Institute of Electrical Engineers\nSouth African Institute of Professional Accountants\nMining\nMinerals Council South Africa\nRand Refinery\nMines\nBlyvooruitzicht\nDriefontein\nERPM\nKDC\nKopanang\nKusasalethu\nMintails\nMponeng\nOld Randfontein\nRandfontein\nSouth Deep\nTauTona\nWest Wits\n\nShopping centres\nCarlton Centre\nCresta Mall\nDobsonville Mall\nEastgate\nFourways Mall\nHyde Park Corner\nMall of Africa\nMaponya Mall\nNelson Mandela Square\nNorthgate\nNorthmead Square\nOriental City\nOriental Plaza\nProtea Glen Mall\nSandton City\nSouthgate\nHotels and resorts\nThe Leonardo\nMichelangelo Towers\nMontecasino\nVenues\nThe Bassline\nEllis Park Arena\nGallagher Convention Centre\nRestaurants,bars and cafés\nThe Radium\nTourism\nGold Reef City\nCultural villages\nKe-Ditselana Cultural Village\nKwa-Khaya Lendaba Cultural Village\nLesedi Cultural Village\n\n\nTransportCivil aviation\nSouth African Civil Aviation Authority\nAirports\nGrand Central Airport\nLanseria International Airport\nO. R. Tambo International Airport\nRand Airport\nDefunct\nPalmietfontein Airport\n\n\nRoad transport\nGauteng Department of Roads and Transport\nJohannesburg Roads Agency\nRoads\nFreeways\ne-tolling\nBuses and taxis\nPUTCO\nTrolleybuses\nRail transport\nGautrain\nMetrorail Gauteng\nJohannesburg–Durban high speed rail (proposed)\nTrams\nTrain stations\nJohannesburg Park Station\nMarlboro Station\nMidrand Station\nRhodesfield Station\nRosebank Station\nSandton Station\n\nSportsSports governingbodies based inGreater Johannesburg\nSASCOC\nAthletics South Africa\nBasketball South Africa\nBowls South Africa\nCricket South Africa\nMind Sports South Africa\nSouth African Baseball Union\nSouth African Confederation of Cue Sport\nSouth African Equestrian Federation\nSouth African Football Association\nSouth African Handball Federation\nSouth African Hockey Association\nSouth African National Climbing Federation\nSouth African Sailing\nSquash South Africa\nVolleyball South Africa\nTeamsSoccer\nAtlie\nBidvest Wits\nJomo Cosmos\nJVW\nKaizer Chiefs\nLusitano\nMahlangu Tigers\nMoroka Swallows\nOrlando Pirates\nUJ Ladies\nWits University\nYebo Yes United\nFormer\nGermiston Callies\nGiant Blackpool\n\nRugby\nGolden Lions\nLions\nFalcons\nJozi Cats\nCricket\nCentral Gauteng Lions\nEasterns\nEasterns Women\nHighveld Lions\nImperial Lions\nJoburg Super Kings\nTitans\nBasketball\nEgoli Magic\nJozi Nuggets\nSoweto Panthers\nUJ men's basketball team\nEquestrian sports\nNational Horseracing Authority\nSouth African Lipizzaners\nSports events\n1992 Return Test\n1995 Rugby World Cup\nFinal\n2003 Cricket World Cup\nFinal\n2010 FIFA World Cup\nFinal\nJoburg Open\nJoburg Ladies Open\nSouth African Derby\nSouth African PGA Championship\nSoweto Derby\nSports venuesStadia andarenas\nAlexandra Stadium\nArthur Block Park Stadium\nBarnard Stadium\nBidvest Stadium\nBosman Stadium\nCecil Payne Stadium\nDobsonville Stadium\nEllis Park Arena\nEllis Park Stadium\nGermiston Stadium\nHuntersfield Stadium\nJohannesburg Stadium\nKwaThema Stadium\nLenasia Stadium\nMakhulong Stadium\nMehlareng Stadium\nModderfontein Stadium\nMohlakeng Stadium\nOrlando Stadium\nPotgietersrus Rugby Stadium\nRabie Ridge Stadium\nRand Stadium\nRandburg Hockey Stadium\nRuimsig Stadium\nSinaba Stadium\nSoccer City\nSoweto Cricket Oval\nUJ Stadium\nUnion Stadium\nWanderers Stadium\nWillowmoore Park Stadium\nDefunct\nOld Wanderers\nPAM Brink Stadium\nWeBuyCars Dome\n\nGolf courses\nGlendower Golf Club\nRandpark Golf Club\nRoyal Johannesburg & Kensington Golf Club\nEquestrianvenues\nTurffontein Racecourse\nMotorsportsvenues\nKyalami Grand Prix Circuit\n\nEducation and research\nGDE\nCIDA\nFOTIM\nGeological Society of South Africa\nMandela Institute for Development Studies\nSAARF\nSouth African Institute for Heritage Science and Conservation\nStudent Sponsorship Programme South Africa\nLibraries\nBrenthurst Library\nBuckland Library\nJohannesburg Public Library\nOrlando East Public Library\nUJ Libraries\nUniversity of the Witwatersrand Libraries\nUniversitiesUniversity of Johannesburg\nJohannesburg Institute for Advanced Study\nUJFM\nCampuses\nAPB Campus\nAPK Campus\nDoornfontein Campus\nSoweto Campus\nFaculties\nArt, Design and Architecture\nBusiness and Economics\nEducation\nEngineering and the Built Environment\nHealth Sciences\nHumanities\nLaw\nScience\n\nUniversity of the Witwatersrand\nCampuses\nEvolutionary Studies Institute\nGlobal Change Institute\nIndustrial and Mining Water Research Unit\nJohannesburg Planetarium\nPhilosophical Papers\nWits Theatre Complex\nWits Vuvuzela\nFaculties\nCommerce, Law and Management\nEngineering and the Built Environment\nSchool of Architecture and Planning\nSchool of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering\nSchool of Civil and Environmental Engineering\nHealth Sciences\nHumanities\nScience\n\n\nCIDA City Campus\nIIE MSAOther tertiaryinstitutions\nAFDA\nCentral Johannesburg College\nCityVarsity\nDamelin\nDamelin Correspondence College\nInscape Design College\nLyceum College\nMidrand Graduate Institute\nBusiness schools\nGordon Institute of Business Science\nIMM Graduate School\nIndependent Institute of Education\nMilpark Business School\nRegenesys Business School\nReligious institutions\nAuckland Park Theological Seminary\nBaptist Theological College of Southern Africa\nKollel Bet Mordechai\nKollel Yad Shaul\nLubavitch Yeshiva Gedolah\nSt Augustine College\nSouth African Theological Seminary\nYeshiva Gedolah\n\nState schools\nHoërskool Alberton\nAllen Glen High School\nAthlone Boys' High School\nBarnato Park High School\nBoksburg High School\nBopasenatla Secondary School\nBryanston High School\nHoërskool Dinamika\nHoërskool Florida\nThe Glen High School\nGermiston High School\nGreenside High School\nHyde Park High School\nJeppe High School for Boys\nJeppe High School for Girls\nKing Edward VII School\nHoërskool Marais Viljoen\nMeadowlands Secondary School\nMoletsane High School\nHoërskool Monument\nMorris Isaacson High School\nNaledi High School\nNorthcliff High School\nOrchards Primary School\nParktown Boys' High School\nParkview Senior Primary School\nSandown High School\nSandringham High School\nSir John Adamson High School\nSprings Boys' High School\nThutolore Secondary School\nHoërskool Voortrekker\nWaverley Girls' High School\nWestbury Secondary School\nPrivate schools\nAshton International College\nAuckland Park Academy of Excellence\nAurora Private School\nCharter College\nChristian Brothers' College\nCrawford College, Lonehill\nCrawford College, Sandton\nHelpmekaar Kollege\nHoly Family College\nJapari School\nJohannesburg Muslim School\nKing David Schools\nKingsmead College\nLenasia Muslim School\nMarist Brothers College\nRedhill School\nThe Ridge School\nRoedean School\nSacred Heart College\nSt Andrew's School for Girls\nSt Barnabas College\nSt Benedict's College\nSt Catherine's School\nSt David's Marist College\nSt Dominic's Catholic School for Girls\nSt Dunstan's College\nSt John's College\nSt Martin's School\nSt Mary's School\nSt Peter's College\nSt Stithians College\nTorah Academy School\nYeshiva College of South Africa\nYeshiva Maharsha Beis Aharon\nAlternative schools\nAfrican Leadership Academy\nBranson School of Entrepreneurship\nKhanya College\nMichael Mount Waldorf School\nInternational schools\nAmerican International School\nDeutsche Internationale Schule\nJapanese School\nLycée Jules Verne\n\nServices\nJohannesburg City Parks\nHospitals\nCharlotte Maxeke Hospital\nChris Hani Baragwanath Hospital\nHelen Joseph Hospital\nLeratong Hospital\nMilpark Hospital\nNelson Mandela Children's Hospital\nPholosong Hospital\nRahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital\nTambo Memorial Hospital\nHistorical\nImperial Military Hospital, Baragwanath\nQueen Victoria Hospital\nTransvaal Memorial Hospital for Children\n\nWater supplyand sanitation\nRand Water\nLesotho Highlands Water Project\nDams\nVaal Dam\nVaal Barrage\nWater towers\nGrand Central Water Tower\nYeoville Water Tower\n\nElectricity supply\nEskom\nCity Power\nKelvin Power Station\nKibo Gauteng Thermal Power Station (planned)\nDefunct power stations\nOrlando Power Station\nPresident Street Power Station\n\nLaw enforcement andemergency services\nJohannesburg Central Police Station\nMetro Police departments\nJohannesburg Emergency Services\nBerea Fire Station\nEkurhuleni Disaster & Emergency Management Services\nCharities and NGOs\nActionAid\nAfrica's Young Entrepreneurs\nAfrican Parks\nBigshoes Foundation\nCamp Sizanani\nChildren of Fire International\nGlobal Water Foundation\nLoveLife South Africa\nNelson Mandela Children's Fund\nNever Ending Gardens\nNkosi's Haven\nPOLAF\nWoman Against Rape\n\nMilitary units and formationsArmy unitsRegular\n46 South African Brigade\n21 South African Infantry Battalion\n35 Engineer Support Regiment\nSekhukhune Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nReserve\nAndrew Mlangeni Regiment\nBambatha Rifles\nJohannesburg Light Horse Regiment\nJohannesburg Regiment\nLenong Regiment\nOR Tambo Regiment\nRand Light Infantry\nSandfontein Artillery Regiment\nSolomon Mahlangu Regiment\niWombe Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nSAMHS units\n6 Medical Battalion Group\nDisbanded unitsArmy\nWitwatersrand Command\nSA Army Troop Information Unit\n2 Locating Regiment\n3 Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron\n7 South African Infantry Division\n15 Reception Depot\n72 Motorised Brigade\n73 Motorised Brigade\nRegiment University of the Witwatersrand\nCommandos\nAlberton\nAtlas\nBenoni\nBoksburg\nBrakpan\nEdenvale\nEast Park\nGermiston\nJohannesburg East\nJohannesburg West\nKempton Park\nKrugersdorp\nModderfontein\nNigel\nRandburg\nRoodepoort\nSandton\nSprings\nWemmerpan\nWest Park\nWest Rand\nSpecial Forces\nHunter Group\n\nSAAF\n4 Squadron SAAF\n10 Squadron SAAF\n\n Category\n JohannesburgThis Johannesburg-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Randjespark"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts_of_a_theatre
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Parts of a theatre
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["1 Types of theatres","2 Stage","2.1 Stage directions or stage positions","2.2 Stage components","3 House","3.1 Front of house","4 Backstage or offstage","5 References","6 External links"]
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Components of a performance venue
There are different types of theatres, but they all have three major parts in common. Theatres are divided into two main sections, the house and the stage; there is also a backstage area in many theatres. The house is the seating area for guests watching a performance and the stage is where the actual performance is given. The backstage area is usually restricted to people who are producing or in the performance.
Types of theatres
Main article: Stage (theatre)
Arena: A large open door with seating capacity for very large groups. Seating layouts are typically similar to the theatre in the round, or proscenium (though the stage will not have a proscenium arch. In almost all cases the playing space is made of temporary staging (risers) and is elevated a few feet higher than the first rows of audience.
Black box theatre: An unadorned space with no defined playing area. Often the seating is not fixed allowing the room to be re-configured for the demands of a specific production. Typically the seating and performance space are on the same level.
Proscenium: The audience directly faces the playing area which is separated by a portal called the proscenium arch.
Theatre in the round: The playing area is surrounded by audience seating on all sides.
Thrust: The playing area protrudes out into the house with the audience seating on 3 sides.
Traverse: The elongated playing area is surrounded by audience seating on two sides. Similar in design to a fashion show runway.
Stage
Areas of a typical (proscenium) stage.
The area of the theatre in which the performance takes place is referred to as the stage.
Stage directions or stage positions
In order to keep track of how performers and set pieces move around the space, the stage is divided up into sections oriented based on the performers perspective to the audience. Movement is choreographed by blocking which is organized movement on stage created by the director to synchronize the actor's movement onstage in order to use these positions.
Upstage: The area of the stage furthest from the audience.
Downstage: The area of the stage closest to the audience.
Stage Left: The area of the stage to the performer's left, when facing downstage (i.e. towards the audience).
Stage Right: The area of the stage to the performer's right, when facing downstage (i.e. towards the audience).
Center Stage: The center of the playing (performance) area.
Center Line: An imaginary reference line on the playing area that indicates the exact center of the stage, travelling from up to downstage.
Onstage: The portion of the playing area visible to the audience.
Offstage: The area surrounding the playing space not visible to the audience. Typically this refers to spaces accessible to the performers but not the audience, such as the wings, crossovers, and voms.
Note that for performance spaces with audiences in more than one orientation, typically one direction is arbitrarily denoted as "downstage" and all other directions reference that point.
Stage components
Apron: The area of the stage in front of the proscenium arch, which may be small or, in a thrust stage, large.
Backstage: Areas of the theatre adjacent to the stage accessible only to performers and technicians, including the wings, crossover, and dressing rooms. Typically this refers to areas directly accessible from the stage and does not include spaces such as the control booth or Orchestra pit
Crossover: The area used by performers and technicians to travel between sides of the stage out of sight of the audience; sometimes created onstage with flats, or masking and drapery.
Plaster Line: An imaginary reference line on the playing area that indicates where the proscenium arch is. Typically, the plaster line runs across the stage at the back face (upstage face) of the proscenium wall.
Portal or Proscenium Arch: An open frame on a proscenium stage that divides the audience from the stage in traditional Western theatres.
Prompt corner: Area just to one side of the proscenium where the stage manager stands to cue the show and prompt performers.
Rake: A slope in the performance space (stage), rising away from the audience.
Safety curtain: A heavy fireproof curtain, in fiberglass, iron or similar material placed immediately behind the proscenium.
Shell: A hard, often removable surface, designed to reflect sound out into the audience for musical performances.
Smoke Pocket: Vertical channels against the proscenium designed to contain the safety curtain.
Thrust stage: A performance space projecting well in front of the proscenium arch, usually with the audience on three sides.
Wings: Areas that are part of a stage deck but offstage (out of sight of the audience). The wings are typically masked with legs. The wing space is used for performers preparing to enter, storage of sets for scenery changes and as a stagehand work area. Wings also contain technical equipment, such as the fly system.
In the dressing room there is a makeup bench, chairs and mirrors.
House
A view from the stage of Knjaževsko-srpski teatar showing the control booths, a balcony, and some catwalks.
The house can refer to any area which is not considered playing space or backstage area. Outside the theatre itself this includes the lobby, coat check, ticketing counters, and restrooms. More specifically, the house refers to any area in the theatre where the audience is seated. This can also include aisles, the orchestra pit, control booth, balconies and boxes.
Orchestra or Orchestra Pit: In productions where live music is required, such as ballet, folk-dance groups, opera, and musicals, the orchestra is positioned in front and below of the stage in a pit. The pit is usually a large opening ranging from 4–6 feet (1.2–1.8 m) wide, 20–40 feet (6.1–12.2 m) long and 6–10 feet (1.8–3.0 m) deep. Some orchestra pits have lifts or elevators that can raise the floor of the pit up to the same height as the stage. This allows for easier movement of instruments among other things. Often an orchestra pit will be equipped with a removable pit cover which provides safety by eliminating the steep drop off and also increases the available acting area above. In most cases, some sort of lattice or sound port is built into the front of the orchestra pit, to allow audience members in the front rows to hear the music while still having a wall to keep them separated from the orchestra. The orchestra pit is the closest to the audience.
Auditorium: The section of the theatre designated for the viewing of a performance. Includes the patrons main seating area, balconies, boxes, and entrances from the lobby. Typically the control booth is located in the back of the auditorium, although for some types of performance an audio mixing positing in located closer to the stage within the seating.
Vomitorium: A passage situated below or behind a tier of seats.
Control booth: The section of the theatre designated for the operation of technical equipment, followspots, lighting and sound boards, and is sometimes the location of the stage manager's station. The control booth is located in the theatre in such a way that there is a good, unobstructed view of the playing area without causing any (or minimal) distraction to the audience (i.e. preventing distracting light leak or noise), and is generally an enclosed space.
Catwalks: A catwalk is a section of the house hidden in the ceiling from which many of the technical functions of a theatre, such as lighting and sound, may be manipulated.
Front of house
Main article: Front of house
Lobby: The lobby is a room in a theatre which is used for public entry to the building from the outside. Ticket counters, coat check, concessions and restrooms are all usually located in, or just off the lobby.
Box office: A place where tickets are sold to the public for admission to a venue
Marquee: Signage stating either the name of the establishment or the play and the artist(s) appearing at that venue.
Backstage or offstage
The backstage of the Peacock Performing Arts Center in Hayesville, North Carolina
The areas of a theatre that are not part of the house or stage are considered part of backstage. These areas include dressing rooms, green rooms, offstage areas (i.e. wings), cross-overs, fly rails or linesets, dimmer rooms, shops and storage areas.
Duke Ellington in the mirror of a dressing room at Paramount Theatre Manhattan (1946)Dressing rooms: Rooms where cast members apply wigs, make-up and change into costumes. Depending on the size of the theatre, there may be only a male and female dressing room, or there might be many (i.e. one for each member of the cast). Often in larger spaces, cast members in lead roles have their own dressing room, those in supporting roles share with one or two others and those in the background or "chorus" roles share with up to 10 or 15 other people. Dressing rooms generally feature a large number of switchable outlets for accessories like hair dryers, straightening irons, and curlers. They also feature mirrors, which are often lit. Sinks are present for the removal of makeup and sometimes a dressing room will have showers and restrooms attached. Lockers, or costume racks are generally used for storage of costumes. In some performances, dressing rooms are used as a secondary green room because of space limitation or noise, especially by performers with long breaks between stage appearances.
Green room: The lounge backstage. This is the room where actors and other performers wait in when they are not needed onstage or in their dressing rooms.
Crossover: A crossover is a hallway, room, or catwalk designed to allow actors in a theater to move from wings on one side of a stage to wings on the other side without being seen by the audience. Sometimes this is built as a part of the theater, sometimes exiting the building is required, and still other times the set includes a false wall to create a temporary crossover. A trap room, orchestra pit, or even the front of house can be used as crossovers.
Fly system: A fly system is a system of ropes, counterweights, pulleys, and other such tools designed to allow a technical crew to quickly move set pieces, lights, and microphones on and off stage quickly by "flying" them in from a large opening above the stage known as a fly tower/flyspace.
Catwalk: A catwalk is an elevated platform from which many of the technical functions of a theatre, such as lighting and sound, may be manipulated.
Dimmer room: The room backstage which contains the dimmer racks which power the lighting rig in the theatre. Often dimmer racks may not be housed in dedicated room, instead they may be in a mechanical room, control booth, or catwalk, or even on the side of the stage as is often the case on Broadway, touring shows, or at corporate events. When the dimmers are stored onstage, this area of the stage is known as the "Dimmer Beach". In the UK it is known as "Dimmer City".
Shops and storage areas: Depending on the space available a theatre may have its own storage areas for old scenic and costume elements as well as lighting and sound equipment. The theatre may also include its own lighting, scenic, costume and sound shops. In these shops each element of the show is constructed and prepared for each production.
Call board: Literally a backstage bulletin board which contains information about a theatrical production including contact sheets, schedules, rehearsal time changes, etc.
Trap room: A large open space under the stage of many large theatres. The trap room allows the stage floor to be leveled, extra electrical equipment to be attached, and most importantly, the placement of trap doors onto the stage (hence the name). It is usually unfinished and often doubles as a storage area. It is often also used as a substitute for a crossover.
References
Carter, Paul (1994). Backstage Handbook: An Illustrated Almanac of Technical Information. Preface by Sally Friedman Carter, illustrations by George Chiang (3rd ed.). Shelter Island, NY: Broadway Press. ISBN 978-0-91174729-4. OCLC 32108801.
Sanders, T. (2018). An introduction to technical theatre - commonknowledge. Pacific University Press. Retrieved 5 August 2023. https://commons.pacificu.edu/work/sc/b2e02743-2b36-4018-821c-55daa5305cf6
External links
Media related to Parts of theaters at Wikimedia Commons
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The backstage area is usually restricted to people who are producing or in the performance.","title":"Parts of a theatre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena"},{"link_name":"risers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_platform"},{"link_name":"Black box theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_box_theatre"},{"link_name":"Proscenium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proscenium"},{"link_name":"proscenium arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proscenium_arch"},{"link_name":"Theatre in the round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_in_the_round"},{"link_name":"Thrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust_stage"},{"link_name":"Traverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traverse_stage"},{"link_name":"runway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway_(fashion)"}],"text":"Arena: A large open door with seating capacity for very large groups. Seating layouts are typically similar to the theatre in the round, or proscenium (though the stage will not have a proscenium arch. In almost all cases the playing space is made of temporary staging (risers) and is elevated a few feet higher than the first rows of audience.\nBlack box theatre: An unadorned space with no defined playing area. Often the seating is not fixed allowing the room to be re-configured for the demands of a specific production. Typically the seating and performance space are on the same level.\nProscenium: The audience directly faces the playing area which is separated by a portal called the proscenium arch.\nTheatre in the round: The playing area is surrounded by audience seating on all sides.\nThrust: The playing area protrudes out into the house with the audience seating on 3 sides.\nTraverse: The elongated playing area is surrounded by audience seating on two sides. Similar in design to a fashion show runway.","title":"Types of theatres"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stage_Layout_Plan.jpg"}],"text":"Areas of a typical (proscenium) stage.The area of the theatre in which the performance takes place is referred to as the stage.","title":"Stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Stage directions or stage positions","text":"In order to keep track of how performers and set pieces move around the space, the stage is divided up into sections oriented based on the performers perspective to the audience. Movement is choreographed by blocking which is organized movement on stage created by the director to synchronize the actor's movement onstage in order to use these positions.Upstage: The area of the stage furthest from the audience.\nDownstage: The area of the stage closest to the audience.\nStage Left: The area of the stage to the performer's left, when facing downstage (i.e. towards the audience).\nStage Right: The area of the stage to the performer's right, when facing downstage (i.e. towards the audience).\nCenter Stage: The center of the playing (performance) area.\nCenter Line: An imaginary reference line on the playing area that indicates the exact center of the stage, travelling from up to downstage.\nOnstage: The portion of the playing area visible to the audience.\nOffstage: The area surrounding the playing space not visible to the audience. Typically this refers to spaces accessible to the performers but not the audience, such as the wings, crossovers, and voms.Note that for performance spaces with audiences in more than one orientation, typically one direction is arbitrarily denoted as \"downstage\" and all other directions reference that point.","title":"Stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apron_stage"},{"link_name":"thrust stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust_stage"},{"link_name":"control booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_booth_(theater)"},{"link_name":"Orchestra pit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra_pit"},{"link_name":"Proscenium Arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proscenium_arch"},{"link_name":"proscenium stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proscenium"},{"link_name":"Prompt corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prompt_corner"},{"link_name":"stage manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_manager"},{"link_name":"Rake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rake_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"Safety curtain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_curtain"},{"link_name":"Shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(theater)"},{"link_name":"Smoke Pocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_curtain#Related_stage_fire_safety_devices"},{"link_name":"safety curtain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_curtain"},{"link_name":"Thrust stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust_stage"},{"link_name":"Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_(theatre)#Proscenium_stage"},{"link_name":"legs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_drapes_and_stage_curtains#Legs,_borders_and_tabs"},{"link_name":"performers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performer"},{"link_name":"sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_construction"},{"link_name":"stagehand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagehand"},{"link_name":"fly system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_system"}],"sub_title":"Stage components","text":"Apron: The area of the stage in front of the proscenium arch, which may be small or, in a thrust stage, large.\nBackstage: Areas of the theatre adjacent to the stage accessible only to performers and technicians, including the wings, crossover, and dressing rooms. Typically this refers to areas directly accessible from the stage and does not include spaces such as the control booth or Orchestra pit\nCrossover: The area used by performers and technicians to travel between sides of the stage out of sight of the audience; sometimes created onstage with flats, or masking and drapery.\nPlaster Line: An imaginary reference line on the playing area that indicates where the proscenium arch is. Typically, the plaster line runs across the stage at the back face (upstage face) of the proscenium wall.\nPortal or Proscenium Arch: An open frame on a proscenium stage that divides the audience from the stage in traditional Western theatres.\nPrompt corner: Area just to one side of the proscenium where the stage manager stands to cue the show and prompt performers.\nRake: A slope in the performance space (stage), rising away from the audience.\nSafety curtain: A heavy fireproof curtain, in fiberglass, iron or similar material placed immediately behind the proscenium.\nShell: A hard, often removable surface, designed to reflect sound out into the audience for musical performances.\nSmoke Pocket: Vertical channels against the proscenium designed to contain the safety curtain.\nThrust stage: A performance space projecting well in front of the proscenium arch, usually with the audience on three sides.\nWings: Areas that are part of a stage deck but offstage (out of sight of the audience). The wings are typically masked with legs. The wing space is used for performers preparing to enter, storage of sets for scenery changes and as a stagehand work area. Wings also contain technical equipment, such as the fly system.In the dressing room there is a makeup bench, chairs and mirrors.","title":"Stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joescena.jpg"},{"link_name":"Knjaževsko-srpski teatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knja%C5%BEevsko-srpski_teatar"},{"link_name":"balconies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balconies"},{"link_name":"boxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"Orchestra or Orchestra Pit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra_pit"},{"link_name":"Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditorium"},{"link_name":"patrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron"},{"link_name":"balconies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balconies"},{"link_name":"boxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"audio mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(live_audio)"},{"link_name":"Vomitorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitorium"},{"link_name":"Control booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_booth"},{"link_name":"Catwalks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catwalk_(theater)"}],"text":"A view from the stage of Knjaževsko-srpski teatar showing the control booths, a balcony, and some catwalks.The house can refer to any area which is not considered playing space or backstage area. Outside the theatre itself this includes the lobby, coat check, ticketing counters, and restrooms. More specifically, the house refers to any area in the theatre where the audience is seated. This can also include aisles, the orchestra pit, control booth, balconies and boxes.Orchestra or Orchestra Pit: In productions where live music is required, such as ballet, folk-dance groups, opera, and musicals, the orchestra is positioned in front and below of the stage in a pit. The pit is usually a large opening ranging from 4–6 feet (1.2–1.8 m) wide, 20–40 feet (6.1–12.2 m) long and 6–10 feet (1.8–3.0 m) deep. Some orchestra pits have lifts or elevators that can raise the floor of the pit up to the same height as the stage. This allows for easier movement of instruments among other things. Often an orchestra pit will be equipped with a removable pit cover which provides safety by eliminating the steep drop off and also increases the available acting area above. In most cases, some sort of lattice or sound port is built into the front of the orchestra pit, to allow audience members in the front rows to hear the music while still having a wall to keep them separated from the orchestra. The orchestra pit is the closest to the audience.\nAuditorium: The section of the theatre designated for the viewing of a performance. Includes the patrons main seating area, balconies, boxes, and entrances from the lobby. Typically the control booth is located in the back of the auditorium, although for some types of performance an audio mixing positing in located closer to the stage within the seating.\nVomitorium: A passage situated below or behind a tier of seats.\nControl booth: The section of the theatre designated for the operation of technical equipment, followspots, lighting and sound boards, and is sometimes the location of the stage manager's station. The control booth is located in the theatre in such a way that there is a good, unobstructed view of the playing area without causing any (or minimal) distraction to the audience (i.e. preventing distracting light leak or noise), and is generally an enclosed space.\nCatwalks: A catwalk is a section of the house hidden in the ceiling from which many of the technical functions of a theatre, such as lighting and sound, may be manipulated.","title":"House"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lobby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobby_(room)"},{"link_name":"Box office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_office"},{"link_name":"Marquee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquee_(sign)"}],"sub_title":"Front of house","text":"Lobby: The lobby is a room in a theatre which is used for public entry to the building from the outside. Ticket counters, coat check, concessions and restrooms are all usually located in, or just off the lobby.\nBox office: A place where tickets are sold to the public for admission to a venue\nMarquee: Signage stating either the name of the establishment or the play and the artist(s) appearing at that venue.","title":"House"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_backstage_of_the_Peacock_Performing_Arts_Center_in_Hayesville,_North_Carolina.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hayesville, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayesville,_North_Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(Portrait_of_Duke_Ellington,_Paramount_Theater,_New_York,_N.Y.,_ca._Sept._1946)_(LOC)_(4843126819).jpg"},{"link_name":"Duke Ellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Ellington"},{"link_name":"Paramount Theatre Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Theatre_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"make-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make-up"},{"link_name":"costumes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costumes"},{"link_name":"hair dryers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_dryer"},{"link_name":"straightening irons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straightening_iron"},{"link_name":"curlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlers"},{"link_name":"showers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shower"},{"link_name":"restrooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_toilet"},{"link_name":"green room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_room"},{"link_name":"Green room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_room"},{"link_name":"Fly system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_system"},{"link_name":"Catwalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catwalk_(theater)"},{"link_name":"dimmer racks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimmer"},{"link_name":"Shops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scene_shop"},{"link_name":"bulletin board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_board"}],"text":"The backstage of the Peacock Performing Arts Center in Hayesville, North CarolinaThe areas of a theatre that are not part of the house or stage are considered part of backstage. These areas include dressing rooms, green rooms, offstage areas (i.e. wings), cross-overs, fly rails or linesets, dimmer rooms, shops and storage areas.Duke Ellington in the mirror of a dressing room at Paramount Theatre Manhattan (1946)Dressing rooms: Rooms where cast members apply wigs, make-up and change into costumes. Depending on the size of the theatre, there may be only a male and female dressing room, or there might be many (i.e. one for each member of the cast). Often in larger spaces, cast members in lead roles have their own dressing room, those in supporting roles share with one or two others and those in the background or \"chorus\" roles share with up to 10 or 15 other people. Dressing rooms generally feature a large number of switchable outlets for accessories like hair dryers, straightening irons, and curlers. They also feature mirrors, which are often lit. Sinks are present for the removal of makeup and sometimes a dressing room will have showers and restrooms attached. Lockers, or costume racks are generally used for storage of costumes. In some performances, dressing rooms are used as a secondary green room because of space limitation or noise, especially by performers with long breaks between stage appearances.\nGreen room: The lounge backstage. This is the room where actors and other performers wait in when they are not needed onstage or in their dressing rooms.\nCrossover: A crossover is a hallway, room, or catwalk designed to allow actors in a theater to move from wings on one side of a stage to wings on the other side without being seen by the audience. Sometimes this is built as a part of the theater, sometimes exiting the building is required, and still other times the set includes a false wall to create a temporary crossover. A trap room, orchestra pit, or even the front of house can be used as crossovers.\nFly system: A fly system is a system of ropes, counterweights, pulleys, and other such tools designed to allow a technical crew to quickly move set pieces, lights, and microphones on and off stage quickly by \"flying\" them in from a large opening above the stage known as a fly tower/flyspace.\nCatwalk: A catwalk is an elevated platform from which many of the technical functions of a theatre, such as lighting and sound, may be manipulated.\nDimmer room: The room backstage which contains the dimmer racks which power the lighting rig in the theatre. Often dimmer racks may not be housed in dedicated room, instead they may be in a mechanical room, control booth, or catwalk, or even on the side of the stage as is often the case on Broadway, touring shows, or at corporate events. When the dimmers are stored onstage, this area of the stage is known as the \"Dimmer Beach\". In the UK it is known as \"Dimmer City\".\nShops and storage areas: Depending on the space available a theatre may have its own storage areas for old scenic and costume elements as well as lighting and sound equipment. The theatre may also include its own lighting, scenic, costume and sound shops. In these shops each element of the show is constructed and prepared for each production.\nCall board: Literally a backstage bulletin board which contains information about a theatrical production including contact sheets, schedules, rehearsal time changes, etc.\nTrap room: A large open space under the stage of many large theatres. The trap room allows the stage floor to be leveled, extra electrical equipment to be attached, and most importantly, the placement of trap doors onto the stage (hence the name). It is usually unfinished and often doubles as a storage area. It is often also used as a substitute for a crossover.","title":"Backstage or offstage"}]
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[{"image_text":"Areas of a typical (proscenium) stage.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Stage_Layout_Plan.jpg/220px-Stage_Layout_Plan.jpg"},{"image_text":"A view from the stage of Knjaževsko-srpski teatar showing the control booths, a balcony, and some catwalks.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Joescena.jpg/220px-Joescena.jpg"},{"image_text":"The backstage of the Peacock Performing Arts Center in Hayesville, North Carolina","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_backstage_of_the_Peacock_Performing_Arts_Center_in_Hayesville%2C_North_Carolina.jpg/220px-The_backstage_of_the_Peacock_Performing_Arts_Center_in_Hayesville%2C_North_Carolina.jpg"},{"image_text":"Duke Ellington in the mirror of a dressing room at Paramount Theatre Manhattan (1946)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/%28Portrait_of_Duke_Ellington%2C_Paramount_Theater%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._Sept._1946%29_%28LOC%29_%284843126819%29.jpg/220px-%28Portrait_of_Duke_Ellington%2C_Paramount_Theater%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._Sept._1946%29_%28LOC%29_%284843126819%29.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Carter, Paul (1994). Backstage Handbook: An Illustrated Almanac of Technical Information. Preface by Sally Friedman Carter, illustrations by George Chiang (3rd ed.). Shelter Island, NY: Broadway Press. ISBN 978-0-91174729-4. OCLC 32108801.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-91174729-4","url_text":"978-0-91174729-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32108801","url_text":"32108801"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32108801","external_links_name":"32108801"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons_Meg
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Mons Meg
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["1 Construction","2 History","2.1 Naming","2.2 Evolution of the carriage","3 See also","4 References","5 Sources","6 External links"]
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Famous medieval bombard
Mons Meg Mons Meg with its 175 kilograms (386 lb) cannon ballsTypeCannonPlace of originMons, Hainault, WalloniaService historyUsed by Kingdom of ScotlandProduction historyDesignerJehan CambierProducedJune 1449SpecificationsMass6.6 tLength406 cmBarrel length280 cmDiameter20 inches (510 mm)Shell weight175 kg
Mons Meg is a medieval bombard in the collection of the Royal Armouries, on loan to Historic Environment Scotland and located at Edinburgh Castle in Scotland. It has a barrel diameter of 20 inches (510 mm), making it one of the largest cannons in the world by calibre.
Mons Meg was built in 1449 on the orders of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy and sent by him as a gift to James II, King of Scots, in 1454. The bombard was employed in sieges until the middle of the 16th century, after which it was only fired on ceremonial occasions. In 1680 the barrel burst, rendering Mons Meg unusable. The gun remained in Edinburgh Castle until 1754 when, along with other unused weapons in Scotland, it was taken to the Tower of London. Sir Walter Scott and others campaigned for its return, which was effected in 1829. Mons Meg has since been restored and is now on display within the castle.
Construction
The cannon is wide enough to contain a child.
The bombard was manufactured from 25 longitudinal staves of iron, held together with iron hoops shrunk into place, to form one piece. A separate breech for loading is screw-fitted into the rear of the barrel. The barrel is attached to the powder chamber by means of a groove on the powder chamber into which lugs on the end of the barrel staves fit, and then bound permanently together by the hoops. The powder chamber itself is made from small pieces of iron hammer-welded together to make a solid wrought-iron forging. Mons Meg has a diameter of 19 inches (480 mm), one of the largest ever built, weighs 15,366 pounds (6,970 kg) and is 13 feet (4.0 m) in length.
History
Sideview. The oval slots in the breech were for levers to unscrew it from the barrel
Burst iron ring which put the cannon out of use, revealing the iron staves forming the barrel
Mons Meg was constructed by Jehan Cambier, artillery maker to the Duke of Burgundy. It was tested at Mons in the County of Hainault in what is now Belgium, in June 1449; the Duke did not take delivery of the Mons Meg until 1453. He gave the bombard to Scotland's King James II in 1457 as a sign of his support for the Scottish king, whose marriage he had helped negotiate.
An alternative legend about its manufacture is that it was built by a local blacksmith for the siege of Threave Castle in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright. According to this tale, which was lent credence by Sir Walter Scott, when King James arrived at Threave to besiege the Earl of Douglas, the Clan MacLellan presented him with this bombard. The first shot fired is said to have passed clean through the castle, severing the hand of Margaret, Countess of Douglas, on the way. The gun was subsequently named after "Mollance", the lands given to the blacksmith for his service and "Meg", the name of his wife. Later historians have not taken this legend particularly seriously, not least because of the improbability that such a weapon could be forged by a village smith, as well as there being ample provenance showing its history.
The 20 inches (510 mm)-diameter cannon accepted stone balls that weighed 175 kilograms (386 lb). In April 1497, John Mawer elder, one of the castle gunners, made new wheels for Mons Meg and the bombards. The cannon was drawn down the Royal Mile to the sound of minstrels playing, placed on a new carriage or "cradle" and taken to assault Norham Castle in August 1497. Regent Albany brought Mons Meg to Stirling Castle in August 1515 to threaten Margaret Tudor, who kept her son James V of Scotland in the castle.
In early years the gun, like the other royal cannon, was painted with red lead to keep it from rusting, which cost 30 shillings in June 1539. From the 1540s Meg was retired from service and was fired only on ceremonial occasions from Edinburgh Castle. When it was fired on 3 July 1558, soldiers were paid to find and retrieve the shot from Wardie Muir, near the Firth of Forth, a distance of two miles. The salute marked the solemnisation of the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots, to the French Dauphin.
The gun was fired on 30 October 1680 to celebrate a visit by James, Duke of Albany and York (later King James VII), but the barrel burst. An English cannoneer had loaded the charge and many Scots believed that the damage was done on purpose out of jealousy, because the English had no cannon as big as this. The incident was also seen as a bad omen for the future King.
The cannon was left outside Foog's Gate at Edinburgh Castle. It was next taken, with other disused ordnance, to the Tower of London in 1754, as a result of the disarming acts against Jacobites aimed at removing weapons or spare cannon from the reach of rebellious folk. It was returned to the Castle in 1829 by order of George IV after a series of campaigns by Sir Walter Scott and the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Following a restoration, it sits outside St Margaret's Chapel. During the Edinburgh's annual Hogmanay celebrations Mons Meg is fired at the start of the firework display, although the effect is largely theatrical and the gun is not discharged.
Mons Meg was a large old-fashioned piece of ordnance, a great favourite with the Scottish common people; she was fabricated at Mons in Flanders, in the reign of James IV. or V. of Scotland. This gun figures frequently in the public accounts of the time, where we find charges for grease, to grease Meg's mouth withal (to increase, as every schoolboy knows, the loudness of the report), ribands to deck her carriage, and pipes to play before her when she was brought from the Castle to accompany the Scottish army on any distant expedition. After the Union, there was much popular apprehension that the Regalia of Scotland, and the subordinate Palladium, Mons Meg, would be carried to England to complete the odious surrender of national independence. The Regalia, sequestered from the sight of the public, were generally supposed to have been abstracted in this manner. As for Mons Meg, she remained in the Castle of Edinburgh, till, by order of the Board of Ordnance, she was actually removed to Woolwich about 1757. The Regalia, by his Majesty's special command, have been brought forth from their place of concealment in 1818, and exposed to the view of the people, by whom they must be looked upon with deep associations; and, in this very winter of 1828–9, Mons Meg has been restored to the country, where that, which in every other place or situation was a mere mass of rusty iron, becomes once more a curious monument of antiquity.— Notes to Rob Roy, Sir Walter Scott
Naming
The Dulle Griet on display in Ghent
The gun is not called "Mons Meg" in any contemporary references until 1678. In 1489, she first appears in record as "Monss" and in the painter's account of 1539 she is called; "Monce in the castell", the only piece with an individual name. In 1650 she was noted as "Muckle Meg". "Meg" may either be a reference to Margaret of Denmark, Queen of James III of Scotland, or simply an alliteration, while Mons was one of the locations where the cannon was tested. McKenzie records that this class of artillery was known as a murderer and Mons Meg was certainly described as such. Mons Meg was made in the town of Mons (now the Walloon French-speaking part of Belgium) or Bergen (in Dutch as in those days it was part of Flanders). Three cannons were founded, one resides in Edinburgh, one in the Flemish town of Ghent at the Friday Market and one in France but this disappeared ages ago. The one in Ghent can be visited today, undamaged. The cannon is named "Dulle Griet" which translates into "Mad Meg".
Evolution of the carriage
Engraving of Mons Meg at Edinburgh Castle in the 1680s, showing details of the carriage construction
For a while in its early days the Mons sat on a plain box without any wheels. Evidently, when Mons Meg was removed from Edinburgh Castle in 1754, her carriage had long since rotted away. A contemporary account describes her as lying "on the ground" near the innermost gate to the castle. Presumably the Ordnance Board fabricated a new carriage after her arrival at the Tower. In 1835, after the return of Mons Meg to Edinburgh Castle, the London-made carriage rotted away too and fabrication of a cast-iron replacement was undertaken; the new carriage weighed three and a half tons and cost £53. Mons Meg is now mounted on a reproduction of the carriage depicted in a carving of c. 1500 on a wall of Edinburgh Castle, built in 1934 at a cost of £178 and paid for by the Lord Provost of Edinburgh.
See also
List of the largest cannon by calibre
References
^ "Loans out". Royal Armouries. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
^ Owen, Charles Henry; Dames, Thomas Longworth (1859). Elementary Lectures on artillery. Woolwich: John Boddy. p. 25. OCLC 18037111.
^ a b "Technique: Hoop and Band". royalarmouries.org. Royal Armouries. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
^ "Bombard and carriage—Mons Meg—1449". royalarmouries.org. Royal Armouries. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
^ a b c d e Smith, Robert D; Brown, Ruth Rhynas (1989). Bombards: Mons Meg and her sisters. Royal Armouries Monograph number 1. Royal Armouries. ISBN 0948092092.
^ a b Lewtas, Ian; McAlister, Rachael; Wallis, Adam; Woodley, Clive; Cullis, Ian (April 2016). "The ballistic performance of the bombard Mons Meg". Defence Technology. 12 (2): 59–68. doi:10.1016/j.dt.2015.12.001.
^ Bradbury, Jim (1992). The Medieval Siege. Boydell & Brewer. p. 287. ISBN 978-0-85115-357-5.
^ "Edinburgh Castle, Mons Meg | Canmore". canmore.org.uk. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
^ Morvern French & Roger Mason, 'Art, Artefacts, Artillery', Alexander Fleming & Roger Mason, Scotland and the Flemish People (John Donald, 2019), pp. 110-2.
^ McGladdery, Christine (2015). James II (2 ed.). Edinburgh, Scotland: Birlinn Ltd. p. 201.
^ "The Ancient Bombard, Preserved at Edinburgh Castle". The Archaeological Journal. 10. 1853. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
^ McGladdery, Christine (2015). James II. Edinburgh, Scotland: Birlinn Ltd. p. 208. ISBN 9781904607892.
^ Thomas Dickson, Accounts of the Treasurer, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1877), pp. 328, 347–350.
^ J. S. Brewer, Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, 2:1 (London, 1864), clxxix, 209 no. 788.
^ a b Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1907), 222.
^ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1877), ccxxiii footnote; vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1913), lxxv–lxxvi, 367.
^ Chambers, Robert (1885). Domestic Annals of Scotland. Edinburgh : W & R Chambers. p. 329.
^ "'Shannon the Cannon' – Edinburgh's District Gunner". Ministry of Defence. 3 February 2009. Archived from the original on 23 April 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
^ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 1, Edinburgh (1877), ccxx–ccxxiii, 115.
^ McKenzie, Page 319
^ Blair, Claude (1967) "A New Carriage for Mons Meg" Journal of the Arms and Armour Society London V(12) pages 431–452
^ Lead, Peter (2021). Mons Meg - a symbol of Scotland. Catrine: Stenlake Publishing Ltd. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-84033-920-8.
^ "Mons Meg Cannon at Edinburgh Castle to have a 'MOT'". BBC. 19 January 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
Sources
Gaier, Claude (1967) The Origin of Mons Meg. Journal of the Arms and Armour Society London V(12) 425–431
Grose, Francis (1801) Military Antiquities respecting a History of the English Army from the Conquest to the Present Time. T. Egerton and G. Kearsley London, UK
Hewitt, J (1853) Mons Meg the ancient bombard, preserved at Edinburgh castle. Archeological Journal 10 25–32
Lead, Peter (1984) Mons Meg: A Royal Cannon. Mennock Publishing Cheshire, UK
Lead, Peter (2021) Mons Meg - a symbol of Scotland. Catrine: Stenlake Publishing Ltd
McKenzie, Agnes Mure (1948). Scottish Pageant 1513–1625. Edinburgh : Oliver & Boyd.
Norris, John (2003) Early Gunpowder Artillery 1300–1600 Motorbooks International
Paul, Sir James Balfour (1915–1916) Ancient Artillery. With Some Notes on Mons Meg. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 50 191–201
Sands, Kathleen (1999) Though one of the best-documented of medieval bombards, Mons Meg was the subject of exaggeration and legend Military History. 16(3) 22–23
Scott, Sir Walter (1817) Waverley Novels, Rob Roy (Notes G) Edinburgh
Schmidtchen, Volker (1977), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit", Technikgeschichte, 44 (2): 153–173 (166–168)
Smith, Robert D and Brown, Ruth Rhynas Bombards- Mons Meg and her sisters Royal Armouries Monograph 1 ISBN 0-948092-09-2
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mons Meg.
The official Edinburgh Castle website
Mons Meg at Edinburgh Castle
Photo of Mons Meg from RampantScotland.com
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"bombard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombard_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"Royal Armouries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Armouries"},{"link_name":"Historic Environment Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"largest cannons in the world by calibre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_cannon_by_caliber"},{"link_name":"Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Good,_Duke_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"James II, King of Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Walter Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scott"}],"text":"Mons Meg is a medieval bombard in the collection of the Royal Armouries, on loan to Historic Environment Scotland and located at Edinburgh Castle in Scotland.[1] It has a barrel diameter of 20 inches (510 mm), making it one of the largest cannons in the world by calibre.Mons Meg was built in 1449 on the orders of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy and sent by him as a gift to James II, King of Scots, in 1454. The bombard was employed in sieges until the middle of the 16th century, after which it was only fired on ceremonial occasions. In 1680 the barrel burst, rendering Mons Meg unusable. The gun remained in Edinburgh Castle until 1754 when, along with other unused weapons in Scotland, it was taken to the Tower of London. Sir Walter Scott and others campaigned for its return, which was effected in 1829. Mons Meg has since been restored and is now on display within the castle.","title":"Mons Meg"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boy_in_Mons_Meg.jpg"},{"link_name":"shrunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrink-fitting"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tech-3"},{"link_name":"breech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_(firearms)"},{"link_name":"screw-fitted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_thread"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-royalarmouries-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-def.tech,12.2016-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The cannon is wide enough to contain a child.The bombard was manufactured from 25 longitudinal staves of iron, held together with iron hoops shrunk into place, to form one piece.[2][3] A separate breech for loading is screw-fitted into the rear of the barrel.[4] The barrel is attached to the powder chamber by means of a groove on the powder chamber into which lugs on the end of the barrel staves fit, and then bound permanently together by the hoops. The powder chamber itself is made from small pieces of iron hammer-welded together to make a solid wrought-iron forging.[5] Mons Meg has a diameter of 19 inches (480 mm), one of the largest ever built,[6] weighs 15,366 pounds (6,970 kg)[7] and is 13 feet (4.0 m) in length.[8]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mons_Meg,_Medieval_Bombard,_Edinburgh,_Scotland._Pic_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tech-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mons_Meg,_Medieval_Bombard,_Edinburgh,_Scotland._Pic_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"County of Hainault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Hainault"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Threave Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threave_Castle"},{"link_name":"Stewartry of Kirkcudbright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewartry_of_Kirkcudbright"},{"link_name":"Earl of Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Douglas,_8th_Earl_of_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Clan MacLellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacLellan"},{"link_name":"Margaret, Countess of Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Douglas,_Fair_Maid_of_Galloway"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-royalarmouries-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"balls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_shot"},{"link_name":"Royal Mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mile"},{"link_name":"Norham Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norham_Castle"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Regent Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany"},{"link_name":"Stirling Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_Castle"},{"link_name":"Margaret Tudor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Tudor"},{"link_name":"James V of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"red lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_tetroxide"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Accountsof-15"},{"link_name":"Wardie Muir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Firth of Forth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firth_of_Forth"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-royalarmouries-5"},{"link_name":"Mary, Queen of Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots"},{"link_name":"Dauphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"James, Duke of Albany and York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-def.tech,12.2016-6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"Jacobites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-royalarmouries-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-royalarmouries-5"},{"link_name":"St Margaret's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Margaret%27s_Chapel"},{"link_name":"Hogmanay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogmanay"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Regalia of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honours_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Rob Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Roy_(novel)"}],"text":"Sideview. The oval slots in the breech were for levers to unscrew it from the barrel[3]Burst iron ring which put the cannon out of use, revealing the iron staves forming the barrelMons Meg was constructed by Jehan Cambier, artillery maker to the Duke of Burgundy.[9] It was tested at Mons in the County of Hainault in what is now Belgium, in June 1449; the Duke did not take delivery of the Mons Meg until 1453. He gave the bombard to Scotland's King James II in 1457 as a sign of his support for the Scottish king, whose marriage he had helped negotiate. [10]An alternative legend about its manufacture is that it was built by a local blacksmith for the siege of Threave Castle in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright. According to this tale, which was lent credence by Sir Walter Scott, when King James arrived at Threave to besiege the Earl of Douglas, the Clan MacLellan presented him with this bombard. The first shot fired is said to have passed clean through the castle, severing the hand of Margaret, Countess of Douglas, on the way. The gun was subsequently named after \"Mollance\", the lands given to the blacksmith for his service and \"Meg\", the name of his wife. Later historians have not taken this legend particularly seriously, not least because of the improbability that such a weapon could be forged by a village smith, as well as there being ample provenance showing its history.[5][11][12]The 20 inches (510 mm)-diameter cannon accepted stone balls that weighed 175 kilograms (386 lb). In April 1497, John Mawer elder, one of the castle gunners, made new wheels for Mons Meg and the bombards. The cannon was drawn down the Royal Mile to the sound of minstrels playing, placed on a new carriage or \"cradle\" and taken to assault Norham Castle in August 1497.[13] Regent Albany brought Mons Meg to Stirling Castle in August 1515 to threaten Margaret Tudor, who kept her son James V of Scotland in the castle.[14]In early years the gun, like the other royal cannon, was painted with red lead to keep it from rusting, which cost 30 shillings in June 1539.[15] From the 1540s Meg was retired from service and was fired only on ceremonial occasions from Edinburgh Castle. When it was fired on 3 July 1558, soldiers were paid to find and retrieve the shot from Wardie Muir, near the Firth of Forth, a distance of two miles.[5] The salute marked the solemnisation of the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots, to the French Dauphin.[16]The gun was fired on 30 October 1680 to celebrate a visit by James, Duke of Albany and York (later King James VII), but the barrel burst.[6] An English cannoneer had loaded the charge and many Scots believed that the damage was done on purpose out of jealousy, because the English had no cannon as big as this. The incident was also seen as a bad omen for the future King.[17]The cannon was left outside Foog's Gate at Edinburgh Castle. It was next taken, with other disused ordnance, to the Tower of London in 1754, as a result of the disarming acts against Jacobites aimed at removing weapons or spare cannon from the reach of rebellious folk.[5] It was returned to the Castle in 1829 by order of George IV after a series of campaigns by Sir Walter Scott and the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.[5] Following a restoration, it sits outside St Margaret's Chapel. During the Edinburgh's annual Hogmanay celebrations Mons Meg is fired at the start of the firework display, although the effect is largely theatrical and the gun is not discharged.[18]Mons Meg was a large old-fashioned piece of ordnance, a great favourite with the Scottish common people; she was fabricated at Mons in Flanders, in the reign of James IV. or V. of Scotland. This gun figures frequently in the public accounts of the time, where we find charges for grease, to grease Meg's mouth withal (to increase, as every schoolboy knows, the loudness of the report), ribands to deck her carriage, and pipes to play before her when she was brought from the Castle to accompany the Scottish army on any distant expedition. After the Union, there was much popular apprehension that the Regalia of Scotland, and the subordinate Palladium, Mons Meg, would be carried to England to complete the odious surrender of national independence. The Regalia, sequestered from the sight of the public, were generally supposed to have been abstracted in this manner. As for Mons Meg, she remained in the Castle of Edinburgh, till, by order of the Board of Ordnance, she was actually removed to Woolwich about 1757. The Regalia, by his Majesty's special command, have been brought forth from their place of concealment in 1818, and exposed to the view of the people, by whom they must be looked upon with deep associations; and, in this very winter of 1828–9, Mons Meg has been restored to the country, where that, which in every other place or situation was a mere mass of rusty iron, becomes once more a curious monument of antiquity.— Notes to Rob Roy, Sir Walter Scott","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dulle_Griet_-_Mad_Meg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dulle Griet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulle_Griet"},{"link_name":"Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Accountsof-15"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Denmark,_Queen_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"James III of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Dulle Griet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulle_Griet"}],"sub_title":"Naming","text":"The Dulle Griet on display in GhentThe gun is not called \"Mons Meg\" in any contemporary references until 1678. In 1489, she first appears in record as \"Monss\" and in the painter's account of 1539 she is called; \"Monce in the castell\", the only piece with an individual name. In 1650 she was noted as \"Muckle Meg\".[19][15] \"Meg\" may either be a reference to Margaret of Denmark, Queen of James III of Scotland, or simply an alliteration, while Mons was one of the locations where the cannon was tested. McKenzie records that this class of artillery was known as a murderer and Mons Meg was certainly described as such.[20] Mons Meg was made in the town of Mons (now the Walloon French-speaking part of Belgium) or Bergen (in Dutch as in those days it was part of Flanders). Three cannons were founded, one resides in Edinburgh, one in the Flemish town of Ghent at the Friday Market and one in France but this disappeared ages ago. The one in Ghent can be visited today, undamaged. The cannon is named \"Dulle Griet\" which translates into \"Mad Meg\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mons_Meg_1885.jpg"},{"link_name":"Engraving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraving"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Lord Provost of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Provost_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Evolution of the carriage","text":"Engraving of Mons Meg at Edinburgh Castle in the 1680s, showing details of the carriage constructionFor a while in its early days the Mons sat on a plain box without any wheels. Evidently, when Mons Meg was removed from Edinburgh Castle in 1754, her carriage had long since rotted away. A contemporary account describes her as lying \"on the ground\" near the innermost gate to the castle.[21] Presumably the Ordnance Board fabricated a new carriage after her arrival at the Tower. In 1835, after the return of Mons Meg to Edinburgh Castle, the London-made carriage rotted away too and fabrication of a cast-iron replacement was undertaken; the new carriage weighed three and a half tons and cost £53.[22] Mons Meg is now mounted on a reproduction of the carriage depicted in a carving of c. 1500 on a wall of Edinburgh Castle, built in 1934 at a cost of £178 and paid for by the Lord Provost of Edinburgh.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-948092-09-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948092-09-2"}],"text":"Gaier, Claude (1967) The Origin of Mons Meg. Journal of the Arms and Armour Society London V(12) 425–431\nGrose, Francis (1801) Military Antiquities respecting a History of the English Army from the Conquest to the Present Time. T. Egerton and G. Kearsley London, UK\nHewitt, J (1853) Mons Meg the ancient bombard, preserved at Edinburgh castle. Archeological Journal 10 25–32\nLead, Peter (1984) Mons Meg: A Royal Cannon. Mennock Publishing Cheshire, UK\nLead, Peter (2021) Mons Meg - a symbol of Scotland. Catrine: Stenlake Publishing Ltd\nMcKenzie, Agnes Mure (1948). Scottish Pageant 1513–1625. Edinburgh : Oliver & Boyd.\nNorris, John (2003) Early Gunpowder Artillery 1300–1600 Motorbooks International\nPaul, Sir James Balfour (1915–1916) Ancient Artillery. With Some Notes on Mons Meg. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 50 191–201\nSands, Kathleen (1999) Though one of the best-documented of medieval bombards, Mons Meg was the subject of exaggeration and legend Military History. 16(3) 22–23\nScott, Sir Walter (1817) Waverley Novels, Rob Roy (Notes G) Edinburgh\nSchmidtchen, Volker (1977), \"Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit\", Technikgeschichte, 44 (2): 153–173 (166–168)\nSmith, Robert D and Brown, Ruth Rhynas Bombards- Mons Meg and her sisters Royal Armouries Monograph 1 ISBN 0-948092-09-2","title":"Sources"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The cannon is wide enough to contain a child.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Boy_in_Mons_Meg.jpg/260px-Boy_in_Mons_Meg.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sideview. The oval slots in the breech were for levers to unscrew it from the barrel[3]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Mons_Meg%2C_Medieval_Bombard%2C_Edinburgh%2C_Scotland._Pic_01.jpg/220px-Mons_Meg%2C_Medieval_Bombard%2C_Edinburgh%2C_Scotland._Pic_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Burst iron ring which put the cannon out of use, revealing the iron staves forming the barrel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mons_Meg%2C_Medieval_Bombard%2C_Edinburgh%2C_Scotland._Pic_03.jpg/220px-Mons_Meg%2C_Medieval_Bombard%2C_Edinburgh%2C_Scotland._Pic_03.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Dulle Griet on display in Ghent","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dulle_Griet_-_Mad_Meg.jpg/220px-Dulle_Griet_-_Mad_Meg.jpg"},{"image_text":"Engraving of Mons Meg at Edinburgh Castle in the 1680s, showing details of the carriage construction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mons_Meg_1885.jpg/310px-Mons_Meg_1885.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of the largest cannon by calibre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_cannon_by_calibre"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Loans out\". Royal Armouries. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171113060256/https://royalarmouries.org/what-we-do/specialist-services/loans/loans-out","url_text":"\"Loans out\""},{"url":"http://www.royalarmouries.org/what-we-do/specialist-services/loans/loans-out","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Owen, Charles Henry; Dames, Thomas Longworth (1859). Elementary Lectures on artillery. Woolwich: John Boddy. p. 25. OCLC 18037111.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18037111","url_text":"18037111"}]},{"reference":"\"Technique: Hoop and Band\". royalarmouries.org. Royal Armouries. Retrieved 29 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://royalarmouries.org/collection/facet/technique/Hoop%20and%20Band","url_text":"\"Technique: Hoop and Band\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Armouries","url_text":"Royal Armouries"}]},{"reference":"\"Bombard and carriage—Mons Meg—1449\". royalarmouries.org. Royal Armouries. Retrieved 29 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://royalarmouries.org/collection/object/object-2703","url_text":"\"Bombard and carriage—Mons Meg—1449\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Robert D; Brown, Ruth Rhynas (1989). Bombards: Mons Meg and her sisters. Royal Armouries Monograph number 1. Royal Armouries. ISBN 0948092092.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0948092092","url_text":"0948092092"}]},{"reference":"Lewtas, Ian; McAlister, Rachael; Wallis, Adam; Woodley, Clive; Cullis, Ian (April 2016). \"The ballistic performance of the bombard Mons Meg\". Defence Technology. 12 (2): 59–68. doi:10.1016/j.dt.2015.12.001.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dt.2015.12.001","url_text":"\"The ballistic performance of the bombard Mons Meg\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dt.2015.12.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.dt.2015.12.001"}]},{"reference":"Bradbury, Jim (1992). The Medieval Siege. Boydell & Brewer. p. 287. ISBN 978-0-85115-357-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fKFRvUiLEQYC&pg=PA287","url_text":"The Medieval Siege"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-357-5","url_text":"978-0-85115-357-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Edinburgh Castle, Mons Meg | Canmore\". canmore.org.uk. Retrieved 24 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://canmore.org.uk/site/52069/edinburgh-castle-mons-meg","url_text":"\"Edinburgh Castle, Mons Meg | Canmore\""}]},{"reference":"McGladdery, Christine (2015). James II (2 ed.). Edinburgh, Scotland: Birlinn Ltd. p. 201.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Ancient Bombard, Preserved at Edinburgh Castle\". The Archaeological Journal. 10. 1853. Retrieved 16 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kirkcudbright.co/historyarticle.asp?ID=191&p=29&g=5","url_text":"\"The Ancient Bombard, Preserved at Edinburgh Castle\""}]},{"reference":"McGladdery, Christine (2015). James II. Edinburgh, Scotland: Birlinn Ltd. p. 208. ISBN 9781904607892.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904607892","url_text":"9781904607892"}]},{"reference":"\"'Shannon the Cannon' – Edinburgh's District Gunner\". Ministry of Defence. 3 February 2009. Archived from the original on 23 April 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100423180419/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/PeopleInDefence/shannonTheCannonEdinburghsDistrictGunner.htm","url_text":"\"'Shannon the Cannon' – Edinburgh's District Gunner\""},{"url":"http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/PeopleInDefence/shannonTheCannonEdinburghsDistrictGunner.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lead, Peter (2021). Mons Meg - a symbol of Scotland. Catrine: Stenlake Publishing Ltd. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-84033-920-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84033-920-8","url_text":"978-1-84033-920-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Mons Meg Cannon at Edinburgh Castle to have a 'MOT'\". BBC. 19 January 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-30882612","url_text":"\"Mons Meg Cannon at Edinburgh Castle to have a 'MOT'\""}]},{"reference":"Schmidtchen, Volker (1977), \"Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit\", Technikgeschichte, 44 (2): 153–173 (166–168)","urls":[]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Marshall_(New_York)
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Mount Marshall (New York)
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["1 Geography","2 History","3 Ascent routes","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Bibliography","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 44°07′39″N 74°00′43″W / 44.1275538°N 74.0118142°W / 44.1275538; -74.0118142Mountain in United States of America
Mount MarshallMount MarshallLocation of Mount Marshall within New YorkShow map of New York Adirondack ParkMount MarshallMount Marshall (the United States)Show map of the United States
Highest pointElevation4360 ft (1330 m) NGVD 29ListingAdirondack High Peaks 25thCoordinates44°07′39″N 74°00′43″W / 44.1275538°N 74.0118142°W / 44.1275538; -74.0118142GeographyLocationNewcomb, Essex County, New YorkParent rangeMacIntyre MountainsTopo mapUSGS Ampersand LakeClimbingFirst ascentAugust 13, 1921, by Bob Marshall, George Marshall, and Herbert K. ClarkEasiest routeHike
Mount Marshall is a mountain in the MacIntyre Range of the Adirondacks in the U.S. state of New York. With an elevation of 4,360 feet (1,330 m), it is the 25th highest mountain in the Adirondacks and one of the 46 High Peaks in Adirondack Park. It is located in the town of Newcomb in Essex County, flanked to the northeast by Cold Brook Pass and Iroquois Peak. Originally named for Governor DeWitt Clinton, and then for mountain guide Herbert Clark, it was renamed for wilderness activist Bob Marshall after his death. The summit can be accessed by hikers on an unmarked trail.
Geography
Mount Marshall is located within the High Peaks Wilderness Area of New York's Adirondack Park. It has an elevation of 4,360 feet (1,330 m). Marshall is part of the MacIntyre Range, and is separated from Iroquois Peak to its northeast by a large valley known as Cold Brook Pass.
History
The first recorded ascent of Mount Marshall was made August 13, 1921, by brothers Robert Marshall and George Marshall, along with mountain guide Herbert K. Clark. The trio completed the ascent as part of a challenge they had devised to climb all peaks over 4,000 feet (1,200 m) in the Adirondacks, which eventually evolved into the list of the 46 Adirondack High Peaks. Marshall's inclusion on the list soon became a source of confusion due to its name. Surveyor Verplanck Colvin had provided conflicting names for the peaks of the Macintyre Range, and used the names "Mount Clinton" (for Governor DeWitt Clinton) and "Mount Iroquois" interchangeably for the three mountains now known as Boundary Peak, Iroquois Peak, and Mount Marshall. The Marshall brothers believed the southernmost peak was the mountain Colvin intended to name "Iroquois", and Bob Marshall labeled it so in his pamphlet on the high peaks. After collaboration with the Marshall brothers, Russell M. L. Carson spread the list of high peaks in his 1927 book Peaks and People of the Adirondacks, where he proposed new names for several peaks, including assigning "Iroquois" to the current Iroquois Peak and renaming the southern peak of the Macintyre Range "Herbert Peak" after Herbert Clark. Carson also proposed renaming a mountain in the Dix Range, previously known as "Middle Dix", as "Mount Marshall" after the two brothers.
Carson's guide sold well and his proposed new names became popular with hikers, despite opposition from the Marshall brothers. Members of the Adirondack Mountain Club also objected to naming peaks after living persons, although the objections primarily came from anti-Semitic members who did not want the name of the Jewish Marshall family attached to a mountain. Club member Theodore Van Wyck Anthony succeeded in having Carson's proposed names removed from club maps in 1928. In 1937, the state Board on Geographic Names instead renamed Middle Dix to Hough Peak, after Franklin B. Hough, at the request of the New York State Conservation Department. Bob Marshall went on to become a prominent conservationist and died in 1939. In 1940, a group of Adirondack Forty-Sixers petitioned the state Board on Geographic Names to officially adopt the name Mount Marshall for the southern peak of the Macintyre Range, dropping the name Herbert Peak, as Herbert was still living at the time and would not be eligible for an officially named peak. The petition was successful, and the name Mount Marshall was officially adopted by the state in 1942.
This did not end the confusion over the mountain's name. The United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) was unaware of the name change, and in the 1950s, the United States Geological Survey labeled Mount Marshall as Mount Clinton on its topographic maps. The names Clinton, Herbert, and Marshall would all remain in common use until December 1972, when the BGN approved the name Mount Marshall, finally standardizing the mountain's name.
Ascent routes
There are no marked trails to the summit of Mount Marshall. Two unmarked trails have been designated by Forty-Sixers. The first begins on the Cold Brook Pass near the key col between Marshall and Iroquois, and continues another 0.7 miles (1.1 km) uphill. The second route involves hiking along Herbert Brook, starting at its intersection with the red-blazed trail 121 between the Calamity lean-tos and Lake Colden dam. The brook eventually merges with the first path and reaches the summit after 1.5 miles (2.4 km).
See also
List of mountains in New York
Northeast 111 4,000-footers
References
^ a b Goodwin 2021, pp. 286–287.
^ "The Peaks – Adirondack 46ers". adk46er.org. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
^ a b "Mount Marshall". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2013-02-01.
^ a b Carson 1927, p. 263.
^ Goodwin 2021, pp. 119, 129.
^ Sasso 2018, p. 92.
^ Terrie 2010, pp. 285–286.
^ a b Terrie 2010, p. 286.
^ Carson 1927, pp. 196, 238.
^ Carson 1927, p. 231.
^ Hopsicker 2010, pp. 138–139.
^ Hopsicker 2010, p. 143.
^ Terrie 2010, p. 287.
^ Terrie 2010, pp. 288–289.
^ Goodwin 2021, p. 130.
Bibliography
Carson, Russell M. L. (1927). Peaks and People of the Adirondacks. Garden City: Doubleday. ISBN 9781404751200.
Goodwin, Tony, ed. (2021). Adirondack trails. High peaks region (15th ed.). Adirondack Mountain Club. ISBN 9780998637181.
Hopsicker, Peter M. (2010). "Defying the Restrictions: The Adirondack Mountain Club Answers the "Jewish Question"". New York History. 91 (2): 124–145 – via JSTOR.
Sasso, John Jr. (2018). "Rise of the Adirondack High Peaks: The Story of the Inception of the Adirondack Forty-Six by Robert Marshall, George Marshall, and Russell M.L. Carson". Adirondack Journal of Environmental Studies. 22 (1): 89–103.
Terrie, Philip G. (2010) . "Mount Marshall: The Strange History of the Names of an Adirondack High Peak". In Brown, Phil (ed.). Bob Marshall in the Adirondacks: Writings of a Pioneering Peak-Bagger, Pond-Hopper, and Wilderness Preservationist. Lost Pond Press. ISBN 9780978925406.
External links
Mount Marshall (New York) at Peakbagger.com
"Mount Marshall". SummitPost.org.
vteThe High Peaks of New York's Adirondack MountainsNorthern Adirondacks
Esther
Whiteface
Eastern Adirondacks
Giant
Rocky Peak
Colvin Range
Blake
Colvin
Dial
Nippletop
Dix Range
Dix
Grace Peak
South Dix
Hough
Macomb
Northern High Peaks
Big Slide
Cascade
Phelps
Porter
Table Top
Marcy Group
Allen
Cliff
Colden
Gray
Haystack
Marcy
Redfield
Skylight
Other Great Range
Armstrong
Basin
Gothics
Saddleback
Sawteeth
Lower Wolfjaw
Upper Wolfjaw
MacIntyre Mountains
Algonquin
Iroquois
Marshall
Wright
Santanoni Mountains
Couchsachraga
Panther
Santanoni
Seward Mountains
Donaldson
Emmons
Seward
Seymour
Street Range
(MacNaughton)
Nye
Street
vteMountains of New YorkAdirondack MountainsDix Range
Dix Mountain
Grace Peak
Hough Peak
Macomb Mountain
South Dix
Great Range
Armstrong Mountain
Basin Mountain
Gothics
Lower Wolfjaw Mountain
Saddleback Mountain
Sawteeth
Upper Wolfjaw Mountain
MacIntyre Mountains
Algonquin Peak
Iroquois Peak
Mount Marshall
Wright Peak
Marcy Group
Allen Mountain
Cliff Mountain
Gray Peak
Mount Colden
Mount Haystack
Mount Marcy
Mount Redfield
Mount Skylight
Street Range
MacNaughton Mountain
Nye Mountain
Street Mountain
Others
Ampersand Mountain
Azure Mountain
Baker Mountain
Bald Mountain (Herkimer County)
Bald Mountain (Lewis County)
Belfry Mountain
Bell Mountain
Big Slide Mountain
Bitch Mountain
Black Mountain
Blake Peak
Blue Mountain
Boreas Mountain
Cascade Mountain
Catamount Mountain
Cathead Mountain
Coney Mountain
Couchsachraga Peak
Crane Mountain
Debar Mountain
Dewey Mountain
Dial Mountain
Donaldson Mountain
Dun Brook Mountain
Esther Mountain
Fort Noble Mountain
Giant Mountain
Goodnow Mountain
Gore Mountain
Hadley Mountain
Hamilton Mountain
Hurricane Mountain
Jay Mountain
Kempshall Mountain
Loon Lake Mountains
Lyon Mountain
Makomis Mountain
McCauley Mountain
McKenzie Mountain
Meenahga Mountain
Moose River Mountain
Mount Adams
Mount Arab
Mount Colvin
Mount Electra
Mount Emmons
Mount Jo
Mount McGregor
Mount Morris
Mount Pisgah
Mount Van Hoevenberg
Nippletop
Noonmark Mountain
Ohmer Mountain
Owls Head Mountain
Palmer Hill
Panther Peak
Phelps Mountain
Pitchoff Mountain
Poke-O-Moonshine Mountain
Porter Mountain
Prospect Mountain
Rocky Peak Ridge
Saint Regis Mountain
Salmon Lake Mountain
Santanoni Peak
Seward Mountain
Seymour Mountain
Silver Lake Mountain
Snowy Mountain
Spruce Mountain
Stillwater Mountain
Swede Mountain
T Lake Mountain
Table Top Mountain
Titus Mountain
Tomany Mountain
Vanderwhacker Mountain
Wallface Mountain
West Mountain
Whiteface Mountain
Whites Hill
Woodhull Mountain
Yard Mountain
Catskill MountainsBlackhead Mountains
Black Dome
Blackhead
Thomas Cole Mountain
Burroughs Range
Wittenberg Mountain
Cornell Mountain
Slide Mountain
Devil's Path
Hunter Mountain
Indian Head Mountain
Plateau Mountain
Southwest Hunter Mountain
Sugarloaf Mountain (Greene County)
Twin Mountain
West Kill Mountain
Others
Ashland Pinnacle
Ashokan High Point
Balsam Cap
Balsam Lake Mountain
Balsam Mountain
Bearpen Mountain
Big Indian Mountain
Bramley Mountain
Bump Mountain
Chapin Hill
Doubletop Mountain
Eagle Mountain
Evergreen Mountain
Fir Mountain
Friday Mountain
Gallis Hill
Graham Mountain
Halcott Mountain
Huntersfield Mountain
Irish Mountain
Kaaterskill High Peak
The Knob
Leonard Hill
Lone Mountain
Mount Jefferson
Mount Sherrill
Mount Tremper
North Dome
North Mountain
Old Clump Mountain
Overlook Mountain
Panther Mountain
Peekamoose Mountain
Mount Pisgah
Plattekill Mountain
Red Hill
Richmond Mountain
Richtmyer Peak
Rocky Mountain
Rusk Mountain
Table Mountain
Tower Mountain
Twadell Mountain
Utsayantha Mountain
Van Loan Hill
Vly Mountain
Windham High Peak
Hudson Highlands
Anthony's Nose
Beacon Mountain
Bear Mountain
Breakneck Ridge
Buckberg
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Crow's Nest
Dunderberg Mountain
Hook Mountain
Jackie Jones Mountain
Popolopen
South Mountain
Mount Nimham
Storm King Mountain
Sugarloaf Mountain (Dutchess County)
Sugarloaf Hill
Tallman Mountain
Taconic Mountains
Alander Mountain
Berlin Mountain
Brace Mountain
Misery Mountain
Mount Raimer
Rounds Mountain
Washburn Mountain
White Rock
Others
Algerine Hill
Alma Hill
Angel Hill
Badeau Hill
Bellvale Mountain
Bristol Mountain (Worden Hill)
Calder Hill
Castor Hill
Clove Mountain
Cornell Hill
Cornish Hill
Crumhorn Mountain
Cumorah
Dairy Hill
Darling Hill
Dog Hill
Elliot Hill
Filer Hill
Fitch Hill
Franklin Mountain
Frost Hill
Gifford Hill
Gomer Hill
Hartzfelt Mountain
Hawk Hill
Honey Hill
Hooker Mountain
Ingraham Hill
Jersey Hill
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Kilkenny Hill
Klock Hill
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McCarty Hill
Metcalf Hill
Morgan Hill
Morrow Mountain
Mount Colfax
Mount Defiance
Mount Irvine
Mount Peter
Mount Tuscarora
Mount Wellington
Mount Zion
Noahs Rump
Page Pond Hill
Panther Mountain
Penn Mountain
Petersburg Mountain
Pigeon Hill
Pine Hill
Pine Mountain
Ramapo Mountains
Red House Hill
Rice Hill
Rum Hill
Schunemunk Mountain
Science Hill
Shawangunk Ridge
South Hill
Sproul Hill
Stone Quarry Hill
Strain Mountain
Todt Hill
Tunnicliff Hill
Virgil Mountain
Weaver Hill
Windham Mountain
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain"},{"link_name":"MacIntyre Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacIntyre_Range"},{"link_name":"Adirondacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondacks"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"High Peaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_High_Peaks"},{"link_name":"Adirondack Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Park"},{"link_name":"Newcomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcomb,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Essex County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Iroquois Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois_Peak"},{"link_name":"DeWitt Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton"},{"link_name":"wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Bob Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marshall_(wilderness_activist)"}],"text":"Mountain in United States of AmericaMount Marshall is a mountain in the MacIntyre Range of the Adirondacks in the U.S. state of New York. With an elevation of 4,360 feet (1,330 m), it is the 25th highest mountain in the Adirondacks and one of the 46 High Peaks in Adirondack Park. It is located in the town of Newcomb in Essex County, flanked to the northeast by Cold Brook Pass and Iroquois Peak. Originally named for Governor DeWitt Clinton, and then for mountain guide Herbert Clark, it was renamed for wilderness activist Bob Marshall after his death. The summit can be accessed by hikers on an unmarked trail.","title":"Mount Marshall (New York)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"High Peaks Wilderness Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Peaks_Wilderness_Area"},{"link_name":"Adirondack Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Park"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2021286%E2%80%93287-1"},{"link_name":"MacIntyre Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacIntyre_Range"},{"link_name":"Iroquois Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois_Peak"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2021119,_129-5"}],"text":"Mount Marshall is located within the High Peaks Wilderness Area of New York's Adirondack Park. It has an elevation of 4,360 feet (1,330 m).[1] Marshall is part of the MacIntyre Range, and is separated from Iroquois Peak to its northeast by a large valley known as Cold Brook Pass.[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marshall_(wilderness_activist)"},{"link_name":"George Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall_(conservationist)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson1927263-4"},{"link_name":"Adirondack High Peaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_High_Peaks"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESasso201892-6"},{"link_name":"Verplanck Colvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verplanck_Colvin"},{"link_name":"DeWitt Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrie2010285%E2%80%93286-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrie2010286-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson1927196,_238-9"},{"link_name":"Dix Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dix_Range"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson1927231-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrie2010286-8"},{"link_name":"Adirondack Mountain Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Mountain_Club"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopsicker2010138%E2%80%93139-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopsicker2010143-12"},{"link_name":"Hough Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hough_Peak"},{"link_name":"Franklin B. Hough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_B._Hough"},{"link_name":"Adirondack Forty-Sixers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Forty-Sixers"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrie2010287-13"},{"link_name":"United States Board on Geographic Names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrie2010288%E2%80%93289-14"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-3"}],"text":"The first recorded ascent of Mount Marshall was made August 13, 1921, by brothers Robert Marshall and George Marshall, along with mountain guide Herbert K. Clark.[4] The trio completed the ascent as part of a challenge they had devised to climb all peaks over 4,000 feet (1,200 m) in the Adirondacks, which eventually evolved into the list of the 46 Adirondack High Peaks.[6] Marshall's inclusion on the list soon became a source of confusion due to its name. Surveyor Verplanck Colvin had provided conflicting names for the peaks of the Macintyre Range, and used the names \"Mount Clinton\" (for Governor DeWitt Clinton) and \"Mount Iroquois\" interchangeably for the three mountains now known as Boundary Peak, Iroquois Peak, and Mount Marshall. The Marshall brothers believed the southernmost peak was the mountain Colvin intended to name \"Iroquois\", and Bob Marshall labeled it so in his pamphlet on the high peaks.[7] After collaboration with the Marshall brothers, Russell M. L. Carson spread the list of high peaks in his 1927 book Peaks and People of the Adirondacks, where he proposed new names for several peaks, including assigning \"Iroquois\" to the current Iroquois Peak and renaming the southern peak of the Macintyre Range \"Herbert Peak\" after Herbert Clark.[8][9] Carson also proposed renaming a mountain in the Dix Range, previously known as \"Middle Dix\", as \"Mount Marshall\" after the two brothers.[10]Carson's guide sold well and his proposed new names became popular with hikers, despite opposition from the Marshall brothers.[8] Members of the Adirondack Mountain Club also objected to naming peaks after living persons, although the objections primarily came from anti-Semitic members who did not want the name of the Jewish Marshall family attached to a mountain.[11] Club member Theodore Van Wyck Anthony succeeded in having Carson's proposed names removed from club maps in 1928.[12] In 1937, the state Board on Geographic Names instead renamed Middle Dix to Hough Peak, after Franklin B. Hough, at the request of the New York State Conservation Department. Bob Marshall went on to become a prominent conservationist and died in 1939. In 1940, a group of Adirondack Forty-Sixers petitioned the state Board on Geographic Names to officially adopt the name Mount Marshall for the southern peak of the Macintyre Range, dropping the name Herbert Peak, as Herbert was still living at the time and would not be eligible for an officially named peak. The petition was successful, and the name Mount Marshall was officially adopted by the state in 1942.[13]This did not end the confusion over the mountain's name. The United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) was unaware of the name change, and in the 1950s, the United States Geological Survey labeled Mount Marshall as Mount Clinton on its topographic maps. The names Clinton, Herbert, and Marshall would all remain in common use until December 1972, when the BGN approved the name Mount Marshall, finally standardizing the mountain's name.[14][3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key col","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_col"},{"link_name":"lean-tos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean-to"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2021130-15"}],"text":"There are no marked trails to the summit of Mount Marshall. Two unmarked trails have been designated by Forty-Sixers. The first begins on the Cold Brook Pass near the key col between Marshall and Iroquois, and continues another 0.7 miles (1.1 km) uphill. The second route involves hiking along Herbert Brook, starting at its intersection with the red-blazed trail 121 between the Calamity lean-tos and Lake Colden dam. The brook eventually merges with the first path and reaches the summit after 1.5 miles (2.4 km).[15]","title":"Ascent routes"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of mountains in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_New_York"},{"title":"Northeast 111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_111"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"The Peaks – Adirondack 46ers\". adk46er.org. Retrieved 15 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://adk46er.org/peaks/","url_text":"\"The Peaks – Adirondack 46ers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mount Marshall\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2013-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/956573","url_text":"\"Mount Marshall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"Carson, Russell M. L. (1927). Peaks and People of the Adirondacks. Garden City: Doubleday. ISBN 9781404751200.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books/about/Peaks_and_People_of_the_Adirondacks.html?id=tSsqAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Peaks and People of the Adirondacks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781404751200","url_text":"9781404751200"}]},{"reference":"Goodwin, Tony, ed. (2021). Adirondack trails. High peaks region (15th ed.). Adirondack Mountain Club. ISBN 9780998637181.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Mountain_Club","url_text":"Adirondack Mountain Club"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780998637181","url_text":"9780998637181"}]},{"reference":"Hopsicker, Peter M. (2010). \"Defying the Restrictions: The Adirondack Mountain Club Answers the \"Jewish Question\"\". New York History. 91 (2): 124–145 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23185106","url_text":"\"Defying the Restrictions: The Adirondack Mountain Club Answers the \"Jewish Question\"\""}]},{"reference":"Sasso, John Jr. (2018). \"Rise of the Adirondack High Peaks: The Story of the Inception of the Adirondack Forty-Six by Robert Marshall, George Marshall, and Russell M.L. Carson\". Adirondack Journal of Environmental Studies. 22 (1): 89–103.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalworks.union.edu/ajes/vol22/iss1/8/","url_text":"\"Rise of the Adirondack High Peaks: The Story of the Inception of the Adirondack Forty-Six by Robert Marshall, George Marshall, and Russell M.L. Carson\""}]},{"reference":"Terrie, Philip G. (2010) [July–August 1973]. \"Mount Marshall: The Strange History of the Names of an Adirondack High Peak\". In Brown, Phil (ed.). Bob Marshall in the Adirondacks: Writings of a Pioneering Peak-Bagger, Pond-Hopper, and Wilderness Preservationist. Lost Pond Press. ISBN 9780978925406.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bobmarshallinadi0000phil/mode/2up","url_text":"Bob Marshall in the Adirondacks: Writings of a Pioneering Peak-Bagger, Pond-Hopper, and Wilderness Preservationist"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780978925406","url_text":"9780978925406"}]},{"reference":"\"Mount Marshall\". SummitPost.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.summitpost.org/page/150708","url_text":"\"Mount Marshall\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Marshall_(New_York)¶ms=44.1275538_N_74.0118142_W_type:mountain_region:US-NY_scale:100000_source:GNIS","external_links_name":"44°07′39″N 74°00′43″W / 44.1275538°N 74.0118142°W / 44.1275538; -74.0118142"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Marshall_(New_York)¶ms=44.1275538_N_74.0118142_W_type:mountain_region:US-NY_scale:100000_source:GNIS","external_links_name":"44°07′39″N 74°00′43″W / 44.1275538°N 74.0118142°W / 44.1275538; -74.0118142"},{"Link":"https://adk46er.org/peaks/","external_links_name":"\"The Peaks – Adirondack 46ers\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/956573","external_links_name":"\"Mount Marshall\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books/about/Peaks_and_People_of_the_Adirondacks.html?id=tSsqAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Peaks and People of the Adirondacks"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23185106","external_links_name":"\"Defying the Restrictions: The Adirondack Mountain Club Answers the \"Jewish Question\"\""},{"Link":"https://digitalworks.union.edu/ajes/vol22/iss1/8/","external_links_name":"\"Rise of the Adirondack High Peaks: The Story of the Inception of the Adirondack Forty-Six by Robert Marshall, George Marshall, and Russell M.L. Carson\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bobmarshallinadi0000phil/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Bob Marshall in the Adirondacks: Writings of a Pioneering Peak-Bagger, Pond-Hopper, and Wilderness Preservationist"},{"Link":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=6027","external_links_name":"Mount Marshall (New York)"},{"Link":"http://www.summitpost.org/page/150708","external_links_name":"\"Mount Marshall\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huayangosauridae
|
Huayangosauridae
|
["1 References"]
|
Family of dinosaurs
It has been suggested that this article be merged into Stegosauria. (Discuss) Proposed since April 2024.
HuayangosauridsTemporal range: Callovian to Barremian/Aptian boundary line, 165–121 Ma
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Holotype skull of Huayangosaurus taibaii
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Clade:
Dinosauria
Clade:
†Ornithischia
Clade:
†Thyreophora
Clade:
†Stegosauria
Family:
†HuayangosauridaeDong et al., 1982
Genera
Chungkingosaurus
Huayangosaurus
Regnosaurus?
Synonyms
Huayangosaurinae Dong et al., 1982
Huayangosauridae (derived from Huayangosaurus, "Huayang reptile") is a family of stegosaurian dinosaurs from the Jurassic of China. The group is defined as all taxa closer to the namesake genus Huayangosaurus than Stegosaurus, and was originally named as the family Huayangosaurinae by Dong Zhiming and colleagues in the description of Huayangosaurus. Huayangosaurinae was originally differentiated by the remaining taxa within Stegosauridae by the presence of teeth in the premaxilla, an antorbital fenestra, and a mandibular fenestra. Huayangosaurinae, known from the Middle Jurassic of the Shaximiao Formation, was proposed to be intermediate between Scelidosaurinae and Stegosaurinae, suggesting that the origins of stegosaurs lay in Asia. Following phylogenetic analyses, Huayangosauridae was expanded to also include the taxon Chungkingosaurus, known from specimens from younger Late Jurassic deposits of the Shaximiao Formation. Huayangosauridae is either the sister taxon to all other stegosaurs, or close to the origin of the clade, with taxa like Gigantspinosaurus or Isaberrysaura outside the Stegosauridae-Huayangosauridae split. Huayangosauridae was formally defined in 2021 by Daniel Madzia and colleagues, who used the previous definitions of all taxa closer to Huayangosaurus taibaii than Stegosaurus stenops, and chose the 2020 phylogeny of Susannah Maidment et al. to illustrate the relationships of the clade:
Stegosauria
Gigantspinosaurus
Isaberrysaura
Stegosauridae
Huayangosauridae
Chungkingosaurus
Huayangosaurus
References
^ a b c d Dong, Z.; Tang, Z.; Zhou, S.W. (1982). "四川自贡大山铺蜀龙动物群简报1.剑龙" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica (in Chinese (China)). 20 (1): 83–87.
^ a b c d Madzia, D.; Arbour, V.M.; Boyd, C.A.; Farke, A.A.; Cruzado-Caballero, P.; Evans, D.C. (2021). "The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs". PeerJ. 9: e12362. doi:10.7717/peerj.12362. PMC 8667728. PMID 34966571.
^ a b Maidment, S.C.R.; Norman, D.B.; Barrett, P.M.; Upchurch, P. (2008). "Systematics and phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 6 (4): 367–407. doi:10.1017/S1477201908002459. S2CID 85673680.
^ a b Maidment, S.C.R. (2010). "Stegosauria: a historical review of the body fossil record and phylogenetic relationships". Swiss Journal of Geosciences. 103 (Supplement 2, Symposium on Stegosauria): 199–210. doi:10.1007/s00015-010-0023-3. S2CID 84415016.
^ Maidment, S.C.R.; Raven, T.J.; Ouarhache, D.; Barrett, P.M. (2020). "North Africa's first stegosaur: Implications for Gondwanan thyreophoran dinosaur diversity". Gondwana Research. 77: 82–97. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2019.07.007. hdl:10141/622706. S2CID 202188261.
vteStegosauria
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: Ornithischia
Clade: Thyreophora
Avemetatarsalia
see Avemetatarsalia
Ornithischia
see Ornithischia
Stegosauria
see below↓
StegosauriaStegosauria
Bashanosaurus
Chialingosaurus
Craterosaurus
Dravidosaurus?
Gigantspinosaurus
Isaberrysaura?
Lexovisaurus
Monkonosaurus
Yanbeilong
Yingshanosaurus
Huayangosauridae
Chungkingosaurus?
Huayangosaurus
Stegosauridae
Kentrosaurus
Loricatosaurus
Mongolostegus
Paranthodon
Tuojiangosaurus
Dacentrurinae
Adratiklit
Alcovasaurus?
Dacentrurus
Miragaia
Thyreosaurus
Stegosaurinae
Hesperosaurus
Jiangjunosaurus?
Stegosaurus
Wuerhosaurus
See also: Timeline
Category
Taxon identifiersHuayangosauridae
Wikidata: Q3496700
Wikispecies: Huayangosauridae
EoL: 52570663
GBIF: 4823319
IRMNG: 116967
Open Tree of Life: 4128552
Paleobiology Database: 56485
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huayangosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huayangosaurus"},{"link_name":"Huayang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan"},{"link_name":"stegosaurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stegosauria"},{"link_name":"dinosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur"},{"link_name":"Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dong1982-1"},{"link_name":"Stegosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stegosaurus"},{"link_name":"Dong Zhiming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Zhiming"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dong1982-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-madzia2021-2"},{"link_name":"Stegosauridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stegosauridae"},{"link_name":"teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teeth"},{"link_name":"premaxilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#premaxilla"},{"link_name":"antorbital fenestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#antorbital_fenestra"},{"link_name":"mandibular fenestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#mandibular_fenestra"},{"link_name":"Middle Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Jurassic"},{"link_name":"Shaximiao Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaximiao_Formation"},{"link_name":"Scelidosaurinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scelidosaurinae"},{"link_name":"Stegosaurinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stegosaurinae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dong1982-1"},{"link_name":"Chungkingosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chungkingosaurus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maidment2008-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maidment2008-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maidment2010-4"},{"link_name":"Gigantspinosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigantspinosaurus"},{"link_name":"Isaberrysaura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaberrysaura"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-madzia2021-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maidment2010-4"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_in_paleontology"},{"link_name":"Stegosaurus stenops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stegosaurus_stenops"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_in_paleontology"},{"link_name":"Susannah Maidment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susannah_Maidment"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-madzia2021-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maidment2020-5"},{"link_name":"Stegosauria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stegosauria"},{"link_name":"Gigantspinosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigantspinosaurus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gigantspinosaurus_sichuanensis.png"},{"link_name":"Isaberrysaura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaberrysaura"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isaberrysaura_mollensis.png"},{"link_name":"Stegosauridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stegosauridae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stegosaurus_stenops.png"},{"link_name":"Chungkingosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chungkingosaurus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chungkingosaurus_jiangbeiensis.png"},{"link_name":"Huayangosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huayangosaurus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huayangosaurus_taibaii.png"}],"text":"Huayangosauridae (derived from Huayangosaurus, \"Huayang reptile\") is a family of stegosaurian dinosaurs from the Jurassic of China.[1] The group is defined as all taxa closer to the namesake genus Huayangosaurus than Stegosaurus, and was originally named as the family Huayangosaurinae by Dong Zhiming and colleagues in the description of Huayangosaurus.[1][2] Huayangosaurinae was originally differentiated by the remaining taxa within Stegosauridae by the presence of teeth in the premaxilla, an antorbital fenestra, and a mandibular fenestra. Huayangosaurinae, known from the Middle Jurassic of the Shaximiao Formation, was proposed to be intermediate between Scelidosaurinae and Stegosaurinae, suggesting that the origins of stegosaurs lay in Asia.[1] Following phylogenetic analyses, Huayangosauridae was expanded to also include the taxon Chungkingosaurus, known from specimens from younger Late Jurassic deposits of the Shaximiao Formation.[3] Huayangosauridae is either the sister taxon to all other stegosaurs,[3][4] or close to the origin of the clade, with taxa like Gigantspinosaurus or Isaberrysaura outside the Stegosauridae-Huayangosauridae split.[2][4] Huayangosauridae was formally defined in 2021 by Daniel Madzia and colleagues, who used the previous definitions of all taxa closer to Huayangosaurus taibaii than Stegosaurus stenops, and chose the 2020 phylogeny of Susannah Maidment et al. to illustrate the relationships of the clade:[2][5]Stegosauria\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGigantspinosaurus \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIsaberrysaura \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nStegosauridae \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHuayangosauridae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChungkingosaurus \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHuayangosaurus","title":"Huayangosauridae"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Dong, Z.; Tang, Z.; Zhou, S.W. (1982). \"四川自贡大山铺蜀龙动物群简报1.剑龙\" [Note on the new Mid-Jurassic stegosaur from Sichuan Basin, China] (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica (in Chinese (China)). 20 (1): 83–87.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/200904/P020100311296596082254.pdf","url_text":"\"四川自贡大山铺蜀龙动物群简报1.剑龙\""}]},{"reference":"Madzia, D.; Arbour, V.M.; Boyd, C.A.; Farke, A.A.; Cruzado-Caballero, P.; Evans, D.C. (2021). \"The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs\". PeerJ. 9: e12362. doi:10.7717/peerj.12362. PMC 8667728. PMID 34966571.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8667728","url_text":"\"The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.12362","url_text":"10.7717/peerj.12362"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8667728","url_text":"8667728"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34966571","url_text":"34966571"}]},{"reference":"Maidment, S.C.R.; Norman, D.B.; Barrett, P.M.; Upchurch, P. (2008). \"Systematics and phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)\". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 6 (4): 367–407. doi:10.1017/S1477201908002459. S2CID 85673680.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1477201908002459","url_text":"10.1017/S1477201908002459"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85673680","url_text":"85673680"}]},{"reference":"Maidment, S.C.R. (2010). \"Stegosauria: a historical review of the body fossil record and phylogenetic relationships\". Swiss Journal of Geosciences. 103 (Supplement 2, Symposium on Stegosauria): 199–210. doi:10.1007/s00015-010-0023-3. S2CID 84415016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00015-010-0023-3","url_text":"10.1007/s00015-010-0023-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84415016","url_text":"84415016"}]},{"reference":"Maidment, S.C.R.; Raven, T.J.; Ouarhache, D.; Barrett, P.M. (2020). \"North Africa's first stegosaur: Implications for Gondwanan thyreophoran dinosaur diversity\". Gondwana Research. 77: 82–97. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2019.07.007. hdl:10141/622706. S2CID 202188261.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gr.2019.07.007","url_text":"10.1016/j.gr.2019.07.007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10141%2F622706","url_text":"10141/622706"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202188261","url_text":"202188261"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/200904/P020100311296596082254.pdf","external_links_name":"\"四川自贡大山铺蜀龙动物群简报1.剑龙\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8667728","external_links_name":"\"The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.12362","external_links_name":"10.7717/peerj.12362"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8667728","external_links_name":"8667728"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34966571","external_links_name":"34966571"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1477201908002459","external_links_name":"10.1017/S1477201908002459"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85673680","external_links_name":"85673680"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00015-010-0023-3","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00015-010-0023-3"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84415016","external_links_name":"84415016"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gr.2019.07.007","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.gr.2019.07.007"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10141%2F622706","external_links_name":"10141/622706"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202188261","external_links_name":"202188261"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/52570663","external_links_name":"52570663"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4823319","external_links_name":"4823319"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=116967","external_links_name":"116967"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4128552","external_links_name":"4128552"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=56485","external_links_name":"56485"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminario_Rab%C3%ADnico_Latinoamericano
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Seminario Rabínico Latinoamericano
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["1 Educational programs","2 Library","3 Awards","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Seminario Rabínico Latinoamericano (Latin American Rabbinical Seminary, also known as the Marshall T. Meyer Latin American Rabbinical Seminary) is a Jewish religious, cultural, and academic center in Buenos Aires, Argentina, whose primary purpose is to educate and ordain rabbis from Latin America who will help to strengthen and sustain Jewish communities throughout the region. Founded in 1962 by Rabbi Marshall T. Meyer, it is part of a system of Jewish religious education that operate under the auspices of the Judaism's Conservative movement (also known, largely outside of the United States, as the Masorti Movement).
More than eighty rabbis have graduated and been ordained by this seminary since its creation, including nine female rabbis. These rabbis work in Jewish communities throughout Latin America, including Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, El Salvador, Uruguay and Venezuela. Other graduates work in areas outside of Latin America, including Israel and the United States.
The Seminary is an "educational affiliate" of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, located in New York City, New York.
Educational programs
The primary program for educating and ordaining rabbis, named after Abraham Joshua Heschel, is complemented by a series of other Jewish study programs, including:
Upper Education Institute of Jewish Studies (Instituto Superior de Estudios Judaicos "Mijlelet Abarbanel")
Hazanim and Singing Teachers School (Escuela de Jazanim y Mestros de Canto "Bet Asaf")
Puzzle (Arkavá), courses for adults focusing on ethical questions, along with a separate track for teenagers 15–17 years old, with a goal of relating traditional Jewish sources to contemporary issues
The Seminary also includes training institutes to prepare scribes (sofarim) to write religious documents such as Torah scrolls and parchments for mezuzot, and mohalim who can perform religious circumcision ceremonies (brit milah).
Library
The library, housing the most complete collection of Jewish studies materials in Latin America, contains approximately 50,000 volumes in numerous languages, including (in addition to Hebrew) English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, and Yiddish.
Awards
The Seminary received the Zalman Shazar award for educational institutes studying the Diaspora in May 1996, an award considered to be "one of the most prestigious awards in the Jewish world."
References
^ a b c d e Official site for Seminario Archived 2012-07-30 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 16 March 2013.
^ a b c d Website for the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, Retrieved 16 March 2013.
^ Website for Masorti movement, Retrieved 16 March 2013 Archived 13 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Seminary website (Spanish)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sem-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sem-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sem-1"},{"link_name":"Jewish Theological Seminary of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jts-2"}],"text":"More than eighty rabbis have graduated and been ordained by this seminary since its creation, including nine female rabbis.[1] These rabbis work in Jewish communities throughout Latin America, including Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, El Salvador, Uruguay and Venezuela.[1] Other graduates work in areas outside of Latin America, including Israel and the United States.[1]The Seminary is an \"educational affiliate\" of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, located in New York City, New York.[2]","title":"Seminario Rabínico Latinoamericano"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abraham Joshua Heschel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Joshua_Heschel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jts-2"},{"link_name":"Torah scrolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah_scroll"},{"link_name":"mezuzot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezuzot"},{"link_name":"mohalim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohel"},{"link_name":"circumcision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision"},{"link_name":"brit milah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_milah"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-masorti-3"}],"text":"The primary program for educating and ordaining rabbis, named after Abraham Joshua Heschel, is complemented by a series of other Jewish study programs, including:[2]Upper Education Institute of Jewish Studies (Instituto Superior de Estudios Judaicos \"Mijlelet Abarbanel\")\nHazanim and Singing Teachers School (Escuela de Jazanim y Mestros de Canto \"Bet Asaf\")\nPuzzle (Arkavá), courses for adults focusing on ethical questions, along with a separate track for teenagers 15–17 years old, with a goal of relating traditional Jewish sources to contemporary issuesThe Seminary also includes training institutes to prepare scribes (sofarim) to write religious documents such as Torah scrolls and parchments for mezuzot, and mohalim who can perform religious circumcision ceremonies (brit milah).[3]","title":"Educational programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jts-2"}],"text":"The library, housing the most complete collection of Jewish studies materials in Latin America, contains approximately 50,000 volumes in numerous languages, including (in addition to Hebrew) English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, and Yiddish.[2]","title":"Library"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jts-2"}],"text":"The Seminary received the Zalman Shazar award for educational institutes studying the Diaspora in May 1996, an award considered to be \"one of the most prestigious awards in the Jewish world.\"[2]","title":"Awards"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.seminariorabinico.org.ar/nuevoSite/website/contenido.asp?sys=1&id=58","external_links_name":"Official site for Seminario"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120730044607/http://www.seminariorabinico.org.ar/nuevoSite/website/contenido.asp?sys=1&id=58","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.jtsa.edu/News/Press_Releases/Archived_Top_Stories_%28Media_Clipbook%29/JTS_Worldwide/Seminario_Rab%C3%ADnico_Latinoamericano.xml","external_links_name":"Website for the Jewish Theological Seminary of America"},{"Link":"http://www.masortiworld.org/molami/kehilla/arg21","external_links_name":"Website for Masorti movement, Retrieved 16 March 2013"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110713125327/http://www.masortiworld.org/molami/kehilla/arg21","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120722135348/http://www.seminariorabinico.org.ar/nuevoSite/website/","external_links_name":"Seminary website (Spanish)"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000092263537","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/135218179","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007267796605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2003127426","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Taschenbuch_Verlag
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dtv Verlagsgesellschaft
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["1 Founding","2 Publishing program","3 References"]
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German publishing house
dtv VerlagsgesellschaftStatusActiveFounded30 November 1960Country of originGermanyHeadquarters locationMunichKey peopleClaudia Baumhöver Bernd BlümRevenue€65 million (2015)No. of employees125 (2015)Official websitewww.dtv.de
The dtv Verlagsgesellschaft is a German publishing house headquartered in Munich. It was founded in 1960 by eleven publishers as a common paperback publishing house named "Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag" (German paperback publishing house). Starting in 1996, dtv also published original editions and first editions. Since 2012, dtv has its own program with hardcover books. In 2015 the company's sales, with its 125 employees, were €65 million. dtv publishes approximately 500 new books annually. Its inventory of available titles and e-books is around 7000.
In June 2015 the "Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag" became the "dtv Verlagsgesellschaft".
From 1996 to 2015, Wolfgang Balk was the publishing CEO of dtv.
Founding
The founding of the publishing house happened through the initiative of publisher Joseph Caspar Witsch, who convinced ten other publishers to publish paperbacks together. The combination was initially a company for the exploitation of publishing rights. They were to only publish the books of publishers that joined. On 30 November 1960, the company was entered in the commercial register; provisional manager was Curt Vinz. On 15 January 1961, the publisher officially started its activities and was led by Heinz Friedrich. Friedrich was the program director of Radio Bremen. From 1956 to 1959, Friedrich had been the chief editor of S. Fischer Verlag. Soon licenses from other publishers, who did not belong to the shareholders, were added on and their production began. For the design of the books, Swiss graphic designer Celestino Piatti was responsible, in which he designed a uniform typographic and graphical appearance.
Shareholders of the publishers treaty included the Artemis Verlag, C.H.Beck/Biederstein, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Carl Hanser Verlag, Hegner Verlag, Insel Verlag, Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Kösel-Verlag, Nymphenburger Verlag, Piper Verlag and Walter Verlag. Heinz Friedrich was also a partner.
The first title published in 1961 was Heinrich Böll's Irisches Tagebuch. The book has since been continuously dtv- number 1 for availability. Other titles published in the start year were Die Atombombe und die Zukunft des Menschen by Karl Jaspers, as well as Nur für Leser by Friedrich Sieburg. The design of the books caused a sensation, because Piatti presented the book covers of the dtv-volumes in brilliant white and an individual image for the title was used, where as the cover for paperbacks from other publishers were mostly designed colorfully. Celestino Piatti designed around 6000 dtv book covers up until his retirement in 1993.
Publishing program
The publisher's concentration was editions, such as the first Goethe edition in paperback, Nietzsche's complete works and the German dictionary of the Brothers Grimm.
Contemporary German literature included in the program were that of, among others, Heinrich Böll, Günter Grass, Siegfried Lenz, Uwe Timm, Angelika Schrobsdorff, Erich Loest, Rafael Seligmann, Christian Kracht, Antje Rávic Strubel, Christopher Kloeble, Wolf Wondratschek, Thomas Glavinic, Ulrich Woelk and Judith Zander.
International literature paperback editions included are from authors such as Umberto Eco, T. C. Boyle, Michael Ondaatje, Henning Mankell, J. R. R. Tolkien and German first editions of John Williams, Graham Swift, Eshkol Nevo, Mira and also Ha Jin. Even Julia Franck, Maxim Biller, Javier Marías, Milan Kundera, Andreas Kollender and António Lobo Antunes were in the program over several years with several titles.
The nonfiction program with publications on social, literary, cultural historical and political issues, guidebooks and reference books has authors such as Daniel Goleman, Marcel Reich-Ranicki, Ian Kershaw, Wolfgang Benz, Verena Kast, Hildegard Hamm-Brücher and Marianne Koch. Also, multicolored books including André Heller's Bilderleben, appear in dtv.
In dtv premium, paperback originals and first editions in the fields of fiction and nonfiction in larger formats have been published since 1996. In 2012, dtv hardcover was launched with Rita Falk's novel Hannes and Jussi Adler-Olsen's thriller Verachtung. In 2014, the label dtvDIGITAL was established in order to merge the e-book publishing activities.
In the founding year, the first book series dtv documente was released, in which the first volume was Das Urteil von Nürnberg 1946. The series includes documents from authentic texts on issues about history and contemporary history, as well as art, literature and intellectual history. In the sixties, another series like dtv sachbuch, dtv kunst andWissenschaftliche Reihe (later in 1979 dtv wissenschaft) came about. Complete editions from writers such as Goethe, Friedrich Schiller or Büchner were published. In 1975 the so-called Dünndruck-Ausgaben became available. Through the use of thin paper, more extensive works such as Grimmelshausen's Simplicissimus or novels from Dostoevsky could be published.
To date, a few editions of the early years have remained, including the 1973 launched series dtv zweisprachig and the 1977 established dtv großdruck. dtv großdruck contains a selection of dtv titles in full, and in the eye friendly "Garamond 12 point" font, which are mainly intended for the elderly and visually impaired. Furthermore, the series of reference books and atlases from yet he early sixties have maintained to this day and form an important sector in the published program.
The design was redesigned in 1996/1997. At that time, the first volumes of the series dtv premium were published.
References
^ a b c Torsten Casimir (2 December 2015). "Erfolgreich bis zur Selbstabschaffung". boersenblatt.net (in German). Retrieved 7 March 2016.
^ "dtv ändert Geschäftsnamen". boersenblatt.net (in German). 10 June 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
^ Andreas Puff-Trojan (25 May 2011). "Ein Stamm mit vielen Ästen" (in German). Münchner Merkur. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
^ "Die Gründung" (in German). dtv. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
^ "Das erste Jahrzehnt: 1960 - 1970" (in German). dtv. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
^ Hannes Hintermeier (20 September 2011). "Das Ziel heißt Bildungshunger". Faz.net (in German). Frankfurter Allgemeine. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
^ "Das sechste Jahrzehnt: 2010 ff" (in German). dtv. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
^ "Das vierte Jahrzehnt: 1990 - 2000" (in German). dtv. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Croatia
Academics
CiNii
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"paperback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperback"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erfolgreich-1"}],"text":"The dtv Verlagsgesellschaft is a German publishing house headquartered in Munich. It was founded in 1960 by eleven publishers as a common paperback publishing house named \"Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag\" (German paperback publishing house). Starting in 1996, dtv also published original editions and first editions. Since 2012, dtv has its own program with hardcover books. In 2015 the company's sales, with its 125 employees, were €65 million. dtv publishes approximately 500 new books annually. Its inventory of available titles and e-books is around 7000.\nIn June 2015 the \"Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag\" became the \"dtv Verlagsgesellschaft\".[2]From 1996[3] to 2015, Wolfgang Balk was the publishing CEO of dtv.[1]","title":"dtv Verlagsgesellschaft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radio Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Bremen"},{"link_name":"S. Fischer Verlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Fischer_Verlag"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Celestino Piatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestino_Piatti"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"C.H.Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.H.Beck"},{"link_name":"Carl Hanser Verlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Hanser_Verlag"},{"link_name":"Kiepenheuer & Witsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiepenheuer_%26_Witsch"},{"link_name":"Walter Verlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Verlag"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Böll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Karl Jaspers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Jaspers"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Sieburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Sieburg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The founding of the publishing house happened through the initiative of publisher Joseph Caspar Witsch, who convinced ten other publishers to publish paperbacks together. The combination was initially a company for the exploitation of publishing rights. They were to only publish the books of publishers that joined. On 30 November 1960, the company was entered in the commercial register; provisional manager was Curt Vinz. On 15 January 1961, the publisher officially started its activities and was led by Heinz Friedrich. Friedrich was the program director of Radio Bremen. From 1956 to 1959, Friedrich had been the chief editor of S. Fischer Verlag. Soon licenses from other publishers, who did not belong to the shareholders, were added on and their production began. For the design of the books, Swiss graphic designer Celestino Piatti was responsible, in which he designed a uniform typographic and graphical appearance.[4]Shareholders of the publishers treaty included the Artemis Verlag, C.H.Beck/Biederstein, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Carl Hanser Verlag, Hegner Verlag, Insel Verlag, Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Kösel-Verlag, Nymphenburger Verlag, Piper Verlag and Walter Verlag. Heinz Friedrich was also a partner.The first title published in 1961 was Heinrich Böll's Irisches Tagebuch. The book has since been continuously dtv- number 1 for availability.[5] Other titles published in the start year were Die Atombombe und die Zukunft des Menschen by Karl Jaspers, as well as Nur für Leser by Friedrich Sieburg. The design of the books caused a sensation, because Piatti presented the book covers of the dtv-volumes in brilliant white and an individual image for the title was used, where as the cover for paperbacks from other publishers were mostly designed colorfully. Celestino Piatti designed around 6000 dtv book covers up until his retirement in 1993.[6]","title":"Founding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goethe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe"},{"link_name":"Nietzsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche"},{"link_name":"German dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_W%C3%B6rterbuch"},{"link_name":"Brothers Grimm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_Grimm"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Böll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll"},{"link_name":"Günter Grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass"},{"link_name":"Siegfried Lenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Lenz"},{"link_name":"Uwe Timm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwe_Timm"},{"link_name":"Angelika Schrobsdorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelika_Schrobsdorff"},{"link_name":"Erich Loest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Loest"},{"link_name":"Christian Kracht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Kracht"},{"link_name":"Antje Rávic Strubel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antje_R%C3%A1vic_Strubel"},{"link_name":"Christopher Kloeble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Kloeble&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wolf Wondratschek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Wondratschek"},{"link_name":"Thomas Glavinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Glavinic"},{"link_name":"Judith Zander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Zander"},{"link_name":"Umberto Eco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco"},{"link_name":"T. C. Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._C._Boyle"},{"link_name":"Michael Ondaatje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ondaatje"},{"link_name":"Henning Mankell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henning_Mankell"},{"link_name":"J. R. R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"John Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Williams"},{"link_name":"Graham Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Swift"},{"link_name":"Eshkol Nevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eshkol_Nevo"},{"link_name":"Mira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira"},{"link_name":"Ha Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha_Jin"},{"link_name":"Julia Franck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Franck"},{"link_name":"Maxim Biller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_Biller"},{"link_name":"Javier Marías","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Mar%C3%ADas"},{"link_name":"Milan Kundera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Kundera"},{"link_name":"António Lobo Antunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Lobo_Antunes"},{"link_name":"Daniel Goleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Goleman"},{"link_name":"Marcel Reich-Ranicki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Reich-Ranicki"},{"link_name":"Ian Kershaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Benz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Benz"},{"link_name":"Hildegard Hamm-Brücher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildegard_Hamm-Br%C3%BCcher"},{"link_name":"Marianne Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Koch"},{"link_name":"André Heller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Heller"},{"link_name":"Jussi Adler-Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jussi_Adler-Olsen"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Schiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller"},{"link_name":"Büchner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner"},{"link_name":"Grimmelshausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Jakob_Christoffel_von_Grimmelshausen"},{"link_name":"Dostoevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The publisher's concentration was editions, such as the first Goethe edition in paperback, Nietzsche's complete works and the German dictionary of the Brothers Grimm.Contemporary German literature included in the program were that of, among others, Heinrich Böll, Günter Grass, Siegfried Lenz, Uwe Timm, Angelika Schrobsdorff, Erich Loest, Rafael Seligmann, Christian Kracht, Antje Rávic Strubel, Christopher Kloeble, Wolf Wondratschek, Thomas Glavinic, Ulrich Woelk and Judith Zander.International literature paperback editions included are from authors such as Umberto Eco, T. C. Boyle, Michael Ondaatje, Henning Mankell, J. R. R. Tolkien and German first editions of John Williams, Graham Swift, Eshkol Nevo, Mira and also Ha Jin. Even Julia Franck, Maxim Biller, Javier Marías, Milan Kundera, Andreas Kollender and António Lobo Antunes were in the program over several years with several titles.The nonfiction program with publications on social, literary, cultural historical and political issues, guidebooks and reference books has authors such as Daniel Goleman, Marcel Reich-Ranicki, Ian Kershaw, Wolfgang Benz, Verena Kast, Hildegard Hamm-Brücher and Marianne Koch. Also, multicolored books including André Heller's Bilderleben, appear in dtv.In dtv premium, paperback originals and first editions in the fields of fiction and nonfiction in larger formats have been published since 1996. In 2012, dtv hardcover was launched with Rita Falk's novel Hannes and Jussi Adler-Olsen's thriller Verachtung. In 2014, the label dtvDIGITAL was established in order to merge the e-book publishing activities.[7]In the founding year, the first book series dtv documente was released, in which the first volume was Das Urteil von Nürnberg 1946. The series includes documents from authentic texts on issues about history and contemporary history, as well as art, literature and intellectual history. In the sixties, another series like dtv sachbuch, dtv kunst andWissenschaftliche Reihe (later in 1979 dtv wissenschaft) came about. Complete editions from writers such as Goethe, Friedrich Schiller or Büchner were published. In 1975 the so-called Dünndruck-Ausgaben became available. Through the use of thin paper, more extensive works such as Grimmelshausen's Simplicissimus or novels from Dostoevsky could be published.To date, a few editions of the early years have remained, including the 1973 launched series dtv zweisprachig and the 1977 established dtv großdruck. dtv großdruck contains a selection of dtv titles in full, and in the eye friendly \"Garamond 12 point\" font, which are mainly intended for the elderly and visually impaired. Furthermore, the series of reference books and atlases from yet he early sixties have maintained to this day and form an important sector in the published program.The design was redesigned in 1996/1997. At that time, the first volumes of the series dtv premium were published.[8]","title":"Publishing program"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Torsten Casimir (2 December 2015). \"Erfolgreich bis zur Selbstabschaffung\". boersenblatt.net (in German). Retrieved 7 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boersenblatt.net/artikel-abschiedsfeier_fuer_dtv-verleger_wolfgang_balk.1057686.html","url_text":"\"Erfolgreich bis zur Selbstabschaffung\""}]},{"reference":"\"dtv ändert Geschäftsnamen\". boersenblatt.net (in German). 10 June 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boersenblatt.net/artikel-angebotsbreite_abbilden.968594.html","url_text":"\"dtv ändert Geschäftsnamen\""}]},{"reference":"Andreas Puff-Trojan (25 May 2011). \"Ein Stamm mit vielen Ästen\" (in German). Münchner Merkur. Retrieved 7 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.merkur.de/kultur/verlagsjubilaeum-beim-dtv-stamm-vielen-aesten-1258902.html","url_text":"\"Ein Stamm mit vielen Ästen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Die Gründung\" (in German). dtv. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160307224355/http://www.dtv.de/gruendung_1126.html","url_text":"\"Die Gründung\""},{"url":"http://www.dtv.de/gruendung_1126.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Das erste Jahrzehnt: 1960 - 1970\" (in German). dtv. Retrieved 16 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dtv.de/chronik_60er_1125.html","url_text":"\"Das erste Jahrzehnt: 1960 - 1970\""}]},{"reference":"Hannes Hintermeier (20 September 2011). \"Das Ziel heißt Bildungshunger\". Faz.net (in German). Frankfurter Allgemeine. Retrieved 16 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/buecher/50-jahre-deutscher-taschenbuchverlag-das-ziel-heisst-bildungshunger-11336700.html","url_text":"\"Das Ziel heißt Bildungshunger\""}]},{"reference":"\"Das sechste Jahrzehnt: 2010 ff\" (in German). dtv. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160316022903/http://www.dtv.de/chronik_10er_1685.html","url_text":"\"Das sechste Jahrzehnt: 2010 ff\""},{"url":"http://www.dtv.de/chronik_10er_1685.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Das vierte Jahrzehnt: 1990 - 2000\" (in German). dtv. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160316040153/http://www.dtv.de/chronik_90er_1007.html","url_text":"\"Das vierte Jahrzehnt: 1990 - 2000\""},{"url":"http://www.dtv.de/chronik_90er_1007.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.dtv.de/","external_links_name":"www.dtv.de"},{"Link":"http://www.boersenblatt.net/artikel-abschiedsfeier_fuer_dtv-verleger_wolfgang_balk.1057686.html","external_links_name":"\"Erfolgreich bis zur Selbstabschaffung\""},{"Link":"http://www.boersenblatt.net/artikel-angebotsbreite_abbilden.968594.html","external_links_name":"\"dtv ändert Geschäftsnamen\""},{"Link":"http://www.merkur.de/kultur/verlagsjubilaeum-beim-dtv-stamm-vielen-aesten-1258902.html","external_links_name":"\"Ein Stamm mit vielen Ästen\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160307224355/http://www.dtv.de/gruendung_1126.html","external_links_name":"\"Die Gründung\""},{"Link":"http://www.dtv.de/gruendung_1126.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dtv.de/chronik_60er_1125.html","external_links_name":"\"Das erste Jahrzehnt: 1960 - 1970\""},{"Link":"https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/buecher/50-jahre-deutscher-taschenbuchverlag-das-ziel-heisst-bildungshunger-11336700.html","external_links_name":"\"Das Ziel heißt Bildungshunger\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160316022903/http://www.dtv.de/chronik_10er_1685.html","external_links_name":"\"Das sechste Jahrzehnt: 2010 ff\""},{"Link":"http://www.dtv.de/chronik_10er_1685.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160316040153/http://www.dtv.de/chronik_90er_1007.html","external_links_name":"\"Das vierte Jahrzehnt: 1990 - 2000\""},{"Link":"http://www.dtv.de/chronik_90er_1007.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/132612512","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/6092415","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16536766s","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16536766s","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/2008574-6","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007428266305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86815274","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0168024&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000490213&local_base=nsk10","external_links_name":"Croatia"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05505037?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Watchman
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Sony Watchman
|
["1 FD-210","2 Later releases","3 Marketing and media","4 Gallery","5 References","6 External links"]
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Line of portable televisions
Not to be confused with the Sony SmartWatch.
Sony Sports Watchman
Sony MEGA Watchman
The Sony Watchman is a line of portable pocket televisions trademarked and produced by Sony. The line was introduced in 1982 and discontinued in 2000.
Its name came from a portmanteau formed of "Watch" (watching television) and "man" from Sony's Walkman personal cassette audio players. There were more than 65 models of the Watchman before its discontinuation. As the models progressed, display size increased and new features were added. Due to the switch to digital broadcasting, most models of the Sony Watchman can no longer be used to receive live television broadcasts without the use of a digital converter box.
FD-210
The initial model was introduced in 1982 as the FD-210, which had a black & white five-centimeter (2") Cathode-ray tube display. The device weighed around 650 grams (23 oz), with a measurement of 87 x 198 x 33 millimeters (3½" x 7¾" x 1¼"). The device was sold in Japan with a price of 54,800 yen. Roughly two years later, in 1984, the device was introduced to Europe and North America.
Later releases
Sony manufactured more than 65 models of the Watchman before its discontinuation in 2000. Upon the release of further models after the FD-210, the display size increased, and new features were introduced. The FD-3, introduced in 1987, had a built-in digital clock. The FD-30, introduced in 1984 had a built-in AM/FM Stereo radio. The FD-40/42/44/45 were among the largest Watchmen, utilizing a 4" CRT display. The FD-40 introduced a single composite A/V input. The FD-45, introduced in 1986, was water-resistant. In 1988/1989, the FDL 330S color Watchman TV/Monitor with LCD display was introduced. In 1990, the FDL-310, a Watchman with a color LCD display was introduced. The FD-280/285, made from 1990 to 1994, was the last Watchman to use a black and white CRT display. One of the last Watchmen was the FDL-22 introduced in 1998, which featured an ergonomic body which made it easier to hold, and introduced Sony's Straptenna, where the wrist strap served as the antenna.
Marketing and media
A model of the Sony Watchman (FD-40A) is seen multiple times in the film Rain Man.
Gallery
Various models of Sony Watchmen
A Sony FD-210 Watchman
Sony FD-10 Pocket Watchman
References
^ "Sony Japan | Sony Design｜History｜1980s". www.sony.co.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2020-04-11.
^ "Fd-210Be".
^ "Watchman FD210BE Television Sony Corporation; Tokyo, build".
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sony Watchman.
The Short History of Pocket TV
Vintage Micro Television
vteSony Walkman media players
List of products
HardwareCurrent
A Series (NW-A810)
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Discontinued
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Walkman effect
Sony Watchman
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vteSonyHistoryFounders
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Primary businesses
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Reader
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8 channel films
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Video8/Hi8/Digital8
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Historical products
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Electronics
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Online distributionplatforms
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Former/Defunct
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Other assets
Sony Corporation of America (umbrella company in the US)
Other subsidiaries
List of acquisitions
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Other
Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor
Sony timer
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sony SmartWatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_SmartWatch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_Sports_Watchman_-_Austin_Calhoon_Photograph.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_MEGA_Watchman_-_Austin_Calhoon_Photograph.jpg"},{"link_name":"pocket televisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handheld_television"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"Walkman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkman"},{"link_name":"digital broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"digital converter box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_television_adapter"}],"text":"Not to be confused with the Sony SmartWatch.Sony Sports WatchmanSony MEGA WatchmanThe Sony Watchman is a line of portable pocket televisions trademarked and produced by Sony. The line was introduced in 1982[1] and discontinued in 2000.Its name came from a portmanteau formed of \"Watch\" (watching television) and \"man\" from Sony's Walkman personal cassette audio players. There were more than 65 models of the Watchman before its discontinuation. As the models progressed, display size increased and new features were added. Due to the switch to digital broadcasting, most models of the Sony Watchman can no longer be used to receive live television broadcasts without the use of a digital converter box.","title":"Sony Watchman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"centimeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimeter"},{"link_name":"Cathode-ray tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube"},{"link_name":"grams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram"},{"link_name":"millimeters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millimeter"},{"link_name":"yen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The initial model was introduced in 1982 as the FD-210, which had a black & white five-centimeter (2\") Cathode-ray tube display. The device weighed around 650 grams (23 oz), with a measurement of 87 x 198 x 33 millimeters (3½\" x 7¾\" x 1¼\"). The device was sold in Japan with a price of 54,800 yen. Roughly two years later, in 1984, the device was introduced to Europe and North America.[2][3]","title":"FD-210"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LCD display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display"}],"text":"Sony manufactured more than 65 models of the Watchman before its discontinuation in 2000. Upon the release of further models after the FD-210, the display size increased, and new features were introduced. The FD-3, introduced in 1987, had a built-in digital clock. The FD-30, introduced in 1984 had a built-in AM/FM Stereo radio. The FD-40/42/44/45 were among the largest Watchmen, utilizing a 4\" CRT display. The FD-40 introduced a single composite A/V input. The FD-45, introduced in 1986, was water-resistant. In 1988/1989, the FDL 330S color Watchman TV/Monitor with LCD display was introduced. In 1990, the FDL-310, a Watchman with a color LCD display was introduced. The FD-280/285, made from 1990 to 1994, was the last Watchman to use a black and white CRT display. One of the last Watchmen was the FDL-22 introduced in 1998, which featured an ergonomic body which made it easier to hold, and introduced Sony's Straptenna, where the wrist strap served as the antenna.","title":"Later releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rain Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_Man"}],"text":"A model of the Sony Watchman (FD-40A) is seen multiple times in the film Rain Man.","title":"Marketing and media"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_watchman_models_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_watchman_fd210.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_Watchman_TV_FD-10A_Austin_Calhoon_Photograph.jpg"}],"text":"Various models of Sony Watchmen\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Sony FD-210 Watchman\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSony FD-10 Pocket Watchman","title":"Gallery"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Sony Sports Watchman","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sony_Sports_Watchman_-_Austin_Calhoon_Photograph.jpg/220px-Sony_Sports_Watchman_-_Austin_Calhoon_Photograph.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sony MEGA Watchman","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Sony_MEGA_Watchman_-_Austin_Calhoon_Photograph.jpg/220px-Sony_MEGA_Watchman_-_Austin_Calhoon_Photograph.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Sony Japan | Sony Design｜History｜1980s\". www.sony.co.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2020-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sony.co.jp/Fun/design/history/product/1980/fd-200.html","url_text":"\"Sony Japan | Sony Design｜History｜1980s\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fd-210Be\".","urls":[{"url":"https://walkmancentral.com/products/fd-210be","url_text":"\"Fd-210Be\""}]},{"reference":"\"Watchman FD210BE Television Sony Corporation; Tokyo, build\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiomuseum.org/r/sony_watchman_fd210befd_210_b.html","url_text":"\"Watchman FD210BE Television Sony Corporation; Tokyo, build\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.sony.co.jp/Fun/design/history/product/1980/fd-200.html","external_links_name":"\"Sony Japan | Sony Design｜History｜1980s\""},{"Link":"https://walkmancentral.com/products/fd-210be","external_links_name":"\"Fd-210Be\""},{"Link":"https://www.radiomuseum.org/r/sony_watchman_fd210befd_210_b.html","external_links_name":"\"Watchman FD210BE Television Sony Corporation; Tokyo, build\""},{"Link":"http://www.guenthoer.de/e-history.htm","external_links_name":"The Short History of Pocket TV"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131212201648/http://www.visions4.net/journal/time-line/","external_links_name":"Vintage Micro Television"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Sinunguruza
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Thérence Sinunguruza
|
["1 References"]
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Burundi politician (1959–2020)
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Thérence Sinunguruza" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
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Thérence Sinunguruza (2 August 1959 – 8 May 2020) was a Burundian Tutsi politician and active member of Union for National Progress (UPRONA), who served as First Vice President of Burundi, in charge of political, administrative and security matters, from 2010 to October 2013, when he resigned. Previously he was a Member of Parliament from 2005 to 2010. Sinunguruza held various ministerial positions, including Minister of Institutional Reforms from 1994 to 1996, Minister of Justice from 1997 to 2001 and Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2001 to 2005. He was Burundian Permanent Representative to the United Nations in New York from 1993 to 1994.
After President Pierre Nkurunziza was reelected for a second term in 2010, Sinunguruza was appointed as First Vice President. Therence Sinunguruza was known to be multilingual and a big fan of basketball. He was married to Odette Ndikumagenge and father of four children.
References
^ Lansford, Tom (2015-03-24). Political Handbook of the World 2015. ISBN 9781483371559.
^ http://www.ninde.org/spip.php?article42
Political offices
Preceded byYves Sahinguvu
Vice-President of Burundi 2010–2013
Succeeded byBernard Busokoza
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Belgium
United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burundian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi"},{"link_name":"Tutsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi"},{"link_name":"Union for National Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_National_Progress"},{"link_name":"First Vice President of Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-President_of_Burundi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Burundi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Burundian Permanent Representative to the United Nations in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundian_Permanent_Representative_to_the_United_Nations_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"Pierre Nkurunziza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Nkurunziza"}],"text":"Thérence Sinunguruza (2 August 1959 – 8 May 2020) was a Burundian Tutsi politician and active member of Union for National Progress (UPRONA), who served as First Vice President of Burundi, in charge of political, administrative and security matters, from 2010 to October 2013, when he resigned.[1] Previously he was a Member of Parliament from 2005 to 2010. Sinunguruza held various ministerial positions, including Minister of Institutional Reforms from 1994 to 1996, Minister of Justice from 1997 to 2001 and Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2001 to 2005.[2] He was Burundian Permanent Representative to the United Nations in New York from 1993 to 1994.After President Pierre Nkurunziza was reelected for a second term in 2010, Sinunguruza was appointed as First Vice President. Therence Sinunguruza was known to be multilingual and a big fan of basketball. He was married to Odette Ndikumagenge and father of four children.","title":"Thérence Sinunguruza"}]
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[{"reference":"Lansford, Tom (2015-03-24). Political Handbook of the World 2015. ISBN 9781483371559.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yNGfBwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Political Handbook of the World 2015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483371559","url_text":"9781483371559"}]}]
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