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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Redding | Stephen Redding | ["1 References","2 External links"] | British-American economist
Stephen Redding is a British-American economist, focusing in international trade and economic geography and productivity and economic growth, currently the Harold T. Shapiro *64 Professor in Economics at Princeton University.
He is a fellow of the Econometric Society.
References
^ "Stephen Redding". princeton.edu. 2013-09-19. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
^ "Stephen Redding". princeton.edu. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
^ "Stephen Redding". Retrieved May 6, 2017.
^ "The Econometric Society Announces its 2020 Fellows | The Econometric Society". www.econometricsociety.org. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
External links
"Stephen Redding". JSTOR.
"Stephen Redding". IDEAS/RePEc.
Stephen Redding; Anthony J. Venables (2003). Geography and Export Performance: External Market Access and Internal Supply Capacity. National Bureau of Economic Research. OCLC 52636950.
vteFrisch Medal recipients
Angus S. Deaton (1978)
Jerry A. Hausman / David A. Wise (1980)
Orley Ashenfelter (1982)
Lars Peter Hansen / Kenneth J. Singleton (1984)
Jeffrey A. Dubin / Daniel L. McFadden (1986)
Ariél S. Pakes (1988)
David M. G. Newbery (1990)
John Rust (1992)
Larry G. Epstein / Stanley E. Zin (1994)
Steven T. Berry (1996)
Robert M. Townsend (1998)
Richard Blundell / Alan Duncan / Costas Meghir (2000)
Ricardo J. Caballero / Eduardo Engel (2002)
Jonathan Eaton / Samuel Kortum (2004)
Fabien Postel-Vinay / Jean-Marc Robin (2006)
David Card / Dean R. Hyslop (2008)
Nicholas Bloom (2010)
Joseph P. Kaboski / Robert M. Townsend (2012)
Flávio Cunha / James J. Heckman / Susanne M. Schennach (2014)
Benjamin Handel / Igal Hendel / Michael D. Whinston (2016)
Gabriel M. Ahlfeldt / Stephen J. Redding / Daniel M. Sturm / Nikolaus Wolf (2018)
Kate Ho / Robin Lee (2020)
Giulia Brancaccio / Myrto Kalouptsidi / Theodore Papageorgiou (2022)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Netherlands
Academics
CiNii
Google Scholar
MathSciNet
Mathematics Genealogy Project
zbMATH
Other
IdRef
This biography of an American economist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans"},{"link_name":"Harold T. Shapiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_T._Shapiro"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Econometric Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometric_Society"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Stephen Redding is a British-American economist, focusing in international trade and economic geography and productivity and economic growth, currently the Harold T. Shapiro *64 Professor in Economics at Princeton University.[1][2][3]He is a fellow of the Econometric Society.[4]","title":"Stephen Redding"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Stephen Redding\". princeton.edu. 2013-09-19. Retrieved May 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://wws.princeton.edu/faculty-research/faculty/reddings","url_text":"\"Stephen Redding\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stephen Redding\". princeton.edu. Retrieved May 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.princeton.edu/~reddings/","url_text":"\"Stephen Redding\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stephen Redding\". Retrieved May 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=HuH9c7kAAAAJ&hl=en","url_text":"\"Stephen Redding\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Econometric Society Announces its 2020 Fellows | The Econometric Society\". www.econometricsociety.org. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mahlendorf | Walter Mahlendorf | ["1 References"] | German sprinter
Walter MahlendorfMahlendorf at the 1960 OlympicsPersonal informationBorn (1935-01-04) 4 January 1935 (age 89)Sarstedt, GermanyHeight1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)Weight81 kg (179 lb)SportSportAthleticsEvent100 mClubHannover 96Achievements and titlesPersonal best100 m – 10.4 (1958)
Medal record
Representing Germany
Olympic Games
1960 Rome
4×100 m relay
European Championships
1958 Stockholm
4×100 m relay
Walter Mahlendorf (born 4 January 1935) is a German former sprinter who won a gold medal in the 4 × 100 m relay at the 1960 Summer Olympics. The German team finished second behind the American team, equaling its own world record of 39.5, but the Americans were later disqualified for an incorrect exchange.
Mahlendorf was also a member of the German's 4 × 100 m relay team that won a gold medal at the 1958 European Championships. Mahlendorf never won a national sprint title. After retiring from competitions he worked as a director of a sports complex in Bochum.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Walter Mahlendorf.
^ a b Walter Mahlendorf. sports-reference.com
^ Athletics at the 1960 Roma Summer Games: Men's 4 × 100 metres Relay. sports-reference.com
vteOlympic champions in men's 4 × 100 metres relay
1912: David Jacobs, Henry Macintosh, Victor d'Arcy, Willie Applegarth (GBR)
1920: Charley Paddock, Jackson Scholz, Loren Murchison, Morris Kirksey (USA)
1924: Loren Murchison, Louis Clarke, Frank Hussey, Al LeConey (USA)
1928: Frank Wykoff, James Quinn, Charley Borah, Henry Russell (USA)
1932: Bob Kiesel, Emmett Toppino, Hector Dyer, Frank Wykoff (USA)
1936: Jesse Owens, Ralph Metcalfe, Foy Draper, Frank Wykoff (USA)
1948: Barney Ewell, Lorenzo Wright, Harrison Dillard, Mel Patton (USA)
1952: Dean Smith, Harrison Dillard, Lindy Remigino, Andy Stanfield (USA)
1956: Ira Murchison, Leamon King, Thane Baker, Bobby Morrow (USA)
1960: Bernd Cullmann, Armin Hary, Walter Mahlendorf, Martin Lauer (EUA)
1964: Paul Drayton, Gerry Ashworth, Richard Stebbins, Bob Hayes (USA)
1968: Charles Greene, Mel Pender, Ronnie Ray Smith, Jim Hines (USA)
1972: Larry Black, Robert Taylor, Gerald Tinker, Eddie Hart (USA)
1976: Harvey Glance, Lam Jones, Millard Hampton, Steve Riddick (USA)
1980: Vladimir Muravyov, Nikolay Sidorov, Aleksandr Aksinin, Andrey Prokofyev (URS)
1984: Sam Graddy, Ron Brown, Calvin Smith, Carl Lewis (USA)
1988: Viktor Bryzhin, Vladimir Krylov, Vladimir Muravyov, Vitaliy Savin (URS)
1992: Michael Marsh, Leroy Burrell, Dennis Mitchell, Carl Lewis, James Jett (USA)
1996: Robert Esmie, Glenroy Gilbert, Bruny Surin, Donovan Bailey, Carlton Chambers (CAN)
2000: Jon Drummond, Bernard Williams, Brian Lewis, Maurice Greene, Tim Montgomery, Kenny Brokenburr (USA)
2004: Jason Gardener, Darren Campbell, Marlon Devonish, Mark Lewis-Francis (GBR)
2008: Keston Bledman, Marc Burns, Emmanuel Callender, Richard Thompson, Aaron Armstrong (TTO)
2012: Nesta Carter, Michael Frater, Yohan Blake, Usain Bolt, Bailey-Cole (JAM)
2016: Asafa Powell, Yohan Blake, Nickel Ashmeade, Usain Bolt, Jevaughn Minzie, Kemar Bailey-Cole (JAM)
2020: Lorenzo Patta, Marcell Jacobs, Fausto Desalu, Filippo Tortu (ITA)
vteEuropean Athletics Championships champions in men's 4 × 100 metres relay
1934: Germany (Schein, Gillmeister, Hornberger, Borchmeyer)
1938: Germany (Kersch, Hornberger, Neckermann, Scheuring)
1946: Sweden (Danielsson, Nilsson, Laessker, Håkansson)
1950: Soviet Union (Sukharev, Kalyayev, Sanadze, Karakulov)
1954: Hungary (Zarándi, Varasdi, Csányi, Goldoványi)
1958: West Germany (Mahlendorf, Hary, Fütterer, Germar)
1962: West Germany (Ulonska, Gamper, Bender, Germar)
1966: France (Berger, Delecour, Piquemal, Bambuck)
1969: France (Sarteur, Bourbeillon, Fenouil, St.-Gilles)
1971: Czechoslovakia (Kříž, Demeč, Kynos, Bohman)
1974: France (Sainte-Rose, Arame, Cherrier, Chauvelot)
1978: Poland (Nowosz, Licznerski, Dunecki, Woronin)
1982: Soviet Union (Sokolov, Aksinin, Prokofyev, Sidorov)
1986: Soviet Union (Yevgenyev, Yuschmanov, Muravyov, Bryzhin)
1990: France (Morinière, Sangouma, Trouabal, Marie-Rose)
1994: France (Lomba, Perrot, Trouabal, Sangouma)
1998: Great Britain (Condon, Campbell, Walker, Golding)
2002: Ukraine (Vasyukov, Rurak, Dovhal, Kaydash)
2006: Great Britain (Chambers, Campbell, Devonish, Lewis-Francis)
2010: France (Vicaut, Lemaitre, Pessonneaux, Mbandjock)
2012: Netherlands (Mariano, Martina, Codrington, van Luijk)
2014: Great Britain (Gemili, Kilty, Aikines-Aryeetey, Ellington)
2016: Great Britain (Dasaolu, Gemili, Ellington, Ujah)
2018: Great Britain (Ujah, Hughes, Gemili, Aikines-Aryeetey)
2022: Great Britain (Azu, Hughes, Efoloko, Mitchell-Blake)
2024: Italy (Melluzo, Jacobs, Patta, Tortu, Rigali, Simonelli)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
This article about an athletics Olympic medalist for Germany is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay_race"},{"link_name":"1960 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr-1"}],"text":"Walter Mahlendorf (born 4 January 1935) is a German former sprinter who won a gold medal in the 4 × 100 m relay at the 1960 Summer Olympics. The German team finished second behind the American team, equaling its own world record of 39.5, but the Americans were later disqualified for an incorrect exchange.[2]Mahlendorf was also a member of the German's 4 × 100 m relay team that won a gold medal at the 1958 European Championships. Mahlendorf never won a national sprint title. After retiring from competitions he worked as a director of a sports complex in Bochum.[1]","title":"Walter Mahlendorf"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417222029/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ma/walter-mahlendorf-1.html","external_links_name":"Walter Mahlendorf"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417173757/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1960/ATH/mens-4-x-100-metres-relay.html","external_links_name":"Athletics at the 1960 Roma Summer Games: Men's 4 × 100 metres Relay"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000408482155","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/301204903","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/103507091X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Mahlendorf&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baoji%E2%80%93Lanzhou_high-speed_railway | Baoji–Lanzhou high-speed railway | ["1 Stations","2 References"] | Railway line in China
Xuzhou–Lanzhouhigh-speed railway
Baoji–Lanzhou Section徐兰高速铁路宝兰段OverviewStatusOperatingLocaleShaanxi and GansuTerminiBaoji SouthLanzhou WestServiceTypeHigh-speed railOperator(s)China Railway High-speedHistoryOpenedJuly 9, 2017TechnicalLine length401 km (249 mi)Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gaugeOperating speed250 km/h (155 mph)
Stations and structures
Legend
Xi'an–Baoji high-speed railwayto Xi'an
Baoji South
Anping Overtaking
Dongcha
Shijiawan Overtaking
Tianshui South Railway Station
Qinan
Tongwei
Xiaxiaocha Overtaking
Dingxi North
Yuzhong
Longhai Railwayto Lanzhou
Lanzhou West
Lanzhou–Zhongchuan Airport ICRto Lanzhou Airport
Lanzhou–Xinjiang HSRto Urumqi
Baoji–Lanzhou high-speed railwaySimplified Chinese徐兰高速铁路宝兰段Traditional Chinese徐蘭高速鐵路寶蘭段TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinXú-Lán Gāosù Tiělù Bǎo-Lán DuànIPABaoji–Lanzhou Passenger Dedicated LineSimplified Chinese宝兰客运专线Traditional Chinese寶蘭客運專線TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinBǎo-Lán Kèyùn Zhuān XiànIPA
The Baoji–Lanzhou high-speed railway is a high-speed railway operated by China Railway High-speed between Baoji in western Shaanxi province and Lanzhou, the capital of Gansu province. The railway cut the rail travel between Baoji and Lanzhou from five hours to one hour and a half (two hours in revenue service). It connects with the Xi'an–Baoji high-speed railway to the east and the Lanzhou–Urumqi high-speed railway to the west.
The feasibility study report has been approved by the National Development and Reform Commission. The construction work was expected to start in the first half of 2011, but it actually started in October 2012. The line started operations on July 9, 2017.
Seven stations are built along the line: Baoji South, Dongcha, Tianshui South, Qin'an, Tongwei, Dingxi North, and Lanzhou West. 92% of the total length is elevated or in tunnels. The total investment is estimated to be CN¥ 64,000,000,000 (US$10 billion). It is the first railway to serve Qin'an and Tongwei.
Stations
Station Name
Metrotransfers/connections
Baoji South
Dongcha
Shijiawan (closed)
Tianshui South
Tianshui Tram (planned)
Qin'an
Tongwei
Dingxi North
Yuzhong
Lanzhou West
1
References
^ a b 宝鸡至兰州客运专线陕西段工程开工建设. Archived from the original on 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2012-10-21., 2012-10-21
^ :: 新华网 :: - 地方联播. Xinhuanet.com. 2011-03-05. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
^ 宝鸡至兰州铁路客运专线建设项目启动. Archived from the original on 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2012-10-21., Xinhua, 2012-10-21
^ 宝鸡至兰州的客运专线昨天在榆中奠基. 2012-10-27. Archived from the original on 2015-01-13. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
^ “丝路高铁”全线通车为“一带一路”发展奠定坚实基础. 西安网. 2017-05-22. Retrieved 2017-05-22.
^ 7月1日起铁路实施新运行图 金华市民可坐高铁到大西北. 金华日报. 2017-06-02. Retrieved 2017-06-07.
^ 定了！宝兰高铁7月9日开通 郑州直达兰州不到5小时. 映象网-猛犸新闻客户端. 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2017-07-06 – via Sina Henan.
^ 国家发改委批复宝鸡至兰州客运专线 计划今年开工-甘肃频道-人民网. Gs.people.com.cn. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
vteHigh-speed railway lines
High-speed rail
High-speed rail by country
Commons
AfricaMorocco
Casablanca–Tangier
AsiaChina
Coastal corridor*
Beijing–Shanghai
Beijing–Hong Kong
Harbin–Hong Kong (Macau)
Guangzhou–Hong Kong
Hohhot–Nanning
Beijing–Kunming
Lanzhou (Xining)–Guangzhou
Suifenhe–Manzhouli
Beijing–Lanzhou*
Qingdao–Yinchuan
Lianyungang–Ürümqi
Shanghai–Chengdu
Shanghai–Kunming
Guangzhou–Kunming
Indonesia
Whoosh HSR
Japan
Hokkaido Shinkansen
Hokuriku Shinkansen
Jōetsu Shinkansen
Kyushu Shinkansen
Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen
San'yō Shinkansen
Tōhoku Shinkansen
Tōkaidō Shinkansen
Saudi Arabia
Haramain HSR
South Korea
Gyeongbu HSR Line
Honam HSR Line
Suseo–Pyeongtaek HSR Line
Gyeonggang Line (Wonju-Gangneung)
Jungang Line (Cheongnyangni-Dodam)*
Taiwan
Taiwan HSR
Turkey
Ankara–Istanbul
Ankara–Sivas
Polatlı–Konya
Konya–Karaman*
Uzbekistan
Tashkent–Samarkand
Samarkand–Bukhara
EuropeBelgium
HSL 1
HSL 2
HSL 3*
HSL 4
Denmark
Copenhagen–Ringsted
Finland
Kerava-Lahti*
St. Petersburg-Helsinki*
France
LGV Atlantique
LGV Bretagne-Pays de la Loire
LGV Est
LGV Interconnexion Est
LGV Méditerranée
LGV Nord
LGV Rhin-Rhône
LGV Rhône-Alpes
LGV Sud-Est
LGV Sud Europe Atlantique
LGV Perpignan–Barcelona*
Germany
Cologne–Düren*
Cologne–Frankfurt
Erfurt–Leipzig
Hanover–Würzburg
Mannheim–Stuttgart*
Nuremberg–Ingolstadt
Nuremberg–Erfurt
Rastatt–Offenburg
Wendlingen–Ulm
Wolfsburg–Berlin
Greece
Athens–Thessaloniki*
Italy
Bologna–Florence
Florence–Rome
Milan–Bologna
Milan–Verona
Naples–Salerno
Rome–Naples
Turin–Milan
Netherlands
HSL-Zuid
Norway
Gardermoen Line
PolandGrodzisk–Zawiercie*Russia
Moscow–St.Petersburg*
St. Petersburg-Helsinki*
Spain
Atlantic Axis
Madrid–Galicia
Madrid–Extremadura
Barcelona–Perpignan*
Madrid–Barcelona
Madrid–León
Madrid–Malaga
Madrid–Seville
Madrid–Toledo
Madrid–Levante
SwedenBothnia LineUnited Kingdom
High Speed 1
North AmericaUnited StatesNortheast Corridor*OceaniaNoneSouth AmericaNone
* An asterisk indicates overlap with conventional services.
vteEurasia Continental Bridge corridorLianyungang–Xuzhou
Lianyungang
Donghaixian
Xinyi South
Pizhou East
Daxu South
Houmazhuang
Xuzhou East
Xuzhou–LanzhouXuzhou–Zhengzhou
Xuzhou East
Xiaoxian North
Yongcheng North
Dangshan South
Shangqiu
Minquan North
Lankao South
Kaifeng North
Zhengzhou East
Huaibei–Xiaoxian branch
Xiaoxian North
Huaibei North
Daihe
Huaibei
Zhengzhou–Xi'an
Zhengzhou East
Zhengzhou West
Gongyi South
Luoyang Longmen
Mianchi South
Sanmenxia South
Lingbao West
Huashan North
(Weinan Weihe Grand Bridge)
Weinan North
Lintong East
Xi'an North
Xi'an–Baoji
Xi'an North
Xianyang West
Yangling South
Qishan
Baoji South
Baoji–Lanzhou
Baoji South
Dongcha
Tianshui South
Qin'an
Tongwei
Xiaxiaocha
Dingxi North
Yuzhong
Lanzhou West
Lanzhou–Ürümqi
Lanzhou West
Minhe South
Haidong
Haidong West
Xining
Datong West
Menyuan
Shandanmachang
Minle
Zhangye West
Linze South
Gaotai South
Qingshui North
Jiuquan South
Jiayuguan South
Qingquan South
Yumen
Liugou South
Shibandun South
Liuyuan South
Hongliuhe South
Yandun East
Hami
Liushuquan South
Hongceng South
Tuha
Shanshan North
Turpan North
Daheyan
Yanhu West
Ürümqi South
Ürümqi
vteHigh-speed rail in ChinaHigh-speed demonstrative maglev
Shanghai maglev train
Xianning–Changsha maglev test line (Planned)
National 8+8 high-speed corridorsCoastal
Dandong–Dalian–Shenyang–Qinhuangdao–(Tianjin–Dongying–Weifang)–Qingdao–Lianyungang–Yancheng–Nantong–Shanghai–Hangzhou–Taizhou–Wenzhou–Fuzhou–Xiamen–Zhangzhou–Shantou–Shanwei–Shenshan–Xili-Jiangmen–Maoming–(Zhanjiang(–)Hepu)–Qinzhou–Fangchenggang–Dongxing
Hangshenparallel
Hangzhou–Ningbo–Wenzhou–Fuzhou–Xiamen–Shenzhen
other branches
Weifang–Yantai
Qingdao–Rongcheng
Shanwei–Guangzhou–Zhanjiang
Beijing–ShanghaiWest route
Beijing–Shanghai
East route
Beijing–(Tianjin–Dongying–Weifang)–Linyi–Huai'an–Yangzhou–Nantong–Shanghai
branches
Nanjing–Hangzhou
Bengbu–Hefei–Hangzhou
Beijing–Hong Kong (Taipei)§
Beijing–Xiong'an–Shangqiu–Fuyang–Hefei–Jiujiang–Lushan–Nanchang
To Hong Kong
Nanchang–Ganzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong
To Taipei
Hefei–Fuzhou
Nanchang–Fuzhou
Fuzhou–Pingtan
Pingtan–Taipei
Harbin–Hong Kong (Macau)§
Harbin–Shenyang–Beijing–Shijiazhuang–Wuhan–Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong
Guangzhou–Zhuhai–Macau
Hohhot–Nanning
Hohhot–Ulanqab–Datong–Yuanping–Taiyuan–Jiaozuo–Zhengzhou
branch: Jiaozuo–Luoyang–Pingdingshan
Zhengzhou–Pingdingshan–Xiangyang–Jingmen–Yichang–Changde–Yiyang–Loudi–Shaoyang–Yongzhou–Liuzhou–Nanning
Beijing–KunmingBeijing–Xiong'an–Xinzhou–Xi'an–Chengdu–Kunming
Branch lines
Beijing–Zhangjiakou–Datong–Taiyuan
Chongqing–Kunming
Baotou (Yinchuan)–Hainan
Yinchuan–Xi'an
Baotou–Yan'an–Xi'an–Chongqing–Guiyang–Nanning–Qinzhou–Beihai–Zhanjiang–Haikou
Hainan eastern ring
Hainan western ring
Lanzhou (Xining)–Guangzhou
Xining–Chengdu
Lanzhou–Chengdu–Guiyang–Guangzhou
Suifenhe–Manzhouli
Suifenhe–Mudanjiang–Harbin–Qiqihar–Manzhouli
Beijing–Lanzhou
Beijing–Zhangjiakou–Hohhot–Baotou–Lanzhou
Qingdao–Yinchuan
Qingdao–Jinan–Shijiazhuang–Taiyuan–Yinchuan
Eurasia Continental
Lianyungang–Xuzhou–Zhengzhou–Xi'an–Baoji–Lanzhou–Ürümqi–Khorgas
Yangtze River
Shanghai–Huzhou–Hefei
Shanghai–Nanjing–Hefei
Hefei–Wuhan–Yichang–Xingshan
Yichang–Fuling
Wuhan–Xiangyang–Xingshan–Wanzhou–Fuling–Chongqing–Chengdu
Wanzhou–Dazhou–Chengdu
Chongqing–Neijiang–Chengdu
Old lineShanghai–Wuxi–Nanjing–Hefei–Wuhan–Yichang–Lichuan–Chongqing–Suining–Chengdu
Shanghai–Kunming
Shanghai–Hangzhou–Changsha–Guiyang–Kunming–Ruili
Xiamen–Chongqing
Kaohsiung§–Xiamen–Longyan–Ganzhou–Changsha–Changde–Qianjiang–Chongqing
Guangzhou–KunmingGuangzhou–Nanning–KunmingOther conventional high-speed railways (list)Intercity andlong-distance
300–350 km/h
Beijing–Tangshan
Beijing–Tianjin
Chengdu–Chongqing
Chongqing–Wanzhou
Nanjing–Hangzhou
Shanghai–Nanjing
200–250 km/h
Beijing–Zhangjiakou
Changchun–Jilin
Chongqing–Lanzhou
Dandong–Dalian
Guangzhou–Foshan–Zhaoqing
Harbin–Jiamusi
Harbin–Mudanjiang
Harbin–Qiqihar
Hengyang–Liuzhou
Jilin–Hunchun
Liuzhou–Nanning
Nanchang–Jiujiang
Nanjing–Anqing
Qingdao–Rongcheng
Shenyang–Dandong
Xinhui–Maoming
Tianjin–Baoding
Xi'an–Chengdu
Zhangjiakou–Hohhot
Chengdu–Mianyang–Leshan
Guangzhou–Zhuhai
Zhengzhou–Jiaozuo
Regional intercity
300–350 km/h
Chengdu–Ya'an
Tianjin–Binhai
200–250 km/h
Changsha–Zhuzhou–Xiangtan
Chengdu–Dujiangyan
Chengdu–Pujiang
Dongguan–Huizhou
Foshan–Dongguan
Fuzhou–Changle Airport
Guangzhou–Qingyuan
Guiyang–Kaiyang
Hainan eastern ring
Hainan western ring
Lanzhou–Zhongchuan Airport
Mianyang–Suining–Ziyang–Neijiang–Zigong–Yibin
Suzhou–Jiaxing
Wuhan Metropolitan Area
Zhengzhou–Kaifeng
Zhengzhou–Xinzheng Airport
Upgraded old lines
Beijing–Guangzhou
Beijing–Harbin
Beijing–Shanghai
Guangzhou–Shenzhen
Hangzhou–Ningbo
Hankou–Danjiangkou
Kunming–Yuxi
Lianyungang–Lanzhou
Litang–Zhanjiang
Nanjing–Nantong
Shanghai–Kunming
Rolling stock
X 2000
Blue Arrow
China Star
Hexie (CRH1/CRH2/CRH3/CRH5/CRH6/CRH380A/CRH380B/CRH380C/CRH380D)
Vibrant Express (MTR CRH380A)§
CIT Trains
Fuxing (CR200J/CR300AF/CR300BF/CR400AF/CR400BF)
Italics: under construction or currently not operational
(-), Place A-: section under construction or currently not operational
§: in/related to Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan
(Place A–Place B): share tracks with other lines
This People's Republic of China rail-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"high-speed railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"China Railway High-speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railway_High-speed"},{"link_name":"Baoji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baoji"},{"link_name":"Shaanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaanxi"},{"link_name":"Lanzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanzhou"},{"link_name":"Gansu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gansu"},{"link_name":"Xi'an–Baoji high-speed railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%27an%E2%80%93Baoji_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Lanzhou–Urumqi high-speed railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanzhou%E2%80%93Urumqi_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"National Development and Reform Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-started-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xiancity.cn_start-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zjol_start-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sina_henan-7"},{"link_name":"Baoji South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baoji_South_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Dongcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongcha_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Tianshui South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianshui_South_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Qin'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin%27an_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Tongwei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongwei_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Dingxi North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingxi_North_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Lanzhou West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanzhou_West_railway_station"},{"link_name":"CN¥","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Qin'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin%27an_County"},{"link_name":"Tongwei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongwei_County"}],"text":"The Baoji–Lanzhou high-speed railway is a high-speed railway operated by China Railway High-speed between Baoji in western Shaanxi province and Lanzhou, the capital of Gansu province. The railway cut the rail travel between Baoji and Lanzhou from five hours to one hour and a half (two hours in revenue service). It connects with the Xi'an–Baoji high-speed railway to the east and the Lanzhou–Urumqi high-speed railway to the west.\nThe feasibility study report has been approved by the National Development and Reform Commission. The construction work was expected to start in the first half of 2011,[2] but it actually started in October 2012.[1][3][4] The line started operations on July 9, 2017.[5][6][7]Seven stations are built along the line: Baoji South, Dongcha, Tianshui South, Qin'an, Tongwei, Dingxi North, and Lanzhou West. 92% of the total length is elevated or in tunnels. The total investment is estimated to be CN¥ 64,000,000,000 (US$10 billion).[8] It is the first railway to serve Qin'an and Tongwei.","title":"Baoji–Lanzhou high-speed railway"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Stations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"宝鸡至兰州客运专线陕西段工程开工建设. Archived from the original on 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2012-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130514030909/http://news.huochepiao.com/2012-10/2012102110151258.htm","url_text":"宝鸡至兰州客运专线陕西段工程开工建设"},{"url":"http://news.huochepiao.com/2012-10/2012102110151258.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":":: 新华网 :: - 地方联播. Xinhuanet.com. 2011-03-05. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved 2016-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718130757/http://www.xinhuanet.com/chinanews/2011-03/05/content_22208959.htm","url_text":":: 新华网 :: - 地方联播"},{"url":"http://www.xinhuanet.com/chinanews/2011-03/05/content_22208959.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"宝鸡至兰州铁路客运专线建设项目启动. Archived from the original on 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2012-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130514022553/http://news.huochepiao.com/2012-10/2012102110153612.htm","url_text":"宝鸡至兰州铁路客运专线建设项目启动"},{"url":"http://news.huochepiao.com/2012-10/2012102110153612.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"宝鸡至兰州的客运专线昨天在榆中奠基. 2012-10-27. Archived from the original on 2015-01-13. Retrieved 2012-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150113101647/http://auto.cnfol.com/121027/169,1691,13530602,00.shtml","url_text":"宝鸡至兰州的客运专线昨天在榆中奠基"},{"url":"http://auto.cnfol.com/121027/169,1691,13530602,00.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"“丝路高铁”全线通车为“一带一路”发展奠定坚实基础. 西安网. 2017-05-22. Retrieved 2017-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://o.xiancity.cn/readnews.php?id=357817","url_text":"“丝路高铁”全线通车为“一带一路”发展奠定坚实基础"}]},{"reference":"7月1日起铁路实施新运行图 金华市民可坐高铁到大西北. 金华日报. 2017-06-02. Retrieved 2017-06-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://zjnews.zjol.com.cn/zjnews/jhnews/201706/t20170602_4158393.shtml","url_text":"7月1日起铁路实施新运行图 金华市民可坐高铁到大西北"}]},{"reference":"定了！宝兰高铁7月9日开通 郑州直达兰州不到5小时. 映象网-猛犸新闻客户端. 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2017-07-06 – via Sina Henan.","urls":[{"url":"http://henan.sina.com.cn/news/2017-07-06/detail-ifyhwefp0105391.shtml","url_text":"定了！宝兰高铁7月9日开通 郑州直达兰州不到5小时"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sina_Corp","url_text":"Sina"}]},{"reference":"国家发改委批复宝鸡至兰州客运专线 计划今年开工-甘肃频道-人民网. Gs.people.com.cn. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2016-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723103019/http://gs.people.com.cn/GB/183283/14068390.html","url_text":"国家发改委批复宝鸡至兰州客运专线 计划今年开工-甘肃频道-人民网"},{"url":"http://gs.people.com.cn/GB/183283/14068390.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130514030909/http://news.huochepiao.com/2012-10/2012102110151258.htm","external_links_name":"宝鸡至兰州客运专线陕西段工程开工建设"},{"Link":"http://news.huochepiao.com/2012-10/2012102110151258.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718130757/http://www.xinhuanet.com/chinanews/2011-03/05/content_22208959.htm","external_links_name":":: 新华网 :: - 地方联播"},{"Link":"http://www.xinhuanet.com/chinanews/2011-03/05/content_22208959.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130514022553/http://news.huochepiao.com/2012-10/2012102110153612.htm","external_links_name":"宝鸡至兰州铁路客运专线建设项目启动"},{"Link":"http://news.huochepiao.com/2012-10/2012102110153612.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150113101647/http://auto.cnfol.com/121027/169,1691,13530602,00.shtml","external_links_name":"宝鸡至兰州的客运专线昨天在榆中奠基"},{"Link":"http://auto.cnfol.com/121027/169,1691,13530602,00.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://o.xiancity.cn/readnews.php?id=357817","external_links_name":"“丝路高铁”全线通车为“一带一路”发展奠定坚实基础"},{"Link":"http://zjnews.zjol.com.cn/zjnews/jhnews/201706/t20170602_4158393.shtml","external_links_name":"7月1日起铁路实施新运行图 金华市民可坐高铁到大西北"},{"Link":"http://henan.sina.com.cn/news/2017-07-06/detail-ifyhwefp0105391.shtml","external_links_name":"定了！宝兰高铁7月9日开通 郑州直达兰州不到5小时"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723103019/http://gs.people.com.cn/GB/183283/14068390.html","external_links_name":"国家发改委批复宝鸡至兰州客运专线 计划今年开工-甘肃频道-人民网"},{"Link":"http://gs.people.com.cn/GB/183283/14068390.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baoji%E2%80%93Lanzhou_high-speed_railway&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_University_School_of_Law | Temple University Beasley School of Law | ["1 Student body","2 Faculty","3 Study abroad programs","4 Graduate law programs","4.1 LL.M. in Asian law","4.2 General LL.M. for international lawyers","4.3 Doctor of Juridical Science","4.4 Estate planning and employee benefits certificates","5 Law School organizations","5.1 Moot Court","5.2 Law journals","6 Employment statistics","7 Rankings and recognition","8 Notable alumni","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"] | Law school at Temple University, Pennsylvania
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Temple University Beasley School of LawKlein Hall at Temple University Beasley School of LawParent schoolTemple UniversityEstablished1895; 129 years ago (1895)School typePublic law schoolParent endowment$513.6 million (2016)DeanRachel RebouchéLocationPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, United StatesEnrollment658Faculty64 (full time)USNWR ranking54th (tied) (2024)Bar pass rate83.06% (2022 first-time takers)Websitewww.law.temple.edu
The Temple University James E. Beasley School of Law is the law school of Temple University, a public research university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1895 and enrolls about 650 students.
Student body
Admission for the fall 2023 entering class was competitive with 768 applicants being offered admission out of 1949 (a 39.40% acceptance rate) with 208 applicants enrolling (27.08% of those accepted enrolling). The median GPA was 3.65 and the median LSAT score was 163. The 25th/75th percentile of entrants had GPAs of 3.45/3.81, and LSAT scores of 159/165. The class entering in 2023 represented 125 different colleges, and came from 38 states and countries. Women were 47% of the class, 38% were students of color, and the average age was 25.
Faculty
Temple Law School employs 64 full-time faculty members and numerous local attorneys as adjuncts. Rachel Rebouché, a leading reproductive health law scholar, was named dean in 2022 after serving in an interim capacity. She succeeded Gregory N. Mandel, who served as dean from 2016 until being named provost of Temple University in August 2021. Peter J. Liacouras, a professor at Temple Law, served as dean from 1972 to 1982. He was appointed the university's 7th president in 1982 serving a record tenure until 2000, and was the university's chancellor from 2000 until his death in 2016. Robert J. Reinstein was dean of the law school from 1989 to 2008. JoAnne A. Epps, a professor at Temple Law since 1985, was dean from 2008 to 2016, when she was appointed provost of Temple University. Epps later went on to serve as the university's 13th president in 2023 before her untimely death in the autumn of 2023.
James E. Beasley Sr., trial lawyer, standing on his desk in his Philadelphia office 1994
Study abroad programs
Temple Law School offers two study abroad programs that are open to students from any ABA approved law school: the summer session in Rome and the spring semester in Tokyo (at Temple University Japan). The Tokyo program is perhaps the most notable, as it is the only ABA-accredited semester program for law students in Japan.
Additionally, Temple JD students are eligible to study at the following partner institutions: Tsinghua University, University College Cork, Tel Aviv University, Utrecht University, Jindal Global Law School, University of Lucerne, InterAmerican University, Bocconi University, and University of Muenster.
Study abroad credits from any program can be used toward the J.D. program or the joint JD/LL.M. in Transnational Law.
Graduate law programs
The Law School offers several advanced degree programs, including Master of Laws Degree (LL.M.) in trial advocacy, transnational law, Asian law and taxation. Certificate programs in estate planning and employee benefits are offered through the taxation program. International lawyers have the opportunity to design their own curriculum through Temple's General LL.M. program. In addition to the LL.M., Temple offers an advanced degree for aspiring scholars, the Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.), and a Graduate Teaching Fellowship program.
LL.M. in trial advocacy
LL.M. in transnational law
LL.M. in taxation
The Graduate Tax Program is designed to provide understanding of complex taxation issues. The program provides candidates with a strong foundation in tax law, as well as the opportunity to develop expertise beyond the level of study offered in J.D. programs. A degree candidate must satisfactorily complete 24 credit hours of course work, including all core curriculum requirements and a writing seminar. Candidates may study on a full-time or part-time basis and all coursework must be completed within four years of matriculation. Applicants must have satisfactorily completed a basic income tax course in law school or demonstrated comparable work experience. An applicant who cannot meet this requirement must take the basic course in taxation offered in Temple's J.D. program in the student's first term after admission to the LL.M. program.
LL.M. in Asian law
Temple's LL.M. in Asian law is designed for J.D. holders and students who wish to focus on the law of Asian countries, particularly China, Japan and India, the more powerful economies of the region. Students complete the first of two semesters at the Philadelphia campus, taking foundational courses such as Chinese law, Japanese law and law in Asia. Students are then required to spend the second semester at one of either Temple University Japan in Tokyo, Jindal Global Law School in the National Capital Region (Delhi) of India, or Tsinghua University Law School in Beijing, China. Students must maintain a G.P.A. of at least 2.50 (out of 4.0) over the course of the 24 credits they must earn to graduate.
General LL.M. for international lawyers
Temple offers a general studies LL.M. program for foreign-trained lawyers. With the exception of two required research and writing courses, students can design their own curriculum from more than 180 courses offered annually in American and international law. General LL.M. degree candidates must successfully complete 24 credit hours of course work with a cumulative grade point average of 2.0 (out of a possible 4.0). The program can be completed in two semesters beginning in August and continuing to May. In addition to the main campus in Philadelphia, the General LL.M. is offered in Tokyo and Beijing. Students may transfer up to four credits at Temple's six-week summer law program in Rome, Italy, to the main campus L.L.M.
Doctor of Juridical Science
The Doctor of Juridical Science is a research-oriented degree program designed for those seeking to pursue careers as law teachers and scholars of law. Candidates enrolled in the S.J.D. program are required to spend their initial academic year in residence at the main campus in Philadelphia.
Estate planning and employee benefits certificates
An Estate Planning Certificate and Employee Benefits Certificate is offered through the Graduate Tax Program for practitioners who do not wish to pursue an LL.M. degree. The Estate Planning Certificate (exposes students to federal estate, gift and generation-skipping taxation issues, as well as federal income taxation of trusts and estates.
Law School organizations
Moot Court
Shusterman Hall
Side view of Shusterman Hall
Temple Law's Moot Court was started in the 1950s. Moot Court members are selected as second-year law students through the Samuel L. Polsky Selection Competition, which is held during the fall semester. Polsky participants research and write an appellate brief, then argue both sides of the case before experienced attorneys who serve as appellate court justices. Students receiving the highest scores for brief writing and oral argument are invited to join the society.
Law journals
Temple Law has two student-edited journals and law reviews. The Temple Law Review is published quarterly and the Temple International and Comparative Law Journal is published on a bi-annual basis. The 2022 W&L Law Journal Rankings place the Temple Law Review as the 87th best law journal in the nation with a score of 15.27 out of 100.
Employment statistics
89.5% of the Class of 2022 was employed in fulltime, long term, JD advantage or bar required jobs, while 77.73% of the class was employed in fulltime, long term, bar required jobs, i.e. jobs as attorneys.
Rankings and recognition
U.S. News & World Report ranks Temple Law the tied for 54th best law school in the country in its 2024 law school rankings.
Above the Law ranked Temple Law 43rd in its annual "Top Law Schools" report for legal employment outcomes in 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2019.
National Law Journal ranked Temple Law as a top 50 best law school in its annual report for 2016. The law school ranked 19th for alumni who were promoted to partnership in 2015.
In 2022, Temple's Pennsylvania Bar Examination passage rate was 85.16% for first time takers while it’s overall first-time passage rate was 83.06%.
Back entrance of Barrack Hall
Notable alumni
This section is missing information about , for many below alumni, the kind of degree and date granted usually supplied for law school alumni. Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (March 2024)
Lynne Abraham (1965), former district attorney of Philadelphia.
Mari Carmen Aponte (1975), appointed by President Barack Obama to the position of U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador.
Amy Banse (1987), president of Comcast Interactive Media.
Susan Paradise Baxter (1983), judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania
Louis Bechtle (1954), judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Edward G. Biester, Jr. (1955), U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania (1967–1977); Attorney General of Pennsylvania (1979–1980); judge, Bucks County Court of Common Pleas (1980–2006); U.S. Court of Military Commission Review (appointed September 2004).
Pat Browne, former Pennsylvania senator for the 16th district.
Albert E. Burling, justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey
Jim Cawley, 32nd Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania.
Katayoun Copeland, assistant U.S. Attorney (2019–2023) and district attorney of Delaware County, Pennsylvania (2018–2019)
Thomas M. Foglietta (1952), former member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district.
Philip Forman (1919), judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, formally granted United States citizenship to Albert Einstein and Kurt Gödel
Abraham Lincoln Freedman (1926), judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
Vince Fumo (1972), convicted felon and former Pennsylvania senator
Mitchell S. Goldberg (1986), judge on the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
James Henry Gorbey (1949), United States federal judge
Clifford Scott Green, former judge on the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
Martin A. Herman (1963), politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly, where he represented the 3rd Legislative District from 1974 to 1986, and was later appointed as a judge in New Jersey Superior Court in Gloucester County.
Herbert J. Hutton (1962), judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Melanie B. Jacobs (2002), dean of the University of Louisville School of Law
George R. Johnson (1955), Pennsylvania State representative for the 166th district (1967–1972)
Barbara S. Jones (1973), judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
Kathleen Kane (1993), first female Pennsylvania Attorney General and convicted felony
James McGirr Kelly (1957), judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Robert F. Kelly (1960), judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Chad F. Kenney (1980), judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Mark Levin (1980), chief of staff to Attorney General Edwin Meese and nationally syndicated radio host.
Jose L. Linares (1978), judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey.
Mary M. Lisi (1977), judge of the United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island.
Joseph J. Longobardi (1957), judge of the United States District Court for the District of Delaware
John W. Lord Jr. (1928), judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Alan David Lourie (1970), judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
Albert Branson Maris (1918), judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
Seamus McCaffrey, justice on the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
James P. McGranery (1928), 61st United States Attorney General, United States Representative for Pennsylvania's 2nd District, judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Pat Meehan, former United States House of Representatives, Pennsylvania 7th District; former United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
Cecil B. Moore, (1951) civil rights activist, and former member of Philadelphia City Council.
James M. Munley (1963), judge on the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania.
Drew O'Keefe - U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
John R. Padova (1959), judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Christopher L. Paris (2004), 23rd Commissioner of the Pennsylvania State Police
Lowell A. Reed Jr. (1958), judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Leon Rose, basketball sports agent. Clients have included LeBron James and Allen Iverson.
Allen Rosenberg, rower and rowing coach
Timothy J. Savage (1971), judge on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
Martin J. Silverstein (1979), United States Ambassador to Uruguay,
Richard A. Snyder, Pennsylvania State Senator for the 13th district from 1961 to 1984
William Henry Stafford Jr. (1956), judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida
John F. Street (1975), former mayor of Philadelphia.
Charles Swift (1999 L.L.M.), a lieutenant commander in the U.S. Navy, Judge Advocate General's Corps.
Petrese B. Tucker (1976), judge on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
David Urban (J.D.), political commentator and lobbyist.
Franklin S. Van Antwerpen, judge on United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, former judge on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
James "Jim" Walden (1991), former Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of New York and founder, Walden Macht & Haran LLP
Charles R. Weiner (1949), judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Joseph Putnam Willson (1931), judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania
Lloyd H. Wood, 20th Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania from 1951 to 1955
See also
Philadelphia portal
Pennsylvania Law Schools
References
^ As of October 31, 2016. "Temple endowment exceeds $500 million". Temple Now. November 28, 2016.
^ "Rachel Rebouché Appointed Dean of Temple University Beasley School of Law - Temple Law". July 28, 2022. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
^ a b c "Temple University - 2023 Standard 509 Information Report". abarequireddisclosures.org. American Bar Association. Retrieved March 3, 2024.
^ "Temple University (Beasley)". Retrieved April 10, 2024.
^ a b "Temple University - Bar Passage 2022". abarequireddisclosures.org. American Bar Association. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
^ "Profile of Entering Class". Temple Law. Retrieved March 3, 2024.
^ "Rachel Rebouché Appointed Dean of Temple University Beasley School of Law". July 28, 2022. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
^ "W&L Law Journal Rankings". managementtools4.wlu.edu. Washington and Lee University School of Law. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
^ "Temple University Employment Summary 2022 Graduates". abarequireddisclosures.org. American Bar Association. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
^ "Temple University (Beasley) Law School Overview".
^ "The 2017 ATL Top 50 Law School Rankings". Retrieved July 28, 2016.
^ "The Top 50 Go-To Law Schools". Retrieved July 28, 2016.
^ "The Top 50 Go-To Law Schools". Retrieved July 28, 2016.
^ "PA BAr Exam UBE Statistics". August 21, 2023. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
^ "Edward G. Biester, Jr". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "Pat Browne". Project Vote Smart. Retrieved February 26, 2013.
^ "Jim Cawley". Project Vote Smart. Retrieved February 26, 2013.
^ Schneider, Aliya (November 20, 2023). "Former Delco DA Kat Copeland announces run for attorney general". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
^ "Thomas M. Foglietta". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
^ "Mitchell S. Goldberg". Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
^ "Clifford Scott Green". Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
^ Manual of the Legislature of New Jersey, 1984 edition, p. 239. J. A. Fitzgerald, 1984. Accessed September 9, 2016. "Martin A. Herman, Dem., West Deptford Assemblyman Herman was born in Philadelphia on June 30, 1939. He was graduated from Temple University in 1960, and from its law school in 1963."
^ "John Baer: New A.G. Kane has a lot on her plate". 16 January 2013. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013.
^ "Kathleen Kane". Project Vote Smart. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
^ "Mark Levin". Notable Names Data Base. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
^ "Jose L. Linares | District of New Jersey | United States District Court". www.njd.uscourts.gov. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
^ "Mary M. Lisi". Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
^ "Seamus McCaffrey". Notable Names Data Base. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
^ "Pat Meehan". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
^ "James Martin Munley". Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
^ "D. O'Keefe, 73, former prosecutor". Philadelphia Inquirer. 1989-06-19. p. 42. - Clipping from Newspapers.com
^ "PSP Commissioner Biography". Pennsylvania State Police. Retrieved 2024-04-20.
^ "Timothy J. Savage". Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
^ "Martin J. Silverstein Ambassadorial Post Uruguay, 2001 – 2005". Council of American Ambassadors. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
^ "John F. Street". Notable Names Data Base. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
^ "Petrese B. Tucker". Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
^ "Meet Pa.'s David Urban, Trump tactician and 'traffic controller' at RNC". The Philadelphia Inquirer. July 20, 2016.
^ "Franklin Van Antwerpen". Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
^ "Jim Walden (LAW '91) - Temple Law School - Advocacy is..." Temple Law School - Advocacy is... Retrieved December 14, 2017.
External links
Official website
Commission on Human Relations, Brown and DeLoggio v. Temple University Law School collection at John J. Wilcox, Jr. LGBT Archives, William Way LGBT Community Center
vteTemple UniversityLocated in: Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaCampuses
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Founded: 1884
Students: 39,515
Endowment: 873 million
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"law school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_school_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Temple University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_University"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_university"},{"link_name":"research university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_university"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"The Temple University James E. Beasley School of Law is the law school of Temple University, a public research university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1895 and enrolls about 650 students.","title":"Temple University Beasley School of Law"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABADisc-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Admission for the fall 2023 entering class was competitive with 768 applicants being offered admission out of 1949 (a 39.40% acceptance rate) with 208 applicants enrolling (27.08% of those accepted enrolling). The median GPA was 3.65 and the median LSAT score was 163. The 25th/75th percentile of entrants had GPAs of 3.45/3.81, and LSAT scores of 159/165.[3] The class entering in 2023 represented 125 different colleges, and came from 38 states and countries. Women were 47% of the class, 38% were students of color, and the average age was 25.[6]","title":"Student body"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rachel Rebouché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Rebouch%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Gregory N. Mandel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Mandel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Peter J. Liacouras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_J._Liacouras"},{"link_name":"JoAnne A. Epps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JoAnne_A._Epps"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_e_beasley_sr_trial_lawyer.jpg"}],"text":"Temple Law School employs 64 full-time faculty members and numerous local attorneys as adjuncts. Rachel Rebouché, a leading reproductive health law scholar, was named dean in 2022 after serving in an interim capacity. She succeeded Gregory N. Mandel, who served as dean from 2016 until being named provost of Temple University in August 2021.[7] Peter J. Liacouras, a professor at Temple Law, served as dean from 1972 to 1982. He was appointed the university's 7th president in 1982 serving a record tenure until 2000, and was the university's chancellor from 2000 until his death in 2016. Robert J. Reinstein was dean of the law school from 1989 to 2008. JoAnne A. Epps, a professor at Temple Law since 1985, was dean from 2008 to 2016, when she was appointed provost of Temple University. Epps later went on to serve as the university's 13th president in 2023 before her untimely death in the autumn of 2023.James E. Beasley Sr., trial lawyer, standing on his desk in his Philadelphia office 1994","title":"Faculty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"study abroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Study_abroad"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Temple University Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_University_Japan"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Tsinghua University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsinghua_University"},{"link_name":"University College Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_Cork_-_National_University_of_Ireland,_Cork"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University"},{"link_name":"Utrecht University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_University"},{"link_name":"University of Lucerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Lucerne"},{"link_name":"InterAmerican University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interamerican_University_of_Puerto_Rico_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Bocconi University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocconi_University"},{"link_name":"University of Muenster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_M%C3%BCnster"}],"text":"Temple Law School offers two study abroad programs that are open to students from any ABA approved law school: the summer session in Rome and the spring semester in Tokyo (at Temple University Japan). The Tokyo program is perhaps the most notable, as it is the only ABA-accredited semester program for law students in Japan.Additionally, Temple JD students are eligible to study at the following partner institutions: Tsinghua University, University College Cork, Tel Aviv University, Utrecht University, Jindal Global Law School, University of Lucerne, InterAmerican University, Bocconi University, and University of Muenster.Study abroad credits from any program can be used toward the J.D. program or the joint JD/LL.M. in Transnational Law.","title":"Study abroad programs"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Law School offers several advanced degree programs, including Master of Laws Degree (LL.M.) in trial advocacy, transnational law, Asian law and taxation. Certificate programs in estate planning and employee benefits are offered through the taxation program. International lawyers have the opportunity to design their own curriculum through Temple's General LL.M. program. In addition to the LL.M., Temple offers an advanced degree for aspiring scholars, the Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.), and a Graduate Teaching Fellowship program.LL.M. in trial advocacy\nLL.M. in transnational law\nLL.M. in taxationThe Graduate Tax Program is designed to provide understanding of complex taxation issues. The program provides candidates with a strong foundation in tax law, as well as the opportunity to develop expertise beyond the level of study offered in J.D. programs. A degree candidate must satisfactorily complete 24 credit hours of course work, including all core curriculum requirements and a writing seminar. Candidates may study on a full-time or part-time basis and all coursework must be completed within four years of matriculation. Applicants must have satisfactorily completed a basic income tax course in law school or demonstrated comparable work experience. An applicant who cannot meet this requirement must take the basic course in taxation offered in Temple's J.D. program in the student's first term after admission to the LL.M. program.","title":"Graduate law programs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"LL.M. in Asian law","text":"Temple's LL.M. in Asian law is designed for J.D. holders and students who wish to focus on the law of Asian countries, particularly China, Japan and India, the more powerful economies of the region. Students complete the first of two semesters at the Philadelphia campus, taking foundational courses such as Chinese law, Japanese law and law in Asia. Students are then required to spend the second semester at one of either Temple University Japan in Tokyo, Jindal Global Law School in the National Capital Region (Delhi) of India, or Tsinghua University Law School in Beijing, China. Students must maintain a G.P.A. of at least 2.50 (out of 4.0) over the course of the 24 credits they must earn to graduate.","title":"Graduate law programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"}],"sub_title":"General LL.M. for international lawyers","text":"Temple offers a general studies LL.M. program for foreign-trained lawyers. With the exception of two required research and writing courses, students can design their own curriculum from more than 180 courses offered annually in American and international law. General LL.M. degree candidates must successfully complete 24 credit hours of course work with a cumulative grade point average of 2.0 (out of a possible 4.0). The program can be completed in two semesters beginning in August and continuing to May. In addition to the main campus in Philadelphia, the General LL.M. is offered in Tokyo and Beijing. Students may transfer up to four credits at Temple's six-week summer law program in Rome, Italy, to the main campus L.L.M.","title":"Graduate law programs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Doctor of Juridical Science","text":"The Doctor of Juridical Science is a research-oriented degree program designed for those seeking to pursue careers as law teachers and scholars of law. Candidates enrolled in the S.J.D. program are required to spend their initial academic year in residence at the main campus in Philadelphia.","title":"Graduate law programs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Estate planning and employee benefits certificates","text":"An Estate Planning Certificate and Employee Benefits Certificate is offered through the Graduate Tax Program for practitioners who do not wish to pursue an LL.M. degree. The Estate Planning Certificate (exposes students to federal estate, gift and generation-skipping taxation issues, as well as federal income taxation of trusts and estates.","title":"Graduate law programs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Law School organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shusterman_Hall_-_The_James_E._Beasley_School_of_Law.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shusterman_Hall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Moot Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moot_court"}],"sub_title":"Moot Court","text":"Shusterman HallSide view of Shusterman HallTemple Law's Moot Court was started in the 1950s. Moot Court members are selected as second-year law students through the Samuel L. Polsky Selection Competition, which is held during the fall semester. Polsky participants research and write an appellate brief, then argue both sides of the case before experienced attorneys who serve as appellate court justices. Students receiving the highest scores for brief writing and oral argument are invited to join the society.","title":"Law School organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Temple Law Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Law_Review"},{"link_name":"Temple International and Comparative Law Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_International_and_Comparative_Law_Journal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Law journals","text":"Temple Law has two student-edited journals and law reviews. The Temple Law Review is published quarterly and the Temple International and Comparative Law Journal is published on a bi-annual basis. The 2022 W&L Law Journal Rankings place the Temple Law Review as the 87th best law journal in the nation with a score of 15.27 out of 100.[8]","title":"Law School organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"89.5% of the Class of 2022 was employed in fulltime, long term, JD advantage or bar required jobs, while 77.73% of the class was employed in fulltime, long term, bar required jobs, i.e. jobs as attorneys.[9]","title":"Employment statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. News & World Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Above the Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_the_Law_(blog)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"National Law Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Law_Journal"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barpass-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Back_entrance_of_Barrack_Hall.jpg"}],"text":"U.S. News & World Report ranks Temple Law the tied for 54th best law school in the country in its 2024 law school rankings.[10]\nAbove the Law ranked Temple Law 43rd in its annual \"Top Law Schools\" report for legal employment outcomes in 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2019.[11]\nNational Law Journal ranked Temple Law as a top 50 best law school in its annual report for 2016.[12] The law school ranked 19th for alumni who were promoted to partnership in 2015.[13]\nIn 2022, Temple's Pennsylvania Bar Examination passage rate was 85.16% for first time takers[14] while it’s overall first-time passage rate was 83.06%.[5]Back entrance of Barrack Hall","title":"Rankings and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lynne Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynne_Abraham"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mari Carmen Aponte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Carmen_Aponte"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Amy Banse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Banse"},{"link_name":"Comcast Interactive Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast_Interactive_Media"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Susan Paradise Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Paradise_Baxter"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Louis Bechtle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Bechtle"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Edward G. Biester, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_G._Biester,_Jr."},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Pat Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Browne"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Albert E. Burling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_E._Burling"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Jim Cawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Cawley"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Katayoun Copeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katayoun_Copeland"},{"link_name":"assistant U.S. Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_U.S._Attorney"},{"link_name":"Delaware County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Thomas M. Foglietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_M._Foglietta"},{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Philip Forman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Forman"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"Kurt Gödel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln Freedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Freedman"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Vince Fumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Fumo"},{"link_name":"Mitchell S. Goldberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_S._Goldberg"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"James Henry Gorbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Henry_Gorbey"},{"link_name":"Clifford Scott Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Scott_Green"},{"link_name":"U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Martin A. Herman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_A._Herman"},{"link_name":"New Jersey General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"3rd Legislative District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Legislative_District_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Superior Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Superior_Court"},{"link_name":"Gloucester County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Herbert J. Hutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_J._Hutton"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Melanie B. Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_B._Jacobs"},{"link_name":"University of Louisville School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Louisville_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"George R. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_R._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Barbara S. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_S._Jones"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Southern District of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Kane"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"James McGirr Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McGirr_Kelly"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Robert F. Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kelly"},{"link_name":"Chad F. Kenney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_F._Kenney"},{"link_name":"Mark Levin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Levin"},{"link_name":"Edwin Meese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Meese"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Jose L. Linares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_L._Linares"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the District of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Mary M. Lisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_M._Lisi"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Joseph J. Longobardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_J._Longobardi"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the District of Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Delaware"},{"link_name":"John W. Lord Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Lord_Jr."},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Alan David Lourie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_David_Lourie"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Albert Branson Maris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Branson_Maris"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Seamus McCaffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamus_McCaffrey"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"James P. McGranery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_P._McGranery"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"United States Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Representative"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pat Meehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Meehan"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Cecil B. Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_B._Moore"},{"link_name":"James M. Munley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Martin_Munley"},{"link_name":"judge on the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pamd.uscourts.gov/bios/munley.htm"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Drew O'Keefe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_O%27Keefe"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PhillyInq-31"},{"link_name":"John R. Padova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Padova"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Christopher L. Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Paris"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania State Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Police#Superintendents_and_commissioners_since_1905"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Lowell A. Reed Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_A._Reed_Jr."},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Leon Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Rose"},{"link_name":"Allen Rosenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Rosenberg_(rower)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Timothy J. Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_J._Savage"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Martin J. Silverstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_J._Silverstein"},{"link_name":"United States Ambassador to Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Richard A. Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_A._Snyder"},{"link_name":"William Henry Stafford Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Stafford_Jr."},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"John F. Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Street"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Charles Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Swift"},{"link_name":"lieutenant commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_commander"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Judge Advocate General's Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps,_U.S._Navy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Petrese B. Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrese_B._Tucker"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"David Urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Urban"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Philly-37"},{"link_name":"Franklin S. Van Antwerpen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Van_Antwerpen"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"James \"Jim\" Walden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_%22Jim%22_Walden"},{"link_name":"Assistant U.S. Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney"},{"link_name":"Eastern District of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Charles R. Weiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._Weiner"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Joseph Putnam Willson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Putnam_Willson"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lloyd H. Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_H._Wood"}],"text":"Lynne Abraham (1965), former district attorney of Philadelphia.[citation needed]\nMari Carmen Aponte (1975), appointed by President Barack Obama to the position of U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador.[citation needed]\nAmy Banse (1987), president of Comcast Interactive Media.[citation needed]\nSusan Paradise Baxter (1983), judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania\nLouis Bechtle (1954), judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania\nEdward G. Biester, Jr. (1955), U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania (1967–1977); Attorney General of Pennsylvania (1979–1980); judge, Bucks County Court of Common Pleas (1980–2006); U.S. Court of Military Commission Review (appointed September 2004).[15]\nPat Browne, former Pennsylvania senator for the 16th district.[16]\nAlbert E. Burling, justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey\nJim Cawley, 32nd Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania.[17]\nKatayoun Copeland, assistant U.S. Attorney (2019–2023) and district attorney of Delaware County, Pennsylvania (2018–2019)[18]\nThomas M. Foglietta (1952), former member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district.[19]\nPhilip Forman (1919), judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, formally granted United States citizenship to Albert Einstein and Kurt Gödel\nAbraham Lincoln Freedman (1926), judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit\nVince Fumo (1972), convicted felon and former Pennsylvania senator\nMitchell S. Goldberg (1986), judge on the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.[20]\nJames Henry Gorbey (1949), United States federal judge\nClifford Scott Green, former judge on the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.[21]\nMartin A. Herman (1963), politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly, where he represented the 3rd Legislative District from 1974 to 1986, and was later appointed as a judge in New Jersey Superior Court in Gloucester County.[22]\nHerbert J. Hutton (1962), judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania\nMelanie B. Jacobs (2002), dean of the University of Louisville School of Law\nGeorge R. Johnson (1955), Pennsylvania State representative for the 166th district (1967–1972)\nBarbara S. Jones (1973), judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York\nKathleen Kane (1993), first female Pennsylvania Attorney General and convicted felony[23][24]\nJames McGirr Kelly (1957), judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania\nRobert F. Kelly (1960), judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania\nChad F. Kenney (1980), judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania\nMark Levin (1980), chief of staff to Attorney General Edwin Meese and nationally syndicated radio host.[25]\nJose L. Linares (1978), judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey.[26]\nMary M. Lisi (1977), judge of the United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island.[27]\nJoseph J. Longobardi (1957), judge of the United States District Court for the District of Delaware\nJohn W. Lord Jr. (1928), judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania\nAlan David Lourie (1970), judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit\nAlbert Branson Maris (1918), judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit\nSeamus McCaffrey, justice on the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.[28]\nJames P. McGranery (1928), 61st United States Attorney General, United States Representative for Pennsylvania's 2nd District, judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania\nPat Meehan, former United States House of Representatives, Pennsylvania 7th District; former United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.[29]\nCecil B. Moore, (1951) civil rights activist, and former member of Philadelphia City Council.\nJames M. Munley (1963), judge on the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania.[30]\nDrew O'Keefe - U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania[31]\nJohn R. Padova (1959), judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania\nChristopher L. Paris (2004), 23rd Commissioner of the Pennsylvania State Police[32]\nLowell A. Reed Jr. (1958), judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania\nLeon Rose, basketball sports agent. Clients have included LeBron James and Allen Iverson.\nAllen Rosenberg, rower and rowing coach[citation needed]\nTimothy J. Savage (1971), judge on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.[33]\nMartin J. Silverstein (1979), United States Ambassador to Uruguay,[34]\nRichard A. Snyder, Pennsylvania State Senator for the 13th district from 1961 to 1984\nWilliam Henry Stafford Jr. (1956), judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida\nJohn F. Street (1975), former mayor of Philadelphia.[35]\nCharles Swift (1999 L.L.M.), a lieutenant commander in the U.S. Navy, Judge Advocate General's Corps.[citation needed]\nPetrese B. Tucker (1976), judge on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.[36]\nDavid Urban (J.D.), political commentator and lobbyist.[37]\nFranklin S. Van Antwerpen, judge on United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, former judge on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.[38]\nJames \"Jim\" Walden (1991), former Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of New York and founder, Walden Macht & Haran LLP[39]\nCharles R. Weiner (1949), judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania\nJoseph Putnam Willson (1931), judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania\nLloyd H. Wood, 20th Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania from 1951 to 1955","title":"Notable alumni"}] | [{"image_text":"James E. Beasley Sr., trial lawyer, standing on his desk in his Philadelphia office 1994","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/James_e_beasley_sr_trial_lawyer.jpg/220px-James_e_beasley_sr_trial_lawyer.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shusterman Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Shusterman_Hall_-_The_James_E._Beasley_School_of_Law.jpg/220px-Shusterman_Hall_-_The_James_E._Beasley_School_of_Law.jpg"},{"image_text":"Side view of Shusterman Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Shusterman_Hall.jpg/220px-Shusterman_Hall.jpg"},{"image_text":"Back entrance of Barrack Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Back_entrance_of_Barrack_Hall.jpg/220px-Back_entrance_of_Barrack_Hall.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Philadelphia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Philadelphia"},{"title":"Pennsylvania Law Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_the_United_States#Pennsylvania"}] | [{"reference":"\"Temple endowment exceeds $500 million\". Temple Now. November 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.temple.edu/news/2016-11-28/500-million-endowment","url_text":"\"Temple endowment exceeds $500 million\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rachel Rebouché Appointed Dean of Temple University Beasley School of Law - Temple Law\". July 28, 2022. Retrieved September 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://law.temple.edu/news/rachel-rebouche-appointed-dean-of-temple-university-beasley-school-of-law/","url_text":"\"Rachel Rebouché Appointed Dean of Temple University Beasley School of Law - Temple Law\""}]},{"reference":"\"Temple University - 2023 Standard 509 Information Report\". abarequireddisclosures.org. American Bar Association. Retrieved March 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abarequireddisclosures.org/Disclosure509.aspx","url_text":"\"Temple University - 2023 Standard 509 Information Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association","url_text":"American Bar Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Temple University (Beasley)\". Retrieved April 10, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/temple-university-03139","url_text":"\"Temple University (Beasley)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Temple University - Bar Passage 2022\". abarequireddisclosures.org. American Bar Association. Retrieved 3 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abarequireddisclosures.org/BarPassageOutcomes.aspx","url_text":"\"Temple University - Bar Passage 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association","url_text":"American Bar Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Profile of Entering Class\". Temple Law. Retrieved March 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://law.temple.edu/admissions/jd/entering-class-profile/","url_text":"\"Profile of Entering Class\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rachel Rebouché Appointed Dean of Temple University Beasley School of Law\". July 28, 2022. Retrieved September 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://law.temple.edu/news/rachel-rebouche-appointed-dean-of-temple-university-beasley-school-of-law/","url_text":"\"Rachel Rebouché Appointed Dean of Temple University Beasley School of Law\""}]},{"reference":"\"W&L Law Journal Rankings\". managementtools4.wlu.edu. Washington and Lee University School of Law. Retrieved 7 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://managementtools4.wlu.edu/LawJournals/","url_text":"\"W&L Law Journal Rankings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University_School_of_Law","url_text":"Washington and Lee University School of Law"}]},{"reference":"\"Temple University Employment Summary 2022 Graduates\". abarequireddisclosures.org. American Bar Association. Retrieved 3 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abarequireddisclosures.org/employmentoutcomes.aspx","url_text":"\"Temple University Employment Summary 2022 Graduates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association","url_text":"American Bar Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Temple University (Beasley) Law School Overview\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/temple-university-03139","url_text":"\"Temple University (Beasley) Law School Overview\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 2017 ATL Top 50 Law School Rankings\". Retrieved July 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://abovethelaw.com/law-school-rankings/top-law-schools/?rf=1","url_text":"\"The 2017 ATL Top 50 Law School Rankings\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Top 50 Go-To Law Schools\". Retrieved July 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.com/sites/almstaff/2018/03/08/the-top-50-go-to-law-schools/","url_text":"\"The Top 50 Go-To Law Schools\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Top 50 Go-To Law Schools\". Retrieved July 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationallawjournal.com/home/id=1202751499299?slreturn=20160628094526","url_text":"\"The Top 50 Go-To Law Schools\""}]},{"reference":"\"PA BAr Exam UBE Statistics\". August 21, 2023. Retrieved September 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pabarexam.org/bar_exam_information/bestats.htm","url_text":"\"PA BAr Exam UBE Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edward G. Biester, Jr\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000451","url_text":"\"Edward G. Biester, Jr\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pat Browne\". Project Vote Smart. Retrieved February 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/9093/patrick-browne#.US0roKV--BE","url_text":"\"Pat Browne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jim Cawley\". Project Vote Smart. Retrieved February 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/47323/jim-cawley#.US0tFqV--BE","url_text":"\"Jim Cawley\""}]},{"reference":"Schneider, Aliya (November 20, 2023). \"Former Delco DA Kat Copeland announces run for attorney general\". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved November 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inquirer.com/politics/election/delco-da-kat-copeland-pa-attorney-general-20231120.html","url_text":"\"Former Delco DA Kat Copeland announces run for attorney general\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer","url_text":"The Philadelphia Inquirer"}]},{"reference":"\"Thomas M. Foglietta\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved February 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000235","url_text":"\"Thomas M. Foglietta\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mitchell S. Goldberg\". Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved February 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=3193&cid=999&ctype=na&instate=na","url_text":"\"Mitchell S. Goldberg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clifford Scott Green\". Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved February 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=907&cid=999&ctype=na&instate=na","url_text":"\"Clifford Scott Green\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Baer: New A.G. Kane has a lot on her plate\". 16 January 2013. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130116115141/http://www.philly.com/philly/columnists/john_baer/20130114_John_Baer__New_A_G__Kane_has_a_lot_on_her_plate.html","url_text":"\"John Baer: New A.G. Kane has a lot on her plate\""},{"url":"http://www.philly.com/philly/columnists/john_baer/20130114_John_Baer__New_A_G__Kane_has_a_lot_on_her_plate.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kathleen Kane\". Project Vote Smart. Retrieved February 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/78309/kathleen-kane#.US95_aV--BE","url_text":"\"Kathleen Kane\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mark Levin\". Notable Names Data Base. Retrieved February 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nndb.com/people/890/000132494/","url_text":"\"Mark Levin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jose L. Linares | District of New Jersey | United States District Court\". www.njd.uscourts.gov. Retrieved July 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.njd.uscourts.gov/content/jose-l-linares","url_text":"\"Jose L. Linares | District of New Jersey | United States District Court\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mary M. Lisi\". Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved February 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=1404&cid=999&ctype=na&instate=na","url_text":"\"Mary M. Lisi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seamus McCaffrey\". Notable Names Data Base. Retrieved February 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nndb.com/people/173/000167669/","url_text":"\"Seamus McCaffrey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pat Meehan\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved February 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M001181","url_text":"\"Pat Meehan\""}]},{"reference":"\"James Martin Munley\". Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved February 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=2801&cid=999&ctype=na&instate=na","url_text":"\"James Martin Munley\""}]},{"reference":"\"D. O'Keefe, 73, former prosecutor\". Philadelphia Inquirer. 1989-06-19. p. 42.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Inquirer","url_text":"Philadelphia Inquirer"}]},{"reference":"\"PSP Commissioner Biography\". Pennsylvania State Police. Retrieved 2024-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.psp.pa.gov/Pages/psp-commissioner-biography.aspx","url_text":"\"PSP Commissioner Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Timothy J. Savage\". Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved February 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=2947&cid=999&ctype=na&instate=na","url_text":"\"Timothy J. Savage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Martin J. Silverstein Ambassadorial Post Uruguay, 2001 – 2005\". Council of American Ambassadors. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120311010439/http://www.americanambassadors.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Members.view&memberid=208","url_text":"\"Martin J. Silverstein Ambassadorial Post Uruguay, 2001 – 2005\""},{"url":"http://www.americanambassadors.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Members.view&memberid=208","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"John F. Street\". Notable Names Data Base. Retrieved February 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nndb.com/people/894/000056726/","url_text":"\"John F. Street\""}]},{"reference":"\"Petrese B. Tucker\". Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved February 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=2871&cid=999&ctype=na&instate=na","url_text":"\"Petrese B. Tucker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet Pa.'s David Urban, Trump tactician and 'traffic controller' at RNC\". The Philadelphia Inquirer. July 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.philly.com/philly/news/politics/presidential/20160720_Meet_Pa__s_David_Urban__Trump_tactician_and__traffic_controller__at_RNC.html","url_text":"\"Meet Pa.'s David Urban, Trump tactician and 'traffic controller' at RNC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer","url_text":"The Philadelphia Inquirer"}]},{"reference":"\"Franklin Van Antwerpen\". Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved February 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=2437&cid=999&ctype=na&instate=na","url_text":"\"Franklin Van Antwerpen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jim Walden (LAW '91) - Temple Law School - Advocacy is...\" Temple Law School - Advocacy is... 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatahedi | Chatahedi | ["1 Demographics","2 References"] | Coordinates: 23°41′15″N 77°24′50″E / 23.687486°N 77.413771°E / 23.687486; 77.413771
Village in Madhya Pradesh, IndiaChatahedivillageChatahediShow map of Madhya PradeshChatahediShow map of IndiaCoordinates: 23°41′15″N 77°24′50″E / 23.687486°N 77.413771°E / 23.687486; 77.413771CountryIndiaStateMadhya PradeshDistrictBhopalTehsilBerasiaPopulation (2011) • Total1,093Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)ISO 3166 codeMP-INCensus code482207
Chatahedi is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Berasia tehsil, beside the Baanh River.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census of India, Chatahedi has 245 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 70.34%.
Demographics (2011 Census)
Total
Male
Female
Population
1093
591
502
Children aged below 6 years
223
113
110
Scheduled caste
265
159
106
Scheduled tribe
15
6
9
Literates
612
398
214
Workers (all)
526
293
233
Main workers (total)
273
188
85
Main workers: Cultivators
212
148
64
Main workers: Agricultural labourers
51
33
18
Main workers: Household industry workers
1
0
1
Main workers: Other
9
7
2
Marginal workers (total)
253
105
148
Marginal workers: Cultivators
58
12
46
Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers
191
90
101
Marginal workers: Household industry workers
1
0
1
Marginal workers: Others
3
3
0
Non-workers
567
298
269
References
^ Lok Seva Kendra, Berasia
^ a b "District Census Handbook - Bhopal" (PDF). 2011 Census of India. Directorate of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
vteVillages in Berasia tehsil of Bhopal district
Agra
Ajabpura
Ajampur
Amalya
Amarpur
Ankia
Arjunkhedi
Arrai Rai Singh
Arrai Sardar Singh
Arrawati
Babachiya
Babdi Khar
Babukhedi
Badbeli Khurd
Badli
Bagapura
Bagraj
Bagsi
Bahrawal
Bairagarh
Bamhora
Bamhori
Bandikhedi (482082)
Bandikhedi (482303)
Bandrua
Barbeli Kalan
Barela Kheda
Barkheda Baramad
Barkheda Baramad Gunga
Barkheda Kalan
Barkheda Khurd
Barkheda Moji
Barkheda Yakub
Barkhedi
Barodi
Barrai
Barri Gujar
Barri Mustsil Bagraj
Barrichheer Kheda
Beelkhoh
Berkhedi
Berkhedi Kalan
Bhainsana
Bhakwaha
Bhatni
Bhaupura
Bhens Kheda
Bhesoda
Bhojapura
Bhonrasa
Bhujpura Kalan
Bhujpura Khurd
Bhungiyai
Bijapur
Bijawan Kalan
Bijawan Khurd
Bineka
Birha Shyam Khedi
Birhai
Borpura
Budhor Kalan
Chakkheda
Chanda Saloi
Chandan Khedi
Chandbad Kadim
Chandpura
Chapadiya
Charpahadi Bazyaft
Charpahari
Chatahedi
Chataua
Chhapryai
Daknai
Dam Kheda
Damila
Danderi
Dangroli
Dariyapur
Darwaji
Dewalkheda
Dhamantori
Dhamarra
Dhaturiya
Dhekpur
Dhokapura
Dhonoura
Dhoot Khedi
Dillod
Dohaya
Dojyai
Dolatpura
Dongargaon
Dungariya
Gana Khedi
Ganga Khedi
Ganga Pipaliya
Ganyari
Garenthiya Bazyft
Garentiyadangi
Garha Brahman
Garha Kalan
Garha Khurd
Ghogalpur
Gonda Khedi
Gondipura
Goria
Goria Sankheda
Gujartodi
Gunga
Habibganj
Hamid Khedi
Haripur
Harrakheda
Hingoni
Hinoti Sadak
Hinotiya Ghat
Hinotiya Jagir, Berasia
Hinotiya Piran
Hiran Khedi
Ijagiri
Imalia Narendra
Imaliya Swaroop
Indarpura
Jafrabad
Jagmeri
Jajankhedi
Jamusar Kalan
Jamusar Khurd
Jangaliya Pura
Jetpura
Jhikariya Kalan
Jhikariya Khurd
Jhirniya
Jhironiya Kankad
Junapani (482215)
Junapani (482243)
Kachnariya
Kadaia Brahman
Kadaiya Kalan
Kadaiya Khurd
Kadaiya Kota
Kadia Chabar
Kadia Khoh
Kalapatha
Kalapipal
Kalara
Kalayanpura
Kandi Khedi
Kanera, Berasia
Karanpura
Karariya
Karhaiya Shah
Karondiya
Keetai Dewapura
Keetgarh
Keetkhedi
Keshokhedi
Khadampur
Khai Kheda
Khajuria Ramdas
Khajuria Ranku
Khajuriya Kalan
Khandariya
Khata Khedi
Khedi
Khedli
Khejra Babbar
Khejra Ghat (482058)
Khejra Ghat (482172)
Khejra Gopi
Khejra Kalyanpur
Khejra Kamal
Khejra Misar
Khejra Padhar
Kher Kheda
Kherkhedi
Khitwas
Khuja Khedi
Khukaria
Kolu Khedi (482219)
Kolu Khedi (482280)
Kolu Khedi Kalan
Kolu Khedi Khurd
Kotra
Kotra Chopra
Kulhor
Kutkipura
Laharpur
Lalariya
Laloi
Langarpur
Latifpur
Madnai
Maholi
Mahua Kheda
Mahuwa Kheda
Mainapura
Majheda Majhedi
Majidgarh
Malkari
Manakund
Mangalgarh
Manikhedi (482098)
Mani Khedi (482297)
Mankhiyai
Manpur
Manpura
Megra Kalan
Mengra
Mithi Chhapri
Moondla Chattan
Mudia Kheda
Mundla Chand
Nalkheda
Namdarpura
Narela Bazyaft
Narela Damodar
Nay Samand
Nazirabad
Neem Khedi
Nekli
Netapura
Nidanpur
Padli
Parason
Pardi
Parsora
Parsoriya
Parwaria
Pasaiya
Patalpani
Patalpur (482201)
Patalpur (482334)
Pathariya
Pipakhedi
Pipal Khedi
Pipalia Hasnabad
Pipaliya Junnardar
Pipaliya Kadim
Pipalkheda
Pipalkhedi
Pura Khana
Ramaha
Ramgarha
Rampura Balachon
Rampura Khurd
Ramtek
Rani Khajuri
Ratua Ratanpur
Rawatpura
Rehtai
Richhai
Rondia
Ronjia Bazaft
Runaha
Rusalli
Sagoni Jora
Sagoni Kalan
Sagoni Khurd
Saloi Sangraj
Sapaua
Semra
Semra Bheropura
Semra Kalan
Semri Kalan
Semri Khurd
Shahodra
Shahpur
Sheshapura
Shukla
Sindhora
Sonkatch
Suhaya
Sukaliya
Sumer
Sunga
Surajpura
Surana
Syar Kalan
Tanda
Tarawli Kalan
Tarawli Khurd
Thikariya Banramda
Thikariya Laxmanpur
Tinoniya
Umaraya
Umariya
Undrai
Unida
Untkheda
Vichhnai | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bhopal district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal_district"},{"link_name":"Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Berasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berasia"},{"link_name":"tehsil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehsil"}],"text":"Village in Madhya Pradesh, IndiaChatahedi is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India.[1] It is located in the Berasia tehsil, beside the Baanh River.","title":"Chatahedi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 census of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_census_of_India"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census_2011-2"}],"text":"According to the 2011 census of India, Chatahedi has 245 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 70.34%.[2]","title":"Demographics"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"District Census Handbook - Bhopal\" (PDF). 2011 Census of India. Directorate of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh. Retrieved 20 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2327_PART_B_DCHB_BHOPAL.pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Handbook - Bhopal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Census_of_India","url_text":"2011 Census of India"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chatahedi¶ms=23.687486_N_77.413771_E_type:city(1093)_region:IN-MP","external_links_name":"23°41′15″N 77°24′50″E / 23.687486°N 77.413771°E / 23.687486; 77.413771"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chatahedi¶ms=23.687486_N_77.413771_E_type:city(1093)_region:IN-MP","external_links_name":"23°41′15″N 77°24′50″E / 23.687486°N 77.413771°E / 23.687486; 77.413771"},{"Link":"http://bhopal.nic.in/rfplokseva/berasia.pdf","external_links_name":"Lok Seva Kendra, Berasia"},{"Link":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2327_PART_B_DCHB_BHOPAL.pdf","external_links_name":"\"District Census Handbook - Bhopal\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_and_Amiability | Blackadder the Third | ["1 Plot","2 Episodes","3 Cast","4 Music and titles","5 Awards","6 Media releases","6.1 VHS releases","6.2 DVD releases","7 References","8 External links"] | Third series of the BBC sitcom Blackadder
Blackadder the ThirdTitle screen of Blackadder the ThirdWritten byRichard CurtisBen EltonDirected byMandie FletcherStarringRowan AtkinsonTony RobinsonHugh LaurieHelen Atkinson-WoodTheme music composerHoward GoodallCountry of originUnited KingdomNo. of episodes6 (list of episodes)ProductionProducerJohn LloydRunning time30 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkBBC1Release17 September (1987-09-17) –22 October 1987 (1987-10-22)Related
Blackadder II
Blackadder: The Cavalier Years
Blackadder the Third is the third series of the BBC sitcom Blackadder, written by Richard Curtis and Ben Elton, which aired on BBC1 from 17 September to 22 October 1987. The series is set during the Georgian Era, and sees the principal character, Mr. E. Blackadder, serve as butler to the Prince Regent and have to contend with, or cash in on, the fads of the age embraced by his master.
The successor to Blackadder II, the series reduced the number of principal characters again compared with the previous series, but instead included a number of significant cameo roles by well-known comic actors. The programme won a BAFTA award for Best Comedy Series in 1988 and received three further nominations.
A fourth and final series, Blackadder Goes Forth, aired in 1989.
Plot
Blackadder the Third is vaguely set in the late 18th and early 19th century period known as the Regency, although it is not possible to precisely date any episode as the historical events and persons depicted and referenced are (perhaps intentionally) anachronistic. For example, the formal Regency (during which King George III was incapacitated due to poor mental health and his son, George, Prince of Wales, served as regent) was in place between 1811 and 1820, and the series repeatedly refers to George as "Prince Regent". However, the second episode depicts Samuel Johnson (who died in 1784) working on his groundbreaking dictionary (which was published in 1755). Likewise, the final episode is set just before the Battle of Trafalgar (1805), but refers to George as Prince Regent, depicts George III as suffering from mental illness, and refers to Arthur Wellesley, who was not created "Viscount Wellington" until 1809, as "Wellington".
In the series, E. Blackadder Esquire (Rowan Atkinson) is the head butler to the Prince of Wales (Hugh Laurie), a spoiled, foppish idiot. Despite Edmund's respected intelligence and abilities, he has no personal fortune to speak of. On the other hand, given the ease with which he is able to manipulate the prince, he is generally financially comfortable. According to Edmund he has been serving the Prince Regent all of his life, ever since the prince was breastfed (when he had to show the prince which part of his mother was "serving the drinks").
Baldrick (Tony Robinson) remains similar to his Blackadder II predecessor, and although his "cunning plans" cease to be even remotely intelligent (except in the last episode), he is the most aware of political, religious and social events. As Blackadder himself is now a servant, Baldrick is labelled as Blackadder's "dogsbody". In this series, Baldrick often displays a more belligerent attitude towards his master, even referring to him once as a "lazy, big-nosed, rubber-faced bastard" or deliberately comparing his face to his Scottish cousin, MacAdder, who Blackadder openly believes to be ugly. Blackadder often affectionately calls him "Balders" (and Baldrick sometimes calls Blackadder "Mr. B.").
There are three main sets: the prince's quarters, which are opulently decorated; the below-stairs kitchen hangout of Blackadder and Baldrick, which is dark and squalid (though very large and with a very high ceiling); and finally Mrs. Miggins' coffeehouse. Mrs. Miggins' pie shop was a never-seen running gag in Blackadder II; a descendant of hers is now finally shown, played by Helen Atkinson-Wood.
The plots feature rotten boroughs, Dr. Samuel Johnson (played by Robbie Coltrane), the French Revolution (featuring Chris Barrie as a revolutionary) and the Scarlet Pimpernel, over-the-top theatrical actors, squirrel-hating female highwaymen, the practice of settling quarrels with a duel, and the discussion of tactics with Duke of Wellington (played by Stephen Fry).
The last episode features Rowan Atkinson as Blackadder's Scottish cousin MacAdder, supposedly a fierce swordsman. This leads to a dialogue in which Atkinson is acting both parts. After this episode, Blackadder finds fortune and ends up permanently posing as the Prince Regent after the real prince, disguised as Blackadder, dies after being fatally shot in the chest by the Duke of Wellington.
Episodes
See also: List of Blackadder episodes
The series aired for six episodes broadcast on Thursdays at 9:30 pm on BBC1. The titles of the episodes are always a noun paired with another, derived from an adjective beginning with the same letters, in the manner of the Jane Austen novels, Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice. On the first broadcast, fifth episode Amy and Amiability was billed in the Radio Times under its working title of Cape and Capability.
No.overallNo. inseriesTitleDirected byWritten byRecorded dateOriginal air date131"Dish and Dishonesty"Mandie FletcherRichard Curtis & Ben Elton19 June 1987 (1987-06-19)17 September 1987 (1987-09-17)
Blackadder attempts to win a by-election in the rotten borough of Dunny-on-the-Wold against the petulant teenage Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger (who plans to bankrupt Blackadder's master, the Prince Regent, by removing him from the Civil list), using Baldrick (later known as Mr. S Baldrick, the initial letter standing for "Sodoff") as the MP. Unfortunately, after Baldrick wins, he is manipulated into voting for Pitt, pushing Blackadder to meddle with politics even further.
Featuring Vincent Hanna as "his own great-great-grandfather".
142"Ink and Incapability"Mandie FletcherRichard Curtis & Ben Elton5 June 1987 (1987-06-05)24 September 1987 (1987-09-24)
The Prince decides to become patron of Dr. Samuel Johnson and his new dictionary, until they become enemies after the prince offends Dr. Johnson. When Blackadder discovers that Baldrick has burnt the only copy of Dr. Johnson's dictionary, Blackadder must rewrite the dictionary.
Guest starring Robbie Coltrane as Dr. Johnson.
153"Nob and Nobility"Mandie FletcherRichard Curtis & Ben Elton10 July 1987 (1987-07-10)1 October 1987 (1987-10-01)
Irritated by the new obsession with all things French, Blackadder makes a bet with Lords Topper and Smedley and goes out to rescue an aristocrat and claim his 1,000 guineas.
Guest starring Tim McInnerny, Nigel Planer and Chris Barrie.
Note: Despite this being the third episode in the series, this was actually the last one to be filmed.
164"Sense and Senility"Mandie FletcherRichard Curtis & Ben Elton12 June 1987 (1987-06-12)8 October 1987 (1987-10-08)
When an assassination attempt is made on the Prince, Blackadder decides to help him with his image by writing a public speech. Against Blackadder's advice, the Prince employs two over-the-top actors, Enoch Mossop and David Keanrick, to coach him on how to give the speech.
Guest starring Hugh Paddick, Kenneth Connor and Ben Elton.
175"Amy and Amiability"Mandie FletcherRichard Curtis & Ben Elton26 June 1987 (1987-06-26)15 October 1987 (1987-10-15)
When the Prince runs out of money, Edmund attempts to marry him off to the daughter of a rich industrialist, but is thwarted at every turn by the mysterious highwayman "The Shadow".
Guest appearances by Miranda Richardson as Amy Hardwood and Warren Clarke as Mr Hardwood.
186"Duel and Duality"Mandie FletcherRichard Curtis & Ben Elton3 July 1987 (1987-07-03)22 October 1987 (1987-10-22)
The Duke of Wellington promises to kill the prince in a duel after the prince has an affair with two of the duke's nieces. Baldrick comes up with a plan involving Blackadder taking the prince's place in the duel, and Blackadder intends on using his mad Scottish cousin, MacAdder.
Guest starring Stephen Fry as the Duke of Wellington.
Cast
The principal cast of Blackadder the Third in their Regency-styled costumes. Hugh Laurie (seated), Tony Robinson (bottom), Rowan Atkinson (standing) and Helen Atkinson-Wood
Rowan Atkinson as Edmund Blackadder
Tony Robinson as Baldrick
Hugh Laurie as George, Prince Regent
Helen Atkinson-Wood as Mrs Miggins
Although this series reduced the size of the show's cast, the programme featured guest appearances in each episode. Tim McInnerny decided not to continue playing the character of Lord Percy for fear of being typecast, although he appeared in a guest role as Lord Topper in episode three. Stephen Fry and Miranda Richardson, who had played major parts in Blackadder II, also appeared in guest roles as the Duke of Wellington and a disguised highwayman, respectively. Fry and McInnerny would return as regular performers for the fourth series of Blackadder. Other notable guest stars included Denis Lill as Sir Tolbert Buxomley MP, Robbie Coltrane as Dr. Samuel Johnson, and Hugh Paddick and Kenneth Connor as stage actors Keanrick and Mossop, respectively.
Music and titles
The opening theme is this time a minuet played on a harpsichord, oboe and cello over close-ups of Blackadder searching a bookcase. The credits and title appear on the books' spines, and each has a condition and script to match each character, for example Baldrick's is plain and in poor condition. Other amusing interspersed titles include From Black Death to Blackadder, The Blackobite Rebellion of 1745, The Encyclopædia Blackaddica and Landscape Gardening by Capability Brownadder. Hidden inside a hollow book, he finds a romance novel (complete with cover art) bearing the title of the particular episode. The closing credits are presented in the style of a theatre programme from a Regency-era play, and with an accordion closing theme that samples the melody of the original theme.
Awards
The programme won a BAFTA award for Best Comedy Series in 1988. It was also nominated for three more awards; Rowan Atkinson for "Best Light Entertainment Performance", Antony Thorpe for "Best Design" and Victoria Pocock for "Best Make Up". The four series of Blackadder were voted second in the BBC's Britain's Best Sitcom in 2004.
Media releases
Blackadder The Third is available on BBC Worldwide-distributed DVD and VHS video as an individual series or as part of a boxset with the other series of Blackadder. A BBC Radio Collection audio version created from the TV soundtrack is available on cassette and CD. All four seasons and the Christmas special are available on iTunes. The complete scripts of the four television series were released in 1998 as Blackadder: The Whole Damn Dynasty 1485–1917, and by Penguin Books in 2009.
VHS releases
In February 1989, BBC Enterprises Ltd released all six episodes of Blackadder the Third on two videos. They were re-released on 7 September 1992 as a double VHS, and on 2 October 1995 as a single video.
VHS video title
Year of release/BBFC rating
Episodes
Blackadder The Third- Dish and Dishonesty (BBCV 4142)
6 February 1989 (PG)
Dish and Dishonesty, Ink and Incapability, Nob and Nobility
Blackadder The Third- Sense and Senility (BBCV 4143)
6 February 1989 (15)
Sense and Senility, Amy and Amibility, Duel and Duality
The Complete Blackadder the Third (Double Pack) (BBCV 4786)
7 September 1992 (15)
TAPE 1: Dish and Dishonesty, Ink and Incapability, Nob and Nobility,TAPE 2: Sense and Senility, Amy and Amibility, Duel and Duality
Blackadder the Third- The Entire Historic Third Series (BBCV 5713)
2 October 1995 (15)
Same as 'The Complete Blackadder the Third' but with all 6 episodes on a single video: Dish and Dishonesty, Ink and Incapability, Nob and Nobility, Sense and Senility, Amy and Amiability, Duel and Duality
DVD releases
DVD Title
DVD Content
Region 1
Region 2
Region 4
Blackadder 3
Complete third series, no extras.
26 June 2001
5 February 2001
28 February 2002
The Complete Blackadder
All four series, no extras.
N/A
12 November 2001
3 October 2002
Blackadder – The Complete Collection
All four series and specials, no extras.
26 June 2001
3 October 2005
N/A
Blackadder Remastered – The Ultimate Edition
All four series and specials remastered, plus Blackadder Rides Again documentary, audio commentaries on selected episodes and interviews with cast.
20 October 2009
15 June 2009
1 October 2009
References
^ Presented as "Black Adder The Third" on the title screen, but referred to as one word by the BBC
^ Lewisohn, Mark, Blackadder the Third at the former BBC Guide to Comedy. Retrieved 3 June 2007
^ a b c "Television Nominations 1988". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Archived from the original on 17 February 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
^ BBC Genome listing, 15 October 1987
^ https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/photos/blackadder-the-third-dish-and-dishonesty Filming date included with description(s).
^ https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/photos/blackadder-the-third-ink-and-incapability Filming date included with description(s).
^ https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/photos/blackadder-the-third-nob-and-nobility Filming date included with description(s).
^ https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/photos/blackadder-the-third-sense-and-senility Filming date included with description(s).
^ https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/photos/blackadder-the-third-amy-and-amiability Filming date included with description(s).
^ https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/photos/blackadder-the-third-duel-and-duality Filming date included with description(s).
^ Official Howard Goodall website Archived 5 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 17 March 2007
^ The final top-ten of Britain’s Best Sitcom. Retrieved 4 April 2008
^ BBC Radio Collection (7 July 2003). Blackadder Goes Forth (CD). London: BBC Audiobooks Ltd.
^ Apple iTunes Store (2010). Blackadder Goes Forth. BBC Worldwide (aac codec). London.
^ Curtis, Richard; Atkinson, Rowan; Elton, Ben (2 July 2009). Blackadder: The Whole Damn Dynasty 1485–1917. London: Michael Joseph Ltd (original) / Penguin (reissue). ISBN 978-0-7181-4372-5.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Blackadder the Third.
Blackadder the Third (1987) at IMDb
Blackadder the Third at the former BBC Guide to Comedy (archive)
Blackadder the Third at the new BBC Comedy Guide
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Rob & Romesh Vs (2024) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Blackadder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder"},{"link_name":"Richard Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Ben Elton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Elton"},{"link_name":"Georgian Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Era"},{"link_name":"Mr. E. Blackadder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Blackadder"},{"link_name":"Prince Regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_(Blackadder)"},{"link_name":"fads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fad"},{"link_name":"Blackadder II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder_II"},{"link_name":"cameo roles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_role"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewisohn-2"},{"link_name":"BAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvnom-3"},{"link_name":"Blackadder Goes Forth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder_Goes_Forth"}],"text":"Blackadder the Third [1] is the third series of the BBC sitcom Blackadder, written by Richard Curtis and Ben Elton, which aired on BBC1 from 17 September to 22 October 1987. The series is set during the Georgian Era, and sees the principal character, Mr. E. Blackadder, serve as butler to the Prince Regent and have to contend with, or cash in on, the fads of the age embraced by his master.The successor to Blackadder II, the series reduced the number of principal characters again compared with the previous series, but instead included a number of significant cameo roles by well-known comic actors.[2] The programme won a BAFTA award for Best Comedy Series in 1988 and received three further nominations.[3]A fourth and final series, Blackadder Goes Forth, aired in 1989.","title":"Blackadder the Third"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_era"},{"link_name":"anachronistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anachronistic"},{"link_name":"King George III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"George, Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Prince Regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Regent"},{"link_name":"second episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ink_and_Incapability_(Blackadder)"},{"link_name":"Samuel Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson"},{"link_name":"final episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duel_and_Duality_(Blackadder)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Trafalgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar"},{"link_name":"E. Blackadder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._E._Blackadder"},{"link_name":"Rowan Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Atkinson"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_(Blackadder)"},{"link_name":"Hugh Laurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Laurie"},{"link_name":"breastfed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breastfeeding"},{"link_name":"his mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz"},{"link_name":"Baldrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldrick#Blackadder_the_Third"},{"link_name":"Tony Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Blackadder II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder_II"},{"link_name":"predecessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldrick#Blackadder_II"},{"link_name":"dogsbody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogsbody"},{"link_name":"Mrs. Miggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs._Miggins"},{"link_name":"coffeehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffeehouse"},{"link_name":"running gag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_gag"},{"link_name":"Helen Atkinson-Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Atkinson-Wood"},{"link_name":"rotten boroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_borough"},{"link_name":"Samuel Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Robbie Coltrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Coltrane"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Chris Barrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Barrie"},{"link_name":"the Scarlet Pimpernel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scarlet_Pimpernel"},{"link_name":"theatrical actors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Renaissance_theatre"},{"link_name":"highwaymen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highwayman"},{"link_name":"duel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duel"},{"link_name":"Duke of Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Stephen Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Fry"},{"link_name":"MacAdder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Blackadder"},{"link_name":"swordsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swordsmanship"}],"text":"Blackadder the Third is vaguely set in the late 18th and early 19th century period known as the Regency, although it is not possible to precisely date any episode as the historical events and persons depicted and referenced are (perhaps intentionally) anachronistic. For example, the formal Regency (during which King George III was incapacitated due to poor mental health and his son, George, Prince of Wales, served as regent) was in place between 1811 and 1820, and the series repeatedly refers to George as \"Prince Regent\". However, the second episode depicts Samuel Johnson (who died in 1784) working on his groundbreaking dictionary (which was published in 1755). Likewise, the final episode is set just before the Battle of Trafalgar (1805), but refers to George as Prince Regent, depicts George III as suffering from mental illness, and refers to Arthur Wellesley, who was not created \"Viscount Wellington\" until 1809, as \"Wellington\".In the series, E. Blackadder Esquire (Rowan Atkinson) is the head butler to the Prince of Wales (Hugh Laurie), a spoiled, foppish idiot. Despite Edmund's respected intelligence and abilities, he has no personal fortune to speak of. On the other hand, given the ease with which he is able to manipulate the prince, he is generally financially comfortable. According to Edmund he has been serving the Prince Regent all of his life, ever since the prince was breastfed (when he had to show the prince which part of his mother was \"serving the drinks\").Baldrick (Tony Robinson) remains similar to his Blackadder II predecessor, and although his \"cunning plans\" cease to be even remotely intelligent (except in the last episode), he is the most aware of political, religious and social events. As Blackadder himself is now a servant, Baldrick is labelled as Blackadder's \"dogsbody\". In this series, Baldrick often displays a more belligerent attitude towards his master, even referring to him once as a \"lazy, big-nosed, rubber-faced bastard\" or deliberately comparing his face to his Scottish cousin, MacAdder, who Blackadder openly believes to be ugly. Blackadder often affectionately calls him \"Balders\" (and Baldrick sometimes calls Blackadder \"Mr. B.\").There are three main sets: the prince's quarters, which are opulently decorated; the below-stairs kitchen hangout of Blackadder and Baldrick, which is dark and squalid (though very large and with a very high ceiling); and finally Mrs. Miggins' coffeehouse. Mrs. Miggins' pie shop was a never-seen running gag in Blackadder II; a descendant of hers is now finally shown, played by Helen Atkinson-Wood.The plots feature rotten boroughs, Dr. Samuel Johnson (played by Robbie Coltrane), the French Revolution (featuring Chris Barrie as a revolutionary) and the Scarlet Pimpernel, over-the-top theatrical actors, squirrel-hating female highwaymen, the practice of settling quarrels with a duel, and the discussion of tactics with Duke of Wellington (played by Stephen Fry).The last episode features Rowan Atkinson as Blackadder's Scottish cousin MacAdder, supposedly a fierce swordsman. This leads to a dialogue in which Atkinson is acting both parts. After this episode, Blackadder finds fortune and ends up permanently posing as the Prince Regent after the real prince, disguised as Blackadder, dies after being fatally shot in the chest by the Duke of Wellington.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Blackadder episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Blackadder_episodes"},{"link_name":"BBC1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"beginning with the same letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliteration"},{"link_name":"Jane Austen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Austen"},{"link_name":"Sense and Sensibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_and_Sensibility"},{"link_name":"Pride and Prejudice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_and_Prejudice"},{"link_name":"Radio Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Times"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"See also: List of Blackadder episodesThe series aired for six episodes broadcast on Thursdays at 9:30 pm on BBC1. The titles of the episodes are always a noun paired with another, derived from an adjective beginning with the same letters, in the manner of the Jane Austen novels, Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice. On the first broadcast, fifth episode Amy and Amiability was billed in the Radio Times under its working title of Cape and Capability.[4]","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blackadder_the_Third_cast.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hugh Laurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Laurie"},{"link_name":"Tony Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Rowan Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Atkinson"},{"link_name":"Helen Atkinson-Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Atkinson-Wood"},{"link_name":"Rowan Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Atkinson"},{"link_name":"Edmund Blackadder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._E._Blackadder"},{"link_name":"Tony Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Baldrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldrick#Blackadder_the_Third"},{"link_name":"Hugh Laurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Laurie"},{"link_name":"George, Prince Regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George,_Prince_Regent"},{"link_name":"Helen Atkinson-Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Atkinson-Wood"},{"link_name":"Mrs Miggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs_Miggins"},{"link_name":"Tim McInnerny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_McInnerny"},{"link_name":"typecast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typecasting_(acting)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Stephen Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Fry"},{"link_name":"Miranda Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Blackadder II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder_II"},{"link_name":"fourth series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder_Goes_Forth"},{"link_name":"Denis Lill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Lill"},{"link_name":"Robbie Coltrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Coltrane"},{"link_name":"Hugh Paddick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Paddick"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Connor"}],"text":"The principal cast of Blackadder the Third in their Regency-styled costumes. Hugh Laurie (seated), Tony Robinson (bottom), Rowan Atkinson (standing) and Helen Atkinson-WoodRowan Atkinson as Edmund Blackadder\nTony Robinson as Baldrick\nHugh Laurie as George, Prince Regent\nHelen Atkinson-Wood as Mrs MigginsAlthough this series reduced the size of the show's cast, the programme featured guest appearances in each episode. Tim McInnerny decided not to continue playing the character of Lord Percy for fear of being typecast, although he appeared in a guest role as Lord Topper in episode three.[citation needed] Stephen Fry and Miranda Richardson, who had played major parts in Blackadder II, also appeared in guest roles as the Duke of Wellington and a disguised highwayman, respectively. Fry and McInnerny would return as regular performers for the fourth series of Blackadder. Other notable guest stars included Denis Lill as Sir Tolbert Buxomley MP, Robbie Coltrane as Dr. Samuel Johnson, and Hugh Paddick and Kenneth Connor as stage actors Keanrick and Mossop, respectively.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"minuet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuet"},{"link_name":"harpsichord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpsichord"},{"link_name":"oboe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboe"},{"link_name":"bookcase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookcase"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Black Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death"},{"link_name":"Blackobite Rebellion of 1745","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_Rising_of_1745"},{"link_name":"The Encyclopædia Blackaddica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica"},{"link_name":"Capability Brownadder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelot_%22Capability%22_Brown"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"hollow book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concealing_something_in_a_book"},{"link_name":"cover art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_art"},{"link_name":"closing credits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closing_credits"},{"link_name":"theatre programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_programme"},{"link_name":"Regency-era play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_drama"},{"link_name":"accordion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion"},{"link_name":"samples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_(music)"}],"text":"The opening theme is this time a minuet played on a harpsichord, oboe and cello over close-ups of Blackadder searching a bookcase.[11] The credits and title appear on the books' spines, and each has a condition and script to match each character, for example Baldrick's is plain and in poor condition. Other amusing interspersed titles include From Black Death to Blackadder, The Blackobite Rebellion of 1745, The Encyclopædia Blackaddica and Landscape Gardening by Capability Brownadder.[citation needed] Hidden inside a hollow book, he finds a romance novel (complete with cover art) bearing the title of the particular episode. The closing credits are presented in the style of a theatre programme from a Regency-era play, and with an accordion closing theme that samples the melody of the original theme.","title":"Music and titles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvnom-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvnom-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Blackadder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder"},{"link_name":"Britain's Best Sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain%27s_Best_Sitcom"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The programme won a BAFTA award for Best Comedy Series in 1988.[3] It was also nominated for three more awards; Rowan Atkinson for \"Best Light Entertainment Performance\", Antony Thorpe for \"Best Design\" and Victoria Pocock for \"Best Make Up\".[3][citation needed] The four series of Blackadder were voted second in the BBC's Britain's Best Sitcom in 2004.[12]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC Worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_Collection"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Blackadder The Third is available on BBC Worldwide-distributed DVD and VHS video as an individual series or as part of a boxset with the other series of Blackadder. A BBC Radio Collection audio version created from the TV soundtrack is available on cassette and CD.[13] All four seasons and the Christmas special are available on iTunes.[14] The complete scripts of the four television series were released in 1998 as Blackadder: The Whole Damn Dynasty 1485–1917, and by Penguin Books in 2009.[15]","title":"Media releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"VHS releases","text":"In February 1989, BBC Enterprises Ltd released all six episodes of Blackadder the Third on two videos. They were re-released on 7 September 1992 as a double VHS, and on 2 October 1995 as a single video.","title":"Media releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"DVD releases","title":"Media releases"}] | [{"image_text":"The principal cast of Blackadder the Third in their Regency-styled costumes. Hugh Laurie (seated), Tony Robinson (bottom), Rowan Atkinson (standing) and Helen Atkinson-Wood","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/be/Blackadder_the_Third_cast.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Television Nominations 1988\". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Archived from the original on 17 February 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080217054829/http://www.bafta.org/awards/television/nominations/?year=1988","url_text":"\"Television Nominations 1988\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts","url_text":"British Academy of Film and Television Arts"},{"url":"http://www.bafta.org/awards/television/nominations/?year=1988","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"BBC Radio Collection (7 July 2003). Blackadder Goes Forth (CD). London: BBC Audiobooks Ltd.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Apple iTunes Store (2010). Blackadder Goes Forth. BBC Worldwide (aac codec). London.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Curtis, Richard; Atkinson, Rowan; Elton, Ben (2 July 2009). Blackadder: The Whole Damn Dynasty 1485–1917. London: Michael Joseph Ltd (original) / Penguin (reissue). ISBN 978-0-7181-4372-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-4372-5","url_text":"978-0-7181-4372-5"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050408072600/http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/guide/articles/b/blackadderthethi_7770770.shtml","external_links_name":"Blackadder the Third"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080217054829/http://www.bafta.org/awards/television/nominations/?year=1988","external_links_name":"\"Television Nominations 1988\""},{"Link":"http://www.bafta.org/awards/television/nominations/?year=1988","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/582b7bdc566042bca99380dd8ef61f6e","external_links_name":"BBC Genome listing, 15 October 1987"},{"Link":"https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/photos/blackadder-the-third-dish-and-dishonesty","external_links_name":"https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/photos/blackadder-the-third-dish-and-dishonesty"},{"Link":"https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/photos/blackadder-the-third-ink-and-incapability","external_links_name":"https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/photos/blackadder-the-third-ink-and-incapability"},{"Link":"https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/photos/blackadder-the-third-nob-and-nobility","external_links_name":"https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/photos/blackadder-the-third-nob-and-nobility"},{"Link":"https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/photos/blackadder-the-third-sense-and-senility","external_links_name":"https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/photos/blackadder-the-third-sense-and-senility"},{"Link":"https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/photos/blackadder-the-third-amy-and-amiability","external_links_name":"https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/photos/blackadder-the-third-amy-and-amiability"},{"Link":"https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/photos/blackadder-the-third-duel-and-duality","external_links_name":"https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/photos/blackadder-the-third-duel-and-duality"},{"Link":"http://www.howardgoodall.co.uk/tvthemes/tv.htm","external_links_name":"Official Howard Goodall website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120205022625/http://www.howardgoodall.co.uk/tvthemes/tv.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sitcom/winner.shtml","external_links_name":"The final top-ten of Britain’s Best Sitcom"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0092324/","external_links_name":"Blackadder the Third (1987)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050408072600/http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/guide/articles/b/blackadderthethi_7770770.shtml","external_links_name":"Blackadder the Third"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/blackadderthethird/","external_links_name":"Blackadder the Third"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bypass_(surgical) | Bypass surgery | ["1 References"] | Class of surgical intervention
Bypass surgeryICD-10-PCS0?1
Bypass surgery refers to a class of surgery involving rerouting a tubular body part.
Types include:
Vascular bypass surgery such as coronary artery bypass surgery, a heart operation, in which the internal thoracic artery and great saphanous vein are used to bypass the coronary artery.
Cardiopulmonary bypass, a technique used in coronary artery bypass surgery
In on-pump bypass surgery, a heart-lung machine is used; in off-pump bypass surgery, the surgeon stabilizies the heart without use of the machine.
Weight loss or Bariatric surgery:
Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery or "stomach stapling", the upper part of the stomach is permanently stapled to create a smaller pouch
Adjustable gastric band or "lap band", a band creates a pocket in the stomach that can be adjusted with a port placed just under the skin
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery, the small intestine is connected to the upper part of the stomach
Partial ileal bypass surgery, shortening the final portion of the small intestine
Popliteal bypass surgery, to treat diseased leg arteries above or below the knee
Jejunojejunostomy, surgery that connects two portions of small intestine and is no longer used
Ileojejunal bypass, surgery that connects the middle and final portions of the small intestine that was experimental and is no longer used.
References
^ Mary Jo Bowie; Regina M. Schaffer (15 June 2010). Understanding ICD-10-CM and ICD-10-PCS Coding: A Worktext. Cengage Learning. pp. 382–. ISBN 978-1-4354-8158-9. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
^ "Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery". www.hopkinsmedicine.org. 2024-03-08. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
^ "Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
Germany
2
Israel
United States
This surgery article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BowieSchaffer2010-1"},{"link_name":"Vascular bypass surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_bypass"},{"link_name":"coronary artery bypass surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cardiopulmonary bypass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_bypass"},{"link_name":"coronary artery bypass surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery"},{"link_name":"heart-lung machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart-lung_machine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bariatric surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariatric_surgery"},{"link_name":"Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_banded_gastroplasty_surgery"},{"link_name":"Adjustable gastric band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjustable_gastric_band"},{"link_name":"Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roux-en-Y_gastric_bypass_surgery"},{"link_name":"Partial ileal bypass surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_ileal_bypass_surgery"},{"link_name":"Popliteal bypass surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popliteal_bypass_surgery"},{"link_name":"Jejunojejunostomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejunojejunostomy"},{"link_name":"Ileojejunal bypass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileojejunal_bypass"}],"text":"Bypass surgery refers to a class of surgery involving rerouting a tubular body part.[1]Types include:Vascular bypass surgery such as coronary artery bypass surgery, a heart operation, in which the internal thoracic artery and great saphanous vein are used to bypass the coronary artery.[2]\nCardiopulmonary bypass, a technique used in coronary artery bypass surgery\nIn on-pump bypass surgery, a heart-lung machine is used; in off-pump bypass surgery, the surgeon stabilizies the heart without use of the machine.[3]\nWeight loss or Bariatric surgery:\nVertical banded gastroplasty surgery or \"stomach stapling\", the upper part of the stomach is permanently stapled to create a smaller pouch\nAdjustable gastric band or \"lap band\", a band creates a pocket in the stomach that can be adjusted with a port placed just under the skin\nRoux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery, the small intestine is connected to the upper part of the stomach\nPartial ileal bypass surgery, shortening the final portion of the small intestine\nPopliteal bypass surgery, to treat diseased leg arteries above or below the knee\nJejunojejunostomy, surgery that connects two portions of small intestine and is no longer used\nIleojejunal bypass, surgery that connects the middle and final portions of the small intestine that was experimental and is no longer used.","title":"Bypass surgery"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Mary Jo Bowie; Regina M. Schaffer (15 June 2010). Understanding ICD-10-CM and ICD-10-PCS Coding: A Worktext. Cengage Learning. pp. 382–. ISBN 978-1-4354-8158-9. Retrieved 8 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1hd5Rut2vXQC&pg=PA382","url_text":"Understanding ICD-10-CM and ICD-10-PCS Coding: A Worktext"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4354-8158-9","url_text":"978-1-4354-8158-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery\". www.hopkinsmedicine.org. 2024-03-08. Retrieved 2024-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/coronary-artery-bypass-graft-surgery","url_text":"\"Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery\". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2024-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/17289-off-pump-bypass-surgery","url_text":"\"Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1hd5Rut2vXQC&pg=PA382","external_links_name":"Understanding ICD-10-CM and ICD-10-PCS Coding: A Worktext"},{"Link":"https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/coronary-artery-bypass-graft-surgery","external_links_name":"\"Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery\""},{"Link":"https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/17289-off-pump-bypass-surgery","external_links_name":"\"Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery\""},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11965467p","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11965467p","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4139949-3","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4147089-8","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294042405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85005874","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bypass_surgery&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Hale | Bernard Hale | ["1 Background","2 Family","3 Irish career","4 Last years","5 Arms","6 References"] | English-born barrister and judge
For his son, see Bernard Hale (British Army officer). For his grand-uncle, see Bernard Hale (priest).
Sir Bernard Hale (1677–1729) was an English-born barrister and judge who became Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer. Two of his sons became Generals in the British Army.
Background
He was born at King's Walden, Hertfordshire, the eighth son of William Hale MP and his wife Mary Elwes, daughter of Jeremy (Jeremiah) Elwes of Roxby, Lincolnshire. The Hale family, who made a fortune as grocers in London, had owned their estate in King's Walden since the sixteenth century, and Bernard's own descendants were still living there in Victorian times. Bernard's grand-uncle, also called Bernard Hale, was Archdeacon of Ely 1660–1663.
The judge's sister Catherine Hoskins (1673-1703) was the mother of Catherine Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire. Another sister Mary Plumer was the mother of the long-serving MP William Plumer.
Bernard Hale, Archdeacon of Ely, the judge's grand-uncle
Bernard was educated at Eton College and Peterhouse, Cambridge, where his grand-uncle Bernard had been Master in the 1660s, matriculating at Peterhouse in 1695, graduating B.A. in 1699 and M.A. in 1702: he subsequently became a fellow of Peterhouse. He entered Gray's Inn in 1699, and was called to the Bar in 1705. He became one of the leaders of the English Bar, and was one of its top earners. He later transferred to Lincoln's Inn, and was briefly one of its Benchers.
Family
He married Anne Thoresby (or Thursby) daughter of John Thoresby of Northampton. They had seven children:
William Hale (died 1793), who married Elizabeth Farnaby, daughter of Sir Charles Farnaby, 1st Baronet. They had four children, including Anne, wife of Sir Edward Dering, 7th Baronet, and William, husband of the Hon. Mary Grimston, daughter of James Grimston, 2nd Viscount Grimston and Mary Bucknall;
Richard Hale (died 1812);
General Bernard Hale (died 1798), who married Martha Rigby, sister of the leading statesman Richard Rigby, and had a son Francis Hale Rigby;
General John Hale, Governor of Londonderry (died 1806); he married the noted beauty Mary Chaloner, daughter of William Chaloner of Guisborough (she was painted by Joshua Reynolds), and had twenty-one children, almost all of whom reached adulthood;
Catherine Hale, who married Thomas Nugent;
Jane Hale (died 1794), who married Reverend Martin Madan (1726-1790), a clergyman noted for his controversial views on marriage, and in particular his book Thelyphthora, a defence of polygamy. They had five children; her portrait was painted by Allan Ramsay.
Anne Hale, unmarried.
Chief Baron Hale's youngest son John Hale, Governor of Londonderry, painted by Joshua Reynolds
Irish career
In 1722 he was appointed Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer, and earned a high reputation in Ireland for integrity and efficiency, despite an initially hostile reception, "the usual Dublin railing". In 1725 he and the junior Baron, Sir John St Leger, narrowly escaped death when on assize at Monaghan: the roof of Monaghan courthouse, which like many Irish courthouses of the time was in an appalling state of repair, fell in. It narrowly missed the judges, who however escaped injury. Hale adjourned proceedings to outside the building and continued the assize.
Later the same year, it was rumoured that he was to be appointed Lord Chancellor of Ireland. In fact he was offered the office of Lord Chief Justice of Ireland: but his English colleagues advised him to refuse it, on the ground that he would shortly be offered a place on the English Bench. Hale admitted that the prospect of being Irish Lord Chief Justice was tempting enough to "perplex him", but his preference was to go back to England. Although he had been happy enough in Ireland, he admitted that "it is impossible for me to forget England or not to wish to return there".
Last years
He went back to England in the autumn of 1725 to take up office as a Baron of the Exchequer: to qualify for that office he was made a Serjeant-at-law, and received a knighthood.
He died at Red Lion Square, London in 1729, and was buried in the parish church at King's Walden.
Bernard's daughter-in-law Mary Chaloner, wife of John Hale, painted by Joshua Reynolds
Arms
Coat of arms of Bernard Hale
Escutcheon
Azure a chevron bretessed Or a martlet for difference (below the dexter chief point Or).
References
^ a b c d Ball, F. Elrington The Judges in Ireland 1221–1921 London John Murray 1926
^ a b c d e f g Rigg, J. M. (1890). "Hale, Bernard" . In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 24. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 17.
^ a b c d Baker, J. H. "Bernard Hale", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
^ "Hale, Bernard (HL695B)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
^ Burke, John (1838). A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry. Vol. 3. p. 13. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
^ Gray's Inn Armory. 2020. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bernard Hale (British Army officer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Hale_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"Bernard Hale (priest)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Hale_(priest)"},{"link_name":"barrister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrister"},{"link_name":"Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Baron_of_the_Irish_Exchequer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ball-1"}],"text":"For his son, see Bernard Hale (British Army officer). For his grand-uncle, see Bernard Hale (priest).Sir Bernard Hale (1677–1729) was an English-born barrister and judge who became Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer. Two of his sons became Generals in the British Army.[1]","title":"Bernard Hale"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King's Walden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Walden"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"William Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hale_(died_1688)"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Roxby, Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxby,_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"grocers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grocers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baker-3"},{"link_name":"Bernard Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Hale_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Archdeacon of Ely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Ely"},{"link_name":"Catherine Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Cavendish,_Duchess_of_Devonshire"},{"link_name":"William Plumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Plumer_(died_1767)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bernard_Hale_Peterhouse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bernard Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Hale_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Eton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Peterhouse, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterhouse,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"B.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"M.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Gray's Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray%27s_Inn"},{"link_name":"called to the Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Called_to_the_Bar"},{"link_name":"Lincoln's Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baker-3"}],"text":"He was born at King's Walden, Hertfordshire, the eighth son of William Hale MP and his wife Mary Elwes, daughter of Jeremy (Jeremiah) Elwes of Roxby, Lincolnshire. The Hale family, who made a fortune as grocers in London, had owned their estate in King's Walden since the sixteenth century,[2] and Bernard's own descendants were still living there in Victorian times.[3] Bernard's grand-uncle, also called Bernard Hale, was Archdeacon of Ely 1660–1663.The judge's sister Catherine Hoskins (1673-1703) was the mother of Catherine Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire. Another sister Mary Plumer was the mother of the long-serving MP William Plumer.Bernard Hale, Archdeacon of Ely, the judge's grand-uncleBernard was educated at Eton College and Peterhouse, Cambridge, where his grand-uncle Bernard had been Master in the 1660s, matriculating at Peterhouse in 1695, graduating B.A. in 1699 and M.A. in 1702: he subsequently became a fellow of Peterhouse.[4] He entered Gray's Inn in 1699, and was called to the Bar in 1705. He became one of the leaders of the English Bar, and was one of its top earners. He later transferred to Lincoln's Inn, and was briefly one of its Benchers.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sir Charles Farnaby, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Charles_Farnaby,_1st_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward Dering, 7th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Edward_Dering,_7th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"James Grimston, 2nd Viscount Grimston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Grimston,_2nd_Viscount_Grimston"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-2"},{"link_name":"General Bernard Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Hale_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"Richard Rigby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rigby"},{"link_name":"Francis Hale Rigby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Hale_Rigby"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-2"},{"link_name":"General John Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hale_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"Governor of Londonderry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Londonderry"},{"link_name":"Guisborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guisborough"},{"link_name":"Joshua Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-2"},{"link_name":"Martin Madan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Madan"},{"link_name":"polygamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamy"},{"link_name":"Allan Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Ramsay_(artist)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Hale_by_Joshua_Reynolds.png"},{"link_name":"Governor of Londonderry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Londonderry"},{"link_name":"Joshua Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds"}],"text":"He married Anne Thoresby (or Thursby) daughter of John Thoresby of Northampton.[2] They had seven children:[5]William Hale (died 1793), who married Elizabeth Farnaby, daughter of Sir Charles Farnaby, 1st Baronet. They had four children, including Anne, wife of Sir Edward Dering, 7th Baronet, and William, husband of the Hon. Mary Grimston, daughter of James Grimston, 2nd Viscount Grimston and Mary Bucknall;[2]\nRichard Hale (died 1812);[2]\nGeneral Bernard Hale (died 1798), who married Martha Rigby, sister of the leading statesman Richard Rigby, and had a son Francis Hale Rigby;[2]\nGeneral John Hale, Governor of Londonderry (died 1806); he married the noted beauty Mary Chaloner, daughter of William Chaloner of Guisborough (she was painted by Joshua Reynolds), and had twenty-one children, almost all of whom reached adulthood;[2]\nCatherine Hale, who married Thomas Nugent;\nJane Hale (died 1794), who married Reverend Martin Madan (1726-1790), a clergyman noted for his controversial views on marriage, and in particular his book Thelyphthora, a defence of polygamy. They had five children; her portrait was painted by Allan Ramsay.\nAnne Hale, unmarried.Chief Baron Hale's youngest son John Hale, Governor of Londonderry, painted by Joshua Reynolds","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ball-1"},{"link_name":"Sir John St Leger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_St_Leger_(1674%E2%80%931743)"},{"link_name":"assize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assize"},{"link_name":"Monaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaghan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ball-1"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ball-1"},{"link_name":"Lord Chief Justice of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baker-3"}],"text":"In 1722 he was appointed Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer, and earned a high reputation in Ireland for integrity and efficiency, despite an initially hostile reception, \"the usual Dublin railing\".[1] In 1725 he and the junior Baron, Sir John St Leger, narrowly escaped death when on assize at Monaghan: the roof of Monaghan courthouse, which like many Irish courthouses of the time was in an appalling state of repair, fell in. It narrowly missed the judges, who however escaped injury. Hale adjourned proceedings to outside the building and continued the assize.[1]Later the same year, it was rumoured that he was to be appointed Lord Chancellor of Ireland.[1] In fact he was offered the office of Lord Chief Justice of Ireland: but his English colleagues advised him to refuse it, on the ground that he would shortly be offered a place on the English Bench. Hale admitted that the prospect of being Irish Lord Chief Justice was tempting enough to \"perplex him\", but his preference was to go back to England. Although he had been happy enough in Ireland, he admitted that \"it is impossible for me to forget England or not to wish to return there\".[3]","title":"Irish career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baron of the Exchequer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_of_the_Exchequer"},{"link_name":"Serjeant-at-law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serjeant-at-law"},{"link_name":"knighthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knighthood"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baker-3"},{"link_name":"Red Lion Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Lion_Square"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joshua_Reynolds_-_Mrs_John_Hale.jpg"}],"text":"He went back to England in the autumn of 1725 to take up office as a Baron of the Exchequer: to qualify for that office he was made a Serjeant-at-law, and received a knighthood.[3]He died at Red Lion Square, London in 1729, and was buried in the parish church at King's Walden.[2]Bernard's daughter-in-law Mary Chaloner, wife of John Hale, painted by Joshua Reynolds","title":"Last years"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Arms"}] | [{"image_text":"Bernard Hale, Archdeacon of Ely, the judge's grand-uncle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bernard_Hale_Peterhouse.jpg/150px-Bernard_Hale_Peterhouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chief Baron Hale's youngest son John Hale, Governor of Londonderry, painted by Joshua Reynolds","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/John_Hale_by_Joshua_Reynolds.png/200px-John_Hale_by_Joshua_Reynolds.png"},{"image_text":"Bernard's daughter-in-law Mary Chaloner, wife of John Hale, painted by Joshua Reynolds","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Joshua_Reynolds_-_Mrs_John_Hale.jpg/220px-Joshua_Reynolds_-_Mrs_John_Hale.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Rigg, J. M. (1890). \"Hale, Bernard\" . In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 24. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 17.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Hale,_Bernard","url_text":"\"Hale, Bernard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stephen","url_text":"Stephen, Leslie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Sidney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"\"Hale, Bernard (HL695B)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.","urls":[{"url":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=HL695B&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","url_text":"\"Hale, Bernard (HL695B)\""}]},{"reference":"Burke, John (1838). A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry. Vol. 3. p. 13. Retrieved 5 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vhpVAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA13","url_text":"A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry"}]},{"reference":"Gray's Inn Armory. 2020.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Hale,_Bernard","external_links_name":"\"Hale, Bernard\""},{"Link":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=HL695B&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","external_links_name":"\"Hale, Bernard (HL695B)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vhpVAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA13","external_links_name":"A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Claudio | Alex Claudio | ["1 Career","1.1 Texas Rangers","1.2 Milwaukee Brewers","1.3 Los Angeles Angels","1.4 Boston Red Sox","1.5 New York Mets","1.6 Milwaukee Brewers (second stint)","1.7 Diablos Rojos del México","2 International career","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Puerto Rican baseball player (born 1992)
Baseball player
Alex ClaudioClaudio with the Texas Rangers in 2014Diablos Rojos del México – No. 73PitcherBorn: (1992-01-31) January 31, 1992 (age 32)San Juan, Puerto RicoBats: LeftThrows: LeftMLB debutAugust 13, 2014, for the Texas RangersMLB statistics (through 2023 season)Win–loss record16–10Earned run average3.59Strikeouts249
Teams
Texas Rangers (2014–2018)
Milwaukee Brewers (2019–2020)
Los Angeles Angels (2021)
New York Mets (2022)
Milwaukee Brewers (2023)
Medals
Men's baseball
Representing Puerto Rico
World Baseball Classic
2017 Los Angeles
National team
Alexander Claudio (born January 31, 1992) is a Puerto Rican professional baseball pitcher for the Diablos Rojos del México of the Mexican League. He has previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Texas Rangers, Milwaukee Brewers, Los Angeles Angels and New York Mets. Claudio pitches in an unorthodox sidearm manner.
Career
Texas Rangers
Claudio attended Isabel Flores High School in Juncos, Puerto Rico. Claudio was drafted by the Texas Rangers in the 27th round of the 2010 MLB draft.
Claudio spent his first professional season of 2010 playing for the AZL Rangers of the Rookie-level Arizona League, going 0–1 with a 6.60 ERA in 15 innings. He split the 2011 season Between the AZL Rangers and the Spokane Indians of the Low–A Northwest League, going a combined 5–0 with a 1.91 ERA over 28 innings. He returned to the AZL Rangers in 2012, going 4–0 with a 1.79 ERA over 45 innings. Following the 2012 season, Claudio converted from a traditional over the top pitching delivery to a sidearm delivery.
Claudio played for the Hickory Crawdads of the Single–A South Atlantic League and the Frisco RoughRiders of the Double-A Texas League in 2013, going a combined 4–6 with a 1.83 ERA over 78+2⁄3 innings. He split the 2014 minor league season between the Myrtle Beach Pelicans of the High–A Carolina League, Frisco, and the Round Rock Express of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League, combining to go 6–3 with a 1.66 ERA over 91+1⁄3 innings.
The Rangers selected Claudio's contract and promoted him to the major leagues for the first time on August 13, 2014. He pitched a scoreless inning, and struck out Kevin Kiermaier for his first major league strikeout in his debut that night. He went 0–0 with a 2.92 ERA over 12 innings for Texas in 2014.
Claudio split the 2015 season between Texas and Round Rock. With the Rangers, he went 1–1 with a 2.87 ERA over 15.2 innings. With Round Rock, he went 3–1 with a 2.93 ERA over 40 innings. Claudio once again split the season between Texas and Round Rock in 2016. With the Rangers, he went 4–1 with a 2.79 ERA in 51+2⁄3 innings. With Round Rock, he went 0–0 with a 0.55 ERA in 16 innings.
Claudio was named the 2017 Texas Rangers Pitcher of the Year, following a season where he posted a 4–1 record with a 2.50 ERA, 56 strikeouts, and 11 saves over 82+2⁄3 innings in 70 games.
In 2018, Claudio went 4–2 with a 4.48 ERA over 68 innings. Right-handed batters had a higher batting average against him, .359, than against all other MLB pitchers in 30 or more innings.
Milwaukee Brewers
Claudio was traded to the Milwaukee Brewers on December 13, 2018, in exchange for a competitive balance Round A draft pick. In 2019, he posted a 2–2 record with a 4.06 ERA over 62 innings. He led all major league pitchers in games played (83). Claudio was non-tendered and became a free agent on December 2, 2019. He re-signed with Milwaukee on a one-year contract on December 9, 2019. Claudio made 20 appearances for the Brewers in 2020, recording a 4.26 ERA with 15 strikeouts and 6 walks in 19.0 innings of work. On December 2, 2020, Claudio was non-tendered by the Brewers and became a free agent.
Los Angeles Angels
On December 16, 2020, Claudio signed a one-year, $1.125 million deal with the Los Angeles Angels. On July 25, 2021, Claudio was designated for assignment by the Angels after struggling to a 5.51 ERA across 41 appearances. He was released on July 30, 2021.
Boston Red Sox
On August 10, 2021, Claudio signed minor league deal with the Boston Red Sox. He was assigned to the Triple-A Worcester Red Sox.
Claudio made 8 appearances for Worcester, recording a 6.17 ERA with 13 strikeouts. On September 21, the Red Sox released Claudio.
New York Mets
On January 13, 2022, Claudio signed a minor league contract with the New York Mets. He had his contract selected on September 7. On September 30, Claudio was designated for assignment. He cleared waivers and was sent outright to the Triple–A Syracuse Mets on October 6, and elected free agency less than a week later on October 12.
Milwaukee Brewers (second stint)
On January 3, 2023, Claudio signed a minor league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers organization. He was assigned to the Triple-A Nashville Sounds to begin the year, where he posted a 3.00 ERA with 5 strikeouts and 2 walks in 7 appearances. On April 24, 2023, Claudio was selected to the active roster. He only made one appearance for the Brewers, allowing no runs on two hits with no strikeouts in 1⁄3 of an inning. On May 27, Claudio was designated for assignment following the promotion of Andruw Monasterio. He cleared waivers and was sent outright to Triple-A Nashville two days later. On October 13, Claudio elected free agency.
Diablos Rojos del México
On February 8, 2024, Claudio signed with the Diablos Rojos del México of the Mexican League.
International career
Claudio was a member of the 2017 Puerto Rico national baseball team in the 2017 World Baseball Classic.
See also
List of Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico
References
^ a b Jamey Newberg (December 13, 2018). "Future considerations: In trading Alex Claudio, Texas turns a 27th-round draft pick into a first". The Athletic. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
^ a b c d e f g "Alex Claudio Player Page". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
^ John Blake (August 13, 2014). "Rangers place RHP Yu Darvish on 15-day disabled list; purchase contract of LHP Alex Claudio from Triple-A Round Rock". MLB.com. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
^ T.R. Sullivan (December 1, 2017). "Claudio chosen as Rangers Pitcher of the Year". MLB.com. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
^ T.R. Sullivan (September 30, 2017). "Claudio's 2018 role in bullpen uncertain". MLB.com. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
^ "Rangers Send Durable Lefty Alex Claudio to Brewers for Draft Pick". NBC 5 DFW. December 13, 2018. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
^ "Splits Leaderboards | FanGraphs".
^ "Brewers acquire Alex Claudio, send pick to Rangers". ESPN.com. Associated Press. December 13, 2018. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
^ T.R. Sullivan (December 13, 2019). "Texas closes busy Meetings with Claudio trade". MLB.com. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
^ "2019 Major League Baseball Pitching Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2019-10-09.
^ Tom Haudricourt (December 2, 2019). "The Brewers opt not to tender 2020 contracts to Shaw, Nelson, Claudio, Guerra and Saladino". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
^ The AP (December 9, 2019). "Alex Claudio, Brewers agree to $1.75 million, 1-year deal". USA Today. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
^ "Angels sign reliever Alex Claudio to 1-year deal". 16 December 2020.
^ "Brewers non-tender Claudio, Gamel, Peterson". 3 December 2020.
^ Gonzalez, Alden (16 December 2020). "Los Angeles Angels sign reliever Alex Claudio to one-year deal". ESPN. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
^ "Angels' Alex Claudio: DFA'd by Halos".
^ "Red Sox Sign Alex Claudio".
^ "Alex Claudio Stats, Fantasy & News | MLB.com". MLB.com.
^ "Mets Sign Alex Claudio, Stephen Nogosek To Minor League Contracts". MLB Trade Rumors.
^ "Alex Claudio: Hits open market". cbssports.com. Retrieved June 28, 2023.
^ "Brewers' Alex Claudio: Gets NRI From Brewersl". cbssports.com. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
^ "Brewers' Alex Claudio: Back in majors". cbssports.com. Retrieved 2023-04-24.
^ "Brewers' Alex Claudio: Designated for assignment". cbssports.com. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
^ "Brewers' Alex Claudio: Stays in organization". cbssports.com. Retrieved 2023-05-29.
^ https://www.milb.com/transactions/2023-10-13
^ "LMB: Movimientos en listas de reserva - 8 de febrero de 2024". milb.com. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
^ T.R. Sullivan (February 12, 2017). "WBC '17 could prep Claudio for Rangers role". MLB.com. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
^ WFAA Staff (March 14, 2017). "Rangers rule World Baseball Classic first round". WFAA-TV Channel 8. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
External links
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
Alex Claudio on Instagram
vtePuerto Rico roster – 2017 World Baseball Classic runners-up
1 Carlos Correa
3 Rey Fuentes
4 Yadier Molina
5 T. J. Rivera
7 Enrique Hernández
9 Javier Báez
12 Francisco Lindor
13 Emilio Pagán
14 Mike Avilés
15 Carlos Beltrán
16 Ángel Pagán
17 Eddie Rosario
20 Kennys Vargas
28 Jorge López
29 Joe Colón
30 Dereck Rodríguez
32 J. C. Romero
34 Orlando Román
35 Giovanni Soto
37 José Berríos
38 Joel Piñeiro
39 Edwin Díaz
41 Mario Santiago
43 Joe Jiménez
44 René Rivera
47 Miguel Mejía
48 Andrés Santiago
51 Andrew Barbosa
52 José De La Torre
54 Hiram Burgos
55 Roberto Pérez
56 Héctor Santiago
58 Alex Claudio
67 Seth Lugo
87 José De León
Manager 36 Edwin Rodríguez
Hitting Coach 99 Carlos Baerga
Pitching Coach 27 Ricky Bones
First Base Coach 22 José Valentín
Third Base Coach 6 Joe Espada
Bench Coach 25 Carlos Delgado
Bullpen Coach 19 Juan González
Bullpen Catcher José Molina
vtePuerto Rico roster – 2023 World Baseball Classic
0 Marcus Stroman
5 Enrique Hernández
7 Christian Vázquez
9 Javier Báez
10 MJ Melendez
12 Francisco Lindor
13 Emilio Pagán
14 Henry Ramos
15 Martín Maldonado
16 Jovani Morán
17 Eddie Rosario
18 Edwin Díaz
26 Emmanuel Rivera
28 Fernando Cruz
30 Dereck Rodríguez
31 Vimael Machín
32 Johneshwy Fargas
32 Dominic Hamel
35 José Espada
37 José Berríos
39 Edwin O. Díaz
40 Nelson Velázquez
41 Nicholas Padilla
43 Alexis Díaz
45 Luis Quiñones
48 Jorge López
54 Jonathan Bermúdez
56 Duane Underwood Jr.
57 Hector Santiago
58 Alex Claudio
64 Anthony Maldonado
75 Yacksel Ríos
87 José De León
99 Neftalí Soto
Manager
4 Yadier Molina
Coaches
Bench Coach 73 Alex Cintrón
Hitting Coach 23 Vic Rodriguez
Assistant Hitting Coach 19 Juan González
Pitching Coach 27 Ricky Bones
First Base Coach 6 José Molina
Third Base Coach 2 Luis Rivera
Bullpen Coach 50 José Rosado | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Diablos Rojos del México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diablos_Rojos_del_M%C3%A9xico"},{"link_name":"Mexican League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_League"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Texas Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Brewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels"},{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"sidearm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidearm_(baseball)"}],"text":"Baseball playerAlexander Claudio (born January 31, 1992) is a Puerto Rican professional baseball pitcher for the Diablos Rojos del México of the Mexican League. He has previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Texas Rangers, Milwaukee Brewers, Los Angeles Angels and New York Mets. Claudio pitches in an unorthodox sidearm manner.","title":"Alex Claudio"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juncos, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juncos,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Texas Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"2010 MLB draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Major_League_Baseball_draft"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SA-1"},{"link_name":"AZL Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AZL_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Rookie-level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rookie-level"},{"link_name":"Arizona League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-2"},{"link_name":"Spokane Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane_Indians"},{"link_name":"Low–A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_A_Short_Season"},{"link_name":"Northwest League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-2"},{"link_name":"sidearm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidearm_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SA-1"},{"link_name":"Hickory Crawdads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hickory_Crawdads"},{"link_name":"Single–A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"South Atlantic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic_League"},{"link_name":"Frisco RoughRiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisco_RoughRiders"},{"link_name":"Double-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Texas League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-2"},{"link_name":"Myrtle Beach Pelicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtle_Beach_Pelicans"},{"link_name":"High–A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_A-Advanced"},{"link_name":"Carolina League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_League"},{"link_name":"Round Rock Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Rock_Express"},{"link_name":"Triple-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coast League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-2"},{"link_name":"Kevin Kiermaier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Kiermaier"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Texas Rangers","text":"Claudio attended Isabel Flores High School in Juncos, Puerto Rico. Claudio was drafted by the Texas Rangers in the 27th round of the 2010 MLB draft.[1]Claudio spent his first professional season of 2010 playing for the AZL Rangers of the Rookie-level Arizona League, going 0–1 with a 6.60 ERA in 15 innings.[2] He split the 2011 season Between the AZL Rangers and the Spokane Indians of the Low–A Northwest League, going a combined 5–0 with a 1.91 ERA over 28 innings. He returned to the AZL Rangers in 2012, going 4–0 with a 1.79 ERA over 45 innings.[2] Following the 2012 season, Claudio converted from a traditional over the top pitching delivery to a sidearm delivery.[1]Claudio played for the Hickory Crawdads of the Single–A South Atlantic League and the Frisco RoughRiders of the Double-A Texas League in 2013, going a combined 4–6 with a 1.83 ERA over 78+2⁄3 innings.[2] He split the 2014 minor league season between the Myrtle Beach Pelicans of the High–A Carolina League, Frisco, and the Round Rock Express of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League, combining to go 6–3 with a 1.66 ERA over 91+1⁄3 innings.[2]The Rangers selected Claudio's contract and promoted him to the major leagues for the first time on August 13, 2014. He pitched a scoreless inning, and struck out Kevin Kiermaier for his first major league strikeout in his debut that night.[3] He went 0–0 with a 2.92 ERA over 12 innings for Texas in 2014.[2]Claudio split the 2015 season between Texas and Round Rock.[2] With the Rangers, he went 1–1 with a 2.87 ERA over 15.2 innings. With Round Rock, he went 3–1 with a 2.93 ERA over 40 innings. Claudio once again split the season between Texas and Round Rock in 2016. With the Rangers, he went 4–1 with a 2.79 ERA in 51+2⁄3 innings. With Round Rock, he went 0–0 with a 0.55 ERA in 16 innings.[2]Claudio was named the 2017 Texas Rangers Pitcher of the Year, following a season where he posted a 4–1 record with a 2.50 ERA, 56 strikeouts, and 11 saves over 82+2⁄3 innings in 70 games.[4][5]In 2018, Claudio went 4–2 with a 4.48 ERA over 68 innings.[6] Right-handed batters had a higher batting average against him, .359, than against all other MLB pitchers in 30 or more innings.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milwaukee Brewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Milwaukee Brewers","text":"Claudio was traded to the Milwaukee Brewers on December 13, 2018, in exchange for a competitive balance Round A draft pick.[8][9] In 2019, he posted a 2–2 record with a 4.06 ERA over 62 innings. He led all major league pitchers in games played (83).[10] Claudio was non-tendered and became a free agent on December 2, 2019.[11] He re-signed with Milwaukee on a one-year contract on December 9, 2019.[12] Claudio made 20 appearances for the Brewers in 2020, recording a 4.26 ERA with 15 strikeouts and 6 walks in 19.0 innings of work.[13] On December 2, 2020, Claudio was non-tendered by the Brewers and became a free agent.[14]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"designated for assignment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designated_for_assignment"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Los Angeles Angels","text":"On December 16, 2020, Claudio signed a one-year, $1.125 million deal with the Los Angeles Angels.[15] On July 25, 2021, Claudio was designated for assignment by the Angels after struggling to a 5.51 ERA across 41 appearances.[16] He was released on July 30, 2021.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Worcester Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Boston Red Sox","text":"On August 10, 2021, Claudio signed minor league deal with the Boston Red Sox. He was assigned to the Triple-A Worcester Red Sox.[17]\nClaudio made 8 appearances for Worcester, recording a 6.17 ERA with 13 strikeouts. On September 21, the Red Sox released Claudio.[18]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Syracuse Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_Mets"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"New York Mets","text":"On January 13, 2022, Claudio signed a minor league contract with the New York Mets.[19] He had his contract selected on September 7. On September 30, Claudio was designated for assignment. He cleared waivers and was sent outright to the Triple–A Syracuse Mets on October 6, and elected free agency less than a week later on October 12.[20]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milwaukee Brewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Nashville Sounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Sounds"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Andruw Monasterio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andruw_Monasterio"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Milwaukee Brewers (second stint)","text":"On January 3, 2023, Claudio signed a minor league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers organization.[21] He was assigned to the Triple-A Nashville Sounds to begin the year, where he posted a 3.00 ERA with 5 strikeouts and 2 walks in 7 appearances. On April 24, 2023, Claudio was selected to the active roster.[22] He only made one appearance for the Brewers, allowing no runs on two hits with no strikeouts in 1⁄3 of an inning. On May 27, Claudio was designated for assignment following the promotion of Andruw Monasterio.[23] He cleared waivers and was sent outright to Triple-A Nashville two days later.[24] On October 13, Claudio elected free agency.[25]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diablos Rojos del México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diablos_Rojos_del_M%C3%A9xico"},{"link_name":"Mexican League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_League"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Diablos Rojos del México","text":"On February 8, 2024, Claudio signed with the Diablos Rojos del México of the Mexican League.[26]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puerto Rico national baseball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_national_baseball_team"},{"link_name":"2017 World Baseball Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_World_Baseball_Classic"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Claudio was a member of the 2017 Puerto Rico national baseball team in the 2017 World Baseball Classic.[27][28]","title":"International career"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_players_from_Puerto_Rico"}] | [{"reference":"Jamey Newberg (December 13, 2018). \"Future considerations: In trading Alex Claudio, Texas turns a 27th-round draft pick into a first\". The Athletic. Retrieved September 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://theathletic.com/713640/2018/12/14/future-considerations-in-trading-alex-claudio-texas-turns-a-27th-round-draft-pick-into-a-first/","url_text":"\"Future considerations: In trading Alex Claudio, Texas turns a 27th-round draft pick into a first\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Athletic","url_text":"The Athletic"}]},{"reference":"\"Alex Claudio Player Page\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=claudi001ale","url_text":"\"Alex Claudio Player Page\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"John Blake (August 13, 2014). \"Rangers place RHP Yu Darvish on 15-day disabled list; purchase contract of LHP Alex Claudio from Triple-A Round Rock\". MLB.com. Retrieved September 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/rangers/news/rangers-place-rhp-yu-darvish-on-15-day-disabled-list/c-89465606","url_text":"\"Rangers place RHP Yu Darvish on 15-day disabled list; purchase contract of LHP Alex Claudio from Triple-A Round Rock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB.com","url_text":"MLB.com"}]},{"reference":"T.R. Sullivan (December 1, 2017). \"Claudio chosen as Rangers Pitcher of the Year\". MLB.com. Retrieved November 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/rangers/news/rangers-alex-claudio-is-pitcher-of-the-year/c-262712144","url_text":"\"Claudio chosen as Rangers Pitcher of the Year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB.com","url_text":"MLB.com"}]},{"reference":"T.R. Sullivan (September 30, 2017). \"Claudio's 2018 role in bullpen uncertain\". MLB.com. Retrieved September 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/rangers-alex-claudio-thrives-as-club-s-closer-c256900196","url_text":"\"Claudio's 2018 role in bullpen uncertain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB.com","url_text":"MLB.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Rangers Send Durable Lefty Alex Claudio to Brewers for Draft Pick\". NBC 5 DFW. December 13, 2018. Retrieved September 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcdfw.com/news/sports/Rangers-Send-Durable-Lefty-Alex-Claudio-to-Brewers-for-Draft-Pick-502722062.html","url_text":"\"Rangers Send Durable Lefty Alex Claudio to Brewers for Draft Pick\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KXAS-TV","url_text":"NBC 5 DFW"}]},{"reference":"\"Splits Leaderboards | FanGraphs\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fangraphs.com/leaders/splits-leaderboards?splitArr=6&splitArrPitch=&position=P&autoPt=true&splitTeams=false&statType=player&statgroup=1&startDate=2018-03-01&endDate=2018-10-31&players=&filter=","url_text":"\"Splits Leaderboards | FanGraphs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brewers acquire Alex Claudio, send pick to Rangers\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. December 13, 2018. Retrieved September 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/25526775/milwaukee-brewers-acquire-alex-claudio-texas-rangers","url_text":"\"Brewers acquire Alex Claudio, send pick to Rangers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN.com","url_text":"ESPN.com"}]},{"reference":"T.R. Sullivan (December 13, 2019). \"Texas closes busy Meetings with Claudio trade\". MLB.com. Retrieved September 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/alex-claudio-traded-to-brewers-by-rangers-c301825932","url_text":"\"Texas closes busy Meetings with Claudio trade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB.com","url_text":"MLB.com"}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Major League Baseball Pitching Leaders\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2019-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/MLB/2019-pitching-leaders.shtml","url_text":"\"2019 Major League Baseball Pitching Leaders\""}]},{"reference":"Tom Haudricourt (December 2, 2019). \"The Brewers opt not to tender 2020 contracts to Shaw, Nelson, Claudio, Guerra and Saladino\". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved December 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jsonline.com/story/sports/mlb/brewers/2019/12/02/brewers-dont-tender-contracts-shaw-nelson-claudio-and-guerra/4350473002/","url_text":"\"The Brewers opt not to tender 2020 contracts to Shaw, Nelson, Claudio, Guerra and Saladino\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal_Sentinel","url_text":"Milwaukee Journal Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"The AP (December 9, 2019). \"Alex Claudio, Brewers agree to $1.75 million, 1-year deal\". USA Today. Retrieved December 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_AP","url_text":"The AP"},{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/2019/12/09/alex-claudio-brewers-agree-to-175-million-1-year-deal/40791027/","url_text":"\"Alex Claudio, Brewers agree to $1.75 million, 1-year deal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Angels sign reliever Alex Claudio to 1-year deal\". 16 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.halosheaven.com/2020/12/16/22178643/alex-claudio-angels-contract","url_text":"\"Angels sign reliever Alex Claudio to 1-year deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brewers non-tender Claudio, Gamel, Peterson\". 3 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/30441570/milwaukee-brewers-non-tender-alex-claudio-ben-gamel-jace-peterson","url_text":"\"Brewers non-tender Claudio, Gamel, Peterson\""}]},{"reference":"Gonzalez, Alden (16 December 2020). \"Los Angeles Angels sign reliever Alex Claudio to one-year deal\". ESPN. Retrieved 16 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/30531384/los-angeles-angels-sign-reliever-alex-claudio-one-year-deal","url_text":"\"Los Angeles Angels sign reliever Alex Claudio to one-year deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Angels' Alex Claudio: DFA'd by Halos\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/angels-alex-claudio-dfad-by-halos/","url_text":"\"Angels' Alex Claudio: DFA'd by Halos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red Sox Sign Alex Claudio\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/08/red-sox-sign-alex-claudio.html","url_text":"\"Red Sox Sign Alex Claudio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alex Claudio Stats, Fantasy & News | MLB.com\". MLB.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/player/alex-claudio-592222?stats=career-r-pitching-minors&year=2021","url_text":"\"Alex Claudio Stats, Fantasy & News | MLB.com\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB.com","url_text":"MLB.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Mets Sign Alex Claudio, Stephen Nogosek To Minor League Contracts\". MLB Trade Rumors.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2022/01/mets-sign-alex-claudio-stephen-nogosek-to-minor-league-contracts.html","url_text":"\"Mets Sign Alex Claudio, Stephen Nogosek To Minor League Contracts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alex Claudio: Hits open market\". cbssports.com. Retrieved June 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/alex-claudio-hits-open-market/amp/","url_text":"\"Alex Claudio: Hits open market\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brewers' Alex Claudio: Gets NRI From Brewersl\". cbssports.com. Retrieved 2023-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/brewers-alex-claudio-gets-nri-from-brewers/amp/","url_text":"\"Brewers' Alex Claudio: Gets NRI From Brewersl\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brewers' Alex Claudio: Back in majors\". cbssports.com. Retrieved 2023-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/brewers-alex-claudio-back-in-majors/amp/","url_text":"\"Brewers' Alex Claudio: Back in majors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brewers' Alex Claudio: Designated for assignment\". cbssports.com. Retrieved 2023-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/brewers-alex-claudio-designated-for-assignment/amp/","url_text":"\"Brewers' Alex Claudio: Designated for assignment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brewers' Alex Claudio: Stays in organization\". cbssports.com. Retrieved 2023-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/brewers-alex-claudio-stays-in-organization/amp/","url_text":"\"Brewers' Alex Claudio: Stays in organization\""}]},{"reference":"\"LMB: Movimientos en listas de reserva - 8 de febrero de 2024\". milb.com. Retrieved February 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milb.com/mexican/news/lmb-movimientos-en-listas-de-reserva-8-de-febrero-de-2024","url_text":"\"LMB: Movimientos en listas de reserva - 8 de febrero de 2024\""}]},{"reference":"T.R. Sullivan (February 12, 2017). \"WBC '17 could prep Claudio for Rangers role\". MLB.com. Retrieved September 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/rangers/news/pitcher-alex-claudio-on-wbc-17-rangers-role-c215813860","url_text":"\"WBC '17 could prep Claudio for Rangers role\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB.com","url_text":"MLB.com"}]},{"reference":"WFAA Staff (March 14, 2017). \"Rangers rule World Baseball Classic first round\". WFAA-TV Channel 8. Retrieved September 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wfaa.com/article/sports/rangers-rule-world-baseball-classic-first-round/287-422442039","url_text":"\"Rangers rule World Baseball Classic first round\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFAA","url_text":"WFAA-TV Channel 8"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://theathletic.com/713640/2018/12/14/future-considerations-in-trading-alex-claudio-texas-turns-a-27th-round-draft-pick-into-a-first/","external_links_name":"\"Future considerations: In trading Alex Claudio, Texas turns a 27th-round draft pick into a first\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=claudi001ale","external_links_name":"\"Alex Claudio Player Page\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/rangers/news/rangers-place-rhp-yu-darvish-on-15-day-disabled-list/c-89465606","external_links_name":"\"Rangers place RHP Yu Darvish on 15-day disabled list; purchase contract of LHP Alex Claudio from Triple-A Round 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conmha%C3%ADcne_C%C3%BAile_Tuireadh | Conmaicne Cuile | ["1 Origin","2 Territory","3 Septs","4 Patrican churches","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Secondary sources"] | Early people of Ireland
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The Conmhaícne Cúile or Conmaicne Cuile Tolad (transl. Conmaicne of the wood of lament) were an early people of Ireland. Their tuath comprised, at minimum, most of the barony of Kilmaine, in County Mayo.
Origin
The Conmhaicne or Conmaicne were a people of early Ireland, perhaps related to the Laigin, who dispersed to various parts of Ireland. They settled in Connacht and Longford, giving their name to several Conmaicne territories. Other branches of Conmaicne were located in County Galway, Roscommon, Mayo, and Leitrim.
Cuile means woods or forest. Ruaidhrí Ó Flaithbheartaigh linked "Cúile" with Cullagh townland ("An Choilleach", the woods). Irish: Maigh Tuireadh ("plain of a lament") is the place where the 1st battle of Moytura was fought. Tuiredh translates as "a lament". "Moytura" is a corruption of Irish: Maigh Tuiredh. Some Latin texts reference them as "Conmacgneculy" and "Conmacniculy".
Territory
Early peoples and kingdoms of Ireland, c.800
Knox said their territory comprised the baronies Ross and much of Kilmaine (except parts east, and north of the Robe). East Kilmaine was occupied by the Muinter Crechain. To the north was "Maigh Ceara", now the barony of Carra, County Mayo.
The alternative name for the barony of Kilmaine, Coolagh, probably reflects the ancient population group named Conmaicne Cuile. Their territory was bounded by lakes, and native Irish forests in places.
Septs
The chief Conmaicne Cuile family was Ó Talcharain. The primary septs were:-
Ó Talcharain, Ó Talcharan.
Ó Morann (Moran)
Ó Martain (Martin or Martins)
Conmaicne Cuile Tolad was invaded by Anglo-Normans about the middle of the thirteenth century, and granted to Maurice Fitzgerald. Another deed calls the district the cantred of 'Keneloch', probably Kinlough north-east of Moyne, a chief manor of the area. In later times the Burkes controlled the territory.
Patrican churches
In the original Vita tripartita Sancti Patricii, Tírechán said Saint Patrick travelled through Conmaicne Dunmore to Conmaicne Cuile Tolad and established Christian churches here. Knox identified these new churches as Kilmaine-beg, Shrule, and perhaps the Church of Cross. Earlier Patrician churches already existed at Kilmainemore, Kilbennan, Donaghpatrick, and perhaps Templepatrick at "Inchanguill".
See also
Conmhaicne
Conmaicne Carra
Cath Maige Tuired
References
^ MacKillop 2004.
^ O'Donovan 1856, p. 417.
^ Wilde 2013, p. 19.
^ eDIL, "http://edil.qub.ac.uk/42381"
^ Twemlow 1915.
^ a b Knox 1908, p. 281.
^ Mac Neill 1932, p. 19.
^ Matheson 1894.
^ Manning 1987.
^ Manning 1987, pp. 3–4.
^ Mac Neill 1932, p. 15.
^ Knox 1908, p. 28.
Secondary sources
O'Donovan, John, ed. (1856). Annála Rioghachta Éireann. Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters ... with a Translation and Copious Notes. 7 vols. Translated by O'Donovan (2nd ed.). Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. CELT editions. Full scans at Internet Archive: Vol. 1; Vol. 2; Vol. 3; Vol. 4; Vol. 5; Vol. 6; Indices.
MacKillop, James (2004). "Conmaicne. Oxford Reference.". A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. Oxford University Press.
Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (2016). A Miracle of Learning: Studies in Manuscripts and Irish Learning: Essays in Honour of William O'Sullivan. Routledge. ISBN 978-1351963220.
Wilde, William R. (2013). Lough Corrib, Its Shores and Islands: with Notices of Lough Mask (illustrated ed.). Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1291406757.
Twemlow, J A (1915). "Calendar of Papal Registers Relating To Great Britain and Ireland".
A Chorographical Description of West or H-Iar Connaught written A.D. 1684 by Roderic O'Flaherty ESQ with notes and Illustrations by, James Hardiman M.R.I.A., Irish Archaeological Society, 1846.
Manning, Conleth (1987). "Excavation at Moyne Graveyard, Shrule, Co. Mayo". Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section C: Archaeology, Celtic Studies, History, Linguistics, Literature. 87C. National Parks and Monuments Branch, Office of Public Works, Dublin: 37–70. JSTOR 25506148.
Mac Neill, Eoin (1932). "The Vita Tripartita of St. Patrick". Ériu. Ériu, vol. 11: 1–41. JSTOR 30008085.
Knox, Hubert Thomas (1908). The History of the County of Mayo, to the close of the sixteenth century (PDF). Dublin: Hodges, Figgis & Co., Ltd.
Matheson, Robert E (1894). Surnames in Ireland : Registrar-General: special report in appendix to 29th Annual Report (PDF). Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Select Committee.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssouf_Kon%C3%A9_(footballer,_born_1995) | Youssouf Koné (footballer, born 1995) | ["1 Club career","2 International career","3 Career statistics","4 Honors","5 References","6 External links"] | Malian footballer
Youssouf Koné
Koné with Lyon in 2019Personal informationFull name
Youssouf KonéDate of birth
(1995-07-05) 5 July 1995 (age 28)Place of birth
Bamako, MaliHeight
1.74 m (5 ft 9 in)Position(s)
Left-backTeam informationCurrent team
MolenbeekNumber
99Youth career2014
LilleSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2014
Lille B
58
(1)2014–2019
Lille
25
(0)2017–2018
→ Reims (loan)
18
(1)2019–2023
Lyon
11
(0)2020–2021
→ Elche (loan)
3
(0)2021
→ Hatayspor (loan)
6
(0)2021–2022
→ Troyes (loan)
21
(0)2022–2023
→ Ajaccio (loan)
13
(0)2023–
Molenbeek
1
(0)International career‡2015–
Mali
17
(1)
Medal record
Representing Mali
FIFA U-20 World Cup
2015 New Zealand
U-20 Team
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 13 October 2023‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 23:25, 14 November 2019 (UTC)
Youssouf Koné (born 5 July 1995) is a Malian professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Belgian Pro League club Molenbeek and the Mali national team.
Club career
Koné is a youth team graduate from Lille. He made his Ligue 1 debut on 2 March 2014 in a 3–2 away win over Ajaccio. His second appearance came on 12 April 2014, a league game against Valenciennes.
Koné spent the first half of the 2017–18 season at Ligue 2 side Reims on loan after being loaned out by Head Coach Marcelo Bielsa. The full-season loan contract was terminated early when he suffered a cruciate ligament injury.
Following the departures of both Fodé Ballo-Touré to Monaco and Hamza Mendyl to Schalke 04, Koné established himself as first-choice left-back under Galtier post-Christmas In Lille's excellent 2018–19 campaign, finishing second to Paris Saint-Germain.
On 3 July 2019, he signed a contract with Lyon. The fee was estimated at €9 million. On 29 September of the following year, after just 11 league appearances, he was loaned to La Liga side Elche for one year. On 1 February 2021, Elche and Lyon, agreed to terminate the loan of Koné, due to a lack of playing time. On the same day, Koné was loaned to Turkish club Hatayspor.
On 30 August 2022, Lyon announced Koné's loan to Ajaccio for the 2022–23 season.
On 28 August 2023, Koné terminated his contract with Lyon following a mutual consent, and joined Molenbeek on a 1-year contract.
International career
Koné debuted for the Mali national team in a 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification match against Benin on 6 September 2016.
Career statistics
As of match played on 14 November 2019
Appearances and goals by national team and year
National team
Year
Apps
Goals
Mali
2015
2
0
2016
4
0
2017
5
0
2018
0
0
2019
6
1
Total
17
1
Scores and results list Mali's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Koné goal.
List of international goals scored by Youssouf Koné
No.
Date
Venue
Opponent
Score
Result
Competition
1
14 June 2019
Saoud bin Abdulrahman Stadium, Al Wakrah, Qatar
Cameroon
1–0
1–1
Friendly
Honors
Mali U20
FIFA U-20 World Cup third place: 2015
References
^ "FIFA U-20 World Cup Turkey 2013 List of Players: Mali" (PDF). FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 23 June 2013. p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2013.
^ Youssouf Koné at Soccerway
^ "Ajaccio vs. Lille - 2 March 2014 - Soccerway". soccerway.com. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
^ "Lille vs. Valenciennes - 12 April 2014 - Soccerway". soccerway.com. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
^ "Youssouf Koné, prêté à Reims, revient à Lille… blessé" (in French). La Voix du Nord. 4 January 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
^ "Lille lose Youssouf Koné to Lyon for €9m". www.getfootballnewsfrance.com. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
^ "Youssouf Koné, octavo fichaje del Elche CF" (in Spanish). Elche CF. 29 September 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
^ a b "Youssouf Koné en prêt à Hatayspor" . www.ol.fr (in French). 1 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
^ "Youssouf Koné joins AC Ajaccio on loan". Lyon. 30 August 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "RÉSILIATION DU CONTRAT DE YOUSSOUF KONÉ" (in French). Olympique Lyonnais. 28 August 2023.
^ Football, CAF - Confederation of African. "CAF - Competitions - Q CAN 2017 - Match Details". www.cafonline.com. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
^ a b "Youssouf Koné". National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
^ "FIFA". Archived from the original on 3 August 2016.
External links
Youssouf Koné at BDFutbol
Eurosport profile
Youssouf Koné at ESPN FC
vteR.W.D. Molenbeek (2015) – current squad
1 Alavoine
4 Klaus
5 De Sart
6 Dwomoh
7 Biron
8 Abe
9 Gueye
11 Adaramola
15 Diallo
17 Camara
19 Heris
21 Sambu
22 Soelle Soelle
23 Del Piage
26 Abner
27 Rikelmi
28 Hubert
29 Sarr
30 Mercier
31 Joffre
32 Doudaev
33 Defourny
43 Sousa
44 Sissako
47 Mboup
69 Da Silva
70 Nkurunziza
77 Reine-Adélaïde
89 Alberto
94 Sampaio
99 Koné
Makosso
Ebiowei
Segovia
Manager: Caçapa
Mali squads
vteMali squad – 2017 Africa Cup of Nations
1 Sissoko
2 H. Traoré
3 Koné
4 S. Coulibaly
5 C. Traoré
6 L. Coulibaly
7 M. Yatabaré
8 Sylla (c)
9 Marega
10 K. Coulibaly
11 Sako
12 Doumbia
13 Wagué
14 S. Yatabaré
15 Konaté
16 Diakité
17 Mam. N'Diaye
18 Sow
19 A. Traoré
20 Bissouma
21 Mah. N'Diaye
22 Diarra
23 O. Coulibaly
Coach: Giresse
vteMali squad – 2019 Africa Cup of Nations
1 Mounkoro
2 H. Traoré
3 Koné
4 A. Haidara
5 Kouyaté
6 M. Haïdara
7 Doumbia
8 Samassékou
9 Marega
10 K. Coulibaly
11 L. Coulibaly
12 Koïta
13 Wagué
14 A.M. Traoré
15 Fofana
16 Diarra
17 Sacko
18 Doucouré
19 Djenepo
20 Niane
21 A.N. Traoré
22 Kéïta
23 Diaby
Coach: Magassouba | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"left-back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-back"},{"link_name":"Belgian Pro League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Pro_League"},{"link_name":"Molenbeek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.W.D._Molenbeek_(2015)"},{"link_name":"Mali national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soccerway-2"}],"text":"Youssouf Koné (born 5 July 1995) is a Malian professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Belgian Pro League club Molenbeek and the Mali national team.[2]","title":"Youssouf Koné (footballer, born 1995)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille_OSC"},{"link_name":"Ligue 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"Ajaccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Ajaccio"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soccerway2-3"},{"link_name":"Valenciennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenciennes_FC"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soccerway3-4"},{"link_name":"Ligue 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_de_Reims"},{"link_name":"Marcelo Bielsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Bielsa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Fodé Ballo-Touré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fod%C3%A9_Ballo-Tour%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Monaco_FC"},{"link_name":"Hamza Mendyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza_Mendyl"},{"link_name":"Schalke 04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Schalke_04"},{"link_name":"Paris Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C."},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_Lyonnais"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Elche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elche_CF"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Hatayspor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatayspor"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Ajaccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Ajaccio"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Molenbeek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.W.D._Molenbeek_(2015)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Koné is a youth team graduate from Lille. He made his Ligue 1 debut on 2 March 2014 in a 3–2 away win over Ajaccio.[3] His second appearance came on 12 April 2014, a league game against Valenciennes.[4]Koné spent the first half of the 2017–18 season at Ligue 2 side Reims on loan after being loaned out by Head Coach Marcelo Bielsa. The full-season loan contract was terminated early when he suffered a cruciate ligament injury.[5]Following the departures of both Fodé Ballo-Touré to Monaco and Hamza Mendyl to Schalke 04, Koné established himself as first-choice left-back under Galtier post-Christmas In Lille's excellent 2018–19 campaign, finishing second to Paris Saint-Germain.On 3 July 2019, he signed a contract with Lyon. The fee was estimated at €9 million.[6] On 29 September of the following year, after just 11 league appearances, he was loaned to La Liga side Elche for one year.[7] On 1 February 2021, Elche and Lyon, agreed to terminate the loan of Koné, due to a lack of playing time.[8] On the same day, Koné was loaned to Turkish club Hatayspor.[8]On 30 August 2022, Lyon announced Koné's loan to Ajaccio for the 2022–23 season.[9]On 28 August 2023, Koné terminated his contract with Lyon following a mutual consent, and joined Molenbeek on a 1-year contract.[10]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mali national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Africa_Cup_of_Nations_qualification"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Koné debuted for the Mali national team in a 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification match against Benin on 6 September 2016.[11]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFT-12"}],"text":"As of match played on 14 November 2019[12]Scores and results list Mali's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Koné goal.","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA U-20 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_U-20_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_FIFA_U-20_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Mali U20FIFA U-20 World Cup third place: 2015[13]","title":"Honors"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"FIFA U-20 World Cup Turkey 2013 List of Players: Mali\" (PDF). 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Elche CF. 29 September 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elchecf.es/noticia/youssouf-kone-octavo-fichaje-del-elche-cf","url_text":"\"Youssouf Koné, octavo fichaje del Elche CF\""}]},{"reference":"\"Youssouf Koné en prêt à Hatayspor\" [Youssouf Koné On Loan At Hatayspor]. www.ol.fr (in French). 1 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ol.fr/fr-fr/contenus/articles/2021/02/01/youssouf-kone-en-pret-a-hatayspor","url_text":"\"Youssouf Koné en prêt à Hatayspor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Youssouf Koné joins AC Ajaccio on loan\". Lyon. 30 August 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ol.fr/en/news/youssouf-kone-loan-ac-ajaccio","url_text":"\"Youssouf Koné joins AC Ajaccio on loan\""}]},{"reference":"\"RÉSILIATION DU CONTRAT DE YOUSSOUF KONÉ\" (in French). Olympique Lyonnais. 28 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ol.fr/fr/actualites/resiliation-du-contrat-de-youssouf-kone-a-l-olympique-lyonnais?fbclid=IwAR2HY-EgQJeemAkG0i4DoQasph-dVanFsWPaaQ0DdDUEHDmg9j1jTdixJUU","url_text":"\"RÉSILIATION DU CONTRAT DE YOUSSOUF KONÉ\""}]},{"reference":"Football, CAF - Confederation of African. \"CAF - Competitions - Q CAN 2017 - Match Details\". www.cafonline.com. Retrieved 6 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/competitions/qcan2017/MatchDetails?MatchId=cXLeYZ+QRR2ARSfSfxqcU6HniLLVH5SGgk/mCzuX6k2qOmADAGDYjKfZXNvbnkX0","url_text":"\"CAF - Competitions - Q CAN 2017 - Match Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"Youssouf Koné\". National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann. Retrieved 17 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/60407.html","url_text":"\"Youssouf Koné\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIFA\". Archived from the original on 3 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160803101056/http://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/archive/newzealand2015/teams/team=1888280/index.html","url_text":"\"FIFA\""},{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/archive/newzealand2015/teams/team=1888280/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130627043508/http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWYC/2013/pdf/FWYC_2013_SquadLists.pdf","external_links_name":"\"FIFA U-20 World Cup Turkey 2013 List of Players: Mali\""},{"Link":"http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWYC/2013/pdf/FWYC_2013_SquadLists.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/youssouf-kone/299858/","external_links_name":"Youssouf Koné"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/03/02/france/ligue-1/athletic-club-ajaccien/lille-olympique-sporting-club-metropole/1479307/","external_links_name":"\"Ajaccio vs. Lille - 2 March 2014 - Soccerway\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/04/12/france/ligue-1/lille-olympique-sporting-club-metropole/valenciennes-anzin-football-club/1479369/","external_links_name":"\"Lille vs. Valenciennes - 12 April 2014 - Soccerway\""},{"Link":"http://www.lavoixdunord.fr/290992/article/2018-01-04/youssouf-kone-prete-reims-revient-lille-blesse","external_links_name":"\"Youssouf Koné, prêté à Reims, revient à Lille… blessé\""},{"Link":"https://www.getfootballnewsfrance.com/2019/official-lille-lose-youssouf-kone-to-lyon-for-e9m/","external_links_name":"\"Lille lose Youssouf Koné to Lyon for €9m\""},{"Link":"https://www.elchecf.es/noticia/youssouf-kone-octavo-fichaje-del-elche-cf","external_links_name":"\"Youssouf Koné, octavo fichaje del Elche CF\""},{"Link":"https://www.ol.fr/fr-fr/contenus/articles/2021/02/01/youssouf-kone-en-pret-a-hatayspor","external_links_name":"\"Youssouf Koné en prêt à Hatayspor\""},{"Link":"https://www.ol.fr/en/news/youssouf-kone-loan-ac-ajaccio","external_links_name":"\"Youssouf Koné joins AC Ajaccio on loan\""},{"Link":"https://www.ol.fr/fr/actualites/resiliation-du-contrat-de-youssouf-kone-a-l-olympique-lyonnais?fbclid=IwAR2HY-EgQJeemAkG0i4DoQasph-dVanFsWPaaQ0DdDUEHDmg9j1jTdixJUU","external_links_name":"\"RÉSILIATION DU CONTRAT DE YOUSSOUF KONÉ\""},{"Link":"http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/competitions/qcan2017/MatchDetails?MatchId=cXLeYZ+QRR2ARSfSfxqcU6HniLLVH5SGgk/mCzuX6k2qOmADAGDYjKfZXNvbnkX0","external_links_name":"\"CAF - Competitions - Q CAN 2017 - Match Details\""},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/60407.html","external_links_name":"\"Youssouf Koné\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160803101056/http://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/archive/newzealand2015/teams/team=1888280/index.html","external_links_name":"\"FIFA\""},{"Link":"https://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/archive/newzealand2015/teams/team=1888280/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j82401.html","external_links_name":"Youssouf Koné"},{"Link":"http://au.eurosport.com/football/youssouf-kone_prs358401/person.shtml","external_links_name":"Eurosport profile"},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/soccer/player/_/id/187905/youssouf-kone","external_links_name":"Youssouf Koné"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_I,_Count_of_Ligny | Guy I, Count of Ligny | ["1 Marriage and children","2 Ancestors","3 References"] | Count of St. Pol and Ligny
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Guy I, Count of Ligny" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Guy I of Luxembourg-LignyBorn1340Died23 August 1371(1371-08-23) (aged 30–31)BaesweilerNoble familyLuxembourgSpouse(s)Mahaut of ChâtillonFatherJohn I of Luxembourg, Lord of LignyMotherAlix of Dampierre
Guy I of Luxembourg-Ligny (1340 – 23 August 1371) was Count of Saint-Pol (1360–1371) and Count of Ligny, Lord of Roussy and Beauvoir (1364–1371).
He was the son of John I and Alix of Dampierre, dame de Richebourg.
Guy participated in the Battle of Baesweiler (present-day Germany), a conflict between his relative Wenceslaus I of Luxembourg, husband of the Duchess of Brabant on the one side, and William II, Duke of Jülich and Edward, Duke of Guelders on the other side.
The chronicler Jan van Boendale writes in his Brabantsche Yeesten that Guy lay wounded and abandoned on the battlefield, until he was discovered by a scavenger the next day, who killed and robbed him. When this plunderer tried later to sell his booty, he was hanged.
Marriage and children
In 1354 he married Mahaut de Châtillon (1335–1378), Countess of Saint-Pol, daughter of Jean de Châtillon-Saint-Pol and Jeanne de Fiennes, and had:
Waleran III (1356–1415), Count of Ligny and of Saint-Pol
Pierre (1369–1387), bishop of Metz and cardinal, beatified in 1527
Margaret, married in 1377 Peter of Enghien, died in 1384, and in 1396 with Jean III de Werchin et Cysoing, died at the Battle of Agincourt
John of Luxembourg, Lord of Beauvoir (1370–1397), married Margaret, Countess of Brienne. He started a cadet branch of the House of Saint-Pol and was the father of Peter of Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol and John II of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny.
André (died 1396), Bishop of Cambrai
Marie, married Jean de Condé (died 1391), and Simon, count of Salm (died 1397)
Joan, Countess of Ligny (died 1430)
Ancestors
Ancestors of Guy I, Count of Ligny 16. Henry V, Count of Luxembourg 8. Waleran I of Luxembourg, Lord of Ligny 17. Margaret of Bar 4. Waleran II of Luxembourg, Lord of Ligny 18. Mathieu II de Beauvoir 9. Joanna of Beauvoir 19. Matilda 2. John I of Luxembourg, Lord of Ligny 20. John III of Lille 10. John IV of Lille 21. Mathilde of Tournai 5. Guyotte of Lille 22. Simon II of Clermont 11. Béatrix of Clermont 23. Adele of Montfort 1. Guy of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny 24. Guy, Count of Flanders 12. William IV of Dendermonde 25. Matilda of Béthune 6. Guy V of Richebourg 26. Raoul of Clermont 13. Alix of Clermont 27. Alice of Dreux 3. Alix of Dampierre 28. Nicholas II of Putten 14. Nicholas III of Putten 29. Beatrix 7. Beatrix of Putten 30. William III of Strijen 15. Aleida of Strijen 31. Oda of Borsele
References
^ a b (FR)Michelle Bubenicek, Quand les femmes gouvernent: droit et politique au XIVe siècle, (Ecole de Chartes, 2002), 262.
Guy I, Count of Ligny House of Luxembourg-LignyBorn: 1340 Died: 23 August 1371
Preceded byGuy V
Count of Saint-Pol(jure uxoris) 1360–1371
Succeeded byWaleran III
Preceded byJohn I
Count of Ligny 1364–1371 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Count of Saint-Pol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Saint-Pol"},{"link_name":"Count of Ligny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Ligny"},{"link_name":"Roussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roussy-le-Village"},{"link_name":"John I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I_of_Luxembourg,_Lord_of_Ligny"},{"link_name":"Battle of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Baesweiler"},{"link_name":"Baesweiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baesweiler"},{"link_name":"Wenceslaus I of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenceslaus_I_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"William II, Duke of Jülich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II,_Duke_of_J%C3%BClich"},{"link_name":"Edward, Duke of Guelders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward,_Duke_of_Guelders"}],"text":"Guy I of Luxembourg-Ligny (1340 – 23 August 1371) was Count of Saint-Pol (1360–1371) and Count of Ligny, Lord of Roussy and Beauvoir (1364–1371).He was the son of John I and Alix of Dampierre, dame de Richebourg.Guy participated in the Battle of Baesweiler (present-day Germany), a conflict between his relative Wenceslaus I of Luxembourg, husband of the Duchess of Brabant on the one side, and William II, Duke of Jülich and Edward, Duke of Guelders on the other side.\nThe chronicler Jan van Boendale writes in his Brabantsche Yeesten that Guy lay wounded and abandoned on the battlefield, until he was discovered by a scavenger the next day, who killed and robbed him. When this plunderer tried later to sell his booty, he was hanged.","title":"Guy I, Count of Ligny"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean de Châtillon-Saint-Pol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Ch%C3%A2tillon-Saint-Pol"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bubenicek86-1"},{"link_name":"Waleran III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleran_III_of_Luxembourg,_Count_of_Ligny"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bubenicek86-1"},{"link_name":"Pierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"bishop of Metz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bishops_of_Metz"},{"link_name":"Peter of Enghien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_of_Enghien"},{"link_name":"Jean III de Werchin et Cysoing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_III_de_Werchin_et_Cysoing"},{"link_name":"John of Luxembourg, Lord of Beauvoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Luxembourg,_Lord_of_Beauvoir"},{"link_name":"Margaret, Countess of Brienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret,_Countess_of_Brienne"},{"link_name":"Peter of Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_of_Luxembourg,_Count_of_Saint-Pol"},{"link_name":"John II of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Luxembourg,_Count_of_Ligny"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Cambrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cambrai"},{"link_name":"Joan, Countess of Ligny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan,_Countess_of_Ligny"}],"text":"In 1354 he married Mahaut de Châtillon (1335–1378), Countess of Saint-Pol, daughter of Jean de Châtillon-Saint-Pol and Jeanne de Fiennes,[1] and had:Waleran III (1356–1415), Count of Ligny and of Saint-Pol[1]\nPierre (1369–1387), bishop of Metz and cardinal, beatified in 1527\nMargaret, married in 1377 Peter of Enghien, died in 1384, and in 1396 with Jean III de Werchin et Cysoing, died at the Battle of Agincourt\nJohn of Luxembourg, Lord of Beauvoir (1370–1397), married Margaret, Countess of Brienne. He started a cadet branch of the House of Saint-Pol and was the father of Peter of Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol and John II of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny.\nAndré (died 1396), Bishop of Cambrai\nMarie, married Jean de Condé (died 1391), and Simon, count of Salm (died 1397)\nJoan, Countess of Ligny (died 1430)","title":"Marriage and children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry V, Count of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V,_Count_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Waleran I of Luxembourg, Lord of Ligny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleran_I_of_Luxembourg,_Lord_of_Ligny"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Bar"},{"link_name":"Waleran II of Luxembourg, Lord of Ligny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleran_II_of_Luxembourg,_Lord_of_Ligny"},{"link_name":"John I of Luxembourg, Lord of Ligny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I_of_Luxembourg,_Lord_of_Ligny"},{"link_name":"Guy, Count of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy,_Count_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"William IV of Dendermonde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_IV_of_Dendermonde&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Matilda of Béthune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_of_B%C3%A9thune"},{"link_name":"Raoul of Clermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_II_of_Clermont"}],"text":"Ancestors of Guy I, Count of Ligny 16. Henry V, Count of Luxembourg 8. Waleran I of Luxembourg, Lord of Ligny 17. Margaret of Bar 4. Waleran II of Luxembourg, Lord of Ligny 18. Mathieu II de Beauvoir 9. Joanna of Beauvoir 19. Matilda 2. John I of Luxembourg, Lord of Ligny 20. John III of Lille 10. John IV of Lille 21. Mathilde of Tournai 5. Guyotte of Lille 22. Simon II of Clermont 11. Béatrix of Clermont 23. Adele of Montfort 1. Guy of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny 24. Guy, Count of Flanders 12. William IV of Dendermonde 25. Matilda of Béthune 6. Guy V of Richebourg 26. Raoul of Clermont 13. Alix of Clermont 27. Alice of Dreux 3. Alix of Dampierre 28. Nicholas II of Putten 14. Nicholas III of Putten 29. Beatrix 7. Beatrix of Putten 30. William III of Strijen 15. Aleida of Strijen 31. Oda of Borsele","title":"Ancestors"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Guy+I%2C+Count+of+Ligny%22","external_links_name":"\"Guy I, Count of Ligny\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Guy+I%2C+Count+of+Ligny%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Guy+I%2C+Count+of+Ligny%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Guy+I%2C+Count+of+Ligny%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Guy+I%2C+Count+of+Ligny%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Guy+I%2C+Count+of+Ligny%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Loaf,_New_York | Sugar Loaf, New York | ["1 History","2 Current state","3 Geography","4 Notable people","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 41°19′08″N 74°17′29″W / 41.3190°N 74.2913°W / 41.3190; -74.2913Hamlet in Orange County, New York
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Hamlet in New York, United StatesSugar LoafHamletSugar Loaf Welcome SignMotto: Art & Craft VillageSugar LoafShow map of New YorkSugar LoafShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 41°19′08″N 74°17′29″W / 41.3190°N 74.2913°W / 41.3190; -74.2913CountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkCountyOrangeFounded1749Dimensions • Length6 mi (10 km) • Width5 mi (8 km)Time zoneUTC-5 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP Code10981Area code845
Sugar Loaf is a mixed-use hamlet in Orange County, New York, United States. It is located in the Town of Chester, within view of Sugar Loaf mountain.
History
Historical marker at the intersection of Kings Highway and Pine Hill Road
The hamlet of Sugar Loaf, New York, was founded in the late 1740s as a waypoint along Kings Highway. Businesses supplied food and other goods, and horses to travelers.
Local historian Dr. Richard Hull writes about the name:
It is still not certain how Sugar Loaf acquired its name. The most plausible tale is that Elizabeth Dobbin, during her first winter here , gazed up at that huge bald uplifted fault block, shrouded in heavy morning mist, so frosty at the summit yet so greenish-brown at the base, and was reminded of the hard loaves of sugar she and all colonial housewives made in their smokey kitchens.
Note that the name of the mountain in Orange County, New York (as well as the hamlet itself), is somewhat distinguished by the use of two words instead of one.
By the early 19th century, Sugar Loaf was a saloon community. One of the favorite pastimes of the men was harness or flat racing. They were eager to compete their horses. Hambletonian 10, considered the sire of all American standardbred horses, was born in Sugar Loaf in 1848.
America's first murder-for-hire took place on "Calamity Corners" at the intersection of Pine Hill and Hambletonian Roads.
Throughout the remainder of the 19th century, and for most of the 20th century, Sugar Loaf remained a quiet, pastoral hamlet, renowned for bawdy, Apple-Jack saloons. During the Prohibition era, speakeasies were established for the enjoyment of countless jazz-age revelers en route to the Glenmere mansion estate on Pine Hill Road, on Glenmere Lake.
Current state
For the last half century through today the hamlet has existed as an artists community with a number of artists working and living in buildings and barns that endure from the 18th century. Artist studios are independently owned and operated by the artists themselves with many studios open to the public for viewing work in progress as well as purchasing.
Geography
Sugar Loaf is a hamlet of roughly six miles' length and five miles' width. It extends from Chester's Durland Hill, near the Chester Library, west into the town of Warwick, into the hamlet of Bellvale.
There is a post office at the northeast end of the village. The Hamlet's zip code is 10981. The Hamlet of Sugar Loaf lies within the Town of Chester, and hence shares its area code and exchange, 845, 469. The greater Hamlet extends into Warwick, as well 845, 986. The Hamlet of Sugar Loaf antedates the later Town of Chester, and it was originally administered under the Town of Warwick. Proponents of the annexation of Sugar Loaf back to Warwick cite this precedent administration.
Notable people
Jay Westerveld – researcher of habitats associated with endangered species including the Clam shrimp, Bog turtle, and the Northern Cricket frog; Westerveld coined the term "greenwashing" and has mounted ecological preservation efforts in the state of New York.
Reid Duke – professional Magic: The Gathering player
Jason Boone – professional basketball player
References
^ Hull, Doctor Richard W. 1980. "Sugar Loaf: Its History Mystery and Magic." Self Published; p. 3
^ Hull, Richard W. 1997. "Sugar Loaf New York 1700-1997: The Enduring Vision." Self Published. ISBN 0-89824-982-1; pp. 15-16
^ Barnsider continues Apple-Jack history of Sugar Loaf
^ National Geographic Society. Driving Guides to America: New York. 1997, p. 48.
^ Sugar Loaf Guild
External links
Hudson Valley portal
Chester, New York, Historical Society
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New York portal
United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Orange County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Town of Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_(town),_New_York"}],"text":"Hamlet in Orange County, New YorkHamlet in New York, United StatesSugar Loaf is a mixed-use hamlet in Orange County, New York, United States. 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Businesses supplied food and other goods, and horses to travelers.Local historian Dr. Richard Hull writes about the name:It is still not certain how Sugar Loaf acquired its name. The most plausible tale is that Elizabeth Dobbin, during her first winter here [circa 1738], gazed up at that huge bald uplifted fault block, shrouded in heavy morning mist, so frosty at the summit yet so greenish-brown at the base, and was reminded of the hard loaves of sugar she and all colonial housewives made in their smokey kitchens.[1]Note that the name of the mountain in Orange County, New York (as well as the hamlet itself), is somewhat distinguished by the use of two words instead of one.By the early 19th century, Sugar Loaf was a saloon community. One of the favorite pastimes of the men was harness or flat racing. They were eager to compete their horses. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_de_Warenne,_6th_Earl_of_Surrey | John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey | ["1 Early life and marriage","2 Second Barons' War","3 Scotland","4 Quo Warranto?","5 Later years","6 Issue","7 References","8 Sources"] | 13th-century English nobleman and military commander
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
For other people named John de Warenne, see John de Warenne (disambiguation).
John de WarenneEarl of SurreyWarenne's seal from Barons' Letter, 1301Born1231Surrey, EnglandDied27 September 1304 (aged around 73)Kennington, Surrey, EnglandResidenceHolt CastleSpouse(s)
Alice de Lusignan
(m. 1247; died 1256)IssueEleanor de WarenneIsabella de WarenneWilliam de WarenneFatherWilliam de Warenne, 5th Earl of SurreyMotherMaud Marshal
Arms of Warenne: Chequy or and azure. These arms are borne today in the third quarter by the Duke of Norfolk.
John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey (1231 – 27 September 1304) was a prominent English nobleman and military commander during the reigns of Henry III of England and Edward I of England. During the Second Barons' War he switched sides twice, ending up in support of the king, for whose capture he was present at Lewes in 1264. Warenne was later appointed as "warden of the kingdom and land of Scotland" and featured prominently in Edward I's wars in Scotland.
Early life and marriage
Lewes Castle, Warenne's ancestral home, built in 1069
Warenne was the son and heir of William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey, and Maud Marshal. His mother was the daughter of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke and widow of Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk, making Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk his elder half-brother.
A boy when his father died, Warenne became a royal ward. Peter of Savoy was appointed guardian of his holdings and Warenne was raised at the royal court. In 1247, he married Henry III's half-sister Alice le Brun de Lusignan, a marriage that created resentment amongst the English nobility, who did not like seeing a wealthy English nobleman marrying a penniless foreigner.
During the following years, Warenne was closely associated with the court faction centering on his in-laws. In 1254, he accompanied the king's son Edward (the future Edward I) on Edward's journey to Spain to marry Eleanor of Castile.
During the conflicts between Henry III and his barons, Warenne started as a strong supporter of the king, switched to support for Simon de Montfort, and then returned to the royalist party. He opposed the initial baronial reform plan of May 1258, but along with other opponents capitulated and took the oath of the Provisions of Oxford.
Second Barons' War
Further information: Second Barons' War
View of Rochester Castle (1836), where Warenne was besieged by de Montfort in 1264
By 1260, Warenne had joined the party of Simon de Montfort, but switched back to the king's side in 1263. In April 1264, he and Roger de Leybourne were besieged by de Montfort at Rochester Castle. In May of the same year Warenne was present for the Battle of Lewes (fought near his ancestral home, Lewes Castle). After the capture of the king and Prince Edward he fled to the Continent, where he remained for about a year. His estates were confiscated but were subsequently restored. He returned to fight in the campaign which culminated in the Battle of Evesham, the Battle of Chesterfield and the siege of Kenilworth Castle.
Warenne served in Edward I's Welsh campaigns in 1277, 1282, and 1283. In 1282, King Edward Longshanks awarded him the Lordship of Bromfield and Yale in Wales, which was taken from Prince Gruffudd Fychan I and his son Madog Crypl. He also started the construction of his castle there named Holt Castle, which was continued by his son William. A good part of the following years were spent in Scotland. He was one of the negotiators for the 1289 treaty of Salisbury and for the 1290 treaty of Birgham, and accompanied the king on Edward's 1296 invasion of Scotland where he commanded the only major field action of that year in the Battle of Dunbar.
Scotland
On 22 August 1296, the king appointed him "warden of the kingdom and land of Scotland". However Warenne returned to England a few months later claiming that the Scottish climate was bad for his health. The following spring saw the rebellion of William Wallace, Warenne was ordered to lead his army North by the King after initially refusing to return to Scotland. He was defeated by Wallace at the Battle of Stirling Bridge and fled to York.
Nevertheless, the king appointed Warenne captain of the next campaign against the Scots in early 1298. He raised the siege of Roxburgh and re-took the town of Berwick. The king himself took the field later that year, and Warenne was one of the commanders during the decisive English victory at the Battle of Falkirk.
In the 1300 campaign, Warrene commanded one of four cavalry units in Edward I's army. On 8 August, near the estuary of the Cree, Edward ordered his men and Warenne's to charge at a Scottish force - causing the Scots to flee.
Quo Warranto?
In 1278, Edward I called a parliament at Gloucester with the intention of determining which lords had usurped royal rights—specifically, rights of adjudication—and reclaiming those rights. Walter of Guisborough tells the story that the earl was served a writ of quo warranto ("by what warrant?") as a result of these proceedings. Warenne supposedly responded by drawing a rusty sword and exclaiming that this was his warrant, saying, "My ancestors came with William the Bastard, and conquered their lands with the sword, and I will defend them with the sword against anyone wishing to seize them."
Later years
Warenne died on 27 September 1304 in Kennington, Surrey. He was interred in Lewes Priory at a service conducted by the Archbishop of Canterbury. He was succeeded by his grandson, also called John.
Issue
Warenne and Alice de Lusignan had three children:
Eleanor, who married Henry Percy and was the mother of Henry de Percy, 1st Baron Percy of Alnwick (see Percy Family)
Isabella, who married John Balliol (briefly the King of Scots), and was the mother of Edward Balliol;
William, who married Joan, daughter of Robert de Vere, 5th Earl of Oxford, and was accidentally killed at a tournament on 15 December 1286. Their son John succeeded his grandfather as earl of Surrey; their daughter Alice de Warenne married Edmund Fitzalan, 9th Earl of Arundel.
References
^ The History of Wales, Powell, David, 1552-1598, Wynne, W. (William), 1649 or 50-1711, University of Michigan, p. 181
^ The baronage of England, or, An historical account of the lives and most memorable actions of our English nobility in the Saxons time to the Norman conquest, University of Michigan, Dugdale, William, Sir, 1605-1686.
^ The History of Wales, Powell, David, 1552-1598, Wynne, W. (William), 1649 or 50-1711, University of Michigan, p. 181
^ Prestwich, Michael (1988). Edward I. London: Methuen London Ltd. p. 485.
^ Prestwich, Michael (1988). Edward I. London: Methuen London Ltd. p. 489.
^ Michael Prestwich (1988). Edward I. University of California Press. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-520-06266-5.
^ "Warenne, John de (1231? – 1304)". Tout, Thomas Frederick (1899). Lee, Sidney (ed.) Dictionary of National Biography. 59. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 368. Accessed via Internet Archive. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
Sources
Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700 by Frederick Lewis Weis, Lines: 83–28, 153A-20, 153A-29, 161–27.
Scott L. Waugh. "Warenne, John de, sixth earl of Surrey (earl of Surrey and Sussex, Earl Warenne) (1231–1304), magnate". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press.
Howard de Walden, Thomas Evelyn Scott-Ellis Baron (1904), Some feudal lords and their seals, MCCCJ (Some feudal lords and their seals, MCCCJ. ed.), : De Walden Library, OL 7163336M
Pegge, Samuel (1769). "A succinct and authentic narrative of the Battle of Chesterfield, A.D 1266 in the reign of King Henry III". Archaeologica. XXXVI: 276–285.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Warenne, Earls" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 324.
Peerage of England
Preceded byWilliam de Warenne
Earl of Surrey 1240–1304
Succeeded byJohn de Warenne | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John de Warenne (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_de_Warenne_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arms_of_John_de_Warenne,_6th_Earl_of_Surrey_(d.1304).svg"},{"link_name":"quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"Duke of Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Earl of Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Surrey"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Henry III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Edward I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Second Barons' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Barons%27_War"},{"link_name":"Lewes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lewes"},{"link_name":"wars in Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence"}],"text":"For other people named John de Warenne, see John de Warenne (disambiguation).Arms of Warenne: Chequy or and azure. These arms are borne today in the third quarter by the Duke of Norfolk.John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey (1231 – 27 September 1304) was a prominent English nobleman and military commander during the reigns of Henry III of England and Edward I of England. During the Second Barons' War he switched sides twice, ending up in support of the king, for whose capture he was present at Lewes in 1264. Warenne was later appointed as \"warden of the kingdom and land of Scotland\" and featured prominently in Edward I's wars in Scotland.","title":"John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Barbican,_Lewes_Castle.png"},{"link_name":"Lewes Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewes_Castle"},{"link_name":"William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Warenne,_5th_Earl_of_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Maud Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maud_Marshal"},{"link_name":"William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Marshal,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Bigod,_3rd_Earl_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bigod,_4th_Earl_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"royal ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_(law)"},{"link_name":"Peter of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_II_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Alice le Brun de Lusignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_le_Brun_de_Lusignan"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Simon de Montfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_6th_Earl_of_Leicester"},{"link_name":"Provisions of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisions_of_Oxford"}],"text":"Lewes Castle, Warenne's ancestral home, built in 1069Warenne was the son and heir of William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey, and Maud Marshal. His mother was the daughter of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke and widow of Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk, making Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk his elder half-brother.A boy when his father died, Warenne became a royal ward. Peter of Savoy was appointed guardian of his holdings and Warenne was raised at the royal court. In 1247, he married Henry III's half-sister Alice le Brun de Lusignan, a marriage that created resentment amongst the English nobility, who did not like seeing a wealthy English nobleman marrying a penniless foreigner.During the following years, Warenne was closely associated with the court faction centering on his in-laws. In 1254, he accompanied the king's son Edward (the future Edward I) on Edward's journey to Spain to marry Eleanor of Castile.During the conflicts between Henry III and his barons, Warenne started as a strong supporter of the king, switched to support for Simon de Montfort, and then returned to the royalist party. He opposed the initial baronial reform plan of May 1258, but along with other opponents capitulated and took the oath of the Provisions of Oxford.","title":"Early life and marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Barons' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Barons%27_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rochester_Castle_engraved_by_H.Adlard_after_G.F.Sargent._c1836_edited.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rochester Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Castle"},{"link_name":"Roger de Leybourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_de_Leybourne"},{"link_name":"sieged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege"},{"link_name":"Rochester Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Castle#The_siege_of_1264"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lewes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lewes"},{"link_name":"Lewes Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewes_Castle"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Battle of Evesham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Evesham"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chesterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chesterfield"},{"link_name":"Kenilworth Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenilworth_Castle"},{"link_name":"Edward Longshanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Longshanks"},{"link_name":"Lordship of Bromfield and Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lordship_of_Bromfield_and_Yale"},{"link_name":"Gruffudd Fychan I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruffudd_Fychan_I"},{"link_name":"Madog Crypl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madog_Crypl"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Holt Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holt_Castle"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Warenne_(1256%E2%80%931286)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"treaty of Birgham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Birgham"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dunbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dunbar_(1296)"}],"text":"Further information: Second Barons' WarView of Rochester Castle (1836), where Warenne was besieged by de Montfort in 1264By 1260, Warenne had joined the party of Simon de Montfort, but switched back to the king's side in 1263. In April 1264, he and Roger de Leybourne were besieged by de Montfort at Rochester Castle. In May of the same year Warenne was present for the Battle of Lewes (fought near his ancestral home, Lewes Castle). After the capture of the king and Prince Edward he fled to the Continent, where he remained for about a year. His estates were confiscated but were subsequently restored. He returned to fight in the campaign which culminated in the Battle of Evesham, the Battle of Chesterfield and the siege of Kenilworth Castle.Warenne served in Edward I's Welsh campaigns in 1277, 1282, and 1283. In 1282, King Edward Longshanks awarded him the Lordship of Bromfield and Yale in Wales, which was taken from Prince Gruffudd Fychan I and his son Madog Crypl.[2] He also started the construction of his castle there named Holt Castle, which was continued by his son William.[3] A good part of the following years were spent in Scotland. He was one of the negotiators for the 1289 treaty of Salisbury and for the 1290 treaty of Birgham, and accompanied the king on Edward's 1296 invasion of Scotland where he commanded the only major field action of that year in the Battle of Dunbar.","title":"Second Barons' War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Battle of Stirling Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stirling_Bridge"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York"},{"link_name":"Battle of Falkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Falkirk"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"On 22 August 1296, the king appointed him \"warden of the kingdom and land of Scotland\". However Warenne returned to England a few months later claiming that the Scottish climate was bad for his health. The following spring saw the rebellion of William Wallace, Warenne was ordered to lead his army North by the King after initially refusing to return to Scotland. He was defeated by Wallace at the Battle of Stirling Bridge and fled to York.Nevertheless, the king appointed Warenne captain of the next campaign against the Scots in early 1298. He raised the siege of Roxburgh and re-took the town of Berwick. The king himself took the field later that year, and Warenne was one of the commanders during the decisive English victory at the Battle of Falkirk.In the 1300 campaign, Warrene commanded one of four cavalry units in Edward I's army.[4] On 8 August, near the estuary of the Cree, Edward ordered his men and Warenne's to charge at a Scottish force - causing the Scots to flee. [5]","title":"Scotland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester"},{"link_name":"Walter of Guisborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_of_Guisborough"},{"link_name":"quo warranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quo_warranto"},{"link_name":"William the Bastard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 1278, Edward I called a parliament at Gloucester with the intention of determining which lords had usurped royal rights—specifically, rights of adjudication—and reclaiming those rights. Walter of Guisborough tells the story that the earl was served a writ of quo warranto (\"by what warrant?\") as a result of these proceedings. Warenne supposedly responded by drawing a rusty sword and exclaiming that this was his warrant, saying, \"My ancestors came with William the Bastard, and conquered their lands with the sword, and I will defend them with the sword against anyone wishing to seize them.\"[6]","title":"Quo Warranto?"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Lewes Priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewes_Priory"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"}],"text":"Warenne died on 27 September 1304 in Kennington, Surrey.[7] He was interred in Lewes Priory at a service conducted by the Archbishop of Canterbury. He was succeeded by his grandson, also called John.","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alice de Lusignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_de_Lusignan,_Countess_of_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Henry de Percy, 1st Baron Percy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Percy,_1st_Baron_Percy"},{"link_name":"Alnwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnwick"},{"link_name":"Percy Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Family"},{"link_name":"Isabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_de_Warenne"},{"link_name":"John Balliol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Balliol"},{"link_name":"Edward Balliol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Balliol"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Warenne_(1256-1286)"},{"link_name":"Robert de Vere, 5th Earl of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Vere,_5th_Earl_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_de_Warenne,_7th_Earl_of_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Alice de Warenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_de_Warenne"},{"link_name":"Edmund Fitzalan, 9th Earl of Arundel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Fitzalan,_9th_Earl_of_Arundel"}],"text":"Warenne and Alice de Lusignan had three children:Eleanor, who married Henry Percy and was the mother of Henry de Percy, 1st Baron Percy of Alnwick (see Percy Family)\nIsabella, who married John Balliol (briefly the King of Scots), and was the mother of Edward Balliol;\nWilliam, who married Joan, daughter of Robert de Vere, 5th Earl of Oxford, and was accidentally killed at a tournament on 15 December 1286. Their son John succeeded his grandfather as earl of Surrey; their daughter Alice de Warenne married Edmund Fitzalan, 9th Earl of Arundel.","title":"Issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Warenne, John de, sixth earl of Surrey (earl of Surrey and Sussex, Earl Warenne) (1231–1304), magnate\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/28734?docPos=1"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"OL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7163336M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openlibrary.org/books/OL7163336M"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"\"Warenne, Earls\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Warenne,_Earls"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"}],"text":"Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700 by Frederick Lewis Weis, Lines: 83–28, 153A-20, 153A-29, 161–27.\nScott L. Waugh. \"Warenne, John de, sixth earl of Surrey (earl of Surrey and Sussex, Earl Warenne) (1231–1304), magnate\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press.\nHoward de Walden, Thomas Evelyn Scott-Ellis Baron (1904), Some feudal lords and their seals, MCCCJ (Some feudal lords and their seals, MCCCJ. ed.), [London]: De Walden Library, OL 7163336M\nPegge, Samuel (1769). \"A succinct and authentic narrative of the Battle of Chesterfield, A.D 1266 in the reign of King Henry III\". Archaeologica. XXXVI: 276–285.\nChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Warenne, Earls\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 324.","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Arms of Warenne: Chequy or and azure. These arms are borne today in the third quarter by the Duke of Norfolk.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Arms_of_John_de_Warenne%2C_6th_Earl_of_Surrey_%28d.1304%29.svg/200px-Arms_of_John_de_Warenne%2C_6th_Earl_of_Surrey_%28d.1304%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Lewes Castle, Warenne's ancestral home, built in 1069","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Barbican%2C_Lewes_Castle.png/220px-The_Barbican%2C_Lewes_Castle.png"},{"image_text":"View of Rochester Castle (1836), where Warenne was besieged by de Montfort in 1264","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rochester_Castle_engraved_by_H.Adlard_after_G.F.Sargent._c1836_edited.jpg/300px-Rochester_Castle_engraved_by_H.Adlard_after_G.F.Sargent._c1836_edited.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Prestwich, Michael (1988). Edward I. London: Methuen London Ltd. p. 485.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Prestwich, Michael (1988). Edward I. 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Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/28734?docPos=1","url_text":"\"Warenne, John de, sixth earl of Surrey (earl of Surrey and Sussex, Earl Warenne) (1231–1304), magnate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"Howard de Walden, Thomas Evelyn Scott-Ellis Baron (1904), Some feudal lords and their seals, MCCCJ (Some feudal lords and their seals, MCCCJ. ed.), [London]: De Walden Library, OL 7163336M","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7163336M","url_text":"7163336M"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Warenne, Earls\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marston,_Lincolnshire | Marston, Lincolnshire | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°58′52″N 0°40′28″W / 52.981079°N 0.674421°W / 52.981079; -0.674421Village and civil parish in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England
Human settlement in EnglandMarstonSt Mary's Church, MarstonMarstonLocation within LincolnshirePopulation360 (2011)OS grid referenceSK890434• London105 mi (169 km) SDistrictSouth KestevenShire countyLincolnshireRegionEast MidlandsCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townGranthamPostcode districtNG32PoliceLincolnshireFireLincolnshireAmbulanceEast Midlands
UK ParliamentSleaford and North Hykeham
List of places
UK
England
Lincolnshire
52°58′52″N 0°40′28″W / 52.981079°N 0.674421°W / 52.981079; -0.674421
Marston is a village and civil parish in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 360. It lies 5 miles (8 km) north from Grantham, 8 miles (13 km) south-east from Newark, and 1.5 miles (2.4 km) north from the A1 near Long Bennington
Marston Grade I listed Anglican parish church is dedicated to St Mary, and is of 12th-century origin, with an 1881-82 chancel by C. Kirk. Pevsner gives the date of the chancel as 1878, restored and partly rebuilt in Early English style. St Mary's holds monuments to members of the Thorold family.
Marston Hall is a Grade II* late 16th-century country house, with further alterations up to the 18th century. Pevsner records a 1962 "gothick" style garden gazebo, designed by John Partridge, with pinnacles by Christopher Blackie and murals by Barbara Jones.
Marston school
Marston Thorold Primary School dates from 1861. It is still somewhat supported by the Dame Margaret Thorold Educational Foundation, is now Church of England voluntary aided.
The village also has a church hall, the Thorold Arms public house and a fishery. The Ramada Resort hotel, formerly the Old Barn, is located on Toll Bar Road.
References
^ a b "Parish Council web site". Retrieved 19 March 2013.
^ "Civil Parish population 2011". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
^ Historic England. "Church of St. Mary, Marston (1146946)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
^ a b Pevsner, Nikolaus; Harris, John; The Buildings of England: Lincolnshire pp. 603, 604; Penguin, (1964); revised by Nicholas Antram (1989), Yale University Press. ISBN 0300096208
^ Cox, J. Charles (1916) Lincolnshire p. 227, 228; Methuen & Co. Ltd.
^ Historic England. "Marston Hall, Marston (1062854)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
^ Historic England. "School building (504153)". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 19 March 2013.
^ "Dame Margaret Thorold Educational Foundation". Retrieved 19 March 2013.
^ "School web site". Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
^ "Ramada by Wyndham". Retrieved 1 May 2019.
External links
Media related to Marston, Lincolnshire at Wikimedia Commons
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Transport
Historic subdivisions: Holland, Kesteven, Lindsey
History and notable places: Belton House, Bolingbroke Castle, Boston Stump, Cadwell Park, Cross Keys Bridge, Crowland Abbey, Donna Nook, Dunham Bridge, Far Ings, Frampton Marsh, Freiston Shore, Gibraltar Point, Grimsby Fishing Heritage Centre, Humber Bridge, Kinema in the Woods, Kingdom of Lindsey, Lincoln Castle,Lincoln Cathedral, Lincoln Cliff, Lincolnshire Fens, Market Rasen Racecourse, Museum of Lincolnshire Life, Tattershall Castle, The Wash, The Wolds, Usher Gallery, Winceby Battlefield, Woolsthorpe Manor
Authority control databases
VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England"},{"link_name":"South Kesteven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kesteven"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PC-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Grantham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grantham"},{"link_name":"Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark-on-Trent"},{"link_name":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_road_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"Long Bennington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Bennington"},{"link_name":"Grade I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building#Categories_of_listed_building"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_church"},{"link_name":"St Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary"},{"link_name":"chancel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pevsner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pevsner-4"},{"link_name":"Early English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_English_Period"},{"link_name":"Thorold family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorold_Baronets"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cox-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"\"gothick\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"gazebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazebo"},{"link_name":"pinnacles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnacle"},{"link_name":"Barbara Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Jones_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pevsner-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marston_Thorold%27s_Charity_Church_Of_England_School.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"voluntary aided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_aided_school"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"public house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_house"},{"link_name":"fishery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PC-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Village and civil parish in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, EnglandHuman settlement in EnglandMarston is a village and civil parish in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England.[1] The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 360.[2] It lies 5 miles (8 km) north from Grantham, 8 miles (13 km) south-east from Newark, and 1.5 miles (2.4 km) north from the A1 near Long BenningtonMarston Grade I listed Anglican parish church is dedicated to St Mary, and is of 12th-century origin, with an 1881-82 chancel by C. Kirk.[3] Pevsner gives the date of the chancel as 1878,[4] restored and partly rebuilt in Early English style. St Mary's holds monuments to members of the Thorold family.[5]Marston Hall is a Grade II* late 16th-century country house, with further alterations up to the 18th century.[6] Pevsner records a 1962 \"gothick\" style garden gazebo, designed by John Partridge, with pinnacles by Christopher Blackie and murals by Barbara Jones.[4]Marston schoolMarston Thorold Primary School dates from 1861.[7] It is still somewhat supported by the Dame Margaret Thorold Educational Foundation,[8] is now Church of England voluntary aided.[9]The village also has a church hall, the Thorold Arms public house and a fishery.[1] The Ramada Resort hotel, formerly the Old Barn, is located on Toll Bar Road.[10]","title":"Marston, Lincolnshire"}] | [{"image_text":"Marston school","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Marston_Thorold%27s_Charity_Church_Of_England_School.jpg/220px-Marston_Thorold%27s_Charity_Church_Of_England_School.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Parish Council web site\". Retrieved 19 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://parishes.lincolnshire.gov.uk/Marston/","url_text":"\"Parish Council web site\""}]},{"reference":"\"Civil Parish population 2011\". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 23 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11126364&c=Marston&d=16&e=62&g=6447618&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1464014777874&enc=1","url_text":"\"Civil Parish population 2011\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Church of St. Mary, Marston (1146946)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 28 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1146946","url_text":"\"Church of St. Mary, Marston (1146946)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Marston Hall, Marston (1062854)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 28 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1062854","url_text":"\"Marston Hall, Marston (1062854)\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"School building (504153)\". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 19 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=504153&resourceID=19191","url_text":"\"School building (504153)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dame Margaret Thorold Educational Foundation\". Retrieved 19 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/CharityWithoutPartB.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=527666&SubsidiaryNumber=0","url_text":"\"Dame Margaret Thorold Educational Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"\"School web site\". Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 19 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101203030335/http://lincolnshire.schooljotter.com/marstoncofe","url_text":"\"School web site\""},{"url":"http://lincolnshire.schooljotter.com/marstoncofe","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ramada by Wyndham\". Retrieved 1 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wyndhamhotels.com/ramada/marston-united-kingdom/ramada-resort-grantham/overview?CID=LC:RA::GGL:RIO:National:48579","url_text":"\"Ramada by Wyndham\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Marston,_Lincolnshire¶ms=52.981079_N_0.674421_W_region:GB_type:city(360)","external_links_name":"52°58′52″N 0°40′28″W / 52.981079°N 0.674421°W / 52.981079; -0.674421"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Marston,_Lincolnshire¶ms=52.980563_N_0.675876_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Marston","external_links_name":"SK890434"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Marston,_Lincolnshire¶ms=52.981079_N_0.674421_W_region:GB_type:city(360)","external_links_name":"52°58′52″N 0°40′28″W / 52.981079°N 0.674421°W / 52.981079; -0.674421"},{"Link":"http://parishes.lincolnshire.gov.uk/Marston/","external_links_name":"\"Parish Council web site\""},{"Link":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11126364&c=Marston&d=16&e=62&g=6447618&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1464014777874&enc=1","external_links_name":"\"Civil Parish population 2011\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1146946","external_links_name":"\"Church of St. Mary, Marston (1146946)\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1062854","external_links_name":"\"Marston Hall, Marston (1062854)\""},{"Link":"https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=504153&resourceID=19191","external_links_name":"\"School building (504153)\""},{"Link":"http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/CharityWithoutPartB.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=527666&SubsidiaryNumber=0","external_links_name":"\"Dame Margaret Thorold Educational Foundation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101203030335/http://lincolnshire.schooljotter.com/marstoncofe","external_links_name":"\"School web site\""},{"Link":"http://lincolnshire.schooljotter.com/marstoncofe","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.wyndhamhotels.com/ramada/marston-united-kingdom/ramada-resort-grantham/overview?CID=LC:RA::GGL:RIO:National:48579","external_links_name":"\"Ramada by Wyndham\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/170106043","external_links_name":"VIAF"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembine,_Wisconsin | Pembine, Wisconsin | ["1 Geography","2 History","3 Demographics","4 Government","5 Education","6 Churches","7 Recreation","8 Notable people","9 References","10 External links"] | Coordinates: 45°38′07″N 87°59′27″W / 45.63528°N 87.99083°W / 45.63528; -87.99083
Town in Wisconsin, United StatesPembine, WisconsinTownLocation of Pembine, WisconsinCoordinates: 45°38′24″N 87°56′54″W / 45.64000°N 87.94833°W / 45.64000; -87.94833Country United StatesState WisconsinCountyMarinetteArea • Total67.3 sq mi (174.4 km2) • Land66.3 sq mi (171.8 km2) • Water1.0 sq mi (2.6 km2)Elevation840 ft (256 m)Population (2020) • Total877Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)Area code(s)715 & 534FIPS code55-61775GNIS feature ID1583905Websitehttp://www.townofpembine.com
Pembine is a town in Marinette County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 877 at the 2020 census. The unincorporated community of Kremlin is located in the town, The census-designated place of Pembine is also located in the town.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 67.3 square miles (174.4 km2), of which, 66.3 square miles (171.8 km2) of it is land and 1.0 square miles (2.6 km2) of it (1.47%) is water. The Pemebonwon River, with Long Slide Falls, is in the immediate vicinity. Another notable waterfall, Twelve Foot Falls, is located in the town of Dunbar on the nearby Pike River.
History
The name Pembine comes from the Native American name Pemene Won Bon, also the source of the name of the Pemebonwon River. The Soo Line connected the town by rail in 1887. Pembine was part of the town of Amberg until 14 April 1914, when it was established as a separate town. The economy of Pembine was based on the logging industry, and the town declined after the Wisconsin and Michigan Railroad discontinued service in 1915. The local economy then switched to potato farming, followed by growth in the dairy industry.
Pembine's train depot, built in 1887, as it appeared in 2011. It was destroyed by fire in 2019.
Several fatal rail disasters occurred in Pembine. In 1899, two railroad workers were killed in a collision between two trains. A head-on collision between two trains in 1902 killed three men. The Soo Line was sabotaged in 1909, killing an engineer. Five people were killed when a train hit a fallen tree in 1913 and derailed. The historic train station, built in 1887, was totally destroyed by fire on June 17, 2019. Two local teenage boys were arrested in connection with the fire.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
20001,036—2020877—U.S. Decennial Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,036 people, 429 households, and 293 families residing in the town. The population density was 15.6 inhabitants per square mile (6.0/km2). There were 871 housing units at an average density of 13.1 per square mile (5.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.59% White, 0.19% Black or African American, 0.29% Native American, 0.58% Asian, 0.29% from other races, and 1.06% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.35% of the population.
There were 429 households, out of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.0% were married couples living together, 4.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.5% were non-families. 28.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.94.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.6% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 19.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.9 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $34,395, and the median income for a family was $39,479. Males had a median income of $36,810 versus $21,071 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,459. About 7.0% of families and 8.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.6% of those under age 18 and 3.1% of those age 65 or over.
Government
Pembine is governed by a town board composed of three representatives, a chairman and two representatives all elected at large. Town meetings are held the second Tuesday of each month at 6:30 p.m. at the local town hall.
Education
Pembine is served by the Pembine-Beecher-Dunbar Public School District. Pembine High School is the district's high school.
Churches
There are three churches in Pembine: Grace Lutheran Church, Northwoods Chapel, and St. Margaret's Roman Catholic Church. Another congregation, Crossroads Church (an Assembly of God congregation), is located on Highway 141 in nearby Beecher.
Recreation
Pembine is a popular destination for outdoor enthusiasts, with many miles of snowmobiling and ATV trails in the area.
Notable people
Ernest Sauld (1884–1959), businessman and politician, lived in Pembine
References
^ a b "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ Reed, Lisa. 2014. "Pembine Set to Celebrate 100th Birthday." Marinette-Menominee Eagle Herald (29 July): 1, 3.
^ "Smash-Up Killed Two. Sheboygan Man Meets Death in Wreck near Pembine". The Weekly Wisconsin. August 26, 1899. p. 2. Retrieved September 14, 2014 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Three Killed in a Wreck". The Austin Daily Herald. July 19, 1902. p. 1. Retrieved September 14, 2014 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Rails were Spiked; Engineer Killed". The New North. February 4, 1909. p. 1. Retrieved September 14, 2014 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Pembine Scene of Fatal Wreck". The New North. July 31, 1913. p. 1. Retrieved September 14, 2014 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Two juveniles in custody after fire levels old Pembine train depot". Daily News. June 17, 2019. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
^ The Real North
^ 'Wisconsin Blue Book 1940,' Biographical Sketch of Ernest Sauld, pg. 34
External links
Exploring Pembine
Businesses in Pembine
vteMunicipalities and communities of Marinette County, Wisconsin, United StatesCounty seat: MarinetteCities
Marinette
Niagara
Peshtigo
Villages
Coleman
Crivitz
Pound
Wausaukee
Towns
Amberg
Athelstane
Beaver
Beecher
Dunbar
Goodman
Grover
Lake
Middle Inlet
Niagara
Pembine
Peshtigo
Porterfield
Pound
Silver Cliff
Stephenson
Wagner
Wausaukee
CDPs
Amberg
Dunbar
Goodman
Pembine
Unincorporatedcommunities
Athelstane
Bagley Junction
Beaver
Beecher
Beecher Lake
Cedarville
County Line‡
Goll
Harmony
Kremlin
Loomis
May Corner
McAllister
Menekaunee
Middle Inlet
Miles
Packard
Porterfield
Rubys Corner
Sweetheart City
Wagner
Walsh
White Pine Haven
Wilcox
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Wisconsin portal
United States portal
45°38′07″N 87°59′27″W / 45.63528°N 87.99083°W / 45.63528; -87.99083 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marinette County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinette_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Kremlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Pembine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembine_(CDP),_Wisconsin"}],"text":"Town in Wisconsin, United StatesPembine is a town in Marinette County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 877 at the 2020 census. 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The population density was 15.6 inhabitants per square mile (6.0/km2). There were 871 housing units at an average density of 13.1 per square mile (5.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.59% White, 0.19% Black or African American, 0.29% Native American, 0.58% Asian, 0.29% from other races, and 1.06% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.35% of the population.There were 429 households, out of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.0% were married couples living together, 4.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.5% were non-families. 28.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.94.In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.6% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 19.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.9 males.The median income for a household in the town was $34,395, and the median income for a family was $39,479. Males had a median income of $36,810 versus $21,071 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,459. About 7.0% of families and 8.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.6% of those under age 18 and 3.1% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Pembine is governed by a town board composed of three representatives, a chairman and two representatives all elected at large. Town meetings are held the second Tuesday of each month at 6:30 p.m. at the local town hall.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pembine High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembine_High_School"}],"text":"Pembine is served by the Pembine-Beecher-Dunbar Public School District. 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It was destroyed by fire in 2019.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Pembine_Train_Station.jpg/220px-Pembine_Train_Station.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Marinette_County.svg/70px-Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Marinette_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. 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Retrieved September 14, 2014 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1011260/1902_pembine_wi_train_wreck/","url_text":"\"Three Killed in a Wreck\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Rails were Spiked; Engineer Killed\". The New North. February 4, 1909. p. 1. Retrieved September 14, 2014 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1011248/1909_pembine_wi_train_wreck/","url_text":"\"Rails were Spiked; Engineer Killed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Pembine Scene of Fatal Wreck\". The New North. July 31, 1913. p. 1. Retrieved September 14, 2014 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1011270/1913_pembine_wi_train_wreck/","url_text":"\"Pembine Scene of Fatal Wreck\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Two juveniles in custody after fire levels old Pembine train depot\". Daily News. June 17, 2019. Retrieved June 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ironmountaindailynews.com/news/local-news/2019/06/fire-in-old-train-depot-in-pembine/","url_text":"\"Two juveniles in custody after fire levels old Pembine train depot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved September 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pembine,_Wisconsin¶ms=45_38_07_N_87_59_27_W_type:city_region:US-WI","external_links_name":"45°38′07″N 87°59′27″W / 45.63528°N 87.99083°W / 45.63528; -87.99083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pembine,_Wisconsin¶ms=45_38_24_N_87_56_54_W_region:US-WI_type:city(877)","external_links_name":"45°38′24″N 87°56′54″W / 45.64000°N 87.94833°W / 45.64000; -87.94833"},{"Link":"http://www.townofpembine.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.townofpembine.com"},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1011323/1899_pembine_wi_train_wreck/?/","external_links_name":"\"Smash-Up Killed Two. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panovo,_Totemsky_District,_Vologda_Oblast | Panovo, Totemsky District, Vologda Oblast | ["1 Geography","2 References"] | Village in Vologda Oblast, RussiaPanovo
ПановоVillagePanovoShow map of Vologda OblastPanovoShow map of RussiaCoordinates: 60°00′N 42°20′E / 60.000°N 42.333°E / 60.000; 42.333CountryRussiaRegionVologda OblastDistrictTotemsky DistrictTime zoneUTC+3:00
Panovo (Russian: Паново) is a rural locality (a village) in Vozhbalskoye Rural Settlement, Totemsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 30 as of 2002.
Geography
Panovo is located 46 km northwest of Totma (the district's administrative centre) by road. Srodino is the nearest rural locality.
References
^ Деревня Паново на карте
^ Данные переписи 2002 года: таблица 2С. М.: Федеральная служба государственной статистики, 2004.
^ Расстояние от Панова до Тотьмы
vteRural localities in Totemsky District
Antushevo
Berezhok
Bor
Bykovo
Cherepanikha
Chernyakovo
Davydkovo
Dor
Dyagilevo
Fedotovo
Filino
Fominskaya
Fominskoye
Frolovo
Glubokoye
Gremyachy
Ignachevo
Ivakino
Ivanovskaya
Klimovskaya
Korovinskaya
Kotelnoye
Kozlovka
Krasnoye
Kudrinskaya
Kuzemkino
Lenino
Levash
Lobanikha
Luchkino
Lukinskaya
Martynovskaya
Matveyevo
Medvedevo
Molokovo
Mys
Nikitinskaya
Nikolskoye
Oktyabrsky
Panovo
Pavlovskaya
Pelevikha
Pervomaysky
Petukhovo
Pogorelovo
Popovskaya
Pustosh
Pyatovskaya
Savino
Semenkovo
Semyonovskaya
Sergeyevo
Shulgino
Sloboda
Sluda
Sokolovo
Sovetsky
Svetitsa
Ustye
Voronino
Yartsevo
Yubileyny
Zadnyaya
Zhilino
This Totemsky District location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"rural locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Totemsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemsky_District"},{"link_name":"Vologda Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Panovo (Russian: Паново) is a rural locality (a village) in Vozhbalskoye Rural Settlement, Totemsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 30 as of 2002.[2]","title":"Panovo, Totemsky District, Vologda Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Totma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totma"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Panovo is located 46 km northwest of Totma (the district's administrative centre) by road. Srodino is the nearest rural locality.[3]","title":"Geography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Panovo,_Totemsky_District,_Vologda_Oblast¶ms=60_00_N_42_20_E_type:city_region:RU-VLG","external_links_name":"60°00′N 42°20′E / 60.000°N 42.333°E / 60.000; 42.333"},{"Link":"https://mapdata.ru/vologodskaya-oblast/totemskiy-rayon/derevnya-panovo/","external_links_name":"Деревня Паново на карте"},{"Link":"http://allroutes.ru/rasstoyanie_panovo-5-35_totma","external_links_name":"Расстояние от Панова до Тотьмы"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panovo,_Totemsky_District,_Vologda_Oblast&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinyps,_Libya | Cinyps (Libya) | ["1 Sources","2 History","3 Mythology","4 Archaeology","5 References"] | Coordinates: 32°32′N 14°27′E / 32.533°N 14.450°E / 32.533; 14.450The Cinyps (Ancient Greek: Κίνυψ) or Cinyphus (Κίνυφος), was a small river in ancient Libya, and the site of a Greek colony of the same name, founded by the Spartan Dorieus. The town only existed for a short time, due to conflicts with the Carthaginians, and the local tribe of the Macae. Today the river is known as the Wadi Caam or Ka'am.
Sources
The source of the river is in the eighty-kilometer long Wadi Taraglat, at the coastal end of the Wadi. Herodotus erroneously stated that the source was near the Hill of Graces, some two hundred and sixty kilometers inland.
History
The Greek colony of Cinyps was established by Dorieus of Sparta around 515 or 514 BC. Angered by the choice of Cleomenes as king of Sparta, Dorieus left the Peloponnese with a group of like-minded Spartans, with the aide of guides from Thera. The new town was founded at the mouth of the Cinyps. Herodotus described this region as "the fairest part of Libya".
The colony was expelled by the Carthaginians, along with the local tribe of the Macae, after a short duration of about three years. The Phoenician colony of Leptis Magna was nearby, and the Greek town was probably seen as a threat. The Macae were a local Libyan tribe, and were employed as mercenaries by the Carthaginians.
At a later time, when Leptis Magna was part of the Roman Empire, springs in the Cinyps were the source of the water used in the Hadrianic baths. The water was diverted using an aqueduct built by Quintus Servillius Candidus from AD 119 to 120.
Mythology
In Greek mythology, Guneus, one of the surviving combatants from the Trojan War, is said to have gone to Libya and settled near the Cinyps, although other traditions have him drowning at sea.
Archaeology
Archaeologists have uncovered a Greek necropolis dating from the third century BC in the modern Wadi Caam. The cemetery consists of a series of box-shaped stone urns, with lids in the shape of a sloping roof, containing ashes and bones. Various types of ceramics have also been found.
References
^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Cinyps
^ a b "Wadi Caam: The Greeks in Tripolitania!". Temehu. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
^ a b G. Cifani; M. Munzi (2003). "Alle sorgenti del Cynips Tripolitania Libya". Libyan Studies. 34: 85–99.
^ Herodotus, The Histories, 5.42
^ "Histories". A.D. Godley. Retrieved 2016-11-27.
^ Cinyps (Wadi Qaam)
^ Andrea Salimbeti; Raffaele D’Amato (2014). The Carthaginians 6th–2nd Century BC. Bloomsbury. p. 21. ISBN 1782007776.
^ Bibliotheca, Epitome of Book 4, 3.11ff.; 6.15. Tzetzes on Lycophron, 899
Authority control databases: Geographic
Pleiades
32°32′N 14°27′E / 32.533°N 14.450°E / 32.533; 14.450 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Spartan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta"},{"link_name":"Dorieus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorieus"},{"link_name":"Carthaginians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthaginians"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-temehu-2"}],"text":"The Cinyps (Ancient Greek: Κίνυψ) or Cinyphus (Κίνυφος), was a small river in ancient Libya, and the site of a Greek colony of the same name, founded by the Spartan Dorieus. 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Herodotus erroneously stated that the source was near the Hill of Graces, some two hundred and sixty kilometers inland.[3]","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sparta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta"},{"link_name":"Peloponnese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnese"},{"link_name":"Thera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thera"},{"link_name":"Herodotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Carthaginians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthaginians"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herodotus-5"},{"link_name":"Phoenician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia"},{"link_name":"Leptis Magna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"mercenaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercenary"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salimbeti-7"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hadrianic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian"},{"link_name":"Quintus Servillius Candidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quintus_Servillius_Candidus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sorgenti-3"}],"text":"The Greek colony of Cinyps was established by Dorieus of Sparta around 515 or 514 BC. 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The water was diverted using an aqueduct built by Quintus Servillius Candidus from AD 119 to 120.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guneus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guneus"},{"link_name":"Trojan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_War"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In Greek mythology, Guneus, one of the surviving combatants from the Trojan War, is said to have gone to Libya and settled near the Cinyps, although other traditions have him drowning at sea.[8]","title":"Mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"necropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necropolis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-temehu-2"}],"text":"Archaeologists have uncovered a Greek necropolis dating from the third century BC in the modern Wadi Caam. The cemetery consists of a series of box-shaped stone urns, with lids in the shape of a sloping roof, containing ashes and bones. Various types of ceramics have also been found.[2]","title":"Archaeology"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Wadi Caam: The Greeks in Tripolitania!\". Temehu. Retrieved 10 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.temehu.com/Cities_sites/museum-of-leptis-magna.htm","url_text":"\"Wadi Caam: The Greeks in Tripolitania!\""}]},{"reference":"G. Cifani; M. Munzi (2003). \"Alle sorgenti del Cynips Tripolitania Libya\". Libyan Studies. 34: 85–99.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Histories\". A.D. Godley. Retrieved 2016-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+5.42&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126","url_text":"\"Histories\""}]},{"reference":"Andrea Salimbeti; Raffaele D’Amato (2014). The Carthaginians 6th–2nd Century BC. Bloomsbury. p. 21. ISBN 1782007776.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1782007776","url_text":"1782007776"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cinyps_(Libya)¶ms=32_32_N_14_27_E_region:LY_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"32°32′N 14°27′E / 32.533°N 14.450°E / 32.533; 14.450"},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DC%3Aentry+group%3D16%3Aentry%3Dcinyps-geo","external_links_name":"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Cinyps"},{"Link":"http://www.temehu.com/Cities_sites/museum-of-leptis-magna.htm","external_links_name":"\"Wadi Caam: The Greeks in Tripolitania!\""},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D5%3Achapter%3D42","external_links_name":"Herodotus, The Histories, 5.42"},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+5.42&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126","external_links_name":"\"Histories\""},{"Link":"https://www.livius.org/articles/place/cinyps-wadi-qaam/","external_links_name":"Cinyps (Wadi Qaam)"},{"Link":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/344414","external_links_name":"Pleiades"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cinyps_(Libya)¶ms=32_32_N_14_27_E_region:LY_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"32°32′N 14°27′E / 32.533°N 14.450°E / 32.533; 14.450"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Ground,_Uxbridge_Moor | New Ground, Uxbridge Moor | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 51°32′17″N 0°30′14″W / 51.538°N 0.504°W / 51.538; -0.504Venue for cricket matches between 1740 and 1790
51°32′17″N 0°30′14″W / 51.538°N 0.504°W / 51.538; -0.504
New Ground, Uxbridge MoorLocationUxbridge, MiddlesexHome clubMiddlesexEstablishmentc.1740Last usedc.1790
The New Ground, Uxbridge Moor near Uxbridge, Middlesex was used as a venue for cricket matches between 1740 and 1790. It was an occasional home ground for Middlesex county cricket teams and by the local Uxbridge club and was used for two first-class cricket matches, one in 1789 and the other in 1790.
References
^ a b W Fennex's New Ground, Uxbridge, CricketArchive. Retrieved 2018-12-28.
vteEnglish cricket venues (1726–1770)
Addington Hills
Artillery Ground
Barnes Common
Barrack Field
Blackheath
Bourne Paddock
Broadhalfpenny Down
Bromley Common
Caterham Common
Charlwood
Chelsea Common
Chislehurst Common
Cow Meadow
Datchet Common
Dripping Pan
Ealing Common
Epping Forest
Gray's Inn
Guildford Bason
Horsmonden
Ilford
Kew Green
Laleham Burway
Mickleham Down
Parsons Green
Putney Heath
Sanderstead Common
Stansted Park
Tothill Fields
Uxbridge Moor
Vine Cricket Ground
Walworth Common
Westerham Common
Woburn Park
Woolpack, Islington
This article about a London sports venue is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a cricket ground in England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"51°32′17″N 0°30′14″W / 51.538°N 0.504°W / 51.538; -0.504","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=New_Ground,_Uxbridge_Moor¶ms=51.538_N_0.504_W_region:GB_scale:10000"},{"link_name":"Uxbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxbridge"},{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex"},{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ca-1"},{"link_name":"Middlesex county cricket teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_county_cricket_teams"},{"link_name":"first-class cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ca-1"}],"text":"Venue for cricket matches between 1740 and 179051°32′17″N 0°30′14″W / 51.538°N 0.504°W / 51.538; -0.504The New Ground, Uxbridge Moor near Uxbridge, Middlesex was used as a venue for cricket matches between 1740 and 1790.[1] It was an occasional home ground for Middlesex county cricket teams and by the local Uxbridge club and was used for two first-class cricket matches, one in 1789 and the other in 1790.[1]","title":"New Ground, Uxbridge Moor"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=New_Ground,_Uxbridge_Moor¶ms=51.538_N_0.504_W_region:GB_scale:10000","external_links_name":"51°32′17″N 0°30′14″W / 51.538°N 0.504°W / 51.538; -0.504"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=New_Ground,_Uxbridge_Moor¶ms=51.538_N_0.504_W_region:GB_scale:10000","external_links_name":"51°32′17″N 0°30′14″W / 51.538°N 0.504°W / 51.538; -0.504"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/2357.html","external_links_name":"W Fennex's New Ground, Uxbridge"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Ground,_Uxbridge_Moor&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Ground,_Uxbridge_Moor&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bruce,_1st_Earl_of_Elgin | Thomas Bruce, 1st Earl of Elgin | ["1 Early life","2 New titles","3 Civil War","4 Marriages and children","5 Death","6 References"] | Scottish nobleman
Thomas BruceEarl of ElginPortrait by Cornelius JohnsonPredecessorEdward Bruce, 2nd Lord KinlossSuccessorRobert Bruce, 1st Earl of Ailesbury and 2nd Earl of ElginOther titles3rd Lord KinlossBaron Bruce of WhorltonBorn(1599-12-02)2 December 1599EdinburghDied21 December 1663(1663-12-21) (aged 64)ResidenceHoughton HouseSpouse(s)Anne ChichesterLady Diana CecilIssueRobert Bruce, 1st Earl of Ailesbury and 2nd Earl of ElginParentsEdward Bruce, 1st Lord KinlossMagdalene Clerk
Arms of the Earl of Elgin
Thomas Bruce, 1st Earl of Elgin, 3rd Lord Bruce of Kinloss (2 December 1599 – 21 December 1663), of Houghton House in the parish of Maulden in Bedfordshire, was a Scottish nobleman.
Early life
Born in Edinburgh in 1599, Thomas Bruce was the second son of Edward Bruce, 1st Lord Kinloss by his wife Magdalene Clerk. He succeeded to the Scottish peerage title as 3rd Lord Bruce of Kinloss in August 1613, aged 13, on the death of his elder brother, Edward Bruce, 2nd Lord Kinloss, killed in a duel with Edward Sackville, 4th Earl of Dorset. The family estates included Whorlton Castle and manor given to his father by King James I of England in 1603. The King granted the wardship of Thomas and the estates to his mother Magdalene, until he came of age at 21.
In 1614 Viscount Lisle acknowledged Thomas Bruce as a matchmaker in a marriage planned between his son, Robert Sidney, and Elizabeth Cecil. Instead she married Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Berkshire.
In 1624, King James I granted Houghton House, near Ampthill, Bedfordshire, to Thomas Bruce. The house was built by architects John Thorpe and Inigo Jones in the Jacobean and Classical styles for Mary Herbert, Dowager Countess of Pembroke. It was reverted to the King by Mary's brother two years after the Countess' death in 1621 and became the principal residence for the Bruce family for over a century. King Charles I of England later granted him nearby Houghton Park to preserve game for the royal hunt, but persistent hunting and hawking by the local Conquest family forced the King's subsequent intervention.
New titles
During King Charles I's period of Personal Rule, Thomas Bruce maintained close relations with the court. He attended the King for his coronation in Scotland in 1633 and was created Earl of Elgin on 21 June 1633.
The year after performing in Thomas Carew's masque, Coelum Britannicum, Bruce received the degree of Master of Arts from the University of Oxford in 1636. He was invested as a Knight in 1638 at Windsor, along with William Villiers and Charles, Prince of Wales.
Thomas Bruce continued in royal favour. He was created Baron Bruce of Whorlton, in the Peerage of England, on 29 July 1641. In 1643, he was appointed "Keeper of the King's Park" at Byfleet, a role he held until 1647.
Civil War
Although Bruce's sister Christian Cavendish, Countess of Devonshire was a notable Royalist, Bruce himself took the side of the Parliamentarians, serving on several county committees from 1644 to Pride's Purge.
Shortly before the 1648 outbreak of the Second English Civil War, fellow scot, William Murray, 1st Earl of Dysart, whipping boy of Charles I and husband of his relative, Catherine Bruce, appointed Bruce as principal trustee of Ham House to act on behalf of his wife, Catherine, and their daughters. The move was successful in helping protect Murray's ownership of the estate by making sequestration by the Parliamentarians both more difficult and, given Elgin's influential position with the Scottish Presbyterians, politically undesirable.
Bruce was later described by Sir Philip Warwick as 'a Gentleman of a very good understanding, and of a pious, but timorous and cautious mind'. He recounted how Bruce expressed some uneasy regret for his actions, that he had tried to avoid parliament when he could and denied having been one of the handful of lords that condemned Archbishop Laud to death.
Marriages and children
Thomas Bruce married twice:
Effigy in the Church of St Peter and St Paul, Exton, Rutland, to Anne Chichester (d.1627) (Countess of Elgin), daughter of Sir Robert Chichester.
Firstly, on 4 July 1622, he married Anne Chichester (d.1627), a daughter of Sir Robert Chichester of Raleigh (1578–1627), by his first wife, Frances Harington (d. 1615), a daughter of John Harington, 1st Baron Harington of Exton (1540–1613), and a co-heiress of her brother John Harington, 2nd Baron Harington of Exton (1592–1614). Anne was a half-sister of Sir John Chichester, 1st Baronet, of Raleigh (1623–1667). She died on 20 March 1626/27, the day after having given birth to an only child:
Robert Bruce, 1st Earl of Ailesbury (1626–1685), only son and heir.
Diana Cecil, 2nd wife of Thomas Bruce and widow of Henry de Vere, 18th Earl of Oxford. Portrait by van Dyck
The Ailesbury Mausoleum, Maulden Churchyard, Bedfordshire, built by Thomas Bruce, 1st Earl of Elgin, in memory of his 2nd wife Diana Cecil. One of the earliest free-standing mausoluems built in England
Secondly, on 12 November 1629, he married Lady Diana Cecil (d.26 February 1658), daughter of William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Exeter by his second wife, Elizabeth Drury, and widow of Henry de Vere, 18th Earl of Oxford. The marriage was childless. Diana had married de Vere in 1624, just a year before his death, and thus brought with her considerable estates at West Tanfield and Manfield, near Bruce's existing Yorkshire estates, as well as property in Lincolnshire and Middlesex, including Clerkenwell Priory. Thomas built in her memory, the Ailesbury Mausoleum, in the churchyard of St. Mary's Church, Maulden, in Bedfordshire, an octagonal building built over an already existing crypt. Inside the Mausoleum survives the monument to Diana, and marble busts of her husband Thomas and of his grandson Edward Bruce. Sir Howard Colvin identified it as one of the first two freestanding mausoleums in England, the other being the Cabell Mausoleum in Buckfastleigh, Devon.
Death
Thomas Bruce died on 21 December 1663 at the age of 64, and was succeeded by his son and heir Robert Bruce, 2nd Earl of Elgin, 1st Earl of Ailesbury.
References
^ a b "Jervaulx Abbey Estate Records". North Yorkshire County Council Archives. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
^ William Shaw & G. Dyfnallt Owen, HMC 77 Viscount De L'Isle Penshurst, vol. 5 (London, 1961), p. 156.
^ "History of Houghton House".
^ a b Page, William, ed. (1912). "Parishes: Houghton Conquest". A History of the County of Bedford. Institute of Historical Research.
^ Pennant, Thomas (1780). "Ampthill to Luton, section 2". The Journey from Chester to London. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
^ a b Helms, M. W.; Naylor, Leonard (1983). Henning, B.D. (ed.). "BRUCE, Robert, Lord Bruce (1626-85), of Houghton Park, Ampthill, Beds". The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1660-1690. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
^ "Sites of Cultural Stress from Reformation to Revolution: The Masque". Folger Institute. 2004. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
^ a b Cokayne, George Edward; Gibbs, Vicary, eds. (1912). Complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct or dormant (Bass to Canning). Vol. 2 (2 ed.). London: St. Catherine Press. pp. 352–353.
^ Mosley, Charles, ed. (2003). Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood (107 ed.). Burke's Peerage & Gentry. p. 1295. ISBN 0-9711966-2-1.
^ "Elgin, Earl of (S, 1633)". Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
^ Pritchard, Evelyn (2007). Ham House and its owners through five centuries 1610-2006. Richmond Local History Society. ISBN 9781955071727.
^ Warwick, Sir Philip (1701). Memoires of the reigne of King Charles I.:with a continuation to the happy restauration of King Charles II. London. p. 169.
^ Vivian, Lt.Col. J.L., (Ed.) The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564 & 1620, Exeter, 1895, p.174, pedigree of Chichester
^ a b "Cabell Mausoleum - Mausolea & Monuments Trust".
^ "Mausoleum - St Mary the Virgin, Maulden".
^ Henderson, Thomas Finlayson (1886). "Bruce, Robert (d.1685)" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 7. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 129.
Peerage of Scotland
New creation
Earl of Elgin 1633–1663
Succeeded byRobert Bruce
Preceded byEdward Bruce
Lord Kinloss 1613–1663
Lord Bruce of Kinloss 1613–1663
Peerage of England
New creation
Baron Bruce of Whorlton 1641–1663
Succeeded byRobert Bruce
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coats_of_Arms_of_the_Earl_of_Elgin.svg"},{"link_name":"Lord Bruce of Kinloss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Kinloss"},{"link_name":"Houghton House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_House"},{"link_name":"Maulden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulden"},{"link_name":"Bedfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedfordshire"}],"text":"Arms of the Earl of ElginThomas Bruce, 1st Earl of Elgin, 3rd Lord Bruce of Kinloss (2 December 1599 – 21 December 1663), of Houghton House in the parish of Maulden in Bedfordshire, was a Scottish nobleman.","title":"Thomas Bruce, 1st Earl of Elgin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Bruce, 1st Lord Kinloss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bruce,_1st_Lord_Kinloss"},{"link_name":"Edward Bruce, 2nd Lord Kinloss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Bruce,_2nd_Lord_Kinloss&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edward Sackville, 4th Earl of Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Sackville,_4th_Earl_of_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Whorlton Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whorlton_Castle"},{"link_name":"manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism"},{"link_name":"James I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_and_I"},{"link_name":"wardship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYorks-1"},{"link_name":"Viscount Lisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sidney,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester"},{"link_name":"Robert Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sidney,_2nd_Earl_of_Leicester"},{"link_name":"Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Houghton House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_House"},{"link_name":"Ampthill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampthill"},{"link_name":"John Thorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thorpe"},{"link_name":"Inigo Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inigo_Jones"},{"link_name":"Jacobean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobean_architecture"},{"link_name":"Classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Mary Herbert, Dowager Countess of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Sidney"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bedford-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Charles I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bedford-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoP-6"}],"text":"Born in Edinburgh in 1599, Thomas Bruce was the second son of Edward Bruce, 1st Lord Kinloss by his wife Magdalene Clerk. He succeeded to the Scottish peerage title as 3rd Lord Bruce of Kinloss in August 1613, aged 13, on the death of his elder brother, Edward Bruce, 2nd Lord Kinloss, killed in a duel with Edward Sackville, 4th Earl of Dorset. The family estates included Whorlton Castle and manor given to his father by King James I of England in 1603. The King granted the wardship of Thomas and the estates to his mother Magdalene, until he came of age at 21.[1]In 1614 Viscount Lisle acknowledged Thomas Bruce as a matchmaker in a marriage planned between his son, Robert Sidney, and Elizabeth Cecil. Instead she married Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Berkshire.[2]In 1624, King James I granted Houghton House, near Ampthill, Bedfordshire, to Thomas Bruce. The house was built by architects John Thorpe and Inigo Jones in the Jacobean and Classical styles for Mary Herbert, Dowager Countess of Pembroke.[3] It was reverted to the King by Mary's brother two years after the Countess' death in 1621 and became the principal residence for the Bruce family for over a century.[4][5] King Charles I of England later granted him nearby Houghton Park to preserve game for the royal hunt, but persistent hunting and hawking by the local Conquest family forced the King's subsequent intervention.[4][6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Personal Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_rule_of_Charles_I,_1629%E2%80%931640"},{"link_name":"Thomas Carew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Carew"},{"link_name":"masque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masque"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"William Villiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Villiers,_2nd_Viscount_Grandison"},{"link_name":"Charles, Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Whorlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whorlton,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Peerage of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_England"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCP_Bruce-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burke-9"},{"link_name":"Byfleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byfleet"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"During King Charles I's period of Personal Rule, Thomas Bruce maintained close relations with the court. He attended the King for his coronation in Scotland in 1633 and was created Earl of Elgin on 21 June 1633.The year after performing in Thomas Carew's masque, Coelum Britannicum, Bruce received the degree of Master of Arts from the University of Oxford in 1636. He was invested as a Knight in 1638 at Windsor, along with William Villiers and Charles, Prince of Wales.[7]Thomas Bruce continued in royal favour. He was created Baron Bruce of Whorlton, in the Peerage of England, on 29 July 1641.[8][9] In 1643, he was appointed \"Keeper of the King's Park\" at Byfleet, a role he held until 1647.[10]","title":"New titles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian Cavendish, Countess of Devonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Cavendish,_Countess_of_Devonshire"},{"link_name":"Pride's Purge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride%27s_Purge"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoP-6"},{"link_name":"Second English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"William Murray, 1st Earl of Dysart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Murray,_1st_Earl_of_Dysart"},{"link_name":"whipping boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipping_boy"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Catherine Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Murray,_Countess_of_Dysart"},{"link_name":"Ham House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham_House"},{"link_name":"Presbyterians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pritchard-11"},{"link_name":"Sir Philip Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Warwick"},{"link_name":"Archbishop Laud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Laud"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Although Bruce's sister Christian Cavendish, Countess of Devonshire was a notable Royalist, Bruce himself took the side of the Parliamentarians, serving on several county committees from 1644 to Pride's Purge.[6]Shortly before the 1648 outbreak of the Second English Civil War, fellow scot, William Murray, 1st Earl of Dysart, whipping boy of Charles I and husband of his relative, Catherine Bruce, appointed Bruce as principal trustee of Ham House to act on behalf of his wife, Catherine, and their daughters. The move was successful in helping protect Murray's ownership of the estate by making sequestration by the Parliamentarians both more difficult and, given Elgin's influential position with the Scottish Presbyterians, politically undesirable.[11]Bruce was later described by Sir Philip Warwick as 'a Gentleman of a very good understanding, and of a pious, but timorous and cautious mind'. He recounted how Bruce expressed some uneasy regret for his actions, that he had tried to avoid parliament when he could and denied having been one of the handful of lords that condemned Archbishop Laud to death.[12]","title":"Civil War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monument_to_Anne,_Church_of_St_Peter_and_St_Paul,_Exton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_738039.jpg"},{"link_name":"Church of St Peter and St Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Peter_and_St_Paul,_Exton,_Rutland"},{"link_name":"Exton, Rutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exton,_Rutland"},{"link_name":"Robert Chichester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Chichester_(died_1627)"},{"link_name":"Raleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh,_Pilton"},{"link_name":"John Harington, 1st Baron Harington of Exton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harington,_1st_Baron_Harington_of_Exton"},{"link_name":"John Harington, 2nd Baron Harington of Exton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harington,_2nd_Baron_Harington_of_Exton"},{"link_name":"Sir John Chichester, 1st Baronet, of Raleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Chichester,_1st_Baronet,_of_Raleigh"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCP_Bruce-8"},{"link_name":"Robert Bruce, 1st Earl of Ailesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bruce,_1st_Earl_of_Ailesbury"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anton_van_Dyck_-_Beatriz_van_Hemmema,_Countess_of_Oxford_(formerly_called_Diana_Cecil).jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry de Vere, 18th Earl of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Vere,_18th_Earl_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"van Dyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Dyck"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AilesburyMausoleum_Maulden_Bedfordshire.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maulden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulden"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mmtrust.org.uk-14"},{"link_name":"Diana Cecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Cecil"},{"link_name":"William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil,_2nd_Earl_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Henry de Vere, 18th Earl of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Vere,_18th_Earl_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"West Tanfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Tanfield"},{"link_name":"Manfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfield"},{"link_name":"Clerkenwell Priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerkenwell_Priory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYorks-1"},{"link_name":"Ailesbury Mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailesbury_Mausoleum"},{"link_name":"Maulden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulden"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Howard Colvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Colvin"},{"link_name":"Cabell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cabell"},{"link_name":"Buckfastleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckfastleigh"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mmtrust.org.uk-14"}],"text":"Thomas Bruce married twice:Effigy in the Church of St Peter and St Paul, Exton, Rutland, to Anne Chichester (d.1627) (Countess of Elgin), daughter of Sir Robert Chichester.Firstly, on 4 July 1622, he married Anne Chichester (d.1627), a daughter of Sir Robert Chichester of Raleigh (1578–1627), by his first wife, Frances Harington (d. 1615), a daughter of John Harington, 1st Baron Harington of Exton (1540–1613), and a co-heiress of her brother John Harington, 2nd Baron Harington of Exton (1592–1614). Anne was a half-sister of Sir John Chichester, 1st Baronet, of Raleigh (1623–1667).[13] She died on 20 March 1626/27,[8] the day after having given birth to an only child:\nRobert Bruce, 1st Earl of Ailesbury (1626–1685), only son and heir.Diana Cecil, 2nd wife of Thomas Bruce and widow of Henry de Vere, 18th Earl of Oxford. Portrait by van DyckThe Ailesbury Mausoleum, Maulden Churchyard, Bedfordshire, built by Thomas Bruce, 1st Earl of Elgin, in memory of his 2nd wife Diana Cecil. One of the earliest free-standing mausoluems built in England[14]Secondly, on 12 November 1629, he married Lady Diana Cecil (d.26 February 1658), daughter of William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Exeter by his second wife, Elizabeth Drury, and widow of Henry de Vere, 18th Earl of Oxford. The marriage was childless. Diana had married de Vere in 1624, just a year before his death, and thus brought with her considerable estates at West Tanfield and Manfield, near Bruce's existing Yorkshire estates, as well as property in Lincolnshire and Middlesex, including Clerkenwell Priory.[1] Thomas built in her memory, the Ailesbury Mausoleum, in the churchyard of St. Mary's Church, Maulden, in Bedfordshire, an octagonal building built over an already existing crypt. Inside the Mausoleum survives the monument to Diana, and marble busts of her husband Thomas and of his grandson Edward Bruce.[15] Sir Howard Colvin identified it as one of the first two freestanding mausoleums in England, the other being the Cabell Mausoleum in Buckfastleigh, Devon.[14]","title":"Marriages and children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Bruce, 2nd Earl of Elgin, 1st Earl of Ailesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bruce,_1st_Earl_of_Ailesbury"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Thomas Bruce died on 21 December 1663 at the age of 64, and was succeeded by his son and heir Robert Bruce, 2nd Earl of Elgin, 1st Earl of Ailesbury.[16]","title":"Death"}] | [{"image_text":"Arms of the Earl of Elgin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Coats_of_Arms_of_the_Earl_of_Elgin.svg/200px-Coats_of_Arms_of_the_Earl_of_Elgin.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Effigy in the Church of St Peter and St Paul, Exton, Rutland, to Anne Chichester (d.1627) (Countess of Elgin), daughter of Sir Robert Chichester.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Monument_to_Anne%2C_Church_of_St_Peter_and_St_Paul%2C_Exton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_738039.jpg/200px-Monument_to_Anne%2C_Church_of_St_Peter_and_St_Paul%2C_Exton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_738039.jpg"},{"image_text":"Diana Cecil, 2nd wife of Thomas Bruce and widow of Henry de Vere, 18th Earl of Oxford. Portrait by van Dyck","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anton_van_Dyck_-_Beatriz_van_Hemmema%2C_Countess_of_Oxford_%28formerly_called_Diana_Cecil%29.jpg/200px-Anton_van_Dyck_-_Beatriz_van_Hemmema%2C_Countess_of_Oxford_%28formerly_called_Diana_Cecil%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Ailesbury Mausoleum, Maulden Churchyard, Bedfordshire, built by Thomas Bruce, 1st Earl of Elgin, in memory of his 2nd wife Diana Cecil. One of the earliest free-standing mausoluems built in England[14]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/AilesburyMausoleum_Maulden_Bedfordshire.jpg/200px-AilesburyMausoleum_Maulden_Bedfordshire.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Jervaulx Abbey Estate Records\". North Yorkshire County Council Archives. Retrieved 19 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.northyorks.gov.uk/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqSearch=%28RefNo==%27ZJX%27%29","url_text":"\"Jervaulx Abbey Estate Records\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire","url_text":"North Yorkshire County Council Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Houghton House\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/houghton-house/history/","url_text":"\"History of Houghton House\""}]},{"reference":"Page, William, ed. (1912). \"Parishes: Houghton Conquest\". A History of the County of Bedford. Institute of Historical Research.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=42433","url_text":"\"Parishes: Houghton Conquest\""}]},{"reference":"Pennant, Thomas (1780). \"Ampthill to Luton, section 2\". The Journey from Chester to London. Retrieved 24 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pennant","url_text":"Pennant, Thomas"},{"url":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/text/chap_page.jsp?t_id=Pennant_C2L&c_id=18#Ampthill","url_text":"The Journey from Chester to London"}]},{"reference":"Helms, M. W.; Naylor, Leonard (1983). Henning, B.D. (ed.). \"BRUCE, Robert, Lord Bruce (1626-85), of Houghton Park, Ampthill, Beds\". The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1660-1690. Retrieved 19 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/bruce-robert-1626-85","url_text":"\"BRUCE, Robert, Lord Bruce (1626-85), of Houghton Park, Ampthill, Beds\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sites of Cultural Stress from Reformation to Revolution: The Masque\". Folger Institute. 2004. Retrieved 19 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.folger.edu/html/folger_institute/cultural_stress/court_masque.html","url_text":"\"Sites of Cultural Stress from Reformation to Revolution: The Masque\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folger_Shakespeare_Library","url_text":"Folger Institute"}]},{"reference":"Cokayne, George Edward; Gibbs, Vicary, eds. (1912). Complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct or dormant (Bass to Canning). Vol. 2 (2 ed.). London: St. Catherine Press. pp. 352–353.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/completepeerageo02coka#page/352/mode/2up","url_text":"Complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct or dormant (Bass to Canning)"}]},{"reference":"Mosley, Charles, ed. (2003). Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood (107 ed.). Burke's Peerage & Gentry. p. 1295. ISBN 0-9711966-2-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9711966-2-1","url_text":"0-9711966-2-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Elgin, Earl of (S, 1633)\". Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121012051518/http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content/Elgin1633.htm","url_text":"\"Elgin, Earl of (S, 1633)\""},{"url":"http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content/Elgin1633.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pritchard, Evelyn (2007). Ham House and its owners through five centuries 1610-2006. Richmond Local History Society. ISBN 9781955071727.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781955071727","url_text":"9781955071727"}]},{"reference":"Warwick, Sir Philip (1701). Memoires of the reigne of King Charles I.:with a continuation to the happy restauration of King Charles II. London. p. 169.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Warwick","url_text":"Warwick, Sir Philip"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QDAJAAAAQAAJ&q=Lord+Bruce&pg=PA169","url_text":"Memoires of the reigne of King Charles I.:with a continuation to the happy restauration of King Charles II"}]},{"reference":"\"Cabell Mausoleum - Mausolea & Monuments Trust\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mmtrust.org.uk/mausolea/view/46/Cabell_Mausoleum","url_text":"\"Cabell Mausoleum - Mausolea & Monuments Trust\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mausoleum - St Mary the Virgin, Maulden\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stmarysmaulden.org/mausoleum.htm","url_text":"\"Mausoleum - St Mary the Virgin, Maulden\""}]},{"reference":"Henderson, Thomas Finlayson (1886). \"Bruce, Robert (d.1685)\" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 7. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 129.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Bruce,_Robert_(d.1685)","url_text":"\"Bruce, Robert (d.1685)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stephen","url_text":"Stephen, Leslie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://archives.northyorks.gov.uk/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqSearch=%28RefNo==%27ZJX%27%29","external_links_name":"\"Jervaulx Abbey Estate Records\""},{"Link":"http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/houghton-house/history/","external_links_name":"\"History of Houghton House\""},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=42433","external_links_name":"\"Parishes: Houghton Conquest\""},{"Link":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/text/chap_page.jsp?t_id=Pennant_C2L&c_id=18#Ampthill","external_links_name":"The Journey from Chester to London"},{"Link":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/bruce-robert-1626-85","external_links_name":"\"BRUCE, Robert, Lord Bruce (1626-85), of Houghton Park, Ampthill, Beds\""},{"Link":"http://www.folger.edu/html/folger_institute/cultural_stress/court_masque.html","external_links_name":"\"Sites of Cultural Stress from Reformation to Revolution: The Masque\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/completepeerageo02coka#page/352/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct or dormant (Bass to Canning)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121012051518/http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content/Elgin1633.htm","external_links_name":"\"Elgin, Earl of (S, 1633)\""},{"Link":"http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content/Elgin1633.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QDAJAAAAQAAJ&q=Lord+Bruce&pg=PA169","external_links_name":"Memoires of the reigne of King Charles I.:with a continuation to the happy restauration of King Charles II"},{"Link":"http://www.mmtrust.org.uk/mausolea/view/46/Cabell_Mausoleum","external_links_name":"\"Cabell Mausoleum - Mausolea & Monuments Trust\""},{"Link":"http://www.stmarysmaulden.org/mausoleum.htm","external_links_name":"\"Mausoleum - St Mary the Virgin, Maulden\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Bruce,_Robert_(d.1685)","external_links_name":"\"Bruce, Robert (d.1685)\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/376358/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/31895081","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr96020525","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81ubnica,_West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship | Łubnica, West Pomeranian Voivodeship | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Coordinates: 53°19′8″N 14°31′33″E / 53.31889°N 14.52583°E / 53.31889; 14.52583For other places with the same name, see Lubnica.
Village in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, PolandŁubnicaVillageŁubnicaCoordinates: 53°19′8″N 14°31′33″E / 53.31889°N 14.52583°E / 53.31889; 14.52583Country PolandVoivodeshipWest PomeranianCountyGryfinoGminaGryfinoPopulation40
Łubnica (German: Bienenwerder) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gryfino, within Gryfino County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland, close to the German border. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north of Gryfino and 12 km (7 mi) south of the regional capital Szczecin.
The village has a population of 40.
See also
History of Pomerania
References
^ M. Kaemmerer (2004). Ortsnamenverzeichnis der Ortschaften jenseits von Oder u. Neiße (in German). ISBN 3-7921-0368-0.
^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.
vteGmina GryfinoTown and seat
Gryfino
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Bartkowo
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Żórawki
This Gryfino County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lubnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81ubnica_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[wubˈnit͡sa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Gmina Gryfino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Gryfino"},{"link_name":"Gryfino County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryfino_County"},{"link_name":"West Pomeranian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TERYT-2"},{"link_name":"Gryfino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryfino"},{"link_name":"Szczecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin"}],"text":"For other places with the same name, see Lubnica.Village in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, PolandŁubnica [wubˈnit͡sa] (German: Bienenwerder)[1] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gryfino, within Gryfino County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland, close to the German border.[2] It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north of Gryfino and 12 km (7 mi) south of the regional capital Szczecin.The village has a population of 40.","title":"Łubnica, West Pomeranian Voivodeship"}] | [] | [{"title":"History of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pomerania"}] | [{"reference":"M. Kaemmerer (2004). Ortsnamenverzeichnis der Ortschaften jenseits von Oder u. Neiße (in German). ISBN 3-7921-0368-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7921-0368-0","url_text":"3-7921-0368-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","url_text":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C5%81ubnica,_West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship¶ms=53_19_8_N_14_31_33_E_region:PL_type:city(40)","external_links_name":"53°19′8″N 14°31′33″E / 53.31889°N 14.52583°E / 53.31889; 14.52583"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C5%81ubnica,_West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship¶ms=53_19_8_N_14_31_33_E_region:PL_type:city(40)","external_links_name":"53°19′8″N 14°31′33″E / 53.31889°N 14.52583°E / 53.31889; 14.52583"},{"Link":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","external_links_name":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%81ubnica,_West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_House_(Little_Rock,_Arkansas) | Green House (Little Rock, Arkansas) | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Coordinates: 34°43′45″N 92°17′16″W / 34.72917°N 92.28778°W / 34.72917; -92.28778Historic house in Arkansas, United States
This article is about the house in Little Rock, Arkansas. For the townhouse in Sliema, Malta, see The Green House, Sliema. For other uses, see Green House (disambiguation).
United States historic placeGreen HouseU.S. National Register of Historic Places
Location in ArkansasShow map of ArkansasLocation in United StatesShow map of the United StatesLocation1224 W. 21st St., Little Rock, ArkansasCoordinates34°43′45″N 92°17′16″W / 34.72917°N 92.28778°W / 34.72917; -92.28778Arealess than one acreBuilt1957 (1957)Architectural styleBungalow/craftsmanMPSHistorically Black Properties in Little Rock's Dunbar School Neighborhood MPSNRHP reference No.99000544Added to NRHPMay 28, 1999
The Green House is a historic house at 1224 West 21st Street in Little Rock, Arkansas. It is a single-story wood-frame structure, with front-facing gable roof and weatherboard siding. A section with a smaller gable projects forward, and the main entrance on the left side, under a projecting gable. All gables have exposed rafter ends in the Craftsman style. It was built in 1916, and was from the 1930s home to the Ernest Green family, whose son Ernest, Jr. was the first African-American student to graduate from Little Rock Central High School.
The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Little Rock, Arkansas
References
^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ "NRHP nomination for Green House". Arkansas Preservation. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics
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Category
This article about a property in Little Rock, Arkansas on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Green House, Sliema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_House,_Sliema"},{"link_name":"Green House (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_House_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Little Rock, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Little Rock Central High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock_Central_High_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP-2"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"}],"text":"Historic house in Arkansas, United StatesThis article is about the house in Little Rock, Arkansas. For the townhouse in Sliema, Malta, see The Green House, Sliema. For other uses, see Green House (disambiguation).United States historic placeThe Green House is a historic house at 1224 West 21st Street in Little Rock, Arkansas. It is a single-story wood-frame structure, with front-facing gable roof and weatherboard siding. A section with a smaller gable projects forward, and the main entrance on the left side, under a projecting gable. All gables have exposed rafter ends in the Craftsman style. It was built in 1916, and was from the 1930s home to the Ernest Green family, whose son Ernest, Jr. was the first African-American student to graduate from Little Rock Central High School.[2]The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.[1]","title":"Green House (Little Rock, Arkansas)"}] | [] | [{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Little Rock, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Little_Rock,_Arkansas"}] | [{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"NRHP nomination for Green House\". Arkansas Preservation. Retrieved 2015-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arkansasheritage.com/docs/default-source/national-registry/PU9825-pdf","url_text":"\"NRHP nomination for Green House\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Green_House_(Little_Rock,_Arkansas)¶ms=34_43_45_N_92_17_16_W_type:landmark_region:US-AR","external_links_name":"34°43′45″N 92°17′16″W / 34.72917°N 92.28778°W / 34.72917; -92.28778"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Green_House_(Little_Rock,_Arkansas)¶ms=34_43_45_N_92_17_16_W_type:landmark_region:US-AR","external_links_name":"34°43′45″N 92°17′16″W / 34.72917°N 92.28778°W / 34.72917; -92.28778"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/64500023_text","external_links_name":"Historically Black Properties in Little Rock's Dunbar School Neighborhood MPS"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/99000544","external_links_name":"99000544"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://www.arkansasheritage.com/docs/default-source/national-registry/PU9825-pdf","external_links_name":"\"NRHP nomination for Green House\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_House_(Little_Rock,_Arkansas)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kearny_Mesa,_San_Diego,_California | Kearny Mesa, San Diego | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Climate","4 Economy","4.1 Convoy District (Convoy Pan Asian Cultural & Business Innovation District)","5 Government","5.1 Community groups","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 32°49′30″N 117°8′21″W / 32.82500°N 117.13917°W / 32.82500; -117.13917Community of San Diego in CaliforniaKearny Mesa, San DiegoCommunity of San DiegoKearny MesaConvoy Street in Kearny MesaKearny Mesa, San DiegoLocation within Northwestern San DiegoCoordinates: 32°49′30″N 117°08′21″W / 32.825°N 117.139167°W / 32.825; -117.139167Country United States of AmericaState CaliforniaCounty San DiegoCity San Diego
Kearny Mesa is a community in the central part of San Diego, California. It is bounded by State Route 52 to the north, Interstate 805 to the west, Aero Drive to the south, and Interstate 15 to the east. Adjacent communities include Serra Mesa, Clairemont and Tierrasanta.
Kearny Mesa has a population of 2,837.
History
Defense worker housing under construction at Kearny Mesa in 1941. Photo by Russell Lee.
Kearny Mesa is named for the former Camp Kearny, a U.S. military base which operated in the area from 1917 to 1946 and eventually became Marine Corps Air Station Miramar. Camp Kearny in turn was named for Brigadier General Stephen W. Kearny, a leader in the Mexican–American War who also served as a military governor of California. While General Kearny's name was pronounced "Car-nee" during his lifetime, San Diegans use the "Cur-nee" pronunciation.
The urbanization of Kearny Mesa began in 1937 with Gibbs Airfield, now the small airfield Montgomery Field named after pioneer glider pilot John J. Montgomery. In 1948, the City of San Diego acquired the airfield and 1,400 acres (6 km2) of surrounding property as a possible replacement site for San Diego International Airport. However, airspace conflicts with MCAS Miramar (at that time NAS Miramar) made the proposed airport infeasible. Montgomery Field was restricted to small aircraft, and the surplus land was converted to an industrial park.
Beginning in 1955 with General Dynamics, numerous aerospace, electronic, and other industrial and office firms located in the area. There was also commercial development, particularly west of State Route 163.
On October 20, 2020, the Convoy District was designated as the Convoy Pan Asian Cultural & Business Innovation District.
Geography
As implied by the word "mesa" in its name, the area is mostly flat. Kearny Mesa is located between the communities of Clairemont to the west, Tierrasanta to the east, Miramar/Mira Mesa to the north, and Linda Vista/Serra Mesa to the south. The neighborhood is defined by the City of San Diego as the area bounded by State Route 52 (SR 52), Interstate 15 (I-15), Aero Drive, and I-805. The city also includes in its definition a stretch of land extending south of Aero Drive along the west side of I-15 to its junction with Friars Road.
Montgomery Field is a local municipal airport in Kearny Mesa. The community is also adjacent to Marine Corps Air Station Miramar.
There are several residential developments in the community, among them Stonecrest, Kearny Lodge, and Royal Highlands.
Climate
Kearny Mesa has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSk) with mild winters and warm, almost rainless summers.
Climate data for Montgomery-Gibbs Executive Airport (normals 1998–2020, extremes 1998–present)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
88(31)
91(33)
93(34)
100(38)
102(39)
100(38)
106(41)
105(41)
107(42)
105(41)
99(37)
86(30)
107(42)
Mean maximum °F (°C)
81.5(27.5)
81.4(27.4)
83.5(28.6)
86.7(30.4)
85.7(29.8)
86.4(30.2)
91.4(33.0)
92.9(33.8)
98.4(36.9)
93.4(34.1)
88.3(31.3)
80.1(26.7)
101.7(38.7)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
67.3(19.6)
67.3(19.6)
68.5(20.3)
70.7(21.5)
72.1(22.3)
74.7(23.7)
79.8(26.6)
82.0(27.8)
81.4(27.4)
77.8(25.4)
72.7(22.6)
67.3(19.6)
73.5(23.1)
Daily mean °F (°C)
56.6(13.7)
57.1(13.9)
59.1(15.1)
61.5(16.4)
64.4(18.0)
67.3(19.6)
71.9(22.2)
73.7(23.2)
72.5(22.5)
67.8(19.9)
61.4(16.3)
56.3(13.5)
64.1(17.8)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
46.0(7.8)
46.9(8.3)
49.6(9.8)
52.4(11.3)
56.6(13.7)
60.0(15.6)
64.0(17.8)
65.3(18.5)
63.6(17.6)
57.8(14.3)
50.1(10.1)
45.3(7.4)
54.8(12.7)
Mean minimum °F (°C)
37.6(3.1)
38.2(3.4)
42.0(5.6)
45.0(7.2)
50.4(10.2)
55.2(12.9)
60.4(15.8)
61.5(16.4)
57.1(13.9)
50.3(10.2)
42.0(5.6)
36.6(2.6)
35.0(1.7)
Record low °F (°C)
30(−1)
33(1)
39(4)
37(3)
44(7)
48(9)
57(14)
55(13)
52(11)
43(6)
34(1)
32(0)
30(−1)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
2.32(59)
2.65(67)
1.63(41)
0.77(20)
0.28(7.1)
0.06(1.5)
0.07(1.8)
0.01(0.25)
0.17(4.3)
0.54(14)
0.91(23)
1.61(41)
11.02(280)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
6.8
7.9
6.5
5.1
2.8
1.0
0.6
0.3
1.3
3.6
6.1
7.1
49.1
Source: NOAA
Economy
The majority of the Kearny Mesa area is commercial and industrial. Local businesses include auto sales, restaurants (primarily American and Asian), supermarkets (American and Asian), national chain stores, and small businesses. The former General Dynamics site is now a mixed-use development known as Spectrum.
Convoy District (Convoy Pan Asian Cultural & Business Innovation District)
Chinese shops in Kearny Mesa
The Convoy District is distinguished by the number of diverse businesses owned and representative of different Asian cultures such as Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Thai shopping and eating establishments. Some of these extend to the east/central areas (near Balboa Avenue, along State Route 163).
The presence of Asian businesses in the Convoy District area is said to have started with the establishment of a Woo Chee Chong grocery store on Convoy Street in 1979. The Korean market chain Zion opened its first store in the Convoy District, also in 1979. A few years later, in 1986, Nijiya Market (a Japanese market located in the southwestern portion of the Convoy District), opened its very first store; it later expanded to more than ten locations in California and Hawaii. These early establishments served as small anchors, and additional Asian shops and restaurants opened nearby. As the area's reputation for its Asian cuisine and merchandise grew, more widely established Asian chain stores such as 99 Ranch Market, Mitsuwa, and H Mart also began setting up sites in the Convoy District.
On October 20, 2020 Convoy District was designated as the Convoy Pan Asian Cultural & Business Innovation District after local businesses, tenants, storeowners, and non profit organizations pushed for the name change. Their efforts were brought to San Diego City Council Member, Chris Cate, and Assembly member Todd Gloria, whom they worked with to put the name change into effect.
Many different community based organizations and fundraisers support and push for the promotion of local businesses within the Convoy Pan Asian Cultural & Business Innovation District. Convoy District Partnership, one of these organizations, helped fundraise over $30,000 to help create 6 different highway signs that help in the promotion of this district.
Government
The San Diego County Registrar of Voters
The area is split between City Council District 6, represented by Councilman Kent Lee, and District 7, represented by Councilman Raul Campillo.
The original 1977 Serra Mesa Community Plan included Kearny Mesa. It was replaced by the 1992 Kearny Mesa Community Plan which applies just to Kearny Mesa. The Montgomery Field Master Plan also contains land use policies for areas adjacent to the airport.
The County of San Diego maintains a large complex, housing several county offices and services, in the northeastern corner of the neighborhood near the I-15/SR 52 interchange. Several other city and county facilities are located in or adjacent to the area, including the Miramar Landfill.
Community groups
The Kearny Mesa Planning Group advises the city on land use and other issues.
See also
Asian Pacific Thematic Historic District
Chinatown, Tijuana
References
^ "Kearny Mesa Demographics and Statistics". Niche. Retrieved 2023-11-01.
^ Fetzer, Leland, San Diego County Place Names A to Z, page 73, Sunbelt Publications, Inc, 2005, ISBN 978-0-932653-73-4
^ Howe, Daniel Walker, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America 1815–1848. ISBN 978-0-19-507894-7, p. 758.
^ Ken Kramer's About San Diego | Kearny Mesa name | Season 2, retrieved 2020-07-20
^ Harwood, Craig S. and Fogel, Gary B. Quest for Flight: John J. Montgomery and the Dawn of Aviation in the West, University of Oklahoma Press 2012.]
^ a b "Kearny Mesa Community Plan". City of San Diego Official Website. City of San Diego. 5 June 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
^ "Montgomery Field – Airports". The City of San Diego. 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-10.
^ "Official website of MCAS Miramar". USMC MCAS Miramar. Archived from the original on 2013-07-29. Retrieved 2013-08-10.
^ "NWS San Diego NOAA Online Weather Data". NOAA. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
^ Biberman, Thor Kamban (August 11, 2004). "San Diego Spectrum dominates Kearny Mesa construction". San Diego Daily Transcript. Archived from the original on October 24, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
^ a b c Johnson, Troy (2021-05-27). "How Convoy Became the Heart of San Diego's Asian Food Scene". San Diego Magazine.
^ Goto, Asami (2013-10-18). ""Shokuiku" activities at Nijiya Market Thinking about the future of shokuiku activities that pass on the Japanese food culture in America". www.discovernikkei.org.
^ Wu, Sabrina (November 1, 2020), "San Diego Convoy District Designated as Pan-Asian Cultural and Business Hub", UCSD Guardian
^ Marx, Jesse (2022-10-03). "Council Race to Test the Voting Power of Asian Empowerment District". Voice of San Diego. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
^ Rendon-Alvarez, Karla; Gomez • •, Nicole. "New Freeway Signs Will Guide Drivers to Convoy District". NBC 7 San Diego. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
^ "Chris & Staff | Councilmember Kent Lee (District 6) | City of San Diego Official Website".
^ "Chris & Staff | Councilmember Raul Campillo (District 7) | City of San Diego Official Website".
"San Diego Community Profile: Kearny Mesa". The City of San Diego. Retrieved 2007-01-29. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kearny Mesa, San Diego.
Kearny Mesa Planning Group
Kearny Mesa Neighborhood Link
State of Serra Mesa and Kearny Mesa, 2009, by Councilwoman Donna Frye
Will Convoy Become San Diego’s Asiatown?, article from KPBS-FM
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United States
32°49′30″N 117°8′21″W / 32.82500°N 117.13917°W / 32.82500; -117.13917 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Diego, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_52"},{"link_name":"Interstate 805","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_805_(California)"},{"link_name":"Interstate 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_15_(California)"},{"link_name":"Serra Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra_Mesa,_San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"Clairemont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clairemont,_San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"Tierrasanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierrasanta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Community of San Diego in CaliforniaKearny Mesa is a community in the central part of San Diego, California. It is bounded by State Route 52 to the north, Interstate 805 to the west, Aero Drive to the south, and Interstate 15 to the east. Adjacent communities include Serra Mesa, Clairemont and Tierrasanta.Kearny Mesa has a population of 2,837.[1]","title":"Kearny Mesa, San Diego"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Federal_Works_Agency_defense_constr_1941.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russell Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Lee_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"Camp Kearny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Kearny"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Air Station Miramar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Miramar"},{"link_name":"Stephen W. Kearny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_W._Kearny"},{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"military governor of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pre-statehood_governors_of_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Montgomery Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Field"},{"link_name":"John J. Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Montgomery"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"San Diego International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"MCAS Miramar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Miramar"},{"link_name":"General Dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics"},{"link_name":"State Route 163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_163"}],"text":"Defense worker housing under construction at Kearny Mesa in 1941. Photo by Russell Lee.Kearny Mesa is named for the former Camp Kearny, a U.S. military base which operated in the area from 1917 to 1946 and eventually became Marine Corps Air Station Miramar. Camp Kearny in turn was named for Brigadier General Stephen W. Kearny, a leader in the Mexican–American War who also served as a military governor of California.[2] While General Kearny's name was pronounced \"Car-nee\" during his lifetime,[3] San Diegans use the \"Cur-nee\" pronunciation.[4]The urbanization of Kearny Mesa began in 1937 with Gibbs Airfield, now the small airfield Montgomery Field named after pioneer glider pilot John J. Montgomery.[5] In 1948, the City of San Diego acquired the airfield and 1,400 acres (6 km2) of surrounding property as a possible replacement site for San Diego International Airport. However, airspace conflicts with MCAS Miramar (at that time NAS Miramar) made the proposed airport infeasible. Montgomery Field was restricted to small aircraft, and the surplus land was converted to an industrial park.Beginning in 1955 with General Dynamics, numerous aerospace, electronic, and other industrial and office firms located in the area. There was also commercial development, particularly west of State Route 163.On October 20, 2020, the Convoy District was designated as the Convoy Pan Asian Cultural & Business Innovation District.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clairemont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clairemont,_San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"Tierrasanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierrasanta,_San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"Miramar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miramar,_San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"Mira Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_Mesa,_San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"Linda Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Vista,_San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"Serra Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra_Mesa,_San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 52 (SR 52)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_52"},{"link_name":"Interstate 15 (I-15)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_15_in_California"},{"link_name":"I-805","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_805"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sdplanarea-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sdplanarea-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"As implied by the word \"mesa\" in its name, the area is mostly flat. Kearny Mesa is located between the communities of Clairemont to the west, Tierrasanta to the east, Miramar/Mira Mesa to the north, and Linda Vista/Serra Mesa to the south. The neighborhood is defined by the City of San Diego as the area bounded by State Route 52 (SR 52), Interstate 15 (I-15), Aero Drive, and I-805.[6] The city also includes in its definition a stretch of land extending south of Aero Drive along the west side of I-15 to its junction with Friars Road.[6]Montgomery Field is a local municipal airport in Kearny Mesa.[7] The community is also adjacent to Marine Corps Air Station Miramar.[8]There are several residential developments in the community, among them Stonecrest, Kearny Lodge, and Royal Highlands.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"semi-arid climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"Montgomery-Gibbs Executive Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery-Gibbs_Executive_Airport"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-9"}],"text":"Kearny Mesa has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSk) with mild winters and warm, almost rainless summers.Climate data for Montgomery-Gibbs Executive Airport (normals 1998–2020, extremes 1998–present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n88(31)\n\n91(33)\n\n93(34)\n\n100(38)\n\n102(39)\n\n100(38)\n\n106(41)\n\n105(41)\n\n107(42)\n\n105(41)\n\n99(37)\n\n86(30)\n\n107(42)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n81.5(27.5)\n\n81.4(27.4)\n\n83.5(28.6)\n\n86.7(30.4)\n\n85.7(29.8)\n\n86.4(30.2)\n\n91.4(33.0)\n\n92.9(33.8)\n\n98.4(36.9)\n\n93.4(34.1)\n\n88.3(31.3)\n\n80.1(26.7)\n\n101.7(38.7)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n67.3(19.6)\n\n67.3(19.6)\n\n68.5(20.3)\n\n70.7(21.5)\n\n72.1(22.3)\n\n74.7(23.7)\n\n79.8(26.6)\n\n82.0(27.8)\n\n81.4(27.4)\n\n77.8(25.4)\n\n72.7(22.6)\n\n67.3(19.6)\n\n73.5(23.1)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n56.6(13.7)\n\n57.1(13.9)\n\n59.1(15.1)\n\n61.5(16.4)\n\n64.4(18.0)\n\n67.3(19.6)\n\n71.9(22.2)\n\n73.7(23.2)\n\n72.5(22.5)\n\n67.8(19.9)\n\n61.4(16.3)\n\n56.3(13.5)\n\n64.1(17.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n46.0(7.8)\n\n46.9(8.3)\n\n49.6(9.8)\n\n52.4(11.3)\n\n56.6(13.7)\n\n60.0(15.6)\n\n64.0(17.8)\n\n65.3(18.5)\n\n63.6(17.6)\n\n57.8(14.3)\n\n50.1(10.1)\n\n45.3(7.4)\n\n54.8(12.7)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n37.6(3.1)\n\n38.2(3.4)\n\n42.0(5.6)\n\n45.0(7.2)\n\n50.4(10.2)\n\n55.2(12.9)\n\n60.4(15.8)\n\n61.5(16.4)\n\n57.1(13.9)\n\n50.3(10.2)\n\n42.0(5.6)\n\n36.6(2.6)\n\n35.0(1.7)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n30(−1)\n\n33(1)\n\n39(4)\n\n37(3)\n\n44(7)\n\n48(9)\n\n57(14)\n\n55(13)\n\n52(11)\n\n43(6)\n\n34(1)\n\n32(0)\n\n30(−1)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n2.32(59)\n\n2.65(67)\n\n1.63(41)\n\n0.77(20)\n\n0.28(7.1)\n\n0.06(1.5)\n\n0.07(1.8)\n\n0.01(0.25)\n\n0.17(4.3)\n\n0.54(14)\n\n0.91(23)\n\n1.61(41)\n\n11.02(280)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n6.8\n\n7.9\n\n6.5\n\n5.1\n\n2.8\n\n1.0\n\n0.6\n\n0.3\n\n1.3\n\n3.6\n\n6.1\n\n7.1\n\n49.1\n\n\nSource: NOAA[9]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mixed-use development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-use_development"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The majority of the Kearny Mesa area is commercial and industrial. Local businesses include auto sales, restaurants (primarily American and Asian), supermarkets (American and Asian), national chain stores, and small businesses. The former General Dynamics site is now a mixed-use development known as Spectrum.[10]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KearnyMesa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"State Route 163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_163"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-johnson-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-johnson-11"},{"link_name":"Nijiya Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijiya_Market"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goto-12"},{"link_name":"99 Ranch Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99_Ranch_Market"},{"link_name":"Mitsuwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsuwa_Marketplace"},{"link_name":"H Mart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H_Mart"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-johnson-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wu-13"},{"link_name":"Chris Cate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cate"},{"link_name":"Todd Gloria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Gloria"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Convoy District (Convoy Pan Asian Cultural & Business Innovation District)","text":"Chinese shops in Kearny MesaThe Convoy District is distinguished by the number of diverse businesses owned and representative of different Asian cultures such as Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Thai shopping and eating establishments. Some of these extend to the east/central areas (near Balboa Avenue, along State Route 163).The presence of Asian businesses in the Convoy District area is said to have started with the establishment of a Woo Chee Chong grocery store on Convoy Street in 1979.[11] The Korean market chain Zion opened its first store in the Convoy District, also in 1979.[11] A few years later, in 1986, Nijiya Market (a Japanese market located in the southwestern portion of the Convoy District), opened its very first store; it later expanded to more than ten locations in California and Hawaii.[12] These early establishments served as small anchors, and additional Asian shops and restaurants opened nearby. As the area's reputation for its Asian cuisine and merchandise grew, more widely established Asian chain stores such as 99 Ranch Market, Mitsuwa, and H Mart also began setting up sites in the Convoy District.[11]On October 20, 2020 Convoy District was designated as the Convoy Pan Asian Cultural & Business Innovation District after local businesses, tenants, storeowners, and non profit organizations pushed for the name change.[13] Their efforts were brought to San Diego City Council Member, Chris Cate, and Assembly member Todd Gloria, whom they worked with to put the name change into effect.[14]Many different community based organizations and fundraisers support and push for the promotion of local businesses within the Convoy Pan Asian Cultural & Business Innovation District. Convoy District Partnership, one of these organizations, helped fundraise over $30,000 to help create 6 different highway signs that help in the promotion of this district.[15]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Diego_County_Registrar_of_Voters.jpg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The San Diego County Registrar of VotersThe area is split between City Council District 6, represented by Councilman Kent Lee,[16] and District 7, represented by Councilman Raul Campillo.[17]The original 1977 Serra Mesa Community Plan included Kearny Mesa. It was replaced by the 1992 Kearny Mesa Community Plan which applies just to Kearny Mesa. The Montgomery Field Master Plan also contains land use policies for areas adjacent to the airport.The County of San Diego maintains a large complex, housing several county offices and services, in the northeastern corner of the neighborhood near the I-15/SR 52 interchange. Several other city and county facilities are located in or adjacent to the area, including the Miramar Landfill.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Community groups","text":"The Kearny Mesa Planning Group advises the city on land use and other issues.","title":"Government"}] | [{"image_text":"Defense worker housing under construction at Kearny Mesa in 1941. Photo by Russell Lee.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Federal_Works_Agency_defense_constr_1941.jpg/220px-Federal_Works_Agency_defense_constr_1941.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chinese shops in Kearny Mesa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/KearnyMesa.jpg/200px-KearnyMesa.jpg"},{"image_text":"The San Diego County Registrar of Voters","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/San_Diego_County_Registrar_of_Voters.jpg/220px-San_Diego_County_Registrar_of_Voters.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Asian Pacific Thematic Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Pacific_Thematic_Historic_District"},{"title":"Chinatown, Tijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown,_Tijuana"}] | [{"reference":"\"Kearny Mesa Demographics and Statistics\". Niche. Retrieved 2023-11-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.niche.com/places-to-live/n/kearny-mesa-san-diego-ca/residents/","url_text":"\"Kearny Mesa Demographics and Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"Ken Kramer's About San Diego | Kearny Mesa name | Season 2, retrieved 2020-07-20","urls":[{"url":"https://video.kpbs.org/video/ken-kramers-about-san-diego-kearny-mesa-name-history/","url_text":"Ken Kramer's About San Diego | Kearny Mesa name | Season 2"}]},{"reference":"\"Kearny Mesa Community Plan\". City of San Diego Official Website. City of San Diego. 5 June 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sandiego.gov/planning/community-plans/kearny-mesa","url_text":"\"Kearny Mesa Community Plan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Montgomery Field – Airports\". The City of San Diego. 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandiego.gov/airports/montgomery","url_text":"\"Montgomery Field – Airports\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official website of MCAS Miramar\". USMC MCAS Miramar. Archived from the original on 2013-07-29. Retrieved 2013-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130729122227/http://www.miramar.usmc.mil/index.html","url_text":"\"Official website of MCAS Miramar\""},{"url":"http://www.miramar.usmc.mil/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NWS San Diego NOAA Online Weather Data\". NOAA. Retrieved February 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=sgx","url_text":"\"NWS San Diego NOAA Online Weather Data\""}]},{"reference":"Biberman, Thor Kamban (August 11, 2004). \"San Diego Spectrum dominates Kearny Mesa construction\". San Diego Daily Transcript. Archived from the original on October 24, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151024020053/http://www.sddt.com/reports/article.cfm?RID=241&SourceCode=20040811rd","url_text":"\"San Diego Spectrum dominates Kearny Mesa construction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Daily_Transcript","url_text":"San Diego Daily Transcript"},{"url":"http://www.sddt.com/reports/article.cfm?RID=241&SourceCode=20040811rd","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Troy (2021-05-27). \"How Convoy Became the Heart of San Diego's Asian Food Scene\". San Diego Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sandiegomagazine.com/food-drink/how-convoy-became-the-heart-of-san-diegos-asian-food-scene/article_57017aae-ba7c-11eb-ab1e-1bafe7d3ad01.html","url_text":"\"How Convoy Became the Heart of San Diego's Asian Food Scene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Magazine","url_text":"San Diego Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Goto, Asami (2013-10-18). \"\"Shokuiku\" activities at Nijiya Market Thinking about the future of shokuiku activities that pass on the Japanese food culture in America\". www.discovernikkei.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discovernikkei.org/en/journal/2013/10/18/nijiya-market/","url_text":"\"\"Shokuiku\" activities at Nijiya Market Thinking about the future of shokuiku activities that pass on the Japanese food culture in America\""}]},{"reference":"Wu, Sabrina (November 1, 2020), \"San Diego Convoy District Designated as Pan-Asian Cultural and Business Hub\", UCSD Guardian","urls":[{"url":"https://ucsdguardian.org/2020/11/01/san-diego-convoy-district-designated-as-pan-asian-cultural-and-business-hub/","url_text":"\"San Diego Convoy District Designated as Pan-Asian Cultural and Business Hub\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCSD_Guardian","url_text":"UCSD Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Marx, Jesse (2022-10-03). \"Council Race to Test the Voting Power of Asian Empowerment District\". Voice of San Diego. Retrieved 2022-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://voiceofsandiego.org/2022/10/03/council-race-to-test-the-voting-power-of-asian-empowerment-district/","url_text":"\"Council Race to Test the Voting Power of Asian Empowerment District\""}]},{"reference":"Rendon-Alvarez, Karla; Gomez • •, Nicole. \"New Freeway Signs Will Guide Drivers to Convoy District\". NBC 7 San Diego. Retrieved 2022-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/new-freeway-signs-will-guide-drivers-to-convoy-district/3014817/","url_text":"\"New Freeway Signs Will Guide Drivers to Convoy District\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chris & Staff | Councilmember Kent Lee (District 6) | City of San Diego Official Website\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandiego.gov/citycouncil/cd6/staff/index.shtml","url_text":"\"Chris & Staff | Councilmember Kent Lee (District 6) | City of San Diego Official Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chris & Staff | Councilmember Raul Campillo (District 7) | City of San Diego Official Website\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandiego.gov/citycouncil/cd7/staff/index.shtml","url_text":"\"Chris & Staff | Councilmember Raul Campillo (District 7) | City of San Diego Official Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"San Diego Community Profile: Kearny Mesa\". The City of San Diego. Retrieved 2007-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandiego.gov/planning/community/profiles/kearnymesa/index.shtml","url_text":"\"San Diego Community Profile: Kearny Mesa\""},{"url":"http://www.sandiego.gov/","url_text":"The City of San Diego"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kearny_Mesa,_San_Diego¶ms=32_49_30_N_117_8_21_W_type:city_region:US_dim:3900","external_links_name":"32°49′30″N 117°8′21″W / 32.82500°N 117.13917°W / 32.82500; -117.13917"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kearny_Mesa,_San_Diego¶ms=32.825_N_117.139167_W_type:city","external_links_name":"32°49′30″N 117°08′21″W / 32.825°N 117.139167°W / 32.825; -117.139167"},{"Link":"https://www.niche.com/places-to-live/n/kearny-mesa-san-diego-ca/residents/","external_links_name":"\"Kearny Mesa Demographics and Statistics\""},{"Link":"https://video.kpbs.org/video/ken-kramers-about-san-diego-kearny-mesa-name-history/","external_links_name":"Ken Kramer's About San Diego | Kearny Mesa name | Season 2"},{"Link":"https://www.sandiego.gov/planning/community-plans/kearny-mesa","external_links_name":"\"Kearny Mesa Community Plan\""},{"Link":"http://www.sandiego.gov/airports/montgomery","external_links_name":"\"Montgomery Field – Airports\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130729122227/http://www.miramar.usmc.mil/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Official website of MCAS Miramar\""},{"Link":"http://www.miramar.usmc.mil/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=sgx","external_links_name":"\"NWS San Diego NOAA Online Weather Data\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151024020053/http://www.sddt.com/reports/article.cfm?RID=241&SourceCode=20040811rd","external_links_name":"\"San Diego Spectrum dominates Kearny Mesa construction\""},{"Link":"http://www.sddt.com/reports/article.cfm?RID=241&SourceCode=20040811rd","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.sandiegomagazine.com/food-drink/how-convoy-became-the-heart-of-san-diegos-asian-food-scene/article_57017aae-ba7c-11eb-ab1e-1bafe7d3ad01.html","external_links_name":"\"How Convoy Became the Heart of San Diego's Asian Food Scene\""},{"Link":"http://www.discovernikkei.org/en/journal/2013/10/18/nijiya-market/","external_links_name":"\"\"Shokuiku\" activities at Nijiya Market Thinking about the future of shokuiku activities that pass on the Japanese food culture in America\""},{"Link":"https://ucsdguardian.org/2020/11/01/san-diego-convoy-district-designated-as-pan-asian-cultural-and-business-hub/","external_links_name":"\"San Diego Convoy District Designated as Pan-Asian Cultural and Business Hub\""},{"Link":"http://voiceofsandiego.org/2022/10/03/council-race-to-test-the-voting-power-of-asian-empowerment-district/","external_links_name":"\"Council Race to Test the Voting Power of Asian Empowerment District\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/new-freeway-signs-will-guide-drivers-to-convoy-district/3014817/","external_links_name":"\"New Freeway Signs Will Guide Drivers to Convoy District\""},{"Link":"http://www.sandiego.gov/citycouncil/cd6/staff/index.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Chris & Staff | Councilmember Kent Lee (District 6) | City of San Diego Official Website\""},{"Link":"http://www.sandiego.gov/citycouncil/cd7/staff/index.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Chris & Staff | Councilmember Raul Campillo (District 7) | City of San Diego Official Website\""},{"Link":"http://www.sandiego.gov/planning/community/profiles/kearnymesa/index.shtml","external_links_name":"\"San Diego Community Profile: Kearny Mesa\""},{"Link":"http://www.sandiego.gov/","external_links_name":"The City of San Diego"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091027025118/http://geocities.com/kearnymesaplanninggroup/","external_links_name":"Kearny Mesa Planning Group"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090515033147/http://www.neighborhoodlink.com/sandiego/kearny/main.html","external_links_name":"Kearny Mesa Neighborhood Link"},{"Link":"http://www.sandiego.gov/citycouncil/cd6/pdf/state09serramesa.pdf","external_links_name":"State of Serra Mesa and Kearny Mesa, 2009, by Councilwoman Donna Frye"},{"Link":"http://www.kpbs.org/news/2016/sep/14/convoy-could-become-san-diegos-asiatown/","external_links_name":"Will Convoy Become San Diego’s Asiatown?"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/300186992","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2013041570","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kearny_Mesa,_San_Diego¶ms=32_49_30_N_117_8_21_W_type:city_region:US_dim:3900","external_links_name":"32°49′30″N 117°8′21″W / 32.82500°N 117.13917°W / 32.82500; -117.13917"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_referendums,_1987 | 1987 Italian referendums | ["1 Nuclear power abrogative referendums","1.1 Location for nuclear plants","1.2 Rewards for nuclear plants","1.3 ENEL nuclear plants abroad","2 Justice abrogative referendums","2.1 Judges' civil responsibility","2.2 Ministers' board of inquiry","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Five nationwide popular referendums were held in Italy on 8 November 1987, with three questions about nuclear energy after the Chernobyl disaster, and two questions about justice. Voting day had been postponed by six months, according to the Italian Constitution, because of the snap election of spring.
Turnout was quite high, with 65% of the electors participating in the referendum. For the first time since the adoption of the Constitution in 1948, a referendum was approved by the citizens.
Nuclear power abrogative referendums
The nuclear power referendums concerned three issues:
abolishing the statutes by which the Inter-ministries Committee for the Economical Programming (CIPE) could decide about the locations for nuclear plants, when the Regions did not do so within the time stipulated by Law 393;
abolishing rewards for municipalities in whose territories nuclear or coal plants were to be built;
abolishing the statutes allowing ENEL to take part in international agreements to build and manage nuclear plants.
Some commenters find that the questions were actually too technical for non-experts and were used to obtain popular consent after Chernobyl disaster in 1986.
In each referendum "Yes" won. Subsequently, in 1988 the Italian government commenced to shut down the existing plants. This led to the termination of work on the near-complete Montalto di Castro Nuclear Power Station, and the early closure of Enrico Fermi Nuclear Power Plant and Caorso NPP, both of which closed in 1990. Italy's other nuclear power plants had already closed prior to the decision, Latina NPP in December 1987.
Location for nuclear plants
Results of the referendum by province. Blue indicates a major in favour; red indicates a majority against.
This referendum asked to abolish the power of the state to oblige the local administrations to accept new nuclear plants in their territory. Italian voters had to say yes if they wanted to support local administrations, or no if they wanted to maintain statal supremacy about this theme. The question had a turnout of 65.1% and a high invalid/blank vote count.
Choice
Votes
%
% of voters
% of registered
Y Yes
20,984,110
80.6
70.3
45.7
No
5,059,819
19.4
16.9
11.0
Invalid/blank votes
3,818,447
–
12.8
8.3
Total
29,862,376
100
100
65.1
Registered voters/turnout
45,870,931
65.1
Source: Minister of the Interior
Rewards for nuclear plants
Results of the referendum by province. Blue indicates a major in favour; red indicates a majority against.
This referendum asked to abolish rewards for local administrations which accepted nuclear, and coal, plants in their territory. Italian voters had to say yes if they wanted to eliminate these payments, or no if they wanted to maintain them. The question had a turnout of 65.1% and a high invalid/blank vote count.
Choice
Votes
%
% of voters
% of registered
Y Yes
20,618,624
79.7
69.0
44.9
No
5,247,887
20.3
17.6
11.4
Invalid/blank votes
4,005,059
–
13.4
8.7
Total
29,871,570
100
100
65.1
Registered voters/turnout
45,870,931
65.1
Source: Minister of the Interior
ENEL nuclear plants abroad
Results of the referendum by province. Blue indicates a major in favour; red indicates a majority against.
This referendum asked to abolish the authorization for ENEL to build nuclear power plants outside Italy. Italian voters had to say yes if they wanted to forbid any worldwide nuclear engagement of Italy, or no if they wanted to continue an Italian nuclear research abroad. The question had a turnout of 65.1% and a high invalid/blank vote count.
Choice
Votes
%
% of voters
% of registered
Y Yes
18,795,852
71.9
62.9
41.0
No
7,361,666
28.1
24.7
16.0
Invalid/blank votes
3,698,086
–
12.4
8.1
Total
29,855,604
100
100
65.1
Registered voters/turnout
45,870,931
65.1
Source: Minister of the Interior
Justice abrogative referendums
The justice referendums concerned two issues:
abolishing the law excluding any type of civil responsibility of judges in event of judicial errors;
abolishing the special parliamentary board of inquiry which excluded any investigation over ministers by ordinary courts.
Debate about justice was strong in Italy during the 1980s, especially after the case of the unjust arrest of popular TV host and anchorman Enzo Tortora, based only on false accusations by some pentito mafiosi.
The referendums were called by the Radical Party to abolish privileges that nobody had abolished despite they were in opposition to the text of the Italian Constitution which affirms equality between any citizen. In facts, a sole incumbent minister had been condemned in all republican history: Mario Tanassi for the Lockheed bribery scandals in 1977. The referendum found support by the Italian Socialist Party, which wanted to underline its reformist agenda, and by the Italian Liberal Party.
In each referendum "Yes" won. However, if ministers were definitely subjected to ordinary courts, the Christian Democracy and the Italian Communist Party later approved a law strongly limiting the civil responsibility for judges.
Judges' civil responsibility
Results of the referendum by province. Blue indicates a major in favour; red indicates a majority against.
This referendum asked to abolish the law excluding any responsibility for judicial errors. Italian voters had to say yes if they wanted to abolish judges' exclusion from civil responsibility, or no if they wanted to maintain it. The referendum had a turnout of 65.1%.
Choice
Votes
%
Y Yes
20,770,334
80.2
No
5,126,021
19.8
Invalid/blank votes
3,969,894
–
Total
29,866,249
100
Registered voters/turnout
45,870,931
65.1
Source: Minister of the Interior
Ministers' board of inquiry
Results of the referendum by province. Blue indicates a major in favour; red indicates a majority against.
This referendum asked to abolish the law excluding ministers from ordinary prosecution. Italian voters had to say yes if they wanted to abolish the parliamentary board which substituted ordinary court in ministerial accusations, or no if they wanted to maintain it. The referendum had a turnout of 65.1%.
Choice
Votes
%
Y Yes
22,117,634
85.0
No
3,890,111
15.0
Invalid/blank votes
3,854,925
–
Total
29,862,670
100
Registered voters/turnout
45,870,931
65.1
Source: Minister of the Interior
See also
Nuclear power debate
Referendum in Italy
Nuclear power in Italy
Legambiente
Anti-nuclear movement
References
^ Fornaciari, P. (1997). Il petrolio, l'atomo e il metano. Edizioni 21mo secolo.
^ Nebbia, Giancarlo (2007). Nucleare: il frutto proibito. Milan: Bompiani. ISBN 978-88-452-5954-8.
^ Curli, Barbara (2023). "Atoms for Industry: The Early Nuclear Activities of Fiat and the Atoms for Peace Program in Italy, 1956–1959". Journal of Cold War Studies. 25 (3): 68–88. doi:10.1162/jcws_a_01159. ISSN 1520-3972.
^ La Repubblica (it.)
External links
Referenda and Nuclear Power Plants - A Historical Overview at the Greenpeace archive.
European Nuclear Outlook at the McGraw-Hill online energy resource site summarizes past referendums.
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Veneto | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Turnout was quite high, with 65% of the electors participating in the referendum. For the first time since the adoption of the Constitution in 1948, a referendum was approved by the citizens.","title":"1987 Italian referendums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"ENEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enel"},{"link_name":"Chernobyl disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Montalto di Castro Nuclear Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montalto_di_Castro_Nuclear_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"Enrico Fermi Nuclear Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Fermi_Nuclear_Power_Plant_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Caorso NPP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caorso_NPP"},{"link_name":"Latina NPP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latina_NPP"}],"text":"The nuclear power referendums concerned three issues:abolishing the statutes by which the Inter-ministries Committee for the Economical Programming (CIPE) could decide about the locations for nuclear plants, when the Regions did not do so within the time stipulated by Law 393;\nabolishing rewards for municipalities in whose territories nuclear or coal plants were to be built;\nabolishing the statutes allowing ENEL to take part in international agreements to build and manage nuclear plants.Some commenters find that the questions were actually too technical for non-experts and were used to obtain popular consent after Chernobyl disaster in 1986.[1]\n[2]In each referendum \"Yes\" won. Subsequently, in 1988 the Italian government commenced to shut down the existing plants.[3] This led to the termination of work on the near-complete Montalto di Castro Nuclear Power Station, and the early closure of Enrico Fermi Nuclear Power Plant and Caorso NPP, both of which closed in 1990. Italy's other nuclear power plants had already closed prior to the decision, Latina NPP in December 1987.","title":"Nuclear power abrogative referendums"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1987_Italian_nuclear_power_plant_location_referendum.svg"}],"sub_title":"Location for nuclear plants","text":"Results of the referendum by province. Blue indicates a major in favour; red indicates a majority against.This referendum asked to abolish the power of the state to oblige the local administrations to accept new nuclear plants in their territory. Italian voters had to say yes if they wanted to support local administrations, or no if they wanted to maintain statal supremacy about this theme. The question had a turnout of 65.1% and a high invalid/blank vote count.","title":"Nuclear power abrogative referendums"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1987_Italian_local_government_contribution_referendum.svg"}],"sub_title":"Rewards for nuclear plants","text":"Results of the referendum by province. Blue indicates a major in favour; red indicates a majority against.This referendum asked to abolish rewards for local administrations which accepted nuclear, and coal, plants in their territory. Italian voters had to say yes if they wanted to eliminate these payments, or no if they wanted to maintain them. The question had a turnout of 65.1% and a high invalid/blank vote count.","title":"Nuclear power abrogative referendums"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1987_Italian_ENEL_nuclear_plant_abroad_referendum.svg"},{"link_name":"ENEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENEL"}],"sub_title":"ENEL nuclear plants abroad","text":"Results of the referendum by province. Blue indicates a major in favour; red indicates a majority against.This referendum asked to abolish the authorization for ENEL to build nuclear power plants outside Italy. Italian voters had to say yes if they wanted to forbid any worldwide nuclear engagement of Italy, or no if they wanted to continue an Italian nuclear research abroad. The question had a turnout of 65.1% and a high invalid/blank vote count.","title":"Nuclear power abrogative referendums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge"},{"link_name":"parliamentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors"},{"link_name":"ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_(government)"},{"link_name":"TV host","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_host"},{"link_name":"anchorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorman"},{"link_name":"Enzo Tortora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzo_Tortora"},{"link_name":"pentito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentito"},{"link_name":"mafiosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafiosi"},{"link_name":"Radical Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Italian Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Mario Tanassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Tanassi"},{"link_name":"Lockheed bribery scandals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_bribery_scandals"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Italian Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Italian Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party"},{"link_name":"Christian Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Christian_Democracy"},{"link_name":"Italian Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party"}],"text":"The justice referendums concerned two issues:abolishing the law excluding any type of civil responsibility of judges in event of judicial errors;\nabolishing the special parliamentary board of inquiry which excluded any investigation over ministers by ordinary courts.Debate about justice was strong in Italy during the 1980s, especially after the case of the unjust arrest of popular TV host and anchorman Enzo Tortora, based only on false accusations by some pentito mafiosi.The referendums were called by the Radical Party to abolish privileges that nobody had abolished despite they were in opposition to the text of the Italian Constitution which affirms equality between any citizen. In facts, a sole incumbent minister had been condemned in all republican history: Mario Tanassi for the Lockheed bribery scandals in 1977.[4] The referendum found support by the Italian Socialist Party, which wanted to underline its reformist agenda, and by the Italian Liberal Party.In each referendum \"Yes\" won. However, if ministers were definitely subjected to ordinary courts, the Christian Democracy and the Italian Communist Party later approved a law strongly limiting the civil responsibility for judges.","title":"Justice abrogative referendums"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1987_Italian_judges%27_civil_responsibility_referendum.svg"}],"sub_title":"Judges' civil responsibility","text":"Results of the referendum by province. Blue indicates a major in favour; red indicates a majority against.This referendum asked to abolish the law excluding any responsibility for judicial errors. Italian voters had to say yes if they wanted to abolish judges' exclusion from civil responsibility, or no if they wanted to maintain it. The referendum had a turnout of 65.1%.","title":"Justice abrogative referendums"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1987_Italian_ministers%27_board_of_inquiry_referendum.svg"}],"sub_title":"Ministers' board of inquiry","text":"Results of the referendum by province. Blue indicates a major in favour; red indicates a majority against.This referendum asked to abolish the law excluding ministers from ordinary prosecution. Italian voters had to say yes if they wanted to abolish the parliamentary board which substituted ordinary court in ministerial accusations, or no if they wanted to maintain it. The referendum had a turnout of 65.1%.","title":"Justice abrogative referendums"}] | [{"image_text":"Results of the referendum by province. Blue indicates a major in favour; red indicates a majority against.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/1987_Italian_nuclear_power_plant_location_referendum.svg/220px-1987_Italian_nuclear_power_plant_location_referendum.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Results of the referendum by province. Blue indicates a major in favour; red indicates a majority against.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/1987_Italian_local_government_contribution_referendum.svg/220px-1987_Italian_local_government_contribution_referendum.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Results of the referendum by province. Blue indicates a major in favour; red indicates a majority against.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/1987_Italian_ENEL_nuclear_plant_abroad_referendum.svg/220px-1987_Italian_ENEL_nuclear_plant_abroad_referendum.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Results of the referendum by province. Blue indicates a major in favour; red indicates a majority against.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/1987_Italian_judges%27_civil_responsibility_referendum.svg/220px-1987_Italian_judges%27_civil_responsibility_referendum.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Results of the referendum by province. Blue indicates a major in favour; red indicates a majority against.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/1987_Italian_ministers%27_board_of_inquiry_referendum.svg/220px-1987_Italian_ministers%27_board_of_inquiry_referendum.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Nuclear power debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_debate"},{"title":"Referendum in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum_in_Italy"},{"title":"Nuclear power in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Italy"},{"title":"Legambiente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legambiente"},{"title":"Anti-nuclear movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement"}] | [{"reference":"Fornaciari, P. (1997). Il petrolio, l'atomo e il metano. Edizioni 21mo secolo.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nebbia, Giancarlo (2007). Nucleare: il frutto proibito. Milan: Bompiani. ISBN 978-88-452-5954-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-452-5954-8","url_text":"978-88-452-5954-8"}]},{"reference":"Curli, Barbara (2023). \"Atoms for Industry: The Early Nuclear Activities of Fiat and the Atoms for Peace Program in Italy, 1956–1959\". Journal of Cold War Studies. 25 (3): 68–88. doi:10.1162/jcws_a_01159. ISSN 1520-3972.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_01159","url_text":"\"Atoms for Industry: The Early Nuclear Activities of Fiat and the Atoms for Peace Program in Italy, 1956–1959\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fjcws_a_01159","url_text":"10.1162/jcws_a_01159"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1520-3972","url_text":"1520-3972"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=F&dtel=08/11/1987&tpa=I&tpe=A&lev0=0&levsut0=0&es0=S&ms=S","external_links_name":"Minister of the Interior"},{"Link":"https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=F&dtel=08/11/1987&tpa=I&tpe=A&lev0=0&levsut0=0&es0=S&ms=S","external_links_name":"Minister of the Interior"},{"Link":"https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=F&dtel=08/11/1987&tpa=I&tpe=A&lev0=0&levsut0=0&es0=S&ms=S","external_links_name":"Minister of the Interior"},{"Link":"https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=F&dtel=08/11/1987&tpa=I&tpe=A&lev0=0&levsut0=0&es0=S&ms=S","external_links_name":"Minister of the Interior"},{"Link":"https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=F&dtel=08/11/1987&tpa=I&tpe=A&lev0=0&levsut0=0&es0=S&ms=S","external_links_name":"Minister of the Interior"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_01159","external_links_name":"\"Atoms for Industry: The Early Nuclear Activities of Fiat and the Atoms for Peace Program in Italy, 1956–1959\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fjcws_a_01159","external_links_name":"10.1162/jcws_a_01159"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1520-3972","external_links_name":"1520-3972"},{"Link":"http://online.scuola.zanichelli.it/50lezioni/files/2010/02/2b.pdf","external_links_name":"La Repubblica (it.)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928224800/http://archive.greenpeace.org/comms/no.nukes/react02b.html","external_links_name":"Referenda and Nuclear Power Plants - A Historical Overview"},{"Link":"http://www.platts.com/Nuclear/Resources/News%20Features/europeannuclear/index.xml","external_links_name":"European Nuclear Outlook"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_of_Washington,_Bergen_County,_New_Jersey | Washington Township, Bergen County, New Jersey | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2020 Census","3.2 2010 Census","3.3 2000 Census","4 Economy","5 Parks and recreation","6 Government","6.1 Local government","6.2 Federal, state and county representation","6.3 Politics","7 Education","8 Emergency services","9 Transportation","9.1 Roads and highways","9.2 Public transportation","10 Entertainment","11 Community","12 Notable people","13 References","14 Sources","15 External links"] | Coordinates: 40°59′18″N 74°03′53″W / 40.988306°N 74.064693°W / 40.988306; -74.064693Township in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States
See also: Washington Township, New Jersey (disambiguation)
Township in New JerseyWashington Township, New JerseyTownship
SealLocation of Washington Township in Bergen County highlighted in red (left). Inset map: Location of Bergen County in New Jersey highlighted in orange (right).Census Bureau map of the Township of Washington, Bergen County, New JerseyWashington TownshipLocation in Bergen CountyShow map of Bergen County, New JerseyWashington TownshipLocation in New JerseyShow map of New JerseyWashington TownshipLocation in the United StatesShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 40°59′18″N 74°03′53″W / 40.988306°N 74.064693°W / 40.988306; -74.064693Country United StatesState New JerseyCountyBergenIncorporatedApril 13, 1840Named forGeorge WashingtonGovernment • TypeFaulkner Act (mayor–council) • BodyTownship Council • MayorPeter Calamari (R, term ends December 31, 2025) • AdministratorMark DiCarlo • Municipal clerkSusan WitkowskiArea • Total3.00 sq mi (7.78 km2) • Land2.95 sq mi (7.65 km2) • Water0.05 sq mi (0.13 km2) 1.67% • Rank334th of 565 in state26th of 70 in countyElevation89 ft (27 m)Population (2020) • Total9,285 • Estimate (2022)9,235 • Rank256th of 565 in state43rd of 70 in county • Density3,144.3/sq mi (1,214.0/km2) • Rank212th of 565 in state44th of 70 in countyTime zoneUTC−05:00 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−04:00 (Eastern (EDT))ZIP Code07676Area code(s)201FIPS code3400377135GNIS feature ID0882311Websitewww.twpofwashington.us
Washington Township (officially the Township of Washington) is a township in Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 9,285, an increase of 183 (+2.0%) of the 2010 census count of 9,102, reflecting an increase of 164 (+1.8%) from the 8,938 counted in the 2000 census.
History
Seven Chimneys, built 1745–1750, is the oldest house in Washington Township and third oldest in Bergen County. Seven Chimneys was used as a stop for the Underground Railroad.
The Lenape Native Americans first inhabited the township and many names throughout the general area were passed down from the Lenape. Pascack and Kinderkamack are just two of these names. However, after Dutch and other European settlers began arriving in the 16th and 17th centuries, the Lenape population was decimated. It is estimated that by 1750, 90% of the Lenape population in and around present-day New Jersey was killed by European settlement through war and European diseases.
Washington Township was created by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 13, 1840, from the territories between the Hackensack River and Saddle River that had been part of Harrington Township. At the time of its creation, the township encompassed an area of 19,525 acres (79.01 km2), more than 30 square miles (78 km2). The township was named for George Washington, one of more than ten communities statewide named for the first president. It is one of five municipalities in the state of New Jersey with the name "Washington Township". Another municipality, Washington Borough, is completely surrounded by Washington Township, Warren County.
Growth in the area exploded after the Civil War with the completion of the New Jersey and New York Railway through the Pascack Valley, as communities were established near the railroad's stations.
Orvil Township was created on January 1, 1886, from the western portion of The Township of Washington and the southern portion of Hohokus Township.
The Borough Act resulted in a flurry of new boroughs created from portions of the township in 1894 as the "Boroughitis" phenomenon swept through the Township of Washington, with Westwood (May 8, 1894), Park Ridge (May 14, 1894), Eastwood (part; created June 6, 1894, borough lasted until 1896), Montvale (part; created August 31, 1894) and Woodcliff (part; created August 31, 1894, name changed to Woodcliff Lake in 1910) formed among the 26 boroughs created that year in the county. Hillsdale Township (now a borough) was created on March 25, 1898. Etna Borough, which ultimately became Emerson, was formed on April 8, 1903. River Vale (part) was the last to leave when it was created on April 30, 1906. The departures have taken the township from over 30 square miles (78 km2) to its current 3-square-mile (7.8 km2) size.
Seven Chimneys is a house with the described seven chimneys, located on Ridgewood Road atop a small hill. George Washington is said to have stayed at the house during the Revolutionary War. Seven Chimneys, the oldest house in the township, is an impressive example of eighteenth-century, regional, domestic architecture and is an important remnant of the community's early settlement period. The house is listed on the State Register and National Register of Historic Places. Notable visitors include Theodore Roosevelt. The house was used as a stop on the Underground Railroad during the Civil War. On November 3, 1968, the Bergen County Historical Society placed a historic-site marker on the property and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.
During the mid-1950s, the completion of the 173-mile (278 km) Garden State Parkway split the township in two. The Parkway created two access routes with Exit 166 on the southern border closest to Paramus and Exit 168 on Washington Avenue. The northernmost toll plaza was built off of East Glen. During the decade after the Parkway was completed, the township dramatically increased in population.
Efforts to gain a ZIP Code for the township back to the mid-1970s, when efforts were made to have the unused 07676 code allocated to the Township of Washington. Previously, the township had been served by the Westwood post office as ZIP Code 07675, which also served Old Tappan, River Vale and Woodcliff Lake. ZIP Code 07676 for Township of Washington was established effective July 2000.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 3.00 square miles (7.8 km2), including 2.95 square miles (7.6 km2) of land and 0.05 square miles (0.13 km2) of water (1.67%).
The township is located in the northern portion of Bergen County, which in turn is in the far northeastern corner of New Jersey, 15 miles (24 km) northwest of New York City. It is within the Hackensack River watershed, which comprises Musquapsink Brook, Schlegel Lake, Pascack Brook, Oradell Reservoir, Woodcliff Lake Reservoir, and Lake Tappan. The township borders the Bergen County municipalities of Emerson, Hillsdale, Ho-Ho-Kus, Paramus, Ridgewood, Saddle River and Westwood.
Located within the Pascack Valley of north-central Bergen County, elevations rise gradually in an east to west/south to north trajectory, and range anywhere from 50 feet (15 m) or less in the wooded swamplands behind Westwood Regional High School to approximately 360 feet (110 m) just west of Van Emburgh Avenue. Three hills are in the township: at the border of Westwood, west of Pascack Road, and another located west of Van Emburgh Avenue. Being higher in elevation, it is slightly cooler and less prone to flooding than the rest of the valley and other parts of northwestern Bergen County.
The southern end of the township bordering Emerson and Paramus is wooded wetlands at the convergence of Musquapsink Brook and three cemeteries, and has consistently the densest overnight and morning fog in the area.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18401,833—18501,807−1.4%18602,27325.8%18702,51410.6%18802,85313.5%18902,942*3.1%1900782*−73.4%1910100*−87.2%192019494.0%1930402107.2%194049122.1%19501,208146.0%19606,654450.8%197010,57759.0%19809,550−9.7%19909,245−3.2%20008,938−3.3%20109,1021.8%20209,2852.0%2022 (est.)9,235−0.5%Population sources: 1840–1920 1840 1850–1870 18501870 1880–1890 1910–19301900–2020 20002010 2020* = Lost territory in previous decade.
2020 Census
Washington township, Bergen County, New Jersey – Racial and Ethnic Composition (NH = Non-Hispanic)Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity
Pop 2010
Pop 2020
% 2010
% 2020
White alone (NH)
7,839
7,585
86.12%
81.69%
Black or African American alone (NH)
93
87
1.02%
0.94%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)
0
8
0.00%
0.09%
Asian alone (NH)
581
566
6.38%
6.10%
Pacific Islander alone (NH)
1
0
0.01%
0.00%
Some Other Race alone (NH)
9
27
0.10%
0.29%
Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH)
84
212
0.92%
2.28%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)
495
800
5.44%
8.62%
Total
9,102
9,285
100.00%
100.00%
2010 Census
The 2010 United States census counted 9,102 people, 3,261 households, and 2,632 families in the township. The population density was 3,128.8 people per square mile (1,208.0 people/km2). There were 3,341 housing units at an average density of 1,148.5 units per square mile (443.4 units/km2). The racial makeup was 90.50% (8,237) White, 1.08% (98) Black or African American, 0.01% (1) Native American, 6.47% (589) Asian, 0.02% (2) Pacific Islander, 0.62% (56) from other races, and 1.31% (119) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.44% (495) of the population.
Of the 3,261 households, 33.1% had children under the age of 18; 71.0% were married couples living together; 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present and 19.3% were non-families. Of all households, 16.9% were made up of individuals and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.15.
22.9% of the population were under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 21.2% from 25 to 44, 30.1% from 45 to 64, and 19.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45.1 years. For every 100 females, the population had 91.7 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 90.7 males.
The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $117,394 (with a margin of error of +/− $14,960) and the median family income was $133,191 (+/− $10,285). Males had a median income of $91,038 (+/− $11,435) versus $56,599 (+/− $4,609) for females. The per capita income for the township was $48,415 (+/− $4,855). About 1.6% of families and 2.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.8% of those under age 18 and 0.6% of those age 65 or over.
Same-sex couples headed 27 households in 2010, an increase from the 10 counted in 2000.
2000 Census
As of the 2000 United States census there were 8,938 people, 3,219 households, and 2,687 families residing in the township. The population density was 3,071.1 inhabitants per square mile (1,185.8/km2). There were 3,245 housing units at an average density of 1,115.0 units per square mile (430.5 units/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 92.07% White, 0.98% African American, 0.04% Native American, 5.57% Asian, 0.44% from other races, and 0.90% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.35% of the population.
There were 3,219 households, out of which 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.2% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.5% were non-families. 14.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.07.
In the township, the population was spread out, with 22.7% under the age of 18, 4.8% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 27.8% from 45 to 64, and 16.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.9 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $83,694, and the median income for a family was $88,017. Males had a median income of $67,090 versus $41,699 for females. The per capita income for the township was $39,248. About 1.5% of families and 2.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.5% of those under age 18 and 3.0% of those age 65 or over.
Economy
Washington Town Center is a shopping mall located in the center of the township on Pascack Road. The privately held Washington Town Center is the township's single largest taxpayer. Through a quirk in the town's tax code, the not-for-profit Washington Township Recreation Club remains the township's second-largest taxpayer.
Parks and recreation
Big Rock and Little Rock, two small boulders at a public park
Pine Lake was a popular resort destination in the early to mid 1900s.
The Township of Washington offers various sports activities—baseball, softball, football, cheerleading, and soccer—which are played at the numerous parks and fields throughout the town. Clark Field includes a little league baseball field with two large dugouts and electronic scoreboard, a basketball court, a playground, sandbox, and a concession stand. The playground has many slides, monkey bars, games, gliders, fire poles, regular swings, baby swings, and a tire swing. Memorial Field is in the major recreation site in the township and provides facilities for multiple uses: baseball, softball, soccer and youth football. Adjacent to the Washington Elementary School, it also includes a recreation building with concession stand and a covered picnic pavilion. Other fields include Sherry Field which is close to the border of Westwood and township and offers a baseball field with two playing areas. The other field is Gardener Field which is a baseball field and also a playground. Both of these fields include a concession stand.
As the township does not provide for any recreational pool service, the Washington Township Recreation Club (WTRC) fills this void. Membership at the Washington Township Recreation Club, more commonly known as the 'swim club' or 'pool', is not limited to township residents and is open to any individual or family who wishes to join. In addition to the Olympic sized outdoor pool, the WTRC also offers a game room and picnic area. Additional recreational facilities include the Bergen County YJCC, offering fitness programs, indoor swimming and a variety of classes for all denominations. The town also has a privately owned Racquet and Health Club.
Clark Field
Schlegel Lake, once referred to as Schlegel's Pond and commonly referred to as Washington Lake, is a 28-acre (110,000 m2) artificial body of water privately owned and managed by the Washington Lake Association (WLA) since 1947, whose members have exclusive rights to use of the pond and surrounding property. WLA members may enjoy fishing, boating, picnicking, nature observation and other outdoor activities.
Government
Local government
The Township of Washington is governed within the Faulkner Act (formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law) under the Mayor-Council system of municipal government (Plan E), implemented based on the recommendations of a Charter Study Commission as of January 1, 1970. The township is one of 71 municipalities (of the 564) statewide that use this form of government. The governing body is comprised of a mayor and a five-member Township Council, all of whom are elected at-large on a partisan basis to four-year terms of office, as part of the November general election. Members of the Township Council are elected to serve four-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with three seats up for election together and the other two seats (along with the mayor) up for election two years later in odd-numbered years.
As of 2023, the Mayor of the Township of Washington is Republican Peter Calamari, whose term of office ends December 31, 2025. Members of the Township Council are Council President Desserie Morgan (R, 2023), Council Vice President Steven Cascio (R, 2023), Stacey Feeney (R, 2023), Tom Sears (R, 2025) and Daisy Velez (R, 2025).
Federal, state and county representation
The Township of Washington is located in the 5th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 39th state legislative district.
For the 118th United States Congress, New Jersey's 5th congressional district is represented by Josh Gottheimer (D, Wyckoff). New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Democrats Cory Booker (Newark, term ends 2027) and Bob Menendez (Englewood Cliffs, term ends 2025).
For the 2024–2025 session, the 39th legislative district of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Holly Schepisi (R, River Vale) and in the General Assembly by Robert Auth (R, Old Tappan) and John V. Azzariti (R, Saddle River).
Bergen County is governed by a directly elected County Executive, with legislative functions performed by a Board of County Commissioners comprised of seven members who are elected at-large to three-year terms in partisan elections on a staggered basis, with either two or three seats coming up for election each November; a Chairman and Vice Chairman are selected from among its seven members at a reorganization meeting held every January. As of 2024, the county executive is James J. Tedesco III (D, Paramus), whose four-year term of office ends December 31, 2026.
Bergen County's Commissioners are:
Thomas J. Sullivan Jr. (D, Montvale, 2025),
Chair Germaine M. Ortiz (D, Emerson, 2025), Joan Voss (D, Fort Lee, 2026),
Vice Chair Mary J. Amoroso (D, Mahwah, 2025),
Rafael Marte (D, Bergenfield, 2026),
Steven A. Tanelli (D, North Arlington, 2024) and
Tracy Silna Zur (D, Franklin Lakes, 2024).
Bergen County's constitutional officials are:
Clerk John S. Hogan (D, Northvale, 2026),
Sheriff Anthony Cureton (D, Englewood, 2024) and Surrogate Michael R. Dressler (D, Cresskill, 2026).
Politics
As of March 2011, there were a total of 6,381 registered voters in the Township of Washington, of which 1,364 (21.4% vs. 31.7% countywide) were registered as Democrats, 2,412 (37.8% vs. 21.1%) were registered as Republicans and 2,601 (40.8% vs. 47.1%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 4 voters registered as Libertarians or Greens. Among the township's 2010 Census population, 70.1% (vs. 57.1% in Bergen County) were registered to vote, including 91.0% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 73.7% countywide).
In the 2016 presidential election, Republican Donald Trump received 3,036 votes (56.1% vs. 41.1% countywide), ahead of Democrat Hillary Clinton with 2,184 votes (40.3% vs. 54.2%) and other candidates with 196 votes (3.6% vs. 4.6%), among the 5,484 ballots cast by the township's 7,010 registered voters, for a turnout of 78.2% (vs. 72.5% in Bergen County). In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 2,883 votes (58.3% vs. 43.5% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 2,000 votes (40.5% vs. 54.8%) and other candidates with 33 votes (0.7% vs. 0.9%), among the 4,941 ballots cast by the township's 6,619 registered voters, for a turnout of 74.6% (vs. 70.4% in Bergen County). In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 3,146 votes (58.1% vs. 44.5% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 2,159 votes (39.8% vs. 53.9%) and other candidates with 42 votes (0.8% vs. 0.8%), among the 5,418 ballots cast by the township's 6,735 registered voters, for a turnout of 80.4% (vs. 76.8% in Bergen County). In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 3,207 votes (59.6% vs. 47.2% countywide), ahead of Democrat John Kerry with 2,137 votes (39.7% vs. 51.7%) and other candidates with 27 votes (0.5% vs. 0.7%), among the 5,379 ballots cast by the township's 6,582 registered voters, for a turnout of 81.7% (vs. 76.9% in the whole county).
In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 69.3% of the vote (2,079 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 29.6% (889 votes), and other candidates with 1.0% (31 votes), among the 3,067 ballots cast by the township's 6,527 registered voters (68 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 47.0%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 2,329 votes (56.7% vs. 45.8% countywide), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 1,475 votes (35.9% vs. 48.0%), Independent Chris Daggett with 200 votes (4.9% vs. 4.7%) and other candidates with 20 votes (0.5% vs. 0.5%), among the 4,110 ballots cast by the township's 6,623 registered voters, yielding a 62.1% turnout (vs. 50.0% in the county).
Education
Aerial view of Westwood Regional High School.
Public school students in kindergarten through twelfth grade attend the Westwood Regional School District, a comprehensive regional school district serving students from both the Township of Washington and Westwood Borough. The district is the county's only regional district serving grades K–12. As of the 2020–21 school year, the district, comprised of six schools, had an enrollment of 2,796 students and 256.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.9:1. Schools in the district (with 2020–21 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are
Berkeley Avenue Elementary School with 289 students in grades K–5,
Brookside Elementary School with 398 students in grades K–5,
Jessie F. George Elementary School with 274 students in grades K–5,
Washington Elementary School with 316 students in grades K–5,
Westwood Regional Middle School with 640 students in grades 6–8 and
Westwood Regional High School with 843 students in grades 9–12.
Public school students from the township, and all of Bergen County, are eligible to attend the secondary education programs offered by the Bergen County Technical Schools, which include the Bergen County Academies in Hackensack, and the Bergen Tech campus in Teterboro or Bergen Tech campus in Paramus. The district offers programs on a shared-time or full-time basis, with admission based on a selective application process and tuition covered by the student's home school district.
Immaculate Heart Academy is a parochial, college preparatory, all-girls Catholic high school located on Van Emburgh Avenue, operating under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark. The school was founded in 1960 as the first all-girls school operated by the Newark Archdiocese.
Emergency services
The Washington Township Volunteer Fire Department was founded in 1934. The station is located at 656 Washington Avenue and is home to Rescue 40, Tower Ladder 41, Engine 43, and Engine 44.
The Washington Township Volunteer Ambulance Corps was founded in 1957. The station is located at 354 Hudson Avenue and is home to Ambulance 4–6.
The Washington Township Police Department was founded in 1934. The station is located at 350 Hudson Avenue in the municipal complex.
Transportation
View north along the Garden State Parkway in Washington Township
Roads and highways
As of May 2010, the township had a total of 43.48 miles (69.97 km) of roadways, of which 34.76 miles (55.94 km) were maintained by the municipality, 6.90 miles (11.10 km) by Bergen County and 1.82 miles (2.93 km) by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority.
Located within the New York metropolitan area's arterial network, the township is easily accessible by car. The Garden State Parkway serves the Township with exits 166 (south) and 168 (north). The Parkway's final tool booth, the Pascack toll, is located in the township. County Route 502 also travels through the township. Route 17 is accessible nearby.
Public transportation
NJ Transit bus route 165 serves nearby Westwood with access to and from the Township of Washington to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan and local service on the 752 route. Westwood train station can also be easily accessed from the township.
Rockland Coaches provides express service from Pascack Road and Washington Avenue via Garden State Parkway Exit 168, with weekday rush-hour service provided to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan, heading to New York in the morning and returning to the township weekday evenings on routes 46, 47 and 49.
Entertainment
The Township of Washington has a movie theater in the Washington Township Shopping Center, with three viewing screens. It closed in 2016 as Bowtie Cinemas, but reopened shortly thereafter as an independent cinema.
Community
The Township of Washington has its own TV station, Washington Community Television (WCTV), run entirely by volunteers. The non-profit, community access group is funded by cable franchise fees and provides a 24/7 electronic bulletin board telecast over several cable systems in surrounding towns. WCTV provides live programming and coverage of high school sports, local events and activities on the Public, educational, and government access (PEG) cable TV channels as well as the Internet. Its volunteers have been honored for their efforts. Town Meetings are broadcast live and are archived on the WCTVNJ YouTube pages.
The Township of Washington Public Library offers a collection of 48,325 volumes with a circulation of over 80,000 items per year. It is a member of the Bergen County Cooperative Library System. In addition to traditional materials, the library offers an online collection and specialty items not typically found in a library setting, including technology, housewares and hobby equipment. Laura Rifkin is the current Library Director.
As the township does not provide residential trash pickup service, residents must pay for trash pickup services through a choice of two private garbage companies.
Seven Chimneys National Historic Site
Notable people
See also: Category:People from Washington Township, Bergen County, New Jersey
People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with the Township of Washington include:
Beverly Bower (1925–2002), operatic soprano
Carol Higgins Clark (1956–2023), mystery writer
Robert Dow (born 1945), fencer who competed in the team saber event at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Thomas Fitzpatrick (1940–2009), pilot known for two intoxicated flights where he flew from New Jersey and landed on the streets of New York City
Damon Harrison (born 1988), defensive tackle for the New York Giants
Mary Higgins Clark (1927–2020), best-selling author of suspense novels
Raymond E. Johns Jr. (born 1955), General, Commander Air Mobility Command, United States Air Force
Pert Kelton (1907–1968), vaudeville, movie, radio and television actress, who originated the role of Alice Kramden in The Honeymooners with Jackie Gleason
John Markert (1929–2011), politician who served as Mayor of the Township of Washington before being elected to the New Jersey General Assembly, where he served three terms representing the 39th Legislative District
Miriam Moskowitz (1916–2018), schoolteacher who served two years in prison after being convicted for conspiracy as an atomic spy for the Soviet Union
Jeffrey Nordling (born 1962), actor who has appeared in the series Dirt
B. J. Raji (born 1986), former NFL nose tackle who played for the Green Bay Packers
Corey Raji (born 1988), professional basketball player
Bob Schroeder (born 1960), member of the New Jersey General Assembly and former councilmember in the Township of Washington, who was sentenced in 2017 to eight years in state prison for deception, misconduct and passing bad checks
Vito Trause (1925–2019), World War II United States Army veteran and prisoner of war
References
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^ a b US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990, United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 4, 2014.
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^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Township of Washington, Geographic Names Information System. Accessed March 14, 2013.
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^ a b c d Our History, Township of Washington. Accessed December 22, 2013. "We have a number of interesting places in our town, one of which is Seven Chimneys, a large 18th century stone house that stands high on a grassy knoll in the southern portion of the Township. Legend has it; George Washington stayed there a short period of time, which gives our community special history and pride."
^ Hutchinson, Viola L. The Origin of New Jersey Place Names, New Jersey Public Library Commission, May 1945. Accessed October 21, 2015.
^ Rondinaro, Gene. "Washington Slept Here And There And...", The New York Times, February 17, 1985. Accessed October 21, 2015. "First in war, first in peace and, come tomorrow, first in the hearts of his countrymen, George Washington may be nowhere more fondly remembered than in New Jersey, where 12 communities are named for him. The profusion of such names - six Washington Townships, one each in Bergen, Burlington, Gloucester, Mercer, Morris and Warren Counties; Washington in Warren, Washington Crossing in Mercer, Washington Heights and Washington Park in Middlesex, Washingtonville in Sussex and Washington Valley in Morris - causes problems."
^ Wilk, Tom. "Awash in Washingtons: New Jersey has six towns named for the father of our country.", New Jersey Monthly, January 17, 2011. Accessed October 22, 2015. "In New Jersey, Washington can lay claim to another first. He's number one in names selected for the state's 566 municipalities. Bergen, Burlington, Gloucester, Morris and Warren counties all have a Washington Township. Warren also has a Washington Borough surrounded—naturally—by Washington Township. The largest is Gloucester County's Washington, with 52,096 people; the smallest is the Washington in Burlington, with a population of 649. New Jersey had a sixth Washington Township in Mercer County until 2008, when voters there approved a name change to Robbinsville."
^ Harvey, Cornelius Burnham. Genealogical History of Hudson and Bergen Counties, New Jersey, p. 11, New Jersey Genealogical Publishing Company, 1900. Accessed December 22, 2013. "For a period of sixteen years following the passage of this act few boroughs were organized in the State, only three of them being in Bergen County.... As it was twenty-six boroughs were created in the county from January 23, 1894, to December 18, of the same year."
^ Honeyman, Abraham Van Doren. Index-analysis of the Statutes of New Jersey, 1896-1909: Together with References to All Acts, and Parts of Acts, in the 'General Statutes' and Pamphlet Laws Expressly Repealed: and the Statutory Crimes of New Jersey During the Same Period, p. 312. New Jersey Law Journal Publishing Company, 1910. Accessed October 21, 2015.
^ "Add Bicentennial zip -07676-to township?", The Record, October 31, 1975. Accessed July 25, 2022, via Newspapers.com. "Some residents here would like to celebrate the Bicentennial with a new zip code 07676. The township shares Westwood's post office and zip code, 07675, with Old Tappan, River Vale and Woodcliff Lake.... He said Rep. Andrew Maguire, D-N.J., has written the postmaster general to ask for the currently unused zip code."
^ "Post Office Changes" in Postal Bulletin, United States Postal Service, April 6, 2000. Accessed November 26, 2020. "Establish a new ZIP Code for a delivery area. Use Woodcliff Lake NJ 07677 as last line of address for a portion of the deliveries previously in ZIP Code 07675."
^ Areas touching Washington Township, MapIt. Accessed March 26, 2020.
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^ Raum, John O. The History of New Jersey: From Its Earliest Settlement to the Present Time, Volume 1, p. 240, J. E. Potter and company, 1877. Accessed July 22, 2013. "Washington was formed in 1840 from the western part of Harrington. It is about seven miles long and five wide. Rockland county, New York lies on its north, Harrington on the east, Midland south, and Franklin and Hokokus west. Population in 1850, 1,807; in 1860, 2,273; and in 1870, 2,514."
^ Debow, James Dunwoody Brownson. The Seventh Census of the United States: 1850, p. 137. R. Armstrong, 1853. Accessed July 22, 2013.
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^ "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Washington township, Bergen County, New Jersey". United States Census Bureau.
^ "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Washington township, Bergen County, New Jersey". United States Census Bureau.
^ DP03: Selected Economic Characteristics from the 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates for Washington township, Bergen County, New Jersey Archived February 12, 2020, at archive.today, United States Census Bureau. Accessed March 24, 2012.
^ Lipman, Harvy; and Sheingold, Dave. "North Jersey sees 30% growth in same-sex couples", The Record, August 14, 2011, backed up by the Internet Archive as of February 3, 2013. Accessed July 24, 2013.
^ Recreation, Township of Washington. Accessed July 25, 2022.
^ Home page, Washington Township NJ Swim Club. Accessed March 24, 2012.
^ About us, Bergen County Y, a Jewish Community Center. Accessed March 24, 2012.
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^ Staff. "Vintage homes in lake communities", North Jersey Homes, June 11, 2011. Accessed August 20, 2013.
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^ 2022 Municipal Data Sheet, Township of Washington. Accessed July 25, 2022.
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^ Biography, Congressman Josh Gottheimer. Accessed January 3, 2019. "Josh now lives in Wyckoff, New Jersey with Marla, his wife who was a federal prosecutor, and their two young children, Ellie and Ben."
^ U.S. Sen. Cory Booker cruises past Republican challenger Rik Mehta in New Jersey, PhillyVoice. Accessed April 30, 2021. "He now owns a home and lives in Newark's Central Ward community."
^ Biography of Bob Menendez, United States Senate, January 26, 2015. "Menendez, who started his political career in Union City, moved in September from Paramus to one of Harrison's new apartment buildings near the town's PATH station.."
^ Home, sweet home: Bob Menendez back in Hudson County. nj.com. Accessed April 30, 2021. "Booker, Cory A. - (D - NJ) Class II; Menendez, Robert - (D - NJ) Class I"
^ Legislative Roster for District 39, New Jersey Legislature. Accessed January 11, 2024.
^ County Executive, Bergen County, New Jersey. Accessed March 16, 2023.
^ Vice Chairman Commissioner Chairman Thomas J. Sullivan, Bergen County, New Jersey. Accessed March 16, 2023.
^ Commissioner Vice Chairwoman Germaine M. Ortiz, Bergen County, New Jersey. Accessed March 16, 2023.
^ Commissioner Chair Pro Tempore Dr. Joan M. Voss, Bergen County, New Jersey. Accessed March 16, 2023.
^ Commissioner Mary J. Amoroso, Bergen County, New Jersey. Accessed March 16, 2023.
^ Cattafi, Kristie. "Democrats pick Bergenfield councilman to fill vacancy on Bergen County commissioners board", The Record, March 13, 2023. Accessed March 16, 2023. "A Democratic councilman from Bergenfield will be sworn in as a Bergen County commissioner Wednesday night, filling a vacancy on the governing body for almost 1 million residents. Rafael Marte will serve until Dec. 31, taking on the unexpired term left by former Commissioner Ramon Hache, a Democrat who resigned last week to lead the Ridgewood YMCA as its chief executive officer."
^ Commissioner Steven A. Tanelli, Bergen County, New Jersey. Accessed March 16, 2023.
^ Commissioner Tracy Silna Zur, Bergen County, New Jersey. Accessed March 16, 2023.
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^ Bergen County November 5, 2019 General Election Statement of Vote, Bergen County, New Jersey Clerk, updated December 10, 2019. Accessed January 1, 2020.
^ About the Clerk, Bergen County Clerk. Accessed March 16, 2023.
^ Clerks, Constitutional Officers Association of New Jersey. Accessed March 16, 2023.
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^ Michael R. Dressler, Bergen County Surrogate's Court. Accessed March 16, 2023.
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^ 2008 Presidential General Election Results: Bergen County, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, December 23, 2008. Accessed December 22, 2013.
^ 2008 General Election Results for Washington Township, The Record. Accessed December 22, 2013.
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^ "Governor - Bergen County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. January 29, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
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^ 2009 Governor: Bergen County Archived December 7, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, December 31, 2009. Accessed December 22, 2013.
^ Westwood Regional Board of Education District Policy 0110 - Identification, Westwood Regional School District. Accessed July 24, 2022. "Purpose: The Board of Education exists for the purpose of providing a thorough and efficient system of free public education in grades kindergarten through twelve in the Westwood Regional School District. Composition: The Westwood Regional School District is comprised of all the area within the municipal boundaries of the Borough of Westwood and the Township of Washington."
^ About Our District: Community and District Profiles, Westwood Regional School District. Accessed July 24, 2022. "The Westwood Regional School District serves the Borough of Westwood (population 10,400) and the Township of Washington (population 9,800). These two communities are located approximately fifteen miles northwest of midtown Manhattan."
^ Westwood Regional School District 2016 Report Card Narrative, New Jersey Department of Education. Accessed March 26, 2020. "The Westwood Regional School District is the only K-12 regional school district in Bergen County, serving approximately 2,740 students from the Borough of Westwood and the Township of Washington."
^ District information for Westwood Regional School District, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed February 15, 2022.
^ School Data for the Westwood Regional School District, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed February 15, 2022.
^ Berkeley Avenue Elementary School, Westwood Regional School District. Accessed July 24, 2022.
^ Brookside Elementary School, Westwood Regional School District. Accessed July 24, 2022.
^ Jessie F. George Elementary School, Westwood Regional School District. Accessed July 24, 2022.
^ Washington Elementary School, Westwood Regional School District. Accessed July 24, 2022.
^ Westwood Regional Middle School, Westwood Regional School District. Accessed July 24, 2022.
^ Westwood Regional Junior / Senior High School, Westwood Regional School District. Accessed July 24, 2022.
^ School Performance Reports for the Westwood Regional School District, New Jersey Department of Education. Accessed July 24, 2022.
^ New Jersey School Directory for the Westwood Regional School District, New Jersey Department of Education. Accessed December 29, 2016.
^ About Us, Bergen County Technical Schools. Accessed December 22, 2013.
^ Admissions, Bergen County Technical Schools. Accessed December 29, 2016.
^ Bergen County Catholic High Schools, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark. Accessed November 12, 2016.
^ Overview, Immaculate Heart Academy. Accessed August 20, 2013.
^ Home Page, Township of Washington Volunteer Fire Department. Accessed April 6, 2015.
^ About Us, Washington Township Volunteer Ambulance Corps. Accessed April 6, 2015.
^ Home Page, Township of Washington Police Department. Accessed April 6, 2015.
^ Bergen County Mileage by Municipality and Jurisdiction, New Jersey Department of Transportation, May 2010. Accessed December 2, 2013.
^ Bergen County Highway Map, New Jersey Department of Transportation. Accessed February 4, 2023.
^ Garden State Parkway Straight Line Diagram, New Jersey Department of Transportation, updated August 2014. Accessed July 25, 2022.
^ County Route 502 Straight Line Diagram, New Jersey Department of Transportation, updated June 2012. Accessed July 25, 2022.
^ Routes by County: Bergen County, NJ Transit, backed up by the Internet Archiveas of January 11, 2010. Accessed March 24, 2012.
^ Bergen County System Map, NJ Transit. Accessed September 14, 2016.
^ Commuter Routes Archived January 8, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Rockland Coaches. Accessed December 22, 2013.
^ Schedule Details: Washington Township, NJ to New York, NY, Rockland Coaches. Accessed December 22, 2013.
^ Washington Township Cinemas. Accessed November 13, 2016.
^ Home Page, Washington Community Television. Accessed August 20, 2013.
^ Home Page, Township of Washington Public Library. Accessed March 15, 2020.
^ Household Garbage, Township of Washington. Accessed October 21, 2015. "The Twp. of Washington does not collect your regular household garbage; however you have a choice between two collection companies."
^ Staff. "Beverly Bower, 76, Soprano Who Sang At the Met", The New York Times, April 13, 2002. Accessed December 22, 2013. "Beverly Bower, an operatic soprano who sang the lead at the first performance in the new Metropolitan Opera House at Lincoln Center, died on March 24 at her home in Washington Township, N.J."
^ Rohan, Virginia. "Mystery is in this Jersey writer's blood", The Record, April 10, 2011. Accessed December 22, 2013. "For her 14th Regan Reilly mystery novel, Carol Higgins Clark chose a backdrop she knew well.... Mobbed is the first Regan Reilly book that Clark, who grew up in Washington Township, has set in the Garden State."
^ Fremon, Suzanne S. "State Has 13 on Olympic Team", The New York Times, August 13, 1972. Accessed November 22, 2017. "Of all Olympic sports, New Jerseyans are most success ful in fencing. The fencing team of 20 members includes three from the state, Anne O'Donnell of Bayonne, Robert Dow of Westwood, Washington Township, and Jack Keane of East Brunswick."
^ "Obituary: Thomas E. Fitzpatrick", The Record, September 16, 2009. Accessed November 22, 2017. "Fitzpatrick Thomas E., 79, of the Township of Washington, NJ, on Monday September 14, 2009."
^ Hubbard, Daniel. "NY Giant Damon 'Snacks' Harrison Moves To $1.5M Bergen County Home; Harrison purchased a five-bedroom, six-bathroom house in Washington Township.", Westwood Patch, January 6, 2017. Accessed January 1, 2018. "New York Giant Damon 'Snacks' Harrison now calls Bergen County home. Harrison has purchased a 7,000-square-foot home in Washington Township for more than $1.5 million, said listing broker Dawn Braithwaite."
^ Horner, Shirley. "New Jersey Q & A: Mary Higgins Clark; From a Life in New Jersey, Best-Selling Mysteries", The New York Times, October 18, 1992. Accessed December 22, 2013. "Ms. Clark first moved to New Jersey – to Washington Township – in 1956."
^ Fard, Maggie Fazeli. "Washington Township native named newest four-star general", The Record, December 31, 2009. Accessed December 22, 2013. "Johns Jr., the eldest child of Doris and Raymond Johns Sr., grew up in Township of Washington with his younger brother, Kevin, and sister, Susan. He attended Westwood High School, where he met his future wife, Diana, and discovered what he wanted to do for the rest of his life."
^ Staff. "Pert Kelton, Versatile Character Actress, Dead; Made Broadway Debut in '25 in the Musical Sunny Played Gleason's TV Wife Also on Radio Show", The New York Times, October 31, 1968. Accessed July 31, 2018. "Washington Township, N. J., Oct. 30-Pert Kelton, the character actress, was stricken, apparently with a heart attack, while swimming this morning at the Young Men's-Young Women's Hebrew Association in Ridgewood. She was pronounced dead at Valley Hospital. She was 61 years old and lived here with her husband, Ralph Bell, at 112 President Road."
^ Clunn, Nick. "Ex-Assemblyman John Markert, 81, served three terms", The Record, June 5, 2011. Accessed December 22, 2013."John Markert, a three-term state assemblyman who began his political career by paving dirt roads in his hometown of Washington Township, died Thursday at his home in Florida."
^ Rose, Lisa. "Retired N.J. teacher, 98, loses bid to clear name in McCarthy-era spy case", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, December 4, 2014. Accessed July 31, 2018. "NPR.org profiled Miriam Moskowitz of Washington Township, who was convicted of conspiracy to obstruct justice in 1950 and served two years in prison."
^ Rohan, Virginia. "Sex, Lies and Photographs; Bergen County native's Dirt character reaps what he sows", The Record, January 1, 2007. Accessed August 20, 2013. "Nordling was born 3,000 miles (4,800 km) from the craziness, at Valley Hospital in Ridgewood, and grew up mostly in Washington Township (in the only house on the town's Times Square). When he was 15, the family moved to Saddle River, and Nordling transferred to Ramsey High School, where he became a soccer star."
^ Larson, Craig. "Packers choose Raji; UConn's Brown goes to Colts", The Boston Globe, April 26, 2009. Accessed December 22, 2013. "Nestled among a houseful of family and friends in Washington Township, N.J., his 6-foot-2-inch, 332-pound frame resting comfortably, B.J. Raji was sporting a grin from ear to ear."
^ Shaughnessy, Dan. "Sibling revelry at BC", The Boston Globe, February 3, 2011. Accessed December 22, 2013. "The Raji boys grew up in Washington Township, N.J., and starred at Westwood High School before earning scholarships to BC. Corey was New Jersey High School Player of the Year in 2006-07 and followed B.J. to Chestnut Hill, choosing BC over Miami and Virginia."
^ Benson, Josh. "Worth Noting; Bob Schroeder, He's Not Dead Yet", The New York Times, September 4, 2005. Accessed January 4, 2018. "'I'm just keeping my name in the public,' said Mr. Schroeder, who has served as council president in his hometown, Washington Township."
^ Katzban, Nicholas. "Vito Trause, who left school in Bergen County to fight in WWII, dies at 94", The Record, November 3, 2019. Accessed October 11, 2021. "Washington Township — A resident known for dropping out of Becton Regional High School to fight in World War II and surviving five months as a German prisoner died Thursday."
Sources
Municipal Incorporations of the State of New Jersey (according to Counties) prepared by the Division of Local Government, Department of the Treasury (New Jersey); December 1, 1958
Clayton, W. Woodford; and Nelson, William. History of Bergen and Passaic Counties, New Jersey, with Biographical Sketches of Many of its Pioneers and Prominent Men., Philadelphia: Everts and Peck, 1882.
Harvey, Cornelius Burnham (ed.), Genealogical History of Hudson and Bergen Counties, New Jersey. New York: New Jersey Genealogical Publishing Co., 1900.
Van Valen, James M. History of Bergen County, New Jersey. New York: New Jersey Publishing and Engraving Co., 1900.
Westervelt, Frances A. (Frances Augusta), 1858–1942, History of Bergen County, New Jersey, 1630–1923, Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1923.
External links
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington Township, New Jersey (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Township,_New_Jersey_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"Bergen County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2020-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LWD2020-10"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2010-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LWD2010-21"},{"link_name":"2000 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Township in Bergen County, New Jersey, United StatesSee also: Washington Township, New Jersey (disambiguation)Township in New JerseyWashington Township (officially the Township of Washington) is a township in Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 9,285,[9][10] an increase of 183 (+2.0%) of the 2010 census count of 9,102,[20][21] reflecting an increase of 164 (+1.8%) from the 8,938 counted in the 2000 census.[22]","title":"Washington Township, Bergen County, New Jersey"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NICHOLAS_ZABRISKE_HOUSE_WASHINGTON_TWP,_BERGEN_COUNTY.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lenape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenape"},{"link_name":"Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Pascack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascack_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Kinderkamack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinderkamack"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Settlement-23"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Hackensack River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackensack_River"},{"link_name":"Saddle River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle_River_(Passaic_River)"},{"link_name":"Harrington Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrington_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Story-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-25"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Washington Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Township,_New_Jersey_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Washington Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Washington Township, Warren County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Township,_Warren_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Pascack Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascack_Valley"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-25"},{"link_name":"Orvil Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orvil_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Hohokus Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohokus_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Story-24"},{"link_name":"Borough Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"Boroughitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughitis"},{"link_name":"Westwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Park Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Ridge,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Eastwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastwood,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Montvale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montvale,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Woodcliff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcliff_Lake,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Hillsdale Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsdale,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"River Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Vale,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Story-24"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-25"},{"link_name":"Seven Chimneys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Chimneys"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-25"},{"link_name":"Garden State Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_State_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Old Tappan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Tappan,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"River Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Vale,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Woodcliff Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcliff_Lake,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Seven Chimneys, built 1745–1750, is the oldest house in Washington Township and third oldest in Bergen County. Seven Chimneys was used as a stop for the Underground Railroad.The Lenape Native Americans first inhabited the township and many names throughout the general area were passed down from the Lenape. Pascack and Kinderkamack are just two of these names. However, after Dutch and other European settlers began arriving in the 16th and 17th centuries, the Lenape population was decimated. It is estimated that by 1750, 90% of the Lenape population in and around present-day New Jersey was killed by European settlement through war and European diseases.[23]Washington Township was created by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 13, 1840, from the territories between the Hackensack River and Saddle River that had been part of Harrington Township.[24] At the time of its creation, the township encompassed an area of 19,525 acres (79.01 km2), more than 30 square miles (78 km2).[25] The township was named for George Washington, one of more than ten communities statewide named for the first president.[26][27] It is one of five municipalities in the state of New Jersey with the name \"Washington Township\".[28] Another municipality, Washington Borough, is completely surrounded by Washington Township, Warren County.Growth in the area exploded after the Civil War with the completion of the New Jersey and New York Railway through the Pascack Valley, as communities were established near the railroad's stations.[25]Orvil Township was created on January 1, 1886, from the western portion of The Township of Washington and the southern portion of Hohokus Township.[24]The Borough Act resulted in a flurry of new boroughs created from portions of the township in 1894 as the \"Boroughitis\" phenomenon swept through the Township of Washington, with Westwood (May 8, 1894), Park Ridge (May 14, 1894), Eastwood (part; created June 6, 1894, borough lasted until 1896), Montvale (part; created August 31, 1894) and Woodcliff (part; created August 31, 1894, name changed to Woodcliff Lake in 1910) formed among the 26 boroughs created that year in the county.[29] Hillsdale Township (now a borough) was created on March 25, 1898. Etna Borough, which ultimately became Emerson, was formed on April 8, 1903. River Vale (part) was the last to leave when it was created on April 30, 1906.[24][30] The departures have taken the township from over 30 square miles (78 km2) to its current 3-square-mile (7.8 km2) size.[25]Seven Chimneys is a house with the described seven chimneys, located on Ridgewood Road atop a small hill. George Washington is said to have stayed at the house during the Revolutionary War. Seven Chimneys, the oldest house in the township, is an impressive example of eighteenth-century, regional, domestic architecture and is an important remnant of the community's early settlement period. The house is listed on the State Register and National Register of Historic Places. Notable visitors include Theodore Roosevelt. The house was used as a stop on the Underground Railroad during the Civil War. On November 3, 1968, the Bergen County Historical Society placed a historic-site marker on the property and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.[25]During the mid-1950s, the completion of the 173-mile (278 km) Garden State Parkway split the township in two. The Parkway created two access routes with Exit 166 on the southern border closest to Paramus and Exit 168 on Washington Avenue. The northernmost toll plaza was built off of East Glen. During the decade after the Parkway was completed, the township dramatically increased in population.Efforts to gain a ZIP Code for the township back to the mid-1970s, when efforts were made to have the unused 07676 code allocated to the Township of Washington. Previously, the township had been served by the Westwood post office as ZIP Code 07675, which also served Old Tappan, River Vale and Woodcliff Lake.[31] ZIP Code 07676 for Township of Washington was established effective July 2000.[32]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CensusArea-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-2"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Hackensack River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackensack_River"},{"link_name":"Musquapsink Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musquapsink_Brook"},{"link_name":"Pascack Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascack_Brook"},{"link_name":"Oradell Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oradell_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Woodcliff Lake Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcliff_Lake_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Lake Tappan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tappan"},{"link_name":"Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Hillsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsdale,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Ho-Ho-Kus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho-Ho-Kus,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Paramus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramus,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Ridgewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridgewood,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Saddle River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle_River,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Westwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 3.00 square miles (7.8 km2), including 2.95 square miles (7.6 km2) of land and 0.05 square miles (0.13 km2) of water (1.67%).[1][2]The township is located in the northern portion of Bergen County, which in turn is in the far northeastern corner of New Jersey, 15 miles (24 km) northwest of New York City. It is within the Hackensack River watershed, which comprises Musquapsink Brook, Schlegel Lake, Pascack Brook, Oradell Reservoir, Woodcliff Lake Reservoir, and Lake Tappan. The township borders the Bergen County municipalities of Emerson, Hillsdale, Ho-Ho-Kus, Paramus, Ridgewood, Saddle River and Westwood.[33][34][35]Located within the Pascack Valley of north-central Bergen County, elevations rise gradually in an east to west/south to north trajectory, and range anywhere from 50 feet (15 m) or less in the wooded swamplands behind Westwood Regional High School to approximately 360 feet (110 m) just west of Van Emburgh Avenue. Three hills are in the township: at the border of Westwood, west of Pascack Road, and another located west of Van Emburgh Avenue. Being higher in elevation, it is slightly cooler and less prone to flooding than the rest of the valley and other parts of northwestern Bergen County.The southern end of the township bordering Emerson and Paramus is wooded wetlands at the convergence of Musquapsink Brook and three cemeteries, and has consistently the densest overnight and morning fog in the area.[citation needed]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020 Census","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"Black or African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census#Race"},{"link_name":"Hispanic or Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2010-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2010-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2010-20"},{"link_name":"American Community Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Community_Survey"},{"link_name":"inflation-adjusted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_adjustment"},{"link_name":"median household income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_household_income"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Same-sex couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_partnership"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"2010 Census","text":"The 2010 United States census counted 9,102 people, 3,261 households, and 2,632 families in the township. The population density was 3,128.8 people per square mile (1,208.0 people/km2). There were 3,341 housing units at an average density of 1,148.5 units per square mile (443.4 units/km2). The racial makeup was 90.50% (8,237) White, 1.08% (98) Black or African American, 0.01% (1) Native American, 6.47% (589) Asian, 0.02% (2) Pacific Islander, 0.62% (56) from other races, and 1.31% (119) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.44% (495) of the population.[20]Of the 3,261 households, 33.1% had children under the age of 18; 71.0% were married couples living together; 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present and 19.3% were non-families. Of all households, 16.9% were made up of individuals and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.15.[20]22.9% of the population were under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 21.2% from 25 to 44, 30.1% from 45 to 64, and 19.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45.1 years. For every 100 females, the population had 91.7 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 90.7 males.[20]The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $117,394 (with a margin of error of +/− $14,960) and the median family income was $133,191 (+/− $10,285). Males had a median income of $91,038 (+/− $11,435) versus $56,599 (+/− $4,609) for females. The per capita income for the township was $48,415 (+/− $4,855). About 1.6% of families and 2.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.8% of those under age 18 and 0.6% of those age 65 or over.[49]Same-sex couples headed 27 households in 2010, an increase from the 10 counted in 2000.[50]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2000 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-17"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2000-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2000SF1-46"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2000-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2000SF1-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2000-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2000SF1-46"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2000-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2000SF1-46"}],"sub_title":"2000 Census","text":"As of the 2000 United States census[17] there were 8,938 people, 3,219 households, and 2,687 families residing in the township. The population density was 3,071.1 inhabitants per square mile (1,185.8/km2). There were 3,245 housing units at an average density of 1,115.0 units per square mile (430.5 units/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 92.07% White, 0.98% African American, 0.04% Native American, 5.57% Asian, 0.44% from other races, and 0.90% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.35% of the population.[45][46]There were 3,219 households, out of which 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.2% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.5% were non-families. 14.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.07.[45][46]In the township, the population was spread out, with 22.7% under the age of 18, 4.8% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 27.8% from 45 to 64, and 16.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.9 males.[45][46]The median income for a household in the township was $83,694, and the median income for a family was $88,017. Males had a median income of $67,090 versus $41,699 for females. The per capita income for the township was $39,248. About 1.5% of families and 2.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.5% of those under age 18 and 3.0% of those age 65 or over.[45][46]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Washington Town Center is a shopping mall located in the center of the township on Pascack Road. The privately held Washington Town Center is the township's single largest taxpayer. Through a quirk in the town's tax code, the not-for-profit Washington Township Recreation Club remains the township's second-largest taxpayer.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Big_Rock_and_Little_Rock.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pine_Lake_Swimming.jpg"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clark_field_2.JPG"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"Big Rock and Little Rock, two small boulders at a public parkPine Lake was a popular resort destination in the early to mid 1900s.The Township of Washington offers various sports activities—baseball, softball, football, cheerleading, and soccer—which are played at the numerous parks and fields throughout the town. Clark Field includes a little league baseball field with two large dugouts and electronic scoreboard, a basketball court, a playground, sandbox, and a concession stand. The playground has many slides, monkey bars, games, gliders, fire poles, regular swings, baby swings, and a tire swing. Memorial Field is in the major recreation site in the township and provides facilities for multiple uses: baseball, softball, soccer and youth football. Adjacent to the Washington Elementary School, it also includes a recreation building with concession stand and a covered picnic pavilion. Other fields include Sherry Field which is close to the border of Westwood and township and offers a baseball field with two playing areas. The other field is Gardener Field which is a baseball field and also a playground. Both of these fields include a concession stand.[51]As the township does not provide for any recreational pool service, the Washington Township Recreation Club (WTRC) fills this void. Membership at the Washington Township Recreation Club, more commonly known as the 'swim club' or 'pool', is not limited to township residents and is open to any individual or family who wishes to join. In addition to the Olympic sized outdoor pool, the WTRC also offers a game room and picnic area.[52] Additional recreational facilities include the Bergen County YJCC, offering fitness programs, indoor swimming and a variety of classes for all denominations.[53] The town also has a privately owned Racquet and Health Club.Clark FieldSchlegel Lake,[54] once referred to as Schlegel's Pond and commonly referred to as Washington Lake, is a 28-acre (110,000 m2) artificial body of water privately owned and managed by the Washington Lake Association (WLA) since 1947, whose members have exclusive rights to use of the pond and surrounding property. WLA members may enjoy fishing, boating, picnicking, nature observation and other outdoor activities.[55]","title":"Parks and recreation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Faulkner Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faulkner_Act"},{"link_name":"Mayor-Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faulkner_Act_(mayor%E2%80%93council)"},{"link_name":"Charter Study Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_Study_Commission"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"at-large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-large"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DataBook-7"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_Township,_Bergen_County,_New_Jersey&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MayorCouncil-3"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BergenCountyDirectory-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergen2021-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergen2019-62"}],"sub_title":"Local government","text":"The Township of Washington is governed within the Faulkner Act (formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law) under the Mayor-Council system of municipal government (Plan E), implemented based on the recommendations of a Charter Study Commission as of January 1, 1970.[56] The township is one of 71 municipalities (of the 564) statewide that use this form of government.[57] The governing body is comprised of a mayor and a five-member Township Council, all of whom are elected at-large on a partisan basis to four-year terms of office, as part of the November general election. Members of the Township Council are elected to serve four-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with three seats up for election together and the other two seats (along with the mayor) up for election two years later in odd-numbered years.[7][58]As of 2023[update], the Mayor of the Township of Washington is Republican Peter Calamari, whose term of office ends December 31, 2025. Members of the Township Council are Council President Desserie Morgan (R, 2023), Council Vice President Steven Cascio (R, 2023), Stacey Feeney (R, 2023), Tom Sears (R, 2025) and Daisy Velez (R, 2025).[3][59][60][61][62]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCR2012-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Districts2011-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LWV2019-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"118th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"New Jersey's 5th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey%27s_5th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Josh Gottheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Gottheimer"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Wyckoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyckoff,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Cory Booker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Booker"},{"link_name":"Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Bob Menendez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Menendez"},{"link_name":"Englewood Cliffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englewood_Cliffs,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"2024–2025 session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/221st_New_Jersey_Legislature"},{"link_name":"39th legislative district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey%27s_39th_legislative_district"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Legislature"},{"link_name":"State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Senate"},{"link_name":"Holly Schepisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Schepisi"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"River Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Vale,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Robert Auth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Auth"},{"link_name":"Old Tappan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Tappan,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"John V. Azzariti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_V._Azzariti"},{"link_name":"Saddle River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle_River,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Bergen County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"County Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_County_Executive"},{"link_name":"Board of County Commissioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_County_Commissioners_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"at-large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-large"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_Township,_Bergen_County,_New_Jersey&action=edit"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Paramus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramus,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Montvale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montvale,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Joan Voss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Voss"},{"link_name":"Fort Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lee,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Mahwah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahwah,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Bergenfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergenfield,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"North Arlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Arlington,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Franklin Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Lakes,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TemplateDirectory_Bergen_County-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Template2022-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Template2021-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Template2020-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Template2019-87"},{"link_name":"Northvale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northvale,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Englewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englewood,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Cresskill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cresskill,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TemplateDirectory_Bergen_County-83"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"sub_title":"Federal, state and county representation","text":"The Township of Washington is located in the 5th Congressional District[63] and is part of New Jersey's 39th state legislative district.[64][65][66]For the 118th United States Congress, New Jersey's 5th congressional district is represented by Josh Gottheimer (D, Wyckoff).[67][68] New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Democrats Cory Booker (Newark, term ends 2027)[69] and Bob Menendez (Englewood Cliffs, term ends 2025).[70][71]For the 2024–2025 session, the 39th legislative district of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Holly Schepisi (R, River Vale) and in the General Assembly by Robert Auth (R, Old Tappan) and John V. Azzariti (R, Saddle River).[72]Bergen County is governed by a directly elected County Executive, with legislative functions performed by a Board of County Commissioners comprised of seven members who are elected at-large to three-year terms in partisan elections on a staggered basis, with either two or three seats coming up for election each November; a Chairman and Vice Chairman are selected from among its seven members at a reorganization meeting held every January. As of 2024[update], the county executive is James J. Tedesco III (D, Paramus), whose four-year term of office ends December 31, 2026.[73]Bergen County's Commissioners are: \nThomas J. Sullivan Jr. (D, Montvale, 2025),[74]\nChair Germaine M. Ortiz (D, Emerson, 2025),[75] Joan Voss (D, Fort Lee, 2026),[76]\nVice Chair Mary J. Amoroso (D, Mahwah, 2025),[77]\nRafael Marte (D, Bergenfield, 2026),[78] \nSteven A. Tanelli (D, North Arlington, 2024)[79] and \nTracy Silna Zur (D, Franklin Lakes, 2024).[80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87]Bergen County's constitutional officials are: \nClerk John S. Hogan (D, Northvale, 2026),[88][89]\nSheriff Anthony Cureton (D, Englewood, 2024)[90][91] and Surrogate Michael R. Dressler (D, Cresskill, 2026).[92][93][83][94][needs update]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Unaffiliated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unaffiliated_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"Libertarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Greens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VoterRegistration-95"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VoterRegistration-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"2016 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey,_2016"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"2012 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey,_2012"},{"link_name":"Mitt Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"2008 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey,_2008"},{"link_name":"John McCain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Results2008-101"},{"link_name":"2004 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey,_2004"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"John Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerry"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"2013 gubernatorial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election,_2013"},{"link_name":"Chris Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Christie"},{"link_name":"Barbara Buono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Buono"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013Elections-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013VoterReg-104"},{"link_name":"2009 gubernatorial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election,_2009"},{"link_name":"Chris Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Christie"},{"link_name":"Jon Corzine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Corzine"},{"link_name":"Chris Daggett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Daggett"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"}],"sub_title":"Politics","text":"As of March 2011, there were a total of 6,381 registered voters in the Township of Washington, of which 1,364 (21.4% vs. 31.7% countywide) were registered as Democrats, 2,412 (37.8% vs. 21.1%) were registered as Republicans and 2,601 (40.8% vs. 47.1%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 4 voters registered as Libertarians or Greens.[95] Among the township's 2010 Census population, 70.1% (vs. 57.1% in Bergen County) were registered to vote, including 91.0% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 73.7% countywide).[95][96]In the 2016 presidential election, Republican Donald Trump received 3,036 votes (56.1% vs. 41.1% countywide), ahead of Democrat Hillary Clinton with 2,184 votes (40.3% vs. 54.2%) and other candidates with 196 votes (3.6% vs. 4.6%), among the 5,484 ballots cast by the township's 7,010 registered voters, for a turnout of 78.2% (vs. 72.5% in Bergen County).[97] In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 2,883 votes (58.3% vs. 43.5% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 2,000 votes (40.5% vs. 54.8%) and other candidates with 33 votes (0.7% vs. 0.9%), among the 4,941 ballots cast by the township's 6,619 registered voters, for a turnout of 74.6% (vs. 70.4% in Bergen County).[98][99] In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 3,146 votes (58.1% vs. 44.5% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 2,159 votes (39.8% vs. 53.9%) and other candidates with 42 votes (0.8% vs. 0.8%), among the 5,418 ballots cast by the township's 6,735 registered voters, for a turnout of 80.4% (vs. 76.8% in Bergen County).[100][101] In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 3,207 votes (59.6% vs. 47.2% countywide), ahead of Democrat John Kerry with 2,137 votes (39.7% vs. 51.7%) and other candidates with 27 votes (0.5% vs. 0.7%), among the 5,379 ballots cast by the township's 6,582 registered voters, for a turnout of 81.7% (vs. 76.9% in the whole county).[102]In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 69.3% of the vote (2,079 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 29.6% (889 votes), and other candidates with 1.0% (31 votes), among the 3,067 ballots cast by the township's 6,527 registered voters (68 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 47.0%.[103][104] In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 2,329 votes (56.7% vs. 45.8% countywide), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 1,475 votes (35.9% vs. 48.0%), Independent Chris Daggett with 200 votes (4.9% vs. 4.7%) and other candidates with 20 votes (0.5% vs. 0.5%), among the 4,110 ballots cast by the township's 6,623 registered voters, yielding a 62.1% turnout (vs. 50.0% in the county).[105]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Westwood_HS_Aerial.jpg"},{"link_name":"kindergarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten"},{"link_name":"twelfth grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_grade"},{"link_name":"Westwood Regional School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_Regional_School_District"},{"link_name":"Westwood Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"FTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-time_equivalent"},{"link_name":"student–teacher ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%E2%80%93teacher_ratio"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCES-109"},{"link_name":"National Center for Education Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Education_Statistics"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Westwood Regional High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_Regional_High_School"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Bergen County Technical Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_County_Technical_Schools"},{"link_name":"Bergen County Academies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_County_Academies"},{"link_name":"Hackensack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackensack,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Bergen Tech campus in Teterboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_County_Technical_High_School,_Teterboro_Campus"},{"link_name":"Bergen Tech campus in Paramus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_County_Technical_High_School,_Paramus_Campus"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Immaculate Heart Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_Academy"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Newark"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"}],"text":"Aerial view of Westwood Regional High School.Public school students in kindergarten through twelfth grade attend the Westwood Regional School District, a comprehensive regional school district serving students from both the Township of Washington and Westwood Borough.[106][107] The district is the county's only regional district serving grades K–12.[108] As of the 2020–21 school year, the district, comprised of six schools, had an enrollment of 2,796 students and 256.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.9:1.[109] Schools in the district (with 2020–21 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics[110]) are \nBerkeley Avenue Elementary School[111] with 289 students in grades K–5, \nBrookside Elementary School[112] with 398 students in grades K–5, \nJessie F. George Elementary School[113] with 274 students in grades K–5, \nWashington Elementary School[114] with 316 students in grades K–5, \nWestwood Regional Middle School[115] with 640 students in grades 6–8 and \nWestwood Regional High School[116] with 843 students in grades 9–12.[117][118]Public school students from the township, and all of Bergen County, are eligible to attend the secondary education programs offered by the Bergen County Technical Schools, which include the Bergen County Academies in Hackensack, and the Bergen Tech campus in Teterboro or Bergen Tech campus in Paramus. The district offers programs on a shared-time or full-time basis, with admission based on a selective application process and tuition covered by the student's home school district.[119][120]Immaculate Heart Academy is a parochial, college preparatory, all-girls Catholic high school located on Van Emburgh Avenue, operating under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark.[121] The school was founded in 1960 as the first all-girls school operated by the Newark Archdiocese.[122]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"}],"text":"The Washington Township Volunteer Fire Department was founded in 1934. The station is located at 656 Washington Avenue and is home to Rescue 40, Tower Ladder 41, Engine 43, and Engine 44.[123]The Washington Township Volunteer Ambulance Corps was founded in 1957. The station is located at 354 Hudson Avenue and is home to Ambulance 4–6.[124]The Washington Township Police Department was founded in 1934. The station is located at 350 Hudson Avenue in the municipal complex.[125]","title":"Emergency services"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2021-06-06_14_46_52_View_north_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_444_(Garden_State_Parkway)_from_the_overpass_for_Bergen_County_Route_110_(Linwood_Avenue)_in_Washington_Township,_Bergen_County,_New_Jersey.jpg"},{"link_name":"Garden State Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_State_Parkway"}],"text":"View north along the Garden State Parkway in Washington Township","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_Township,_Bergen_County,_New_Jersey&action=edit"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Turnpike Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Turnpike_Authority"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"New York metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Garden State Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_State_Parkway"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"County Route 502","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_502_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Route 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_17"}],"sub_title":"Roads and highways","text":"As of May 2010[update], the township had a total of 43.48 miles (69.97 km) of roadways, of which 34.76 miles (55.94 km) were maintained by the municipality, 6.90 miles (11.10 km) by Bergen County and 1.82 miles (2.93 km) by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority.[126]Located within the New York metropolitan area's arterial network, the township is easily accessible by car.[127] The Garden State Parkway serves the Township with exits 166 (south) and 168 (north). The Parkway's final tool booth, the Pascack toll, is located in the township.[128] County Route 502 also travels through the township.[129] Route 17 is accessible nearby.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NJ Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NJ_Transit"},{"link_name":"165","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/165_(New_Jersey_bus)"},{"link_name":"Westwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Port Authority Bus Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Authority_Bus_Terminal"},{"link_name":"Midtown Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"752","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/752_(New_Jersey_bus)"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Westwood train station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_station_(NJ_Transit)"},{"link_name":"Rockland Coaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockland_Coaches"},{"link_name":"Port Authority Bus Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Authority_Bus_Terminal"},{"link_name":"Midtown Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"}],"sub_title":"Public transportation","text":"NJ Transit bus route 165 serves nearby Westwood with access to and from the Township of Washington to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan and local service on the 752 route.[130][131] Westwood train station can also be easily accessed from the township.Rockland Coaches provides express service from Pascack Road and Washington Avenue via Garden State Parkway Exit 168, with weekday rush-hour service provided to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan, heading to New York in the morning and returning to the township weekday evenings on routes 46, 47 and 49.[132][133]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"}],"text":"The Township of Washington has a movie theater in the Washington Township Shopping Center, with three viewing screens. It closed in 2016 as Bowtie Cinemas, but reopened shortly thereafter as an independent cinema.[134]","title":"Entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Public, educational, and government access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public,_educational,_and_government_access"},{"link_name":"cable TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_TV"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sevench.jpg"}],"text":"The Township of Washington has its own TV station, Washington Community Television (WCTV), run entirely by volunteers. The non-profit, community access group is funded by cable franchise fees and provides a 24/7 electronic bulletin board telecast over several cable systems in surrounding towns. WCTV provides live programming and coverage of high school sports, local events and activities on the Public, educational, and government access (PEG) cable TV channels as well as the Internet. Its volunteers have been honored for their efforts.[135] Town Meetings are broadcast live and are archived on the WCTVNJ YouTube pages.The Township of Washington Public Library offers a collection of 48,325 volumes with a circulation of over 80,000 items per year. It is a member of the Bergen County Cooperative Library System. In addition to traditional materials, the library offers an online collection and specialty items not typically found in a library setting, including technology, housewares and hobby equipment. Laura Rifkin is the current Library Director.[136]As the township does not provide residential trash pickup service, residents must pay for trash pickup services through a choice of two private garbage companies.[137]Seven Chimneys National Historic Site","title":"Community"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:People from Washington Township, Bergen County, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Washington_Township,_Bergen_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Beverly Bower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Bower"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"Carol Higgins Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Higgins_Clark"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Robert Dow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dow_(fencer)"},{"link_name":"fencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing"},{"link_name":"saber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabre_(fencing)"},{"link_name":"1972 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Thomas Fitzpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fitzpatrick_(pilot)"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Damon Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damon_Harrison"},{"link_name":"defensive tackle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_tackle"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Mary Higgins Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Higgins_Clark"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Raymond E. Johns Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_E._Johns_Jr."},{"link_name":"Air Mobility Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Mobility_Command"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Pert Kelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pert_Kelton"},{"link_name":"Alice Kramden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Honeymooners#Alice_Kramden"},{"link_name":"The Honeymooners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Honeymooners"},{"link_name":"Jackie Gleason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Gleason"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"John Markert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Markert_(politician)"},{"link_name":"New Jersey General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"39th Legislative District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey%27s_39th_legislative_district"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"Miriam Moskowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Moskowitz"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Nordling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Nordling"},{"link_name":"Dirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirt_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"B. J. Raji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._J._Raji"},{"link_name":"nose tackle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_tackle#Nose_tackle"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Corey Raji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Raji"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"Bob Schroeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Schroeder"},{"link_name":"New Jersey General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"Vito Trause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vito_Trause"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"prisoner of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"}],"text":"See also: Category:People from Washington Township, Bergen County, New JerseyPeople who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with the Township of Washington include:Beverly Bower (1925–2002), operatic soprano[138]\nCarol Higgins Clark (1956–2023), mystery writer[139]\nRobert Dow (born 1945), fencer who competed in the team saber event at the 1972 Summer Olympics[140]\nThomas Fitzpatrick (1940–2009), pilot known for two intoxicated flights where he flew from New Jersey and landed on the streets of New York City[141]\nDamon Harrison (born 1988), defensive tackle for the New York Giants[142]\nMary Higgins Clark (1927–2020), best-selling author of suspense novels[143]\nRaymond E. Johns Jr. (born 1955), General, Commander Air Mobility Command, United States Air Force[144]\nPert Kelton (1907–1968), vaudeville, movie, radio and television actress, who originated the role of Alice Kramden in The Honeymooners with Jackie Gleason[145]\nJohn Markert (1929–2011), politician who served as Mayor of the Township of Washington before being elected to the New Jersey General Assembly, where he served three terms representing the 39th Legislative District[146]\nMiriam Moskowitz (1916–2018), schoolteacher who served two years in prison after being convicted for conspiracy as an atomic spy for the Soviet Union[147]\nJeffrey Nordling (born 1962), actor who has appeared in the series Dirt[148]\nB. J. Raji (born 1986), former NFL nose tackle who played for the Green Bay Packers[149]\nCorey Raji (born 1988), professional basketball player[150]\nBob Schroeder (born 1960), member of the New Jersey General Assembly and former councilmember in the Township of Washington, who was sentenced in 2017 to eight years in state prison for deception, misconduct and passing bad checks[151]\nVito Trause (1925–2019), World War II United States Army veteran and prisoner of war[152]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Bergen and Passaic Counties, New Jersey, with Biographical Sketches of Many of its Pioneers and Prominent Men.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofbergen00clay"},{"link_name":"Genealogical History of Hudson and Bergen Counties, New Jersey.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/genealogicalhist00harv"},{"link_name":"History of Bergen County, New Jersey.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historybergenco00valegoog"},{"link_name":"History of Bergen County, New Jersey, 1630–1923","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=As8wAQAAMAAJ"}],"text":"Municipal Incorporations of the State of New Jersey (according to Counties) prepared by the Division of Local Government, Department of the Treasury (New Jersey); December 1, 1958\nClayton, W. Woodford; and Nelson, William. History of Bergen and Passaic Counties, New Jersey, with Biographical Sketches of Many of its Pioneers and Prominent Men., Philadelphia: Everts and Peck, 1882.\nHarvey, Cornelius Burnham (ed.), Genealogical History of Hudson and Bergen Counties, New Jersey. New York: New Jersey Genealogical Publishing Co., 1900.\nVan Valen, James M. History of Bergen County, New Jersey. New York: New Jersey Publishing and Engraving Co., 1900.\nWestervelt, Frances A. (Frances Augusta), 1858–1942, History of Bergen County, New Jersey, 1630–1923, Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1923.","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Seven Chimneys, built 1745–1750, is the oldest house in Washington Township and third oldest in Bergen County. Seven Chimneys was used as a stop for the Underground Railroad.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/NICHOLAS_ZABRISKE_HOUSE_WASHINGTON_TWP%2C_BERGEN_COUNTY.jpg/220px-NICHOLAS_ZABRISKE_HOUSE_WASHINGTON_TWP%2C_BERGEN_COUNTY.jpg"},{"image_text":"Big Rock and Little Rock, two small boulders at a public park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Big_Rock_and_Little_Rock.jpg/220px-Big_Rock_and_Little_Rock.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pine Lake was a popular resort destination in the early to mid 1900s.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pine_Lake_Swimming.jpg/220px-Pine_Lake_Swimming.jpg"},{"image_text":"Clark Field","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Clark_field_2.JPG/220px-Clark_field_2.JPG"},{"image_text":"Aerial view of Westwood Regional High School.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Westwood_HS_Aerial.jpg/220px-Westwood_HS_Aerial.jpg"},{"image_text":"View north along the Garden State Parkway in Washington Township","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/2021-06-06_14_46_52_View_north_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_444_%28Garden_State_Parkway%29_from_the_overpass_for_Bergen_County_Route_110_%28Linwood_Avenue%29_in_Washington_Township%2C_Bergen_County%2C_New_Jersey.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seven Chimneys National Historic Site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sevench.jpg/220px-Sevench.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of New Jersey highlighting Bergen County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Map_of_New_Jersey_highlighting_Bergen_County.svg/80px-Map_of_New_Jersey_highlighting_Bergen_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Washington township, Bergen County, New Jersey\". United States Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2010.P2?q=P2:+HISPANIC+OR+LATINO,+AND+NOT+HISPANIC+OR+LATINO+BY+RACE+Washington+township,+Bergen+County,+New+Jersey","url_text":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Washington township, Bergen County, New Jersey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Washington township, Bergen County, New Jersey\". United States Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020.P2?q=P2:+HISPANIC+OR+LATINO,+AND+NOT+HISPANIC+OR+LATINO+BY+RACE+Washington+township,+Bergen+County,+New+Jersey","url_text":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Washington township, Bergen County, New Jersey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Governor - Bergen County\" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. January 29, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2013-results/2013-general-election-results-governor-bergen.pdf","url_text":"\"Governor - Bergen County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast - November 5, 2013 - General Election Results - Bergen County\" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. January 29, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2013-results/2013-general-election-ballotscast-bergen.pdf","url_text":"\"Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast - November 5, 2013 - General Election Results - Bergen County\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Washington_Township,_Bergen_County,_New_Jersey¶ms=40.988306_N_74.064693_W_region:US-NJ_type:city","external_links_name":"40°59′18″N 74°03′53″W / 40.988306°N 74.064693°W / 40.988306; -74.064693"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Washington_Township,_Bergen_County,_New_Jersey¶ms=40.988306_N_74.064693_W_region:US-NJ_type:city","external_links_name":"40°59′18″N 74°03′53″W / 40.988306°N 74.064693°W / 40.988306; -74.064693"},{"Link":"https://www.twpofwashington.us/","external_links_name":"www.twpofwashington.us"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_Township,_Bergen_County,_New_Jersey&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_Township,_Bergen_County,_New_Jersey&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_Township,_Bergen_County,_New_Jersey&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_cousubs_34.txt","external_links_name":"2019 Census Gazetteer Files: New Jersey Places"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990"},{"Link":"https://www.twpofwashington.us/page/180006394/180016357/Mayor-and-Council","external_links_name":"Mayor & Council"},{"Link":"https://www.state.nj.us/dca/home/2023mayors.pdf","external_links_name":"2023 New Jersey Mayors Directory"},{"Link":"https://www.twpofwashington.us/site/cpage.asp?cpage_id=180080670&sec_id=180006394","external_links_name":"Township Administrator"},{"Link":"https://www.twpofwashington.us/site/cpage.asp?cpage_id=180016372&sec_id=180006394","external_links_name":"Administrator / Town Clerk"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/882311","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Township of Washington"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/washingtontownshipbergencountynewjersey","external_links_name":"QuickFacts Washington township, Bergen County, New Jersey"},{"Link":"https://www.nj.gov/labor/labormarketinformation/assets/PDFs/census/2020/2020%20pl94%20Tables/2020_Mun/MCD%200_All.pdf","external_links_name":"Total Population: Census 2010 - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo_Inn,_South_Australia | Kangaroo Inn, South Australia | [] | Suburb of District Council of Robe, South AustraliaKangaroo InnSouth AustraliaKangaroo InnCoordinates37°20′38″S 140°13′55″E / 37.343849°S 140.231833°E / -37.343849; 140.231833Population0 (SAL 2021)Established18 December 1997Postcode(s)5280Time zoneACST (UTC+9:30) • Summer (DST)ACST (UTC+10:30)Location 306 km (190 mi) SE of Adelaide 46 km (29 mi) SE of Robe 30 km (19 mi) NW of Millicent LGA(s) District Council of Robe Wattle Range CouncilRegionLimestone CoastCountyRobeGreyState electorate(s)MacKillopFederal division(s)Barker
Mean max temp
Mean min temp
Annual rainfall
19.6 °C 67 °F
9.5 °C 49 °F
603.6 mm 23.8 in
Suburbs around Kangaroo Inn:
Clay Wells
Clay Wells
Furner
Clay Wells
Kangaroo Inn
Furner
Clay Wells Thornlea
ThornleaFurner
Furner
FootnotesLocationsAdjoining localities
Kangaroo Inn is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located in the state's south-east within the Limestone Coast region about 306 kilometres (190 mi) south-east of the state capital of Adelaide, and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) south-east and about 46 kilometres (29 mi) north-west respectively of the municipal seats of Robe and Millicent.
Boundaries for the locality were created for “the long established name” on 18 December 1997.
Kangaroo Inn has a triangular shape due to being bounded by the Princes Highway to the south-west, the Clay Wells Road (also known as Beachport-Penola Road) to the north-east and Drain M of the Upper South East Drainage Network on its south-east side.
The land use within the locality is zoned as ‘primary production’. The Kangaroo Inn Area School, a state government school which opened in 1963, is located in the locality’s south-east corner overlooking Clay Wells Road.
Kangaroo Inn is located within the federal division of Barker, the state electoral district of MacKillop and the local government areas of the District Council of Robe and the Wattle Range Council.
References
Notes
Citations
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Search results for 'Kangaroo Inn, LOCB' with the following datasets being selected – 'NPW and Conservation Properties', 'Suburbs and Localities', 'Counties', 'Local Government Areas', 'SA Government Regions', 'Gazetteer' and 'Roads'". Location SA Map Viewer. Government of South Australia. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Kangaroo Inn (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
^ a b "GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES ACT 1991, Notice to Assign Boundaries and Names to Places" (PDF), The South Australian Government Gazette: 1655, 18 December 1997, retrieved 17 May 2018
^ a b c "Postcode for Clay Wells, South Australia". Postcodes Australia. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
^ a b "District of MacKillop (map)". Electoral Commission SA. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
^ a b "Federal electoral division of Barker" (PDF). Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ a b c "Monthly climate statistics: Summary statistics ROBE AIRFIELD (nearest weather station)". Commonwealth of Australia , Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
^ "Implementation Plan for the Upper South East Drainage Network Management Strategy" (PDF). South Australian Government, Department of Water. June 2011. p. 85. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
^ a b "History - School". Kangaroo Inn Area School. South Australian Government. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
^ "Search results for 'Clay Wells, LOCB' with the following datasets being selected –'Suburbs and Localities', 'Gazetteer' and 'Land Development Plan Zone Categories'". Location SA Map Viewer. Government of South Australia. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
vteTowns and localities of the District Council of Robe
Boatswain Point
Bray (part)
Clay Wells (part)
Greenways
Kangaroo Inn (part)
Mount Benson
Nora Creina (part)
Reedy Creek (part)
Robe
vteTowns and localities of the Wattle Range Council
Beachport
Bool Lagoon
Bray (part)
Burrungule
Canunda
Clay Wells (part)
Comaum
Coonawarra
Furner
German Flat
Glencoe
Glenroy
Hatherleigh
Kalangadoo
Kangaroo Inn (part)
Koorine
Krongart
Maaoupe
Magarey
Millicent
Moerlong
Mount Burr
Mount McIntyre
Monbulla
Nora Creina (part)
Nangwarry
Penola
Rendelsham
Rocky Camp
Sebastopol
Short
Southend
Tantanoola (part)
Thornlea
Wattle Range
Wattle Range East
Wepar
Former localities
Trihi | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Limestone Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_Coast"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_city_centre"},{"link_name":"Robe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robe,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Millicent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millicent,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LMV-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postcode-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LMV-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAGG-1997-3"},{"link_name":"Princes Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes_Highway"},{"link_name":"Upper South East Drainage Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upper_South_East_Drainage_Network&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LMV-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drain-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-school-9"},{"link_name":"Kangaroo Inn Area School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangaroo_Inn_Area_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LMV-landuse-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-school-9"},{"link_name":"division of Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Barker"},{"link_name":"electoral district of MacKillop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_MacKillop"},{"link_name":"District Council of Robe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Council_of_Robe"},{"link_name":"Wattle Range Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattle_Range_Council"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AEC-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECSA-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LMV-1"}],"text":"Suburb of District Council of Robe, South AustraliaKangaroo Inn is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located in the state's south-east within the Limestone Coast region about 306 kilometres (190 mi) south-east of the state capital of Adelaide, and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) south-east and about 46 kilometres (29 mi) north-west respectively of the municipal seats of Robe and Millicent.[1][4]Boundaries for the locality were created for “the long established name” on 18 December 1997.[1][3]Kangaroo Inn has a triangular shape due to being bounded by the Princes Highway to the south-west, the Clay Wells Road (also known as Beachport-Penola Road) to the north-east and Drain M of the Upper South East Drainage Network on its south-east side.[1][8][9]The land use within the locality is zoned as ‘primary production’. The Kangaroo Inn Area School, a state government school which opened in 1963, is located in the locality’s south-east corner overlooking Clay Wells Road.[10][9]Kangaroo Inn is located within the federal division of Barker, the state electoral district of MacKillop and the local government areas of the District Council of Robe and the Wattle Range Council.[6][5][1]","title":"Kangaroo Inn, South Australia"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Search results for 'Kangaroo Inn, LOCB' with the following datasets being selected – 'NPW and Conservation Properties', 'Suburbs and Localities', 'Counties', 'Local Government Areas', 'SA Government Regions', 'Gazetteer' and 'Roads'\". Location SA Map Viewer. Government of South Australia. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaokakyo,_Kyoto | Nagaokakyō, Kyoto | ["1 Geography","1.1 Neighboring municipalities","1.2 Climate","2 Demographics","3 History","4 Government","5 Economy","6 Education","7 Transportation","7.1 Railways","7.2 Highways","8 Sister city relations","9 Local attractions","9.1 Culture","10 Notable people from Nagaokakyō","11 See also","12 References","13 External links"] | Coordinates: 34°55′37″N 135°41′45″E / 34.92694°N 135.69583°E / 34.92694; 135.69583This article is about city in Kyoto Prefecture. For the historical capital of Japan, see Nagaoka-kyō.
City in Kansai, JapanNagaokakyō
長岡京市CityNagaokakyō City Hall
FlagSealLocation of Nagaokakyō in Kyoto PrefectureNagaokakyōLocation in JapanCoordinates: 34°55′37″N 135°41′45″E / 34.92694°N 135.69583°E / 34.92694; 135.69583CountryJapanRegionKansaiPrefectureKyotoGovernment • MayorKengo Nakakoji (since January 2015)Area • Total19.17 km2 (7.40 sq mi)Population (September 1, 2023) • Total82,279 • Density4,300/km2 (11,000/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+09:00 (JST)City hall address1-1-1 Kaida, Nagaokakyō-shi, Kyoto-fu 617-8501WebsiteOfficial websiteSymbolsBirdJapanese white-eyeFlowerEricaceaeTreeMaple
Nagaoka Tenman-gū
Komyo-ji temple
Nagaokakyō (長岡京市, Nagaokakyō-shi) is a city located in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 September 2023, the city has an estimated population of 82,279 in 37718 households and a population density of 4700 persons per km². The total area of the city is 19.17 square kilometres (7.40 sq mi).
Geography
Nagaokakyō is located in southwestern Kyoto Prefecture. The Obata River and Koizumi River flow through the city. The topography is low from the northwest to the southwest. The area is noted for its bamboo forests.
Neighboring municipalities
Kyoto Prefecture
Kyoto
Mukō
Otokuni District (Ōyamazaki)
Osaka Prefecture
Mishima District (Shimamoto)
Climate
Nagaokakyō has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Nagaokakyō is 14.5 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1677 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.5 °C, and lowest in January, at around 3.1 °C.
Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Nagaokakyō has increased slightly in recent decades.
Historical populationYearPop.±% 1940 8,090— 1950 10,614+31.2% 1960 15,050+41.8% 1970 51,414+241.6% 1980 71,445+39.0% 1990 77,191+8.0% 2000 77,846+0.8% 2010 79,850+2.6% 2020 80,608+0.9%
History
The area of Nagaokakyō was part of ancient Yamashiro Province. The legendary Kofun period Emperor Keitai's Prince Otokuni, constructed a palace in this location in 518 AD. In 784 AD, Emperor Kammu transferred the capital of Japan from Heijō-kyō to the Nagaoka-kyō Palace; however, the palace was not actually located in modern Nagaokakyō, but in the adjacent city of Mukō .
The villages of Otokuni, Kaiin-ji and Shinkotari in Otokuni District, Kyoto were established on April 1, 1889 with the creation of the modern municipalities system. These villages merged on April 1, 1949 to form the town of Nagaoka, which was elevated to city status on October 1, 1972, taking the name of Nagaoka-kyō.
Government
Nagaokakyō has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 22 members. Nagaokakyō, collectively with Ōyamazaki contributes two members to the Kyoto Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of the Kyoto 3rd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.
Economy
Nagaokakyō has a mixed economy based on commerce and light manufacturing. Murata Manufacturing and Mitsubishi Logisnext are based in Nagaokakyō. The city is also a commuter town for the neighboring cities of Kyoto and Osaka.
Education
Nagaokakyō has ten public elementary schools and four public junior high schools operated by city government and two public high schools operated by the Kyoto Prefectural Board of Education. There is also one private junior high school and one private high school. The prefecture also operates one special education school for the handicapped. The Kyoto Seizan College is a private junior college located in Nagaokakyō.
Transportation
Railways
JR West - Tōkaidō Main Line (JR Kyoto Line)
Nagaokakyō
Hankyu - Kyoto Main Line
Nishiyama Tennozan - Nagaoka-Tenjin
Highways
Kyoto Jūkan Expressway
National Route 171
National Route 478
Sister city relations
Arlington, MA, United States, sister city since 1984
Ningbo], Zhejiang, friendship city since 1983
Local attractions
Shōryūji Castle
Igenoyama Kofun, National Historic Site
Culture
The most popular event in Nagaokakyo is the Garasha Festival, usually held in November, in honor Hosokawa Gracia. The Garasha Festival is held at both the Nagaokakyo Cultural Center and Shoryuji Castle, while the parade runs throughout the city. Many of the parade participants wear various period's traditional clothing, including the chosen 'Garasha' of the year.
Notable people from Nagaokakyō
Kenjiro Yamashita, member of J-pop boygroups Exile and Sandaime J Soul Brothers and a former member of Gekidan Exile.
Shohei Yamamoto, former soccer player
Hiroshi Otsuki, former football player and manager
Aya Shimokozuru, former soccer player (Japan women's national football team)
Takashi Usami, soccer player (Gamba Osaka, J1 League)
Miho Takahashi, swimmer
Masaaki Sakata, former rugby union player
Ayumi Kaihori, former soccer player (Japan women's national football team)
See also
Capital of Japan
2005 Nagaokakyō city assembly election
References
^ "Nagaokakyō City official statistics" (in Japanese). Japan.
^ Nagaokakyō climate: Average Temperature, weather by month
^ Nagaokakyō population statistics
^ "京都・長岡京市 ガラシャの魂息づく". 日本経済新聞 (in Japanese). January 22, 2011.
External links
Media related to Nagaokakyō, Kyoto at Wikimedia Commons
Nagaokakyō City official website
Past Exhibitions – National Museum of Japanese History
vte Kyoto PrefectureKyoto (capital)KyotoWards
Fushimi
Higashiyama
Kamigyō
Kita
Minami
Nakagyō
Nishikyō
Sakyō
Shimogyō
Ukyō
Yamashina
Cities
Ayabe
Fukuchiyama
Jōyō
Kameoka
Kizugawa
Kyōtanabe
Kyōtango
Maizuru
Miyazu
Mukō
Nagaokakyō
Nantan
Uji
Yawata
Districts
Funai District
Kyōtamba
Kuse District
Kumiyama
Otokuni District
Ōyamazaki
Sōraku District
Kasagi
Minamiyamashiro
Seika
Wazuka
Tsuzuki District
Ide
Ujitawara
Yosa District
Ine
Yosano
List of mergers in Kyoto Prefecture
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
Japan
Czech Republic
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
This Kyoto Prefecture location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nagaoka-kyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaoka-ky%C5%8D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:131130_Nagaoka-tenmangu_Nagaokakyo_Kyoto_pref_Japan10s3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:131130_Komyoji_Nagaokakyo_Kyoto_pref_Japan01s3.jpg"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Kyoto Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagaokaky%C5%8D,_Kyoto&action=edit"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nagaokaky%C5%8D-hp-1"}],"text":"This article is about city in Kyoto Prefecture. For the historical capital of Japan, see Nagaoka-kyō.City in Kansai, JapanNagaoka Tenman-gūKomyo-ji templeNagaokakyō (長岡京市, Nagaokakyō-shi) is a city located in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 September 2023[update], the city has an estimated population of 82,279 in 37718 households and a population density of 4700 persons per km².[1] The total area of the city is 19.17 square kilometres (7.40 sq mi).","title":"Nagaokakyō, Kyoto"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Nagaokakyō is located in southwestern Kyoto Prefecture. The Obata River and Koizumi River flow through the city. The topography is low from the northwest to the southwest. The area is noted for its bamboo forests.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Kyoto Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Mukō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muk%C5%8D,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Otokuni District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otokuni_District,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Ōyamazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cyamazaki,_Kyoto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Osaka Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Mishima District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishima_District,_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Shimamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimamoto,_Osaka"}],"sub_title":"Neighboring municipalities","text":"Kyoto PrefectureKyoto\n Mukō\n Otokuni District (Ōyamazaki)Osaka PrefectureMishima District (Shimamoto)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Nagaokakyō has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. 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The legendary Kofun period Emperor Keitai's Prince Otokuni, constructed a palace in this location in 518 AD. In 784 AD, Emperor Kammu transferred the capital of Japan from Heijō-kyō to the Nagaoka-kyō Palace; however, the palace was not actually located in modern Nagaokakyō, but in the adjacent city of Mukō .The villages of Otokuni, Kaiin-ji and Shinkotari in Otokuni District, Kyoto were established on April 1, 1889 with the creation of the modern municipalities system. These villages merged on April 1, 1949 to form the town of Nagaoka, which was elevated to city status on October 1, 1972, taking the name of Nagaoka-kyō.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mayor-council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor-council"},{"link_name":"unicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameral"},{"link_name":"Kyoto 3rd district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_3rd_district"},{"link_name":"lower house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Diet of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Japan"}],"text":"Nagaokakyō has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 22 members. Nagaokakyō, collectively with Ōyamazaki contributes two members to the Kyoto Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of the Kyoto 3rd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Murata Manufacturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murata_Manufacturing"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Logisnext","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Logisnext"},{"link_name":"commuter town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_town"}],"text":"Nagaokakyō has a mixed economy based on commerce and light manufacturing. Murata Manufacturing and Mitsubishi Logisnext are based in Nagaokakyō. The city is also a commuter town for the neighboring cities of Kyoto and Osaka.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kyoto Seizan College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Seizan_College"}],"text":"Nagaokakyō has ten public elementary schools and four public junior high schools operated by city government and two public high schools operated by the Kyoto Prefectural Board of Education. There is also one private junior high school and one private high school. The prefecture also operates one special education school for the handicapped. The Kyoto Seizan College is a private junior college located in Nagaokakyō.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JR_logo_(west).svg"},{"link_name":"JR West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Japan_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"Tōkaidō Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"JR Kyoto Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR_Kyoto_Line"},{"link_name":"Nagaokakyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaokaky%C5%8D_Station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hankyu_Railway_Logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Hankyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankyu"},{"link_name":"Kyoto Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankyu_Kyoto_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"Nishiyama Tennozan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishiyama_Tennozan_Station"},{"link_name":"Nagaoka-Tenjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaoka-Tenjin_Station"}],"sub_title":"Railways","text":"JR West - Tōkaidō Main Line (JR Kyoto Line)NagaokakyōHankyu - Kyoto Main LineNishiyama Tennozan - Nagaoka-Tenjin","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kyoto Jūkan Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_J%C5%ABkan_Expressway"},{"link_name":"National Route 171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_171"},{"link_name":"National Route 478","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_478"}],"sub_title":"Highways","text":"Kyoto Jūkan Expressway\n National Route 171\n National Route 478","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Arlington, MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_MA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Ningbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningbo"},{"link_name":"Zhejiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang"}],"text":"Arlington, MA, United States, sister city since 1984\n Ningbo], Zhejiang, friendship city since 1983","title":"Sister city relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shōryūji Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dry%C5%ABji_Castle"},{"link_name":"Igenoyama Kofun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Igenoyama_Kofun&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Shōryūji Castle\nIgenoyama Kofun, National Historic Site","title":"Local attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hosokawa Gracia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosokawa_Gracia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Culture","text":"The most popular event in Nagaokakyo is the Garasha Festival, usually held in November, in honor Hosokawa Gracia. The Garasha Festival is held at both the Nagaokakyo Cultural Center and Shoryuji Castle, while the parade runs throughout the city. Many of the parade participants wear various period's traditional clothing, including the chosen 'Garasha' of the year.[4]","title":"Local attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenjiro Yamashita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenjiro_Yamashita"},{"link_name":"J-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-pop"},{"link_name":"Exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exile_(Japanese_band)"},{"link_name":"Sandaime J Soul Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandaime_J_Soul_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Gekidan Exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%87%E5%9B%A3EXILE"},{"link_name":"Shohei Yamamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shohei_Yamamoto"},{"link_name":"former soccer player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Hiroshi Otsuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Otsuki"},{"link_name":"football player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_manager"},{"link_name":"Aya Shimokozuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aya_Shimokozuru"},{"link_name":"former soccer player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Japan women's national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Takashi Usami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi_Usami"},{"link_name":"soccer player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Gamba Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamba_Osaka"},{"link_name":"J1 League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J1_League"},{"link_name":"Miho Takahashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miho_Takahashi"},{"link_name":"swimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimmer"},{"link_name":"Masaaki Sakata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaaki_Sakata"},{"link_name":"rugby union player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_player"},{"link_name":"Ayumi Kaihori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayumi_Kaihori"},{"link_name":"former soccer player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Japan women's national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_women%27s_national_football_team"}],"text":"Kenjiro Yamashita, member of J-pop boygroups Exile and Sandaime J Soul Brothers and a former member of Gekidan Exile.\nShohei Yamamoto, former soccer player\nHiroshi Otsuki, former football player and manager\nAya Shimokozuru, former soccer player (Japan women's national football team)\nTakashi Usami, soccer player (Gamba Osaka, J1 League)\nMiho Takahashi, swimmer\nMasaaki Sakata, former rugby union player\nAyumi Kaihori, former soccer player (Japan women's national football team)","title":"Notable people from Nagaokakyō"}] | [{"image_text":"Nagaoka Tenman-gū","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/131130_Nagaoka-tenmangu_Nagaokakyo_Kyoto_pref_Japan10s3.jpg/270px-131130_Nagaoka-tenmangu_Nagaokakyo_Kyoto_pref_Japan10s3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Komyo-ji temple","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/131130_Komyoji_Nagaokakyo_Kyoto_pref_Japan01s3.jpg/270px-131130_Komyoji_Nagaokakyo_Kyoto_pref_Japan01s3.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Capital of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_of_Japan"},{"title":"2005 Nagaokakyō city assembly election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Nagaokaky%C5%8D_city_assembly_election"}] | [{"reference":"\"Nagaokakyō City official statistics\" (in Japanese). Japan.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.city.nagaokakyo.lg.jp/","url_text":"\"Nagaokakyō City official statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"京都・長岡京市 ガラシャの魂息づく\". 日本経済新聞 (in Japanese). January 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://style.nikkei.com/article/DGXDZO21870130Y1A110C1EL1P01","url_text":"\"京都・長岡京市 ガラシャの魂息づく\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nagaokaky%C5%8D,_Kyoto¶ms=34_55_37_N_135_41_45_E_region:JP_type:city(82279)","external_links_name":"34°55′37″N 135°41′45″E / 34.92694°N 135.69583°E / 34.92694; 135.69583"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nagaokaky%C5%8D,_Kyoto¶ms=34_55_37_N_135_41_45_E_region:JP_type:city(82279)","external_links_name":"34°55′37″N 135°41′45″E / 34.92694°N 135.69583°E / 34.92694; 135.69583"},{"Link":"http://www.city.nagaokakyo.lg.jp/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagaokaky%C5%8D,_Kyoto&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.city.nagaokakyo.lg.jp/","external_links_name":"\"Nagaokakyō City official statistics\""},{"Link":"https://en.climate-data.org/asia/japan/kyoto-prefecture/nagaokakyo-4768/","external_links_name":"Nagaokakyō climate: Average Temperature, weather by month"},{"Link":"https://www.citypopulation.de/php/japan-kyoto.php","external_links_name":"Nagaokakyō population statistics"},{"Link":"https://style.nikkei.com/article/DGXDZO21870130Y1A110C1EL1P01","external_links_name":"\"京都・長岡京市 ガラシャの魂息づく\""},{"Link":"http://translate.j-server.city.nagaokakyo.lg.jp/LUCNGOKKC/ns/tl_ex.cgi?surl=http://honyaku.j-server.com/LUCNGOKKC/ns/warning_mess.cgi%3furl=http://www.city.nagaokakyo.lg.jp/%26target=_top&slang=ja&tlang=en&xmode=0","external_links_name":"Nagaokakyō City official website"},{"Link":"http://www.rekihaku.ac.jp/english/exhibitions/project/old/071010/index.html","external_links_name":"Past Exhibitions"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/153612083","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552879505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81023593","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00301472","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge588846&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/f57e3ffc-21ac-4d40-a474-18b2d47a4368","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagaokaky%C5%8D,_Kyoto&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_cent_briques,_t%27as_plus_rien... | Pour cent briques, t'as plus rien... | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | 1982 film by Édouard Molinaro
Pour cent briques, t'as plus rienDirected byÉdouard MolinaroWritten byDidier KiminkaÉdouard Molinaro(adaptation & dialogue)Screenplay byDidier KaminkaBased onDidier Kaminka(D'après la pièce de théâtre de)Produced byDany CohenYvon GuézelStarringDaniel AuteuilGérard JugnotAnémoneCinematographyMichael EppEdited byMarie-Josée AudiardMusic byMurray HeadProductioncompaniesTF1 Films ProductionsUranium FilmsDistributed byUGC DistributionRelease date
12 May 1982 (1982-05-12)
Running time83 minutesCountryFranceLanguageFrench
Pour cent briques, t'as plus rien... (English title: For 200 Grand, You Get Nothing Now) is a 1982 French comedy film directed by Édouard Molinaro and starring Daniel Auteuil, Gérard Jugnot and Anémone.
Plot
After getting screwed over by life (again), two losers decide that enough is enough. Using stolen ski masks and stolen toy guns, they take hostages in their local bank, holding them for ransom. Things go well until the hostages learn what's going on, and demand a piece of the action for themselves.
Cast
Daniel Auteuil as Sam
Gérard Jugnot as Paul
Anémone as Nicole
Jean-Pierre Castaldi as Henri
François Perrot as Le directeur
Paul Barge as Jean-Louis
Annick Blancheteau as Odette
Élisa Servier as Caroline
Eric Legrand as Hubert
Darry Cowl as Le concierge flic
Georges Géret as Bouvard
Bruno Garcin as L'adjoint de Bouvard
Fernand Berset as Le patron de Sam
Stéphanie Fugain as Patricia
Isabelle Mergault as Ginette
Pascal Ternisien as Etienne, l'apprenti
Roland Monod as Le ministre
Jena-Claude de Goros as Himself
Michel Chalmeau as Himself
Pierre Aknine as Himself
Jean-Marie Arnoux as Himself
Henri Attal as Himself
Catherine Belkhodja as Himself
Jack Benard as Himself
Jean Cherlian as Himself
Alain Chevallier as Himself
Catherine Gautier as Himself
Daniel Koenigsberg as Himself (as Daniel Kenigsberg)
Dominique Lablanche as Himself
Robert Lestourneaud as Himself
Antoine Mikola as Himself (as Antoine Michola)
Joseph Momo as Himself
Jean-Louis Tristan as Himself
Michel Tugot-Doris as Himself
See also
List of French films of 1982
References
^ Pour cent briques, t'as plus rien... at TCMDB
External links
Pour cent briques, t'as plus rien... at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Édouard Molinaro
Back to the Wall (1958)
The Road to Shame (1959)
Witness in the City (1959)
A Mistress for the Summer (1960)
The Passion of Slow Fire (1961)
A Touch of Treason (1962)
The Seven Deadly Sins (segment) (1962)
Arsene Lupin vs. Arsene Lupin (1962)
Agent 38-24-36 (1964)
Male Hunt (1964)
When the Peasants Pass (1965)
To Commit a Murder (1967)
Oscar (1967)
Hibernatus (1969)
My Uncle Benjamin (1969)
La liberté en croupe (1970)
The Most Gentle Confessions (1971)
Sweet Deception (1972)
The Hostage Gang (1973)
A Pain in the Ass (1973)
The Irony of Chance (1974)
The Pink Telephone (1975)
Dracula and Son (1976)
The Hurried Man (1977)
La Cage aux Folles (1978)
Cause toujours... tu m'intéresses! (1979)
Sunday Lovers (segment) (1980)
La Cage aux Folles II (1980)
For 200 Grand, You Get Nothing Now (1982)
Just the Way You Are (1984)
Palace (1985)
Love on the Quiet (1985)
Door on the Left as You Leave the Elevator (1988)
The Supper (1992)
Beaumarchais (1996)
This article related to a French film of the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This film article about a 1980s comedy film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Édouard Molinaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Molinaro"},{"link_name":"Daniel Auteuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Auteuil"},{"link_name":"Gérard Jugnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Jugnot"},{"link_name":"Anémone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A9mone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Pour cent briques, t'as plus rien... (English title: For 200 Grand, You Get Nothing Now) is a 1982 French comedy film directed by Édouard Molinaro and starring Daniel Auteuil, Gérard Jugnot and Anémone.[1]","title":"Pour cent briques, t'as plus rien..."},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"After getting screwed over by life (again), two losers decide that enough is enough. Using stolen ski masks and stolen toy guns, they take hostages in their local bank, holding them for ransom. Things go well until the hostages learn what's going on, and demand a piece of the action for themselves.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel Auteuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Auteuil"},{"link_name":"Gérard Jugnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Jugnot"},{"link_name":"Anémone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A9mone"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Castaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Castaldi"},{"link_name":"François Perrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Perrot"},{"link_name":"Élisa Servier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lisa_Servier"},{"link_name":"Darry Cowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darry_Cowl"},{"link_name":"Georges Géret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_G%C3%A9ret"},{"link_name":"Isabelle Mergault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabelle_Mergault"},{"link_name":"Henri Attal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Attal"},{"link_name":"Catherine Belkhodja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Belkhodja"}],"text":"Daniel Auteuil as Sam\nGérard Jugnot as Paul\nAnémone as Nicole\nJean-Pierre Castaldi as Henri\nFrançois Perrot as Le directeur\nPaul Barge as Jean-Louis\nAnnick Blancheteau as Odette\nÉlisa Servier as Caroline\nEric Legrand as Hubert\nDarry Cowl as Le concierge flic\nGeorges Géret as Bouvard\nBruno Garcin as L'adjoint de Bouvard\nFernand Berset as Le patron de Sam\nStéphanie Fugain as Patricia\nIsabelle Mergault as Ginette\nPascal Ternisien as Etienne, l'apprenti\nRoland Monod as Le ministre\nJena-Claude de Goros as Himself\nMichel Chalmeau as Himself\nPierre Aknine as Himself\nJean-Marie Arnoux as Himself\nHenri Attal as Himself\nCatherine Belkhodja as Himself\nJack Benard as Himself\nJean Cherlian as Himself\nAlain Chevallier as Himself\nCatherine Gautier as Himself\nDaniel Koenigsberg as Himself (as Daniel Kenigsberg)\nDominique Lablanche as Himself\nRobert Lestourneaud as Himself\nAntoine Mikola as Himself (as Antoine Michola)\nJoseph Momo as Himself\nJean-Louis Tristan as Himself\nMichel Tugot-Doris as Himself","title":"Cast"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of French films of 1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_films_of_1982"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/480927/pour-100-briques-tas-plus-rien-maintenant/","external_links_name":"Pour cent briques, t'as plus rien..."},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0084526/","external_links_name":"Pour cent briques, t'as plus rien..."},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pour_cent_briques,_t%27as_plus_rien...&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pour_cent_briques,_t%27as_plus_rien...&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicksburg,_Minnesota | Vicksburg, Minnesota | ["1 History","2 Recreation","3 Notes"] | Ghost town in Renville County, Minnesota, US
Vicksburg is an abandoned townsite in section 30 of Flora Township in Renville County, Minnesota, United States. The nearest community is the small city of Delhi, south across the Minnesota River in Redwood County.
History
Vicksburg was platted in 1867, and named in remembrance of the surrender of Vicksburg, Mississippi, during the American Civil War. Vicksburg had a post office from 1871 until 1901. During its peak, Vicksburg included a general store, creamery, sawmill, church, school, blacksmith shop, sorghum press, doctor's office and saloon. The town was abandoned by 1905 when the site was bypassed by the railroads. All that remains today is a cemetery, located north of the townsite, at 44°39′50″N 95°13′37″W / 44.66389°N 95.22694°W / 44.66389; -95.22694.
Recreation
Renville County operates a park named Vicksburg County Park (formerly County Park 2) near the old townsite, down the hill from the Vicksburg Cemetery. The park offers primitive campsites, restrooms, picnic areas, hiking trails, interpretive features and boating access to the Minnesota River.
Notes
^ Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 459.
^ "Renville County". Jim Forte Postal History. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
^ Vicksberg – Ghost Town
vteMunicipalities and communities of Renville County, Minnesota, United StatesCounty seat: OliviaCities
Bird Island
Buffalo Lake
Danube
Fairfax
Franklin
Granite Falls‡
Hector
Morton
Olivia
Redwood Falls‡
Renville
Sacred Heart
Map of Minnesota highlighting Renville CountyTownships
Bandon
Beaver Falls
Birch Cooley
Bird Island
Boon Lake
Brookfield
Cairo
Camp
Crooks
Emmet
Ericson
Flora
Hawk Creek
Hector
Henryville
Kingman
Martinsburg
Melville
Norfolk
Osceola
Palmyra
Preston Lake
Sacred Heart
Troy
Wang
Wellington
Winfield
Unincorporated communities
Beaver Falls
Bechyn
Churchill
Lakeside
Ghost town
Vicksburg
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Minnesota portal
United States portal
This article about a location in Renville County, Minnesota is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flora Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Township,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Renville County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renville_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minnesota River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_River"},{"link_name":"Redwood County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwood_County,_Minnesota"}],"text":"Vicksburg is an abandoned townsite in section 30 of Flora Township in Renville County, Minnesota, United States. The nearest community is the small city of Delhi, south across the Minnesota River in Redwood County.","title":"Vicksburg, Minnesota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"platted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat"},{"link_name":"Vicksburg, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"44°39′50″N 95°13′37″W / 44.66389°N 95.22694°W / 44.66389; -95.22694","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vicksburg,_Minnesota¶ms=44_39_50_N_95_13_37_W_"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Vicksburg was platted in 1867, and named in remembrance of the surrender of Vicksburg, Mississippi, during the American Civil War.[1] Vicksburg had a post office from 1871 until 1901.[2] During its peak, Vicksburg included a general store, creamery, sawmill, church, school, blacksmith shop, sorghum press, doctor's office and saloon. The town was abandoned by 1905 when the site was bypassed by the railroads. All that remains today is a cemetery, located north of the townsite, at 44°39′50″N 95°13′37″W / 44.66389°N 95.22694°W / 44.66389; -95.22694.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Renville County operates a park named Vicksburg County Park (formerly County Park 2) near the old townsite, down the hill from the Vicksburg Cemetery. The park offers primitive campsites, restrooms, picnic areas, hiking trails, interpretive features and boating access to the Minnesota River.","title":"Recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog"},{"link_name":"459","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog/page/n478"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Renville County\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=MN&county=Renville"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Vicksberg – Ghost 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Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk_Creek_Township,_Renville_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Hector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Township,_Renville_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Henryville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryville_Township,_Renville_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Kingman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingman_Township,_Renville_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Martinsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinsburg_Township,_Renville_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville_Township,_Renville_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Township,_Renville_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Osceola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osceola_Township,_Renville_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Palmyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra_Township,_Renville_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Preston Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Lake_Township,_Renville_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Sacred Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Township,_Renville_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Troy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Township,_Renville_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Township,_Renville_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Township,_Renville_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Winfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Township,_Renville_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Unincorporated communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_communities"},{"link_name":"Beaver 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it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vicksburg,_Minnesota&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:RenvilleCountyMN-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:RenvilleCountyMN-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:RenvilleCountyMN-geo-stub"}],"text":"^ Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 459.\n\n^ \"Renville County\". Jim Forte Postal History. Retrieved 5 August 2015.\n\n^ Vicksberg – Ghost TownvteMunicipalities and communities of Renville County, Minnesota, United StatesCounty seat: OliviaCities\nBird Island\nBuffalo Lake\nDanube\nFairfax\nFranklin\nGranite Falls‡\nHector\nMorton\nOlivia\nRedwood Falls‡\nRenville\nSacred Heart\nMap of Minnesota highlighting Renville CountyTownships\nBandon\nBeaver Falls\nBirch Cooley\nBird Island\nBoon Lake\nBrookfield\nCairo\nCamp\nCrooks\nEmmet\nEricson\nFlora\nHawk Creek\nHector\nHenryville\nKingman\nMartinsburg\nMelville\nNorfolk\nOsceola\nPalmyra\nPreston Lake\nSacred Heart\nTroy\nWang\nWellington\nWinfield\nUnincorporated communities\nBeaver Falls\nBechyn\nChurchill\nLakeside\nGhost town\nVicksburg\nFootnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties\nMinnesota portal\nUnited States portalThis article about a location in Renville County, Minnesota is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of Minnesota highlighting Renville County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Renville_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Renville_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 459.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog","url_text":"Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog/page/n478","url_text":"459"}]},{"reference":"\"Renville County\". Jim Forte Postal History. Retrieved 5 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=MN&county=Renville","url_text":"\"Renville County\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vicksburg,_Minnesota¶ms=44_39_50_N_95_13_37_W_","external_links_name":"44°39′50″N 95°13′37″W / 44.66389°N 95.22694°W / 44.66389; -95.22694"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog","external_links_name":"Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog/page/n478","external_links_name":"459"},{"Link":"http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=MN&county=Renville","external_links_name":"\"Renville County\""},{"Link":"http://www.ghosttowns.com/states/mn/vicksberg.html","external_links_name":"Vicksberg – Ghost Town"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vicksburg,_Minnesota&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kranenburg,_North_Rhine-Westphalia | Kranenburg, North Rhine-Westphalia | ["1 Towns and villages in the municipality","2 History","2.1 Middle Ages","2.2 Early Renaissance","2.3 19th and 20th century","2.4 Kranenburg during World War II","2.5 Modern-day Kranenburg","2.6 Gallery","3 Notable people","3.1 Born in Kranenburg","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°47′23″N 6°0′26″E / 51.78972°N 6.00722°E / 51.78972; 6.00722
Municipality in North Rhine-Westphalia, GermanyKranenburg Municipality
Coat of armsLocation of Kranenburg within Kleve district
Kranenburg Show map of GermanyKranenburg Show map of North Rhine-WestphaliaCoordinates: 51°47′23″N 6°0′26″E / 51.78972°N 6.00722°E / 51.78972; 6.00722CountryGermanyStateNorth Rhine-WestphaliaAdmin. regionDüsseldorf DistrictKleve Subdivisions9Government • Mayor (2020–25) Ferdi Böhmer (CDU)Area • Total76.96 km2 (29.71 sq mi)Elevation21 m (69 ft)Population (2021-12-31) • Total11,087 • Density140/km2 (370/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes47559Dialling codes0 28 26 und 0 28 21Vehicle registrationKLEWebsitewww.kranenburg.de
Kranenburg is a town and municipality in the district of Cleves in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located near the border with the Netherlands, 12 kilometres (7 mi) south-east of Nijmegen and 11 kilometres (7 mi) west of Cleves.
Since 1992, Kranenburg has evolved into a commuter town for Nijmegen.
The village has always focused on the Dutch city of Nijmegen, and the local language was Dutch until far into the 19th century.
Towns and villages in the municipality
Kranenburg
Nütterden
Schottheide
Mehr, including Zelem Castle
Frasselt
Zyfflich
Wyler
Niel
Grafwegen
History
Middle Ages
First records show that Kranenburg was founded in the 13th century by the Baron of Kleve. The first castle was built in 1270 and the first church a few years later by Dietrichs Luf von Kleve († 1277). In 1294, the village raised to the status of town. In 1308 "The Miraculous Trinity" ("Wundertätige Dreifaltigkeit") was found, establishing Kranenburg as a place of pilgrimage. According to legend, a one-legged priest went into the forest after church and a divine revelation came upon him. Overcome by the power of the Holy Spirit, the priest fell asleep under a tree. The next day, he woke up to find that God had given him two additional legs. At the tree where he had slept, the Miraculous Trinity now stands, functioning as a memorial to the now three-legged priest.
In 1370, the county Land Kranenburg came into the possession of the von Kleve family line again, after it had been leased to Gerhard I knight, Lord of Horne and Weert, Lord of Perweys, Lord of Herlaer, and later his son, the bishop Dietrich. During this time the town got its first fortifications.
At the end of the 15th century, a new castle, substantial stone fortifications with 2 gates and an unknown number of towers were erected. The southernmost of these towers acted as the town windmill (Stadtwindmühle). The town bloomed most prosperously during the first half of the 15th century, which resulted in the construction of the large, Gothic St. Peter und Paul church. In 1436, the St. Martins Priory was moved to Kranenburg from Zyfflich, followed in 1445/46 by the Augustinian women's nunnery Katharinenhof Kranenburg, which was established in the Kranenburger Mühlenstraße as an axillary branch of the Klever Nunnery of Mount Sion (Schwesternhauses vom Berg Sion). After a fierce religious feud over the new prince bishop within the Münster Cathedral Chapter since 1450, the Kranenburger Treaty was signed in Kranenburg in 1457, assigning John II of Pfalz-Simmern as the new prince bishop.
Early Renaissance
Multiple town fires and floods diminished the prosperity that Kranenburg had known during the Middle Ages. With the end of the hereditary lineage of the Duchy of Jülich-Kleve-Bergischen in 1609, county Kranenburg and the Duchy of Cleves became the property of lords of Brandenburg-Prussia.
In 1675, Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg (16 February 1620 – 29 April 1688) gave Kranenburg to his personal physician, Arnold Fey. After his death in 1678, Kranenburg returned into the possession of the family of Brandenburg-Prussia.
Around 1650, the "reformed congregation" of Kranenburg was founded, and got a small church in 1723.
The historic town hall was destroyed completely by fire in 1789. In 1800, the then derelict town gates were demolished.
19th and 20th century
During the Napoleonic Wars and subsequent French occupation, Kranenburg was a separate canton within the Roer département and temporary the most northern location of the Napoleonic Empire. At the same time, it however lost its town privileges.
In 1802, the Order of St. Martin and the St. Catherine convent became secular. After the Vienna Convention, the counties of Kranenburg, Nütterden und Frasselt-Schottheide grounded the community (Bürgermeisterei) of Kranenburg. Later, in 1936, Grafwegen, that previously belonged to Kessel, was added to the administrative community of Kranenburg.
Kranenburg remained a mainly agricultural community until far into the 20th century.
Kranenburg during World War II
8 February - 11 March 1945: Operations Veritable and Blockbuster (yellow) and Grenade (green)
During the winter of 1944 -1945, the town of Kranenburg found itself in the middle of heavy fighting. In the nearby Klever Reichswald and the surroundings of the nowadays village of Kranenburg, Operation Veritable, also known as the Battle of the Reichswald took place. Taking place from 8 February till 11 March 1945, Operation Veritable was a part of General Dwight Eisenhower's "broad front" strategy to occupy the west bank of the Rhine, before attempting any crossing, conquest of the Ruhrgebiet industrial area, and eventual push towards Berlin. Veritable was originally called Valediction and had been planned originally for execution in early January, 1945.
One day after the start of Operation Veritable on the 8th, the Germans blew the gates out of the largest Roer dam, sending water surging down the valley. The next day they added to the flooding by doing the same to dams further up stream on the Roer and the Urft. The river rose at two feet an hour and the valley downstream to the Meuse stayed flooded for about two weeks.
Modern-day Kranenburg
After the Second World War, the counties of Wyler and Zyfflich were added to the administrative community Kranenburg. After the 1st North Rhine Westphalia Communal Reformation Program (1. kommunalen Neugliederungsprogramm) of 1 July 1969, the country of Kranenburg existed out of the communities of:
Kranenburg
Nütterden
Frasselt
Schottheide
Grafwegen
Mehr
Niel
Wyler
Zyfflich
At present day, the community of Kranenburg is a border town within a Europe "without borders". With the introduction the European Union and subsequent EU internal market without boundaries, many Dutch moved from the Netherlands to Kranenburg in Germany, attracted by economic motives, e.g. low real estate prices/ taxes. This resulted in a massive influx increase of more than 200% between 1992 and 2008, growing the total population of the small community dramatically. Although, German authorities suggest diplomatically to "steer" this influx by "handing out permits selectively", migration away from the area by its original German citizens, and "enclave formation" of "Dutch-only" clusters is already observed. This, according to international publications of the Centre for Border Research (NCBR) of the nearby located University of Nijmegen, is mainly caused by the refusal of the Dutch migrants to integrate/ participate in German society. Based on their observations, the investigators conclude that 100% of the life of these Dutch migrants lies across the border in the Netherlands, although their residence lies in Germany, solely out of financial motives. Hence, for example Dutch parents selectively send their children to Dutch schools, Dutch physicians and hospitals are visited, Dutch sporting and social organisations are joined, Dutch media are read, watched, and listened to. Many do not speak the German language, and don't make any effort to acquire German language skills. Illustratively, the Dutch are reported "to drive back to the Netherlands to buy a jar of peanut butter".
In their conclusions, the authors observe that this refusal of the Dutch to integrate, participate, and contribute to their new German community contrasts strongly with the current Dutch public opinion, political climate, or indeed legislation. The Dutch political climate, and the apparent support of Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte, was recently discussed and condemned by the European Union. Dutch legislation, the Integration law for immigrants to the Netherlands Act obliges migrants entering the Netherlands to integrate into Dutch society. To measure this, migrants are subjected to courses and a final exam, determining the migrants' ability to speak the Dutch language and general knowledge of Dutch society. Failure to pass the exam (e.g. inability to speak Dutch) results in expulsion. Participation in this exam is only required of non-EU nationals. Although public sentiments and opinions vary considerably, as for the whole EEC territory, the German conditions of residence for non EU nationals are very similar to those in the Netherlands.
Gallery
Kranenburg, catholic church: Pfarrkirche Kranenburg
Kranenburg, tower: the Mühlenturm
Nütterden, catholic church: Pfarrkirche
Frasselt, catholic church: Pfarrkirche Frasselt
Niel, church: Sankt Bonifatiuskirche
Wyler, catholic church: Pfarrkirche Wyler
Zyfflich, church: Sankt Martinskirche
Notable people
Born in Kranenburg
Alexander von Spaen (1619-1692), Prussian field marshal
References
^ Wahlergebnisse in NRW Kommunalwahlen 2020, Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, accessed 21 June 2021.
^ "Bevölkerung der Gemeinden Nordrhein-Westfalens am 31. Dezember 2021" (in German). Landesbetrieb Information und Technik NRW. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
^ List of Christian religious houses in North Rhine-Westphalia List of Christian religious houses in_North Rhine-Westphalia
^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Muenster". newadvent.org.
^ de:Geschichte der Stadt Münster#Die Stiftsfehde 1450 bis 1457 Geschichte der Stadt Münster, Die Stiftsfehde 1450 bis 1457 (German)
^ M. Bünermann, Die Gemeinden des ersten Neugliederungsprogramms in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Köln, 1970, Deutscher Gemeindeverlag
^ Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe (LWL) - Wohnen jenseits der Grenze – Wohnmigration von Niederländern in die deutsche Grenzregion der EUREGIO - Simone Thiesing Archived 9 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine
^ Houtum, H. van; Gielis, R. (2006). "Elastic migration: the case of Dutch short-distance transmigrants to the borderlands of Belgium and Germany. In: TESG, Vol. 97, No. 2, pp. 191-198" (PDF).
^ a b Houtum, H. van en Gielis, R. (2006), Elastische migratie. Nederlandse migranten in de Duitse en Belgische grensgebieden, Geografie, jaargang 15, nummer 8, p. 24-2
^ a b SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg, Germany (22 September 2011). "Studentin in Ausländer-raus-Show: Mit Applaus zur Abschiebung". SPIEGEL ONLINE.
^ "Dutch PM refuses Europe call to disavow far-right website". eubusiness.com.
^ Dutch PM's 'dreadful silence' over anti-immigrant website, Joseph Daul, chairman European People's Party group, European Parliament, 20 March 2012 Archived 23 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Immigratie, integratie en inburgering". rijksoverheid.nl. 13 November 2017.
^ Dutch Governmental Program: "Het begint met taal" (It's Starts With Language) Archived 1 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Login". timesonline.co.uk.
^ SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg, Germany (24 January 2006). "Holland's New Greeting for Immigrants: 'If it Ain't Dutch, It Ain't Much'". SPIEGEL ONLINE.
^ "Bundesregierung | die Anspruchseinbürgerung". Archived from the original on 1 May 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
External links
Media related to Kranenburg at Wikimedia Commons
vteTowns and municipalities in Kleve (district)
Bedburg-Hau
Emmerich
Geldern
Goch
Issum
Kalkar
Kerken
Kevelaer
Kleve
Kranenburg
Rees
Rheurdt
Straelen
Uedem
Wachtendonk
Weeze
Coat of Arms of Kleve district
Authority control databases National
Germany
Geographic
MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"district of Cleves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleves_(district)"},{"link_name":"North Rhine-Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Nijmegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijmegen"},{"link_name":"Cleves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleves"},{"link_name":"commuter town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_town"},{"link_name":"Nijmegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijmegen"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nijmegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijmegen"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Municipality in North Rhine-Westphalia, GermanyKranenburg is a town and municipality in the district of Cleves in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located near the border with the Netherlands, 12 kilometres (7 mi) south-east of Nijmegen and 11 kilometres (7 mi) west of Cleves.Since 1992, Kranenburg has evolved into a commuter town for Nijmegen.[citation needed]The village has always focused on the Dutch city of Nijmegen, and the local language was Dutch until far into the 19th century.[citation needed]","title":"Kranenburg, North Rhine-Westphalia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nütterden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCtterden"},{"link_name":"Schottheide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schottheide&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mehr_(Kranenburg)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zelem Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelem_Castle"},{"link_name":"Frasselt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frasselt"},{"link_name":"Zyfflich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zyfflich"},{"link_name":"Wyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyler,_North_Rhine-Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Niel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niel_(Kranenburg)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grafwegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grafwegen&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Kranenburg\nNütterden\nSchottheide\nMehr, including Zelem Castle\nFrasselt\nZyfflich\nWyler\nNiel\nGrafwegen","title":"Towns and villages in the municipality"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kleve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleve"},{"link_name":"Dietrichs Luf von Kleve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_Luf_I._(Kleve)"},{"link_name":"\"Wundertätige Dreifaltigkeit\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kranenburger_Kreuzwallfahrt"},{"link_name":"pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage"},{"link_name":"Land Kranenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Kranenburg"},{"link_name":"Gerhard I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_von_Horne"},{"link_name":"Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haus_Horn"},{"link_name":"Horne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"Weert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weert"},{"link_name":"Herlaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Michielsgestel"},{"link_name":"Dietrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_von_Horne"},{"link_name":"St. Peter und Paul church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfarrkirche_St._Peter_und_Paul_(Kranenburg)"},{"link_name":"St. Martins Priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharinenhof_Kranenburg"},{"link_name":"Katharinenhof Kranenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharinenhof_Kranenburg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Klever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleve"},{"link_name":"Berg Sion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Zion_Abbey"},{"link_name":"John II of Pfalz-Simmern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Pfalz-Simmern"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Middle Ages","text":"First records show that Kranenburg was founded in the 13th century by the Baron of Kleve. The first castle was built in 1270 and the first church a few years later by Dietrichs Luf von Kleve († 1277). In 1294, the village raised to the status of town. In 1308 \"The Miraculous Trinity\" (\"Wundertätige Dreifaltigkeit\") was found, establishing Kranenburg as a place of pilgrimage. According to legend, a one-legged priest went into the forest after church and a divine revelation came upon him. Overcome by the power of the Holy Spirit, the priest fell asleep under a tree. The next day, he woke up to find that God had given him two additional legs. At the tree where he had slept, the Miraculous Trinity now stands, functioning as a memorial to the now three-legged priest.In 1370, the county Land Kranenburg came into the possession of the von Kleve family line again, after it had been leased to Gerhard I knight, Lord of Horne and Weert, Lord of Perweys, Lord of Herlaer, and later his son, the bishop Dietrich. During this time the town got its first fortifications.\nAt the end of the 15th century, a new castle, substantial stone fortifications with 2 gates and an unknown number of towers were erected. The southernmost of these towers acted as the town windmill (Stadtwindmühle). The town bloomed most prosperously during the first half of the 15th century, which resulted in the construction of the large, Gothic St. Peter und Paul church. In 1436, the St. Martins Priory was moved to Kranenburg from Zyfflich, followed in 1445/46 by the Augustinian women's nunnery Katharinenhof Kranenburg,[3] which was established in the Kranenburger Mühlenstraße as an axillary branch of the Klever Nunnery of Mount Sion (Schwesternhauses vom Berg Sion). After a fierce religious feud over the new prince bishop within the Münster Cathedral Chapter since 1450, the Kranenburger Treaty was signed in Kranenburg in 1457, assigning John II of Pfalz-Simmern as the new prince bishop.[4][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duchy of Jülich-Kleve-Bergischen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereinigte_Herzogt%C3%BCmer_J%C3%BClich-Kleve-Berg"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg-Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia"},{"link_name":"Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William,_Elector_of_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Arnold Fey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Fey"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg-Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia"}],"sub_title":"Early Renaissance","text":"Multiple town fires and floods diminished the prosperity that Kranenburg had known during the Middle Ages. With the end of the hereditary lineage of the Duchy of Jülich-Kleve-Bergischen in 1609, county Kranenburg and the Duchy of Cleves became the property of lords of Brandenburg-Prussia. \nIn 1675, Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg (16 February 1620 – 29 April 1688) gave Kranenburg to his personal physician, Arnold Fey. After his death in 1678, Kranenburg returned into the possession of the family of Brandenburg-Prussia.\nAround 1650, the \"reformed congregation\" of Kranenburg was founded, and got a small church in 1723.\nThe historic town hall was destroyed completely by fire in 1789. In 1800, the then derelict town gates were demolished.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Roer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roer_(department)"},{"link_name":"département","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9partement"},{"link_name":"St. Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanonikerstift_St._Martin_(Zyfflich/Kranenburg)"},{"link_name":"St. Catherine convent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharinenhof_Kranenburg"},{"link_name":"Kessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goch"}],"sub_title":"19th and 20th century","text":"During the Napoleonic Wars and subsequent French occupation, Kranenburg was a separate canton within the Roer département and temporary the most northern location of the Napoleonic Empire. At the same time, it however lost its town privileges.\nIn 1802, the Order of St. Martin and the St. Catherine convent became secular. After the Vienna Convention, the counties of Kranenburg, Nütterden und Frasselt-Schottheide grounded the community (Bürgermeisterei) of Kranenburg. Later, in 1936, Grafwegen, that previously belonged to Kessel, was added to the administrative community of Kranenburg.\nKranenburg remained a mainly agricultural community until far into the 20th century.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Veritable_grenade.png"},{"link_name":"Operations Veritable and Blockbuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Reichswald"},{"link_name":"Klever Reichswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klever_Reichswald"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Reichswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Reichswald"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"Ruhrgebiet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhrgebiet"},{"link_name":"Urft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urft"},{"link_name":"Meuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse"}],"sub_title":"Kranenburg during World War II","text":"8 February - 11 March 1945: Operations Veritable and Blockbuster (yellow) and Grenade (green)During the winter of 1944 -1945, the town of Kranenburg found itself in the middle of heavy fighting. In the nearby Klever Reichswald and the surroundings of the nowadays village of Kranenburg, Operation Veritable, also known as the Battle of the Reichswald took place. Taking place from 8 February till 11 March 1945, Operation Veritable was a part of General Dwight Eisenhower's \"broad front\" strategy to occupy the west bank of the Rhine, before attempting any crossing, conquest of the Ruhrgebiet industrial area, and eventual push towards Berlin. Veritable was originally called Valediction and had been planned originally for execution in early January, 1945.\nOne day after the start of Operation Veritable on the 8th, the Germans blew the gates out of the largest Roer dam, sending water surging down the valley. The next day they added to the flooding by doing the same to dams further up stream on the Roer and the Urft. The river rose at two feet an hour and the valley downstream to the Meuse stayed flooded for about two weeks.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Rhine Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine_Westphalia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Wyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyler,_North_Rhine-Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Zyfflich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zyfflich"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"EU internal market without boundaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Market_(European_Union)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Centre for Border Research (NCBR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Borderlands_Studies"},{"link_name":"University of Nijmegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nijmegen"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Houtum-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Houtum-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spiegel09222011-10"},{"link_name":"political climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geert_Wilders"},{"link_name":"legislation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_law_for_immigrants_to_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Mark Rutte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Rutte"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Integration law for immigrants to the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_law_for_immigrants_to_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spiegel09222011-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Modern-day Kranenburg","text":"After the Second World War, the counties of Wyler and Zyfflich were added to the administrative community Kranenburg. After the 1st North Rhine Westphalia Communal Reformation Program (1. kommunalen Neugliederungsprogramm) of 1 July 1969, the country of Kranenburg existed out of the communities of:[6]Kranenburg\nNütterden\nFrasselt\nSchottheide\nGrafwegen\nMehr\nNiel\nWyler\nZyfflichAt present day, the community of Kranenburg is a border town within a Europe \"without borders\". With the introduction the European Union and subsequent EU internal market without boundaries, many Dutch moved from the Netherlands to Kranenburg in Germany, attracted by economic motives, e.g. low real estate prices/ taxes. This resulted in a massive influx increase of more than 200% between 1992 and 2008, growing the total population of the small community dramatically. Although, German authorities suggest diplomatically to \"steer\" this influx by \"handing out permits selectively\", migration away from the area by its original German citizens, and \"enclave formation\" of \"Dutch-only\" clusters is already observed.[7] This, according to international publications of the Centre for Border Research (NCBR) of the nearby located University of Nijmegen, is mainly caused by the refusal of the Dutch migrants to integrate/ participate in German society.[8][9] Based on their observations, the investigators conclude that 100% of the life of these Dutch migrants lies across the border in the Netherlands, although their residence lies in Germany, solely out of financial motives. Hence, for example Dutch parents selectively send their children to Dutch schools, Dutch physicians and hospitals are visited, Dutch sporting and social organisations are joined, Dutch media are read, watched, and listened to. Many do not speak the German language, and don't make any effort to acquire German language skills. Illustratively, the Dutch are reported \"to drive back to the Netherlands to buy a jar of peanut butter\".[9]In their conclusions, the authors observe that this refusal of the Dutch to integrate, participate, and contribute to their new German community contrasts strongly with the current Dutch public opinion,[10] political climate, or indeed legislation. The Dutch political climate, and the apparent support of Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte, was recently discussed and condemned by the European Union.[11][12] Dutch legislation, the Integration law for immigrants to the Netherlands Act obliges migrants entering the Netherlands to integrate into Dutch society.[13][14] To measure this, migrants are subjected to courses and a final exam, determining the migrants' ability to speak the Dutch language and general knowledge of Dutch society. Failure to pass the exam (e.g. inability to speak Dutch) results in expulsion. Participation in this exam is only required of non-EU nationals.[10][15][16] Although public sentiments and opinions vary considerably, as for the whole EEC territory, the German conditions of residence for non EU nationals are very similar to those in the Netherlands.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kranenburg,_Katholische_Pfarrkirche_Kranenburg_Dm1_IMG_0455_2022-02-28_12.12.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kranenburg,_der_M%C3%BChlenturm_Dm12_IMG_3985_2020-04-05_10.39.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:N%C3%BCtterden,_die_katholische_Pfarrkirche_Dm20_IMG_4005_2020-04-05_11.18.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frasselt,_Katholische_Pfarrkirche_Frasselt_Dm30_IMG_0465_2022-02-28_12.36.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Niel,_die_Sankt_Bonifatiuskirche_Dm29_IMG_7928_2020-11-07_14.49.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kranenburg-Wyler,_Katholische_Pfarrkirche_Wyler_Dm28_IMG_0438_2022-02-28_11.30.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zyfflich,_de_Sankt_Martinskirche_Dm26_IMG_2986_2019-11-30_13.23.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Gallery","text":"Kranenburg, catholic church: Pfarrkirche Kranenburg\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKranenburg, tower: the Mühlenturm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNütterden, catholic church: Pfarrkirche\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrasselt, catholic church: Pfarrkirche Frasselt\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNiel, church: Sankt Bonifatiuskirche\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWyler, catholic church: Pfarrkirche Wyler\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tZyfflich, church: Sankt Martinskirche","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander von Spaen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Spaen"}],"sub_title":"Born in Kranenburg","text":"Alexander von Spaen (1619-1692), Prussian field marshal","title":"Notable people"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Kranenburg_in_KLE.svg/170px-Kranenburg_in_KLE.svg.png"},{"image_text":"8 February - 11 March 1945: Operations Veritable and Blockbuster (yellow) and Grenade (green)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Veritable_grenade.png/220px-Veritable_grenade.png"},{"image_text":"Coat of Arms of Kleve district","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/DEU_Kreis_Kleve_COA.svg/30px-DEU_Kreis_Kleve_COA.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Bevölkerung der Gemeinden Nordrhein-Westfalens am 31. Dezember 2021\" (in German). Landesbetrieb Information und Technik NRW. Retrieved 20 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.landesdatenbank.nrw.de/ldbnrw/online?operation=abruftabelleBearbeiten&levelindex=0&levelid=1669459801185&auswahloperation=abruftabelleAuspraegungAuswaehlen&auswahlverzeichnis=ordnungsstruktur&auswahlziel=werteabruf&code=12411-31iz&auswahltext=&werteabruf=Werteabruf#abreadcrumb","url_text":"\"Bevölkerung der Gemeinden Nordrhein-Westfalens am 31. Dezember 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesbetrieb_Information_und_Technik_NRW","url_text":"Landesbetrieb Information und Technik NRW"}]},{"reference":"\"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Muenster\". newadvent.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10634b.htm","url_text":"\"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Muenster\""}]},{"reference":"Houtum, H. van; Gielis, R. (2006). \"Elastic migration: the case of Dutch short-distance transmigrants to the borderlands of Belgium and Germany. In: TESG, Vol. 97, No. 2, pp. 191-198\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://ncbr.ruhosting.nl/html/files/tesg_512.pdf","url_text":"\"Elastic migration: the case of Dutch short-distance transmigrants to the borderlands of Belgium and Germany. In: TESG, Vol. 97, No. 2, pp. 191-198\""}]},{"reference":"SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg, Germany (22 September 2011). \"Studentin in Ausländer-raus-Show: Mit Applaus zur Abschiebung\". SPIEGEL ONLINE.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/wunderbar/0,1518,787140,00.html","url_text":"\"Studentin in Ausländer-raus-Show: Mit Applaus zur Abschiebung\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dutch PM refuses Europe call to disavow far-right website\". eubusiness.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/rights-politics.fp8","url_text":"\"Dutch PM refuses Europe call to disavow far-right website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Immigratie, integratie en inburgering\". rijksoverheid.nl. 13 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/immigratie-integratie-en-inburgering","url_text":"\"Immigratie, integratie en inburgering\""}]},{"reference":"\"Login\". timesonline.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article675989.ece","url_text":"\"Login\""}]},{"reference":"SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg, Germany (24 January 2006). \"Holland's New Greeting for Immigrants: 'If it Ain't Dutch, It Ain't Much'\". SPIEGEL ONLINE.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,397021,00.html","url_text":"\"Holland's New Greeting for Immigrants: 'If it Ain't Dutch, It Ain't Much'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bundesregierung | die Anspruchseinbürgerung\". Archived from the original on 1 May 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120501065206/http://www.bundesregierung.de/Webs/Breg/DE/Bundesregierung/BeauftragtefuerIntegration/Einbuergerung/anspruchseinbuergerung/_node.html","url_text":"\"Bundesregierung | die Anspruchseinbürgerung\""},{"url":"http://www.bundesregierung.de/Webs/Breg/DE/Bundesregierung/BeauftragtefuerIntegration/Einbuergerung/anspruchseinbuergerung/_node.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kranenburg,_North_Rhine-Westphalia¶ms=51_47_23_N_6_0_26_E_type:city(11087)_region:DE-NW","external_links_name":"51°47′23″N 6°0′26″E / 51.78972°N 6.00722°E / 51.78972; 6.00722"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kranenburg,_North_Rhine-Westphalia¶ms=51_47_23_N_6_0_26_E_type:city(11087)_region:DE-NW","external_links_name":"51°47′23″N 6°0′26″E / 51.78972°N 6.00722°E / 51.78972; 6.00722"},{"Link":"http://www.kranenburg.de/","external_links_name":"www.kranenburg.de"},{"Link":"https://www.wahlergebnisse.nrw/kommunalwahlen/2020/index_bm.shtml","external_links_name":"Wahlergebnisse in NRW Kommunalwahlen 2020"},{"Link":"https://www.landesdatenbank.nrw.de/ldbnrw/online?operation=abruftabelleBearbeiten&levelindex=0&levelid=1669459801185&auswahloperation=abruftabelleAuspraegungAuswaehlen&auswahlverzeichnis=ordnungsstruktur&auswahlziel=werteabruf&code=12411-31iz&auswahltext=&werteabruf=Werteabruf#abreadcrumb","external_links_name":"\"Bevölkerung der Gemeinden Nordrhein-Westfalens am 31. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kaelin,_Jr. | William Kaelin Jr. | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Research","4 Personal life","5 Selected awards","6 References","7 External links"] | American Nobel Laureate, Professor of Medicine at Harvard University
William KaelinKaelin in 2019Born (1957-11-23) November 23, 1957 (age 66)New York City, New York, U.S.EducationDuke University (BS, MD)SpouseCarolyn ScerboAwardsAlbert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research (2016)Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2019)Scientific careerFieldsOncologyInstitutionsDana–Farber Cancer InstituteHarvard UniversityHoward Hughes Medical Institute
William G. Kaelin Jr. (born November 23, 1957) is an American Nobel laureate physician-scientist. He is a professor of medicine at Harvard University and the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute. His laboratory studies tumor suppressor proteins.
In 2016, Kaelin received the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research and the AACR Princess Takamatsu Award.
He also won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2019 along with Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza.
Early life and education
Kaelin was born in New York City on November 23, 1957. Kaelin earned his bachelor's degree in mathematics and chemistry at Duke University, and stayed to attain an MD, graduating in 1982. He did his residency in internal medicine at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and his fellowship in oncology at Dana–Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI). After deciding as an undergraduate that research was not a strength of his, at DFCI he did research in the lab of David Livingston, where he found success in the study of retinoblastoma. In 1992, he set up his own lab at DFCI down the hall from Livingston's where he investigated hereditary forms of cancer such as von Hippel–Lindau disease. He became a professor at Harvard Medical School in 2002.
Career
He became assistant director of Basic Science at the Dana–Farber/Harvard Cancer Center in 2008. His research at Dana–Farber has focused on understanding the role of mutations in tumor suppressor genes in cancer development. His major work has been on the retinoblastoma, von Hippel–Lindau, and p53 tumor suppressor genes.
His work has been funded by the National Institutes of Health, American Cancer Society, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation and others.
He serves as vice-chair of Scientific Programs on the Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation Board of Directors and Chair of the Damon Runyon Physician-Scientist Training Award selection committee and is a member of the board of directors at Eli Lilly and the Stand Up to Cancer scientific advisory committee.
Research
Illustration of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability
Following his post-doctorate, Kaelin set up a laboratory at Dana-Farber in 1993 to continue his research on tumor suppression. He had become interested in Von Hippel–Lindau disease (VHL). VHL tumors, caused by gene mutation, were known to be angiogenic, creating blood vessels that secreted erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone known to be part of the body's mechanic to react to hypoxia, or low oxygen levels in the blood. Kaelin hypothesized that there may be a connection between the formation of VHL tumors and the deficiency of the body to detect oxygen. Kaelin's research found that in VHL subjects, there are genes that express the formation of a protein critical in the EPO process, but which the mutation suppressed. Kaelin's work aligned with that of Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg Semenza who separately had identified a two-part protein, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) that was essential to EPO production and which was triggered by oxygen levels in the blood. Kaelin's work found that the VHL protein would help regulate the HIF, and in subjects where the VHL proteins were not present, the HIF would overproduce EPO and lead to cancer. The combined work of Kaelin, Ratcliffe, and Semenza identified the pathway of how cells detect and react to oxygen levels in the blood, and have led to the development of drugs to help patients with anaemia and kidney failure.
Personal life
He was married to breast cancer surgeon Carolyn Kaelin from 1988 until her death from glioblastoma in 2015. They have two children.
Selected awards
NIH Physician-Scientist Award (1990)
Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation Award, AACR (2006)
Doris Duke Distinguished Clinical Investigator Award (2006)
Duke University School of Medicine Distinguished Alumni Award (2007)
Elected member of the Institute of Medicine (2007)
Canada Gairdner International Award (2010)
Elected member of the National Academy of Sciences (2010)
Stanley J. Korsmeyer Award (2012)
The Scientific Grand Prize of the Lefoulon-Delalande Foundation (2012)
Steven C. Beering Award (2014)
Wiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences (2014)
Elected fellow of the AACR Academy (2014)
Science of Oncology Award, ASCO (2016)
Princess Takamatsu Award, AACR (2016)
Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research with Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg Semenza (2016)
Massry Prize (2018)
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg Semenza (2019), awarded by the Nobel Prize committee "for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability."
Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (2022)
References
Scholia has a profile for William G. Kaelin (Q1603351).
^ a b "William G. Kaelin, Jr., MD". Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
^ "Dr. William G. Kaelin, Jr., to Receive 2016 Science of Oncology Award". asco.org. May 26, 2016. Archived from the original on November 17, 2016. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
^ a b "About William Kaelin". Harvard University. Archived from the original on April 7, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
^ Kolata, Gina; Specia, Megan (October 7, 2019). "Nobel Prize in Medicine Awarded for Research on How Cells Manage Oxygen - The prize was awarded to William G. Kaelin Jr., Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza for discoveries about how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
^ "William G. Kaelin Jr Facts". The Nobel Foundation.
^ a b "William G. Kaelin, Jr., M.D." Eli Lilly and Company. Archived from the original on January 6, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
^ "Home page kaelin lab". Harvard University. Archived from the original on April 20, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
^ "William G. Kaelin Jr., MD". aacr.org. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
^ Hurst, Jillian H. (September 13, 2016). "William Kaelin, Peter Ratcliffe, and Gregg Semenza receive the 2016 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 126 (10): 3628–3638. doi:10.1172/JCI90055. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 5096796. PMID 27620538.
^ a b Ledford, Heidi; Callaway, Ewen (October 7, 2019). "Biologists who decoded how cells sense oxygen win medicine Nobel". Nature. 574 (7777): 161–162. Bibcode:2019Natur.574..161L. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-02963-0. PMID 31595071.
^ Grady, Denise (August 9, 2015). "Carolyn Kaelin, Breast Cancer Surgeon, Patient Advocate and Patient, Dies at 54". The New York Times. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
^ "AACR Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Memorial Award Recipients". American Association for Cancer Research. Archived from the original on October 9, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
^ "2006 Distinguished Clinical Scientist Awards". Doris Duke Charitable Foundation. January 1, 2006. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
^ "Alumni Awards". Duke University School of Medicine. Archived from the original on October 9, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
^ "Two NAM Members Receive Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award". National Academy of Medicine. September 15, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
^ "William G. Kaelin Jr". Gairdner Foundation. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
^ "William G. Kaelin Jr". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
^ Claiborn, Kathryn (April 2, 2012). "William G. Kaelin Jr. and Gregg L. Semenza receive the 2012 ASCI/Stanley J. Korsmeyer Award". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 122 (4): 1136–1137. doi:10.1172/JCI63264. PMC 3314483. PMID 22570862.
^ "William G. Kaelin". Institut de France. Grands Prix des Fondations. April 21, 2015. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
^ "Steven C. Beering Award". Indiana University School of Medicine. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
^ "The 13th Annual Wiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences Awarded for Advancements in Oxygen Sensing Systems" (PDF). Ludwig Cancer Research. February 14, 2014. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
^ "William G. Kaelin Jr., MD Class of 2014". American Association for Cancer Research. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
^ "BCRF Investigators Honored by the American Society for Clinical Oncology". Breast Cancer Research Foundation. June 16, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
^ "William G. Kaelin, Jr., MD, receives Princess Takamatsu award from AACR". Dana–Farber Cancer Institute. April 21, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
^ "2016 Award Winners". Albert And Mary Lasker Foundation. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
^ "2018 Massry Prize Laureates". Keck School of Medicine of USC. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
External links
William G. Kaelin Jr on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture 7 December 2019 The von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein: Insights into Oxygen Sensing
vteLaureates of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine1901–1925
1901: Emil Behring
1902: Ronald Ross
1903: Niels Finsen
1904: Ivan Pavlov
1905: Robert Koch
1906: Camillo Golgi / Santiago Ramón y Cajal
1907: Alphonse Laveran
1908: Élie Metchnikoff / Paul Ehrlich
1909: Emil Kocher
1910: Albrecht Kossel
1911: Allvar Gullstrand
1912: Alexis Carrel
1913: Charles Richet
1914: Róbert Bárány
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919: Jules Bordet
1920: August Krogh
1921
1922: Archibald Hill / Otto Meyerhof
1923: Frederick Banting / John Macleod
1924: Willem Einthoven
1925
1926–1950
1926: Johannes Fibiger
1927: Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1928: Charles Nicolle
1929: Christiaan Eijkman / Frederick Gowland Hopkins
1930: Karl Landsteiner
1931: Otto Warburg
1932: Charles Scott Sherrington / Edgar Adrian
1933: Thomas Morgan
1934: George Whipple / George Minot / William Murphy
1935: Hans Spemann
1936: Henry Dale / Otto Loewi
1937: Albert Szent-Györgyi
1938: Corneille Heymans
1939: Gerhard Domagk
1940
1941
1942
1943: Henrik Dam / Edward Doisy
1944: Joseph Erlanger / Herbert Gasser
1945: Alexander Fleming / Ernst Chain / Howard Florey
1946: Hermann Muller
1947: Carl Cori / Gerty Cori / Bernardo Houssay
1948: Paul Müller
1949: Walter Hess / António Egas Moniz
1950: Edward Kendall / Tadeusz Reichstein / Philip Hench
1951–1975
1951: Max Theiler
1952: Selman Waksman
1953: Hans Krebs / Fritz Lipmann
1954: John Enders / Thomas Weller / Frederick Robbins
1955: Hugo Theorell
1956: André Cournand / Werner Forssmann / Dickinson W. Richards
1957: Daniel Bovet
1958: George Beadle / Edward Tatum / Joshua Lederberg
1959: Severo Ochoa / Arthur Kornberg
1960: Frank Burnet / Peter Medawar
1961: Georg von Békésy
1962: Francis Crick / James Watson / Maurice Wilkins
1963: John Eccles / Alan Hodgkin / Andrew Huxley
1964: Konrad Bloch / Feodor Lynen
1965: François Jacob / André Lwoff / Jacques Monod
1966: Francis Rous / Charles B. Huggins
1967: Ragnar Granit / Haldan Hartline / George Wald
1968: Robert W. Holley / Har Khorana / Marshall Nirenberg
1969: Max Delbrück / Alfred Hershey / Salvador Luria
1970: Bernard Katz / Ulf von Euler / Julius Axelrod
1971: Earl Sutherland Jr.
1972: Gerald Edelman / Rodney Porter
1973: Karl von Frisch / Konrad Lorenz / Nikolaas Tinbergen
1974: Albert Claude / Christian de Duve / George Palade
1975: David Baltimore / Renato Dulbecco / Howard Temin
1976–2000
1976: Baruch Blumberg / Daniel Gajdusek
1977: Roger Guillemin / Andrew Schally / Rosalyn Yalow
1978: Werner Arber / Daniel Nathans / Hamilton O. Smith
1979: Allan Cormack / Godfrey Hounsfield
1980: Baruj Benacerraf / Jean Dausset / George Snell
1981: Roger Sperry / David H. Hubel / Torsten Wiesel
1982: Sune Bergström / Bengt I. Samuelsson / John Vane
1983: Barbara McClintock
1984: Niels Jerne / Georges Köhler / César Milstein
1985: Michael Brown / Joseph L. Goldstein
1986: Stanley Cohen / Rita Levi-Montalcini
1987: Susumu Tonegawa
1988: James W. Black / Gertrude B. Elion / George H. Hitchings
1989: J. Michael Bishop / Harold E. Varmus
1990: Joseph Murray / E. Donnall Thomas
1991: Erwin Neher / Bert Sakmann
1992: Edmond Fischer / Edwin G. Krebs
1993: Richard J. Roberts / Phillip Sharp
1994: Alfred G. Gilman / Martin Rodbell
1995: Edward B. Lewis / Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard / Eric F. Wieschaus
1996: Peter C. Doherty / Rolf M. Zinkernagel
1997: Stanley B. Prusiner
1998: Robert F. Furchgott / Louis Ignarro / Ferid Murad
1999: Günter Blobel
2000: Arvid Carlsson / Paul Greengard / Eric Kandel
2001–present
2001: Leland H. Hartwell / Tim Hunt / Paul Nurse
2002: Sydney Brenner / H. Robert Horvitz / John E. Sulston
2003: Paul Lauterbur / Peter Mansfield
2004: Richard Axel / Linda B. Buck
2005: Barry Marshall / Robin Warren
2006: Andrew Fire / Craig Mello
2007: Mario Capecchi / Martin Evans / Oliver Smithies
2008: Harald zur Hausen / Luc Montagnier / Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
2009: Elizabeth Blackburn / Carol W. Greider / Jack W. Szostak
2010: Robert G. Edwards
2011: Bruce Beutler / Jules A. Hoffmann / Ralph M. Steinman (posthumously)
2012: John Gurdon / Shinya Yamanaka
2013: James Rothman / Randy Schekman / Thomas C. Südhof
2014: John O'Keefe / May-Britt Moser / Edvard Moser
2015: William C. Campbell / Satoshi Ōmura / Tu Youyou
2016: Yoshinori Ohsumi
2017: Jeffrey C. Hall / Michael Rosbash / Michael W. Young
2018: James P. Allison / Tasuku Honjo
2019: Gregg L. Semenza / Peter J. Ratcliffe / William Kaelin Jr.
2020: Harvey J. Alter / Michael Houghton / Charles M. Rice
2021: David Julius / Ardem Patapoutian
2022: Svante Pääbo
2023: Katalin Karikó / Drew Weissman
vte2019 Nobel Prize laureatesChemistry
John B. Goodenough (United States)
M. Stanley Whittingham (United Kingdom/United States)
Akira Yoshino (Japan)
Literature (2019)Peter Handke (Austria)Peace (2019)Abiy Ahmed (Ethiopia)Physics
Jim Peebles (Canada/United States)
Michel Mayor (Switzerland)
Didier Queloz (Switzerland)
Physiology or Medicine
Gregg L. Semenza (United States)
Peter J. Ratcliffe (United Kingdom)
William Kaelin Jr. (United States)
Economic Sciences (2019)
Abhijit Banerjee (United States)
Esther Duflo (France/United States)
Michael Kremer (United States)
Nobel Prize recipients
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
United States
Poland
Academics
ORCID
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Semenza.[4][5]","title":"William Kaelin Jr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nobel-facts-6"},{"link_name":"Duke University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Dana–Farber Cancer Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana%E2%80%93Farber_Cancer_Institute"},{"link_name":"David Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_M._Livingston"},{"link_name":"retinoblastoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinoblastoma"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hhmi.org-1"},{"link_name":"von Hippel–Lindau disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Hippel%E2%80%93Lindau_disease"},{"link_name":"Harvard Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lilly.com-7"}],"text":"Kaelin was born in New York City on November 23, 1957.[6] Kaelin earned his bachelor's degree in mathematics and chemistry at Duke University, and stayed to attain an MD, graduating in 1982. He did his residency in internal medicine at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and his fellowship in oncology at Dana–Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI). After deciding as an undergraduate that research was not a strength of his, at DFCI he did research in the lab of David Livingston, where he found success in the study of retinoblastoma.[1] In 1992, he set up his own lab at DFCI down the hall from Livingston's where he investigated hereditary forms of cancer such as von Hippel–Lindau disease. He became a professor at Harvard Medical School in 2002.[7]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"retinoblastoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinoblastoma"},{"link_name":"p53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P53"},{"link_name":"National Institutes of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health"},{"link_name":"American Cancer Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cancer_Society"},{"link_name":"Doris Duke Charitable Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Duke_Charitable_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.damonrunyon.org"},{"link_name":"Eli Lilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Lilly"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lilly.com-7"},{"link_name":"Stand Up to Cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_Up_to_Cancer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"He became assistant director of Basic Science at the Dana–Farber/Harvard Cancer Center in 2008. His research at Dana–Farber has focused on understanding the role of mutations in tumor suppressor genes in cancer development. His major work has been on the retinoblastoma, von Hippel–Lindau, and p53 tumor suppressor genes.His work has been funded by the National Institutes of Health, American Cancer Society, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation and others.[8]He serves as vice-chair of Scientific Programs on the Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation Board of Directors and Chair of the Damon Runyon Physician-Scientist Training Award selection committee and is a member of the board of directors at Eli Lilly[7] and the Stand Up to Cancer scientific advisory committee.[9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HIF_Nobel_Prize_Physiology_Medicine_2019_Hegasy_ENG.png"},{"link_name":"Von Hippel–Lindau disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Hippel%E2%80%93Lindau_disease"},{"link_name":"angiogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiogenesis"},{"link_name":"erythropoietin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietin"},{"link_name":"hypoxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"Peter J. Ratcliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe"},{"link_name":"Gregg Semenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_Semenza"},{"link_name":"hypoxia-inducible factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia-inducible_factors"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nature-11"},{"link_name":"anaemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaemia"},{"link_name":"kidney failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_failure"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nature-11"}],"text":"Illustration of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availabilityFollowing his post-doctorate, Kaelin set up a laboratory at Dana-Farber in 1993 to continue his research on tumor suppression. He had become interested in Von Hippel–Lindau disease (VHL). VHL tumors, caused by gene mutation, were known to be angiogenic, creating blood vessels that secreted erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone known to be part of the body's mechanic to react to hypoxia, or low oxygen levels in the blood. Kaelin hypothesized that there may be a connection between the formation of VHL tumors and the deficiency of the body to detect oxygen.[10] Kaelin's research found that in VHL subjects, there are genes that express the formation of a protein critical in the EPO process, but which the mutation suppressed. Kaelin's work aligned with that of Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg Semenza who separately had identified a two-part protein, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) that was essential to EPO production and which was triggered by oxygen levels in the blood. Kaelin's work found that the VHL protein would help regulate the HIF, and in subjects where the VHL proteins were not present, the HIF would overproduce EPO and lead to cancer.[11] The combined work of Kaelin, Ratcliffe, and Semenza identified the pathway of how cells detect and react to oxygen levels in the blood, and have led to the development of drugs to help patients with anaemia and kidney failure.[11]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carolyn Kaelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_Kaelin"},{"link_name":"glioblastoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioblastoma"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"He was married to breast cancer surgeon Carolyn Kaelin from 1988 until her death from glioblastoma in 2015. They have two children.[12]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harvard.edu-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Institute of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Canada Gairdner International Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Gairdner_International_Award"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Stanley J. Korsmeyer Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_J._Korsmeyer_Award"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"The Scientific Grand Prize of the Lefoulon-Delalande Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_scientifique_de_la_Fondation_Lefoulon-Delalande"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Wiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley_Prize_in_Biomedical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"AACR Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AACR_Academy"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Princess Takamatsu Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Takamatsu_Award"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Lasker_Award_for_Basic_Medical_Research"},{"link_name":"Peter J. Ratcliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe"},{"link_name":"Gregg Semenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_Semenza"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Massry Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massry_Prize"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Peter J. Ratcliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe"},{"link_name":"Gregg Semenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_Semenza"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nobel-4"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Achievement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"NIH Physician-Scientist Award (1990)[3]\nRichard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation Award, AACR (2006)[13]\nDoris Duke Distinguished Clinical Investigator Award (2006)[14]\nDuke University School of Medicine Distinguished Alumni Award (2007)[15]\nElected member of the Institute of Medicine (2007)[16]\nCanada Gairdner International Award (2010)[17]\nElected member of the National Academy of Sciences (2010)[18]\nStanley J. Korsmeyer Award (2012)[19]\nThe Scientific Grand Prize of the Lefoulon-Delalande Foundation (2012)[20]\nSteven C. Beering Award (2014)[21]\nWiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences (2014)[22]\nElected fellow of the AACR Academy (2014)[23]\nScience of Oncology Award, ASCO (2016)[24]\nPrincess Takamatsu Award, AACR (2016)[25]\nAlbert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research with Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg Semenza (2016)[26]\nMassry Prize (2018)[27]\nNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg Semenza (2019), awarded by the Nobel Prize committee \"for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability.\"[4]\nGolden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (2022)[28]","title":"Selected awards"}] | [{"image_text":"Illustration of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HIF_Nobel_Prize_Physiology_Medicine_2019_Hegasy_ENG.png/220px-HIF_Nobel_Prize_Physiology_Medicine_2019_Hegasy_ENG.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"William G. Kaelin, Jr., MD\". Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Retrieved April 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hhmi.org/scientists/william-g-kaelin-jr","url_text":"\"William G. Kaelin, Jr., MD\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes_Medical_Institute","url_text":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. William G. Kaelin, Jr., to Receive 2016 Science of Oncology Award\". asco.org. May 26, 2016. Archived from the original on November 17, 2016. Retrieved April 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161117073630/http://am.asco.org/daily-news/dr-william-g-kaelin-jr-receive-2016-science-oncology-award","url_text":"\"Dr. William G. Kaelin, Jr., to Receive 2016 Science of Oncology Award\""},{"url":"http://am.asco.org/daily-news/dr-william-g-kaelin-jr-receive-2016-science-oncology-award","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About William Kaelin\". Harvard University. Archived from the original on April 7, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170407090206/http://kaelin.dfci.harvard.edu/Kaelin_Lab_website/About_William_Kaelin.html","url_text":"\"About William Kaelin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University","url_text":"Harvard University"},{"url":"http://kaelin.dfci.harvard.edu/Kaelin_Lab_website/About_William_Kaelin.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019\". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved October 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2019/summary/","url_text":"\"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019\""}]},{"reference":"Kolata, Gina; Specia, Megan (October 7, 2019). \"Nobel Prize in Medicine Awarded for Research on How Cells Manage Oxygen - The prize was awarded to William G. Kaelin Jr., Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza for discoveries about how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/07/health/nobel-prize-medicine.html","url_text":"\"Nobel Prize in Medicine Awarded for Research on How Cells Manage Oxygen - The prize was awarded to William G. Kaelin Jr., Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza for discoveries about how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"William G. Kaelin Jr Facts\". The Nobel Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2019/kaelin/facts/","url_text":"\"William G. Kaelin Jr Facts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nobel_Foundation","url_text":"The Nobel Foundation"}]},{"reference":"\"William G. Kaelin, Jr., M.D.\" Eli Lilly and Company. Archived from the original on January 6, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170106013559/https://www.lilly.com/william-g-kaelin","url_text":"\"William G. Kaelin, Jr., M.D.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company","url_text":"Eli Lilly and Company"},{"url":"https://www.lilly.com/william-g-kaelin","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Home page kaelin lab\". Harvard University. Archived from the original on April 20, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170420230502/http://kaelin.dfci.harvard.edu/Kaelin_Lab_website/Home_page_kaelin_lab.html","url_text":"\"Home page kaelin lab\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University","url_text":"Harvard University"},{"url":"http://kaelin.dfci.harvard.edu/Kaelin_Lab_website/Home_page_kaelin_lab.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"William G. Kaelin Jr., MD\". aacr.org. Retrieved April 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aacr.org/Funding/Pages/scientific-advisory-committee-detail.aspx?ItemID=14","url_text":"\"William G. Kaelin Jr., MD\""}]},{"reference":"Hurst, Jillian H. (September 13, 2016). \"William Kaelin, Peter Ratcliffe, and Gregg Semenza receive the 2016 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award\". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 126 (10): 3628–3638. doi:10.1172/JCI90055. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 5096796. PMID 27620538.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5096796","url_text":"\"William Kaelin, Peter Ratcliffe, and Gregg Semenza receive the 2016 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Clinical_Investigation","url_text":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI90055","url_text":"10.1172/JCI90055"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9738","url_text":"0021-9738"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5096796","url_text":"5096796"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27620538","url_text":"27620538"}]},{"reference":"Ledford, Heidi; Callaway, Ewen (October 7, 2019). \"Biologists who decoded how cells sense oxygen win medicine Nobel\". Nature. 574 (7777): 161–162. Bibcode:2019Natur.574..161L. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-02963-0. PMID 31595071.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-019-02963-0","url_text":"\"Biologists who decoded how cells sense oxygen win medicine Nobel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)","url_text":"Nature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Natur.574..161L","url_text":"2019Natur.574..161L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-019-02963-0","url_text":"10.1038/d41586-019-02963-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31595071","url_text":"31595071"}]},{"reference":"Grady, Denise (August 9, 2015). \"Carolyn Kaelin, Breast Cancer Surgeon, Patient Advocate and Patient, Dies at 54\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/10/us/carolyn-kaelin-breast-cancer-surgeon-dies-at-54.html","url_text":"\"Carolyn Kaelin, Breast Cancer Surgeon, Patient Advocate and Patient, Dies at 54\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"AACR Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Memorial Award Recipients\". American Association for Cancer Research. Archived from the original on October 9, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191009160501/https://www.aacr.org/Research/Awards/PAGES/ROSENTHAL-AWARD___8470D6.ASPX","url_text":"\"AACR Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Memorial Award Recipients\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_Cancer_Research","url_text":"American Association for Cancer Research"},{"url":"https://www.aacr.org/Research/Awards/PAGES/ROSENTHAL-AWARD___8470D6.ASPX","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2006 Distinguished Clinical Scientist Awards\". Doris Duke Charitable Foundation. January 1, 2006. Retrieved October 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ddcf.org/grants/Grant-Recipients/2006-Distinguished-Clinical-Scientist-Awards/","url_text":"\"2006 Distinguished Clinical Scientist Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Duke_Charitable_Foundation","url_text":"Doris Duke Charitable Foundation"}]},{"reference":"\"Alumni Awards\". Duke University School of Medicine. Archived from the original on October 9, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191009160509/https://medschool.duke.edu/about-us/alumni/alumni-news-and-awards/alumni-awards","url_text":"\"Alumni Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_School_of_Medicine","url_text":"Duke University School of Medicine"},{"url":"https://medschool.duke.edu/about-us/alumni/alumni-news-and-awards/alumni-awards","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Two NAM Members Receive Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award\". National Academy of Medicine. September 15, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nam.edu/two-nam-members-receive-albert-lasker-basic-medical-research-award//","url_text":"\"Two NAM Members Receive Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine","url_text":"National Academy of Medicine"}]},{"reference":"\"William G. Kaelin Jr\". Gairdner Foundation. Retrieved October 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://gairdner.org/award_winners/william-g-jr-kaelin/","url_text":"\"William G. Kaelin Jr\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gairdner_Foundation","url_text":"Gairdner Foundation"}]},{"reference":"\"William G. Kaelin Jr\". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved October 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/20003143.html","url_text":"\"William G. Kaelin Jr\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences","url_text":"National Academy of Sciences"}]},{"reference":"Claiborn, Kathryn (April 2, 2012). \"William G. Kaelin Jr. and Gregg L. Semenza receive the 2012 ASCI/Stanley J. Korsmeyer Award\". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 122 (4): 1136–1137. doi:10.1172/JCI63264. PMC 3314483. PMID 22570862.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3314483","url_text":"\"William G. Kaelin Jr. and Gregg L. Semenza receive the 2012 ASCI/Stanley J. Korsmeyer Award\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Clinical_Investigation","url_text":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI63264","url_text":"10.1172/JCI63264"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3314483","url_text":"3314483"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22570862","url_text":"22570862"}]},{"reference":"\"William G. Kaelin\". Institut de France. Grands Prix des Fondations. April 21, 2015. Retrieved December 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grands-prix-institut-de-france.fr/william-g-kaelin","url_text":"\"William G. Kaelin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steven C. Beering Award\". Indiana University School of Medicine. Retrieved October 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://faculty.medicine.iu.edu/advance-your-career/awards/steven-c-beering-award/","url_text":"\"Steven C. Beering Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 13th Annual Wiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences Awarded for Advancements in Oxygen Sensing Systems\" (PDF). Ludwig Cancer Research. February 14, 2014. Retrieved October 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ludwigcancerresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/2014-Wiley-Prize-Press-Release-FINAL.pdf","url_text":"\"The 13th Annual Wiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences Awarded for Advancements in Oxygen Sensing Systems\""}]},{"reference":"\"William G. Kaelin Jr., MD Class of 2014\". American Association for Cancer Research. Retrieved October 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aacr.org/Membership/Pages/FellowDetailsNoModal.aspx?ItemID=130","url_text":"\"William G. Kaelin Jr., MD Class of 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"BCRF Investigators Honored by the American Society for Clinical Oncology\". Breast Cancer Research Foundation. June 16, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bcrf.org/blog/bcrf-investigators-honored-american-society-clinical-oncology","url_text":"\"BCRF Investigators Honored by the American Society for Clinical Oncology\""}]},{"reference":"\"William G. Kaelin, Jr., MD, receives Princess Takamatsu award from AACR\". Dana–Farber Cancer Institute. April 21, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dana-farber.org/newsroom/news-releases/2016/william-g--kaelin--jr---md--receives-princess-takamatsu-award-from-aacr/","url_text":"\"William G. Kaelin, Jr., MD, receives Princess Takamatsu award from AACR\""}]},{"reference":"\"2016 Award Winners\". Albert And Mary Lasker Foundation. Retrieved October 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/#name=&award=&year=2016","url_text":"\"2016 Award Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018 Massry Prize Laureates\". Keck School of Medicine of USC. Retrieved October 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://keck.usc.edu/massry-prize/current-laureates","url_text":"\"2018 Massry Prize Laureates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement\". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.","urls":[{"url":"https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration","url_text":"\"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement","url_text":"American Academy of Achievement"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.damonrunyon.org/","external_links_name":"Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation Board"},{"Link":"http://www.hhmi.org/scientists/william-g-kaelin-jr","external_links_name":"\"William G. Kaelin, Jr., MD\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161117073630/http://am.asco.org/daily-news/dr-william-g-kaelin-jr-receive-2016-science-oncology-award","external_links_name":"\"Dr. William G. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Smith_(American_football,_born_1912) | Bill Smith (American football, born 1912) | ["1 References"] | American football player (1912–1999)
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American football player
Bill SmithPersonal informationBorn:(1912-01-03)January 3, 1912SeattleDied:June 20, 1999(1999-06-20) (aged 87)Carmel, CaliforniaHeight:6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)Weight:198 lb (90 kg)Career informationHigh school:Portage (WA)College:WashingtonPosition:EndCareer history
Chicago Cardinals (1934–1939)
Career highlights and awards
All-Pro (1935)
Pro Bowl (1939)
First-team All-American (1933)
Career NFL statisticsReceptions:92Receiving yards:1612Touchdowns:9Player stats at NFL.com
William Arley Smith (January 3, 1912 – June 20, 1999) was a professional American football player. He played college football at the University of Washington and was selected by the All-America Board, Liberty magazine, and the North American Newspaper Alliance as a first-team end on the 1933 College Football All-America Team. He also played professional football at the end position for six seasons in the National Football League (NFL) with the Chicago Cardinals. He was born in Seattle.
References
This biographical article related to American sports is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This biographical article relating to an American football wide receiver born in the 1910s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"University of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"North American Newspaper Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Newspaper_Alliance"},{"link_name":"end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"1933 College Football All-America Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_College_Football_All-America_Team"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cardinals_(NFL,_1920%E2%80%9359)"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"}],"text":"American football playerWilliam Arley Smith (January 3, 1912 – June 20, 1999) was a professional American football player. He played college football at the University of Washington and was selected by the All-America Board, Liberty magazine, and the North American Newspaper Alliance as a first-team end on the 1933 College Football All-America Team. He also played professional football at the end position for six seasons in the National Football League (NFL) with the Chicago Cardinals. He was born in Seattle.","title":"Bill Smith (American football, born 1912)"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Smith_(American_football,_born_1912)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bill+Smith%22+American+football%2C+born+1912","external_links_name":"\"Bill Smith\" American football, born 1912"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bill+Smith%22+American+football%2C+born+1912+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bill+Smith%22+American+football%2C+born+1912&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bill+Smith%22+American+football%2C+born+1912+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bill+Smith%22+American+football%2C+born+1912","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bill+Smith%22+American+football%2C+born+1912&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.nfl.com/players/SMI807360/stats/","external_links_name":"NFL.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Smith_(American_football,_born_1912)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Smith_(American_football,_born_1912)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladysmith,_British_Columbia | Ladysmith, British Columbia | ["1 History","2 Demographics","2.1 Religion","2.2 Ethnicity","3 Media","4 Education","5 Business","6 Notable people","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 48°59′51″N 123°49′13″W / 48.99750°N 123.82028°W / 48.99750; -123.82028
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Town in British Columbia, CanadaLadysmithTownTown of LadysmithMotto: Heritage by the SeaLadysmithLocation of Ladysmith in British ColumbiaShow map of Vancouver IslandLadysmithLocation of Ladysmith in CanadaShow map of British ColumbiaLadysmithLadysmith (Canada)Show map of CanadaCoordinates: 48°59′43″N 123°48′57″W / 48.99528°N 123.81583°W / 48.99528; -123.81583CountryCanadaProvinceBritish ColumbiaRegionVancouver IslandRegional districtCowichan ValleyIncorporated1904Government • Governing bodyLadysmith Town Council • MayorAaron D. StoneArea • Total12.04 km2 (4.65 sq mi)Elevation40 m (130 ft)Population (2021) • Total8,990 • Density746.5/km2 (1,933/sq mi)Time zoneUTC-8 (PST) • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (PDT)Forward sortation areaV9GArea code250Highways Hwy 1 (TCH)Websitewww.ladysmith.ca
Ladysmith, originally Oyster Harbour, is a town located on the 49th parallel north on the east coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The local economy is based on forestry, tourism, and agriculture. A hillside location adjacent to a sheltered harbour forms the natural geography of the community.
As of 2021, the population was 8,990. The area of the town was 12.04 square kilometres. Total private dwellings were 4,079. Population density was 746.5 people per square kilometre.
Ladysmith is served by the coast-spanning Island Highway, the Island Rail Corridor, nearby Nanaimo Airport and BC Ferries.
History
James Dunsmuir founded Ladysmith about 1898, a year after he built shipping wharves for loading coal at Oyster Harbour (now Ladysmith Harbour) from the mine at Extension, nearer Nanaimo. Dunsmuir, owner of coal mines in the Nanaimo area, needed a location to house the families of his miners. He chose to build the community at what was then known as Oyster Harbour, some 20 miles (32 km) south of his Extension mines. Many buildings were moved from Extension and Wellington by rail and by oxen.
In 1900, Dunsmuir renamed the town in honour of the British lifting the siege of Ladysmith in South Africa (28 February 1900) during the Second Boer War. (The original town of Ladysmith in turn took its name from Juana María de los Dolores de León Smith, known as Lady Smith, the Spanish wife of Sir Harry Smith, the British Governor of the Cape Colony and high commissioner in South Africa from 1847 to 1852.) The Town of Ladysmith was incorporated June 3, 1904.
Dunsmuir thought this would be a fitting tribute at the conclusion of the Boer War (which ended in 1902). In addition to commemorating the end of the war by naming his town after Ladysmith, Dunsmuir also chose to name the streets of the community after British military personnel including: Field Marshall Lord Roberts, General John French, General Redvers Buller, General Sir Charles Warren, General Sir George White, Horatio Herbert Kitchener, Lieutenant-General Sir William Forbes Gatacre, Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, Major General Lord Methuen, and Sir William Penn Symonds. The local high school yearbook was at one time called Spion Kop ("spy hill" in Afrikaans), in commemoration of the Battle of Spion Kop, a famous engagement in January 1900 in which the Boers defeated British troops during the Second Boer War.
Elliot Beach Park in Ladysmith, British Columbia
Ladysmith experienced significant unrest and violence during the Vancouver Island coal miners' strike of 1912–1914. The miners were striking because of a variety of long-standing safety concerns. During the strike, militia were dispatched to put down unrest and protect property.
The Seaforth Highlanders of Canada first saw active service in the summer of 1912 when rallies by striking coal miners in the area around Nanaimo led to rioting. A company from the Seaforths was sent to garrison the area. Order was eventually restored and maintained until the unit was called back to mobilize for war in August 1914.
In 2017, Ladysmith's historic First Avenue was named the best street in Canada by the Canadian Institute of Planners.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Ladysmith had a population of 8,990 living in 3,926 of its 4,079 total private dwellings, a change of 5.3% from its 2016 population of 8,537. With a land area of 12.04 km2 (4.65 sq mi), it had a population density of 746.7/km2 (1,933.9/sq mi) in 2021.
Religion
According to the 2021 census, religious groups in Ladysmith included:
Irreligion (5,255 persons or 59.7%)
Christianity (3,335 persons or 37.9%)
Indigenous Spirituality (40 persons or 0.5%)
Judaism (30 persons or 0.3%)
Sikhism (30 persons or 0.3%)
Buddhism (25 persons or 0.3%)
Other (80 persons or 0.9%)
Ethnicity
Panethnic groups in the Town of Ladysmith (1986−2021)
Panethnicgroup
2021
2016
2011
2006
2001
1996
1991
1986: 101
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
European
7,700
87.5%
7,420
88.76%
7,015
89.36%
7,040
93.8%
6,005
91.96%
5,955
92.68%
4,525
93.01%
4,115
93.84%
Indigenous
625
7.1%
665
7.95%
440
5.61%
310
4.13%
325
4.98%
330
5.14%
235
4.83%
135
3.08%
East Asian
180
2.05%
90
1.08%
75
0.96%
50
0.67%
95
1.45%
45
0.7%
10
0.21%
20
0.46%
Southeast Asian
105
1.19%
100
1.2%
135
1.72%
45
0.6%
75
1.15%
35
0.54%
25
0.51%
5
0.11%
South Asian
60
0.68%
35
0.42%
120
1.53%
25
0.33%
15
0.23%
25
0.39%
50
1.03%
100
2.28%
African
55
0.63%
25
0.3%
20
0.25%
10
0.13%
10
0.15%
25
0.39%
10
0.21%
0
0%
Latin American
25
0.28%
10
0.12%
0
0%
10
0.13%
10
0.15%
0
0%
10
0.21%
10
0.23%
Middle Eastern
0
0%
10
0.12%
25
0.32%
0
0%
10
0.15%
0
0%
0
0%
0
0%
Other/Multiracial
60
0.68%
20
0.24%
0
0%
10
0.13%
10
0.15%
10
0.16%
—
—
—
—
Total responses
8,800
97.89%
8,360
97.93%
7,850
99.1%
7,505
99.56%
6,530
99.13%
6,425
99.52%
4,865
99.79%
4,385
99.82%
Total population
8,990
100%
8,537
100%
7,921
100%
7,538
100%
6,587
100%
6,456
100%
4,875
100%
4,393
100%
Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses
Media
The Ladysmith-Chemainus Chronicle, a weekly community paper on Vancouver Island with a circulation of 1,898, has been printed locally and was founded in 1908. It is circulated in the communities of Ladysmith and Chemainus, in central Vancouver Island. It is archived online in the Google news archive.
Education
Ladysmith Secondary School is the only secondary school in Ladysmith. The area has three elementary schools: Ladysmith Primary School (Kindergarten to Grade 3), Ladysmith Intermediate School (Grade 4 to Grade 7), and École North Oyster Elementary (Kindergarten to Grade 7). École North Oyster Elementary is a dual-track school, having both French immersion and English programs. Davis Road Elementary School (Kindergarten to Grade 7) was open from 1963 until June 2014 when it was closed due to being over capacity.
Business
The Syfy original series Resident Alien is largely filmed within the town of Ladysmith. During production, many of the town's residents are employed as background performers. The town is transformed into the show's fictional setting of Patience, Colorado. Showrunner Chris Sheridan stated that production of the series is the subject of much attention and that residents often attempt to glean spoilers based on the observations of filming, leading certain scenes to be filmed at night. He furthermore detailed that while the filming does create disruptions such as the temporary closures of streets, the show's crew makes every effort to be as respectful as possible.
Notable people
Pamela Anderson, a Canadian-American actress, model and animal rights activist, was born and lived in Ladysmith until the age of 12. She returned to live permanently in Ladysmith in July 2019.
Stef Lang, a Canadian singer, songwriter, and producer. Lang grew up and attended Ladysmith Secondary School.
Kayla Lorette, actress and sketch comedian
Michelle Mylett, actress
Notes
^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.
^ Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.
^ Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.
^ Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.
^ Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.
References
^ "British Columbia Regional Districts, Municipalities, Corporate Name, Date of Incorporation and Postal Address" (XLS). British Columbia Ministry of Communities, Sport and Cultural Development. Archived from the original on July 13, 2014. Retrieved November 2, 2014.
^ "Town of Ladysmith". Town of Ladysmith. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
^ a b c "BC Names/GeoBC entry "Ladysmith (town)"". Apps.gov.bc.ca. Retrieved 2014-06-21.
^ "2021 Census of Population: Ladysmith, Town, British Columbia ". www.statcan.gc.ca. Government of Canada. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
^ "History - Heritage".
^ "Ladysmith Street Names".
^ Planners name Ladysmith, B.C.'s First Avenue as best street in the country — CBC News
^ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), British Columbia". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2021-10-27). "Census Profile, 2016 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2015-11-27). "NHS Profile". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-08-20). "2006 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-07-02). "2001 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-06-04). "Electronic Area Profiles Profile of Census Divisions and Subdivisions, 1996 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-03-29). "1991 Census Area Profiles Profile of Census Divisions and Subdivisions - Part B". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-03-29). "Data tables, 1991 Census Population by Ethnic Origin (24), Showing Single and Multiple Origins (2) - Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-06-27). "Data tables, 1986 Census Census Profile for Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 1986 Census - Part A". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-06-27). "Data tables, 1986 Census Census Profile for Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 1986 Census - Part B". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03). "Canada's aboriginal population by census subdivisions from the 1986 Census of Canada". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
^ a b
"Open house set for Saturday". November 1, 1978. Retrieved 2014-06-21. has written the events of councils and school boards as they served their communities.
^ a b "Black Press". Blackpress.ca. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-06-21.
^ Rawnsley, Alex (February 26, 2022). "Second season of 'Resident Alien' returns to Ladysmith streets". Nanaimo News Now. Retrieved February 26, 2022.
^ "Pamela Anderson's mom: 'We're numb from it all and it's still sinking in'". theprovince.com. Archived from the original on 2015-05-11.
External links
Official website
Ladysmith travel guide from Wikivoyage
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Category:British Columbia
Portal:Canada
WikiProject:British Columbia
48°59′51″N 123°49′13″W / 48.99750°N 123.82028°W / 48.99750; -123.82028
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MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Apps.gov.bc.ca-3"},{"link_name":"49th parallel north","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/49th_parallel_north"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Island"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ladysmith,_British_Columbia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"dwellings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwelling"},{"link_name":"Population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Island Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Highway"},{"link_name":"Island Rail Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Rail_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Nanaimo Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanaimo_Airport"},{"link_name":"BC Ferries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Ferries"}],"text":"Town in British Columbia, CanadaLadysmith, originally Oyster Harbour,[3] is a town located on the 49th parallel north on the east coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The local economy is based on forestry, tourism, and agriculture. A hillside location adjacent to a sheltered harbour forms the natural geography of the community.As of 2021[update], the population was 8,990. The area of the town was 12.04 square kilometres. Total private dwellings were 4,079. Population density was 746.5 people per square kilometre.[4]Ladysmith is served by the coast-spanning Island Highway, the Island Rail Corridor, nearby Nanaimo Airport and BC Ferries.","title":"Ladysmith, British Columbia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Dunsmuir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dunsmuir"},{"link_name":"Oyster Harbour (now Ladysmith Harbour)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladysmith_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extension,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Nanaimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanaimo"},{"link_name":"Extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extension,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Ladysmith in South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladysmith,_KwaZulu-Natal#The_Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"Ladysmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladysmith,_KwaZulu-Natal"},{"link_name":"Juana María de los Dolores de León Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana_Mar%C3%ADa_de_los_Dolores_de_Le%C3%B3n_Smith"},{"link_name":"Sir Harry Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Smith_(army)"},{"link_name":"Cape Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colony"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Apps.gov.bc.ca-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Apps.gov.bc.ca-3"},{"link_name":"Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"General Redvers Buller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redvers_Buller"},{"link_name":"General Sir Charles Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Warren"},{"link_name":"Horatio Herbert Kitchener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener"},{"link_name":"Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Baden-Powell,_1st_Baron_Baden-Powell"},{"link_name":"Major General Lord Methuen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Methuen,_3rd_Baron_Methuen"},{"link_name":"Sir William Penn Symonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symonds"},{"link_name":"Battle of Spion Kop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Spion_Kop"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elliot_Beach_Park_(7088572421).jpg"},{"link_name":"The Seaforth Highlanders of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seaforth_Highlanders_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"James Dunsmuir founded Ladysmith about 1898, a year after he built shipping wharves for loading coal at Oyster Harbour (now Ladysmith Harbour) from the mine at Extension, nearer Nanaimo. Dunsmuir, owner of coal mines in the Nanaimo area, needed a location to house the families of his miners. He chose to build the community at what was then known as Oyster Harbour, some 20 miles (32 km) south of his Extension mines. Many buildings were moved from Extension and Wellington by rail and by oxen.In 1900, Dunsmuir renamed the town in honour of the British lifting the siege of Ladysmith in South Africa (28 February 1900) during the Second Boer War. (The original town of Ladysmith in turn took its name from Juana María de los Dolores de León Smith, known as Lady Smith, the Spanish wife of Sir Harry Smith, the British Governor of the Cape Colony and high commissioner in South Africa from 1847 to 1852.[3]) The Town of Ladysmith was incorporated June 3, 1904.[3]Dunsmuir thought this would be a fitting tribute at the conclusion of the Boer War (which ended in 1902). In addition to commemorating the end of the war by naming his town after Ladysmith, Dunsmuir also chose to name the streets of the community after British military personnel including: Field Marshall Lord Roberts, General John French, General Redvers Buller, General Sir Charles Warren, General Sir George White, Horatio Herbert Kitchener, Lieutenant-General Sir William Forbes Gatacre, Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, Major General Lord Methuen, and Sir William Penn Symonds. The local high school yearbook was at one time called Spion Kop (\"spy hill\" in Afrikaans), in commemoration of the Battle of Spion Kop, a famous engagement in January 1900 in which the Boers defeated British troops during the Second Boer War.[5][6]Elliot Beach Park in Ladysmith, British ColumbiaLadysmith experienced significant unrest and violence during the Vancouver Island coal miners' strike of 1912–1914. The miners were striking because of a variety of long-standing safety concerns. During the strike, militia were dispatched to put down unrest and protect property.The Seaforth Highlanders of Canada first saw active service in the summer of 1912 when rallies by striking coal miners in the area around Nanaimo led to rioting. A company from the Seaforths was sent to garrison the area. Order was eventually restored and maintained until the unit was called back to mobilize for war in August 1914.[citation needed]In 2017, Ladysmith's historic First Avenue was named the best street in Canada by the Canadian Institute of Planners.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 Census of Population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"Statistics Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021census-8"}],"text":"In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Ladysmith had a population of 8,990 living in 3,926 of its 4,079 total private dwellings, a change of 5.3% from its 2016 population of 8,537. With a land area of 12.04 km2 (4.65 sq mi), it had a population density of 746.7/km2 (1,933.9/sq mi) in 2021.[8]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021censusB-9"},{"link_name":"Irreligion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Indigenous Spirituality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"According to the 2021 census, religious groups in Ladysmith included:[9]Irreligion (5,255 persons or 59.7%)\nChristianity (3,335 persons or 37.9%)\nIndigenous Spirituality (40 persons or 0.5%)\nJudaism (30 persons or 0.3%)\nSikhism (30 persons or 0.3%)\nBuddhism (25 persons or 0.3%)\nOther (80 persons or 0.9%)","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ethnicity","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"community paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_paper"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LCC1978-11-01-25"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blackpress1-26"},{"link_name":"Chemainus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemainus"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blackpress1-26"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LCC1978-11-01-25"}],"text":"The Ladysmith-Chemainus Chronicle, a weekly community paper on Vancouver Island with a circulation of 1,898, has been printed locally and was founded in 1908.[20][21] It is circulated in the communities of Ladysmith and Chemainus, in central Vancouver Island.[21] It is archived online in the Google news archive.[20]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ladysmith Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladysmith_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"Ladysmith Primary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ladysmith_Primary_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ladysmith Intermediate School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ladysmith_Intermediate_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"École North Oyster Elementary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_North_Oyster_Elementary&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"French immersion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_immersion"}],"text":"Ladysmith Secondary School is the only secondary school in Ladysmith. The area has three elementary schools: Ladysmith Primary School (Kindergarten to Grade 3), Ladysmith Intermediate School (Grade 4 to Grade 7), and École North Oyster Elementary (Kindergarten to Grade 7). École North Oyster Elementary is a dual-track school, having both French immersion and English programs. Davis Road Elementary School (Kindergarten to Grade 7) was open from 1963 until June 2014 when it was closed due to being over capacity.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syfy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy"},{"link_name":"Resident Alien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_Alien_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Chris Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Sheridan_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Resident_Alien-27"}],"text":"The Syfy original series Resident Alien is largely filmed within the town of Ladysmith. During production, many of the town's residents are employed as background performers. The town is transformed into the show's fictional setting of Patience, Colorado. Showrunner Chris Sheridan stated that production of the series is the subject of much attention and that residents often attempt to glean spoilers based on the observations of filming, leading certain scenes to be filmed at night. He furthermore detailed that while the filming does create disruptions such as the temporary closures of streets, the show's crew makes every effort to be as respectful as possible.[22]","title":"Business"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pamela Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Anderson"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Stef Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stef_Lang"},{"link_name":"Kayla Lorette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayla_Lorette"},{"link_name":"Michelle Mylett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Mylett"}],"text":"Pamela Anderson, a Canadian-American actress, model and animal rights activist, was born and lived in Ladysmith until the age of 12. She returned to live permanently in Ladysmith in July 2019.[23]\nStef Lang, a Canadian singer, songwriter, and producer. Lang grew up and attended Ladysmith Secondary School.\nKayla Lorette, actress and sketch comedian\nMichelle Mylett, actress","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-euro_20-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EastAsian_21-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SoutheastAsian_22-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MiddleEastern_23-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Other_24-0"}],"text":"^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.\n\n^ Statistic includes total responses of \"Chinese\", \"Korean\", and \"Japanese\" under visible minority section on census.\n\n^ Statistic includes total responses of \"Filipino\" and \"Southeast Asian\" under visible minority section on census.\n\n^ Statistic includes total responses of \"West Asian\" and \"Arab\" under visible minority section on census.\n\n^ Statistic includes total responses of \"Visible minority, n.i.e.\" and \"Multiple visible minorities\" under visible minority section on census.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Elliot Beach Park in Ladysmith, British Columbia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Elliot_Beach_Park_%287088572421%29.jpg/220px-Elliot_Beach_Park_%287088572421%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"British Columbia Regional Districts, Municipalities, Corporate Name, Date of Incorporation and Postal Address\" (XLS). British Columbia Ministry of Communities, Sport and Cultural Development. Archived from the original on July 13, 2014. Retrieved November 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140713004716/http://www.cscd.gov.bc.ca/lgd/infra/library/Name%20Incorp%202011.xls","url_text":"\"British Columbia Regional Districts, Municipalities, Corporate Name, Date of Incorporation and Postal Address\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","url_text":"XLS"},{"url":"http://www.cscd.gov.bc.ca/lgd/infra/library/Name%20Incorp%202011.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Town of Ladysmith\". Town of Ladysmith. Retrieved November 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ladysmith.ca/","url_text":"\"Town of Ladysmith\""}]},{"reference":"\"BC Names/GeoBC entry \"Ladysmith (town)\"\". Apps.gov.bc.ca. Retrieved 2014-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/7329.html","url_text":"\"BC Names/GeoBC entry \"Ladysmith (town)\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Census of Population: Ladysmith, Town, British Columbia [Census subdivision]\". www.statcan.gc.ca. Government of Canada. Retrieved 4 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?DGUIDlist=2021A00055919021","url_text":"\"2021 Census of Population: Ladysmith, Town, British Columbia [Census subdivision]\""}]},{"reference":"\"History - Heritage\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ladysmith.ca/discover-ladysmith/history-heritage","url_text":"\"History - Heritage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ladysmith Street Names\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ladysmithhistoricalsociety.ca/histories/street-names/","url_text":"\"Ladysmith Street Names\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), British Columbia\". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000202&geocode=A000259","url_text":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), British Columbia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada","url_text":"Statistics Canada"}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). \"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Ladysmith&DGUIDlist=2021A00055919021&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0","url_text":"\"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population\""}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2021-10-27). \"Census Profile, 2016 Census\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5919021&Geo2=CD&Code2=5919&SearchText=Ladysmith&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0","url_text":"\"Census Profile, 2016 Census\""}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2015-11-27). \"NHS Profile\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5919021&Data=Count&SearchText=Ladysmith&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1","url_text":"\"NHS Profile\""}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-08-20). \"2006 Community Profiles\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5919021&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=Ladysmith&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=","url_text":"\"2006 Community Profiles\""}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-07-02). \"2001 Community Profiles\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5919021&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=Ladysmith&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=","url_text":"\"2001 Community Profiles\""}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-06-04). \"Electronic Area Profiles Profile of Census Divisions and Subdivisions, 1996 Census\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census96/data/profiles/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=35782&PRID=0&PTYPE=3&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=1996&THEME=34&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=","url_text":"\"Electronic Area Profiles Profile of Census Divisions and Subdivisions, 1996 Census\""}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-03-29). \"1991 Census Area Profiles Profile of Census Divisions and Subdivisions - Part B\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census91/data/profiles/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=30&PRID=0&PTYPE=3&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=1991&THEME=113&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=","url_text":"\"1991 Census Area Profiles Profile of Census Divisions and Subdivisions - Part B\""}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-03-29). \"Data tables, 1991 Census Population by Ethnic Origin (24), Showing Single and Multiple Origins (2) - Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. 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Retrieved 2023-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census86/data/tables/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=113684&PRID=0&PTYPE=113679&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=1986&THEME=133&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=","url_text":"\"Data tables, 1986 Census Census Profile for Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 1986 Census - Part A\""}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-06-27). \"Data tables, 1986 Census Census Profile for Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 1986 Census - Part B\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census86/data/tables/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=113685&PRID=0&PTYPE=113679&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=1986&THEME=133&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=","url_text":"\"Data tables, 1986 Census Census Profile for Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 1986 Census - Part B\""}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03). \"Canada's aboriginal population by census subdivisions from the 1986 Census of Canada\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.697442/publication.html","url_text":"\"Canada's aboriginal population by census subdivisions from the 1986 Census of Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Open house set for Saturday\". November 1, 1978. Retrieved 2014-06-21. [The newspaper] has written the events of councils and school boards as they served their communities.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=364&dat=19781101&id=TANMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3642,4725299","url_text":"\"Open house set for Saturday\""}]},{"reference":"\"Black Press\". Blackpress.ca. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714205623/http://www.blackpress.ca/newspaper.php?id=18","url_text":"\"Black Press\""},{"url":"http://www.blackpress.ca/newspaper.php?id=18","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rawnsley, Alex (February 26, 2022). \"Second season of 'Resident Alien' returns to Ladysmith streets\". Nanaimo News Now. Retrieved February 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nanaimonewsnow.com/2022/02/26/second-season-of-resident-alien-returns-to-ladysmith-streets/","url_text":"\"Second season of 'Resident Alien' returns to Ladysmith streets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pamela Anderson's mom: 'We're numb from it all and it's still sinking in'\". theprovince.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelia,_Mexico | Morelia | ["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Population","4 Government","5 Notable sites","6 Notable people","7 Festivals","8 Sister cities","9 Education","10 Sports","11 Transportation","12 The municipality","13 Notes","14 References","15 External links"] | Coordinates: 19°46′06″N 101°11′22″W / 19.76833°N 101.18944°W / 19.76833; -101.18944City and municipal seat of Michoacán, Mexico
This article is about the Mexican City. For other uses, see Morelia (disambiguation).
City in Michoacán, MexicoMoreliaCityFrom top to bottom, from left to right: View of the city, the Cathedral of Morelia, the Aqueduct of Morelia, the Government Palace of Michoacán, the main square, the Federal Palace, the Monument to José María Morelos y Pavón and the Clavijero Cultural Center
FlagCoat of armsMoreliaShow map of MichoacánMoreliaShow map of MexicoCoordinates: 19°46′06″N 101°11′22″W / 19.76833°N 101.18944°W / 19.76833; -101.18944Country MexicoStateMichoacánMunicipalityMoreliaFounded1541Name change Valladolid → Morelia1828Municipality Founded1831Founded byAntonio de MendozaNamed forJosé María Morelos y PavónGovernment • Municipal PresidentAlfonso MartínezElevation6,300 ft (1,920 m)Population (2020) Municipality • City849,053 • Urban1,011,704 • Metro1,060,708 • Seat743,275GDP (PPP, constant 2015 values) • Year2023 • Total$18.3 billion • Per capita$18,500Time zoneUTC−6 (CST) • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)Postal code58000 - 58297Area code443DemonymMoreliano/aWebsitehttp://www.morelia.gob.mx
UNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial nameHistoric Centre of MoreliaTypeCulturalCriteriaii, iv, viDesignated1991 (15th session)Reference no.585RegionLatin America and the Caribbean
Morelia (Spanish pronunciation: ; from 1545 to 1828 known as Valladolid, Otomi: Mänxuni) is a city and municipal seat of the municipality of Morelia in the north-central part of the state of Michoacán in central Mexico. The city is in the Guayangareo Valley and is the capital and largest city of the state. The main pre-Hispanic cultures here were the Purépecha and the Matlatzinca, but no major cities were founded in the valley during this time. The Spanish took control of the area in the 1520s. The Spanish under Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza founded a settlement here in 1541 with the name of Valladolid, which became rival to the nearby city of Pátzcuaro for dominance in Michoacán. In 1580, this rivalry ended in Valladolid's favor, and it became the capital of the viceregal province. After the Mexican War of Independence, the city was renamed Morelia in honor of José María Morelos, who hailed from the city. In 1991, the city was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its well-preserved historical buildings and layout of the historic center. It is tradition to name people born on September 30 after the city.
The city population in 2020 was 743,275 inhabitants. The municipality had 849,053 inhabitants, and the Metropolitan Area, composed of Morelia, Tarímbaro, and Charo municipalities, had 988,704 inhabitants, according to the XIV Census.
History
Jardin de las Rosas Garden and Park
Street and Cathedral of Morelia
Human settlements in the Guayangareo Valley in which Morelia is located have been dated back as far as the 7th century. Artifacts found here have shown Teotihuacán culture influence on early cultures in this area. In the 12th century, the Purépecha arrived in the valley. They dominated it politically for the rest of the pre-Hispanic period but did not build any major settlements here. Between the 12th and the 15th centuries, Matlatzincas moved into the area with permission of the Purépechas, who were based around nearby Pátzcuaro Lake. The main Matlatzinca settlement was where Júarez Plaza in the city is today.
The Spanish pushed into the Guayangareo Valley between 1525 and 1526, headed by Gonzalo Gómez. In the 1530s, the area was evangelized by Franciscans such as Juan de San Miguel and Antonio de Lisboa.
What would become the city of Morelia was founded by Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza and a number of encomenderos in 1541, who first named it Nueva Ciudad de Michoacán (New City of Michoacán). The newly founded settlement grew quickly, prompting Vasco de Quiroga to go to Spain and procure for rival settlement Pátzcuaro the title of city and a seal, to prevent “new city” from becoming the capital of Michoacán. The action also required that the new settlement change its name to Guayangareo. In 1545, Guayangareo gained city status from Charles V with the name of "Valladolid," after the hometown of Antonio de Mendoza. This was part of a power struggle between Antonio de Mendoza and Vasco de Quiroga over the province of Michoacán. During Quiroga's lifetime, he managed to keep political and ecclesiastical power in Pátzcuaro despite the viceroy's and encomenderos’ objections. Quiroga died in 1565, however, and by 1580, both political and religious authority (Episcopal see) had been transferred to the city of Valladolid, moving the College of San Nicolás, which Vasco founded and laying the groundwork for establishing a new cathedral for the province.
The 17th century saw growth for Valladolid, with the construction of the cathedral and aqueduct. The cathedral was begun in 1640 (finished in 1744) and the aqueduct in 1657. Both of these structures would later be worked on in the 18th century by Master Architect of Valladolid, Diego Durán. During the 17th century, many of the city's large churches and monasteries were established, such as the monasteries of San Francisco, San Agustin, El Carmen, and La Merced as well as the convents of Las Rosas, Las Monjas and Capuchinas. Churches include La Compañía, San Juan, and La Cruz, but the most important structure built during this time period was the cathedral. The location of this cathedral defined the composition and development of the city from then on.
At the end of the viceregal period, Valladolid was a small city with about 20,000 inhabitants. It was also an educational center with four important schools such as the College of San Nicolás. These schools would turn out scholars such as Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla and José María Morelos y Pavón, who were sympathetic to the new republican ideas coming out of post-revolution France and the United States. Demonstrations against Spanish rule had been occurring in the town in 1809, culminating in the Conspiracy of 1809. This plot was discovered, with the main conspirators were arrested and sent to other parts of New Spain, which helped to spread republican ideas.
One year later, after forming his army in Guanajuato state, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla arrived and took over the city, proclaiming the end of slavery in Mexico. The city was taken back by royalist forces soon after. Morelos came here to try and dislodge the royalists but was defeated by Agustín de Iturbide. Another prominent figure in the war, Mariano Matamoros was shot by firing squad on the city's main square in 1814. The city remained in royalist's hands until 1821, Iturbide, who had switched sides, and Vicente Guerrero entered the city with the Trigarante Army.
In 1828, the newly created state of Michoacán changed the name of the city from Valladolid to Morelia, in honor of José María Morelos y Pavón. This is the official name it retains today, although its Purépecha name remains Uaianarhio and has had nicknames such as City of Pink (Cantera) Stone, the City of Open Doors, The Rose of the Winds, The Garden of New Spain and religiously as Morelia of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. The city became a municipality in 1831.
The later 19th century is marked by struggles between liberal and conservatives forces in Mexico. During the Revolution of Ayutla, the city was taken by rebel forces under Epitacio Huerta and General García Pueblita, but was taken back in 1855 by forces under Antonio López de Santa Anna. Rebels attacked Santa Anna's troops again a year later. French troops imposing imperial rule entered the city in 1863, with the republican forces moving the capital of Michoacán to Uruapan while conservative families in Morelia pledged support for emperor Maximilian I, who then visited the city. In 1867, the city is taken by republican general Nicolás de Régules and the capital of Michoacán returned to Morelia. In 1869, during a rebellion against Benito Juárez’s government, General Epitacio Huerta attacked government positions in the city but were beaten back by forces under Mariano Escobedo.
Filling water jars at a fountain in Morelia, 1906
The first factories were opened in the city between 1868 and 1870, along with the first telegraph line. The railroad followed in 1883, as well as streetcars.
In 1910, celebrations are held for the centennial of Independence but tensions are high in the city due to the shortage of grain and the continuation of President Porfirio Diaz in power. One year later, revolutionaries loyal to Francisco I. Madero are welcomed into the city. In 1914, the capital was moved from Morelia to the city of Tacámbaro. The city was then taken by forces under General Sánchez in the same year, and by forces loyal to Francisco Villa in 1915.
In 1920, the Palace of the State Government was briefly taken over by farmworkers and others from all over the state. Isaac Arriaga is assassinated here in 1921. The city is attacked again by rebels calling themselves “Delahuertistas” in 1924. The fight mostly occurs in the main plaza with the city defended by General Lopez, Garcia, and Avila Camacho.
Morelia was the location for the 1958 film The Bravados starring Gregory Peck and Joan Collins. Filming was difficult because it was unusually rainy and cold for the region.
During the 1960s the street vendors were removed from the historic center of the city, and palm trees that lined the Avenida Madero, the main east-west road, were cut down. In 1966, there was a student revolt at the state university which was put down by the army.
The 1970s and 1980s are marked by construction including the Periferico bypass ring around the city. During the 1980s, damage due to geographic faults, exacerbated by falling water tables from groundwater pumping is noticed. This problem is similar to problems faced by other cities on the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt such as Querétaro and Mexico City.
In 1991, the city was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its well-preserved architecture. In 2001, street vendors were moved again from the historic center to make the area more tourist-friendly. Traffic was rerouted from here as well with the construction of new bypasses. In 2006 and 2007, many of the plazas and gardens in the historic center were remodeled.
In 2008, eight people were killed in a grenade attack.
In 2009, the Morelia metropolitan area was tentatively established as consisting of the municipalities of Zinapécuaro, Álvaro Obregón, Charo, Tarímbaro and Morelia. This initial determination was made by the Secretary of Urbanism and Environment, with further refinements to be made as the municipal presidents of these entities meets to discuss limits, strategies and further actions. One of these actions has been to establish a formal commission to administer the area.
Geography
Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Morelia has a subtropical highland climate (abbreviated Cwb on climate maps), with warm-to-hot days and cool nights year round due to its high elevation. Most precipitation falls during the summer monsoon season from June to September. Average monthly temperatures are between 14 and 22 °C (57 and 72 °F), with maximum temperatures of 38.3 °C (100.9 °F) in the summer of 1998 and the lowest temperature of −5.2 °C (22.6 °F) in January 1985.
Climate data for Morelia (1951–2010)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
35.0(95.0)
33.0(91.4)
39.0(102.2)
36.5(97.7)
38.0(100.4)
38.5(101.3)
36.5(97.7)
35.5(95.9)
35.8(96.4)
36.0(96.8)
38.3(100.9)
35.0(95.0)
38.5(101.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
23.8(74.8)
25.6(78.1)
27.9(82.2)
30.0(86.0)
30.6(87.1)
28.4(83.1)
26.1(79.0)
26.0(78.8)
25.5(77.9)
25.5(77.9)
25.3(77.5)
24.2(75.6)
26.6(79.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)
14.5(58.1)
15.8(60.4)
18.1(64.6)
20.3(68.5)
21.5(70.7)
20.9(69.6)
19.4(66.9)
19.4(66.9)
19.1(66.4)
18.0(64.4)
16.5(61.7)
15.0(59.0)
18.2(64.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
5.2(41.4)
6.1(43.0)
8.4(47.1)
10.6(51.1)
12.5(54.5)
13.4(56.1)
12.8(55.0)
12.9(55.2)
12.7(54.9)
10.5(50.9)
7.8(46.0)
5.9(42.6)
9.9(49.8)
Record low °C (°F)
−5.2(22.6)
−3.0(26.6)
0.2(32.4)
1.7(35.1)
4.6(40.3)
3.0(37.4)
3.9(39.0)
6.0(42.8)
5.0(41.0)
0.0(32.0)
−1.1(30.0)
−4.4(24.1)
−5.2(22.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
18.8(0.74)
9.3(0.37)
9.8(0.39)
14.2(0.56)
46.3(1.82)
141.7(5.58)
183.0(7.20)
166.8(6.57)
140.6(5.54)
55.4(2.18)
12.1(0.48)
5.6(0.22)
803.6(31.64)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)
2.7
1.8
1.9
3.1
7.9
17.4
22.2
21.5
17.6
8.8
2.7
1.9
109.5
Average relative humidity (%)
56
52
46
43
48
62
68
69
69
66
62
59
58
Mean monthly sunshine hours
237
243
281
263
259
208
195
202
184
219
234
233
2,758
Source 1: Servicio Meteorologico Nacional (humidity 1981–2000)
Source 2: Ogimet (sun 1981–2010)
Population
The city of Morelia is the most populous city in the state of Michoacán and the third most important in the Bajío Region, just behind León de Los Aldama and Querétaro City.
In the most recent census carried out by Inegi in 2020 the city registered a population of 743,275 inhabitants, an increase of almost 145,000 inhabitants over the previous census carried out in 2010 when it had a population of 597,511.
Government
See also: List of municipal presidents of Morelia
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (February 2020)
Notable sites
City Sign at Cathedral Plaza
Almost all of Morelia's notable sites lie in its historic center. This historic center is roughly equivalent to the original layout of the city when it was founded in 1541, and most of this layout has survived intact to the present day. Anticipating growth, this original layout had very wide streets and plazas for the time, with streets systematically arranged to allow for elongation. The streets are systematically laid out, but not rigidly squared, with most having gentle curves designed into them. Most of the grandest structures were completed during the 18th century, including the facade and bell towers of the cathedral, the Colegio Seminario (today the State Government Palace), La Alhóndiga (today part of the Palace of Justice) and numerous private mansions. During the same time period, infrastructure such as the city's aqueduct and various plaza fountains were constructed. The Mexican federal government lists 1,113 buildings built from the 16th to the 20th centuries as having historical value. The buildings encompass the various architectural styles that have been fashionable in Mexico, but nearly all are built of pink Cantera stone, which gives the city a unified appearance. Several measures were taken in the 20th century to preserve this part of the city. In 1956, the city enacted regulations to preserve the historic center's colonial buildings. In 1990, President Carlos Salinas de Gortari issued a decree making the historic center of Morelia a national historic monument. In 1991, the same area was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, which covers 200 of the area's historic buildings.
Morelia Cathedral
The heart of the historic center is the cathedral and its surrounding plazas: the Plaza de Armas, also known as the Plaza de los Mártires, the Juárez Plaza and the Melchor Ocampo Plaza. The largest plaza is the Plaza de Armas, which has been remodeled several times since it was designed in the 16th century. It has been renamed several times as well, from “de la Constitución,” “de la República” to the current official name of “de los Mártires” but popularly it retains the name of “Plaza de Armas.” The alternate name, Plaza de los Mártires (Plaza of the Martyrs) is in honor of people like Mariano Matamoros, Guadalupe el Salto and others who were executed here during the Mexican War of Independence and later in 1830 during political unrest. The plaza is surrounded by portals, and colonial era buildings such as the Banca Promex, the Virrey de Mendoza Hotel, the Juan de Dios Gomez House and the old town hall, also called the Michelena House. Until the late 19th century, a monument to Morelos had been here, but this was removed along with the fountain and replaced by a kiosk that was brought from London and remains to this day. The last remodeling of the plaza occurred in the mid-20th century under the direction of architect and painter Juan O'Gorman. The Melchor Ocampo Plaza was originally named “Plaza de la Paz.” In the late 19th century, this plaza was remodeled and a monument to Ocampo sculpted by Primitivo Miranda was placed here. Another statue by Miranda, this one of Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon was placed in the small plaza on the west side of the cathedral and named the Morelos Plaza.
The first church on the Cathedral site was built in 1577, which was a modest structure of adobe and wood. Many years later, this structure would be almost completely destroyed by a fire. Originally, the Cathedral of Michoacán was in Pátzcuaro in a church that now is the Basilica of Nuestra Señora de la Salud. When cathedral status was moved from there to Valladolid in 1580, the city became the civil, religious, and cultural capital of the territory. In 1660, Bishop Marcos Ramírez del Prado, placed the first stone of the new cathedral, which was designed by Vicenzo Barocco. Of the major churches of the early colonial period, only this and the Mexico City Cathedral do not face west, as was customary. The Cathedral of Michoacán is also unique in that it is dedicated to the Transfiguration of Jesus, rather than some form of the Virgin Mary. The cathedral was consecrated in 1705, even though it was not yet finished. The facade as a relief of the Transfiguration of Christ and the east nave is dedicated to the sheepherders and Wise Men of the Nativity. Built of pink Cantera stone, the cathedral's two 60-meter-high (200 ft) towers still dominate the skyline of the city, and are the second tallest Baroque towers in Mexico.
Decorated Plaza next to Cathedral in Morelia
The cathedral's official name is Cathedral of the Divine Savior of Morelia. Since it was built over the 17th and 18th centuries, elements of Neoclassical, Herreresque, and Baroque architecture can be seen in the building. The facade of the cathedral is mostly decorated in pilasters rather than columns and relieves rather than sculptures. There are more than two hundred pilasters but no columns, the only church built this way during the colonial period.
Inside, there are a number of elements that stand out. The baptismal font was made of silver in the 19th century and was used to baptize Mexico's first emperor, Agustín de Iturbide. A three-meter-tall (9.8 ft) monstrance made of pure silver adorns the main altar and is unique in that it can be disassembled and reassembled. Also on the altar is a 16th-century cornstalk paste image of the Señor de la Sacristía (Lord of the Sacristy), whose gold crown was a gift from Philip II of Spain. A newer addition is the organ from Germany, which has 4,600 pipes and is one of the largest in Latin America. On Saturdays at 8:45 pm the cathedral sponsors a sound-and-light show.
In front of the cathedral is the old Seminario Tridentino de San Pedro, one of the educational institutions of the colonial city. Today it is the Palace of the State Government. It was constructed by Thomás de Huerta in the late 18th century. The school had graduates such as José María Morelos and Melchor Ocampo. The facade is mostly original, with only the seal of Mexico having been added in the mid-19th century, when this building was converted for use as the seat of the Michoacán state government. Inside are three courtyards with the walls of the first courtyard covered in murals done by Alfredo Zalce in the 1960s.
Church of San Francisco
Traslado de las Monjas in the museum of the Casa de la Cultura is also the home of the Instituto Michoacano de Cultura (Michoacan Institute of Culture) and the State Secretary of Culture. It is in the former monastery of Nuestra Señora del Carmen Descalzo, which was established in 1593. The church building was probably finished in 1619, the date inscribed on the south portal, but monastery construction continued into the 17th century. In the 19th century, the Reform Laws expropriated the cloisters and living quarters but left the church to its religious function, which continues to this day. After expropriation, the monastery area was first used as the home of the Primer Cuerpo de Caballería del Estado (First Cavalry Corps of the State). Over time the church fell into disrepair but was restored in the 1940s. The rest of the complex was restored and converted to its present function starting in 1977.
The Orquidario of Morelia is an orchid museum which houses approximately 3,400 species of the flower. The botanical garden consists of three greenhouses with some outside space. The museum is managed by SEMARNAT as part of a program to preserve wild species. The botanical garden has a surface area of over 990 square meters (10,700 sq ft) and was founded in 1980.
The Museo Regional Michoacano (Regional Museum of Michoacán) was founded in 1886 and its design was heavily influenced by French ideas of museum design of the time. It is housed in a building that belonged to Emperor Maximilian I, and is of ornate Baroque design. Most of the exhibits are about the history of the region with rooms dedicated to pre-Hispanic artifacts and colonial art. One noted piece is the painting called “Traslado de las Monjas” which is considered to be the finest work produced in Michoacán during the colonial period. Other important works include the original volume of the Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland, edited in Paris in 1807 and the murals done by Alfredo Zalce, Federico Cantú and Grace Greenwood. There are also interactive exhibits on the origins of the earth and life. The museum also has conference rooms, a library, and a reading room.
The Museo del Estado (The State Museum) is dedicated to the state's past and present. It was opened in 1986 and divided into three sections – archeology, history and ethnology of the state. There is also an exhibit of the old Mier Pharmacy with its equipment from 1868. The museum is a mansion dating from the 18th century.
The Museo de Arte Colonial (Museum of Colonial Art) holds a collection of documents, old books, religious ornaments and maps from the colonial period. The museum's main attraction is its collection of more than 100 figures of Christ done in cornstalk paste. These figures were created by indigenous artists, starting under the direction of Vasco de Quiroga, between the 16th and 19th centuries. There are also paintings done by Miguel Cabrera and José Padilla from the 18th century. The museum is in an old Baroque residence from the 18th century. Prior to the building's use as a museum, it was the site of the first official government press in the state, founded in 1821.
The Casa Museum José María Morelos y Pavón (José María Morelos y Pavón House Museum) contains a collection of items from the colonial and early independence periods of Mexico's history, including articles that belonged to Morelos himself. Morelos bought the house in 1802, but did not live there much, especially in the years just before and during the Mexican War of Independence because of his involvement with the movement. In 1933, the house was declared a national monument and in 1939 became the property of INAH to be converted into this museum. Later, the building underwent another round of restoration work and was re-inaugurated in 1991. The lower level is mostly dedicated to Morelos with the rooms on the upper level dedicated to the war in general. The museum is also the archive of the Bishopric of Michoacán and contains documents from the 16th to the 20th centuries.
Morelos' birthplace
The Casa Natal de Morelos (Morelos’ Birthplace) is the house where José María Morelos y Pavón was born in 1765. The building is a large mansion with a Neoclassic facade and a Baroque interior. In 1888, the original building was destroyed to build a farmhouse. This is the building that has been restored and turned into a museum in 1964, for the coming bicentennial of Morelos’ birth. The museum contains documents and belongings of Morelos including ones he signed, money he had coined, paintings and a large library.
The Museo de la Máscara (Mask Museum) presents two different mask collections, totaling more than 165 examples from cultures in twenty Mexican states. It is located in the Casa de Artesanias de Morelia (Handcraft House of Morelia).
The Museo de Arte Contemporáneo Alfredo Zalce (Alfredo Zalce Museum of Contemporary Art) mostly contains works done by Alfredo Zalce and Efraín Vargas, both renowned Michoacán painters. It also holds temporary exhibits by Mexican and international artists.
The Plaza Monumental de Morelia was established in 1951, which was destined exclusively for bullfights. Nowadays, the ring also hosts concerts, lucha libre, and weddings.
The city's aqueduct was first documented in 1549. It was used to transport fresh water to the required destination so that the inhabitants of the city could access it. The water system was made of used wood from canoes in the area to create the base structure during its construction. As years passed with the use of the aqueduct constantly changing, there was an incident that occurred in 1784. The incident was that part of the Morelia aqueduct foundation collapsed, leaving hundreds without access to the water. On October 21, 1785, a document detailed the reconstruction of the aqueduct, and a man named Fray Antonio de San Miguel volunteered to make a plan for the reconstruction of the structure. With Fray Antonio's plans, they completely reconstructed the arches and added fixtures to repair the previous damage. As the repairs were completed the aqueduct remained in use until it stopped functioning in 1910; it remains standing to this day. The whole Aqueduct structure consisted of 253 arches (some of which have collapsed over the years), at a height of 700 meters (2,300 ft).
In front of the Aqueduct is the Fuente de las Tarascas, one of the most popular fountains in the city. The current version was installed in 1984.
Notable people
Alma Graciela Haro Cabello (born 1927), singer known as Esmeralda
Junior Félix Madrigal (born 1982), Mexican footballer
José Manuel Ponce, Mexican race car driver
Festivals
The Festival Internacional de Música de Morelia is an annual event that was begun in 1988 by Bernal Jiménez, who had the dream of making Morelia the “Salzburg of Americas”. The festival consists of more than forty concerts with over 500 artists participating. It has become the largest music festival in Morelia, with private and government sponsors, esp. CONACULTA. Concerts include those by chamber orchestras, choirs, ensambles, trios and soloists such as pianist Joanna MacGregor and the Britten Symphony. Each year, a different country is the “special guest,” which in 2009 was the United Kingdom. In that year, some of the participants included the London Symphony Orchestra, the Brodsky Quartet, La Britten Symphony Orchestra, the Coro Nova Schola Gregoriana Di Verona of Italy, and violinist Tanya Anisimova from Russia. Participants from Mexico included the National Symphonic Orchestra, the Orquesta Sinfónica de Minería and flautist Horacio Franco.
The International Summer Opera Festival of Morelia (ISOFOM) started in 2017 and has attracted thousands of audience members to its opera galas and concerts. Students come from all over the world to study with the renowned faculty and experience the life in Morelia for three weeks each June. In 2019, the festival presents its first full-length opera Falstaff by Verdi, in the beautiful Teatro Ocampo, as well as a Gala evening in the Palacio Clavijero. The mission of ISOFOM is to bring young up-and-coming performers of opera to the Michoacan audiences and share with them that special art form in landmark locations all across Morelia, at an affordable price.
Winners speech at the 2010 Morelia Film Fest
The Festival Internacional de Cine de Morelia was begun in 2003, and is mostly dedicated to Mexican cinema, showcasing up-and-coming directors and productions. The majority of activities take place in the Cinépolis Morelia Centro, but also includes other theaters, auditoriums and public plazas.
Morelia is the site of the annual Zapata Vive Morelia Festival, which celebrates the life of Emiliano Zapata with cultural and political activities. The purpose of the event is to promote exhibitions by artistic, cultural and social organizations from the state of Michoacán and other parts of the country. Events are spread out over several days and include ones such as concerts, round tables and information sessions. The event encourages those organizations who work with the lower social classes and are politically left to participate.
The Festival de Escala is an annual event dedicated to promoting rock climbing in the municipality at places such as El Paredón de la Noria, just south of the city proper.
A popular festival that features a 3-day Salsa competition in the heart of Morelia is called "SalsaMich". Typically held in March, the festival brings Salsa dancers from all across the country to Morelia to compete for prizes.
Sister cities
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Morelia has a sister city relationship with Yakima, Washington, supported since 1999 by the Yakima-Morelia Sister City Association. Cultural exchanges between the cities have included musicians from Morelia who have performed with the Yakima Symphony Orchestra.
Morelia has other sister cities around the world, including: Arequipa in Peru; Caspueñas, Valladolid, and Madrigal de las Altas Torres in Spain; Gettysburg, Kansas City, Fullerton, Monterey Park, Norwalk, and Shreveport in the United States; Matanzas and Havana in Cuba; and Sopó in Colombia.
Education
Colegio de San Nicolas
During the colonial period the city had four major educational institutions, the Colegio Seminario Tridentino, the Colegio de San Nicolás, the Colegio de los Jesuitas and the Colegio de las Rosas.
The state university, the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, is the oldest university in the Americas, which has its origins in the college founded in 1540 by Vasco de Quiroga in Pátzcuaro, the Colegio de San Nicolás Obispo. This school was founded to train priests and missionaries for work in Michoacán. The school gained a royal seal and patronage in 1543. In 1566, colonial religious authorities took over the school and in 1574, academics here were under the jurisdiction of the Jesuits. With the episcopal seat changed to Valladolid, the school moved also in 1580 and was fused with the already existing Colegio de San Miguel Guayangareo. The school was reformed in the 17th century and its curriculum was redesigned in the 18th to include courses in philosophy, religious law, civil law and other subjects. At the beginning the 19th century, the school became one of New Spain's main centers of learning and academia, producing scholars such as a Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, José Ma. Morelos, José Sixto Verduzco, José María Izazaga and Ignacio López Rayón, most of whom would have a role in the upcoming Mexican War of Independence. The school closed during the war but was reopened in 1847 with the name Primitivo y Nacional Colegio de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, focusing more on secular studies such as chemistry, physics, mathematics, biology, etc. based on the European university model.
ITESM Morelia Campus
After the Mexican Revolution, the school was reorganized and renamed again to the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo in 1917, which consolidated a number of other schools and disciplines into the new organization.
Nowadays, the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo is the most important university in the state of Michoacán. It has been rated also as one of the Top 10 best public universities in Mexico. The university has recently expanded to other smaller cities in the state other than Morelia, such as Uruapan, Apatzingán, Ciudad Hidalgo, Lázaro Cárdenas, Coalcoman, Huetamo, Tangancicuaro and Zitacuaro. In 2011, according to the INEGI census, the university had 55,546 regular students.
Other universities in the city include Instituto Tecnológico de Morelia (ITM), Universidad Tecnológica de Morelia (UTM), Instituto Michoacano de Ciencias de la Educación, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo del Estado de Michoacán (CIDEM), the Morelia Campus of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de la Comunicación (IESCAC), Universidad Pedagógica Nacional, Conservatorio de las Rosas, Universidad Vasco de Quiroga, Universidad Latina de America, Universidad La Salle Morelia, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey- Campus Morelia ITESM, Universidad Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz and many other different private universities.
Sports
Morelos Stadium
Morelia was represented by their soccer team, Monarcas Morelia, in the Liga MX.
Monarcas Morelia was founded in 1950 on a field outside the city where a monument to Lázaro Cárdenas is now located. The team's original name was Club Deportivo Morelia and was owned by Eucuario Gómez. The club's colors are the city's flag colors red and yellow because Morelia is known to be the most Spanish city in Mexico.
The club was nicknamed “Amarillo”(Yellow) During the 1956–57 season, when the club won the right to play in the 1st division in which they played in their first tournament for the Copa México against Club América.
The club descended into the 2nd division again in 1968 and experienced tough times during the early 70s. By the end of the 1973–74 season the team was completely restructured by 32 Morelia Businessmen who acquired the team. After 13 years in the 2nd division, the team finally returned to 1st division play in 1981 and by the mid-1980s was competitive and reaching the Liguilla (playoffs) regularly.
Following many years of playing at Estadio Venustiano Carranza, the completion of Estadio Morelos in 1989 gave the team a new home. In 1996, the team was acquired by TV Azteca and the name Monarcas (Monarchs) Morelia was adopted in 1999 because of the three Spanish Monarchs shown in the flag of Morelia. The team won its first championship during the Invierno 2000 season and by mid-decade, was playing in international competition such as the Copa Libertadores and the Liga de Campeones de la CONCACAF (CONCACAF Champions League). The team's latest success came during the 2010 North American SuperLiga tournament, which Monarcas won over the New England Revolution on September the 1st, 2010, at New England.
The team closed the Apertura 2010 tournament of the Primera División de México (Mexico's 1st division), failing to make the "liguilla".
In 2020 it was announced that the franchise would be moving to the city of Mazatlán, Sinaloa, and would be Renamed Mazatlán F.C. Soon after, the municipal government announced that they would have a new team playing in the Liga de Expansión MX (Mexico's second division) under the name Atlético Morelia
Transportation
Airport of Morelia
Morelia is three or four hours from Mexico City via the Atlacomulco-Maravatío-Morelia highway and is connected by highways to the states of Mexico, Querétaro, Guanajuato and Jalisco. It is connected to the Michoacán coast via highway 200 that passes through Uruapan to the port of Lázaro Cárdenas. General Francisco Mujica International Airport or Morelia International Airport (IATA: MLM, ICAO: MMMM) is an international airport at Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico. The airport handles both domestic and international flights, with connections to Mexico City, Uruapan, Lázaro Cárdenas, Acapulco, Zihuatanejo, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Tijuana and several destinations in the United States. The airport is named after a former governor of the state of Michoacán.
The municipality
As the municipal seat, Morelia is the governing authority of 423 other communities, almost all of which are small communities of between three and 1,000 people, with 89% of the municipality's population of 684,145 people within the city itself. The municipality covers a territory of 1,199.02 square kilometres (462.94 sq mi) and borders the municipalities of Tarímbaro, Chucándiro, Huaniqueo, Charo, Tzitzio, Villa Madero, Acuitzio, Lagunillas, Coeneo, Tzintzuntzan and Quiroga.
Much of the municipality is in the Guayangareo Valley between two rivers: the El Grande and the El Chiquito. Guayangareo means "large hill with a flat side." The municipality's territory is rugged and dominated by peaks such as Punhuato, El Zapote and the Otzumatlán mountain range, with the highest peak being Quinceo with an elevation of 2,787 metres (9,144 ft). The municipality belongs to the Lerma-Santiago river hydraulic region, with the main rivers being the El Grande and the El Chiquito. There are a number of streams including the Zarza and Pitaya. The most important dam here is Cointzio, with other smaller ones being Umécuaro, Laja Caliente and La Mintzita.
Vegetation outside the city varies based on elevation and the type of soil. Mountainous areas are mostly covered in conifers while lower and drier areas have trees such as mesquite. To the south of the city is the Lázaro Cárdenas Forest, which is an ecological reserve. Animal life mostly consists of small mammals, with coyotes being the largest, birds of prey and some reptiles.
The growth of the city of Morelia is having a negative impact on the surrounding forested area. This is particularly problematic in the area north of the city, which belongs to the Lake Cuitzeo basin, and is a main recharge area for the city's aquifer. The forested areas around the city are also important for the city's air quality and as a breeding place for pollinating insects needed for agriculture. UNAM has been documenting the species in these forests with the aim of getting them declared as biological reserves.
One industrial area is the Ciudad Industrial de Morelia, which mostly houses small and medium-sized enterprises. Some of the products manufactured here include cooking oil, flour, cement, plastics, bottling and candies. Tourism is a rising component of the economy, taking advantage of area's colonial heritage, smaller traditional communities, natural areas and archeological zones such as Santa María de Guido in the city, Barranca de los Lobos in Teremendo, Nahuatl Sanctuary and Catrina in Capula. However, it has not been developed sufficiently to be a major contributor. Tourism accounts for the main economic activity in Morelia. Unfortunately, due to Mexico's rising crime in drug trafficking within the cartels, this can provide a grave disincentive in the tourism sector for Morelia.
According to Standard & Poor's report for November 2009, the government of Morelia maintains an adequate development budget, backed by relatively high income and low debt. It is rated on a national scale for Mexico as A+. The economy is projected to be stable with the government keeping control of expenses.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Morelia.
Notes
^ Morelia had been named Valladolid before Mexican independence in 1820; it was renamed in 1828 after the independence leader José María Morelos, born in the city in 1765.
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^ "INEGI Census 2005" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2007-03-28. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
^ Reyes, Gema (2009-10-29). "En riesgo, zona boscosa de Morelia" . La Jornada Michoacán (in Spanish). Morelia, Mexico. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
^ a b "Standard & Poor's confirma calificación de 'mxA+' del municipio de Morelia, Michoacán; la perspectiva es estable" (in Spanish). 2009-11-12. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
^ "Mexico Travel Warning". travel.state.gov. Archived from the original on 2016-06-01. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
External links
Mexico portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Morelia.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Morelia.
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Antiguo Real Hospital de San Juan de Dios
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Plaza Monumental de Morelia
Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo
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Fuente de las Tarascas
Monumento a los Constructores
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MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morelia (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelia_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[moˈɾelja]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"Otomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomi_language"},{"link_name":"municipal seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_seat"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Michoacán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turiguia-3"},{"link_name":"Purépecha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_people"},{"link_name":"Matlatzinca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matlatzinca_people"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spain"},{"link_name":"Viceroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy"},{"link_name":"Antonio de Mendoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_Mendoza"},{"link_name":"Pátzcuaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1tzcuaro"},{"link_name":"viceregal province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy"},{"link_name":"Mexican War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"José María Morelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pop-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"}],"text":"City and municipal seat of Michoacán, MexicoThis article is about the Mexican City. For other uses, see Morelia (disambiguation).City in Michoacán, MexicoMorelia (Spanish pronunciation: [moˈɾelja]; from 1545 to 1828 known as Valladolid, Otomi: Mänxuni) is a city and municipal seat of the municipality of Morelia in the north-central part of the state of Michoacán in central Mexico.[3] The city is in the Guayangareo Valley and is the capital and largest city of the state. The main pre-Hispanic cultures here were the Purépecha and the Matlatzinca, but no major cities were founded in the valley during this time. The Spanish took control of the area in the 1520s. The Spanish under Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza founded a settlement here in 1541 with the name of Valladolid, which became rival to the nearby city of Pátzcuaro for dominance in Michoacán. In 1580, this rivalry ended in Valladolid's favor, and it became the capital of the viceregal province. After the Mexican War of Independence, the city was renamed Morelia in honor of José María Morelos, who hailed from the city. In 1991, the city was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its well-preserved historical buildings and layout of the historic center. It is tradition to name people born on September 30 after the city.The city population in 2020 was 743,275 inhabitants. The municipality had 849,053 inhabitants, and the Metropolitan Area, composed of Morelia, Tarímbaro, and Charo municipalities, had 988,704 inhabitants, according to the XIV Census.[4][5]","title":"Morelia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jardin_de_las_rosas.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calle_del_centro_de_morelia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Morelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Morelia"},{"link_name":"Guayangareo Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guayangareo_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Teotihuacán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotihuac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Purépecha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_people"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahistoria-6"},{"link_name":"Franciscans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscans"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"encomenderos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encomenderos"},{"link_name":"Vasco de Quiroga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_de_Quiroga"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turiguia-3"},{"link_name":"the hometown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valladolid,_Spain"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahistoria-6"},{"link_name":"religious authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Morelia"},{"link_name":"Episcopal see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_see"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"Diego Durán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diego_Dur%C3%A1n_(Architect)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdesmor-8"},{"link_name":"José María Morelos y Pavón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos"},{"link_name":"post-revolution France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turiguia-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdesmor-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahistoria-6"},{"link_name":"Guanajuato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanajuato"},{"link_name":"Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla"},{"link_name":"Agustín de Iturbide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide"},{"link_name":"Mariano Matamoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Matamoros"},{"link_name":"Vicente Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Trigarante Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Three_Guarantees"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahistoria-6"},{"link_name":"José María Morelos y Pavón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos"},{"link_name":"New Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spain"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahistoria-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"Revolution of Ayutla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_Ayutla"},{"link_name":"Antonio López de Santa Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahistoria-6"},{"link_name":"Uruapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruapan"},{"link_name":"Maximilian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"Benito Juárez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez"},{"link_name":"Mariano Escobedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Escobedo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahistoria-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Filling_water_jars_at_a_fountain_in_Morelia,_Mexico_(1906).jpg"},{"link_name":"telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahistoria-6"},{"link_name":"Porfirio Diaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfirio_Diaz"},{"link_name":"Francisco I. Madero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"Tacámbaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tac%C3%A1mbaro"},{"link_name":"Francisco Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Villa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahistoria-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"The Bravados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bravados"},{"link_name":"Gregory Peck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Peck"},{"link_name":"Joan Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Collins"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahistoria-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahistoria-6"},{"link_name":"Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Mexican_Volcanic_Belt"},{"link_name":"Querétaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro,_Quer%C3%A9taro"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scdirect-9"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahistoria-6"},{"link_name":"were killed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelia_grenade_attacks"},{"link_name":"grenade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenade"},{"link_name":"Zinapécuaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinap%C3%A9cuaro"},{"link_name":"Álvaro Obregón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Charo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charo,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leon-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trabaja-11"}],"text":"Jardin de las Rosas Garden and ParkStreet and Cathedral of MoreliaHuman settlements in the Guayangareo Valley in which Morelia is located have been dated back as far as the 7th century. Artifacts found here have shown Teotihuacán culture influence on early cultures in this area. In the 12th century, the Purépecha arrived in the valley. They dominated it politically for the rest of the pre-Hispanic period but did not build any major settlements here. Between the 12th and the 15th centuries, Matlatzincas moved into the area with permission of the Purépechas, who were based around nearby Pátzcuaro Lake. The main Matlatzinca settlement was where Júarez Plaza in the city is today.[5][6]The Spanish pushed into the Guayangareo Valley between 1525 and 1526, headed by Gonzalo Gómez. In the 1530s, the area was evangelized by Franciscans such as Juan de San Miguel and Antonio de Lisboa.[5]What would become the city of Morelia was founded by Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza and a number of encomenderos in 1541, who first named it Nueva Ciudad de Michoacán (New City of Michoacán). The newly founded settlement grew quickly, prompting Vasco de Quiroga to go to Spain and procure for rival settlement Pátzcuaro the title of city and a seal, to prevent “new city” from becoming the capital of Michoacán. The action also required that the new settlement change its name to Guayangareo.[3] In 1545, Guayangareo gained city status from Charles V with the name of \"Valladolid,\" after the hometown of Antonio de Mendoza.[6] This was part of a power struggle between Antonio de Mendoza and Vasco de Quiroga over the province of Michoacán. During Quiroga's lifetime, he managed to keep political and ecclesiastical power in Pátzcuaro despite the viceroy's and encomenderos’ objections. Quiroga died in 1565, however, and by 1580, both political and religious authority (Episcopal see) had been transferred to the city of Valladolid, moving the College of San Nicolás, which Vasco founded and laying the groundwork for establishing a new cathedral for the province.[5]The 17th century saw growth for Valladolid, with the construction of the cathedral and aqueduct. The cathedral was begun in 1640 (finished in 1744) and the aqueduct in 1657.[5] Both of these structures would later be worked on in the 18th century by Master Architect of Valladolid, Diego Durán.[7] During the 17th century, many of the city's large churches and monasteries were established, such as the monasteries of San Francisco, San Agustin, El Carmen, and La Merced as well as the convents of Las Rosas, Las Monjas and Capuchinas. Churches include La Compañía, San Juan, and La Cruz, but the most important structure built during this time period was the cathedral. The location of this cathedral defined the composition and development of the city from then on.[8]At the end of the viceregal period, Valladolid was a small city with about 20,000 inhabitants. It was also an educational center with four important schools such as the College of San Nicolás. These schools would turn out scholars such as Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla and José María Morelos y Pavón, who were sympathetic to the new republican ideas coming out of post-revolution France and the United States.[3][8] Demonstrations against Spanish rule had been occurring in the town in 1809, culminating in the Conspiracy of 1809. This plot was discovered, with the main conspirators were arrested and sent to other parts of New Spain, which helped to spread republican ideas.[6]One year later, after forming his army in Guanajuato state, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla arrived and took over the city, proclaiming the end of slavery in Mexico. The city was taken back by royalist forces soon after. Morelos came here to try and dislodge the royalists but was defeated by Agustín de Iturbide. Another prominent figure in the war, Mariano Matamoros was shot by firing squad on the city's main square in 1814. The city remained in royalist's hands until 1821, Iturbide, who had switched sides, and Vicente Guerrero entered the city with the Trigarante Army.[5][6]In 1828, the newly created state of Michoacán changed the name of the city from Valladolid to Morelia, in honor of José María Morelos y Pavón. This is the official name it retains today, although its Purépecha name remains Uaianarhio and has had nicknames such as City of Pink (Cantera) Stone, the City of Open Doors, The Rose of the Winds, The Garden of New Spain and religiously as Morelia of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.[6] The city became a municipality in 1831.[5]The later 19th century is marked by struggles between liberal and conservatives forces in Mexico. During the Revolution of Ayutla, the city was taken by rebel forces under Epitacio Huerta and General García Pueblita, but was taken back in 1855 by forces under Antonio López de Santa Anna. Rebels attacked Santa Anna's troops again a year later.[6] French troops imposing imperial rule entered the city in 1863, with the republican forces moving the capital of Michoacán to Uruapan while conservative families in Morelia pledged support for emperor Maximilian I, who then visited the city. In 1867, the city is taken by republican general Nicolás de Régules and the capital of Michoacán returned to Morelia.[5] In 1869, during a rebellion against Benito Juárez’s government, General Epitacio Huerta attacked government positions in the city but were beaten back by forces under Mariano Escobedo.[6]Filling water jars at a fountain in Morelia, 1906The first factories were opened in the city between 1868 and 1870, along with the first telegraph line. The railroad followed in 1883, as well as streetcars.[6]In 1910, celebrations are held for the centennial of Independence but tensions are high in the city due to the shortage of grain and the continuation of President Porfirio Diaz in power. One year later, revolutionaries loyal to Francisco I. Madero are welcomed into the city.[5] In 1914, the capital was moved from Morelia to the city of Tacámbaro. The city was then taken by forces under General Sánchez in the same year, and by forces loyal to Francisco Villa in 1915.[6]In 1920, the Palace of the State Government was briefly taken over by farmworkers and others from all over the state. Isaac Arriaga is assassinated here in 1921. The city is attacked again by rebels calling themselves “Delahuertistas” in 1924. The fight mostly occurs in the main plaza with the city defended by General Lopez, Garcia, and Avila Camacho.[5]Morelia was the location for the 1958 film The Bravados starring Gregory Peck and Joan Collins. Filming was difficult because it was unusually rainy and cold for the region.During the 1960s the street vendors were removed from the historic center of the city, and palm trees that lined the Avenida Madero, the main east-west road, were cut down. In 1966, there was a student revolt at the state university which was put down by the army.[6]The 1970s and 1980s are marked by construction including the Periferico bypass ring around the city.[6] During the 1980s, damage due to geographic faults, exacerbated by falling water tables from groundwater pumping is noticed. This problem is similar to problems faced by other cities on the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt such as Querétaro and Mexico City.[9]In 1991, the city was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its well-preserved architecture. In 2001, street vendors were moved again from the historic center to make the area more tourist-friendly. Traffic was rerouted from here as well with the construction of new bypasses. In 2006 and 2007, many of the plazas and gardens in the historic center were remodeled.[6]In 2008, eight people were killed in a grenade attack.In 2009, the Morelia metropolitan area was tentatively established as consisting of the municipalities of Zinapécuaro, Álvaro Obregón, Charo, Tarímbaro and Morelia. This initial determination was made by the Secretary of Urbanism and Environment, with further refinements to be made as the municipal presidents of these entities meets to discuss limits, strategies and further actions.[10] One of these actions has been to establish a formal commission to administer the area.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"subtropical highland climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical_highland_climate"},{"link_name":"monsoon season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_monsoon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMN-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-extremas-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obs-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ogimet-15"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Under the Köppen climate classification, Morelia has a subtropical highland climate (abbreviated Cwb on climate maps), with warm-to-hot days and cool nights year round due to its high elevation. Most precipitation falls during the summer monsoon season from June to September. Average monthly temperatures are between 14 and 22 °C (57 and 72 °F), with maximum temperatures of 38.3 °C (100.9 °F) in the summer of 1998 and the lowest temperature of −5.2 °C (22.6 °F) in January 1985.[5]Climate data for Morelia (1951–2010)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n35.0(95.0)\n\n33.0(91.4)\n\n39.0(102.2)\n\n36.5(97.7)\n\n38.0(100.4)\n\n38.5(101.3)\n\n36.5(97.7)\n\n35.5(95.9)\n\n35.8(96.4)\n\n36.0(96.8)\n\n38.3(100.9)\n\n35.0(95.0)\n\n38.5(101.3)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n23.8(74.8)\n\n25.6(78.1)\n\n27.9(82.2)\n\n30.0(86.0)\n\n30.6(87.1)\n\n28.4(83.1)\n\n26.1(79.0)\n\n26.0(78.8)\n\n25.5(77.9)\n\n25.5(77.9)\n\n25.3(77.5)\n\n24.2(75.6)\n\n26.6(79.9)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n14.5(58.1)\n\n15.8(60.4)\n\n18.1(64.6)\n\n20.3(68.5)\n\n21.5(70.7)\n\n20.9(69.6)\n\n19.4(66.9)\n\n19.4(66.9)\n\n19.1(66.4)\n\n18.0(64.4)\n\n16.5(61.7)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n18.2(64.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n5.2(41.4)\n\n6.1(43.0)\n\n8.4(47.1)\n\n10.6(51.1)\n\n12.5(54.5)\n\n13.4(56.1)\n\n12.8(55.0)\n\n12.9(55.2)\n\n12.7(54.9)\n\n10.5(50.9)\n\n7.8(46.0)\n\n5.9(42.6)\n\n9.9(49.8)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−5.2(22.6)\n\n−3.0(26.6)\n\n0.2(32.4)\n\n1.7(35.1)\n\n4.6(40.3)\n\n3.0(37.4)\n\n3.9(39.0)\n\n6.0(42.8)\n\n5.0(41.0)\n\n0.0(32.0)\n\n−1.1(30.0)\n\n−4.4(24.1)\n\n−5.2(22.6)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n18.8(0.74)\n\n9.3(0.37)\n\n9.8(0.39)\n\n14.2(0.56)\n\n46.3(1.82)\n\n141.7(5.58)\n\n183.0(7.20)\n\n166.8(6.57)\n\n140.6(5.54)\n\n55.4(2.18)\n\n12.1(0.48)\n\n5.6(0.22)\n\n803.6(31.64)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n2.7\n\n1.8\n\n1.9\n\n3.1\n\n7.9\n\n17.4\n\n22.2\n\n21.5\n\n17.6\n\n8.8\n\n2.7\n\n1.9\n\n109.5\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n56\n\n52\n\n46\n\n43\n\n48\n\n62\n\n68\n\n69\n\n69\n\n66\n\n62\n\n59\n\n58\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n237\n\n243\n\n281\n\n263\n\n259\n\n208\n\n195\n\n202\n\n184\n\n219\n\n234\n\n233\n\n2,758\n\n\nSource 1: Servicio Meteorologico Nacional (humidity 1981–2000)[12][13][14]\n\n\nSource 2: Ogimet (sun 1981–2010)[15]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michoacán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Bajío","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baj%C3%ADo"},{"link_name":"León de Los Aldama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Guanajuato"},{"link_name":"Querétaro City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_City"},{"link_name":"Inegi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inegi&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The city of Morelia is the most populous city in the state of Michoacán and the third most important in the Bajío Region, just behind León de Los Aldama and Querétaro City.\nIn the most recent census carried out by Inegi in 2020 the city registered a population of 743,275 inhabitants, an increase of almost 145,000 inhabitants over the previous census carried out in 2010 when it had a population of 597,511.","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of municipal presidents of Morelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipal_presidents_of_Morelia"}],"text":"See also: List of municipal presidents of Morelia","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MoreliaSignCathedral.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carlos Salinas de Gortari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdesmor-8"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britanicamich-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catedral_of_morelia.JPG"},{"link_name":"Morelia Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelia_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turiguia-3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-raices-17"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdesmor-8"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-raices-17"},{"link_name":"kiosk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiosk"},{"link_name":"Juan O'Gorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_O%27Gorman"},{"link_name":"Melchor Ocampo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchor_Ocampo"},{"link_name":"Primitivo Miranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primitivo_Miranda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turiguia-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turiguia-3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-raices-17"},{"link_name":"Mexico City Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Transfiguration of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"Wise Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Magi"},{"link_name":"Nativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turiguia-3"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sacred-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-visitcatedral-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DecoratedPlazanexttoCathedralMorelia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Baroque architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sacred-18"},{"link_name":"pilasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaster"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdesmor-8"},{"link_name":"baptismal font","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismal_font"},{"link_name":"Sacristy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacristy"},{"link_name":"Philip II of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sacred-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-visitcatedral-19"},{"link_name":"seal of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Zalce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Zalce"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turiguia-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Templo_de_san_francisco_en_morelia.JPG"},{"link_name":"Church of San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_of_San_Francisco,_Morelia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Reform Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_War"},{"link_name":"cloisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloister"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-casacul-20"},{"link_name":"orchid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchid"},{"link_name":"SEMARNAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEMARNAT"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redescolar-21"},{"link_name":"Federico Cantú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Cant%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"Grace Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Greenwood_Ames"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enjoymuseums-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enjoymuseums-22"},{"link_name":"Miguel Cabrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Cabrera"},{"link_name":"José Padilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Padilla_(painter)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enjoymuseums-22"},{"link_name":"José María Morelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos"},{"link_name":"José María Morelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos"},{"link_name":"INAH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAH"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enjoymuseums-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Museo_de_Sitio_y_Archivo_Hist%C3%B3rico_Casa_de_Morelos_Morelia_4.jpg"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enjoymuseums-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enjoymuseums-22"},{"link_name":"Efraín Vargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efra%C3%ADn_Vargas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enjoymuseums-22"},{"link_name":"Plaza Monumental de Morelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Monumental_de_Morelia"},{"link_name":"bullfights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullfights"},{"link_name":"lucha libre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucha_libre"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"city's aqueduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morelia_Aqueduct&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acueducto_de_Morelia"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Fuente de las Tarascas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuente_de_las_Tarascas"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"City Sign at Cathedral PlazaAlmost all of Morelia's notable sites lie in its historic center. This historic center is roughly equivalent to the original layout of the city when it was founded in 1541, and most of this layout has survived intact to the present day. Anticipating growth, this original layout had very wide streets and plazas for the time, with streets systematically arranged to allow for elongation. The streets are systematically laid out, but not rigidly squared, with most having gentle curves designed into them. Most of the grandest structures were completed during the 18th century, including the facade and bell towers of the cathedral, the Colegio Seminario (today the State Government Palace), La Alhóndiga (today part of the Palace of Justice) and numerous private mansions. During the same time period, infrastructure such as the city's aqueduct and various plaza fountains were constructed. The Mexican federal government lists 1,113 buildings built from the 16th to the 20th centuries as having historical value. The buildings encompass the various architectural styles that have been fashionable in Mexico, but nearly all are built of pink Cantera stone, which gives the city a unified appearance. Several measures were taken in the 20th century to preserve this part of the city. In 1956, the city enacted regulations to preserve the historic center's colonial buildings. In 1990, President Carlos Salinas de Gortari issued a decree making the historic center of Morelia a national historic monument. In 1991, the same area was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO,[8] which covers 200 of the area's historic buildings.[16]Morelia CathedralThe heart of the historic center is the cathedral and its surrounding plazas: the Plaza de Armas, also known as the Plaza de los Mártires, the Juárez Plaza and the Melchor Ocampo Plaza. The largest plaza is the Plaza de Armas, which has been remodeled several times since it was designed in the 16th century. It has been renamed several times as well, from “de la Constitución,” “de la República” to the current official name of “de los Mártires” but popularly it retains the name of “Plaza de Armas.”[3] The alternate name, Plaza de los Mártires (Plaza of the Martyrs) is in honor of people like Mariano Matamoros, Guadalupe el Salto and others who were executed here during the Mexican War of Independence and later in 1830 during political unrest.[17] The plaza is surrounded by portals,[8] and colonial era buildings such as the Banca Promex, the Virrey de Mendoza Hotel, the Juan de Dios Gomez House and the old town hall, also called the Michelena House.[17] Until the late 19th century, a monument to Morelos had been here, but this was removed along with the fountain and replaced by a kiosk that was brought from London and remains to this day. The last remodeling of the plaza occurred in the mid-20th century under the direction of architect and painter Juan O'Gorman. The Melchor Ocampo Plaza was originally named “Plaza de la Paz.” In the late 19th century, this plaza was remodeled and a monument to Ocampo sculpted by Primitivo Miranda was placed here. Another statue by Miranda, this one of Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon was placed in the small plaza on the west side of the cathedral and named the Morelos Plaza.[3]The first church on the Cathedral site was built in 1577, which was a modest structure of adobe and wood. Many years later, this structure would be almost completely destroyed by a fire.[3] Originally, the Cathedral of Michoacán was in Pátzcuaro in a church that now is the Basilica of Nuestra Señora de la Salud. When cathedral status was moved from there to Valladolid in 1580, the city became the civil, religious, and cultural capital of the territory.[17] In 1660, Bishop Marcos Ramírez del Prado, placed the first stone of the new cathedral, which was designed by Vicenzo Barocco. Of the major churches of the early colonial period, only this and the Mexico City Cathedral do not face west, as was customary. The Cathedral of Michoacán is also unique in that it is dedicated to the Transfiguration of Jesus, rather than some form of the Virgin Mary. The cathedral was consecrated in 1705, even though it was not yet finished. The facade as a relief of the Transfiguration of Christ and the east nave is dedicated to the sheepherders and Wise Men of the Nativity.[3] Built of pink Cantera stone, the cathedral's two 60-meter-high (200 ft) towers still dominate the skyline of the city,[18] and are the second tallest Baroque towers in Mexico.[19]Decorated Plaza next to Cathedral in MoreliaThe cathedral's official name is Cathedral of the Divine Savior of Morelia. Since it was built over the 17th and 18th centuries, elements of Neoclassical, Herreresque, and Baroque architecture can be seen in the building.[18] The facade of the cathedral is mostly decorated in pilasters rather than columns and relieves rather than sculptures. There are more than two hundred pilasters but no columns, the only church built this way during the colonial period.[8]Inside, there are a number of elements that stand out. The baptismal font was made of silver in the 19th century and was used to baptize Mexico's first emperor, Agustín de Iturbide. A three-meter-tall (9.8 ft) monstrance made of pure silver adorns the main altar and is unique in that it can be disassembled and reassembled. Also on the altar is a 16th-century cornstalk paste image of the Señor de la Sacristía (Lord of the Sacristy), whose gold crown was a gift from Philip II of Spain. A newer addition is the organ from Germany, which has 4,600 pipes and is one of the largest in Latin America. On Saturdays at 8:45 pm the cathedral sponsors a sound-and-light show.[18][19]In front of the cathedral is the old Seminario Tridentino de San Pedro, one of the educational institutions of the colonial city. Today it is the Palace of the State Government. It was constructed by Thomás de Huerta in the late 18th century. The school had graduates such as José María Morelos and Melchor Ocampo. The facade is mostly original, with only the seal of Mexico having been added in the mid-19th century, when this building was converted for use as the seat of the Michoacán state government. Inside are three courtyards with the walls of the first courtyard covered in murals done by Alfredo Zalce in the 1960s.[3]Church of San FranciscoTraslado de las Monjas in the museum of the Casa de la Cultura is also the home of the Instituto Michoacano de Cultura (Michoacan Institute of Culture) and the State Secretary of Culture. It is in the former monastery of Nuestra Señora del Carmen Descalzo, which was established in 1593. The church building was probably finished in 1619, the date inscribed on the south portal, but monastery construction continued into the 17th century. In the 19th century, the Reform Laws expropriated the cloisters and living quarters but left the church to its religious function, which continues to this day. After expropriation, the monastery area was first used as the home of the Primer Cuerpo de Caballería del Estado (First Cavalry Corps of the State). Over time the church fell into disrepair but was restored in the 1940s. The rest of the complex was restored and converted to its present function starting in 1977.[20]The Orquidario of Morelia is an orchid museum which houses approximately 3,400 species of the flower. The botanical garden consists of three greenhouses with some outside space. The museum is managed by SEMARNAT as part of a program to preserve wild species. The botanical garden has a surface area of over 990 square meters (10,700 sq ft) and was founded in 1980.[21]The Museo Regional Michoacano (Regional Museum of Michoacán) was founded in 1886 and its design was heavily influenced by French ideas of museum design of the time. It is housed in a building that belonged to Emperor Maximilian I, and is of ornate Baroque design. Most of the exhibits are about the history of the region with rooms dedicated to pre-Hispanic artifacts and colonial art. One noted piece is the painting called “Traslado de las Monjas” which is considered to be the finest work produced in Michoacán during the colonial period. Other important works include the original volume of the Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland, edited in Paris in 1807 and the murals done by Alfredo Zalce, Federico Cantú and Grace Greenwood. There are also interactive exhibits on the origins of the earth and life. The museum also has conference rooms, a library, and a reading room.[22]The Museo del Estado (The State Museum) is dedicated to the state's past and present. It was opened in 1986 and divided into three sections – archeology, history and ethnology of the state. There is also an exhibit of the old Mier Pharmacy with its equipment from 1868. The museum is a mansion dating from the 18th century.[22]The Museo de Arte Colonial (Museum of Colonial Art) holds a collection of documents, old books, religious ornaments and maps from the colonial period. The museum's main attraction is its collection of more than 100 figures of Christ done in cornstalk paste. These figures were created by indigenous artists, starting under the direction of Vasco de Quiroga, between the 16th and 19th centuries. There are also paintings done by Miguel Cabrera and José Padilla from the 18th century. The museum is in an old Baroque residence from the 18th century. Prior to the building's use as a museum, it was the site of the first official government press in the state, founded in 1821.[22]The Casa Museum José María Morelos y Pavón (José María Morelos y Pavón House Museum) contains a collection of items from the colonial and early independence periods of Mexico's history, including articles that belonged to Morelos himself. Morelos bought the house in 1802, but did not live there much, especially in the years just before and during the Mexican War of Independence because of his involvement with the movement. In 1933, the house was declared a national monument and in 1939 became the property of INAH to be converted into this museum. Later, the building underwent another round of restoration work and was re-inaugurated in 1991. The lower level is mostly dedicated to Morelos with the rooms on the upper level dedicated to the war in general. The museum is also the archive of the Bishopric of Michoacán and contains documents from the 16th to the 20th centuries.[22]Morelos' birthplaceThe Casa Natal de Morelos (Morelos’ Birthplace) is the house where José María Morelos y Pavón was born in 1765. The building is a large mansion with a Neoclassic facade and a Baroque interior. In 1888, the original building was destroyed to build a farmhouse. This is the building that has been restored and turned into a museum in 1964, for the coming bicentennial of Morelos’ birth. The museum contains documents and belongings of Morelos including ones he signed, money he had coined, paintings and a large library.[22]The Museo de la Máscara (Mask Museum) presents two different mask collections, totaling more than 165 examples from cultures in twenty Mexican states. It is located in the Casa de Artesanias de Morelia (Handcraft House of Morelia).[22]The Museo de Arte Contemporáneo Alfredo Zalce (Alfredo Zalce Museum of Contemporary Art) mostly contains works done by Alfredo Zalce and Efraín Vargas, both renowned Michoacán painters. It also holds temporary exhibits by Mexican and international artists.[22]The Plaza Monumental de Morelia was established in 1951, which was destined exclusively for bullfights. Nowadays, the ring also hosts concerts, lucha libre, and weddings.[23]The city's aqueduct [es] was first documented in 1549. It was used to transport fresh water to the required destination so that the inhabitants of the city could access it. The water system was made of used wood from canoes in the area to create the base structure during its construction. As years passed with the use of the aqueduct constantly changing, there was an incident that occurred in 1784. The incident was that part of the Morelia aqueduct foundation collapsed, leaving hundreds without access to the water. On October 21, 1785, a document detailed the reconstruction of the aqueduct, and a man named Fray Antonio de San Miguel volunteered to make a plan for the reconstruction of the structure. With Fray Antonio's plans, they completely reconstructed the arches and added fixtures to repair the previous damage. As the repairs were completed the aqueduct remained in use until it stopped functioning in 1910; it remains standing to this day. The whole Aqueduct structure consisted of 253 arches (some of which have collapsed over the years), at a height of 700 meters (2,300 ft).[24][25][26][27][28]In front of the Aqueduct is the Fuente de las Tarascas, one of the most popular fountains in the city. The current version was installed in 1984.[29]","title":"Notable sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alma Graciela Haro Cabello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmeralda_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Junior Félix Madrigal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_F%C3%A9lix_Madrigal"},{"link_name":"José Manuel Ponce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Ponce"}],"text":"Alma Graciela Haro Cabello (born 1927), singer known as Esmeralda\nJunior Félix Madrigal (born 1982), Mexican footballer\nJosé Manuel Ponce, Mexican race car driver","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzburg"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-informador-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-press-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-informador-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ganadores.jpg"},{"link_name":"Festival Internacional de Cine de Morelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelia_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Mexican cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_cinema"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zapatavive-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-escalada-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SalsaMich-34"}],"text":"The Festival Internacional de Música de Morelia is an annual event that was begun in 1988 by Bernal Jiménez, who had the dream of making Morelia the “Salzburg of Americas”. The festival consists of more than forty concerts with over 500 artists participating. It has become the largest music festival in Morelia, with private and government sponsors, esp. CONACULTA.[30] Concerts include those by chamber orchestras, choirs, ensambles, trios and soloists such as pianist Joanna MacGregor and the Britten Symphony. Each year, a different country is the “special guest,” which in 2009 was the United Kingdom.[31] In that year, some of the participants included the London Symphony Orchestra, the Brodsky Quartet, La Britten Symphony Orchestra, the Coro Nova Schola Gregoriana Di Verona of Italy, and violinist Tanya Anisimova from Russia. Participants from Mexico included the National Symphonic Orchestra, the Orquesta Sinfónica de Minería and flautist Horacio Franco.[30]The International Summer Opera Festival of Morelia (ISOFOM) started in 2017 and has attracted thousands of audience members to its opera galas and concerts. Students come from all over the world to study with the renowned faculty and experience the life in Morelia for three weeks each June. In 2019, the festival presents its first full-length opera Falstaff by Verdi, in the beautiful Teatro Ocampo, as well as a Gala evening in the Palacio Clavijero. The mission of ISOFOM is to bring young up-and-coming performers of opera to the Michoacan audiences and share with them that special art form in landmark locations all across Morelia, at an affordable price.Winners speech at the 2010 Morelia Film FestThe Festival Internacional de Cine de Morelia was begun in 2003, and is mostly dedicated to Mexican cinema, showcasing up-and-coming directors and productions. The majority of activities take place in the Cinépolis Morelia Centro, but also includes other theaters, auditoriums and public plazas.Morelia is the site of the annual Zapata Vive Morelia Festival, which celebrates the life of Emiliano Zapata with cultural and political activities. The purpose of the event is to promote exhibitions by artistic, cultural and social organizations from the state of Michoacán and other parts of the country. Events are spread out over several days and include ones such as concerts, round tables and information sessions. The event encourages those organizations who work with the lower social classes and are politically left to participate.[32]The Festival de Escala is an annual event dedicated to promoting rock climbing in the municipality at places such as El Paredón de la Noria, just south of the city proper.[33]A popular festival that features a 3-day Salsa competition in the heart of Morelia is called \"SalsaMich\". Typically held in March, the festival brings Salsa dancers from all across the country to Morelia to compete for prizes.[34]","title":"Festivals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sister city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city"},{"link_name":"Yakima, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakima,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YMSCA-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Washington_Trust-36"},{"link_name":"Arequipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa"},{"link_name":"Caspueñas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspue%C3%B1as"},{"link_name":"Valladolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valladolid"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Madrigal de las Altas Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal_de_las_Altas_Torres"},{"link_name":"Gettysburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Fullerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerton,_California"},{"link_name":"Monterey Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Park,_California"},{"link_name":"Norwalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwalk,_California"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Shreveport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreveport"},{"link_name":"Matanzas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matanzas"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"},{"link_name":"Sopó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sop%C3%B3"}],"text":"Morelia has a sister city relationship with Yakima, Washington, supported since 1999 by the Yakima-Morelia Sister City Association.[35] Cultural exchanges between the cities have included musicians from Morelia who have performed with the Yakima Symphony Orchestra.[36]Morelia has other sister cities around the world, including: Arequipa in Peru; Caspueñas, Valladolid,[a] and Madrigal de las Altas Torres in Spain; Gettysburg,[38] Kansas City, Fullerton, Monterey Park, Norwalk,[39] and Shreveport in the United States; Matanzas and Havana in Cuba; and Sopó in Colombia.","title":"Sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interior_del_Colegio_Primitivo_y_Nacional_de_San_Nicolas_de_Hidalgo.JPG"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdesmor-8"},{"link_name":"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Michoacana_de_San_Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Hidalgo"},{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits"},{"link_name":"José Sixto Verduzco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Sixto_Verduzco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José María Izazaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Izazaga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ignacio López Rayón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio_L%C3%B3pez_Ray%C3%B3n"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ITESM_Campus_Morelia.jpg"},{"link_name":"ITESM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITESM"},{"link_name":"Mexican Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sannicolas-41"},{"link_name":"Michoacán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Uruapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruapan"},{"link_name":"Apatzingán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatzing%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Ciudad Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Hidalgo,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Lázaro Cárdenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas"},{"link_name":"Coalcoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalcoman"},{"link_name":"Huetamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huetamo"},{"link_name":"Tangancicuaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangancicuaro"},{"link_name":"Zitacuaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zitacuaro"},{"link_name":"INEGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INEGI"},{"link_name":"Instituto Tecnológico de Morelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Tecnol%C3%B3gico_de_Morelia"},{"link_name":"National Autonomous University of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"ITESM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITESM"}],"text":"Colegio de San NicolasDuring the colonial period the city had four major educational institutions, the Colegio Seminario Tridentino, the Colegio de San Nicolás, the Colegio de los Jesuitas and the Colegio de las Rosas.[8]\nThe state university, the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, is the oldest university in the Americas, which has its origins in the college founded in 1540 by Vasco de Quiroga in Pátzcuaro, the Colegio de San Nicolás Obispo. This school was founded to train priests and missionaries for work in Michoacán. The school gained a royal seal and patronage in 1543. In 1566, colonial religious authorities took over the school and in 1574, academics here were under the jurisdiction of the Jesuits. With the episcopal seat changed to Valladolid, the school moved also in 1580 and was fused with the already existing Colegio de San Miguel Guayangareo. The school was reformed in the 17th century and its curriculum was redesigned in the 18th to include courses in philosophy, religious law, civil law and other subjects. At the beginning the 19th century, the school became one of New Spain's main centers of learning and academia, producing scholars such as a Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, José Ma. Morelos, José Sixto Verduzco, José María Izazaga and Ignacio López Rayón, most of whom would have a role in the upcoming Mexican War of Independence. The school closed during the war but was reopened in 1847 with the name Primitivo y Nacional Colegio de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, focusing more on secular studies such as chemistry, physics, mathematics, biology, etc. based on the European university model.ITESM Morelia CampusAfter the Mexican Revolution, the school was reorganized and renamed again to the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo in 1917, which consolidated a number of other schools and disciplines into the new organization.[40]Nowadays, the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo is the most important university in the state of Michoacán. It has been rated also as one of the Top 10 best public universities in Mexico. The university has recently expanded to other smaller cities in the state other than Morelia, such as Uruapan, Apatzingán, Ciudad Hidalgo, Lázaro Cárdenas, Coalcoman, Huetamo, Tangancicuaro and Zitacuaro. In 2011, according to the INEGI census, the university had 55,546 regular students.Other universities in the city include Instituto Tecnológico de Morelia (ITM), Universidad Tecnológica de Morelia (UTM), Instituto Michoacano de Ciencias de la Educación, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo del Estado de Michoacán (CIDEM), the Morelia Campus of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de la Comunicación (IESCAC), Universidad Pedagógica Nacional, Conservatorio de las Rosas, Universidad Vasco de Quiroga, Universidad Latina de America, Universidad La Salle Morelia, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey- Campus Morelia ITESM, Universidad Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz and many other different private universities.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Estadio_Morelos.jpg"},{"link_name":"Morelos Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelos_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Monarcas Morelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarcas_Morelia"},{"link_name":"Liga MX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_MX"},{"link_name":"Copa México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_M%C3%A9xico"},{"link_name":"Club América","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Am%C3%A9rica"},{"link_name":"Estadio Morelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Morelos"},{"link_name":"TV Azteca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Azteca"},{"link_name":"Monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchs"},{"link_name":"Copa Libertadores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Libertadores"},{"link_name":"CONCACAF Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONCACAF_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"2010 North American SuperLiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_North_American_SuperLiga"},{"link_name":"New England Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Primera División de México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_de_M%C3%A9xico"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monarcas-42"},{"link_name":"Mazatlán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazatl%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Sinaloa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaloa"},{"link_name":"Mazatlán F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazatl%C3%A1n_F.C."},{"link_name":"Liga de Expansión MX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_de_Expansi%C3%B3n_MX"},{"link_name":"Atlético Morelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Morelia"}],"text":"Morelos StadiumMorelia was represented by their soccer team, Monarcas Morelia, in the Liga MX.\nMonarcas Morelia was founded in 1950 on a field outside the city where a monument to Lázaro Cárdenas is now located. The team's original name was Club Deportivo Morelia and was owned by Eucuario Gómez. The club's colors are the city's flag colors red and yellow because Morelia is known to be the most Spanish city in Mexico. \nThe club was nicknamed “Amarillo”(Yellow) During the 1956–57 season, when the club won the right to play in the 1st division in which they played in their first tournament for the Copa México against Club América.The club descended into the 2nd division again in 1968 and experienced tough times during the early 70s. By the end of the 1973–74 season the team was completely restructured by 32 Morelia Businessmen who acquired the team. After 13 years in the 2nd division, the team finally returned to 1st division play in 1981 and by the mid-1980s was competitive and reaching the Liguilla (playoffs) regularly.Following many years of playing at Estadio Venustiano Carranza, the completion of Estadio Morelos in 1989 gave the team a new home. In 1996, the team was acquired by TV Azteca and the name Monarcas (Monarchs) Morelia was adopted in 1999 because of the three Spanish Monarchs shown in the flag of Morelia. The team won its first championship during the Invierno 2000 season and by mid-decade, was playing in international competition such as the Copa Libertadores and the Liga de Campeones de la CONCACAF (CONCACAF Champions League). The team's latest success came during the 2010 North American SuperLiga tournament, which Monarcas won over the New England Revolution on September the 1st, 2010, at New England.The team closed the Apertura 2010 tournament of the Primera División de México (Mexico's 1st division), failing to make the \"liguilla\".[41]In 2020 it was announced that the franchise would be moving to the city of Mazatlán, Sinaloa, and would be Renamed Mazatlán F.C. Soon after, the municipal government announced that they would have a new team playing in the Liga de Expansión MX (Mexico's second division) under the name Atlético Morelia","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morelia_International_Airport_DSC_0585_AD.JPG"},{"link_name":"Atlacomulco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlacomulco"},{"link_name":"Maravatío","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Maravat%C3%ADo"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_State"},{"link_name":"Querétaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro"},{"link_name":"Jalisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalisco"},{"link_name":"Lázaro Cárdenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"General Francisco Mujica International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Francisco_Mujica_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-raices-17"}],"text":"Airport of MoreliaMorelia is three or four hours from Mexico City via the Atlacomulco-Maravatío-Morelia highway and is connected by highways to the states of Mexico, Querétaro, Guanajuato and Jalisco. It is connected to the Michoacán coast via highway 200 that passes through Uruapan to the port of Lázaro Cárdenas. General Francisco Mujica International Airport or Morelia International Airport (IATA: MLM, ICAO: MMMM) is an international airport at Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico. The airport handles both domestic and international flights, with connections to Mexico City, Uruapan, Lázaro Cárdenas, Acapulco, Zihuatanejo, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Tijuana and several destinations in the United States. The airport is named after a former governor of the state of Michoacán.[17]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INEGI-43"},{"link_name":"Tarímbaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar%C3%ADmbaro"},{"link_name":"Chucándiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuc%C3%A1ndiro"},{"link_name":"Huaniqueo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaniqueo"},{"link_name":"Tzitzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzitzio"},{"link_name":"Villa Madero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Madero"},{"link_name":"Acuitzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuitz%C3%ADo_del_Canje"},{"link_name":"Lagunillas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagunillas_Municipality,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Coeneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeneo_de_la_Libertad"},{"link_name":"Tzintzuntzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzintzuntz%C3%A1n,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Quiroga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiroga,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahistoria-6"},{"link_name":"Quinceo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_del_Quinceo"},{"link_name":"Lerma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerma_River"},{"link_name":"conifers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer"},{"link_name":"mesquite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesquite"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"Lake Cuitzeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Cuitzeo"},{"link_name":"aquifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquifer"},{"link_name":"UNAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNAM"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reyes-44"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poors-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Standard & Poor's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_%26_Poor%27s"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poors-45"},{"link_name":"Morelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Morelia"}],"text":"As the municipal seat, Morelia is the governing authority of 423 other communities, almost all of which are small communities of between three and 1,000 people, with 89% of the municipality's population of 684,145 people within the city itself.[42] The municipality covers a territory of 1,199.02 square kilometres (462.94 sq mi) and borders the municipalities of Tarímbaro, Chucándiro, Huaniqueo, Charo, Tzitzio, Villa Madero, Acuitzio, Lagunillas, Coeneo, Tzintzuntzan and Quiroga.[5]Much of the municipality is in the Guayangareo Valley between two rivers: the El Grande and the El Chiquito. Guayangareo means \"large hill with a flat side.\"[6] The municipality's territory is rugged and dominated by peaks such as Punhuato, El Zapote and the Otzumatlán mountain range, with the highest peak being Quinceo with an elevation of 2,787 metres (9,144 ft). The municipality belongs to the Lerma-Santiago river hydraulic region, with the main rivers being the El Grande and the El Chiquito. There are a number of streams including the Zarza and Pitaya. The most important dam here is Cointzio, with other smaller ones being Umécuaro, Laja Caliente and La Mintzita.Vegetation outside the city varies based on elevation and the type of soil. Mountainous areas are mostly covered in conifers while lower and drier areas have trees such as mesquite. To the south of the city is the Lázaro Cárdenas Forest, which is an ecological reserve. Animal life mostly consists of small mammals, with coyotes being the largest, birds of prey and some reptiles.[5]The growth of the city of Morelia is having a negative impact on the surrounding forested area. This is particularly problematic in the area north of the city, which belongs to the Lake Cuitzeo basin, and is a main recharge area for the city's aquifer. The forested areas around the city are also important for the city's air quality and as a breeding place for pollinating insects needed for agriculture. UNAM has been documenting the species in these forests with the aim of getting them declared as biological reserves.[43]One industrial area is the Ciudad Industrial de Morelia, which mostly houses small and medium-sized enterprises. Some of the products manufactured here include cooking oil, flour, cement, plastics, bottling and candies.[5] Tourism is a rising component of the economy, taking advantage of area's colonial heritage, smaller traditional communities, natural areas and archeological zones such as Santa María de Guido in the city, Barranca de los Lobos in Teremendo, Nahuatl Sanctuary and Catrina in Capula. However, it has not been developed sufficiently to be a major contributor.[5][44] Tourism accounts for the main economic activity in Morelia. Unfortunately, due to Mexico's rising crime in drug trafficking within the cartels, this can provide a grave disincentive in the tourism sector for Morelia.[45]According to Standard & Poor's report for November 2009, the government of Morelia maintains an adequate development budget, backed by relatively high income and low debt. It is rated on a national scale for Mexico as A+. The economy is projected to be stable with the government keeping control of expenses.[44]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Morelia.","title":"The municipality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"José María Morelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"^ Morelia had been named Valladolid before Mexican independence in 1820; it was renamed in 1828 after the independence leader José María Morelos, born in the city in 1765.[37]","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Jardin de las Rosas Garden and Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Jardin_de_las_rosas.JPG/220px-Jardin_de_las_rosas.JPG"},{"image_text":"Street and Cathedral of Morelia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Calle_del_centro_de_morelia.jpg/220px-Calle_del_centro_de_morelia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Filling water jars at a fountain in Morelia, 1906","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Filling_water_jars_at_a_fountain_in_Morelia%2C_Mexico_%281906%29.jpg/220px-Filling_water_jars_at_a_fountain_in_Morelia%2C_Mexico_%281906%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"City Sign at Cathedral Plaza","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/MoreliaSignCathedral.jpg/220px-MoreliaSignCathedral.jpg"},{"image_text":"Morelia Cathedral","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Catedral_of_morelia.JPG/220px-Catedral_of_morelia.JPG"},{"image_text":"Decorated Plaza next to Cathedral in Morelia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/DecoratedPlazanexttoCathedralMorelia.jpg/220px-DecoratedPlazanexttoCathedralMorelia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Church of San Francisco","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Templo_de_san_francisco_en_morelia.JPG/220px-Templo_de_san_francisco_en_morelia.JPG"},{"image_text":"Morelos' birthplace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Museo_de_Sitio_y_Archivo_Hist%C3%B3rico_Casa_de_Morelos_Morelia_4.jpg/220px-Museo_de_Sitio_y_Archivo_Hist%C3%B3rico_Casa_de_Morelos_Morelia_4.jpg"},{"image_text":"Winners speech at the 2010 Morelia Film Fest","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ganadores.jpg/220px-Ganadores.jpg"},{"image_text":"Colegio de San Nicolas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Interior_del_Colegio_Primitivo_y_Nacional_de_San_Nicolas_de_Hidalgo.JPG/220px-Interior_del_Colegio_Primitivo_y_Nacional_de_San_Nicolas_de_Hidalgo.JPG"},{"image_text":"ITESM Morelia Campus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/ITESM_Campus_Morelia.jpg/220px-ITESM_Campus_Morelia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Morelos Stadium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Estadio_Morelos.jpg/220px-Estadio_Morelos.jpg"},{"image_text":"Airport of Morelia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Morelia_International_Airport_DSC_0585_AD.JPG/220px-Morelia_International_Airport_DSC_0585_AD.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Rinde protesta Alfonso Martínez como edil de Morelia para 2021–2024\". Quadratín Michoacán (in Spanish). 1 September 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.quadratin.com.mx/politica/rinde-protesta-alfonso-martinez-como-edil-de-morelia-para-2021-2024/","url_text":"\"Rinde protesta Alfonso Martínez como edil de Morelia para 2021–2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"TelluBase—Mexico Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)\" (PDF). Tellusant. Retrieved 2024-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_mex.pdf","url_text":"\"TelluBase—Mexico Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)\""}]},{"reference":"Sanchez Reyna, Ramon (2008). Michoacán:Morelia, Pátzcuaro, Cuitzeo, Zamora, Uruapan, Otros (in Spanish). Mexico City: Grupo Azabache, S.A. de C.V. pp. 20–28. ISBN 978-607-7568-08-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-607-7568-08-7","url_text":"978-607-7568-08-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Datos Generales: Municipio: Morelia\". Unidad de Microrregiones (in Spanish). Secretaría de Desarrollo Social. Retrieved February 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.microrregiones.gob.mx/zap/datGenerales.aspx?entra=nacion&ent=16&mun=053","url_text":"\"Datos Generales: Municipio: Morelia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Michoacán Morelia\" (in Spanish). Mexico: INAFED. Archived from the original on 2011-05-17. 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Retrieved 2009-11-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lajornadamichoacan.com.mx/2009/10/29/index.php?section=politica&article=005n2po","url_text":"\"En riesgo, zona boscosa de Morelia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Standard & Poor's confirma calificación de 'mxA+' del municipio de Morelia, Michoacán; la perspectiva es estable\" [Standard & Poor’s confirms grade of ‘mxA+’ of the municipality of Morelia, Michoacán; forecast is stable] (in Spanish). 2009-11-12. Retrieved 2009-11-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.standardandpoors.com/portal/site/sp/es/la/page.article/2,1,1,0,1204851792136.html","url_text":"\"Standard & Poor's confirma calificación de 'mxA+' del municipio de Morelia, Michoacán; la perspectiva es estable\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mexico Travel Warning\". travel.state.gov. Archived from the original on 2016-06-01. Retrieved 2016-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160601001513/https://travel.state.gov/content/passports/en/alertswarnings/mexico-travel-warning.html","url_text":"\"Mexico Travel Warning\""},{"url":"https://travel.state.gov/content/passports/en/alertswarnings/mexico-travel-warning.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Morelia¶ms=19_46_06_N_101_11_22_W_type:city(849053)_region:MX-MIC","external_links_name":"19°46′06″N 101°11′22″W / 19.76833°N 101.18944°W / 19.76833; -101.18944"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Morelia¶ms=19_46_06_N_101_11_22_W_type:city(849053)_region:MX-MIC","external_links_name":"19°46′06″N 101°11′22″W / 19.76833°N 101.18944°W / 19.76833; -101.18944"},{"Link":"http://www.morelia.gob.mx/","external_links_name":"http://www.morelia.gob.mx"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/585","external_links_name":"585"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morelia&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.quadratin.com.mx/politica/rinde-protesta-alfonso-martinez-como-edil-de-morelia-para-2021-2024/","external_links_name":"\"Rinde protesta Alfonso Martínez como edil de Morelia para 2021–2024\""},{"Link":"https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_mex.pdf","external_links_name":"\"TelluBase—Mexico Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)\""},{"Link":"http://www.microrregiones.gob.mx/zap/datGenerales.aspx?entra=nacion&ent=16&mun=053","external_links_name":"\"Datos Generales: Municipio: Morelia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110517162648/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_Michoacan","external_links_name":"\"Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Michoacán Morelia\""},{"Link":"http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_michoacan","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090428193616/http://www.morelia.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=23&Itemid=77","external_links_name":"\"Historia\""},{"Link":"http://www.morelia.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=23&Itemid=77","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/notas/2468-El-Centro-Hist%F3rico-de-Morelia,-Michoac%E1n","external_links_name":"\"El Centro Histórico de Morelia, Michoacán\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enggeo.2008.03.003","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.03.003"},{"Link":"http://www.lajornadamichoacan.com.mx/2009/05/25/index.php?section=politica&article=006n1pol","external_links_name":"\"Avanzados los trámites para ampliar la zona metropolitana de Morelia: SUMA\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100920055510/http://www.michoacan.gob.mx/SUMA/Unifican_criterios_para_la_zona_metropolitana_de_Morelia","external_links_name":"\"Unifican criterios para la zona metropolitana de Morelia State of Michoacán\""},{"Link":"http://www.michoacan.gob.mx/SUMA/Unifican_criterios_para_la_zona_metropolitana_de_Morelia","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202441/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Normales5110/NORMAL16081.TXT","external_links_name":"\"Estado de Michoacán de Ocampo-Estacion: Morelia\""},{"Link":"http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Normales5110/NORMAL16081.TXT","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140429215018/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Max-Extr/00016/00016081.TXT","external_links_name":"\"Extreme Temperatures and Precipitation for Morelia 1948–2009\""},{"Link":"http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Max-Extr/00016/00016081.TXT","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161127050649/http://200.4.8.21/observatorios/historica/morelia.pdf","external_links_name":"\"NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1981–2000\""},{"Link":"http://200.4.8.21/observatorios/historica/morelia.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gclimat?lang=en&mode=0&ind=76665&ord=DIR&year=2018&mes=12&months=12","external_links_name":"\"CLIMAT summary for 76665: Morelia, Mich. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Seton,_5th_Earl_of_Wintoun | George Seton, 5th Earl of Winton | ["1 Early life","2 1715 rebellion","3 Capture and trial","4 Exile and death","5 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "George Seton, 5th Earl of Winton" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
George Seton, 5th Earl of Winton (c. 1678–1749) was a Scottish nobleman who took part in the Jacobite rising of 1715 supporting "The Old Pretender" James Stuart. Captured by the English, Seton was tried and sentenced to death, but escaped and lived the rest of his life in exile.
Early life
Seton was originally brought up to assume his rightful place as head and heir of line of the Seton Family. To this end, his father bestowed upon him the Barony and Lordship of Seton at a very early age, and provided for him well, so that he would be educated at the best schools in Europe. Unfortunately he was not disposed to entertaining, as the many generations of the family had been, nor did he express an interest in the political affairs of his country until later in his life which caused his father great distress and grief and for which created a rift in the family. With this, George left to travel Europe and into a life of somewhat obscurity. For a time, he worked as a blacksmith's apprentice in Flanders, though he maintained contact with the doings of the family through a confidential servant in the Seton household back in Scotland.
He was abroad on his travels when his parents died, and "no man knew where to find him, till accident led to the discovery." Macky's memoirs say that he "was at Rome when his father died.": and did not return to Scotland until several years after his succession to the earldom, much to the detriment of his house and estate, which were dilapidated by sundry kinsmen during this protracted absence. He seems, like all his family, to have been given study and researches of some kind, and to travel; and in 1708 Robert Calder, a minister of the Episcopal Church of Scotland, dedicated to him his edition of the Genuine Epistles of the St. Ignatius.
1715 rebellion
He was one of the first Scottish noblemen who played an active part in the "Rising" of 1715, to restore the exiled family to the throne. "He took with him three hundred men to the standard of James Stuart; but he appears to have carried with him a fiery and determined temper, the accompaniment, perhaps, of noble qualities, but a dangerous attribute in times of difficulty."
The Seton family, as we have seen, had always been noted for their loyalty and their attachment to the old Church, and the last Earl, though he had renounced the Catholic faith, held firmly to the political creed of his ancestors. He was living peaceably in his own mansion at Seton when the rebellion of 1715 broke out. His involvement in the rebellion was hastened by the treatment which he received from a body of the Lothian militia, who forcibly entered and rifled his mansion at Seton, as he alleged on his trial, 'through private pique and revenge.' 'The most sacred places,' he adds, 'did not escape their fury and resentment. They broke into his chapel, defaced the monuments of his ancestors, took up the stones of their sepulchres, thrust irons through their bodies, and treated them in a most barbarous, inhuman, and unchristian like manner.' After this event the Earl took up arms against the Government, assumed the command of a troop of horse mostly composed of gentlemen belonging to East Lothian, and joined the Northumbrian insurgents under Mr. Forster and the Earl of Derwentwater. Their numbers were subsequently augmented by a body of Highlanders under Brigadier Macintosh, who formed a junction with them at Kelso.
The English insurgents insisted on carrying the war into England, where they expected to be reinforced by the Jacobites and Roman Catholics in the northern and western counties. The Scotsmen proposed that they should take possession of Dumfries, Ayr, Glasgow, and other towns in the south and west of Scotland, and attack the Duke of Argyll, who lay at Stirling, in the flank and rear, while the Earl of Mar assailed his army in front. The English portion of the insurgent forces, however, persisted in carrying out their scheme in spite of the strenuous opposition of the Scots, and especially of the Highlanders, who broke out in a mutiny against the English officers. The Earl of Winton disapproved so strongly of this plan that he left the army with a considerable part of his troop, and was marching northward when he was overtaken by a messenger from the insurgent council, who entreated him to return. He replied that 'It shall never be said to after generations that the Earl of Winton deserted King James's interests or his country's good.' Then, laying hold of his own ears, he added, 'You, or any man, shall have liberty to cut these out of my head if we do not all repent it.' But though this young nobleman (he was only twenty-five years of age) again joined the insurgent forces, he ceased henceforward to take any interest in their deliberations or debates. The Rev. Robert Patten, who officiated as chaplain to the insurgents, and afterwards wrote a history of the rebellion, indeed states that the Earl 'was never afterwards called to any council of war, and was slighted in various ways, having often no quarters provided for him, and at other times very bad ones, not fit for a nobleman of his family; yet, being in for it, he resolved to go forward, and diverted himself with any company, telling many pleasant stories of his travels, and his living unknown and obscurely with a blacksmith in France, whom he served some years as a bellows-blower and under-servant, till he was acquainted with the death of his father, and that his tutor had given out that he was dead, upon which he resolved to return home, and when there met with a cold reception.'
Capture and trial
The Scottish army, having advanced into England against Lord Winton's advice, capitulated at Preston, in Lancashire, after a fierce engagement on 14 November 1715.
The Earl fought with great gallantry at the barricades of Preston, but was at last obliged to surrender along with the other insurgents, and was carried a prisoner to London, and confined in the Tower. He was brought to trial before the House of Lords, 15 March 1716, and defended himself with considerable ingenuity. The High Steward, Lord Cooper, over-ruled his objections to the indictment with some harshness. Among the seventy-five "prisoners of quality" who surrendered there were, besides the head of the family, George Seton of Barnes, titular earl of Dunfermline, and Sir George and lodged in the Tower. He was tried apart from the other noblemen, having pleaded "not guilty" – only one to do so, as it would have been unworthy of a Seton to acknowledge himself (even constructively) as a traitor and throw himself on the mercy of the King George. The other Scottish Lords were the Earl of Nithsdale, Earl of Carnwath, Viscount Kenmur, and Baron Nairn. The young Earl of Derwentwater, an English Catholic involved in the same catastrophe, having pleaded "guilty" at his trial, (which, however, did not avail to save him) was induced by a priest who attended him on the scaffold, and hesitated giving him absolution, to retract the plea. This he did. To plead "guilty" was looked upon by strict theologians as a repudiation of one's lawful sovereign – James III. Lord Winton defended himself with spirit and ability; but, of course, was condemned to death. It was 19 March 1716.
His sentence was such a foregone conclusion that he laughed in the face of the Lord High Steward, who presided – Sir William, (afterward Earl) Cowper, telling him: "I hope you will do me justice, and do not make use of Coupar-law, as we used to say in our country. 'Hang a man first and then try him.'" He was punning on the name of Cowper, which was pronounced Cooper the same as Cupar, the Fife town, which was also sometimes written Cowper. To understand this joke, one must know the old cross of MacDuff, in Fife, was a famous sanctuary and that those "claiming the privilege of the Law of Clan MacDuff were required to appear afterwards before judges assembled at Cowper in Fife."; but by a sort of anticipatory Lynch Law, the criminal or suspected criminal who had run to the Cross did not always (after leaving the sanctuary) live to reach Cupar and have a fair trial; he was hanged before he got there.
Lord Winton's character was very original, and he was calumniated by enemies and misunderstood by friends, as though his plea and defence, so peculiar to himself, were signs of an unbalanced mind. Sir Walter Scott refutes these insinuations: "But, if we judge from his conduct in the rebellion, Lord Winton appears to have displayed more sense and prudence than most of those engaged in that unfortunate affair." While lying in the Tower under sentence, a trusty servant managed to furnish him with a file or other small instrument (some say it was only a watch-spring), with which he contrived to cut through the window bars in his cell and escaped. This was on 4 August 1716, about 9 o'clock at night. The earl got safe to France, and ultimately made his way to Rome.
Exile and death
Among the manuscripts preserved in the archives of the Grand Lodge of Scotland are the Minutes of a Lodge of Scottish Freemasons existing in Rome in the years 1735, 1736 and 1737, from which we find that the Earl of Winton was himself admitted a Mason under the name (which he assumed on his attainder) of George Seaton Winton at a meeting held at Joseppe's, in the Corso, Rome, on 16 August 1735.
He is supposed to have died there, unmarried, on 19 December 1749, when over seventy years of age. One of the last accounts of him was as follows: "Walked two hours with Lord Dunbar in the gardens, and afterwards went to the coffeehouse to which Lord Winton resorted and several of his stamp, and there fell a-singing old Scots songs, and were merry."
Male cadets of this family, however, came by intermarriage to represent the great historic families of Huntly and Eglinton, besides the ducal house of Gordon, now extinct, and the Earls of Sutherland, whose heiress married the Marquis of Stafford, afterwards created Duke of Sutherland. The earldoms of Winton and Dunfermline, the viscounty of Kingston, and the other Seton titles were forfeited for the adherence of their possessors to the Stewart dynasty, and have never been restored; but the late Earl of Eglinton was, in 1840, served heir-male general of the family, and, in 1859, was created Earl of Winton in the peerage of the United Kingdom.
It is not well known where Lord Winton is buried, although several of his name and family have made search. In two oral traditions which converge substantially to the same conclusion it is related that he returned to Scotland in disguise, and died there unknown, except to very few; the other, that he died in the Catholic faith, in obscurity, at Ormiston. Some writers have said empathetically that he died a Protestant.
"Thus terminated", says Sir Robert Douglas, "one of the principal houses in Great Britain, after subsisting for upwards of 600 years in east Lothian, and from thence spreading into several flourishing branches in Scotland."
References
Lee, Sidney, ed. (1897). "Seton, George (d.1749)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 51. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
^ a b c James Taylor, The Great Historic Families of Scotland, The Setons (1886)
^ Hughan, The Jacobite Lodge at Rome, 1735-7, The Lodge of Research, Leicester, 1910.
Attribution
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: The Great Historic Families of Scotland, The Setons (1886) by James Taylor
Peerage of Scotland
Preceded byGeorge Seton
Earl of Winton 1704–1716
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Captured by the English, Seton was tried and sentenced to death, but escaped and lived the rest of his life in exile.","title":"George Seton, 5th Earl of Winton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Seton"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Robert Calder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Calder_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Church of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church"}],"text":"Seton was originally brought up to assume his rightful place as head and heir of line of the Seton Family. To this end, his father bestowed upon him the Barony and Lordship of Seton at a very early age, and provided for him well, so that he would be educated at the best schools in Europe. Unfortunately he was not disposed to entertaining, as the many generations of the family had been, nor did he express an interest in the political affairs of his country until later in his life which caused his father great distress and grief and for which created a rift in the family. With this, George left to travel Europe and into a life of somewhat obscurity. For a time, he worked as a blacksmith's apprentice in Flanders, though he maintained contact with the doings of the family through a confidential servant in the Seton household back in Scotland.[citation needed]He was abroad on his travels when his parents died, and \"no man knew where to find him, till accident led to the discovery.\" Macky's memoirs say that he \"was at Rome when his father died.\": and did not return to Scotland until several years after his succession to the earldom, much to the detriment of his house and estate, which were dilapidated by sundry kinsmen during this protracted absence. He seems, like all his family, to have been given study and researches of some kind, and to travel; and in 1708 Robert Calder, a minister of the Episcopal Church of Scotland, dedicated to him his edition of the Genuine Epistles of the St. Ignatius.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Rising\" of 1715","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715"},{"link_name":"James Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"old Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"East Lothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lothian"},{"link_name":"Mr. Forster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Forster"},{"link_name":"Earl of Derwentwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Radclyffe,_3rd_Earl_of_Derwentwater"},{"link_name":"Brigadier Macintosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackintosh_of_Borlum"},{"link_name":"Kelso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelso,_Scottish_Borders"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor-1"},{"link_name":"Jacobites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism"},{"link_name":"Dumfries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfries"},{"link_name":"Ayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayr"},{"link_name":"Duke of Argyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Campbell,_2nd_Duke_of_Argyll"},{"link_name":"Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling"},{"link_name":"the Earl of Mar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Erskine,_Earl_of_Mar_(1675%E2%80%931732)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Robert Patten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Patten_(Jacobite_chaplain)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor-1"}],"text":"He was one of the first Scottish noblemen who played an active part in the \"Rising\" of 1715, to restore the exiled family to the throne. \"He took with him three hundred men to the standard of James Stuart; but he appears to have carried with him a fiery and determined temper, the accompaniment, perhaps, of noble qualities, but a dangerous attribute in times of difficulty.\"[citation needed]The Seton family, as we have seen, had always been noted for their loyalty and their attachment to the old Church, and the last Earl, though he had renounced the Catholic faith, held firmly to the political creed of his ancestors. He was living peaceably in his own mansion at Seton when the rebellion of 1715 broke out. His involvement in the rebellion was hastened by the treatment which he received from a body of the Lothian militia, who forcibly entered and rifled his mansion at Seton, as he alleged on his trial, 'through private pique and revenge.' 'The most sacred places,' he adds, 'did not escape their fury and resentment. They broke into his chapel, defaced the monuments of his ancestors, took up the stones of their sepulchres, thrust irons through their bodies, and treated them in a most barbarous, inhuman, and unchristian like manner.' After this event the Earl took up arms against the Government, assumed the command of a troop of horse mostly composed of gentlemen belonging to East Lothian, and joined the Northumbrian insurgents under Mr. Forster and the Earl of Derwentwater. Their numbers were subsequently augmented by a body of Highlanders under Brigadier Macintosh, who formed a junction with them at Kelso.[1]The English insurgents insisted on carrying the war into England, where they expected to be reinforced by the Jacobites and Roman Catholics in the northern and western counties. The Scotsmen proposed that they should take possession of Dumfries, Ayr, Glasgow, and other towns in the south and west of Scotland, and attack the Duke of Argyll, who lay at Stirling, in the flank and rear, while the Earl of Mar assailed his army in front. The English portion of the insurgent forces, however, persisted in carrying out their scheme in spite of the strenuous opposition of the Scots, and especially of the Highlanders, who broke out in a mutiny against the English officers. The Earl of Winton disapproved so strongly of this plan that he left the army with a considerable part of his troop, and was marching northward when he was overtaken by a messenger from the insurgent council, who entreated him to return. He replied that 'It shall never be said to after generations that the Earl of Winton deserted King James's interests or his country's good.' Then, laying hold of his own ears, he added, 'You, or any man, shall have liberty to cut these out of my head if we do not all repent it.'[citation needed] But though this young nobleman (he was only twenty-five years of age) again joined the insurgent forces, he ceased henceforward to take any interest in their deliberations or debates. The Rev. Robert Patten, who officiated as chaplain to the insurgents, and afterwards wrote a history of the rebellion, indeed states that the Earl 'was never afterwards called to any council of war, and was slighted in various ways, having often no quarters provided for him, and at other times very bad ones, not fit for a nobleman of his family; yet, being in for it, he resolved to go forward, and diverted himself with any company, telling many pleasant stories of his travels, and his living unknown and obscurely with a blacksmith in France, whom he served some years as a bellows-blower and under-servant, till he was acquainted with the death of his father, and that his tutor had given out that he was dead, upon which he resolved to return home, and when there met with a cold reception.'[1]","title":"1715 rebellion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a fierce engagement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Preston_(1715)"},{"link_name":"Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"High Steward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_High_Steward"},{"link_name":"Lord Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cowper,_1st_Earl_Cowper"},{"link_name":"King George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Earl of Nithsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Maxwell,_5th_Earl_of_Nithsdale"},{"link_name":"Earl of Carnwath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dalzell,_5th_Earl_of_Carnwath"},{"link_name":"Viscount Kenmur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gordon,_6th_Viscount_of_Kenmure"},{"link_name":"Baron Nairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Murray_Nairne"},{"link_name":"Cupar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupar"},{"link_name":"Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fife"},{"link_name":"the old cross of MacDuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newburgh,_Fife"},{"link_name":"Walter Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scott"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:George_Seton,_5th_Earl_of_Winton#Dubious"}],"text":"The Scottish army, having advanced into England against Lord Winton's advice, capitulated at Preston, in Lancashire, after a fierce engagement on 14 November 1715.The Earl fought with great gallantry at the barricades of Preston, but was at last obliged to surrender along with the other insurgents, and was carried a prisoner to London, and confined in the Tower. He was brought to trial before the House of Lords, 15 March 1716, and defended himself with considerable ingenuity. The High Steward, Lord Cooper, over-ruled his objections to the indictment with some harshness. Among the seventy-five \"prisoners of quality\" who surrendered there were, besides the head of the family, George Seton of Barnes, titular earl of Dunfermline, and Sir George and lodged in the Tower. He was tried apart from the other noblemen, having pleaded \"not guilty\" – only one to do so, as it would have been unworthy of a Seton to acknowledge himself (even constructively) as a traitor and throw himself on the mercy of the King George. The other Scottish Lords were the Earl of Nithsdale, Earl of Carnwath, Viscount Kenmur, and Baron Nairn. The young Earl of Derwentwater, an English Catholic involved in the same catastrophe, having pleaded \"guilty\" at his trial, (which, however, did not avail to save him) was induced by a priest who attended him on the scaffold, and hesitated giving him absolution, to retract the plea. This he did. To plead \"guilty\" was looked upon by strict theologians as a repudiation of one's lawful sovereign – James III. Lord Winton defended himself with spirit and ability; but, of course, was condemned to death. It was 19 March 1716.His sentence was such a foregone conclusion that he laughed in the face of the Lord High Steward, who presided – Sir William, (afterward Earl) Cowper, telling him: \"I hope you will do me justice, and do not make use of Coupar-law, as we used to say in our country. 'Hang a man first and then try him.'\" He was punning on the name of Cowper, which was pronounced Cooper the same as Cupar, the Fife town, which was also sometimes written Cowper. To understand this joke, one must know the old cross of MacDuff, in Fife, was a famous sanctuary and that those \"claiming the privilege of the Law of Clan MacDuff were required to appear afterwards before judges assembled at Cowper in Fife.\"; but by a sort of anticipatory Lynch Law, the criminal or suspected criminal who had run to the Cross did not always (after leaving the sanctuary) live to reach Cupar and have a fair trial; he was hanged before he got there.Lord Winton's character was very original, and he was calumniated by enemies and misunderstood by friends, as though his plea and defence, so peculiar to himself, were signs of an unbalanced mind. Sir Walter Scott refutes these insinuations: \"But, if we judge from his conduct in the rebellion, Lord Winton appears to have displayed more sense and prudence than most of those engaged in that unfortunate affair.\"[citation needed] While lying in the Tower under sentence, a trusty servant managed to furnish him with a file or other small instrument (some say it was only a watch-spring),[dubious – discuss] with which he contrived to cut through the window bars in his cell and escaped. This was on 4 August 1716, about 9 o'clock at night. The earl got safe to France, and ultimately made his way to Rome.","title":"Capture and trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Lodge of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"attainder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attainder"},{"link_name":"Corso, Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_del_Corso"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lord Dunbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Murray_(Jacobite_Earl_of_Dunbar)"},{"link_name":"cadets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadet_branch"},{"link_name":"Huntly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess_of_Huntly"},{"link_name":"Eglinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Eglinton"},{"link_name":"ducal house of Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Earls of Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Sutherland"},{"link_name":"heiress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Leveson-Gower,_Duchess_of_Sutherland"},{"link_name":"Duke of Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Duke_of_Sutherland"},{"link_name":"Dunfermline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Dunfermline"},{"link_name":"viscounty of Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount_Kingston"},{"link_name":"Earl of Eglinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Montgomerie,_13th_Earl_of_Eglinton"},{"link_name":"Earl of Winton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Winton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor-1"},{"link_name":"Ormiston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormiston"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Robert_Douglas,_6th_Baronet"}],"text":"Among the manuscripts preserved in the archives of the Grand Lodge of Scotland are the Minutes of a Lodge of Scottish Freemasons existing in Rome in the years 1735, 1736 and 1737, from which we find that the Earl of Winton was himself admitted a Mason under the name (which he assumed on his attainder) of George Seaton Winton at a meeting held at Joseppe's, in the Corso, Rome, on 16 August 1735.[2]He is supposed to have died there, unmarried, on 19 December 1749, when over seventy years of age. One of the last accounts of him was as follows: \"Walked two hours with Lord Dunbar in the gardens, and afterwards went to the coffeehouse to which Lord Winton resorted and several of his stamp, and there fell a-singing old Scots songs, and were merry.\"Male cadets of this family, however, came by intermarriage to represent the great historic families of Huntly and Eglinton, besides the ducal house of Gordon, now extinct, and the Earls of Sutherland, whose heiress married the Marquis of Stafford, afterwards created Duke of Sutherland. The earldoms of Winton and Dunfermline, the viscounty of Kingston, and the other Seton titles were forfeited for the adherence of their possessors to the Stewart dynasty, and have never been restored; but the late Earl of Eglinton was, in 1840, served heir-male general of the family, and, in 1859, was created Earl of Winton in the peerage of the United Kingdom.[1]It is not well known where Lord Winton is buried, although several of his name and family have made search. In two oral traditions which converge substantially to the same conclusion it is related that he returned to Scotland in disguise, and died there unknown, except to very few; the other, that he died in the Catholic faith, in obscurity, at Ormiston. Some writers have said empathetically that he died a Protestant.\"Thus terminated\", says Sir Robert Douglas, \"one of the principal houses in Great Britain, after subsisting for upwards of 600 years in east Lothian, and from thence spreading into several flourishing branches in Scotland.\"","title":"Exile and death"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Lee, Sidney, ed. (1897). \"Seton, George (d.1749)\" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 51. London: Smith, Elder & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Sidney"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Seton,_George_(d.1749)","url_text":"\"Seton, George (d.1749)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22George+Seton%2C+5th+Earl+of+Winton%22","external_links_name":"\"George Seton, 5th Earl of Winton\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22George+Seton%2C+5th+Earl+of+Winton%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22George+Seton%2C+5th+Earl+of+Winton%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22George+Seton%2C+5th+Earl+of+Winton%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22George+Seton%2C+5th+Earl+of+Winton%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22George+Seton%2C+5th+Earl+of+Winton%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Seton,_George_(d.1749)","external_links_name":"\"Seton, George (d.1749)\""},{"Link":"http://www.electricscotland.com/webclans/families/setons.htm","external_links_name":"The Great Historic Families of Scotland, The Setons"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1858465/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000078728692","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/10988691","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/131793993","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14177379","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86075402","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hickory_Grove_Township,_Jasper_County,_Iowa | Hickory Grove Township, Jasper County, Iowa | ["1 History","2 References"] | Coordinates: 41°48′37″N 92°49′46″W / 41.8103°N 92.8294°W / 41.8103; -92.8294
Hickory Grove Township is a township in Jasper County, Iowa, United States.
History
Independence Township was established in 1864.
References
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Hickory Grove Township, Jasper County, Iowa
^ Weaver, James Baird (1912). Past and Present of Jasper County, Iowa, Volume 1. B.F. Bowen. p. 53.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Jasper County, Iowa, United StatesCounty seat: NewtonCities
Baxter
Colfax
Kellogg
Lambs Grove
Lynnville
Mingo
Mitchellville‡
Monroe
Newton
Oakland Acres
Prairie City
Reasnor
Sully
Valeria
Map of Iowa highlighting Jasper CountyTownships
Buena Vista
Clear Creek
Des Moines
Elk Creek
Fairview
Hickory Grove
Independence
Kellogg
Lynn Grove
Malaka
Mariposa
Mound Prairie
Newton
Palo Alto
Poweshiek
Richland
Rock Creek
Sherman
Washington
Unincorporatedcommunities
Clyde
Fairmount
Galesburg
Green Castle
Ira
Killduff
Metz
Murphy
Newburg
Rushville
Vandalia
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Iowa portal
United States portal
41°48′37″N 92°49′46″W / 41.8103°N 92.8294°W / 41.8103; -92.8294
This article about the geography of Jasper County, Iowa is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Jasper County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Hickory Grove Township is a township in Jasper County, Iowa, United States.[1]","title":"Hickory Grove Township, Jasper County, Iowa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Independence Township was established in 1864.[2]","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of Iowa highlighting Jasper County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Jasper_County.svg/75px-Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Jasper_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Weaver, James Baird (1912). Past and Present of Jasper County, Iowa, Volume 1. B.F. Bowen. p. 53.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HnwUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA53","url_text":"Past and Present of Jasper County, Iowa, Volume 1"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hickory_Grove_Township,_Jasper_County,_Iowa¶ms=41.8103_N_92.8294_W_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"41°48′37″N 92°49′46″W / 41.8103°N 92.8294°W / 41.8103; -92.8294"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/468031","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Hickory Grove Township, Jasper County, Iowa"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HnwUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA53","external_links_name":"Past and Present of Jasper County, Iowa, Volume 1"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hickory_Grove_Township,_Jasper_County,_Iowa¶ms=41.8103_N_92.8294_W_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"41°48′37″N 92°49′46″W / 41.8103°N 92.8294°W / 41.8103; -92.8294"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hickory_Grove_Township,_Jasper_County,_Iowa&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonafoux,_Pascal | Pascal Bonafoux | ["1 Biography","2 Selected publications","3 References"] | French art historian
Pascal BonafouxBorn1949 (age 74–75)Paris, FranceNationalityFrenchOccupation(s)Art historian, curator, journalist, novelistAwardsGrand prix du Jury de La Nuit du Livre
Pascal Bonafoux (born 1949) is a French writer, novelist, art critic and art historian, a specialist in self-portraiture. He collaborates with various newspapers and magazines, he is the author of numerous essays dedicated to art and was a resident at the French Academy in Rome. He is professor of art history at Paris 8 University, and is also a curator who organises exhibitions either in France or abroad.
Biography
Bonafoux was born in Paris in 1949. After his doctoral dissertation L'autoportrait dans la peinture occidentale ('Self-Portrait in Western Painting'), he resided at the Villa Medici in Italy from 1980 to 1981, where he wrote essays for the French Academy in Rome and fell in love with this country – the genius of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo or Giuseppe Verdi; the beauty of its churches and palaces; the charm of its squares, terraces and alleys. Since then, he has continued to travel the peninsula to explore its rich art and culture.
From 1987 to 1988, he directed the exhibition office of Association française d'action artistique , which is a delegated operator of the Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs. He has curated various exhibitions devoted to Rembrandt, Van Gogh, Renoir and Monet, as well as those dedicated to the works of contemporary artists in Bratislava, Dublin, Prague, Tel Aviv, East Asia, et cetera. In 1988 and 1990, he chaired the jury of the first two biennials of film about art at Centre Georges Pompidou.
He became a councillor of several Slovakian ministers of culture after Czechoslovakia's Velvet Revolution in 1989, he received the Cena ministra kultúry Slovenskej republiky ('Prize of the Minister of Culture of the Slovak Republic') in 1991.
As a journalist, he has collaborated with various newspapers and magazines, including Connaissance des Arts, L'ŒIL, L'OBS, Le Magazine Littéraire, Le Monde ... He is currently a columnist of the French magazine Art Absolument .
Bonafoux is also a professor who teaches art history at the Paris 8 University and has been leading conferences on topics related to art history for the reference organisation Clio, to quality audiences as well as to amateurs and the curious.
He has published more than 20 books at Éditions Gallimard, including Van Gogh : Le soleil en face, a heavily illustrated book for the pocket collection "Découvertes Gallimard", which was one of the bestsellers in France.
Selected publications
Portraits of the Artist: The Self-Portrait in Painting, Rizzoli International Publications, 1985
Rembrandt: Self-Portrait, Rizzoli International Publications, 1985
The Impressionists: Portraits and Confidences, Rizzoli International Publications, 1986
Van Gogh : Le soleil en face, collection « Découvertes Gallimard » (nº 17), série Arts. Éditions Gallimard, 1987
UK edition – Van Gogh: The Passionate Eye, 'New Horizons' series, Thames & Hudson, 1992
US edition – Van Gogh: The Passionate Eye, "Abrams Discoveries" series. Harry N. Abrams, 1992
Van Gogh: Self Portraits With Accompanying Letters from Vincent to His Brother Theo, Wellfleet Press, 1989
Rembrandt : Le clair, l'obscur, collection « Découvertes Gallimard » (nº 76), série Arts. Éditions Gallimard, 1990
UK edition – Rembrandt: Substance and Shadow, 'New Horizons' series. Thames & Hudson, 1992
US edition – Rembrandt: Master of the Portrait, "Abrams Discoveries" series. Harry N. Abrams, 1992
A Weekend with Rembrandt, Rizzoli, 1992
Van Gogh, Konecky & Konecky, 1998
Vermeer, William S. Konecky Associates, 1999
Van Gogh : L'atelier d'Arles, collection « Découvertes Gallimard Hors série ». Éditions Gallimard, 2002
Autoportraits du XXe siècle, collection « Découvertes Gallimard Hors série ». Éditions Gallimard, 2004
Chefs-d'œuvre de la Collection Phillips, collection « Découvertes Gallimard Hors série ». Éditions Gallimard, 2005
With David Rosenberg, Louvre Game Book: Play with the Largest Museum in the World, Assouline Publishing, 2005
With Catherine Alestchenkoff, Yves Clerc, Skira, 2008
With Gilles Targat, Behind the Scenes in Versailles, Hachette-Livre, 2010
Cézanne, portrait, Hazan, 2011
Rodin & Eros, Thames & Hudson, 2013
References
^ "Moi je, par soi-même – l'autoportrait au XXe siècle (GRAND PRIX DU JURY – 2004)". La Nuit du Livre (in French). Retrieved 14 February 2018.
^ "PASCAL BONAFOUX : Historien d'art français". Evene (in French). Retrieved 14 February 2018.
^ "Pascal Bonafoux : Ecrivain et critique d'art". clio.fr (in French). Retrieved 14 February 2018.
^ a b "Pascal Bonafoux : Biographie (UDV)". UDV Compiègne (in French). Retrieved 14 February 2018.
^ "Pascal Bonafoux". Babelio (in French). Retrieved 14 February 2018.
^ "Pascal Bonafoux : Biographie". France Inter (in French). Retrieved 14 February 2018.
^ "Research results: Pascal Bonafoux" (in French). Éditions Gallimard. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
^ "Collection Découvertes Gallimard" (in French). Éditions Gallimard. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"art critic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_critic"},{"link_name":"art historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_history"},{"link_name":"self-portraiture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-portrait"},{"link_name":"French Academy in Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_in_Rome"},{"link_name":"Paris 8 University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris_8_Vincennes-Saint-Denis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Pascal Bonafoux (born 1949) is a French writer, novelist, art critic and art historian, a specialist in self-portraiture. He collaborates with various newspapers and magazines, he is the author of numerous essays dedicated to art and was a resident at the French Academy in Rome. He is professor of art history at Paris 8 University, and is also a curator who organises exhibitions either in France or abroad.[2]","title":"Pascal Bonafoux"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Villa Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Medici"},{"link_name":"French Academy in Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_in_Rome"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Michelangelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Verdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Association française d'action artistique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Association_fran%C3%A7aise_d%27action_artistique&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_fran%C3%A7aise_d%27action_artistique"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_Europe_and_Foreign_Affairs_(France)"},{"link_name":"Rembrandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt"},{"link_name":"Van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"Renoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir"},{"link_name":"Monet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monet"},{"link_name":"Bratislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"Centre Georges Pompidou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Pompidou"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UDV-4"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Velvet Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UDV-4"},{"link_name":"Connaissance des Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connaissance_des_Arts"},{"link_name":"L'ŒIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27%C5%92IL"},{"link_name":"L'OBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Obs"},{"link_name":"Le Magazine Littéraire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Nouveau_Magazine_Litt%C3%A9raire"},{"link_name":"Le Monde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde"},{"link_name":"Art Absolument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Art_Absolument&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Absolument"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Éditions Gallimard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Gallimard"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"pocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_edition"},{"link_name":"collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collection_(publishing)"},{"link_name":"Découvertes Gallimard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9couvertes_Gallimard"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Bonafoux was born in Paris in 1949. After his doctoral dissertation L'autoportrait dans la peinture occidentale ('Self-Portrait in Western Painting'), he resided at the Villa Medici in Italy from 1980 to 1981, where he wrote essays for the French Academy in Rome and fell in love with this country – the genius of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo or Giuseppe Verdi; the beauty of its churches and palaces; the charm of its squares, terraces and alleys. Since then, he has continued to travel the peninsula to explore its rich art and culture.[3]From 1987 to 1988, he directed the exhibition office of Association française d'action artistique [fr], which is a delegated operator of the Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs. He has curated various exhibitions devoted to Rembrandt, Van Gogh, Renoir and Monet, as well as those dedicated to the works of contemporary artists in Bratislava, Dublin, Prague, Tel Aviv, East Asia, et cetera. In 1988 and 1990, he chaired the jury of the first two biennials of film about art at Centre Georges Pompidou.[4]He became a councillor of several Slovakian ministers of culture after Czechoslovakia's Velvet Revolution in 1989, he received the Cena ministra kultúry Slovenskej republiky ('Prize of the Minister of Culture of the Slovak Republic') in 1991.[4]As a journalist, he has collaborated with various newspapers and magazines, including Connaissance des Arts, L'ŒIL, L'OBS, Le Magazine Littéraire, Le Monde ... He is currently a columnist of the French magazine Art Absolument [fr].[5]Bonafoux is also a professor who teaches art history at the Paris 8 University and has been leading conferences on topics related to art history for the reference organisation Clio, to quality audiences as well as to amateurs and the curious.[6]He has published more than 20 books at Éditions Gallimard,[7] including Van Gogh : Le soleil en face, a heavily illustrated book for the pocket collection \"Découvertes Gallimard\", which was one of the bestsellers in France.[8]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Découvertes Gallimard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9couvertes_Gallimard"},{"link_name":"New Horizons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9couvertes_Gallimard"},{"link_name":"Abrams Discoveries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9couvertes_Gallimard"},{"link_name":"Découvertes Gallimard Hors série","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9couvertes_Gallimard#Spin-offs"},{"link_name":"David Rosenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rosenberg_(curator)"}],"text":"Portraits of the Artist: The Self-Portrait in Painting, Rizzoli International Publications, 1985\nRembrandt: Self-Portrait, Rizzoli International Publications, 1985\nThe Impressionists: Portraits and Confidences, Rizzoli International Publications, 1986\nVan Gogh : Le soleil en face, collection « Découvertes Gallimard » (nº 17), série Arts. Éditions Gallimard, 1987\nUK edition – Van Gogh: The Passionate Eye, 'New Horizons' series, Thames & Hudson, 1992\nUS edition – Van Gogh: The Passionate Eye, \"Abrams Discoveries\" series. Harry N. Abrams, 1992\nVan Gogh: Self Portraits With Accompanying Letters from Vincent to His Brother Theo, Wellfleet Press, 1989\nRembrandt : Le clair, l'obscur, collection « Découvertes Gallimard » (nº 76), série Arts. Éditions Gallimard, 1990\nUK edition – Rembrandt: Substance and Shadow, 'New Horizons' series. Thames & Hudson, 1992\nUS edition – Rembrandt: Master of the Portrait, \"Abrams Discoveries\" series. Harry N. Abrams, 1992\nA Weekend with Rembrandt, Rizzoli, 1992\nVan Gogh, Konecky & Konecky, 1998\nVermeer, William S. Konecky Associates, 1999\nVan Gogh : L'atelier d'Arles, collection « Découvertes Gallimard Hors série ». Éditions Gallimard, 2002\nAutoportraits du XXe siècle, collection « Découvertes Gallimard Hors série ». Éditions Gallimard, 2004\nChefs-d'œuvre de la Collection Phillips, collection « Découvertes Gallimard Hors série ». Éditions Gallimard, 2005\nWith David Rosenberg, Louvre Game Book: Play with the Largest Museum in the World, Assouline Publishing, 2005\nWith Catherine Alestchenkoff, Yves Clerc, Skira, 2008\nWith Gilles Targat, Behind the Scenes in Versailles, Hachette-Livre, 2010\nCézanne, portrait, Hazan, 2011\nRodin & Eros, Thames & Hudson, 2013","title":"Selected publications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Moi je, par soi-même – l'autoportrait au XXe siècle (GRAND PRIX DU JURY – 2004)\". La Nuit du Livre (in French). Retrieved 14 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lanuitdulivre.com/livre/moi-je-par-soi-meme-lautoportrait-au-xxe-siecle/","url_text":"\"Moi je, par soi-même – l'autoportrait au XXe siècle (GRAND PRIX DU JURY – 2004)\""}]},{"reference":"\"PASCAL BONAFOUX : Historien d'art français\". Evene (in French). Retrieved 14 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://evene.lefigaro.fr/celebre/biographie/pascal-bonafoux-15801.php","url_text":"\"PASCAL BONAFOUX : Historien d'art français\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pascal Bonafoux : Ecrivain et critique d'art\". clio.fr (in French). Retrieved 14 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clio.fr/espace_culturel/pascal_bonafoux.asp","url_text":"\"Pascal Bonafoux : Ecrivain et critique d'art\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pascal Bonafoux : Biographie (UDV)\". UDV Compiègne (in French). Retrieved 14 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.udvcompiegne.fr/pages/les-intervenant-e-s/pascal-bonafoux.html","url_text":"\"Pascal Bonafoux : Biographie (UDV)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pascal Bonafoux\". Babelio (in French). Retrieved 14 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.babelio.com/auteur/Pascal-Bonafoux/9392","url_text":"\"Pascal Bonafoux\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pascal Bonafoux : Biographie\". France Inter (in French). Retrieved 14 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.franceinter.fr/personnes/pascal-bonafoux","url_text":"\"Pascal Bonafoux : Biographie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Inter","url_text":"France Inter"}]},{"reference":"\"Research results: Pascal Bonafoux\" (in French). Éditions Gallimard. Retrieved 14 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gallimard.fr/searchinternet/advanced?all_title=Pascal+Bonafoux&SearchAction=1","url_text":"\"Research results: Pascal Bonafoux\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Gallimard","url_text":"Éditions Gallimard"}]},{"reference":"\"Collection Découvertes Gallimard\" (in French). Éditions Gallimard. Retrieved 14 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gallimard.fr/Divers/Plus-sur-la-collection/Decouvertes-Gallimard/(sourcenode)/116085","url_text":"\"Collection Découvertes Gallimard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Gallimard","url_text":"Éditions Gallimard"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.lanuitdulivre.com/livre/moi-je-par-soi-meme-lautoportrait-au-xxe-siecle/","external_links_name":"\"Moi je, par soi-même – l'autoportrait au XXe siècle (GRAND PRIX DU JURY – 2004)\""},{"Link":"http://evene.lefigaro.fr/celebre/biographie/pascal-bonafoux-15801.php","external_links_name":"\"PASCAL BONAFOUX : Historien d'art français\""},{"Link":"http://www.clio.fr/espace_culturel/pascal_bonafoux.asp","external_links_name":"\"Pascal Bonafoux : Ecrivain et critique d'art\""},{"Link":"http://www.udvcompiegne.fr/pages/les-intervenant-e-s/pascal-bonafoux.html","external_links_name":"\"Pascal Bonafoux : Biographie (UDV)\""},{"Link":"https://www.babelio.com/auteur/Pascal-Bonafoux/9392","external_links_name":"\"Pascal Bonafoux\""},{"Link":"https://www.franceinter.fr/personnes/pascal-bonafoux","external_links_name":"\"Pascal Bonafoux : Biographie\""},{"Link":"http://www.gallimard.fr/searchinternet/advanced?all_title=Pascal+Bonafoux&SearchAction=1","external_links_name":"\"Research results: Pascal Bonafoux\""},{"Link":"http://www.gallimard.fr/Divers/Plus-sur-la-collection/Decouvertes-Gallimard/(sourcenode)/116085","external_links_name":"\"Collection Découvertes Gallimard\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000121171157","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/7833","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX866232","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11892699k","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11892699k","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/120891832","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007280072105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14721538","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84182466","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00463494","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kup19980000009431&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record65578","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201401468","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070601119","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810585160505606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/166706","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/026736969","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrabivtsi,_Borshchiv_Hromada | Hrabivtsi | ["1 References","1.1 Notes","1.2 Sources"] | Coordinates: 48°53′58″N 26°02′41″E / 48.89944°N 26.04472°E / 48.89944; 26.04472Village in Ternopil Oblast, UkraineHrabivtsi
ГрабівціVillageHrabivtsiLocation in UkraineCoordinates: 48°53′58″N 26°02′41″E / 48.89944°N 26.04472°E / 48.89944; 26.04472Country UkraineProvince Ternopil OblastDistrictChortkiv RaionPopulation • Total69Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Postal code48713
Hrabivtsi (Ukrainian: Грабівці, Polish: Grabowce), a village in Ukraine, is located within Chortkiv Raion of Ternopil Oblast. It belongs to Borshchiv urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.
References
Notes
^ "с Грабівці, Тернопільська область, Борщівський район" (in Ukrainian).
Sources
(in Ukrainian) Ternopil Encyclopedic Dictionary: in 4 v. / editorial board: H. Yavorskyi and other, Ternopil: "Zbruch", 2004–2010. — ISBN 966-528-197-6.
vteBorshchiv urban hromadaAdministrative center: BorshchivVillages
Babyntsi
Hlybochok
Hrabivtsi
Khudiivtsi
Konstanysiya
Korolivka
Kozachchyna
Kryvche
Lanivtsi
Mushkativka
Ozeriany
Pylatkivtsi
Pyshchatyntsi
Sapohiv
Skoviatyn
Slobidka-Mushkativs'ka
Strilkivtsi
Shuparka
Shyshkivtsi
Tulyn
Tsyhany
Verkhnyakivtsi
Vovkivtsi
Vysichka
Zhylyntsi | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Chortkiv Raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chortkiv_Raion"},{"link_name":"Ternopil Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternopil_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Borshchiv urban hromada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borshchiv_urban_hromada"},{"link_name":"hromadas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hromada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-admreform_2020_borshchiv-1"}],"text":"Village in Ternopil Oblast, UkraineHrabivtsi (Ukrainian: Грабівці, Polish: Grabowce), a village in Ukraine, is located within Chortkiv Raion of Ternopil Oblast. It belongs to Borshchiv urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.[1]","title":"Hrabivtsi"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"с Грабівці, Тернопільська область, Борщівський район\" (in Ukrainian).","urls":[{"url":"http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/z7503/A005?rdat1=28.11.2012&rf7571=30567","url_text":"\"с Грабівці, Тернопільська область, Борщівський район\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hrabivtsi¶ms=48_53_58_N_26_02_41_E_type:city_region:UA","external_links_name":"48°53′58″N 26°02′41″E / 48.89944°N 26.04472°E / 48.89944; 26.04472"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hrabivtsi¶ms=48_53_58_N_26_02_41_E_type:city_region:UA","external_links_name":"48°53′58″N 26°02′41″E / 48.89944°N 26.04472°E / 48.89944; 26.04472"},{"Link":"http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/z7503/A005?rdat1=28.11.2012&rf7571=30567","external_links_name":"\"с Грабівці, Тернопільська область, Борщівський район\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCord,_Wisconsin | McCord, Wisconsin | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 45°33′19″N 89°53′59″W / 45.55528°N 89.89972°W / 45.55528; -89.89972
Unincorporated community in Wisconsin, United StatesMcCord, WisconsinUnincorporated communityMcCordShow map of WisconsinMcCordShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 45°33′19″N 89°53′59″W / 45.55528°N 89.89972°W / 45.55528; -89.89972Country United StatesState WisconsinCountiesLincoln, OneidaTownsWilson, Little RiceElevation450 m (1,470 ft)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)Area code(s)715 & 534GNIS feature ID1577717
McCord is an unincorporated community in Lincoln and Oneida counties in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The Lincoln County portion of McCord is in the town of Wilson, while the Oneida County portion is in the town of Little Rice. McCord is on U.S. Route 8 10 miles (16 km) west-northwest of Tomahawk. The community was named after Myron H. McCord, a territorial governor of Arizona and member of the Wisconsin State Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives.
References
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: McCord, Wisconsin
^ Callary, Edward. Place Names of Wisconsin. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-299-30964-0.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Lincoln County, Wisconsin, United StatesCounty seat: MerrillCities
Merrill
Tomahawk
Towns
Birch
Bradley
Corning
Harding
Harrison
King
Merrill
Pine River
Rock Falls
Russell
Schley
Scott
Skanawan
Somo
Tomahawk
Wilson
Unincorporatedcommunities
Bloomville
Bradley
Bundy
Clifford‡
Doering
Dudley
Dutch Corners
Gilbert
Gleason
Harrison
Heafford Junction
Irma
Jeffris
McCord‡
Otis
Pine River
Spirit Falls
Tripoli‡
West Kraft
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Wisconsin portal
United States portal
vteMunicipalities and communities of Oneida County, Wisconsin, United StatesCounty seat: RhinelanderCity
Rhinelander
Towns
Cassian
Crescent
Enterprise
Hazelhurst
Lake Tomahawk
Little Rice
Lynne
Minocqua
Monico
Newbold
Nokomis
Pelican
Piehl
Pine Lake
Schoepke
Stella
Sugar Camp
Three Lakes
Woodboro
Woodruff
CDPs
Lake Tomahawk
Minocqua
Three Lakes
Woodruff
Othercommunities
Clearwater Lake
Clifford‡
Crescent Corner
Enterprise
Gagen
Goodnow
Harshaw
Hazelhurst
Jennings
Lennox
Malvern
McCord‡
McNaughton
Monico
Newbold
Pelican Lake
Pratt Junction
Rantz
Roosevelt
Starks
Sugar Camp
Sunflower
Tripoli‡
Woodboro
Ghost town
Manson
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Wisconsin portal
United States portal
This article about a location in Lincoln County, Wisconsin is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a location in Oneida County, Wisconsin is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Oneida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneida_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson,_Lincoln_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Little Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rice,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_8"},{"link_name":"Tomahawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomahawk,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Myron H. McCord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myron_H._McCord"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in Wisconsin, United StatesMcCord is an unincorporated community in Lincoln and Oneida counties in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The Lincoln County portion of McCord is in the town of Wilson, while the Oneida County portion is in the town of Little Rice. McCord is on U.S. Route 8 10 miles (16 km) west-northwest of Tomahawk. The community was named after Myron H. McCord, a territorial governor of Arizona and member of the Wisconsin State Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives.[2]","title":"McCord, Wisconsin"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Lincoln_County.svg/70px-Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Lincoln_County.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Oneida_County.svg/70px-Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Oneida_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Callary, Edward. Place Names of Wisconsin. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-299-30964-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-30964-0","url_text":"978-0-299-30964-0"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=McCord,_Wisconsin¶ms=45_33_19_N_89_53_59_W_region:US-WI_type:city","external_links_name":"45°33′19″N 89°53′59″W / 45.55528°N 89.89972°W / 45.55528; -89.89972"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=McCord,_Wisconsin¶ms=45_33_19_N_89_53_59_W_region:US-WI_type:city","external_links_name":"45°33′19″N 89°53′59″W / 45.55528°N 89.89972°W / 45.55528; -89.89972"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1577717","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: McCord, Wisconsin"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCord,_Wisconsin&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCord,_Wisconsin&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brantford_Township,_Ontario | County of Brant | ["1 History","1.1 Early history","1.2 Railway development","1.3 Invention of the telephone","2 Geography","2.1 Communities","2.2 Climate","3 Demographics","4 Government","5 Local organizations","6 Album of honour","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"] | Coordinates: 43°07′N 80°22′W / 43.117°N 80.367°W / 43.117; -80.367For the provincial electoral district known as "Brant County", see Brant (provincial electoral district).
City in Ontario, CanadaBrantCity (single-tier)County of BrantParis, OntarioMotto: Simply GrandCoordinates: 43°07′N 80°22′W / 43.117°N 80.367°W / 43.117; -80.367CountryCanadaProvinceOntarioSettled1793Formed1851 (county)Formed1999 (single-tier city)SeatBurfordGovernment • Governing bodyBrant County Council • MayorDavid Bailey • MPLarry Brock (Conservative) • MPPWill Bouma (Progressive Conservative)Area • Land817.66 km2 (315.70 sq mi)Population (2021) • Total39,474 • Density48.3/km2 (125/sq mi)Time zoneUTC-5 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)Postal CodeN0E, N3LArea code(s)519, 226, and 548Websitewww.brant.ca
The County of Brant (2021 population 39,474) is a single-tier municipality in the Canadian province of Ontario. Although it retains the word "county" in its name, the municipality is a single-tier municipal government and has no upper tier. The County of Brant has service offices in Burford, Paris, Oakland, Onondaga and St. George. The largest population centre (2021 population 14,956) is Paris.
The County of Brant is a predominantly rural municipality in Southern Ontario. The County is bordered by the township of North Dumfries in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo; the City of Hamilton; Haldimand County; Norfolk County; and the townships of Blandford-Blenheim and Norwich in Oxford County. The County abuts the provincially-mandated Greenbelt. Although the city of Brantford is surrounded by the County, it is a fully independent city with its own municipal government. The Brant census division, which includes Brantford and the Six Nations and New Credit reserves along with the County of Brant, had a population of 144,771 in the 2021 census.
The County is named after Joseph Brant and was established in 1851. Brantford separated from the County when it incorporated as a city in 1877. Part of the County is situated on the Haldimand Tract, traditional territory of the Neutral, Mississauga, and Haudenosaunee peoples.
History
The area had previously been part of Wentworth and Oxford County. Brant County was formed in 1851 and originally consisted of:
Brantford Township (Brantford, Paris, Mount Pleasant, Cainsville), Area 71,122 acres (287.82 km2). First settlement made before 1810. The township was organized in 1840.
Burford Township (Burford, Scotland), Area 71,122 acres (287.82 km2). First of the midland townships to have settlers. Surveyed in 1793, four families settled on the land before 1800.
Oakland Township (Scotland, Oakland), Area 10,676 acres (43.20 km2). Originally called the Townsend Gore, then the Burford Gore, but organized a separate municipality in 1850.
Onondaga Township (Onondaga, Middleport), Area 20,613 acres (83.42 km2). First settled in 1838 within Oxford County. The formal surrender of the township by local Indigenous peoples did not take place until 1839.
South Dumfries Township (Paris, St. George, Glen Morris), Area 46,265 acres (187.23 km2).
Tuscarora Township (Six Nations Indian Reserve, New Credit Indian Reserve), created in 1784.
On January 1, 1999, the Town of Paris and the townships of Brantford, Burford, Oakland, Onondaga, and South Dumfries amalgamated to form a new city with the official legal name of County of Brant.
Early history
Erected by the provincial and federal governments, historic plaques and monuments in Brant County indicate a long and varied history which include many aspects related to the First Nations.
The Mohawk Chief Joseph Brant (Thayendanega) and the Mohawk people of New York state served with the British during the American Revolution. In 1784, the Crown granted Joseph Brant and his followers a land treaty along the Grand River to replace what they had lost in New York State at the Sandusky Council after the Revolution. Much of this grant was later rescinded. As chief of the united tribes, Brant led his people—including Brant's African slaves captured during the revolution—to Upper Canada; a group of 400 settled in 1788 on the Grand River at Mohawk Village which later became Brantford. Nearly a century later (1886), the Joseph Brant Memorial would be erected in Burlington, Ontario in honour of Brant and the Six Nations Confederacy.
The Mohawk Chapel, built by the British Crown in 1785 for the Mohawk and Iroquois people (Six Nations of the Grand River), was dedicated in 1788 as a reminder of the original agreements made with the British during the American Revolution.
In 1904 the chapel received Royal status by King Edward VII in memory of the longstanding alliance. Her Majesty's Royal Chapel of the Mohawks is an important reminder of the original agreements made with Queen Anne in 1710. It is still in use today as one of two royal Chapels in Canada and the oldest Protestant Church in the province. Joseph Brant and his son John Brant are buried here.
Significant to the County, gypsum was discovered in 1793 on the east bank of the Grand River in what became Paris during a survey for the British Home Department. By late 1794 a road had been built from what is now Dundas, Ontario to Paris, called The Governor's Road (now Dundas St. in Paris). Records from 1846 indicate that the settlement (now Paris), in a hilly area called Oak Plains, was divided into the upper town and the lower town. In addition to successful farmers in the area, the community of 1000 people (Americans, Scottish, English, and Irish) was thriving. Manufacturing had already begun, with industries powered by the river. A great deal of plaster was being exported and there were three mills, a tannery, a woolen factory, a foundry, and numerous tradesmen. Five churches had been built; the post office was receiving mail three times a week. The village was incorporated in 1850 with Hiram "Boss" Capron as the first Reeve. It was incorporated as a town in 1856 with H. Finlayson as the first mayor.
Abraham Dayton from Connecticut arrived in 1793 and was granted the entire township of Burford; additional settlers began arriving in 1797. The 1814 Battle of Malcolm's Mills during the War of 1812 took place at what is now Oakland when American forces attacked the local regiments. Neither this battle nor the 1837 Duncombe's Uprising by militant "Patriots" at the settlement of Scotland were successful.
Chief John Brant (Mohawk leader) (Ahyonwaeghs) who had lived at Mohawk Village was one of the sons of Joseph Brant. He fought with the British during the War of 1812 and later worked to improve the welfare of the First Nations. He was involved in building schools and was the improving the welfare of his people. Brant initiated the opening of schools and from 1828 served as the first native Superintendent of the Six Nations. Chief Brant was elected to Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada for Haldimand in 1830 and was the first aboriginal Canadian in Parliament.
Records from 1846 indicate that the settlement of Scotland in Burford Township had a population of about 150. At that time there were two stores, two taverns, one tannery, one saddler, one chair maker, one cabinet maker, one blacksmith. There was also a carding machine and fulling mill near the village. Nearby Oakland had about 160 inhabitants; its post office was receiving mail daily. Oakland had a grist and a saw mill, a carding machine and fulling mill, one store, two taverns, one hatter, one wagon maker, one blacksmith, one tailor, one shoemaker.
Much of the County's early population began arriving in the 1820s as the Hamilton and London Road was improved and settlement increased after 1848 when navigation to Brantford was opened and again in 1854 with the arrival of the railway to Brantford. The stone and brick Brant County Courthouse was built on land purchased from the Six Nations in 1852. The structure housed court rooms, county offices, a law library and a gaol. During additions in the 1880s, the Greek Revival style, with Doric columns, was retained.
Chiefswood, now a Six Nations museum in Oshweken and one of the National Historic Sites of Canada, was built in about 1856 by Mohawk Chief George Henry Martin Johnson (Onwanonsyshon). His daughter, the Mohawk poet E. Pauline Johnson (Tekahionwake), gained great acclaim across Canada. Her work increased awareness of the history and cultural diversity of the First Nations. In 1886, the Joseph Brant Memorial was constructed in honour of Brant and the Six Nations Confederacy.
Railway development
Brant County saw relatively early railway development in Ontario's history, as it lay nearby and between major mid-19th century centres such as Toronto and London. Plans for railway development were underway in the 1830s as part of the proposed London and Gore Railroad between London and Hamilton, with a branch line planned to extend northward to Galt.: 4 After significant delays, the London and Gore eventually appeared in the form of the Great Western Railway, whose mainline opened between Hamilton and London in 1853.: 4
Work had begun on the branch line to Galt in 1852, and it was completed in 1854.: 5 The branch line, as built, connected to the roughly east–west mainline at a junction in Brant County located at a key point aligned between four major manufacturing and administrative centres in the area: Brantford, Galt, Hamilton, and London.: 3 Originally known simply as Fairchild Creek Station, the railway town which grew up around the junction was eventually named Harrisburg after the then-president of the Great Western Railway, Robert W. Harris.: 5 This early construction date has led to some Ontario rail history writers such as Joachim Brouwer and Ron Brown to argue that Harrisburg was the first railway junction in Canada, and that the branch line to Galt was the first branch line in Canadian railway history.: 5 A second branch line, this one to Brantford, was also built south from Harrisburg in 1871, though an independent shortline named the Buffalo, Brantford and Goderich Railway reached Brantford earlier, in the 1850s.: 6
Invention of the telephone
Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone at his father's homestead, Melville House, now the Bell Homestead National Historic Site. At the time, the homestead was in the County, outside the Brantford city limits. In a 1906 speech, Bell made the following comment, "the telephone problem was solved, and it was solved at my father's home". As well, two of the first successful voice transmissions of any notable distance were made in early August 1876, between the telegraph office in Brantford, Ontario and Melville House and Between Paris and Brantford.
Canada's first telephone factory, created and operated by James Cowherd, was also located in Brantford from about 1879 until his death in 1881. The first telephone business office which opened in 1877, not far from the Bell Homestead, was then located in the County just outside Brantford.
Geography
Communities
Brant County Courthouse
In addition to Brantford, population centres in Brant are Paris, St. George and Burford. Smaller communities in the municipality include Bishopsgate, Burtch, Cainsville, Cathcart, East Oakland, Etonia, Fairfield, Falkland, Glen Morris, Gobles, Harley, Harrisburg, Hatchley, Langford, Lockie, Maple Grove, Middleport, Mount Pleasant, Mount Vernon, New Durham, Newport, Northfield, Northfield Centre, Oakland, Onondaga, Osborne Corners, and Scotland.
Climate
Climate data for Middleport (1981−2010)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
15.5(59.9)
16.0(60.8)
25.0(77.0)
31.0(87.8)
33.0(91.4)
36.5(97.7)
38.0(100.4)
35.0(95.0)
33.5(92.3)
27.0(80.6)
22.0(71.6)
20.5(68.9)
38.0(100.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
−1.4(29.5)
0.0(32.0)
4.6(40.3)
12.1(53.8)
19.3(66.7)
24.7(76.5)
27.4(81.3)
25.8(78.4)
21.3(70.3)
14.7(58.5)
7.3(45.1)
1.7(35.1)
13.1(55.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)
−5.4(22.3)
−2.5(27.5)
0.1(32.2)
6.9(44.4)
13.4(56.1)
18.7(65.7)
21.5(70.7)
20.1(68.2)
15.8(60.4)
9.7(49.5)
3.5(38.3)
−1.9(28.6)
8.2(46.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
−9.4(15.1)
−8.5(16.7)
−4.4(24.1)
1.7(35.1)
7.4(45.3)
12.7(54.9)
15.5(59.9)
14.4(57.9)
10.2(50.4)
4.6(40.3)
−0.4(31.3)
−5.4(22.3)
3.2(37.8)
Record low °C (°F)
−31.0(−23.8)
−31.0(−23.8)
−23.0(−9.4)
−15.0(5.0)
−5.0(23.0)
2.0(35.6)
7.0(44.6)
1.0(33.8)
−2.0(28.4)
−7.0(19.4)
−15.0(5.0)
−27.5(−17.5)
−31.0(−23.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
66.6(2.62)
55.4(2.18)
64.0(2.52)
74.6(2.94)
76.5(3.01)
76.9(3.03)
98.7(3.89)
75.2(2.96)
92.3(3.63)
73.4(2.89)
84.6(3.33)
70.8(2.79)
908.9(35.78)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
32.3(1.27)
30.9(1.22)
47.8(1.88)
71.7(2.82)
76.4(3.01)
76.9(3.03)
98.7(3.89)
75.2(2.96)
92.3(3.63)
73.2(2.88)
77.8(3.06)
49.1(1.93)
802.3(31.59)
Average snowfall cm (inches)
34.4(13.5)
24.4(9.6)
16.2(6.4)
2.9(1.1)
0.1(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.2(0.1)
6.8(2.7)
21.7(8.5)
106.7(42.0)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm)
13.9
10.7
11.5
13.8
12.9
11.0
10.7
11.0
13.1
14.1
14.3
13.8
150.7
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm)
5.3
5.1
8.0
13.1
12.9
11.0
10.7
11.0
13.1
14.1
12.8
8.5
125.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm)
9.3
6.4
4.7
0.89
0.05
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.05
2.0
6.6
29.9
Source: Environment Canada
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Brant had a population of 39,474 living in 14,330 of its 14,778 total private dwellings, a change of 10.8% from its 2016 population of 35,640. With a land area of 817.66 km2 (315.70 sq mi), it had a population density of 48.3/km2 (125.0/sq mi) in 2021.
Canada census – Brant community profile
202120162011
Population39,474 (+10.8% from 2016)36,707 (3.0% from 2011)35,638 (3.6% from 2006)
Land area817.66 km2 (315.70 sq mi)843.25 km2 (325.58 sq mi)843.29 km2 (325.60 sq mi)
Population density48.3/km2 (125/sq mi)43.5/km2 (113/sq mi)42.3/km2 (110/sq mi)
Median age44.0 (M: 43.2, F: 44.8)
Private dwellings14,778 (total) 14,330 (occupied)13,687 (total)
Median household income$106,000
References: 2021 2016 2011 earlier
Panethnic groups in the County of Brant (2001−2021)
Panethnicgroup
2021
2016
2011
2006
2001
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
European
117,300
82.31%
115,090
87.03%
114,670
85.72%
112,295
91.06%
108,540
92.96%
South Asian
7,065
4.96%
3,310
2.5%
1,735
1.3%
1,785
1.45%
1,345
1.15%
Indigenous
6,840
4.8%
6,910
5.23%
11,625
8.69%
4,305
3.49%
3,300
2.83%
African
4,215
2.96%
2,230
1.69%
1,820
1.36%
1,700
1.38%
1,220
1.04%
Southeast Asian
2,610
1.83%
1,890
1.43%
1,250
0.93%
1,240
1.01%
1,050
0.9%
East Asian
1,215
0.85%
1,245
0.94%
1,175
0.88%
1,040
0.84%
720
0.62%
Latin American
1,105
0.78%
505
0.38%
435
0.33%
390
0.32%
170
0.15%
Middle Eastern
1,030
0.72%
505
0.38%
670
0.5%
270
0.22%
200
0.17%
Other
1,130
0.79%
550
0.42%
395
0.3%
285
0.23%
195
0.17%
Total responses
142,515
98.44%
132,245
98.1%
133,780
98.34%
123,315
98.57%
116,755
98.54%
Total population
144,771
100%
134,808
100%
136,035
100%
125,099
100%
118,485
100%
Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses
Government
The County of Brant is divided into five wards, each with two elected Councillors. David Bailey was elected as the Mayor in 2018. Previously, Ronald Eddy had held the position of Mayor from 1999 - 2018. The County is a single-tier municipality and provide the following services: roads, water, wastewater, garbage, recycling, facilities, parks, trails, planning, building, economic development, tourism, bylaw enforcement, library, fire and paramedic services but contracts with the Ontario Provincial Police to provide police services, overseen by the Police Services Board. (Ambulance services are provided in conjunction with the City of Brantford.) The customer service offices are located in Burford, Paris, Oakland, Onondaga and St. George Ontario.
Local organizations
Local organizations include the Kinsmen Club of Brantford is an all Canadian non-profit service organization that promotes service, fellowship, positive values, and national pride.
They put on the Brantford Kinsmen Annual Car Show & Swap Meet in Paris Ontario in September and the Brantford Kinsmen Annual Ribfest in Brantford, Ontario to help raise funds for local charities. And Sustainable Brant dedicated to saving the disappearing farmland.
The County of Brant Public Library is the public library serving the communities in the county of Brant, Ontario, Canada. It has 5 branches located in Paris, Burford, Scotland, St. George, and Glen Morris, Ontario. The system's main branch, in Paris, Ontario, was originally a Carnegie Library, having received an endowment from Carnegie in 1902. The County of Brant Public Library maintains a Digital Historical Collection pertaining to Brant history at http://images.ourontario.ca/brant
The Women Teachers of Ontario, Brant Branch: https://rwto.org/branch/brant/
Album of honour
War Monument in Brantford, Ontario
The Album of Honour for Brant County is a book compiled in 1946 by the Kinsmen Club of Brantford to commemorate those of Brantford, the County of Brant and the peoples of the Six Nations who served Canada during the Second World War. The book lists the names of the Brant County men and women who served in World War II. There are more than 3,500 photographs. In addition, local companies provided the names of employees who served in this war. The book is kept on the Digital Archives Page at the Brantford Public Library.
See also
List of townships in Ontario
List of secondary schools in Ontario#Brant County
Notes
^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.
^ Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.
^ Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.
^ Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.
^ Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.
References
^ a b "Brant Census Profile". Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
^ "Proposed Boundary Adjustment". Brant.ca. Archived from the original on 2017-04-07. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
^ "Members of Council". Brantford.ca. 21 March 2019.
^ "Councillors and Wards - County of Brant". Brant.ca. Archived from the original on 2018-04-02. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
^ The History of the County of Brant, Ontario. Toronto: Warner, Beers & Co. 1883. pp. 85, 152–153, 262–263. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
^ "Haldimand Tract". Grand River Country. Archived from the original on 2019-07-09. Retrieved 2021-06-03.
^ Filice, Michelle (November 10, 2020). "Haldimand Proclamation". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
^ Francis, Daniel (May 28, 2019). "Brantford". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
^ Shanahan, David (December 7, 2019). "Between the Lakes Treaty". Anishinabek News. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
^ Groat, Cody (February 18, 2020). "Six Nations of the Grand River". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
^ Province of Ontario -- A History 1615 to 1927 by Jesse Edgar Middletown & Fred Landon, 1927, Dominion Publishing Company, Toronto
^ Interim List of Changes to Municipal Boundaries, Status and Name From January 2, 1996 to January 1, 2001. Statistics Canada. January 2002. p. 154 of 419.
^ "Early Canada Historical Narratives -- THAYENDANEGEA - JOSEPH BRANT". Uppercanadahistory.ca.
^ Penick, Tom. "Joseph Brant, Mohawk slave owner and military officer born". AAREG. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
^ a b c d e f g h "Historical Plaques of Brant County". Waynecook.com.
^ "Thayendanega (Joseph Brant) Historical Plaque". Ontarioplaques.com. Archived from the original on 2021-08-21. Retrieved 2017-04-07.
^ "History". Mohawk Chapel. 2011. Archived from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
^ Smith, Wm. H. (1846). SMITH'S CANADIAN GAZETTEER - STATISTICAL AND GENERAL INFORMATION RESPECTING ALL PARTS OF THE UPPER PROVINCE, OR CANADA WEST. Toronto: H. & W. ROWSELL. p. 142.
^ "War of 1812". Eighteentwelve.ca. Archived from the original on 2018-10-13. Retrieved 2019-07-10.
^ "Ahyouwaighs, Chief of the Six Nations 1838". Vitacollections.ca.
^ Smith, Wm. H. (1846). SMITH'S CANADIAN GAZETTEER - STATISTICAL AND GENERAL INFORMATION RESPECTING ALL PARTS OF THE UPPER PROVINCE, OR CANADA WEST. Toronto: H. & W. ROWSELL. p. 167 and 133.
^ Canada, Library and Archives. "Emily Pauline Johnson (Tekahionwake) - Library and Archives Canada". Library and Archives Canada.
^ a b c d e f g Brouwer, Joachim (July–August 2018). "Harrisburg: A History of Canada's First Railway Junction and Branch Line Railway". Branchline.
^ "The Bell Homestead Historical Plaque". ontarioplaques.com.
^ Whitaker, A.J. "Bell Telephone Memorial", City of Brantford/Hurley Printing, Brantford, Ontario, 1944. PDF.
^ Osborne, Harold S. (1943) "Biographical Memoir of Alexander Graham Bell", National Academy of Sciences: Biographical Memoirs, Vol. XXIII, 1847–1922. PDF. Presented to the Academy at its 1943 annual meeting.
^ Reville, F. Douglas (1920). History of the County of Brant (PDF). Brantford, Ontario: Hurley. p. 315. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
^ "The Unveiling of the Bell Memorial" (PDF). Brantford.library.on.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
^ Reville, F. Douglas. History of the County of Brant Vol. 1. Brantford, ON: Brant Historical Society, Hurley Printing, 1920/. PDF pp. 187–197, or document pp. 308–322. (PDF)
^ "Alexander Graham Bell & Brantford". Brantford.ca. Archived from the original on 2017-04-07. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
^ MacLeod, Elizabeth (1999). Alexander Graham Bell: An Inventive Life. Toronto, Ontario: Kids Can Press. p. 14 to 19. ISBN 1-55074-456-9
^ "Evolution of Telecommunications". Virtualmuseum.ca. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
^ Murray, Robert P. (21 October 2017). The Early Development of Radio in Canada, 1901-1930: An Illustrated History of Canada's Radio Pioneers, Broadcast Receiver Manufacturers, and Their Products. Sonoran Publishing. ISBN 9781886606203. Retrieved 21 October 2017 – via Google Books.
^ "Middleport TS, Ontario". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. 25 September 2013. Archived from the original on July 25, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
^ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Ontario". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved March 27, 2022.
^ "2021 Community Profiles". 2021 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. February 4, 2022. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
^ "2016 Community Profiles". 2016 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. August 12, 2021. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
^ "2011 Community Profiles". 2011 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. March 21, 2019.
^ "2006 Community Profiles". 2006 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. August 20, 2019.
^ "2001 Community Profiles". 2001 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. July 18, 2021.
^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-02-28.
^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2021-10-27). "Census Profile, 2016 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-02-28.
^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2015-11-27). "NHS Profile". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-02-28.
^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-08-20). "2006 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-02-28.
^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-07-02). "2001 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-02-28.
^ "County of Brant". Brant.ca. Archived from the original on 2017-04-03. Retrieved 2017-04-07.
^ "Emergency Services". Brant.ca. Archived from the original on 2017-05-04. Retrieved 2017-04-07.
^ "County Government". Brant.ca.
^ Album of Honor for Brant County (PDF). The Brantford Kinsmen Club. 1946.
^ Andrew MacLeod. "Virtual War Memorial Search for Brantford and the County of Brant". Brantford.library.on.ca. Archived from the original on 2007-07-02. Retrieved 2007-06-30.
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WikiProject: Ontario | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brant (provincial electoral district)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brant_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_2021_Census"},{"link_name":"single-tier municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_divisions_of_Ontario#Single-tier_municipalities"},{"link_name":"Canadian province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_counties_of_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Burford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burford,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Southern Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ontario"},{"link_name":"North Dumfries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dumfries"},{"link_name":"Regional Municipality of Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Waterloo"},{"link_name":"City of Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Haldimand County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldimand_County"},{"link_name":"Norfolk County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_County,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Blandford-Blenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blandford-Blenheim"},{"link_name":"Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Oxford County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_County,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Greenbelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenbelt_(Golden_Horseshoe)"},{"link_name":"Brantford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brantford"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"census division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_divisions_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Six Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Nations_of_the_Grand_River"},{"link_name":"New Credit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Credit_40a,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_reserve"},{"link_name":"Joseph Brant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brant"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-5"},{"link_name":"Haldimand Tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldimand_Tract"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Neutral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Nation"},{"link_name":"Mississauga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississaugas"},{"link_name":"Haudenosaunee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haudenosaunee"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"For the provincial electoral district known as \"Brant County\", see Brant (provincial electoral district).City in Ontario, CanadaThe County of Brant (2021 population 39,474) is a single-tier municipality in the Canadian province of Ontario. Although it retains the word \"county\" in its name, the municipality is a single-tier municipal government and has no upper tier. The County of Brant has service offices in Burford, Paris, Oakland, Onondaga and St. George. The largest population centre (2021 population 14,956) is Paris.The County of Brant is a predominantly rural municipality in Southern Ontario. The County is bordered by the township of North Dumfries in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo; the City of Hamilton; Haldimand County; Norfolk County; and the townships of Blandford-Blenheim and Norwich in Oxford County. The County abuts the provincially-mandated Greenbelt. Although the city of Brantford is surrounded by the County, it is a fully independent city with its own municipal government.[2][3][4] The Brant census division, which includes Brantford and the Six Nations and New Credit reserves along with the County of Brant, had a population of 144,771 in the 2021 census.The County is named after Joseph Brant and was established in 1851. Brantford separated from the County when it incorporated as a city in 1877.[5] Part of the County is situated on the Haldimand Tract,[6][7] traditional territory of the Neutral, Mississauga, and Haudenosaunee peoples.[8][9][10]","title":"County of Brant"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Brantford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brantford"},{"link_name":"Cainsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cainsville"},{"link_name":"Burford Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burford_Township,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Tuscarora Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscarora_Township,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Six Nations Indian Reserve, New Credit Indian Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Nations_40,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The area had previously been part of Wentworth and Oxford County. Brant County was formed in 1851 and originally consisted of:[11]Brantford Township (Brantford, Paris, Mount Pleasant, Cainsville), Area 71,122 acres (287.82 km2). First settlement made before 1810. The township was organized in 1840.\nBurford Township (Burford, Scotland), Area 71,122 acres (287.82 km2). First of the midland townships to have settlers. Surveyed in 1793, four families settled on the land before 1800.\nOakland Township (Scotland, Oakland), Area 10,676 acres (43.20 km2). Originally called the Townsend Gore, then the Burford Gore, but organized a separate municipality in 1850.\nOnondaga Township (Onondaga, Middleport), Area 20,613 acres (83.42 km2). First settled in 1838 within Oxford County. The formal surrender of the township by local Indigenous peoples did not take place until 1839.\nSouth Dumfries Township (Paris, St. George, Glen Morris), Area 46,265 acres (187.23 km2).\nTuscarora Township (Six Nations Indian Reserve, New Credit Indian Reserve), created in 1784.On January 1, 1999, the Town of Paris and the townships of Brantford, Burford, Oakland, Onondaga, and South Dumfries amalgamated to form a new city with the official legal name of County of Brant.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Brant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brant"},{"link_name":"Mohawk people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_people"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waynecook.com-15"},{"link_name":"Burlington, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Mohawk Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_Chapel"},{"link_name":"Mohawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_Nation"},{"link_name":"Six Nations of the Grand River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Nations_of_the_Grand_River"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waynecook.com-15"},{"link_name":"Edward VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Dundas, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundas,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waynecook.com-15"},{"link_name":"Battle of Malcolm's Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Malcolm%27s_Mills"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waynecook.com-15"},{"link_name":"John Brant (Mohawk leader)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brant_(Mohawk_leader)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waynecook.com-15"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waynecook.com-15"},{"link_name":"National Historic Sites of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"E. Pauline Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Pauline_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waynecook.com-15"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"Erected by the provincial and federal governments, historic plaques and monuments in Brant County indicate a long and varied history which include many aspects related to the First Nations.The Mohawk Chief Joseph Brant (Thayendanega) and the Mohawk people of New York state served with the British during the American Revolution. In 1784, the Crown granted Joseph Brant and his followers a land treaty along the Grand River to replace what they had lost in New York State at the Sandusky Council after the Revolution. Much of this grant was later rescinded.[13] As chief of the united tribes, Brant led his people—including Brant's African slaves captured during the revolution[14]—to Upper Canada; a group of 400 settled in 1788 on the Grand River at Mohawk Village which later became Brantford.[15] Nearly a century later (1886), the Joseph Brant Memorial would be erected in Burlington, Ontario in honour of Brant and the Six Nations Confederacy.[16]The Mohawk Chapel, built by the British Crown in 1785 for the Mohawk and Iroquois people (Six Nations of the Grand River), was dedicated in 1788 as a reminder of the original agreements made with the British during the American Revolution.[15] \nIn 1904 the chapel received Royal status by King Edward VII in memory of the longstanding alliance. Her Majesty's Royal Chapel of the Mohawks is an important reminder of the original agreements made with Queen Anne in 1710. It is still in use today as one of two royal Chapels in Canada and the oldest Protestant Church in the province. Joseph Brant and his son John Brant are buried here.[17]Significant to the County, gypsum was discovered in 1793 on the east bank of the Grand River in what became Paris during a survey for the British Home Department. By late 1794 a road had been built from what is now Dundas, Ontario to Paris, called The Governor's Road (now Dundas St. in Paris). Records from 1846 indicate that the settlement (now Paris), in a hilly area called Oak Plains, was divided into the upper town and the lower town. In addition to successful farmers in the area, the community of 1000 people (Americans, Scottish, English, and Irish) was thriving. Manufacturing had already begun, with industries powered by the river. A great deal of plaster was being exported and there were three mills, a tannery, a woolen factory, a foundry, and numerous tradesmen. Five churches had been built; the post office was receiving mail three times a week.[18] The village was incorporated in 1850 with Hiram \"Boss\" Capron as the first Reeve. It was incorporated as a town in 1856 with H. Finlayson as the first mayor.[15]Abraham Dayton from Connecticut arrived in 1793 and was granted the entire township of Burford; additional settlers began arriving in 1797. The 1814 Battle of Malcolm's Mills during the War of 1812 took place at what is now Oakland when American forces attacked the local regiments. Neither this battle nor the 1837 Duncombe's Uprising by militant \"Patriots\" at the settlement of Scotland were successful.[15]Chief John Brant (Mohawk leader) (Ahyonwaeghs) who had lived at Mohawk Village was one of the sons of Joseph Brant.[19] He fought with the British during the War of 1812 and later worked to improve the welfare of the First Nations. He was involved in building schools and was the improving the welfare of his people. Brant initiated the opening of schools and from 1828 served as the first native Superintendent of the Six Nations.[15] Chief Brant was elected to Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada for Haldimand in 1830 and was the first aboriginal Canadian in Parliament.[20]Records from 1846 indicate that the settlement of Scotland in Burford Township had a population of about 150. At that time there were two stores, two taverns, one tannery, one saddler, one chair maker, one cabinet maker, one blacksmith. There was also a carding machine and fulling mill near the village. Nearby Oakland had about 160 inhabitants; its post office was receiving mail daily. Oakland had a grist and a saw mill, a carding machine and fulling mill, one store, two taverns, one hatter, one wagon maker, one blacksmith, one tailor, one shoemaker.[21]Much of the County's early population began arriving in the 1820s as the Hamilton and London Road was improved and settlement increased after 1848 when navigation to Brantford was opened and again in 1854 with the arrival of the railway to Brantford. The stone and brick Brant County Courthouse was built on land purchased from the Six Nations in 1852. The structure housed court rooms, county offices, a law library and a gaol. During additions in the 1880s, the Greek Revival style, with Doric columns, was retained.[15]Chiefswood, now a Six Nations museum in Oshweken and one of the National Historic Sites of Canada, was built in about 1856 by Mohawk Chief George Henry Martin Johnson (Onwanonsyshon). His daughter, the Mohawk poet E. Pauline Johnson (Tekahionwake), gained great acclaim across Canada. Her work increased awareness of the history and cultural diversity of the First Nations. In 1886, the Joseph Brant Memorial was constructed in honour of Brant and the Six Nations Confederacy.[15][22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London and Gore Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_Gore_Railroad"},{"link_name":"branch line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_line"},{"link_name":"Galt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galt,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brouwer-23"},{"link_name":"Great Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Western_Railway_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brouwer-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brouwer-23"},{"link_name":"mainline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_line_(railway)"},{"link_name":"junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_(rail)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brouwer-23"},{"link_name":"railway town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_town"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brouwer-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brouwer-23"},{"link_name":"A second branch line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg_and_Brantford_Railway"},{"link_name":"Buffalo, Brantford and Goderich Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_Brantford_and_Goderich_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brouwer-23"}],"sub_title":"Railway development","text":"Brant County saw relatively early railway development in Ontario's history, as it lay nearby and between major mid-19th century centres such as Toronto and London. Plans for railway development were underway in the 1830s as part of the proposed London and Gore Railroad between London and Hamilton, with a branch line planned to extend northward to Galt.[23]: 4 After significant delays, the London and Gore eventually appeared in the form of the Great Western Railway, whose mainline opened between Hamilton and London in 1853.[23]: 4Work had begun on the branch line to Galt in 1852, and it was completed in 1854.[23]: 5 The branch line, as built, connected to the roughly east–west mainline at a junction in Brant County located at a key point aligned between four major manufacturing and administrative centres in the area: Brantford, Galt, Hamilton, and London.[23]: 3 Originally known simply as Fairchild Creek Station, the railway town which grew up around the junction was eventually named Harrisburg after the then-president of the Great Western Railway, Robert W. Harris.[23]: 5 This early construction date has led to some Ontario rail history writers such as Joachim Brouwer and Ron Brown to argue that Harrisburg was the first railway junction in Canada, and that the branch line to Galt was the first branch line in Canadian railway history.[23]: 5 A second branch line, this one to Brantford, was also built south from Harrisburg in 1871, though an independent shortline named the Buffalo, Brantford and Goderich Railway reached Brantford earlier, in the 1850s.[23]: 6","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Graham Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell"},{"link_name":"Bell Homestead National Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Homestead_National_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"James Cowherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cowherd#Earliest_telephone_production"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waynecook.com-15"}],"sub_title":"Invention of the telephone","text":"Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone at his father's homestead, Melville House, now the Bell Homestead National Historic Site. At the time, the homestead was in the County, outside the Brantford city limits.[24][25][26] In a 1906 speech, Bell made the following comment, \"the telephone problem was solved, and it was solved at my father's home\".[27] As well, two of the first successful voice transmissions of any notable distance were made in early August 1876, between the telegraph office in Brantford, Ontario and Melville House and Between Paris and Brantford.[28][29][30][31]Canada's first telephone factory, created and operated by James Cowherd, was also located in Brantford from about 1879 until his death in 1881.[32][33] The first telephone business office which opened in 1877, not far from the Bell Homestead, was then located in the County just outside Brantford.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brantcourthouse.JPG"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Burford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burford,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Cainsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cainsville"}],"sub_title":"Communities","text":"Brant County CourthouseIn addition to Brantford, population centres in Brant are Paris, St. George and Burford. Smaller communities in the municipality include Bishopsgate, Burtch, Cainsville, Cathcart, East Oakland, Etonia, Fairfield, Falkland, Glen Morris, Gobles, Harley, Harrisburg, Hatchley, Langford, Lockie, Maple Grove, Middleport, Mount Pleasant, Mount Vernon, New Durham, Newport, Northfield, Northfield Centre, Oakland, Onondaga, Osborne Corners, and Scotland.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"Environment Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Canada"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Climate data for Middleport (1981−2010)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n15.5(59.9)\n\n16.0(60.8)\n\n25.0(77.0)\n\n31.0(87.8)\n\n33.0(91.4)\n\n36.5(97.7)\n\n38.0(100.4)\n\n35.0(95.0)\n\n33.5(92.3)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n22.0(71.6)\n\n20.5(68.9)\n\n38.0(100.4)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n−1.4(29.5)\n\n0.0(32.0)\n\n4.6(40.3)\n\n12.1(53.8)\n\n19.3(66.7)\n\n24.7(76.5)\n\n27.4(81.3)\n\n25.8(78.4)\n\n21.3(70.3)\n\n14.7(58.5)\n\n7.3(45.1)\n\n1.7(35.1)\n\n13.1(55.6)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−5.4(22.3)\n\n−2.5(27.5)\n\n0.1(32.2)\n\n6.9(44.4)\n\n13.4(56.1)\n\n18.7(65.7)\n\n21.5(70.7)\n\n20.1(68.2)\n\n15.8(60.4)\n\n9.7(49.5)\n\n3.5(38.3)\n\n−1.9(28.6)\n\n8.2(46.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−9.4(15.1)\n\n−8.5(16.7)\n\n−4.4(24.1)\n\n1.7(35.1)\n\n7.4(45.3)\n\n12.7(54.9)\n\n15.5(59.9)\n\n14.4(57.9)\n\n10.2(50.4)\n\n4.6(40.3)\n\n−0.4(31.3)\n\n−5.4(22.3)\n\n3.2(37.8)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−31.0(−23.8)\n\n−31.0(−23.8)\n\n−23.0(−9.4)\n\n−15.0(5.0)\n\n−5.0(23.0)\n\n2.0(35.6)\n\n7.0(44.6)\n\n1.0(33.8)\n\n−2.0(28.4)\n\n−7.0(19.4)\n\n−15.0(5.0)\n\n−27.5(−17.5)\n\n−31.0(−23.8)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n66.6(2.62)\n\n55.4(2.18)\n\n64.0(2.52)\n\n74.6(2.94)\n\n76.5(3.01)\n\n76.9(3.03)\n\n98.7(3.89)\n\n75.2(2.96)\n\n92.3(3.63)\n\n73.4(2.89)\n\n84.6(3.33)\n\n70.8(2.79)\n\n908.9(35.78)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n32.3(1.27)\n\n30.9(1.22)\n\n47.8(1.88)\n\n71.7(2.82)\n\n76.4(3.01)\n\n76.9(3.03)\n\n98.7(3.89)\n\n75.2(2.96)\n\n92.3(3.63)\n\n73.2(2.88)\n\n77.8(3.06)\n\n49.1(1.93)\n\n802.3(31.59)\n\n\nAverage snowfall cm (inches)\n\n34.4(13.5)\n\n24.4(9.6)\n\n16.2(6.4)\n\n2.9(1.1)\n\n0.1(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.2(0.1)\n\n6.8(2.7)\n\n21.7(8.5)\n\n106.7(42.0)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm)\n\n13.9\n\n10.7\n\n11.5\n\n13.8\n\n12.9\n\n11.0\n\n10.7\n\n11.0\n\n13.1\n\n14.1\n\n14.3\n\n13.8\n\n150.7\n\n\nAverage rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm)\n\n5.3\n\n5.1\n\n8.0\n\n13.1\n\n12.9\n\n11.0\n\n10.7\n\n11.0\n\n13.1\n\n14.1\n\n12.8\n\n8.5\n\n125.4\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm)\n\n9.3\n\n6.4\n\n4.7\n\n0.89\n\n0.05\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.05\n\n2.0\n\n6.6\n\n29.9\n\n\nSource: Environment Canada[34]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 Census of Population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"Statistics Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021census-35"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2021-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2016-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2011-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2006-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2001-40"}],"text":"In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Brant had a population of 39,474 living in 14,330 of its 14,778 total private dwellings, a change of 10.8% from its 2016 population of 35,640. With a land area of 817.66 km2 (315.70 sq mi), it had a population density of 48.3/km2 (125.0/sq mi) in 2021.[35]Canada census – Brant community profile\n\n\n202120162011\n\n\nPopulation39,474 (+10.8% from 2016)36,707 (3.0% from 2011)35,638 (3.6% from 2006)\n\n\nLand area817.66 km2 (315.70 sq mi)843.25 km2 (325.58 sq mi)843.29 km2 (325.60 sq mi)\n\n\nPopulation density48.3/km2 (125/sq mi)43.5/km2 (113/sq mi)42.3/km2 (110/sq mi)\n\n\nMedian age44.0 (M: 43.2, F: 44.8)\n\n\nPrivate dwellings14,778 (total) 14,330 (occupied)13,687 (total) \n\n\nMedian household income$106,000\n\n\n References: 2021[36] 2016[37] 2011[38] earlier[39][40]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ronald Eddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Eddy"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Ontario Provincial Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Provincial_Police"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"The County of Brant is divided into five wards, each with two elected Councillors. David Bailey was elected as the Mayor in 2018. Previously, Ronald Eddy had held the position of Mayor from 1999 - 2018.[46] The County is a single-tier municipality and provide the following services: roads, water, wastewater, garbage, recycling, facilities, parks, trails, planning, building, economic development, tourism, bylaw enforcement, library, fire and paramedic services but contracts with the Ontario Provincial Police to provide police services, overseen by the Police Services Board. (Ambulance services are provided in conjunction with the City of Brantford.) The customer service offices are located in Burford, Paris, Oakland, Onondaga and St. George Ontario.[47][48]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kinsmen Club of Brantford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin_Canada"},{"link_name":"Brantford Kinsmen Annual Car Show & Swap Meet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.brantfordkinsmen.ca/carshow.html"},{"link_name":"Brantford Kinsmen Annual Ribfest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.brantfordribfest.ca/"},{"link_name":"County of Brant Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Brant_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"Carnegie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie"},{"link_name":"http://images.ourontario.ca/brant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.ourontario.ca/brant"},{"link_name":"https://rwto.org/branch/brant/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rwto.org/branch/brant/"}],"text":"Local organizations include the Kinsmen Club of Brantford is an all Canadian non-profit service organization that promotes service, fellowship, positive values, and national pride.\nThey put on the Brantford Kinsmen Annual Car Show & Swap Meet in Paris Ontario in September and the Brantford Kinsmen Annual Ribfest in Brantford, Ontario to help raise funds for local charities. And Sustainable Brant dedicated to saving the disappearing farmland.The County of Brant Public Library is the public library serving the communities in the county of Brant, Ontario, Canada. It has 5 branches located in Paris, Burford, Scotland, St. George, and Glen Morris, Ontario. The system's main branch, in Paris, Ontario, was originally a Carnegie Library, having received an endowment from Carnegie in 1902. The County of Brant Public Library maintains a Digital Historical Collection pertaining to Brant history at http://images.ourontario.ca/brantThe Women Teachers of Ontario, Brant Branch: https://rwto.org/branch/brant/","title":"Local organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brantfordwarmonument.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kinsmen Club of Brantford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin_Canada"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"War Monument in Brantford, OntarioThe Album of Honour for Brant County is a book compiled in 1946 by the Kinsmen Club of Brantford to commemorate those of Brantford, the County of Brant and the peoples of the Six Nations who served Canada during the Second World War.[49] The book lists the names of the Brant County men and women who served in World War II. There are more than 3,500 photographs. In addition, local companies provided the names of employees who served in this war. The book is kept on the Digital Archives Page at the Brantford Public Library.[50]","title":"Album of honour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-euro_46-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SoutheastAsian_47-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EastAsian_48-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MiddleEastern_49-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Other_50-0"}],"text":"^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.\n\n^ Statistic includes total responses of \"Filipino\" and \"Southeast Asian\" under visible minority section on census.\n\n^ Statistic includes total responses of \"Chinese\", \"Korean\", and \"Japanese\" under visible minority section on census.\n\n^ Statistic includes total responses of \"West Asian\" and \"Arab\" under visible minority section on census.\n\n^ Statistic includes total responses of \"Visible minority, n.i.e.\" and \"Multiple visible minorities\" under visible minority section on census.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Brant County Courthouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Brantcourthouse.JPG/220px-Brantcourthouse.JPG"},{"image_text":"War Monument in Brantford, Ontario","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Brantfordwarmonument.jpg/160px-Brantfordwarmonument.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of townships in Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_townships_in_Ontario"},{"title":"List of secondary schools in Ontario#Brant County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_secondary_schools_in_Ontario#Brant_County"}] | [{"reference":"\"Brant Census Profile\". Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Brant&DGUIDlist=2021A00053529005&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0#Note1","url_text":"\"Brant Census Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Proposed Boundary Adjustment\". Brant.ca. Archived from the original on 2017-04-07. Retrieved 2017-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170407144010/http://www.brant.ca/en/county-government/Proposed-Boundary-Adjustment.asp","url_text":"\"Proposed Boundary Adjustment\""},{"url":"http://www.brant.ca/en/county-government/Proposed-Boundary-Adjustment.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Members of Council\". Brantford.ca. 21 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brantford.ca/govt/council/members/Pages/default.aspx","url_text":"\"Members of Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Councillors and Wards - County of Brant\". Brant.ca. Archived from the original on 2018-04-02. Retrieved 2017-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180402221234/http://www.brant.ca/en/county-government/councillors-and-wards.asp","url_text":"\"Councillors and Wards - County of Brant\""},{"url":"http://www.brant.ca/en/county-government/councillors-and-wards.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The History of the County of Brant, Ontario. Toronto: Warner, Beers & Co. 1883. pp. 85, 152–153, 262–263. Retrieved June 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TYaQkzcKWbkC","url_text":"The History of the County of Brant, Ontario"}]},{"reference":"\"Haldimand Tract\". Grand River Country. Archived from the original on 2019-07-09. Retrieved 2021-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://grandrivercountry.org/haldimand-tract/","url_text":"\"Haldimand Tract\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190709151336/http://grandrivercountry.org/haldimand-tract/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Filice, Michelle (November 10, 2020). \"Haldimand Proclamation\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved June 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haldimand-proclamation","url_text":"\"Haldimand Proclamation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Canadian Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historica_Canada","url_text":"Historica Canada"}]},{"reference":"Francis, Daniel (May 28, 2019). \"Brantford\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved June 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/brantford","url_text":"\"Brantford\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Canadian Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historica_Canada","url_text":"Historica Canada"}]},{"reference":"Shanahan, David (December 7, 2019). \"Between the Lakes Treaty\". Anishinabek News. Retrieved June 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://anishinabeknews.ca/2019/12/07/between-the-lakes-treaty/","url_text":"\"Between the Lakes Treaty\""}]},{"reference":"Groat, Cody (February 18, 2020). \"Six Nations of the Grand River\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved June 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/six-nations-of-the-grand-river","url_text":"\"Six Nations of the Grand River\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Canadian Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historica_Canada","url_text":"Historica Canada"}]},{"reference":"Interim List of Changes to Municipal Boundaries, Status and Name From January 2, 1996 to January 1, 2001. Statistics Canada. January 2002. p. 154 of 419.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada","url_text":"Statistics Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Early Canada Historical Narratives -- THAYENDANEGEA - JOSEPH BRANT\". Uppercanadahistory.ca.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uppercanadahistory.ca/fn/fn5.html","url_text":"\"Early Canada Historical Narratives -- THAYENDANEGEA - JOSEPH BRANT\""}]},{"reference":"Penick, Tom. \"Joseph Brant, Mohawk slave owner and military officer born\". AAREG. Retrieved June 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://aaregistry.org/story/joseph-brant-mohawk-slave-owner-and-military-officer-born/","url_text":"\"Joseph Brant, Mohawk slave owner and military officer born\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historical Plaques of Brant County\". Waynecook.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.waynecook.com/abrant.html","url_text":"\"Historical Plaques of Brant County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thayendanega (Joseph Brant) Historical Plaque\". Ontarioplaques.com. Archived from the original on 2021-08-21. Retrieved 2017-04-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210821103306/http://ontarioplaques.com/Plaques/Plaque_Brant19.html","url_text":"\"Thayendanega (Joseph Brant) Historical Plaque\""},{"url":"http://ontarioplaques.com/Plaques/Plaque_Brant19.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Mohawk Chapel. 2011. Archived from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170130160904/http://mohawkchapel.ca/html/history-of-mohawk-chapel.shtml","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"http://mohawkchapel.ca/html/history-of-mohawk-chapel.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Wm. H. (1846). SMITH'S CANADIAN GAZETTEER - STATISTICAL AND GENERAL INFORMATION RESPECTING ALL PARTS OF THE UPPER PROVINCE, OR CANADA WEST. Toronto: H. & W. ROWSELL. p. 142.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/smithscanadianga00smit","url_text":"SMITH'S CANADIAN GAZETTEER - STATISTICAL AND GENERAL INFORMATION RESPECTING ALL PARTS OF THE UPPER PROVINCE, OR CANADA WEST"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/smithscanadianga00smit/page/142","url_text":"142"}]},{"reference":"\"War of 1812\". Eighteentwelve.ca. Archived from the original on 2018-10-13. Retrieved 2019-07-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181013014253/http://www.eighteentwelve.ca/?q=eng%2FTopic%2F104","url_text":"\"War of 1812\""},{"url":"http://www.eighteentwelve.ca/?q=eng/Topic/104","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ahyouwaighs, Chief of the Six Nations 1838\". Vitacollections.ca.","urls":[{"url":"http://vitacollections.ca/sixnationsarchive/2687515/data","url_text":"\"Ahyouwaighs, Chief of the Six Nations 1838\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Wm. H. (1846). SMITH'S CANADIAN GAZETTEER - STATISTICAL AND GENERAL INFORMATION RESPECTING ALL PARTS OF THE UPPER PROVINCE, OR CANADA WEST. Toronto: H. & W. ROWSELL. p. 167 and 133.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/smithscanadianga00smit","url_text":"SMITH'S CANADIAN GAZETTEER - STATISTICAL AND GENERAL INFORMATION RESPECTING ALL PARTS OF THE UPPER PROVINCE, OR CANADA WEST"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/smithscanadianga00smit/page/167","url_text":"167"}]},{"reference":"Canada, Library and Archives. \"Emily Pauline Johnson (Tekahionwake) - Library and Archives Canada\". Library and Archives Canada.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/aboriginal-heritage/first-nations/Pages/pauline-johnson.aspx","url_text":"\"Emily Pauline Johnson (Tekahionwake) - Library and Archives Canada\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada","url_text":"Library and Archives Canada"}]},{"reference":"Brouwer, Joachim (July–August 2018). \"Harrisburg: A History of Canada's First Railway Junction and Branch Line Railway\". Branchline.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Bell Homestead Historical Plaque\". ontarioplaques.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://ontarioplaques.com/Plaques/Plaque_Brant17.html","url_text":"\"The Bell Homestead Historical Plaque\""}]},{"reference":"Reville, F. Douglas (1920). History of the County of Brant (PDF). Brantford, Ontario: Hurley. p. 315. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160331083200/http://brantford.library.on.ca/files/pdfs/localhistory/reville1.pdf","url_text":"History of the County of Brant"},{"url":"http://brantford.library.on.ca/files/pdfs/localhistory/reville1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Unveiling of the Bell Memorial\" (PDF). Brantford.library.on.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170223180354/http://brantford.library.on.ca/files/pdfs/localhistory/bellmemorial.pdf","url_text":"\"The Unveiling of the Bell Memorial\""},{"url":"http://brantford.library.on.ca/files/pdfs/localhistory/bellmemorial.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alexander Graham Bell & Brantford\". Brantford.ca. Archived from the original on 2017-04-07. Retrieved 2017-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170407054357/http://www.brantford.ca/residents/WorkingLearning/Learning/BrantfordHistory/Pages/AlexanderGrahamBellBrantford.aspx","url_text":"\"Alexander Graham Bell & Brantford\""},{"url":"http://www.brantford.ca/residents/WorkingLearning/Learning/BrantfordHistory/Pages/AlexanderGrahamBellBrantford.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Evolution of Telecommunications\". Virtualmuseum.ca. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walhalla,_North_Dakota | Walhalla, North Dakota | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Media","5 Attractions","6 Climate","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 48°55′16″N 97°55′03″W / 48.92111°N 97.91750°W / 48.92111; -97.91750
City in North Dakota, United StatesWalhalla, North DakotaCityWalhalla Trading PostMotto: "Heart of the Rendezvous Region"Location of Walhalla, North DakotaCoordinates: 48°55′16″N 97°55′03″W / 48.92111°N 97.91750°W / 48.92111; -97.91750CountryUnited StatesStateNorth DakotaCountyPembinaEstablished1845Founded1871Government • City AuditorMelissa GappArea • Total1.05 sq mi (2.72 km2) • Land1.03 sq mi (2.68 km2) • Water0.02 sq mi (0.04 km2)Elevation991 ft (302 m)Population (2020) • Total893 • Estimate (2022)897 • Density862.80/sq mi (332.99/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code58282Area code701FIPS code38-82980GNIS feature ID1036314HighwaysND 32Websitewalhalland.org
Walhalla is a city in Pembina County, North Dakota, United States. It sits on the banks of the Pembina River, five miles (8 km) from the border with Manitoba (Canada) and approximately 45 mi (72 km) from the border with Minnesota. The population was 893 at the 2020 census.
History
Antoine Blanc Gingras
Walhalla was established in 1845. Walhalla is the second oldest town in North Dakota, its history bound up in the fur trade of the Red River Valley. One mile northeast of town was the North West Company fur trading post, established in 1797 by British-Canadian surveyor and cartographer David Thompson (1770–1857), and in 1801 moved to a site one mile east of Walhalla, where a reconstructed building is now located.
Also about one mile northeast of Walhalla is the Gingras Trading Post, established in the 1840s by the Métis legislator and businessman Antoine Blanc Gingras (1821-1877).
In town is the Kittson Trading Post, established in 1843 by Norman Kittson (1814–1888), an American Fur Company agent. This is the oldest building in North Dakota. It is located in the Walhalla State Historical Park and is preserved by the State Historical Society.
The Great Northern Railway arrived in Walhalla in 1898.
The town was the site of a protest against TransCanada's Keystone Pipeline in October 2016, when documentarian Deia Schlosberg was arrested.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.07 square miles (2.77 km2), of which 1.05 square miles (2.72 km2) is land and 0.02 square miles (0.05 km2) is water.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
188067—1900377—191059257.0%19206377.6%19307009.9%19401,13862.6%19501,46328.6%19601,432−2.1%19701,4712.7%19801,429−2.9%19901,131−20.9%20001,057−6.5%2010996−5.8%2020893−10.3%2022 (est.)8970.4%U.S. Decennial Census2020 Census
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 996 people, 439 households, and 263 families living in the city. The population density was 948.6 inhabitants per square mile (366.3/km2). There were 515 housing units at an average density of 490.5 per square mile (189.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 88.3% White, 0.1% African American, 8.7% Native American, 0.2% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 1.7% of the population.
There were 439 households, of which 26.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.1% were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.1% were non-families. 36.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.88.
The median age in the city was 45.5 years. 23.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.2% were from 25 to 44; 29.7% were from 45 to 64; and 20.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.4% male and 48.6% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,057 people, 452 households, and 271 families living in the city. The population density was 1,004.4 inhabitants per square mile (387.8/km2). There were 556 housing units at an average density of 528.3 per square mile (204.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 89.78% White, 5.96% Native American, 0.09% from other races, and 4.16% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 0.85% of the population.
There were 452 households, out of which 25.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.8% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.0% were non-families. 36.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.90.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.4% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 21.9% from 25 to 44, 24.9% from 45 to 64, and 23.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.5 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $31,875, and the median income for a family was $39,375. Males had a median income of $28,095 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,894. About 9.7% of families and 12.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.5% of those under age 18 and 14.2% of those age 65 or over.
Media
From 1896 to 2020, Walhalla was served by The Walhalla Mountaineer, a weekly newspaper. The nearby communities of Langdon and Cavalier continue to have weekly newspapers.
In broadcast media, Walhalla is part of the Grand Forks media market.
Attractions
Frost Fire Ski and Snow Board Area
Scenic overviews
Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Walhalla has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.
See also
Walla Theater
References
^ "CITY OF WALHALLA, ND". CITY OF WALHALLA, ND. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Walhalla, North Dakota
^ a b c "Explore Census Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
^ a b "City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022". United States Census Bureau. November 3, 2023. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
^ "History". City of Walhalla, ND. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
^ "City Data for Walhalla, ND". LandsofAmerica.com. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
^ "David Thompson (1770-1857)". Portland State University and the Oregon Historical Society. Retrieved March 1, 2020.
^ Troy Larson (August 15, 2016). "Oldest Standing Structures in North Dakota". Ghosts of North Dakota. Retrieved March 1, 2020.
^ Gingras Trading Post State Historic Site State Historical Society of North Dakota
^ "Antoine-Blanc Gingras (1821-1877) Metis Trader and Resistance Activist". Louis Riel Institute. Retrieved March 1, 2020.
^
"Memorable Manitobans: Norman Wolfred Kittson (1814-1888)". Manitoba Historical Society. Retrieved March 1, 2020.
^ "City Data for City of Walhalla, ND". LandsofAmerica.com. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
^ Hellmann, Paul T. (May 13, 2013). Historical Gazetteer of the United States. Routledge. p. 842. ISBN 978-1135948597. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
^ Visser, Nick (October 14, 2016). "Filmmaker Arrested At Pipeline Protest Facing 45 Years In Felony Charges". The Huffington Post. Retrieved October 16, 2016. Deia Schlosberg, the producer of the upcoming documentary "How to Let Go of the World and Love All Things Climate Can't Change," was detained while filming a protest against TransCanada's Keystone Pipeline in Walhalla, North Dakota.
^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 14, 2012.
^ United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Retrieved August 30, 2013.
^ Dura, Jack (February 24, 2020). "Northeastern North Dakota newspaper closing after 124 years". Bismarck Tribune. Retrieved February 24, 2020.
^ Climate Summary for Walhalla, North Dakota
External links
Pioneer Women's Histories: Walhalla from the Digital Horizons website
Walhalla quasquicentennial anniversary :commemorating 125 years of history, June 30 to July 7, 1973 from the Digital Horizons website
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pembina County, North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembina_County,_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Pembina River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembina_River_(North_Dakota)"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020_Census_(City)-4"}],"text":"City in North Dakota, United StatesWalhalla is a city in Pembina County, North Dakota, United States. It sits on the banks of the Pembina River, five miles (8 km) from the border with Manitoba (Canada) and approximately 45 mi (72 km) from the border with Minnesota. The population was 893 at the 2020 census.[4]","title":"Walhalla, North Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AntoineBlancGingras1855.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"fur trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_trade"},{"link_name":"Red River Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_Valley"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"North West Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_Company"},{"link_name":"David Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Thompson_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Gingras Trading Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingras_Trading_Post_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Métis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tis"},{"link_name":"Antoine Blanc Gingras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Blanc_Gingras&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Norman Kittson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Kittson"},{"link_name":"American Fur Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Fur_Company"},{"link_name":"Walhalla State Historical Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walhalla_State_Historical_Park"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Great Northern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"TransCanada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransCanada_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Keystone Pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_Pipeline"},{"link_name":"Deia Schlosberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deia_Schlosberg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huffingtonfilmmakerarrested-15"}],"text":"Antoine Blanc GingrasWalhalla was established in 1845.[6] Walhalla is the second oldest town in North Dakota, its history bound up in the fur trade of the Red River Valley.[7] One mile northeast of town was the North West Company fur trading post, established in 1797 by British-Canadian surveyor and cartographer David Thompson (1770–1857), and in 1801 moved to a site one mile east of Walhalla, where a reconstructed building is now located.[8]\n[9]Also about one mile northeast of Walhalla is the Gingras Trading Post,[10] established in the 1840s by the Métis legislator and businessman Antoine Blanc Gingras (1821-1877).\n[11]In town is the Kittson Trading Post, established in 1843 by Norman Kittson (1814–1888), an American Fur Company agent. This is the oldest building in North Dakota. It is located in the Walhalla State Historical Park and is preserved by the State Historical Society.[12][13]The Great Northern Railway arrived in Walhalla in 1898.[14]The town was the site of a protest against TransCanada's Keystone Pipeline in October 2016, when documentarian Deia Schlosberg was arrested.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-16"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.07 square miles (2.77 km2), of which 1.05 square miles (2.72 km2) is land and 0.02 square miles (0.05 km2) is water.[16]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census of 2010, there were 996 people, 439 households, and 263 families living in the city. The population density was 948.6 inhabitants per square mile (366.3/km2). There were 515 housing units at an average density of 490.5 per square mile (189.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 88.3% White, 0.1% African American, 8.7% Native American, 0.2% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 1.7% of the population.There were 439 households, of which 26.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.1% were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.1% were non-families. 36.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.88.The median age in the city was 45.5 years. 23.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.2% were from 25 to 44; 29.7% were from 45 to 64; and 20.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.4% male and 48.6% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census of 2000, there were 1,057 people, 452 households, and 271 families living in the city. The population density was 1,004.4 inhabitants per square mile (387.8/km2). There were 556 housing units at an average density of 528.3 per square mile (204.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 89.78% White, 5.96% Native American, 0.09% from other races, and 4.16% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 0.85% of the population.There were 452 households, out of which 25.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.8% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.0% were non-families. 36.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.90.In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.4% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 21.9% from 25 to 44, 24.9% from 45 to 64, and 23.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.5 males.The median income for a household in the city was $31,875, and the median income for a family was $39,375. Males had a median income of $28,095 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,894. About 9.7% of families and 12.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.5% of those under age 18 and 14.2% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Grand Forks media market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Grand_Forks,_North_Dakota"}],"text":"From 1896 to 2020, Walhalla was served by The Walhalla Mountaineer, a weekly newspaper. The nearby communities of Langdon and Cavalier continue to have weekly newspapers.[18]In broadcast media, Walhalla is part of the Grand Forks media market.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frost Fire Ski and Snow Board Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_Fire_Ski_and_Snow_Board_Area"}],"text":"Frost Fire Ski and Snow Board Area\nScenic overviews","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"climatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen Climate Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification"},{"link_name":"humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Walhalla has a humid continental climate, abbreviated \"Dfb\" on climate maps.[19]","title":"Climate"}] | [{"image_text":"Antoine Blanc Gingras","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/AntoineBlancGingras1855.jpg/170px-AntoineBlancGingras1855.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of North Dakota highlighting Pembina County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Map_of_North_Dakota_highlighting_Pembina_County.svg/100px-Map_of_North_Dakota_highlighting_Pembina_County.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Walla Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walla_Theater"}] | [{"reference":"\"CITY OF WALHALLA, ND\". CITY OF WALHALLA, ND. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://walhalland.org/index.html","url_text":"\"CITY OF WALHALLA, ND\""}]},{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/profile/Walhalla_city,_North_Dakota?g=160XX00US3882980","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022\". United States Census Bureau. November 3, 2023. Retrieved November 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html","url_text":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". City of Walhalla, ND. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://walhalland.org/history.php","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"City Data for Walhalla, ND\". LandsofAmerica.com. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.countryhomesofnorthdakota.com/city/detail/?id=27666","url_text":"\"City Data for Walhalla, ND\""}]},{"reference":"\"David Thompson (1770-1857)\". Portland State University and the Oregon Historical Society. Retrieved March 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/thompson_david/#.Xl_Ol0plAdU","url_text":"\"David Thompson (1770-1857)\""}]},{"reference":"Troy Larson (August 15, 2016). \"Oldest Standing Structures in North Dakota\". Ghosts of North Dakota. Retrieved March 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ghostsofnorthdakota.com/2016/08/15/gingras-trading-post/","url_text":"\"Oldest Standing Structures in North Dakota\""}]},{"reference":"\"Antoine-Blanc Gingras (1821-1877) Metis Trader and Resistance Activist\". Louis Riel Institute. Retrieved March 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/riel_louis_1817_64_9E.html","url_text":"\"Antoine-Blanc Gingras (1821-1877) Metis Trader and Resistance Activist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Memorable Manitobans: Norman Wolfred Kittson (1814-1888)\". Manitoba Historical Society. Retrieved March 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/people/kittson_nw.shtml","url_text":"\"Memorable Manitobans: Norman Wolfred Kittson (1814-1888)\""}]},{"reference":"\"City Data for City of Walhalla, ND\". LandsofAmerica.com. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.countryhomesofnorthdakota.com/city/detail/?id=27666","url_text":"\"City Data for City of Walhalla, ND\""}]},{"reference":"Hellmann, Paul T. (May 13, 2013). Historical Gazetteer of the United States. Routledge. p. 842. ISBN 978-1135948597. Retrieved November 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=REtEXQNWq6MC&pg=PA842","url_text":"Historical Gazetteer of the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135948597","url_text":"978-1135948597"}]},{"reference":"Visser, Nick (October 14, 2016). \"Filmmaker Arrested At Pipeline Protest Facing 45 Years In Felony Charges\". The Huffington Post. Retrieved October 16, 2016. Deia Schlosberg, the producer of the upcoming documentary \"How to Let Go of the World and Love All Things Climate Can't Change,\" was detained while filming a protest against TransCanada's Keystone Pipeline in Walhalla, North Dakota.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/deia-schlosberg-arrested-north-dakota_us_58004d81e4b0162c043b342d","url_text":"\"Filmmaker Arrested At Pipeline Protest Facing 45 Years In Felony Charges\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"United States Census Bureau. \"Census of Population and Housing\". Retrieved August 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"Dura, Jack (February 24, 2020). \"Northeastern North Dakota newspaper closing after 124 years\". Bismarck Tribune. Retrieved February 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://bismarcktribune.com/news/state-and-regional/northeastern-north-dakota-newspaper-closing-after-years/article_779ca707-89d6-59e4-974f-f94c9c841b90.html","url_text":"\"Northeastern North Dakota newspaper closing after 124 years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismarck_Tribune","url_text":"Bismarck Tribune"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Walhalla,_North_Dakota¶ms=48_55_16_N_97_55_03_W_region:US-ND_type:city","external_links_name":"48°55′16″N 97°55′03″W / 48.92111°N 97.91750°W / 48.92111; -97.91750"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Walhalla,_North_Dakota¶ms=48_55_16_N_97_55_03_W_region:US-ND_type:city","external_links_name":"48°55′16″N 97°55′03″W / 48.92111°N 97.91750°W / 48.92111; -97.91750"},{"Link":"https://walhalland.org/index.html","external_links_name":"walhalland.org"},{"Link":"http://walhalland.org/index.html","external_links_name":"\"CITY OF WALHALLA, ND\""},{"Link":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","external_links_name":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1036314","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Walhalla, North Dakota"},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/profile/Walhalla_city,_North_Dakota?g=160XX00US3882980","external_links_name":"\"Explore Census Data\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html","external_links_name":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022\""},{"Link":"http://walhalland.org/history.php","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"http://www.countryhomesofnorthdakota.com/city/detail/?id=27666","external_links_name":"\"City Data for Walhalla, ND\""},{"Link":"https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/thompson_david/#.Xl_Ol0plAdU","external_links_name":"\"David Thompson (1770-1857)\""},{"Link":"http://www.ghostsofnorthdakota.com/2016/08/15/gingras-trading-post/","external_links_name":"\"Oldest Standing Structures in North Dakota\""},{"Link":"http://www.nd.gov/hist/gingras/index.html","external_links_name":"Gingras Trading Post State Historic Site"},{"Link":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/riel_louis_1817_64_9E.html","external_links_name":"\"Antoine-Blanc Gingras (1821-1877) Metis Trader and Resistance Activist\""},{"Link":"http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/people/kittson_nw.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Memorable Manitobans: Norman Wolfred Kittson (1814-1888)\""},{"Link":"http://www.countryhomesofnorthdakota.com/city/detail/?id=27666","external_links_name":"\"City Data for City of Walhalla, ND\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=REtEXQNWq6MC&pg=PA842","external_links_name":"Historical Gazetteer of the United States"},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/deia-schlosberg-arrested-north-dakota_us_58004d81e4b0162c043b342d","external_links_name":"\"Filmmaker Arrested At Pipeline Protest Facing 45 Years In Felony Charges\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://bismarcktribune.com/news/state-and-regional/northeastern-north-dakota-newspaper-closing-after-years/article_779ca707-89d6-59e4-974f-f94c9c841b90.html","external_links_name":"\"Northeastern North Dakota newspaper closing after 124 years\""},{"Link":"http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=534123&cityname=Walhalla%2C+North+Dakota%2C+United+States+of+America&units=","external_links_name":"Climate Summary for Walhalla, North Dakota"},{"Link":"http://cdm16921.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16921coll1/id/1127","external_links_name":"Pioneer Women's Histories: Walhalla"},{"Link":"http://digitalhorizonsonline.org/","external_links_name":"Digital Horizons website"},{"Link":"http://www.digitalhorizonsonline.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/ndsl-books&CISOPTR=5431&REC=8","external_links_name":"Walhalla quasquicentennial anniversary :commemorating 125 years of history, June 30 to July 7, 1973"},{"Link":"http://digitalhorizonsonline.org/","external_links_name":"Digital Horizons website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/156072371","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567496705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91011724","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnetka,_Illinois | Winnetka, Illinois | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Transportation","3.1 Northern boundary","4 Demographics","5 Education","5.1 Private schools","6 Media","7 Notable people","8 In popular culture","8.1 Film","8.2 Television","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"] | Coordinates: 42°6′22″N 87°44′16″W / 42.10611°N 87.73778°W / 42.10611; -87.73778
Village in Illinois, United StatesWinnetka, IllinoisVillage
SealLocation of Winnetka in Cook County, IllinoisLocation of Illinois in the United StatesCoordinates: 42°6′22″N 87°44′16″W / 42.10611°N 87.73778°W / 42.10611; -87.73778CountryUnited StatesStateIllinoisCountyCookTownshipNew TrierIncorporated1869Government • TypeCouncil-manager • PresidentChris RintzArea • Total3.89 sq mi (10.08 km2) • Land3.81 sq mi (9.87 km2) • Water0.08 sq mi (0.21 km2) 2.06%Elevation650 ft (200 m)Population (2020) • Total12,475 • Density3,344.00/sq mi (1,290.96/km2) Down 1.87% from 2000Standard of living (2015-2019) • Per capita income$123,319 • Median value of owner-occupied housing units$1,091,700Time zoneCentralZIP code(s)60093Area code(s)847 and 224Geocode82530FIPS code17-82530Websitewww.villageofwinnetka.org
Winnetka (/wɪˈnɛtkə/) is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States, located 16 miles (26 km) north of downtown Chicago. The population was 12,475 as of the 2020 census. The village is one of the wealthiest places in the United States in terms of household income. It was the second-ranked Illinois community on Bloomberg's 2019 Richest Places Annual Index.
History
The first houses were built in 1836. That year, Erastus Patterson and his family arrived from Vermont and opened a tavern to service passengers on the Green Bay Trail post road. The village was first subdivided in 1854 by Charles Peck and Walter S. Gurnee, President of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Winnetka's first private school was opened in 1856 by Mr. and Mrs. Charles Peck with seventeen pupils. In 1859, the first public school building was built with private funds at the southeast corner of Elm and Maple streets. The first year's budget for this school was $200. The village was incorporated in 1869 with a population of 450. The name is believed to originate from the Potawatomi language, meaning 'beautiful place'.
The oldest surviving house in Winnetka is the Schmidt-Burnham Log House. Originally constructed on what is now the Indian Hill Club on the south edge of town and in 1917 moved to Tower Road, it was moved in 2003 from Tower Road to the Crow Island Woods.
Winnetka's neighborhoods include estates and homes designed by distinguished architects including George Washington Maher, Walter Burley Griffin, John S. Van Bergen, Robert Seyfarth, Robert McNitt, Howard Van Doren Shaw and David Adler. Among Winnetka's celebrities are actor Rock Hudson and rock singer/songwriter/producer Richard Marx.
Churches in Winnetka were also designed by noted architects. Among them, the former First Church of Christ, Scientist, 440 Ridge Avenue, was designed in 1924 by architect Solon S. Beman.
In the 1920s, a colonial Georgian house was built at 671 Lincoln Avenue. The house is now known as the famous Home Alone house for its exterior being used as a shooting location for two films in the series, starting in 1990.
The Chicago and Milwaukee Railway was built in 1855 through Winnetka, connecting its namesake cities. It eventually became the Chicago & Northwestern Railway. Between 1937 and 1942 the railroad tracks through Winnetka were grade separated after several people were hit at grade crossings. In 1995 the C&NW was merged into the Union Pacific. Only Metra trains are operated on this track now; freight operations ended in the late 1980s. Winnetka has three Metra stations: Hubbard Woods, Winnetka, and Indian Hill.
The Chicago, North Shore and Milwaukee electric interurban was built through Winnetka and the North Shore in the first decade of the 1900s, and the line through Winnetka was removed in 1955. This is now the Green Bay Trail bicycle path.
In 1904, the Winnetka Park District was established, making it the fourth oldest park district in the state of Illinois. Today, the park district maintains and operates 27 parks, five beaches, and golf, tennis, ice skating/hockey, and paddle tennis facilities.
The Crow Island School, designed by Eliel & Eero Saarinen and the architectural firm Perkins, Wheeler & Will, was declared a National Historical Landmark in 1990. It was declared 12th among all buildings and the best architectural design of all schools. Ten thousand people attended the opening in 1938.
In 1965, Martin Luther King Jr. spoke in Winnetka. A plaque dedicated to him is on the Village Green, a park in the town, where he spoke. As a result of Dr. King's open housing campaign and the North Shore Summer Project, the nonprofit now known as Open Communities was founded.
Geography
According to the 2010 census, Winnetka has a total area of 3.893 square miles (10.08 km2), of which 3.81 square miles (9.87 km2) (or 97.87%) is land and 0.083 square miles (0.21 km2) (or 2.13%) is water.
Transportation
Metra serves three stations in Winnetka. All provide commuter rail service along the Union Pacific North Line. Trains travel south to Ogilvie Transportation Center in Chicago, and north to Kenosha station. In the downtown area is The Winnetka station. Indian Hill is on the south end of the village and Hubbard Woods is at the north end.
Besides Metra, Pace Suburban Bus serves the Chicago Metropolitan Area. Winnetka has Pace Route 213 on Green Bay Road originating from Chicago Howard CTA Station, branching to Northbrook Court Mall, and the Highland Park, Illinois Metra Station. Pace also has route 423 from CTA's Linden Station in Wilmette branching to The Glen Town Center in Glenview, Illinois', then ending at Chicago's CTA Harlem Station. Pace route 423 enters Winnetka from Northfield on Willow Road, turning on to Hibbard Road, Elm Street, then Green Bay Road to Linden Station.
Northern boundary
Winnetka's northern border with Glencoe cuts through 58 homes, causing homeowners to have to pay taxes to, and seek permits from both villages. The two villages began discussing a solution in 1920s, reaching a tentative agreement in 2007 in which each homeowner could choose a village from which to receive services while the boundary officially remained unchanged. Initially, 46 homeowners chose Winnetka, but the others had the option to choose a village later. The boundary was later updated to reflect these choices.
Demographics
Demographics (2010)
Demographic
Proportion
White
94.8%
Black
0.3%
Asian
3.3%
Islander
0.02%
Native
0.1%
Other
1.5%
Hispanic(any race)
2.2%
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1880584—18901,07984.8%19001,83369.9%19103,16872.8%19206,694111.3%193012,16681.7%194012,4302.2%195012,105−2.6%196013,36810.4%197014,1315.7%198012,772−9.6%199012,174−4.7%200012,4192.0%201012,187−1.9%202012,7444.6%U.S. Decennial Census
As of the 2020 census there were 12,744 people, 4,204 households, and 3,461 families residing in the village. The population density was 3,275.25 inhabitants per square mile (1,264.58/km2). There were 4,459 housing units at an average density of 1,145.98 per square mile (442.47/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 89.17% White, 0.25% African American, 0.04% Native American, 3.52% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.71% from other races, and 6.28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.01% of the population.
There were 4,204 households, out of which 42.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 77.88% were married couples living together, 3.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.67% were non-families. 16.34% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.44% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.31 and the average family size was 2.94.
The village's age distribution consisted of 32.4% under the age of 18, 4.2% from 18 to 24, 16.5% from 25 to 44, 30.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.6 males.
The median income for a household in the village was in excess of $250,000, as was the median income for a family. Males had a median income of $200,944 versus $66,726 for females. The per capita income for the village was $134,596. About 1.7% of families and 2.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.8% of those under age 18 and 1.3% of those age 65 or over.
Education
The Winnetka Public Schools system (District 36) consists of three elementary schools and two middle schools. Hubbard Woods (est. 1915), Crow Island (est. 1940), and Samuel Sewall Greeley (est. 1912) Elementary Schools serve grades kindergarten through four, students in fifth and sixth grades attend the Skokie School (opened 1922) and seventh and eighth graders attend the Carleton W. Washburne School (est. 1969), named after educator Carleton Washburne. Winnetka's schools were modeled after Washburne's educational philosophy in an experiment called the Winnetka Plan. The town's schools continue to reflect his educational philosophy. Crow Island is a National Historic Landmark due to its significant architectural design.
Some neighborhoods in the southern part of Winnetka are served by Avoca School District 37, which has schools in Glenview (Avoca West Elementary School; K-5) and Wilmette (Marie Murphy School; 6–8). Kenilworth School District 38 (Sears School; K-8) also includes a very small portion of the southeastern part of Winnetka, near Kenilworth.
Winnetka is in New Trier Township, and public school students who reside in Winnetka attend New Trier High School for grades 9 through 12.
Private schools
Hadley Institute for the Blind and Visually Impaired, est. 1920
North Shore Country Day School (JK–12), est. 1919
Sacred Heart School (Preschool–8), Catholic school, est. 1902
The School of Saints Faith, Hope & Charity (Preschool–8), Catholic school, est. 1939
Media
Media outlets covering Winnetka include the Winnetka-Glencoe Patch, the Chicago Tribune's TribLocal, the Pioneer Press, Winnetka Talk, and The Winnetka Current.
Notable people
This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Winnetka, Illinois" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Ivan Albright, painter, sculptor and print-maker; attended New Trier High School
Trish Andrew, basketball player, attended New Trier High School
Ann-Margret, actress, attended New Trier High School
Adam Baldwin, actor, attended New Trier High School
Peter Baldwin, director
Page Morton Black, singer, chairperson of Parkinson's Disease Foundation
David Bradley, director, born in Winnetka
Ann Hampton Callaway, singer, lived in Winnetka and attended New Trier High School
Liz Callaway, singer, lived in Winnetka and attended New Trier High School
Katie Chang, actress, lives in Winnetka and attended New Trier High School.
Anne Clarke (politician), American-born British Labour Party politician, London Assembly member for Barnet and Camden grew up in Winnetka.
Dale Clevenger, principal horn, Chicago Symphony Orchestra
Chris Collins, basketball coach, lives in Winnetka
Richard Dickson Cudahy, jurist, lived in Winnetka
Jay Cutler, NFL quarterback, lived in Winnetka
Bruce Dern, actor, attended New Trier High School
Phil Donahue, talk show host, lived in Winnetka
Conor Dwyer, Olympic swimmer, 2012 gold medalist
Christine Ebersole, Tony Award-winning actress
Neal Edelstein, film producer and director, raised in Winnetka
Deborah Eisenberg, short-story writer, winner of MacArthur Fellowship
Gil Elvgren, painter
Mary Callahan Erdoes, CEO of JPMorgan Chase's Asset & Wealth Management division, raised in Winnetka
Katie Gavin, lead singer of Muna, graduated from New Trier High School
Marion Mahony Griffin (1871–1961), first architect employed by Frank Lloyd Wright; helped design Canberra, capital of Australia, grew up in Winnetka
Rick Hahn, general manager of Chicago White Sox
Carl L. Hamilton, named partner in the Booz Allen Hamilton management and information technology consulting firm
Charlton Heston, actor, lived in Winnetka and attended New Trier High School
Roger Hochschild, CEO and President of Discover Financial Services, lives in Winnetka
Rock Hudson, actor; born and raised in Winnetka and attended New Trier High School
Harold L. Ickes, former United States Secretary of the Interior, built home at 900 Private Road
Matt Kaskey, offensive tackle for the Carolina Panthers
Bruce Krasberg, industrialist and horticulturist, lived in Winnetka
Kate Liu, pianist, lives in Winnetka and attended New Trier High School
Georgia Lloyd (1913–1999), pacifist, writer
Matt Lottich, basketball coach, Valparaiso
Virginia Madsen, actress, attended New Trier High School
Kim Milford, actor
Penelope Milford, actress
John Moore, defenseman playing in the NHL's Anaheim Ducks organization
Chris O'Donnell, actor (G. Callen on NCIS: Los Angeles)
Tom O'Halleran, member of the United States House of Representatives from Arizona's 1st congressional district. He lived in Winnetka while a member of the Chicago Board of Trade.
Samuel Shackford Otis, architect
Liz Phair, musician, grew up in Winnetka
Ralph Pomeroy, poet and writer
Eliot Porter, photographer, was born and grew up in Winnetka.
Fairfield Porter, painter and art critic, was born and grew up in Winnetka.
Janet Meakin Poor, landscape architect and plant conservationist
Clarence B. Randall, businessman
Bruce Rauner, former Governor of Illinois, former chairman of R8 Capital Partners
Pat Ryan, founder and executive chairman of Aon Corporation
Donald Rumsfeld, former Secretary of Defense, attended New Trier High School
Jenny Sanford, former First Lady of South Carolina
Jack Steinberger, refugee from Nazi Germany, attended New Trier High School, won 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics, gave Nobel medal to school
W. Clement Stone, businessman and philanthropist
Walter A. Strong, publisher of Chicago Daily News,
R. Douglas Stuart, Jr., CEO of Quaker Oats and U.S. ambassador to Norway, born in Winnetka
Marlo Thomas, actress, lived in Winnetka
Paul Thomas, pornographic actor
Henry Totten, Wisconsin State Assemblyman and businessman, lived in Winnetka
Marc Trestman, former head coach of Chicago Bears, lived in Winnetka
Joe Trohman, guitarist of Fall Out Boy, attended New Trier High School
Byron Trott, banker
Barbara Turf, former president and CEO of Crate & Barrel
Bernice T. Van der Vries, state legislator, lived in Winnetka
Rocky Wirtz, owner of the Chicago Blackhawks, attended North Shore Country Day School, lives in Winnetka
Ying Quartet originally consisted of four siblings from Winnetka; as of 2017, three siblings remain members of the ensemble
In popular culture
"Big Noise from Winnetka," a 1938 jazz song by The Bobcats, has been featured in a number of Hollywood movies, including Let's Make Music and Reveille with Beverly.
Winnetka was mentioned in the novel Havana by Stephen Hunter. Secondary character Roger St. John Evans was mentioned as "The Big Noise From Winnetka".
Film
The house featured in the film Home Alone and in the beginning of its sequel Home Alone 2: Lost in New YorkThe film Home Alone is set in Winnetka, and featured scenes filmed at 671 Lincoln Avenue. The street address is mentioned in the film, but the street is called "Lincoln Boulevard". The opening scenes of the sequel Home Alone 2: Lost in New York were filmed at the same house. Over three decades after the original film's 1990 release, sightseers still visit the North Shore neighborhood, particularly around the Christmas holiday season.
Numerous other films have been shot in Winnetka, including portions of films Ocean's 12, Breakfast Club, National Lampoon's Vacation, Ferris Bueller's Day Off, Sixteen Candles, Risky Business, Planes, Trains & Automobiles, She's Having a Baby and Uncle Buck. The film Contagion was filmed in the area in the spring of 2011. Holidate, a 2020 Netflix romantic comedy starring Emma Roberts and Luke Bracey, is set in Winnetka.
Television
A popular TV series, Sisters (1991–1996), was set primarily in Winnetka, but was not filmed there, except for some exterior establishing shots. This was also true of its erstwhile summer replacement series, Winnetka Road.
The characters on the TV series The League reside in Winnetka.
The TV series I Didn't Do It is set in Winnetka. The characters attend the fictional Ditka High School.
See also
Chicago portal
References
Notes
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
^ "Winnetka - Place Explorer - Data Commons". datacommons.org. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
^ "11 Chicago suburbs make list of 100 richest towns". Chicago Tribune. February 20, 2019.
^ "Village History | Winnetka, IL". www.villageofwinnetka.org. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
^ Dickenson (1956), p. 52
^ Dickenson (1956), pp.123-125
^ "Community Profile / Winnetka". Los Angeles Times. October 11, 1998. Retrieved November 3, 2015.
^ "Log House History | Winnetka Historical Society". Retrieved August 29, 2019.
^ "Crow Island School". National Historic Landmarks Program. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
^ "Justice Day recalls Dr. King's visit to suburbs 50 years ago - Open Communities". July 24, 2015. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
^ "G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved December 25, 2015.
^ "RTA System Map" (PDF). Retrieved February 1, 2024.
^ Schroedtler, Andrew (January 9, 2007). "Border residents get pick of towns". Metro. Chicago Tribune (North–Northwest ed.). p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Winnetka village (82530) (PDF) (Map). 1:10,927. Boundary and Annexation Survey Governmental Unit Reference Map. Washington, D.C.: United States Census Bureau. December 8, 2022. p. 1. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Winnetka village, Illinois". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 10, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
^ Websites for public schools: K-4 Hubbard Woods, Crow Island School, Samuel Sewall Greeley; 5-6 The Skokie School; 7-8 Washburne School
^ "History of Hubbard Woods School - The Hubbard Woods School". hubbardwoods.winnetka36.org. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
^ "History - The Skokie School". skokie.winnetka36.org. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
^ "History - Carleton Washburne School". washburne.winnetka36.org. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
^ "North Shore provides many opportunities for all students to excel - North Shore Country Day School (NSCDS)". www.nscds.org. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
^ "History and Mission". www.shwschool.org. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
^ Gonzalez, Jasmine (January 29, 2016). "Gavin forms band, making it in the music industry". New Trier News. Archived from the original on June 21, 2023. Retrieved August 7, 2023.
^ Lewis, Morgan Milton; Emmons, Jessie Gray Mrs. (1903). Genealogical and Biographical Record of the Lewis and Grisell Families. Coopersville, MI: DeVos Printer. p. 148.
^ US WO 90/10910, Belden, Glen W.; Brogan, John J. & Thomas C., O'Halleran et al., "Patent:Simulated pit trading system", published March 14, 1989
^ a b Peterson, Duff. "Eliot and Fairfield Porter, American Artists from Winnetka". Winnetka Historical Society. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
^ "445 Sheridan Road". Winnetka Historical Society.
^ Manchir, Michelle (July 13, 2014). "Barbara Turf, former Crate and Barrel CEO, dies at 71". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
^ 'Illinois Blue Book 1955-1956,' Biographical Sketch of Bernive T. Van der Vries, pg. 214
^ Cullotta, Karen Ann. "Almost 30 years later, Winnetka residents say 'Home Alone' changed the neighborhood — but they're OK with it". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
^ Swartz, Tracy (October 26, 2020). "Why is the new Netflix movie 'Holidate' set in Chicago? We love the holidays, screenwriter says". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
Further reading
Dickinson, Lora Townsend. The Story of Winnetka. Winnetka: Winnetka Historical Society, 1956. Print.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Winnetka, Illinois.
Village of Winnetka official website
Winnetka Public School District
Winnetka Historical Society
Winnetka Historical Society: History of Buildings
Winnetka Park District
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/wɪˈnɛtkə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_(United_States)#Illinois"},{"link_name":"Cook County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Village in Illinois, United StatesWinnetka (/wɪˈnɛtkə/) is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States, located 16 miles (26 km) north of downtown Chicago. The population was 12,475[2] as of the 2020 census. The village is one of the wealthiest places in the United States in terms of household income. It was the second-ranked Illinois community on Bloomberg's 2019 Richest Places Annual Index.[3]","title":"Winnetka, Illinois"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Road"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Potawatomi language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potawatomi_language"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Schmidt-Burnham Log House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.winnetkahistory.org/visit/museum/schmidt-burham-log-house/"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"George Washington Maher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Maher"},{"link_name":"Walter Burley Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Burley_Griffin"},{"link_name":"John S. Van Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._Van_Bergen"},{"link_name":"Robert Seyfarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Seyfarth"},{"link_name":"Howard Van Doren Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Van_Doren_Shaw"},{"link_name":"David Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Adler_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Rock Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Richard Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Marx"},{"link_name":"440 Ridge Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pipeorgandatabase.org/static/organ_images/IL/Winnetka.FirstCCS.1938Kimball.VanPelt02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Solon S. Beman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solon_S._Beman"},{"link_name":"two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Alone"},{"link_name":"films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Alone_2:_Lost_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Alone_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Chicago and Milwaukee Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_and_Milwaukee_Railway"},{"link_name":"Chicago & Northwestern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_and_North_Western_Transportation_Company"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Metra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metra"},{"link_name":"Hubbard Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbard_Woods_(Metra)"},{"link_name":"Winnetka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnetka_(Metra)"},{"link_name":"Indian Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Hill_(Metra)"},{"link_name":"Chicago, North Shore and Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_North_Shore_and_Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"interurban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interurban"},{"link_name":"North Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Trail"},{"link_name":"bicycle path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_path"},{"link_name":"Crow Island School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow_Island_School"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"National Historical Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historical_Landmark"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Open Communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Communities"}],"text":"The first houses were built in 1836.[4] That year, Erastus Patterson and his family arrived from Vermont and opened a tavern to service passengers on the Green Bay Trail post road. The village was first subdivided in 1854 by Charles Peck and Walter S. Gurnee,[5] President of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Winnetka's first private school was opened in 1856 by Mr. and Mrs. Charles Peck with seventeen pupils. In 1859, the first public school building was built with private funds at the southeast corner of Elm and Maple streets. The first year's budget for this school was $200.[6] The village was incorporated in 1869 with a population of 450. The name is believed to originate from the Potawatomi language, meaning 'beautiful place'.[7]The oldest surviving house in Winnetka is the Schmidt-Burnham Log House. Originally constructed on what is now the Indian Hill Club on the south edge of town and in 1917 moved to Tower Road, it was moved in 2003 from Tower Road to the Crow Island Woods.[8]Winnetka's neighborhoods include estates and homes designed by distinguished architects including George Washington Maher, Walter Burley Griffin, John S. Van Bergen, Robert Seyfarth, Robert McNitt, Howard Van Doren Shaw and David Adler. Among Winnetka's celebrities are actor Rock Hudson and rock singer/songwriter/producer Richard Marx.Churches in Winnetka were also designed by noted architects. Among them, the former First Church of Christ, Scientist, 440 Ridge Avenue, was designed in 1924 by architect Solon S. Beman.In the 1920s, a colonial Georgian house was built at 671 Lincoln Avenue. The house is now known as the famous Home Alone house for its exterior being used as a shooting location for two films in the series, starting in 1990.The Chicago and Milwaukee Railway was built in 1855 through Winnetka, connecting its namesake cities. It eventually became the Chicago & Northwestern Railway. Between 1937 and 1942 the railroad tracks through Winnetka were grade separated after several people were hit at grade crossings. In 1995 the C&NW was merged into the Union Pacific. Only Metra trains are operated on this track now; freight operations ended in the late 1980s. Winnetka has three Metra stations: Hubbard Woods, Winnetka, and Indian Hill.The Chicago, North Shore and Milwaukee electric interurban was built through Winnetka and the North Shore in the first decade of the 1900s, and the line through Winnetka was removed in 1955. This is now the Green Bay Trail bicycle path.In 1904, the Winnetka Park District was established, making it the fourth oldest park district in the state of Illinois. Today, the park district maintains and operates 27 parks, five beaches, and golf, tennis, ice skating/hockey, and paddle tennis facilities.The Crow Island School, designed by Eliel & Eero Saarinen and the architectural firm Perkins, Wheeler & Will,[9] was declared a National Historical Landmark in 1990. It was declared 12th among all buildings and the best architectural design of all schools.[clarification needed] Ten thousand people attended the opening in 1938.In 1965, Martin Luther King Jr. spoke in Winnetka. A plaque dedicated to him is on the Village Green, a park in the town, where he spoke.[10] As a result of Dr. King's open housing campaign and the North Shore Summer Project, the nonprofit now known as Open Communities was founded.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-g001-11"}],"text":"According to the 2010 census, Winnetka has a total area of 3.893 square miles (10.08 km2), of which 3.81 square miles (9.87 km2) (or 97.87%) is land and 0.083 square miles (0.21 km2) (or 2.13%) is water.[11]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metra"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific North Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_North_Line"},{"link_name":"Ogilvie Transportation Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogilvie_Transportation_Center"},{"link_name":"Kenosha station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenosha_station"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Winnetka station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnetka_station"},{"link_name":"Indian Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Hill_station"},{"link_name":"Hubbard Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbard_Woods_station"},{"link_name":"Pace Suburban Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pace_(transit)"},{"link_name":"Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_station_(CTA)"},{"link_name":"CTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Transit_Authority"},{"link_name":"Northbrook Court Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northbrook_Court"},{"link_name":"Highland Park, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Park,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Linden Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linden_station_(CTA)"},{"link_name":"Wilmette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmette,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"The Glen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glen_Town_Center"},{"link_name":"Glenview, Illinois'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenview,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Harlem Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_station_(CTA_Blue_Line_Forest_Park_branch)"},{"link_name":"Northfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northfield,_Illinois"}],"text":"Metra serves three stations in Winnetka. All provide commuter rail service along the Union Pacific North Line. Trains travel south to Ogilvie Transportation Center in Chicago, and north to Kenosha station.[12] In the downtown area is The Winnetka station. Indian Hill is on the south end of the village and Hubbard Woods is at the north end.Besides Metra, Pace Suburban Bus serves the Chicago Metropolitan Area. Winnetka has Pace Route 213 on Green Bay Road originating from Chicago Howard CTA Station, branching to Northbrook Court Mall, and the Highland Park, Illinois Metra Station. Pace also has route 423 from CTA's Linden Station in Wilmette branching to The Glen Town Center in Glenview, Illinois', then ending at Chicago's CTA Harlem Station. Pace route 423 enters Winnetka from Northfield on Willow Road, turning on to Hibbard Road, Elm Street, then Green Bay Road to Linden Station.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glencoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glencoe,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Northern boundary","text":"Winnetka's northern border with Glencoe cuts through 58 homes, causing homeowners to have to pay taxes to, and seek permits from both villages. The two villages began discussing a solution in 1920s, reaching a tentative agreement in 2007 in which each homeowner could choose a village from which to receive services while the boundary officially remained unchanged. Initially, 46 homeowners chose Winnetka, but the others had the option to choose a village later.[13] The boundary was later updated to reflect these choices.[14]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the 2020 census[17] there were 12,744 people, 4,204 households, and 3,461 families residing in the village. The population density was 3,275.25 inhabitants per square mile (1,264.58/km2). There were 4,459 housing units at an average density of 1,145.98 per square mile (442.47/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 89.17% White, 0.25% African American, 0.04% Native American, 3.52% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.71% from other races, and 6.28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.01% of the population.There were 4,204 households, out of which 42.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 77.88% were married couples living together, 3.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.67% were non-families. 16.34% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.44% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.31 and the average family size was 2.94.The village's age distribution consisted of 32.4% under the age of 18, 4.2% from 18 to 24, 16.5% from 25 to 44, 30.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.6 males.The median income for a household in the village was in excess of $250,000, as was the median income for a family. Males had a median income of $200,944 versus $66,726 for females. The per capita income for the village was $134,596. About 1.7% of families and 2.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.8% of those under age 18 and 1.3% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winnetka Public Schools system (District 36)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnetka_School_District_36"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schoolurls-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Crow Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow_Island"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Carleton Washburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton_Washburne"},{"link_name":"Winnetka Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnetka_Plan"},{"link_name":"Crow Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow_Island_School"},{"link_name":"Avoca School District 37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoca_School_District_37"},{"link_name":"New Trier Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Trier_Township,_Cook_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"New Trier High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Trier_High_School"}],"text":"The Winnetka Public Schools system (District 36) consists of three elementary schools and two middle schools.[18] Hubbard Woods (est. 1915[19]), Crow Island (est. 1940), and Samuel Sewall Greeley (est. 1912) Elementary Schools serve grades kindergarten through four, students in fifth and sixth grades attend the Skokie School (opened 1922[20]) and seventh and eighth graders attend the Carleton W. Washburne School (est. 1969[21]), named after educator Carleton Washburne. Winnetka's schools were modeled after Washburne's educational philosophy in an experiment called the Winnetka Plan. The town's schools continue to reflect his educational philosophy. Crow Island is a National Historic Landmark due to its significant architectural design.Some neighborhoods in the southern part of Winnetka are served by Avoca School District 37, which has schools in Glenview (Avoca West Elementary School; K-5) and Wilmette (Marie Murphy School; 6–8). Kenilworth School District 38 (Sears School; K-8) also includes a very small portion of the southeastern part of Winnetka, near Kenilworth.Winnetka is in New Trier Township, and public school students who reside in Winnetka attend New Trier High School for grades 9 through 12.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hadley Institute for the Blind and Visually Impaired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadley_Institute_for_the_Blind_and_Visually_Impaired"},{"link_name":"North Shore Country Day School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_Country_Day_School"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Sacred Heart School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Heart_School_(Winnetka)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Private schools","text":"Hadley Institute for the Blind and Visually Impaired, est. 1920\nNorth Shore Country Day School (JK–12),[22] est. 1919\nSacred Heart School (Preschool–8), Catholic school, est. 1902[23]\nThe School of Saints Faith, Hope & Charity (Preschool–8), Catholic school, est. 1939","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winnetka-Glencoe Patch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//winnetka.patch.com"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"}],"text":"Media outlets covering Winnetka include the Winnetka-Glencoe Patch, the Chicago Tribune's TribLocal, the Pioneer Press, Winnetka Talk, and The Winnetka Current.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivan Albright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Albright"},{"link_name":"New Trier High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Trier_High_School"},{"link_name":"Trish Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trish_Andrew"},{"link_name":"New Trier High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Trier_High_School"},{"link_name":"Ann-Margret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann-Margret"},{"link_name":"New Trier High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Trier_High_School"},{"link_name":"Adam Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"New Trier High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Trier_High_School"},{"link_name":"Peter Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Baldwin_(director)"},{"link_name":"Page Morton Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_Morton_Black"},{"link_name":"Parkinson's Disease Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_Disease_Foundation"},{"link_name":"David Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bradley_(director)"},{"link_name":"Ann Hampton Callaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Hampton_Callaway"},{"link_name":"New Trier High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Trier_High_School"},{"link_name":"Liz Callaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Callaway"},{"link_name":"New Trier High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Trier_High_School"},{"link_name":"Katie Chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Chang"},{"link_name":"New Trier High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Trier_High_School"},{"link_name":"Anne Clarke (politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Clarke_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"London Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Barnet and Camden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnet_and_Camden"},{"link_name":"Dale Clevenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Clevenger"},{"link_name":"Chicago Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Chris Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Collins_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Richard Dickson Cudahy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dickson_Cudahy"},{"link_name":"Jay Cutler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Cutler"},{"link_name":"Bruce Dern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Dern"},{"link_name":"New Trier High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Trier_High_School"},{"link_name":"Phil Donahue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Donahue"},{"link_name":"Conor Dwyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conor_Dwyer"},{"link_name":"Christine Ebersole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Ebersole"},{"link_name":"Neal Edelstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Edelstein"},{"link_name":"Deborah Eisenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Eisenberg"},{"link_name":"MacArthur Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"Gil Elvgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Elvgren"},{"link_name":"Mary Callahan Erdoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Callahan_Erdoes"},{"link_name":"JPMorgan Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase"},{"link_name":"Muna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muna_(band)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Marion Mahony Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Mahony_Griffin"},{"link_name":"Frank Lloyd Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright"},{"link_name":"Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra"},{"link_name":"Rick Hahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Hahn"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"Carl L. Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_L._Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Booz Allen Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booz_Allen_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Charlton Heston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_Heston"},{"link_name":"New Trier High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Trier_High_School"},{"link_name":"Rock Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Hudson"},{"link_name":"New Trier High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Trier_High_School"},{"link_name":"Harold L. Ickes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"Matt Kaskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Kaskey"},{"link_name":"offensive tackle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_tackle"},{"link_name":"Carolina Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Panthers"},{"link_name":"Bruce Krasberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Krasberg"},{"link_name":"Kate Liu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Liu"},{"link_name":"New Trier High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Trier_High_School"},{"link_name":"Georgia Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"Matt Lottich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Lottich"},{"link_name":"Valparaiso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valparaiso_University"},{"link_name":"Virginia Madsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Madsen"},{"link_name":"New Trier High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Trier_High_School"},{"link_name":"Kim Milford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Milford"},{"link_name":"Penelope Milford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penelope_Milford"},{"link_name":"John Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Moore_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Anaheim Ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaheim_Ducks"},{"link_name":"Chris O'Donnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_O%27Donnell"},{"link_name":"NCIS: Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCIS:_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Tom O'Halleran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_O%27Halleran"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Arizona's 1st congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Chicago Board of Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Board_of_Trade"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Samuel Shackford Otis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Shackford_Otis"},{"link_name":"Liz Phair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Phair"},{"link_name":"Ralph Pomeroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Pomeroy_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Eliot Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliot_Porter"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Porter-27"},{"link_name":"Fairfield Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield_Porter"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Porter-27"},{"link_name":"Janet Meakin Poor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Meakin_Poor"},{"link_name":"Clarence B. Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_B._Randall"},{"link_name":"Bruce Rauner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Rauner"},{"link_name":"Governor of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Pat Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Ryan_(executive)"},{"link_name":"Aon Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aon_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Donald Rumsfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"New Trier High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Trier_High_School"},{"link_name":"Jenny Sanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Sanford"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Jack Steinberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Steinberger"},{"link_name":"New Trier High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Trier_High_School"},{"link_name":"W. Clement Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Clement_Stone"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Walter A. Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_A._Strong"},{"link_name":"Chicago Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"R. Douglas Stuart, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Douglas_Stuart,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Quaker Oats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker_Oats"},{"link_name":"Marlo Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlo_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Paul Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Thomas_(pornographic_actor)"},{"link_name":"Henry Totten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Totten"},{"link_name":"Marc Trestman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Trestman"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"Joe Trohman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Trohman"},{"link_name":"Fall Out Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_Out_Boy"},{"link_name":"New Trier High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Trier_High_School"},{"link_name":"Byron Trott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_Trott"},{"link_name":"Barbara Turf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Turf"},{"link_name":"Crate & Barrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crate_%26_Barrel"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ctribune-29"},{"link_name":"Bernice T. Van der Vries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernice_T._Van_der_Vries"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Rocky Wirtz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Wirtz"},{"link_name":"Chicago Blackhawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks"},{"link_name":"North Shore Country Day School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_Country_Day_School"},{"link_name":"Ying Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ying_Quartet"}],"text":"Ivan Albright, painter, sculptor and print-maker; attended New Trier High School\nTrish Andrew, basketball player, attended New Trier High School\nAnn-Margret, actress, attended New Trier High School\nAdam Baldwin, actor, attended New Trier High School\nPeter Baldwin, director\nPage Morton Black, singer, chairperson of Parkinson's Disease Foundation\nDavid Bradley, director, born in Winnetka\nAnn Hampton Callaway, singer, lived in Winnetka and attended New Trier High School\nLiz Callaway, singer, lived in Winnetka and attended New Trier High School\nKatie Chang, actress, lives in Winnetka and attended New Trier High School.\nAnne Clarke (politician), American-born British Labour Party politician, London Assembly member for Barnet and Camden grew up in Winnetka.\nDale Clevenger, principal horn, Chicago Symphony Orchestra\nChris Collins, basketball coach, lives in Winnetka\nRichard Dickson Cudahy, jurist, lived in Winnetka\nJay Cutler, NFL quarterback, lived in Winnetka\nBruce Dern, actor, attended New Trier High School\nPhil Donahue, talk show host, lived in Winnetka\nConor Dwyer, Olympic swimmer, 2012 gold medalist\nChristine Ebersole, Tony Award-winning actress\nNeal Edelstein, film producer and director, raised in Winnetka\nDeborah Eisenberg, short-story writer, winner of MacArthur Fellowship\nGil Elvgren, painter\nMary Callahan Erdoes, CEO of JPMorgan Chase's Asset & Wealth Management division, raised in Winnetka\nKatie Gavin, lead singer of Muna, graduated from New Trier High School[24]\nMarion Mahony Griffin (1871–1961), first architect employed by Frank Lloyd Wright; helped design Canberra, capital of Australia, grew up in Winnetka\nRick Hahn, general manager of Chicago White Sox\nCarl L. Hamilton, named partner in the Booz Allen Hamilton management and information technology consulting firm[25]\nCharlton Heston, actor, lived in Winnetka and attended New Trier High School\nRoger Hochschild, CEO and President of Discover Financial Services, lives in Winnetka\nRock Hudson, actor; born and raised in Winnetka and attended New Trier High School\nHarold L. Ickes, former United States Secretary of the Interior, built home at 900 Private Road\nMatt Kaskey, offensive tackle for the Carolina Panthers\nBruce Krasberg, industrialist and horticulturist, lived in Winnetka\nKate Liu, pianist, lives in Winnetka and attended New Trier High School\nGeorgia Lloyd (1913–1999), pacifist, writer\nMatt Lottich, basketball coach, Valparaiso\nVirginia Madsen, actress, attended New Trier High School\nKim Milford, actor\nPenelope Milford, actress\nJohn Moore, defenseman playing in the NHL's Anaheim Ducks organization\nChris O'Donnell, actor (G. Callen on NCIS: Los Angeles)\nTom O'Halleran, member of the United States House of Representatives from Arizona's 1st congressional district. He lived in Winnetka while a member of the Chicago Board of Trade.[26]\nSamuel Shackford Otis, architect\nLiz Phair, musician, grew up in Winnetka\nRalph Pomeroy, poet and writer\nEliot Porter, photographer, was born and grew up in Winnetka.[27]\nFairfield Porter, painter and art critic, was born and grew up in Winnetka.[27]\nJanet Meakin Poor, landscape architect and plant conservationist\nClarence B. Randall, businessman\nBruce Rauner, former Governor of Illinois, former chairman of R8 Capital Partners\nPat Ryan, founder and executive chairman of Aon Corporation\nDonald Rumsfeld, former Secretary of Defense, attended New Trier High School\nJenny Sanford, former First Lady of South Carolina\nJack Steinberger, refugee from Nazi Germany, attended New Trier High School, won 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics, gave Nobel medal to school\nW. Clement Stone, businessman and philanthropist[28]\nWalter A. Strong, publisher of Chicago Daily News,\nR. Douglas Stuart, Jr., CEO of Quaker Oats and U.S. ambassador to Norway, born in Winnetka\nMarlo Thomas, actress, lived in Winnetka\nPaul Thomas, pornographic actor\nHenry Totten, Wisconsin State Assemblyman and businessman, lived in Winnetka\nMarc Trestman, former head coach of Chicago Bears, lived in Winnetka\nJoe Trohman, guitarist of Fall Out Boy, attended New Trier High School\nByron Trott, banker\nBarbara Turf, former president and CEO of Crate & Barrel[29]\nBernice T. Van der Vries, state legislator, lived in Winnetka[30]\nRocky Wirtz, owner of the Chicago Blackhawks, attended North Shore Country Day School, lives in Winnetka\nYing Quartet originally consisted of four siblings from Winnetka; as of 2017, three siblings remain members of the ensemble","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Big Noise from Winnetka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Noise_from_Winnetka"},{"link_name":"Let's Make Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Make_Music"},{"link_name":"Reveille with Beverly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reveille_with_Beverly"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hunter"}],"text":"\"Big Noise from Winnetka,\" a 1938 jazz song by The Bobcats, has been featured in a number of Hollywood movies, including Let's Make Music and Reveille with Beverly.Winnetka was mentioned in the novel Havana by Stephen Hunter. Secondary character Roger St. John Evans was mentioned as \"The Big Noise From Winnetka\".","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Home_Alone_House.jpg"},{"link_name":"Home Alone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Alone"},{"link_name":"Home Alone 2: Lost in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Alone_2:_Lost_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"Home Alone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Alone_(film)"},{"link_name":"Home Alone 2: Lost in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Alone_2:_Lost_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Ocean's 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%27s_12"},{"link_name":"Breakfast Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Breakfast_Club"},{"link_name":"National Lampoon's Vacation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lampoon%27s_Vacation"},{"link_name":"Ferris Bueller's Day Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferris_Bueller%27s_Day_Off"},{"link_name":"Sixteen Candles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixteen_Candles"},{"link_name":"Risky Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risky_Business"},{"link_name":"Planes, Trains & Automobiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planes,_Trains_%26_Automobiles"},{"link_name":"She's Having a Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%27s_Having_a_Baby"},{"link_name":"Uncle Buck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Buck"},{"link_name":"Contagion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagion_(2011_film)"},{"link_name":"Holidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holidate"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Emma Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Luke Bracey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Bracey"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"The house featured in the film Home Alone and in the beginning of its sequel Home Alone 2: Lost in New YorkThe film Home Alone is set in Winnetka, and featured scenes filmed at 671 Lincoln Avenue. The street address is mentioned in the film, but the street is called \"Lincoln Boulevard\". The opening scenes of the sequel Home Alone 2: Lost in New York were filmed at the same house. Over three decades after the original film's 1990 release, sightseers still visit the North Shore neighborhood, particularly around the Christmas holiday season.[31]Numerous other films have been shot in Winnetka, including portions of films Ocean's 12, Breakfast Club, National Lampoon's Vacation, Ferris Bueller's Day Off, Sixteen Candles, Risky Business, Planes, Trains & Automobiles, She's Having a Baby and Uncle Buck. The film Contagion was filmed in the area in the spring of 2011. Holidate, a 2020 Netflix romantic comedy starring Emma Roberts and Luke Bracey, is set in Winnetka.[32]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TV series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_program"},{"link_name":"Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Winnetka Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnetka_Road"},{"link_name":"The League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_League"},{"link_name":"I Didn't Do It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Didn%27t_Do_It_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ditka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Ditka"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"A popular TV series, Sisters (1991–1996), was set primarily in Winnetka, but was not filmed there, except for some exterior establishing shots. This was also true of its erstwhile summer replacement series, Winnetka Road.The characters on the TV series The League reside in Winnetka.The TV series I Didn't Do It is set in Winnetka. The characters attend the fictional Ditka High School.","title":"In popular culture"}] | [{"image_text":"The house featured in the film Home Alone and in the beginning of its sequel Home Alone 2: Lost in New York","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Home_Alone_House.jpg/220px-Home_Alone_House.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Illinois highlighting Cook County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Map_of_Illinois_highlighting_Cook_County.svg/42px-Map_of_Illinois_highlighting_Cook_County.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Chicago portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Chicago"}] | [{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_17.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winnetka - Place Explorer - Data Commons\". datacommons.org. Retrieved July 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://datacommons.org/place/geoId/1782530/?mprop=count&popt=Person&hl=en","url_text":"\"Winnetka - Place Explorer - Data Commons\""}]},{"reference":"\"11 Chicago suburbs make list of 100 richest towns\". Chicago Tribune. February 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/glencoe/ct-gln-north-shore-richest-towns-tl-0228-story.html","url_text":"\"11 Chicago suburbs make list of 100 richest towns\""}]},{"reference":"\"Village History | Winnetka, IL\". www.villageofwinnetka.org. Retrieved February 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.villageofwinnetka.org/233/Village-History","url_text":"\"Village History | Winnetka, IL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Community Profile / Winnetka\". Los Angeles Times. October 11, 1998. Retrieved November 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1998/oct/11/local/me-31559","url_text":"\"Community Profile / Winnetka\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Log House History | Winnetka Historical Society\". Retrieved August 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.winnetkahistory.org/visit/schmidt-burnham-log-house/log-house/","url_text":"\"Log House History | Winnetka Historical Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crow Island School\". National Historic Landmarks Program. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved April 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131103134222/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2078&ResourceType=Building","url_text":"\"Crow Island School\""},{"url":"http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2078&ResourceType=Building","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Justice Day recalls Dr. King's visit to suburbs 50 years ago - Open Communities\". July 24, 2015. Retrieved March 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://open-communities.org/justice-day-recalls-dr-kings-visit-to-suburbs-50-years-ago/","url_text":"\"Justice Day recalls Dr. King's visit to suburbs 50 years ago - Open Communities\""}]},{"reference":"\"G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved December 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213053624/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1782530","url_text":"\"G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1782530","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"RTA System Map\" (PDF). Retrieved February 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rtachicago.org/uploads/files/general/RTA-System-Map.pdf","url_text":"\"RTA System Map\""}]},{"reference":"Schroedtler, Andrew (January 9, 2007). \"Border residents get pick of towns\". Metro. Chicago Tribune (North–Northwest ed.). p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-border-residents-get-pic/127879442/","url_text":"\"Border residents get pick of towns\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Winnetka village (82530) (PDF) (Map). 1:10,927. Boundary and Annexation Survey Governmental Unit Reference Map. Washington, D.C.: United States Census Bureau. December 8, 2022. p. 1. Retrieved July 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/pvs/bas/bas23maps/st17_il/incplace/p1782530_winnetka/BAS23P11700082530.pdf","url_text":"Winnetka village (82530)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Winnetka village, Illinois\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 10, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200210221813/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/1600000US1782530","url_text":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Winnetka village, Illinois\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/1600000US1782530","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". data.census.gov. Retrieved June 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US1782530","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Hubbard Woods School - The Hubbard Woods School\". hubbardwoods.winnetka36.org. 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Retrieved August 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://newtriernews.org/features/2016/01/29/gavin-forms-band-making-it-in-the-music-industry/","url_text":"\"Gavin forms band, making it in the music industry\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230621170525/https://newtriernews.org/features/2016/01/29/gavin-forms-band-making-it-in-the-music-industry/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Morgan Milton; Emmons, Jessie Gray Mrs. (1903). Genealogical and Biographical Record of the Lewis and Grisell Families. Coopersville, MI: DeVos Printer. p. 148.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/genealogicalbiog00lewi#page/148/mode/2up/","url_text":"Genealogical and Biographical Record of the Lewis and Grisell Families"}]},{"reference":"Peterson, Duff. \"Eliot and Fairfield Porter, American Artists from Winnetka\". Winnetka Historical Society. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyyar_River | Cheyyar River | ["1 Temples","2 References"] | Coordinates: 12°46′N 79°51′E / 12.767°N 79.850°E / 12.767; 79.850River in Tamil Nadu, India
For other places with same/similar name, see Cheyyar (disambiguation).
Cheyyar RiverLocationLocationTamil Nadu, South IndiaPhysical characteristicsSource • locationJavvadhu hills, cheyyar, Tiruvannamalai district.
Mouth • locationPalar River
Cheyyar river
Cheyyaru River is an important seasonal river that runs through the Tiruvannamalai District of the state of Tamil Nadu in South India. It is a tributary of Palar River, a river which originates in Jawadhu Hills and flows through Thiruvannamalai district before entering into the Bay of Bengal. The river receives most of its water from the Northeast and Southwest monsoons and is the major source of irrigation for several villages, including the towns of Cheyyaru and Vandavasi along its bank.
Temples
An ancient temple, the Vedapureeswarar Temple anciently known as Vedhanadeshwarar temple situated on the bank of the river at Cheyyar town. There is a legend that Thirugnana Sambandar, one of the four great saivite saints, visited the temple and changed a male palm tree to a female palm tree which can yield palm fruit by singing verses in Tamil. The ancient name for Cheyyaru river is Sei Aaru (Child river) meaning that the river is created for a child to play. Legend says that Goddess Parvathi (Balakusalambigai or Ilamulainayagi) made a line on the earth's surface with her Trisul to make a river for her son, Lord Muruga to play. The river is still believed to be a Holy River even today in Cheyyar and Villages in the surrounding.
References
^ "Rivers". Retrieved 24 September 2006.
vteHydrography of Tamil NaduRivers
Adyar
Amaravathi
Arasalar
Bhavani
Cheyyar
Chittar
Cooum
Gomukhi
Kaveri
Kedilam
Kodaganar
Kodavanar
Kokkiliyar
Kollidam
Kosasthalaiyar
Manimuktha
Manimuthar
Manjalar
Moyar
Nadari
Nambiyar
Nanganjiyar
Noyyal
Pachaiyar
Pahrali
Palar
Pambar (North)
Pambar (South)
Parambikulam
Periyar
Ponnaiyar
Siruvani
Swetha
Thamirabarani
Thirumanimutharu
Vaigai
Vaippar
Vanniyar
Vasishta
Vellar
Vennaaru
Lakes
Adambakkam
Ambattur
Avalanche
Ayanambakkam
Berijam
Chembarambakkam
Chetput
Chitlapakkam
Cholavaram
ICF
Kaliveli
Kazhuveli
Kodaikanal
Kolavai
Korattur
Madambakkam
Madhavaram
Maduranthakam
Mangal
Mathiyampatti
Mookaneri
Ooty
Pallavaram
Parakkai
Paruthipattu
Perungudi
Porur
Perumal
Pulhal
Pulicat
Pykara
Ramakkal
Red Hills
Retteri
Sholavaram
Singanallur
Sirudavoor
Ukkadam
Thervoy Kandigai
Tiruninravur
Valankulam
Veeranam
Velachery
Vellalore
Vennandur
Vilinjiyambakkam
Villivakkam
Waterfalls
Agaya Gangai
Ayyanar
Catherine
Courtallam
Hogenakkal
Kalhatti
Katary
Kiliyur
Kumbakkarai
Kutladampatti
Law's
Monkey
Sengupathi
Siruvani
Suruli
Thalaiyar
Tirparappu
Ulakkai
Vaideki
Vattaparai
Beaches
Elliot's
Golden
Kovalam
Marina
Silver
Dams and reservoirs
Aathupalayam
Aliyar
Amaravathi
Bhavanisagar
Grand Anicut
Kalingarayan Anicut
Kamarajar Sagar
Karuppanadhi
Kodiveri
Krishnagiri
Lower Anaicut
Manimuthar
Mettur
Mukkadal
Nallathangal
Orathuppalayam
Papanasam
Pechiparai
Perunchani
Sathanur
Servalar
Solaiyar
Upper Anaicut
Upper Bhavani
Vaigai
Varattu Pallam
12°46′N 79°51′E / 12.767°N 79.850°E / 12.767; 79.850
This article related to a location in Tiruvannamalai district, Tamil Nadu, India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to a river in India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cheyyar (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyyar_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vedhapureshwar_temple_at_bank_of_cheyyar_river.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tiruvannamalai District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvannamalai_District"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"South India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_India"},{"link_name":"tributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"Palar River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palar_River"},{"link_name":"Jawadhu Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javadi_Hills"},{"link_name":"Bay of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Cheyyaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyyar"},{"link_name":"Vandavasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandavasi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"River in Tamil Nadu, IndiaFor other places with same/similar name, see Cheyyar (disambiguation).Cheyyar riverCheyyaru River is an important seasonal river that runs through the Tiruvannamalai District of the state of Tamil Nadu in South India. It is a tributary of Palar River, a river which originates in Jawadhu Hills and flows through Thiruvannamalai district before entering into the Bay of Bengal. The river receives most of its water from the Northeast and Southwest monsoons and is the major source of irrigation for several villages, including the towns of Cheyyaru and Vandavasi along its bank.[1]","title":"Cheyyar River"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vedapureeswarar Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedapureeswarar_Temple,_Cheyyar"},{"link_name":"Thirugnana Sambandar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirugnana_Sambandar"},{"link_name":"saivite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saivite"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Cheyyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyyar"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"An ancient temple, the Vedapureeswarar Temple anciently known as Vedhanadeshwarar temple situated on the bank of the river at Cheyyar town. There is a legend that Thirugnana Sambandar, one of the four great saivite saints, visited the temple and changed a male palm tree to a female palm tree which can yield palm fruit by singing verses in Tamil. The ancient name for Cheyyaru river is Sei Aaru (Child river) meaning that the river is created for a child to play. Legend says that Goddess Parvathi (Balakusalambigai or Ilamulainayagi) made a line on the earth's surface with her Trisul to make a river for her son, Lord Muruga to play. The river is still believed to be a Holy River even today in Cheyyar and Villages in the surrounding.[citation needed]","title":"Temples"}] | [{"image_text":"Cheyyar river","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Vedhapureshwar_temple_at_bank_of_cheyyar_river.jpg/288px-Vedhapureshwar_temple_at_bank_of_cheyyar_river.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Rivers\". Retrieved 24 September 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.whereincity.com/india/tamilnadu/rivers.php","url_text":"\"Rivers\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cheyyar_River¶ms=12_46_N_79_51_E_region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"12°46′N 79°51′E / 12.767°N 79.850°E / 12.767; 79.850"},{"Link":"http://www.whereincity.com/india/tamilnadu/rivers.php","external_links_name":"\"Rivers\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cheyyar_River¶ms=12_46_N_79_51_E_region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"12°46′N 79°51′E / 12.767°N 79.850°E / 12.767; 79.850"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheyyar_River&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheyyar_River&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Corporation | Andrew Corporation | ["1 Andrew Corporation in Chicago","2 Transition to Orland Park","3 Product Manufacturing","3.1 Radio Antennas (1937-1970s)","3.2 Coaxial Cables (1940s-1980s)","3.3 Microwave Components (1950s-1990s)","3.4 Base Station Antennas (1960s-2000s)","3.5 Fiber Optic Components (1980s-2000s)","3.6 Wireless Communication Infrastructure (1990s-2007)","4 International Ventures","5 Management Reconstruction","6 Acquisitions","7 CommScope Merger","8 Andrew Corporation's Legacy","9 References","10 External links"] | Manufacturer of hardware for communications networks
Andrew CorporationCompany typeCommunications Hardware SupplierIndustryTelecommunicationsFoundedJanuary 1, 1937FounderVictor J. AndrewDefunct2007 (2007)FateMerged with CommScopeSuccessorCommScopeHeadquartersOrland Park, Illinois, United StatesKey peopleC. Russell Cox (President)
Edward J. Andrew Sr. (Chairman)SubsidiariesAndrew California Company (ACC)
Andrew Antenna Systems (AAS)
Andrew Antenna Corporation Ltd. (AACL)
Andrew Antenna Products Ltd. (AAPL)
Andrew Antenas Limitada (AAL)Websiteweb.archive.org/web/20080725193345/http://www.commscope.com/andrew/eng/index.html
Satellite dish made by Andrew Corporation
VSAT satellite dish made by Andrew Corporation
Andrew Corporation, a former hardware manufacturer for communications networks, was founded by Victor J. Andrew in the basement of his Chicago, Illinois home in 1937, and further established in Orland Park, Illinois in 1953. Andrew was a renowned global telecommunications company that played a significant role in the development of wireless communication technologies.
Andrew Corporation products included antennas, cables, amplifiers, repeaters, transceivers, as well as software and training for the broadband and cellular industries. The corporation supported customers in 35 countries across Asia-Pacific, Europe, and the Americas, with manufacturing plants in 12 countries, at one time employing over 4,500 people. Andrew's sales in 1999 exceeded US$791 million. Specific product applications include antennas, cables, amplifiers as well as software and training in radio and other wireless communication systems.
In 1992, Andrew Corporation was on the Chicago Tribune's "Chicago's Top 100 Companies",
Andrew notably held subsidiaries in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Scotland, and throughout the United States (California, Texas). In 1986 Andrew acquired Scientific Communications, Inc. (SciComm), and Kintec Corp, further acquiring The Antenna Company in 1996. Andrew acquired Channel Master's Smithfield, North Carolina satellite dish factory, equipment, inventory and intellectual property in an $18 million deal after that firm filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on October 2, 2003.
Andrew Corporation was acquired by CommScope for $2.6 billion in June 2007.
Andrew Corporation in Chicago
Originally founded in 1937, Victor J. Andrew planted the roots to Andrew Corporation in his Chicago bungalow home on Francisco Avenue in Chicago, Illinois before upgrading to a factory space on 75th Street a few short years later. The 75th Street location was just south of Midway Airport and mainly housed manufacturing plants and factory spaces.
In 1947, Victor J. Andrew and C. Russell Cox (original Andrew employee and future Andrew executive) made the executive decision that the company had outgrown the Chicago space and started inquiring on spaces in the suburbs with seemingly limitless property and business potential.
Transition to Orland Park
After 10 years in their Chicago facility, Andrew Corporation moved operations to Orland Park, Illinois, a suburb about 15 miles south of the 75th Street location. Andrew purchased the 430 acre vacant, unincorporated lot for $200 per acre. The location was strategically chosen for its proximity to the Rock Island and Wabash Metra train lines, as well as its potential for future growth.
A ground-breaking ceremony was held at the Orland Park facility in 1949. The Andrew Orland Park (AOP) location housed the corporate office complex, as well as the 254,000 square foot factory.
Andrew operated through their Orland Park facility from 1948 to 2007, using the location as their global headquarters.
Product Manufacturing
Throughout its existence, Andrew Corporation produced a diverse range of products, each designed to meet the evolving needs of the market. Andrew Corporation provided communications infrastructure for the U.S. Military, as well as expanded the reach of communications technology for everyday people in a wide range of countries.
Radio Antennas (1937-1970s)
In its early years, Andrew Corporation specialized in manufacturing high-quality radio antennas. Founder Victor J. Andrew knew the importance of integrity in radio antennas from his background in ham radio broadcasting. These antennas were widely used in broadcast and communication systems, enabling long-range transmission and reception of radio signals.
Coaxial Cables (1940s-1980s)
During the mid-20th century, Andrew Corporation became a leading producer of coaxial cables, a crucial component for transmitting high-frequency signals in telecommunications and cable TV systems.
At one point, Andrew Corporation was the principal engineer for Chicago's WBKB TV station, which would later become Chicago's CBS affiliate.
Andrew's coaxial cable technology was acquired by Kabelmetal, a German telecommunications company that worked very closely with Founder Victor J. Andrew. Their cables were known for their exceptional signal integrity and durability.
Andrew Microwave Antennas on BNSF Communications Tower (Lafayette, Iowa)
Microwave Components (1950s-1990s)
In the 1950s, Andrew Corporation expanded its product line through manufacturing and acquisitions to include microwave components. These components played a pivotal role in satellite communications, radar systems, and microwave transmission networks, supporting a wide range of applications in the aerospace and defense sectors.
Base Station Antennas (1960s-2000s)
As mobile telecommunication networks began to flourish, Andrew Corporation ventured into manufacturing base station antennas in the 1960s. These antennas were essential for providing reliable mobile communication services and enabled the expansion of cellular networks globally.
Fiber Optic Components (1980s-2000s)
With the rise of fiber optic technology, Andrew Corporation shifted its focus to produce a variety of fiber optic components during the 1980s. Their products included fiber optic connectors, couplers, and amplifiers, which contributed to the rapid growth and efficiency of fiber optic communication systems.
Wireless Communication Infrastructure (1990s-2007)
As wireless communication technologies advanced, Andrew Corporation developed and manufactured various wireless infrastructure products, including tower-mounted amplifiers, base station subsystems, and remote radio heads. These products facilitated the deployment and enhancement of wireless networks worldwide, including infrastructure to sustain wireless positioning systems.
International Ventures
Andrew Corporation held a multitude of international offices and factories, the most prominent of these being located in Canada, Scotland, Australia, and Brazil. By 2003, over half of all Andrew Corporation floor space (1,765,000 sq. ft.) was in countries outside of the United States, including China, Scotland, Czech Republic, Brazil, Mexico, Australia, Germany, Canada, Italy, and India.
Andrew's Brazilian manufacturing began in 1976 in Sorocaba. In Brazil, Andrew's manufacturing plants constructed Andrew’s Decibel Base Station Antenna, which supported the growing needs of customers in South America, Central America, and the Caribbean.
Andrew Corporation also provided for massive telecommunication strides for Russian infrastructure starting in 1991. Through the Russian joint venture (Metrocom), Andrew laid cable in Russian cities, including projects to sustain the Saint Petersburg Metro, ATM links, and phone service.
In 2007, Andrew Corporation worked to bolster communications infrastructure in the Hong Kong railway.
Management Reconstruction
With Victor J. Andrew's passing in 1971, Andrew Corporation needed to restructure management in a time of corporate culture uncertainty. In the wake of their founder, a Board of Directors was selected of the top company leaders. C. Russell Cox, longtime Andrew employee and friend of Victor, was elected to be Chairman of the Board. The 1971 Andrew Corporation Board of Directors was composed of Edward J. Andrew, Edith Andrew, Juanita Hord, Robert "Bob" Hord, Peter Gianchini, Robert "Bob" Lamons, and William "Bill" Morgan.
In 1980, Andrew Corporation stock was available for public trading, marking a shift in the company from private to public. With this shift in ownership, there was a subsequent shift in management. While Victor J. Andrew was Chairman of the Board, executives and board members were typically promoted internally from other positions in the company. In the years after his passing, many new executives and chairmen were hired externally, having never worked at Andrew Corporation, but with experience in the field of telecommunications from other companies.
1986 saw another major shift in management. Edward J. Andrew (son of Victor J. Andrew) became Chairman of the Board of Directors, with Floyd English becoming President and Chief Executive Officer. English then brought two more executives from external companies to become Board Members (Owen Bekkum, George Butzow). In this same year, Juanita and Robert Hord had left the Andrew Board of Directors, opting to focus efforts in the Aileen S. Andrew Foundation
In 1993, Edward J. Andrew left Andrew Corporation.
Acquisitions
Allen Telecom: Andrew Corporation acquired Allen Telecom, a leading provider of wireless communications infrastructure and solutions, to expand its presence in the wireless communication industry.
Celiant Corporation: Andrew Corporation acquired Celiant Corporation, a company specializing in wireless communications systems, to strengthen its position in the mobile communication infrastructure market.
EMS Wireless: Andrew Corporation acquired EMS Wireless, a provider of wireless network solutions, to enhance its portfolio of wireless communication products and services.
Other Andrew Corporation acquisitions include Scientific Communications (SciComm), Emerald Technology Inc., Yanti Fine Cable Co., and Chesapeake Microwave Technologies, The Antenna Company, Channel Master, Precision Antennas Ltd., and Nortel.
Having acquired these competitors (mainly SciComm and Kintec Corp.), Andrew Corp. was able to obtain U.S. Military and international contracts for antenna receivers and optical tracking equipment, and by 1987 sales in the company's government products division had climbed by 88 percent.
CommScope Merger
In 2005, Ralph Faison (President and CEO, former Board of Directors member) mediated an acquisition of Andrew Corporation by ADC Telecommunications out of Minneapolis, Minnesota. This acquisition, which would have merged Andrew with ADC for $2 billion, was mutually terminated in 2006. With the termination, Andrew Corp. was made to pay ADC $10 million in termination fees, along with an additional $65 million in the case that Andrew was sold to another company in the 12 months proceeding the termination.
Immediately after the terminated Andrew/ADC merger in 2006, CommScope, a telecommunications company based in Hickory, North Carolina, put forward a rival bid of $1.7 billion, which was quickly rejected. Andrew Corp. would not seek acquisition until 12 months after the ADC termination to avoid the $65 million fine to ADC.
In 2007, CommScope was set to acquire Andrew Corporation in a $2.6 billion deal through a stock swap, positioning Andrew's stock prices at $15.00/share at the time of acquisition. Ralph Faison justified his decision on the 2007 Andrew/CommScope merger by stating "CommScope has a strong position in the corporate-wireless market, an area where Andrew was weak." Over 120 executive positions in the newly relocated headquarters in Westchester, IL were eliminated.
Products manufactured in the Andrew Corporation era are still in production today through their predecessor, CommScope. CommScope's Andrew product line includes Heliax Cables, Base Stations, and Antenna Systems.
Andrew Corporation's Legacy
Andrew Corporation has had an immense impact on the community from which it operated from.
Founder Victor J. Andrew and his wife, Aileen S. Andrew, consistently fostered a sense of urgency in education and personal ambition. Built in 1977, Victor J. Andrew High School serves over 2,000 students annually, sporting a flash symbolic of the generosity of the Andrew Corporation.
The Aileen S. Andrew Foundation (ASAF) provides scholarships and grants to foster individual growth and enhance communities through education, humanitarian efforts, and the arts. ASAF operates today through the work of Victor J. Andrew's children and grandchildren.
The Aileen S. Andrew Memorial Library was built in November 1976. With funds from the Andrew Foundation, the library opened with 14,500 volumes, growing to hold 85,000 volumes as of 1991. The library is set to be demolished in January 2024 due to rising repair costs, as per Mayor Keith Pekau.
References
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^ "Facility Details for Andrew Corporation". webapps.sfm.illinois.gov. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
^ "CommScope to Acquire Andrew for $2.6 Billion". www.commscope.com. Retrieved 2017-06-02.
^ Eddings, Rory (2007). "Novel Approaches for Tracking on Earth Station Antennas in Ka-Band". 25th AIAA International Communications Satellite Systems Conference (Organized by APSCC). doi:10.2514/6.2007-3100. ISBN 978-1-62410-007-9.
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^ "Kabelmetal Nigeria PLC Technical Brochure" (PDF). March 22, 2019.
^ MarketScreener (2006-11-08). "Andrew Corp : Andrew Introduces Industry's Smallest FCC Category A 11 GHz Microwave Antenna". www.marketscreener.com. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
^ "Andrew Acquires Chesapeake Microwave Technologies". www.rfglobalnet.com. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
^ a b "Andrew acquires U.K. microwave antennas group". EE Times. April 13, 2006.
^ US5309164A, Dienes, Geza; Seal, William W. & Dearnley, Russell W., "Patch-type microwave antenna having wide bandwidth and low cross-pol", issued 1994-05-03
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External links
official site
1999 factsheet
MBTA To Wire For Cell Phones
Authority control databases
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Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_John_Andrew&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"wireless communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"antennas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"cables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cable"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"amplifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplifier"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Frequency"},{"link_name":"wireless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Channel Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Master"},{"link_name":"Smithfield, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"satellite dish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_dish"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"chapter 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_11,_Title_11,_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"CommScope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CommScope"}],"text":"Satellite dish made by Andrew CorporationVSAT satellite dish made by Andrew CorporationAndrew Corporation, a former hardware manufacturer for communications networks, was founded by Victor J. Andrew in the basement of his Chicago, Illinois home[1] in 1937, and further established in Orland Park, Illinois in 1953.[2] Andrew was a renowned global telecommunications company that played a significant role in the development of wireless communication technologies.Andrew Corporation products included antennas, cables, amplifiers, repeaters, transceivers, as well as software and training for the broadband and cellular industries.[3] The corporation supported customers in 35 countries across Asia-Pacific, Europe, and the Americas, with manufacturing plants in 12 countries, at one time employing over 4,500 people. Andrew's sales in 1999 exceeded US$791 million. Specific product applications include antennas,[4] cables,[5] amplifiers[6] as well as software and training in radio and other wireless communication systems.In 1992, Andrew Corporation was on the Chicago Tribune's \"Chicago's Top 100 Companies\",[7]Andrew notably held subsidiaries in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Scotland,[8] and throughout the United States (California,[9] Texas). In 1986 Andrew acquired Scientific Communications, Inc. (SciComm),[10] and Kintec Corp, further acquiring The Antenna Company in 1996. Andrew acquired Channel Master's Smithfield, North Carolina satellite dish factory, equipment, inventory and intellectual property in an $18 million deal[11][12] after that firm filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on October 2, 2003.[13][14][15]Andrew Corporation was acquired by CommScope for $2.6 billion in June 2007.","title":"Andrew Corporation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Midway Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Originally founded in 1937, Victor J. Andrew planted the roots to Andrew Corporation in his Chicago bungalow home on Francisco Avenue in Chicago, Illinois before upgrading to a factory space on 75th Street[16] a few short years later. The 75th Street location was just south of Midway Airport and mainly housed manufacturing plants and factory spaces.In 1947, Victor J. Andrew and C. Russell Cox[17] (original Andrew employee and future Andrew executive[18]) made the executive decision that the company had outgrown the Chicago space and started inquiring on spaces in the suburbs with seemingly limitless property and business potential.","title":"Andrew Corporation in Chicago"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orland Park, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orland_Park,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"After 10 years in their Chicago facility, Andrew Corporation moved operations to Orland Park, Illinois, a suburb about 15 miles south of the 75th Street location. Andrew purchased the 430 acre vacant, unincorporated lot for $200 per acre.[19] The location was strategically chosen for its proximity to the Rock Island and Wabash Metra train lines,[19] as well as its potential for future growth.A ground-breaking ceremony was held at the Orland Park facility in 1949. The Andrew Orland Park (AOP) location housed the corporate office complex, as well as the 254,000 square foot factory.[20]Andrew operated through their Orland Park facility from 1948 to 2007, using the location as their global headquarters.","title":"Transition to Orland Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Throughout its existence, Andrew Corporation produced a diverse range of products, each designed to meet the evolving needs of the market. Andrew Corporation provided communications infrastructure for the U.S. Military,[21] as well as expanded the reach of communications technology for everyday people in a wide range of countries.","title":"Product Manufacturing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"ham radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Radio Antennas (1937-1970s)","text":"In its early years, Andrew Corporation specialized in manufacturing high-quality radio antennas.[22] Founder Victor J. Andrew knew the importance of integrity in radio antennas from his background in ham radio broadcasting.[23] These antennas were widely used in broadcast and communication systems, enabling long-range transmission and reception of radio signals.","title":"Product Manufacturing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coaxial cables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cable"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BNSF_Communications_Tower_with_Andrew_Corporation-CommScope_Terrestrial_Point-to-Point_Microwave_Antennas_-_Lafayette,_Iowa_(24700229995).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Coaxial Cables (1940s-1980s)","text":"During the mid-20th century, Andrew Corporation became a leading producer of coaxial cables,[24] a crucial component for transmitting high-frequency signals in telecommunications and cable TV systems.At one point, Andrew Corporation was the principal engineer for Chicago's WBKB TV station,[25] which would later become Chicago's CBS affiliate.[26]Andrew's coaxial cable technology was acquired by Kabelmetal,[27] a German telecommunications company that worked very closely with Founder Victor J. Andrew. Their cables were known for their exceptional signal integrity and durability.Andrew Microwave Antennas on BNSF Communications Tower (Lafayette, Iowa)","title":"Product Manufacturing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Microwave Components (1950s-1990s)","text":"In the 1950s, Andrew Corporation expanded its product line through manufacturing[28] and acquisitions[29][30] to include microwave components. These components played a pivotal role in satellite communications, radar systems, and microwave transmission networks,[31] supporting a wide range of applications in the aerospace and defense sectors.","title":"Product Manufacturing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Base Station Antennas (1960s-2000s)","text":"As mobile telecommunication networks began to flourish, Andrew Corporation ventured into manufacturing base station antennas[32] in the 1960s. These antennas were essential for providing reliable mobile communication services and enabled the expansion of cellular networks globally.[33]","title":"Product Manufacturing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Fiber Optic Components (1980s-2000s)","text":"With the rise of fiber optic technology, Andrew Corporation shifted its focus to produce a variety of fiber optic components[34][35] during the 1980s. Their products included fiber optic connectors, couplers, and amplifiers, which contributed to the rapid growth and efficiency of fiber optic communication systems.","title":"Product Manufacturing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Wireless Communication Infrastructure (1990s-2007)","text":"As wireless communication technologies advanced, Andrew Corporation developed and manufactured various wireless infrastructure products,[36] including tower-mounted amplifiers, base station subsystems, and remote radio heads. These products facilitated the deployment and enhancement of wireless networks worldwide, including infrastructure to sustain wireless positioning systems.[37][38]","title":"Product Manufacturing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Base Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_station"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Metro"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Railway_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"Andrew Corporation held a multitude of international offices and factories, the most prominent of these being located in Canada, Scotland, Australia, and Brazil. By 2003, over half of all Andrew Corporation floor space (1,765,000 sq. ft.) was in countries outside of the United States, including China,[39][40] Scotland,[8] Czech Republic,[41] Brazil,[42] Mexico, Australia,[43] Germany, Canada,[44] Italy, and India.[8]Andrew's Brazilian manufacturing began in 1976 in Sorocaba. In Brazil, Andrew's manufacturing plants constructed Andrew’s Decibel Base Station Antenna, which supported the growing needs of customers in South America, Central America, and the Caribbean.[45][46]Andrew Corporation also provided for massive telecommunication strides for Russian infrastructure starting in 1991. Through the Russian joint venture (Metrocom[47]), Andrew laid cable in Russian cities, including projects to sustain the Saint Petersburg Metro,[48] ATM links, and phone service.[49]In 2007, Andrew Corporation worked to bolster communications infrastructure in the Hong Kong railway.[50]","title":"International Ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-24"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"With Victor J. Andrew's passing in 1971,[51] Andrew Corporation needed to restructure management in a time of corporate culture uncertainty. In the wake of their founder, a Board of Directors was selected of the top company leaders. C. Russell Cox, longtime Andrew employee and friend of Victor, was elected to be Chairman of the Board. The 1971 Andrew Corporation Board of Directors was composed of Edward J. Andrew,[52] Edith Andrew, Juanita Hord,[53] Robert \"Bob\" Hord,[54] Peter Gianchini, Robert \"Bob\" Lamons,[55] and William \"Bill\" Morgan.In 1980, Andrew Corporation stock was available for public trading,[56] marking a shift in the company from private to public. With this shift in ownership, there was a subsequent shift in management. While Victor J. Andrew was Chairman of the Board, executives and board members were typically promoted internally from other positions in the company. In the years after his passing, many new executives and chairmen were hired externally, having never worked at Andrew Corporation, but with experience in the field of telecommunications from other companies.1986 saw another major shift in management. Edward J. Andrew (son of Victor J. Andrew) became Chairman of the Board of Directors,[24] with Floyd English becoming President and Chief Executive Officer.[24] English then brought two more executives from external companies to become Board Members (Owen Bekkum, George Butzow[57]). In this same year, Juanita and Robert Hord had left the Andrew Board of Directors, opting to focus efforts in the Aileen S. Andrew FoundationIn 1993, Edward J. Andrew left Andrew Corporation.","title":"Management Reconstruction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"mobile communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephony"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-48"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Channel Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Master"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-30"},{"link_name":"Nortel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-36"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"text":"Allen Telecom: Andrew Corporation acquired Allen Telecom,[58] a leading provider of wireless communications infrastructure and solutions, to expand its presence in the wireless communication industry.\nCeliant Corporation: Andrew Corporation acquired Celiant Corporation,[59] a company specializing in wireless communications systems, to strengthen its position in the mobile communication infrastructure market.\nEMS Wireless: Andrew Corporation acquired EMS Wireless,[60] a provider of wireless network solutions, to enhance its portfolio of wireless communication products and services.\nOther Andrew Corporation acquisitions include Scientific Communications (SciComm),[61][62] Emerald Technology Inc.,[48][63] Yanti Fine Cable Co.,[64] and Chesapeake Microwave Technologies,[65] The Antenna Company, Channel Master, Precision Antennas Ltd.,[30] and Nortel.[36]Having acquired these competitors (mainly SciComm and Kintec Corp.), Andrew Corp. was able to obtain U.S. Military[66] and international contracts for antenna receivers and optical tracking equipment, and by 1987 sales in the company's government products division had climbed by 88 percent.","title":"Acquisitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"ADC Telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADC_Telecommunications"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-70"},{"link_name":"CommScope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CommScope"},{"link_name":"Hickory, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hickory,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Westchester, IL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Heliax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliax"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Base Stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_station"}],"text":"In 2005, Ralph Faison (President and CEO,[67] former Board of Directors member) mediated an acquisition of Andrew Corporation by ADC Telecommunications[68] out of Minneapolis, Minnesota. This acquisition, which would have merged Andrew with ADC for $2 billion,[69] was mutually terminated in 2006.[70] With the termination, Andrew Corp. was made to pay ADC $10 million in termination fees, along with an additional $65 million in the case that Andrew was sold to another company in the 12 months proceeding the termination.Immediately after the terminated Andrew/ADC merger in 2006, CommScope, a telecommunications company based in Hickory, North Carolina, put forward a rival bid of $1.7 billion,[70][71] which was quickly rejected. Andrew Corp. would not seek acquisition until 12 months after the ADC termination to avoid the $65 million fine to ADC.In 2007, CommScope was set to acquire Andrew Corporation in a $2.6 billion deal[72] through a stock swap, positioning Andrew's stock prices at $15.00/share at the time of acquisition. Ralph Faison justified his decision on the 2007 Andrew/CommScope merger by stating \"CommScope has a strong position in the corporate-wireless market, an area where Andrew was weak[73].\" Over 120 executive positions in the newly relocated headquarters[74] in Westchester, IL were eliminated.[75]Products manufactured in the Andrew Corporation era are still in production today through their predecessor, CommScope.[76] CommScope's Andrew product line includes Heliax Cables,[77] Base Stations, and Antenna Systems.","title":"CommScope Merger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victor J. Andrew High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_J._Andrew_High_School"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-54"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-43"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-19"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Keith Pekau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//keithpekau.com/"}],"text":"Andrew Corporation has had an immense impact on the community from which it operated from.Founder Victor J. Andrew and his wife, Aileen S. Andrew, consistently fostered a sense of urgency in education and personal ambition. Built in 1977, Victor J. Andrew High School serves over 2,000 students annually, sporting a flash symbolic of the generosity of the Andrew Corporation.The Aileen S. Andrew Foundation (ASAF) provides scholarships[78] and grants to foster individual growth and enhance communities through education, humanitarian efforts, and the arts.[79][80][81] ASAF operates today through the work of Victor J. Andrew's children and grandchildren.[82][53][54]The Aileen S. Andrew Memorial Library was built in November 1976. With funds from the Andrew Foundation,[43] the library opened with 14,500 volumes, growing to hold 85,000 volumes as of 1991.[19] The library is set to be demolished in January 2024 due to rising repair costs,[83] as per Mayor Keith Pekau.","title":"Andrew Corporation's Legacy"}] | [{"image_text":"Satellite dish made by Andrew Corporation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Satellite_dish_1_C-Band.jpg/220px-Satellite_dish_1_C-Band.jpg"},{"image_text":"VSAT satellite dish made by Andrew Corporation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ghana_satellite.jpg/220px-Ghana_satellite.jpg"},{"image_text":"Andrew Microwave Antennas on BNSF Communications Tower (Lafayette, Iowa)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/BNSF_Communications_Tower_with_Andrew_Corporation-CommScope_Terrestrial_Point-to-Point_Microwave_Antennas_-_Lafayette%2C_Iowa_%2824700229995%29.jpg/220px-BNSF_Communications_Tower_with_Andrew_Corporation-CommScope_Terrestrial_Point-to-Point_Microwave_Antennas_-_Lafayette%2C_Iowa_%2824700229995%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Andrew Corporation\". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2023-07-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/2548.html","url_text":"\"Andrew Corporation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facility Details for Andrew Corporation\". webapps.sfm.illinois.gov. Retrieved 2023-07-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://webapps.sfm.illinois.gov/ustsearch/Facility.aspx?ID=2007281","url_text":"\"Facility Details for Andrew Corporation\""}]},{"reference":"\"CommScope to Acquire Andrew for $2.6 Billion\". www.commscope.com. Retrieved 2017-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.commscope.com/NewsCenter/PressReleases/CommScope-to-Acquire-Andrew-for-$2-6-Billion/","url_text":"\"CommScope to Acquire Andrew for $2.6 Billion\""}]},{"reference":"Eddings, Rory (2007). \"Novel Approaches for Tracking on Earth Station Antennas in Ka-Band\". 25th AIAA International Communications Satellite Systems Conference (Organized by APSCC). doi:10.2514/6.2007-3100. ISBN 978-1-62410-007-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2514%2F6.2007-3100","url_text":"10.2514/6.2007-3100"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62410-007-9","url_text":"978-1-62410-007-9"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, E. H. (August 1962). \"FOAM HELIAX — A new foam coaxial cable\". IRE Transactions on Vehicular Communications. 11 (1): 1–3. doi:10.1109/TVC.1962.6499359. S2CID 51634953.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTVC.1962.6499359","url_text":"10.1109/TVC.1962.6499359"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51634953","url_text":"51634953"}]},{"reference":"Van, Jon (11 April 2003). \"Westell boosts its modem capacity ; Andrew Corp. adds to healthy telecom signals\". Chicago Tribune. p. 3.2. ProQuest 419880702.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/419880702","url_text":"419880702"}]},{"reference":"\"Profiling Chicago's Top 100 companies\". Chicago Tribune. 16 May 1993. p. S20. ProQuest 1824019450.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1824019450","url_text":"1824019450"}]},{"reference":"\"ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT of 1934\". www.sec.gov. Retrieved 2023-07-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/317093/000110465903029061/a03-6365_110k.htm","url_text":"\"ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT of 1934\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andrew Catalog 26\" (PDF). World Radio History. 1969. Retrieved July 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Catalogs/Miscellaneous-Manufacturers/Andrew-Catalog-26-1969.pdf","url_text":"\"Andrew Catalog 26\""}]},{"reference":"\"ANDREW SCICOMM INC. - GARLAND, TX - $108,525 in Defense Contracts in 2000\". www.governmentcontractswon.com. 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Retrieved 2023-07-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nwitimes.com/cultural-center-demolition-to-add-park-space-in-orland/article_72257774-e9ad-11ed-8b13-8bf5c693d07c.html","url_text":"\"Cultural center demolition to add park space in Orland\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080725193345/http://www.commscope.com/andrew/eng/index.html","external_links_name":"web.archive.org/web/20080725193345/http://www.commscope.com/andrew/eng/index.html"},{"Link":"https://keithpekau.com/","external_links_name":"Keith Pekau"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/2548.html","external_links_name":"\"Andrew Corporation\""},{"Link":"https://webapps.sfm.illinois.gov/ustsearch/Facility.aspx?ID=2007281","external_links_name":"\"Facility Details for Andrew Corporation\""},{"Link":"http://www.commscope.com/NewsCenter/PressReleases/CommScope-to-Acquire-Andrew-for-$2-6-Billion/","external_links_name":"\"CommScope to Acquire Andrew for $2.6 Billion\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2514%2F6.2007-3100","external_links_name":"10.2514/6.2007-3100"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTVC.1962.6499359","external_links_name":"10.1109/TVC.1962.6499359"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51634953","external_links_name":"51634953"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/419880702","external_links_name":"419880702"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1824019450","external_links_name":"1824019450"},{"Link":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/317093/000110465903029061/a03-6365_110k.htm","external_links_name":"\"ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT of 1934\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Catalogs/Miscellaneous-Manufacturers/Andrew-Catalog-26-1969.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Andrew Catalog 26\""},{"Link":"https://www.governmentcontractswon.com/department/defense/andrew_scicomm_inc_859354029.asp?yr=00%27","external_links_name":"\"ANDREW SCICOMM INC. - GARLAND, TX - $108,525 in Defense Contracts in 2000\""},{"Link":"http://www.wral.com/news/local/story/1055991/","external_links_name":"\"Andrew Corp. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935%E2%80%9336_Northern_Rugby_Football_League_season | 1935–36 Northern Rugby Football League season | ["1 Season summary","2 Championship","3 Championship play-offs","4 Challenge Cup","5 European Championship","6 References","7 Sources"] | Rugby league season
1935–36 Northern Rugby Football League seasonLeagueChampionshipDuration38 RoundsTeams30Champions Hull (3rd title)League Leaders HullRunners-up WidnesTop point-scorer(s) Jim Sullivan ( Wigan) (246)Top try-scorer(s) Eric Harris ( Leeds) (63)Joined League Acton and Willesden Streatham and Mitcham← 1934–351936–37 →
The 1935–36 Rugby Football League season was the 41st season of rugby league football. Thirty teams competed in a single league Championship. The Challenge Cup was contested for the 36th time and the second European Championship took place.
Season summary
Hull F.C. won their third Championship when they defeated Widnes 21–2 in the play-off final. Hull F.C. had also finished the regular season as league leaders.
The Challenge Cup Winners were Leeds who beat Warrington 18–2 in the final.
Two new London clubs join the competition: Acton and Willesden and Streatham and Mitcham.
Liverpool Stanley won the Lancashire League, and Hull F.C. won the Yorkshire League. Salford beat Wigan 15–7 to win the Lancashire County Cup, and Leeds beat York 3–0 to win the Yorkshire County Cup.
Championship
Team
Pld
W
D
L
Pts
1
Hull
38
30
1
7
61
2
Liverpool Stanley
38
27
2
9
56
3
Widnes
38
25
4
9
54
4
Wigan
38
25
1
12
51
5
Salford
38
25
0
13
50
6
Broughton Rangers
38
23
3
12
49
7
York
38
22
4
12
48
8
Leeds
38
23
2
13
48
9
Huddersfield
38
23
0
15
46
10
Barrow
38
21
3
14
45
11
Warrington
38
21
3
14
45
12
Castleford
38
22
0
16
44
13
Halifax
38
20
3
15
43
14
Swinton
38
19
3
16
41
15
Oldham
38
20
1
17
41
16
Hunslet
38
20
1
17
41
17
Batley
38
19
2
17
40
18
Keighley
38
18
2
18
38
19
Bradford Northern
38
16
2
20
34
20
Rochdale Hornets
38
17
0
21
34
21
Acton & Willesden
38
13
4
21
30
22
Wakefield Trinity
38
13
2
23
28
23
St. Helens
38
13
1
24
27
24
Streatham & Mitcham
38
12
2
24
26
25
Bramley
38
12
2
24
26
26
St Helens Recs
38
11
1
26
23
27
Leigh
38
10
2
26
22
28
Hull Kingston Rovers
38
9
3
26
21
29
Dewsbury
38
6
2
30
14
30
Featherstone Rovers
38
5
4
29
14
Championship play-offs
Semi-finals
Championship final
1
Hull
13
4
Wigan
2
Hull
21
Widnes
2
2
Liverpool Stanley
9
3
Widnes
10
Challenge Cup
Main article: 1935–36 Challenge Cup
Leeds beat Warrington 18–2 in the Challenge Cup Final played at Wembley Stadium on Saturday 18 April 1936 before a crowd of 51,250.
Evan Williams' three goals gave Leeds the victory.
This was Leeds’ fourth Challenge Cup Final win in as many Final appearances.
European Championship
Main article: 1935–36 European Rugby League Championship
The tri-nation tournament was played between November 1935 and February 1936 as single round robin games between England, France and Wales. This was the second Rugby League European Championship, won by Wales.
Match details
Date
Venue
Home team
Score
Away team
23 Nov 1935
Llanelli
Wales
41 - 7
France
1 Feb 1936
Hull KR
England
14 - 17
Wales
16 Feb 1936
Paris
France
7 - 25
England
References
^ "1935-36 Season summary". Retrieved 2009-08-08.
^ "On this Day". therhinos.co.uk. Leeds Rhinos. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
^ "RFL All Time Records". Archived from the original on 2009-04-03. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
^ Raymond Fletcher; David Howes (1995). Rothmans Rugby League Yearbook 1995–1996. London: Headline Book Publishing. p. 424. ISBN 0-7472-7817-2.
Sources
1935–36 Rugby Football League season at wigan.rlfans.com
The Challenge Cup at The Rugby Football League website
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Challenge Cup records
Women's Challenge Cup
Wheelchair Challenge Cup | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rugby Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Football_League"},{"link_name":"rugby league football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"}],"text":"Rugby league seasonThe 1935–36 Rugby Football League season was the 41st season of rugby league football. Thirty teams competed in a single league Championship. The Challenge Cup was contested for the 36th time and the second European Championship took place.","title":"1935–36 Northern Rugby Football League season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hull F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_F.C."},{"link_name":"Widnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widnes_Vikings"},{"link_name":"Hull F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_F.C."},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos"},{"link_name":"Warrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrington_Wolves"},{"link_name":"Acton and Willesden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton_and_Willesden_R.L.F.C."},{"link_name":"Streatham and Mitcham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streatham_and_Mitcham_R.L.F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Stanley"},{"link_name":"Lancashire League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_county_leagues"},{"link_name":"Hull F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_F.C."},{"link_name":"Yorkshire League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_county_leagues"},{"link_name":"Salford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford_Red_Devils"},{"link_name":"Wigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFL_Lancashire_Cup"},{"link_name":"County Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_county_cups"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_F.C."},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFL_Yorkshire_Cup"},{"link_name":"County Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_county_cups"}],"text":"Hull F.C. won their third Championship when they defeated Widnes 21–2 in the play-off final. Hull F.C. had also finished the regular season as league leaders.The Challenge Cup Winners were Leeds who beat Warrington 18–2 in the final.Two new London clubs join the competition: Acton and Willesden and Streatham and Mitcham.[1]Liverpool Stanley won the Lancashire League, and Hull F.C. won the Yorkshire League. Salford beat Wigan 15–7 to win the Lancashire County Cup, and Leeds beat York 3–0 to win the Yorkshire County Cup.","title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Championship"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Championship play-offs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos"},{"link_name":"Warrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrington_Wolves"},{"link_name":"Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"Evan Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Williams_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Leeds beat Warrington 18–2 in the Challenge Cup Final played at Wembley Stadium on Saturday 18 April 1936 before a crowd of 51,250.Evan Williams' three goals gave Leeds the victory.[2]This was Leeds’ fourth Challenge Cup Final win in as many Final appearances.[3]","title":"Challenge Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The tri-nation tournament was played between November 1935 and February 1936 as single round robin games between England, France and Wales. This was the second Rugby League European Championship, won by Wales.[4]\n\nMatch details","title":"European Championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1935–36 Rugby Football League season at wigan.rlfans.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//wigan.rlfans.com/fusion_pages/index.php?page_id=355"},{"link_name":"The Challenge Cup at The Rugby Football League website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090403144113/http://www.therfl.co.uk/challengecup/page.php?areaid=65"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Rugby_Football_League_seasons"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Rugby_Football_League_seasons"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rugby_Football_League_seasons"},{"link_name":"Rugby Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Rugby Football 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of finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Challenge_Cup_finals"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Lance Todd Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Todd_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Abide with Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abide_with_Me"},{"link_name":"Rugby Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Challenge Cup records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_Cup_records"},{"link_name":"Women's Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"Wheelchair Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelchair_Challenge_Cup"}],"text":"1935–36 Rugby Football League season at wigan.rlfans.com\nThe Challenge Cup at The Rugby Football League websitevteRugby Football League seasonsRugby Football League era(1895–1996)\n\n\n\n\n1895–96\n\n1896–97\n\n1897–98\n\n1898–99\n\n1899–1900\n\n\n1900–01\n\n1901–02\n\n1902–03\n\n1903–04\n\n1904–05\n\n1905–06\n\n1906–07\n\n1907–08\n\n1908–09\n\n1909–10\n\n\n1910–11\n\n1911–12\n\n1912–13\n\n1913–14\n\n1914–15\n\n1915–16\n\n1916–17\n\n1917–18\n\n1918–19\n\n1919–20\n\n\n1920–21\n\n1921–22\n\n1922–23\n\n1923–24\n\n1924–25\n\n1925–26\n\n1926–27\n\n1927–28\n\n1928–29\n\n1929–30\n\n\n1930–31\n\n1931–32\n\n1932–33\n\n1933–34\n\n1934–35\n\n1935–36\n\n1936–37\n\n1937–38\n\n1938–39\n\n1939–40\n\n\n1940–41\n\n1941–42\n\n1942–43\n\n1943–44\n\n1944–45\n\n1945–46\n\n1946–47\n\n1947–48\n\n1948–49\n\n1949–50\n\n\n1950–51\n\n1951–52\n\n1952–53\n\n1953–54\n\n1954–55\n\n1955–56\n\n1956–57\n\n1957–58\n\n1958–59\n\n1959–60\n\n\n1960–61\n\n1961–62\n\n1962–63\n\n1963–64\n\n1964–65\n\n1965–66\n\n1966–67\n\n1967–68\n\n1968–69\n\n1969–70\n\n\n1970–71\n\n1971–72\n\n1972–73\n\n1973–74\n\n1974–75\n\n1975–76\n\n1976–77\n\n1977–78\n\n1978–79\n\n1979–80\n\n\n1980–81\n\n1981–82\n\n1982–83\n\n1983–84\n\n1984–85\n\n1985–86\n\n1986–87\n\n1987–88\n\n1988–89\n\n1989–90\n\n\n1990–91\n\n1991–92\n\n1992–93\n\n1993–94\n\n1994–95\n\n1995–96\n\n\n\nSuper League era(1996–present)\n\n\n\n\n1996\n\n1997\n\n1998\n\n1999\n\n2000\n\n\n2001\n\n2002\n\n2003\n\n2004\n\n2005\n\n2006\n\n2007\n\n2008\n\n2009\n\n2010\n\n\n2011\n\n2012\n\n2013\n\n2014\n\n2015\n\n2016\n\n2017\n\n2018\n\n2019\n\n2020\n\n\n2021\n\n2022\n\n2023\n\n2024vteHull Football ClubEstablished 1865 in Kingston upon Hull, EnglandThe Club\nHistory\nRecords\nHonours\nPlayers\nCoaches\nHome grounds\nThe Boulevard\nMKM Stadium\nLeague\nSuper League\nChampionships (6)\n1919–20\n1920–21\n1935–36\n1955–56\n1957–58\n1982–83\nChallenge Cup (4)\n1913–14\n1981–82\n2005\n2016\nSeasons (x)\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\nCulture\nNRFU Founder\nHull Derby\nAffiliation\nRugby Football League (1895)vteChallenge CupYears\n1890– · 1891–92 · 1892–93 · 1893–94 · 1894–95 · 1895–96\n1896–97\n1897–98\n1898–99\n1899–1900\n1900–01\n1901–02\n1902–03\n1903–04\n1904–05\n1905–06\n1906–07\n1907–08\n1908–09\n1909–10\n1910–11\n1911–12\n1912–13\n1913–14\n1914–15\n1915–16\n1916–17\n1917–18\n1918–19\n1919–20\n1920–21\n1921–22\n1922–23\n1923–24\n1924–25\n1925–26\n1926–27\n1927–28\n1928–29\n1929–30\n1930–31\n1931–32\n1932–33\n1933–34\n1934–35\n1935–36\n1936–37\n1937–38\n1938–39\n1939–40\n1940–41\n1941–42\n1942–43\n1943–44\n1944–45\n1945–46\n1946–47\n1947–48\n1948–49\n1949–50\n1950–51\n1951–52\n1952–53\n1953–54\n1954–55\n1955–56\n1956–57\n1957–58\n1958–59\n1959–60\n1960–61\n1961–62\n1962–63\n1963–64\n1964–65\n1965–66\n1966–67\n1967–68\n1968–69\n1969–70\n1970–71\n1971–72\n1972–73\n1973–74\n1974–75\n1975–76\n1976–77\n1977–78\n1978–79\n1979–80\n1980–81\n1981–82\n1982–83\n1983–84\n1984–85\n1985–86\n1986–87\n1987–88\n1988–89\n1989–90\n1990–91\n1991–92\n1992–93\n1993–94\n1994–95\n1996–97\n1997–98\n1998–99\n1999–00\n2000–01\n2001–02\n2002–03\n2003–04\n2004–05\n2005–06\n2006–07\n2007–08\n2008–09\n2009–10\n2010–11\n2011–12\n2012–13\n2013–14\n2014–15\n2015–16\n2016–17\n2017–18\n2018–19\n2019–20\n2020–21\n2021–22\n2022–23\n2023–24\n2024–25\n2025–26 · 2026–27 · 2027–28 · 2028–29 · 2029–30 · 2030–31 \nRelated articles\nList of finals\nWembley Stadium\nLance Todd Trophy\nAbide with Me\nRugby Football League\nChallenge Cup records\nWomen's Challenge Cup\nWheelchair Challenge Cup","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"1935-36 Season summary\". Retrieved 2009-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://wigan.rlfans.com/fusion_pages/index.php?page_id=355","url_text":"\"1935-36 Season summary\""}]},{"reference":"\"On this Day\". therhinos.co.uk. Leeds Rhinos. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202114559/http://www.therhinos.co.uk/news/2931.php#.Ut2cjtKBrWQ","url_text":"\"On this Day\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos","url_text":"Leeds Rhinos"},{"url":"http://www.therhinos.co.uk/news/2931.php#.Ut2cjtKBrWQ","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"RFL All Time Records\". Archived from the original on 2009-04-03. Retrieved 2009-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090403144104/http://www.therfl.co.uk/challengecup/page.php?areaid=64","url_text":"\"RFL All Time Records\""},{"url":"http://www.therfl.co.uk/challengecup/page.php?areaid=64","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Raymond Fletcher; David Howes (1995). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyongae_Chang | Kyongae Chang | ["1 References","2 External links"] | South Korean astrophysicist
Kyongae Chang (Korean: 장경애, born September 5, 1946) is a South Korean astrophysicist. She is best known for her work on gravitational lensing, including the Chang-Refsdal lens.
Chang was born in Seoul. She worked as a research associate on astrometric binaries with Professors van de Kamp and Heintz at Sproul Observatory from 1969 till 1971. From 1975 until 1980 she worked on a Dr. rer. nat. at Hamburg University, graduating with her work on the Chang-Refsdal lens. The main result was published in Nature in 1979 immediately after the discovery of the first gravitational lens.
She returned to Korea in 1985 and became a professor at Cheongju University.
References
^ a b Schramm, Jochen (2010). Sterne über Hamburg (in German). Hamburg: Kultur- und Geschichtskontor. ISBN 978-3-9811271-8-8.
^ Chang, K.; Refsdal, S. (December 6, 1979). "Flux variations of QSO 0957+561 A, B and image splitting by stars near the light path". Nature. 282 (5739): 561–564. Bibcode:1979Natur.282..561C. doi:10.1038/282561a0. S2CID 4325497.
External links
Partial list of publications at ScientificCommons
Kyongae Chang at the IAU
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Korea
This article about a South Korean scientist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"astrophysicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysicist"},{"link_name":"gravitational lensing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_lensing"},{"link_name":"Chang-Refsdal lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang-Refsdal_lens"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"astrometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrometry"},{"link_name":"binaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_star"},{"link_name":"van de Kamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_van_de_Kamp"},{"link_name":"Heintz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulff_Dieter_Heintz"},{"link_name":"Sproul Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sproul_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Dr. rer. nat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._rer._nat."},{"link_name":"Hamburg University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sterne-1"},{"link_name":"Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sterne-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cheongju University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheongju_University"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Kyongae Chang (Korean: 장경애, born September 5, 1946) is a South Korean astrophysicist. She is best known for her work on gravitational lensing, including the Chang-Refsdal lens.Chang was born in Seoul. She worked as a research associate on astrometric binaries with Professors van de Kamp and Heintz at Sproul Observatory from 1969 till 1971. From 1975 until 1980 she worked on a Dr. rer. nat. at Hamburg University, graduating with her work on the Chang-Refsdal lens.[1] The main result was published in Nature in 1979 immediately after the discovery of the first gravitational lens.[1][2]She returned to Korea in 1985 and became a professor at Cheongju University.[citation needed]","title":"Kyongae Chang"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Schramm, Jochen (2010). Sterne über Hamburg (in German). Hamburg: Kultur- und Geschichtskontor. ISBN 978-3-9811271-8-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9811271-8-8","url_text":"978-3-9811271-8-8"}]},{"reference":"Chang, K.; Refsdal, S. (December 6, 1979). \"Flux variations of QSO 0957+561 A, B and image splitting by stars near the light path\". Nature. 282 (5739): 561–564. Bibcode:1979Natur.282..561C. doi:10.1038/282561a0. S2CID 4325497.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)","url_text":"Nature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Natur.282..561C","url_text":"1979Natur.282..561C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F282561a0","url_text":"10.1038/282561a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4325497","url_text":"4325497"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Natur.282..561C","external_links_name":"1979Natur.282..561C"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F282561a0","external_links_name":"10.1038/282561a0"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4325497","external_links_name":"4325497"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120227124323/http://en.scientificcommons.org/kyongae_chang","external_links_name":"Partial list of publications"},{"Link":"http://www.iau.org/administration/membership/individual/6697/","external_links_name":"Kyongae Chang"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000467604108","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/22728278","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201302002","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyongae_Chang&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Dworkin | Ronald Dworkin | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Jurisprudence and philosophy","3.1 Law as rule and principle","3.2 The right answer thesis","3.3 Discussion of the right answer thesis","3.4 Moral reading of the Constitution","3.5 Theory of equality","3.6 Positive and negative liberty","4 Personal life and death","5 Awards","6 Published works","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"] | American legal philosopher (1931–2013)
This article is about the legal philosopher. For the author, see Ronald W. Dworkin.
Ronald DworkinDworkin in 2008BornRonald Myles Dworkin(1931-12-11)December 11, 1931Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.DiedFebruary 14, 2013(2013-02-14) (aged 81)London, EnglandEducationHarvard University (AB, JD)Magdalen College, Oxford (BA)AwardsHenry J. Friendly Medal (2005)Holberg International Memorial Prize (2007)Balzan Prize (2012)EraContemporary philosophyRegionWestern philosophySchoolAnalyticLegal interpretivismInstitutionsYale UniversityUniversity of OxfordUniversity College LondonNew York UniversityDoctoral studentsJeremy WaldronMain interestsJurisprudencepolitical philosophyNotable ideasLaw as integrityfit and justification in lawright answer thesislegal interpretivismrights as trumps
Ronald Myles Dworkin FBA QC (/ˈdwɔːrkɪn/; December 11, 1931 – February 14, 2013) was an American legal philosopher, jurist, and scholar of United States constitutional law. At the time of his death, he was Frank Henry Sommer Professor of Law and Philosophy at New York University and Professor of Jurisprudence at University College London. Dworkin had taught previously at Yale Law School and the University of Oxford, where he was the Professor of Jurisprudence, successor to philosopher H. L. A. Hart.
An influential contributor to both philosophy of law and political philosophy, Dworkin received the 2007 Holberg International Memorial Prize in the Humanities for "his pioneering scholarly work" of "worldwide impact". According to a survey in The Journal of Legal Studies, Dworkin was the second most-cited American legal scholar of the twentieth century. After his death, Harvard legal scholar Cass Sunstein said Dworkin was "one of the most important legal philosophers of the last 100 years. He may well head the list."
His theory of law as integrity as presented in his book Law's Empire, in which judges interpret the law in terms of consistent moral principles, especially justice and fairness, is among the most influential contemporary theories about the nature of law. Dworkin advocated a "moral reading" of the United States Constitution, and an interpretivist approach to law and morality. He was a frequent commentator on contemporary political and legal issues, particularly those concerning the Supreme Court of the United States, often in the pages of The New York Review of Books.
Early life and education
Ronald Dworkin was born in 1931 in Providence, Rhode Island, the son of Madeline (Talamo) and David Dworkin. His family was Jewish. He graduated from Harvard University in 1953 with an A.B., summa cum laude, where he majored in philosophy and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa in his junior year. He then attended Magdalen College, Oxford, where he was a Rhodes Scholar and a student of Sir Rupert Cross and J. H. C. Morris. Upon completion of his final exams at Oxford, the examiners were so impressed with his script that the Professor of Jurisprudence (then H. L. A. Hart) was summoned to read it. He was awarded a B.A. with a Congratulatory first. Dworkin then attended Harvard Law School, graduating in 1957 with a Juris Doctor, magna cum laude.
Dworkin then clerked for Judge Learned Hand of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Judge Hand would later call Dworkin "the law clerk to beat all law clerks", and Dworkin would recall Judge Hand as an enormously influential mentor.
Career
After clerking for Judge Learned Hand, Dworkin was offered the opportunity to clerk for Justice Felix Frankfurter. He turned down the offer and joined Sullivan & Cromwell, a New York City law firm. After working at the firm, Dworkin became a professor of law at Yale Law School, becoming the holder of the Wesley N. Hohfeld Chair of Jurisprudence.
In 1969, Dworkin was appointed to the Chair of Jurisprudence at Oxford, a position in which he succeeded H. L. A. Hart (who remembered Dworkin's Oxford examination and promoted his candidacy) and was elected Fellow of University College, Oxford. After retiring from Oxford, Dworkin became the Quain Professor of Jurisprudence at University College London, where he later became the Bentham Professor of Jurisprudence. He was Frank Henry Sommer Professor of Law at New York University School of Law and professor of philosophy at New York University (NYU), where he taught from the late 1970s. He co-taught a colloquium in legal, political, and social philosophy with Thomas Nagel. Dworkin had regularly contributed, for several decades, to The New York Review of Books. He delivered the Oliver Wendell Holmes Lecture at Harvard, the Storrs Lectures at Yale, the Tanner Lectures on Human Values at Stanford, and the Scribner Lectures at Princeton. In June 2011, he joined the professoriate of New College of the Humanities, a private college in London.
Jurisprudence and philosophy
Law as rule and principle
Dworkin's criticism of H. L. A. Hart's legal positivism has been summarized by the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:
Dworkin, as positivism's most significant critic, rejects the positivist theory on every conceivable level. Dworkin denies that there can be any general theory of the existence and content of law; he denies that local theories of particular legal systems can identify law without recourse to its moral merits, and he rejects the whole institutional focus of positivism. A theory of law is for Dworkin a theory of how cases ought to be decided and it begins, not with an account of the political organization of a legal system, but with an abstract ideal regulating the conditions under which governments may use coercive force over their subjects.
Dworkin in 2008
Dworkin's opinion of Hart's legal positivism was expressed in its fullest form in the book Law's Empire. Dworkin's theory is "interpretive": the law is whatever follows from a constructive interpretation of the institutional history of the legal system.
Dworkin argues that moral principles that people hold dear are often wrong, even to the extent that certain crimes are acceptable if one's principles are skewed enough. To discover and apply these principles, courts interpret the legal data (legislation, cases, etc.) with a view to articulating an interpretation that best explains and justifies past legal practice. All interpretation must follow, Dworkin argues, from the notion of "law as integrity" to make sense.
Out of the idea that law is "interpretive" in this way, Dworkin argues that in every situation where people's legal rights are controversial, the best interpretation involves the right answer thesis, the thesis that there exists a right answer as a matter of law that the judge must discover. Dworkin opposes the notion that judges have discretion in such difficult cases.
Dworkin's model of legal principles is also connected with Hart's notion of the Rule of Recognition. Dworkin rejects Hart's conception of a master rule in every legal system that identifies valid laws, on the basis that this would entail that the process of identifying law must be uncontroversial, whereas (Dworkin argues) people have legal rights even in cases where the correct legal outcome is open to reasonable dispute.
Dworkin moves away from positivism's separation of law and morality, since constructive interpretation implicates moral judgments in every decision about what the law is.
Despite their intellectual disagreements, Hart and Dworkin "remained on good terms."
The right answer thesis
In Dworkin's own words, his "right answer thesis" may be interpreted through the following hypothetical:
Suppose the legislature has passed a statute stipulating that "sacrilegious contracts shall henceforth be invalid." The community is divided as to whether a contract signed on Sunday is, for that reason alone, sacrilegious. It is known that very few of the legislators had that question in mind when they voted, and that they are now equally divided on the question of whether it should be so interpreted. Tom and Tim have signed a contract on Sunday, and Tom now sues Tim to enforce the terms of the contract, whose validity Tim contests. Shall we say that the judge must look for the right answer to the question of whether Tom's contract is valid, even though the community is deeply divided about what the right answer is? Or is it more realistic to say that there simply is no right answer to the question?
One of Dworkin's most interesting and controversial theses states that the law as properly interpreted will give an answer. This is not to say that everyone will have the same answer (a consensus of what is "right"), or if it did, the answer would not be justified exactly in the same way for every person; rather it means that there will be a necessary answer for each individual if he applies himself correctly to the legal question. For the correct method is that encapsulated by the metaphor of Judge Hercules, an ideal judge, immensely wise and with full knowledge of legal sources. Hercules (the name comes from a classical mythological hero) would also have plenty of time to decide. Acting on the premise that the law is a seamless web, Hercules is required to construct the theory that best fits and justifies the law as a whole (law as integrity) in order to decide any particular case. Hercules is the perfect judge, but that doesn't mean he always reaches the right answer.
Dworkin does not deny that competent lawyers often disagree on what is the solution to a given case. On the contrary, he claims that they are disagreeing about the right answer to the case, the answer Hercules would give.
Dworkin's critics argue not only that law proper (that is, the legal sources in a positivist sense) is full of gaps and inconsistencies, but also that other legal standards (including principles) may be insufficient to solve a hard case. Some of them are incommensurable. In any of these situations, even Hercules would be in a dilemma and none of the possible answers would be the right one.
Discussion of the right answer thesis
Dworkin's metaphor of judge Hercules bears some resemblance to Rawls' veil of ignorance and Habermas' ideal speech situation, in that they all suggest idealized methods of arriving at somehow valid normative propositions. The key difference with respect to the former is that Rawls' veil of ignorance translates almost seamlessly from the purely ideal to the practical. In relation to politics in a democratic society, for example, it is a way of saying that those in power should treat the political opposition consistently with how they would like to be treated when in opposition, because their present position offers no guarantee as to what their position will be in the political landscape of the future (i.e. they will inevitably form the opposition at some point). Dworkin's Judge Hercules, on the other hand, is a purely idealized construct, that is, if such a figure existed, he would arrive at a right answer in every moral dilemma. For a critique along these lines see Lorenzo Zucca's Constitutional Dilemmas.
Dworkin's right answer thesis turns on the success of his attack on the skeptical argument that right answers in legal-moral dilemmas cannot be determined. Dworkin's anti-skeptical argument is essentially that the properties of the skeptic's claim are analogous to those of substantive moral claims, that is, in asserting that the truth or falsity of "legal-moral" dilemmas cannot be determined, the skeptic makes not a metaphysical claim about the way things are, but a moral claim to the effect that it is, in the face of epistemic uncertainty, unjust to determine legal-moral issues to the detriment of any given individual.
Moral reading of the Constitution
In her book on Hans Kelsen, Sandrine Baume identified Ronald Dworkin as a leading defender of the "compatibility of judicial review with the very principles of democracy." Baume identified John Hart Ely alongside Dworkin as the foremost defenders of this principle in recent years, while the opposition to this principle of "compatibility" was identified as Bruce Ackerman and Jeremy Waldron. Dworkin has been a long-time advocate of the principle of the moral reading of the Constitution whose lines of support he sees as strongly associated with enhanced versions of judicial review in the federal government.
Theory of equality
Dworkin has also made important contributions to what is sometimes called the equality of what debate. In a pair of articles and his book Sovereign Virtue, he advocates a theory he calls "equality of resources". This theory combines two key ideas. Broadly speaking, the first is that human beings are responsible for the life choices they make. The second is that natural endowments of intelligence and talent are morally arbitrary and ought not to affect the distribution of resources in society. Like the rest of Dworkin's work, his theory of equality is underpinned by the core principle that every person is entitled to equal concern and respect in the design of the structure of society. Dworkin's theory of equality is said to be one variety of so-called luck egalitarianism, but he rejects this statement.
Positive and negative liberty
In the essay "Do Values Conflict? A Hedgehog's Approach," Dworkin contends that the values of liberty and equality do not necessarily conflict. He criticizes Isaiah Berlin's conception of liberty as "flat" and proposes a new, "dynamic" conception of liberty, suggesting that one cannot say that one's liberty is infringed when one is prevented from committing murder. Thus, liberty cannot be said to have been infringed when no wrong has been done. Put in this way, liberty is only liberty to do whatever we wish so long as we do not infringe upon the rights of others.
Personal life and death
While working for Judge Learned Hand, Dworkin met his future wife, Betsy Ross, with whom he would have twins Anthony and Jennifer. Betsy was the daughter of a successful New York businessman. They were married from 1958 until Betsy died of cancer in 2000. Dworkin later married Irene Brendel, the former wife of pianist Alfred Brendel.
Dworkin died of leukemia in London on February 14, 2013, at the age of 81, survived by his second wife, two children, and two grandchildren.
Awards
In 2005, Dworkin was jointly awarded the American Law Institute's Henry J. Friendly Medal with Judge Richard Posner. In September 2007, Dworkin was awarded the Holberg International Memorial Prize. The award citation of the Holberg Prize Academic Committee recognized that Dworkin has "elaborated a liberal egalitarian theory" and stressed Dworkin's effort to develop "an original and highly influential legal theory grounding law in morality, characterized by a unique ability to tie together abstract philosophical ideas and arguments with concrete everyday concerns in law, morals, and politics".
The New York University Annual Survey of American Law honored Dworkin with its 2006 dedication.
In 2006, the Legal Research Institute of the National Autonomous University of Mexico honored Dworkin with the Héctor Fix-Zamudio International Award.
In June 2000, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Pennsylvania. In June 2009, he was awarded an honorary doctorate of law by Harvard University. In August 2011, the University of Buenos Aires awarded Dworkin an honorary doctorate. The resolution noted that he "has tirelessly defended the rule of law, democracy and human rights." These were among a number of honorary doctorates conferred upon him.
On November 14, 2012, Dworkin received the Balzan Prize for Jurisprudence in Quirinale Palace, Rome, from the President of the Italian Republic. The Balzan Prize was awarded "for his fundamental contributions to Jurisprudence, characterized by outstanding originality and clarity of thought in a continuing and fruitful interaction with ethical and political theories and with legal practices".
He was an honorary Queen's Counsel (QC).
Dworkin was elected a fellow of the British Academy, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society.
Published works
Author
Taking Rights Seriously. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1977.
A Matter of Principle. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1985.
Law's Empire. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1986.
"Philosophical issues concerning the rights of patients suffering serious permanent dementia", prepared for the Office of Technology Assessment, Congress of the United States (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1987)
A Bill of Rights for Britain. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1990.
Life's Dominion: An Argument About Abortion, Euthanasia, and Individual Freedom. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993.
Freedom's Law: The Moral Reading of the American Constitution. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1996.
Sovereign Virtue: The Theory and Practice of Equality. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2000.
Justice in Robes. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2006.
Is Democracy Possible Here? Principles for a New Political Debate. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2006..
Justice for Hedgehogs. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2011.
Religion Without God. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2013.
Editor
The Philosophy of Law (Oxford Readings in Philosophy). New York: Oxford University Press, 1977.
A Badly Flawed Election: Debating Bush v. Gore, the Supreme Court, and American Democracy. New York: New Press, 2002.
From Liberal Values to Democratic Transition: Essays in Honor of Janos Kis. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2004.
For a more complete listing of publications, including journal articles, see Burley (2004).
See also
Contributions to liberal theory
Legal indeterminacy
Hart–Dworkin debate
Judicial activism
Legal formalism
List of American philosophers
New York University Department of Philosophy
Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford
References
^ Ofer Raban, "Dworkin's 'Best Light' Requirement and the Proper Methodology of Legal Theory", Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 23(2) (Summer, 2003), pp. 243–264.
^ Dworkin, R., "Rights as Trumps," in: Waldron, J. (ed.), 1984, Theories of Rights, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 153–67.
^ Khouryyesterday, Jack (February 15, 2013). "Ronald Dworkin dies at 81 – Haaretz – Israel News". Haaretz.com. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
^ "Ronald Dworkin". New York Review of Books. Nybooks.com. Accessed September 29, 2009.
^ Shapiro, Fred R. (2000). "The Most-Cited Legal Scholars". Journal of Legal Studies. 29 (1): 409–426. doi:10.1086/468080. S2CID 143676627.
^ "The Most Important Legal Philosopher of Our Time". Bloomberg. February 15, 2013. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
^ Freedom's Law: The Moral Reading of the American Constitution. Ronald Dworkin. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1996. via Google Books.
^ a b c d e f Hodgson, Godfrey (February 14, 2013). "Ronald Dworkin obituary". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
^ a b c d e Liptak, Adam (February 14, 2013). "Ronald Dworkin, Scholar of the Law, Is Dead at 81". The New York Times.
^ Dworkin, Ronald (1996), Freedom's Law: The Moral Reading of the American Constitution, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-826470-5.
^ Guest, Stephen; Jeffrey, Jowell (2017). "Dworkin, Ronald Myles (1931–2013), legal and political philosopher". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/106162. Retrieved February 4, 2024. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "In Memoriam: Ronald Dworkin | NYU School of Law". www.law.nyu.edu. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
^ "The professoriate | New College of the Humanities". Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
^ "Legal Positivism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)". Plato.stanford.edu. January 3, 2003. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
^ Dworkin, 1985, p. 119
^ a b Dworkin, 1986, p. 239-40
^ "Oxford University Press: Constitutional Dilemmas: Lorenzo Zucca". Oup.com. Archived from the original on March 30, 2012. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
^ Baume, Sandrine (2011). Hans Kelsen and the Case for Democracy, ECPR Press, pp. 53–54.
^ Waldron, Jeremy (2006). "The Core of the case against judicial review," The Yale Law Review, 2006, Vol. 115, pp 1346–406.
^ Dworkin, Ronald (2003). "Equality, Luck and Hierarchy". Philosophy & Public Affairs. 31 (2): 190–198. doi:10.1111/j.1088-4963.2003.00190.x. ISSN 0048-3915. JSTOR 3557937 – via JSTOR.
^ Dworkin, Ronald (2001). "Do Values Conflict: A Hedgehog's Approach". Arizona Law Review. 43: 251.
^ Williamson, Marcus (February 15, 2013). "Professor Ronald Dworkin: Legal philosopher acclaimed as the finest of his generation". The Independent. London.
^ "Ronald Dworkin, Legal Scholar, Dies at 81". New York Times. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
^ The Associated Press (February 14, 2013). "LONDON: US legal scholar Ronald Dworkin dies in UK aged 81". MiamiHerald.com. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
^ "Professor Ronald Dworkin". The Telegraph. London. February 15, 2013.
^ "In Memoriam: Ronald M. Dworkin". American Law Institute. February 14, 2013. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
^ "Holberg International Memorial Prize 2007: Ronald Dworkin". Archived from the original on March 30, 2008. Retrieved October 2, 2007.
^ Flores, Imer, "Ronald Dworkin’s Justice for Hedgehogs and Partnership Conception of Democracy (With a Comment to Jeremy Waldron's 'A Majority in the Lifeboat')", Georgetown University Law Center, 2010, p. 103.
^ "COMMENCEMENT 2000: Honorary Degree Recipients – Almanac, Vol. 46, No. 27, 4/4/2000". Upenn.edu. April 4, 2000. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
^ "Ronald Dworkin '57 receives honorary doctorate from Harvard – Harvard Law Today". Law.harvard.edu. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
^ a b "Ronald Dworkin 1931-2013, Faculty of Law, University of Otago, New Zealand". Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
^ Williams, Bernard (April 17, 1986). "Consequences". London Review of Books. Vol. 08, no. 7. ISSN 0260-9592. Archived from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
^ Nagel, Thomas (September 18, 1986). "Reading the law". London Review of Books. Vol. 08, no. 16. ISSN 0260-9592. Archived from the original on June 2, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
^ Waldron, Jeremy (May 12, 1994). "The Edges of Life". London Review of Books. Vol. 16, no. 9. ISSN 0260-9592. Archived from the original on June 2, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
^ Waldron, Jeremy (August 9, 2001). "What about Bert?". London Review of Books. Vol. 23, no. 15. ISSN 0260-9592. Archived from the original on June 2, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
^ Burley, Justine, ed. (2004), "Bibliography of Ronald Dworkin's Works", Dworkin and His Critics (1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 396–404, doi:10.1002/9780470996386.biblio, ISBN 978-0-631-19765-2
Further reading
Allard, Julie. Dworkin et Kant: Réflexions sur le judgement. Bruxelles: Editions de l'ULB, 2001.
Brown, Alexander. Ronald Dworkin's Theory of Equality: Domestic and Global Perspectives. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
Benjamin Brown, From Principles to Rules and from Musar to Halakhah – The Hafetz Hayim's Rulings on Libel and Gossip
Burke, John J.A. The Political Foundation of Law: The Need for Theory with Practical Value. San Francisco: Austin & Winfield, 1992.
Burley, Justine, ed. Dworkin and His Critics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2004.
Cohen, Marshall, ed. Ronald Dworkin and Contemporary Jurisprudence. London: Duckworth, 1984.
Gaffney, Paul. Ronald Dworkin on Law as Integrity: Rights as Principles of Adjudication. Lewiston, New York: Mellen University Press, 1996.
Guest, Stephen. Ronald Dworkin (Jurists: Profiles in Legal Theory). Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2012.
Hershovitz, Scott, ed. Exploring Law's Empire: The Jurisprudence of Ronald Dworkin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Hunt, Alan, ed. Reading Dworkin Critically. New York: Berg, 1992.
Ripstein, Arthur, ed. Ronald Dworkin (Contemporary Philosophers in Focus). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Wesche, Stefen and Zanetti, Véronique, eds. Dworkin: Un débat. Paris: Ousia, 2000.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ronald Dworkin.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Ronald Dworkin.
UCL Faculty of Laws profile at the Wayback Machine (archived June 15, 2013)
Ronald Dworkin obituary by The Guardian
New York Review of Books archive
"Ronald Dworkin – Mr Justice", The Times Literary Supplement, 5 December 2007
"Interpretation and Coherence in Legal Reasoning" at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
"Interpretivist Theories of Law" at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Ronald Dworkin International Balzan Prize Foundation
Ronald Dworkin at IMDb
Appearances on C-SPAN
Ronald Dworkin on the Unity of Value a Philosophy Bites podcast interview
Ronald Dworkin Papers (MS 2071). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ronald W. Dworkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_W._Dworkin"},{"link_name":"FBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy"},{"link_name":"QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"/ˈdwɔːrkɪn/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"legal philosopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_philosopher"},{"link_name":"jurist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurist"},{"link_name":"United States constitutional law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_constitutional_law"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"Yale Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Law_School"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"H. 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For the author, see Ronald W. Dworkin.Ronald Myles Dworkin FBA QC (/ˈdwɔːrkɪn/; December 11, 1931 – February 14, 2013) was an American legal philosopher, jurist, and scholar of United States constitutional law.[3] At the time of his death, he was Frank Henry Sommer Professor of Law and Philosophy at New York University and Professor of Jurisprudence at University College London. Dworkin had taught previously at Yale Law School and the University of Oxford, where he was the Professor of Jurisprudence, successor to philosopher H. L. A. Hart.An influential contributor to both philosophy of law and political philosophy, Dworkin received the 2007 Holberg International Memorial Prize in the Humanities for \"his pioneering scholarly work\" of \"worldwide impact\".[4] According to a survey in The Journal of Legal Studies, Dworkin was the second most-cited American legal scholar of the twentieth century.[5] After his death, Harvard legal scholar Cass Sunstein said Dworkin was \"one of the most important legal philosophers of the last 100 years. He may well head the list.\"[6]His theory of law as integrity as presented in his book Law's Empire, in which judges interpret the law in terms of consistent moral principles, especially justice and fairness, is among the most influential contemporary theories about the nature of law. Dworkin advocated a \"moral reading\" of the United States Constitution,[7] and an interpretivist approach to law and morality. He was a frequent commentator on contemporary political and legal issues, particularly those concerning the Supreme Court of the United States, often in the pages of The New York Review of Books.","title":"Ronald Dworkin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"A.B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.B."},{"link_name":"summa cum laude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa_cum_laude"},{"link_name":"philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Phi Beta Kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Rhodes Scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Scholar"},{"link_name":"Sir Rupert Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Cross"},{"link_name":"J. 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He graduated from Harvard University in 1953 with an A.B., summa cum laude, where he majored in philosophy and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa in his junior year. He then attended Magdalen College, Oxford, where he was a Rhodes Scholar and a student of Sir Rupert Cross and J. H. C. Morris. Upon completion of his final exams at Oxford, the examiners were so impressed with his script that the Professor of Jurisprudence (then H. L. A. Hart) was summoned to read it. He was awarded a B.A. with a Congratulatory first. Dworkin then attended Harvard Law School, graduating in 1957 with a Juris Doctor, magna cum laude.[9]Dworkin then clerked for Judge Learned Hand of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Judge Hand would later call Dworkin \"the law clerk to beat all law clerks\",[9] and Dworkin would recall Judge Hand as an enormously influential mentor.[10]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Felix Frankfurter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liptak-9"},{"link_name":"Sullivan & Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullivan_%26_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liptak-9"},{"link_name":"Yale Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Law_School"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liptak-9"},{"link_name":"Wesley N. Hohfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_N._Hohfeld"},{"link_name":"Chair of Jurisprudence at Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_of_Jurisprudence_(University_of_Oxford)"},{"link_name":"University College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Quain Professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quain_Professor"},{"link_name":"Jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"New York University School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Thomas Nagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nagel"},{"link_name":"The New York Review of Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books"},{"link_name":"Oliver Wendell Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr."},{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Stanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"New College of the Humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College_of_the_Humanities"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"After clerking for Judge Learned Hand, Dworkin was offered the opportunity to clerk for Justice Felix Frankfurter.[9] He turned down the offer and joined Sullivan & Cromwell, a New York City law firm.[9] After working at the firm, Dworkin became a professor of law at Yale Law School,[9] becoming the holder of the Wesley N. Hohfeld Chair of Jurisprudence.In 1969, Dworkin was appointed to the Chair of Jurisprudence at Oxford, a position in which he succeeded H. L. A. Hart (who remembered Dworkin's Oxford examination and promoted his candidacy) and was elected Fellow of University College, Oxford. After retiring from Oxford, Dworkin became the Quain Professor of Jurisprudence at University College London, where he later became the Bentham Professor of Jurisprudence.[11] He was Frank Henry Sommer Professor of Law at New York University School of Law and professor of philosophy at New York University (NYU),[12] where he taught from the late 1970s. He co-taught a colloquium in legal, political, and social philosophy with Thomas Nagel. Dworkin had regularly contributed, for several decades, to The New York Review of Books. He delivered the Oliver Wendell Holmes Lecture at Harvard, the Storrs Lectures at Yale, the Tanner Lectures on Human Values at Stanford, and the Scribner Lectures at Princeton. In June 2011, he joined the professoriate of New College of the Humanities, a private college in London.[13]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Jurisprudence and philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H. L. A. Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._L._A._Hart"},{"link_name":"legal positivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_positivism"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RonaldDworkin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Law's Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%27s_Empire"},{"link_name":"interpretive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretivism_(legal)"},{"link_name":"law as integrity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_as_integrity"},{"link_name":"Rule of Recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_Recognition"},{"link_name":"entail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_consequence"},{"link_name":"positivism's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_positivism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"sub_title":"Law as rule and principle","text":"Dworkin's criticism of H. L. A. Hart's legal positivism has been summarized by the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:Dworkin, as positivism's most significant critic, rejects the positivist theory on every conceivable level. Dworkin denies that there can be any general theory of the existence and content of law; he denies that local theories of particular legal systems can identify law without recourse to its moral merits, and he rejects the whole institutional focus of positivism. A theory of law is for Dworkin a theory of how cases ought to be decided and it begins, not with an account of the political organization of a legal system, but with an abstract ideal regulating the conditions under which governments may use coercive force over their subjects.[14]Dworkin in 2008Dworkin's opinion of Hart's legal positivism was expressed in its fullest form in the book Law's Empire. Dworkin's theory is \"interpretive\": the law is whatever follows from a constructive interpretation of the institutional history of the legal system.Dworkin argues that moral principles that people hold dear are often wrong, even to the extent that certain crimes are acceptable if one's principles are skewed enough. To discover and apply these principles, courts interpret the legal data (legislation, cases, etc.) with a view to articulating an interpretation that best explains and justifies past legal practice. All interpretation must follow, Dworkin argues, from the notion of \"law as integrity\" to make sense.Out of the idea that law is \"interpretive\" in this way, Dworkin argues that in every situation where people's legal rights are controversial, the best interpretation involves the right answer thesis, the thesis that there exists a right answer as a matter of law that the judge must discover. Dworkin opposes the notion that judges have discretion in such difficult cases.Dworkin's model of legal principles is also connected with Hart's notion of the Rule of Recognition. Dworkin rejects Hart's conception of a master rule in every legal system that identifies valid laws, on the basis that this would entail that the process of identifying law must be uncontroversial, whereas (Dworkin argues) people have legal rights even in cases where the correct legal outcome is open to reasonable dispute.Dworkin moves away from positivism's separation of law and morality, since constructive interpretation implicates moral judgments in every decision about what the law is.Despite their intellectual disagreements, Hart and Dworkin \"remained on good terms.\"[8]","title":"Jurisprudence and philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules"},{"link_name":"law as integrity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_as_integrity"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dworkin,_1986,_p._239-40-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dworkin,_1986,_p._239-40-16"},{"link_name":"incommensurable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commensurability_(philosophy_of_science)"},{"link_name":"dilemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilemma"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"The right answer thesis","text":"In Dworkin's own words, his \"right answer thesis\" may be interpreted through the following hypothetical:Suppose the legislature has passed a statute stipulating that \"sacrilegious contracts shall henceforth be invalid.\" The community is divided as to whether a contract signed on Sunday is, for that reason alone, sacrilegious. It is known that very few of the legislators had that question in mind when they voted, and that they are now equally divided on the question of whether it should be so interpreted. Tom and Tim have signed a contract on Sunday, and Tom now sues Tim to enforce the terms of the contract, whose validity Tim contests. Shall we say that the judge must look for the right answer to the question of whether Tom's contract is valid, even though the community is deeply divided about what the right answer is? Or is it more realistic to say that there simply is no right answer to the question?[15]One of Dworkin's most interesting and controversial theses states that the law as properly interpreted will give an answer. This is not to say that everyone will have the same answer (a consensus of what is \"right\"), or if it did, the answer would not be justified exactly in the same way for every person; rather it means that there will be a necessary answer for each individual if he applies himself correctly to the legal question. For the correct method is that encapsulated by the metaphor of Judge Hercules, an ideal judge, immensely wise and with full knowledge of legal sources. Hercules (the name comes from a classical mythological hero) would also have plenty of time to decide. Acting on the premise that the law is a seamless web, Hercules is required to construct the theory that best fits and justifies the law as a whole (law as integrity) in order to decide any particular case. Hercules is the perfect judge, but that doesn't mean he always reaches the right answer.[16]Dworkin does not deny that competent lawyers often disagree on what is the solution to a given case. On the contrary, he claims that they are disagreeing about the right answer to the case, the answer Hercules would give.[16]Dworkin's critics argue not only that law proper (that is, the legal sources in a positivist sense) is full of gaps and inconsistencies, but also that other legal standards (including principles) may be insufficient to solve a hard case. Some of them are incommensurable. In any of these situations, even Hercules would be in a dilemma and none of the possible answers would be the right one.[citation needed]","title":"Jurisprudence and philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rawls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rawls"},{"link_name":"veil of ignorance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veil_of_ignorance_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"Habermas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas"},{"link_name":"politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics"},{"link_name":"democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy"},{"link_name":"political opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_(politics)"},{"link_name":"moral dilemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_dilemma"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Discussion of the right answer thesis","text":"Dworkin's metaphor of judge Hercules bears some resemblance to Rawls' veil of ignorance and Habermas' ideal speech situation, in that they all suggest idealized methods of arriving at somehow valid normative propositions. The key difference with respect to the former is that Rawls' veil of ignorance translates almost seamlessly from the purely ideal to the practical. In relation to politics in a democratic society, for example, it is a way of saying that those in power should treat the political opposition consistently with how they would like to be treated when in opposition, because their present position offers no guarantee as to what their position will be in the political landscape of the future (i.e. they will inevitably form the opposition at some point). Dworkin's Judge Hercules, on the other hand, is a purely idealized construct, that is, if such a figure existed, he would arrive at a right answer in every moral dilemma. For a critique along these lines see Lorenzo Zucca's Constitutional Dilemmas.[17]Dworkin's right answer thesis turns on the success of his attack on the skeptical argument that right answers in legal-moral dilemmas cannot be determined. Dworkin's anti-skeptical argument is essentially that the properties of the skeptic's claim are analogous to those of substantive moral claims, that is, in asserting that the truth or falsity of \"legal-moral\" dilemmas cannot be determined, the skeptic makes not a metaphysical claim about the way things are, but a moral claim to the effect that it is, in the face of epistemic uncertainty, unjust to determine legal-moral issues to the detriment of any given individual.[citation needed]","title":"Jurisprudence and philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hans Kelsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kelsen"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Bruce Ackerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Ackerman"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Waldron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Waldron"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Moral reading of the Constitution","text":"In her book on Hans Kelsen, Sandrine Baume[18] identified Ronald Dworkin as a leading defender of the \"compatibility of judicial review with the very principles of democracy.\" Baume identified John Hart Ely alongside Dworkin as the foremost defenders of this principle in recent years, while the opposition to this principle of \"compatibility\" was identified as Bruce Ackerman and Jeremy Waldron.[19] Dworkin has been a long-time advocate of the principle of the moral reading of the Constitution whose lines of support he sees as strongly associated with enhanced versions of judicial review in the federal government.","title":"Jurisprudence and philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"equality of what","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egalitarianism"},{"link_name":"responsible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_responsibility"},{"link_name":"morally arbitrary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_luck"},{"link_name":"resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource"},{"link_name":"equal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_equality"},{"link_name":"luck egalitarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luck_egalitarianism"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Theory of equality","text":"Dworkin has also made important contributions to what is sometimes called the equality of what debate. In a pair of articles and his book Sovereign Virtue, he advocates a theory he calls \"equality of resources\". This theory combines two key ideas. Broadly speaking, the first is that human beings are responsible for the life choices they make. The second is that natural endowments of intelligence and talent are morally arbitrary and ought not to affect the distribution of resources in society. Like the rest of Dworkin's work, his theory of equality is underpinned by the core principle that every person is entitled to equal concern and respect in the design of the structure of society. Dworkin's theory of equality is said to be one variety of so-called luck egalitarianism, but he rejects this statement.[20]","title":"Jurisprudence and philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Isaiah Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin"},{"link_name":"conception of liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Concepts_of_Liberty"}],"sub_title":"Positive and negative liberty","text":"In the essay \"Do Values Conflict? A Hedgehog's Approach,\"[21] Dworkin contends that the values of liberty and equality do not necessarily conflict. He criticizes Isaiah Berlin's conception of liberty as \"flat\" and proposes a new, \"dynamic\" conception of liberty, suggesting that one cannot say that one's liberty is infringed when one is prevented from committing murder. Thus, liberty cannot be said to have been infringed when no wrong has been done. Put in this way, liberty is only liberty to do whatever we wish so long as we do not infringe upon the rights of others.","title":"Jurisprudence and philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Learned Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_Hand"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williamson-22"},{"link_name":"Alfred Brendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Brendel"},{"link_name":"leukemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-24"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"While working for Judge Learned Hand, Dworkin met his future wife, Betsy Ross, with whom he would have twins Anthony and Jennifer.[8] Betsy was the daughter of a successful New York businessman.[8] They were married from 1958 until Betsy died of cancer in 2000.[8][22] Dworkin later married Irene Brendel, the former wife of pianist Alfred Brendel.Dworkin died of leukemia in London on February 14, 2013, at the age of 81,[23][24] survived by his second wife, two children, and two grandchildren.[8][25]","title":"Personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Law Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Law_Institute"},{"link_name":"Henry J. Friendly Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_J._Friendly_Medal"},{"link_name":"Richard Posner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Posner"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Holberg International Memorial Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holberg_International_Memorial_Prize"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"Annual Survey of American Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYU_Annual_Survey_of_American_Law"},{"link_name":"National Autonomous University of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Héctor Fix-Zamudio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Fix-Zamudio"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"University of Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-otago.ac.nz-31"},{"link_name":"Balzan Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balzan_Prize"},{"link_name":"Queen's Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-otago.ac.nz-31"},{"link_name":"British Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"In 2005, Dworkin was jointly awarded the American Law Institute's Henry J. Friendly Medal with Judge Richard Posner.[26] In September 2007, Dworkin was awarded the Holberg International Memorial Prize. The award citation of the Holberg Prize Academic Committee recognized that Dworkin has \"elaborated a liberal egalitarian theory\" and stressed Dworkin's effort to develop \"an original and highly influential legal theory grounding law in morality, characterized by a unique ability to tie together abstract philosophical ideas and arguments with concrete everyday concerns in law, morals, and politics\".[27]The New York University Annual Survey of American Law honored Dworkin with its 2006 dedication.In 2006, the Legal Research Institute of the National Autonomous University of Mexico honored Dworkin with the Héctor Fix-Zamudio International Award.[28]In June 2000, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Pennsylvania.[29] In June 2009, he was awarded an honorary doctorate of law by Harvard University.[30] In August 2011, the University of Buenos Aires awarded Dworkin an honorary doctorate. The resolution noted that he \"has tirelessly defended the rule of law, democracy and human rights.\" These were among a number of honorary doctorates conferred upon him.[31]On November 14, 2012, Dworkin received the Balzan Prize for Jurisprudence in Quirinale Palace, Rome, from the President of the Italian Republic. The Balzan Prize was awarded \"for his fundamental contributions to Jurisprudence, characterized by outstanding originality and clarity of thought in a continuing and fruitful interaction with ethical and political theories and with legal practices\".He was an honorary Queen's Counsel (QC).[31]Dworkin was elected a fellow of the British Academy, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society.[32]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taking Rights Seriously","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taking_Rights_Seriously"},{"link_name":"A Matter of Principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674554610"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Law's Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%27s_Empire"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"\"Philosophical issues concerning the rights of patients suffering serious permanent dementia\", prepared for the Office of Technology Assessment, Congress of the United States (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1987)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc97370/"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Freedom's Law: The Moral Reading of the American Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/freedomslawmoral00dwor"},{"link_name":"Sovereign Virtue: The Theory and Practice of Equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674008106"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Justice in Robes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674027275"},{"link_name":"Justice for Hedgehogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674072251"},{"link_name":"Religion Without God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674726826"},{"link_name":"A Badly Flawed Election: Debating Bush v. Gore, the Supreme Court, and American Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/badlyflawedelect0000unse"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"AuthorTaking Rights Seriously. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1977.\nA Matter of Principle. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1985.[33]\nLaw's Empire. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1986.[34]\n\"Philosophical issues concerning the rights of patients suffering serious permanent dementia\", prepared for the Office of Technology Assessment, Congress of the United States (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1987)\nA Bill of Rights for Britain. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1990.\nLife's Dominion: An Argument About Abortion, Euthanasia, and Individual Freedom. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993.[35]\nFreedom's Law: The Moral Reading of the American Constitution. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1996.\nSovereign Virtue: The Theory and Practice of Equality. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2000.[36]\nJustice in Robes. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2006.\nIs Democracy Possible Here? Principles for a New Political Debate. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2006..\nJustice for Hedgehogs. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2011.\nReligion Without God. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2013.EditorThe Philosophy of Law (Oxford Readings in Philosophy). New York: Oxford University Press, 1977.\nA Badly Flawed Election: Debating Bush v. Gore, the Supreme Court, and American Democracy. New York: New Press, 2002.\nFrom Liberal Values to Democratic Transition: Essays in Honor of Janos Kis. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2004.For a more complete listing of publications, including journal articles, see Burley (2004).[37]","title":"Published works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benjamin Brown, From Principles to Rules and from Musar to Halakhah – The Hafetz Hayim's Rulings on Libel and Gossip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/5157596/From_Principles_to_Rules_and_from_Musar_to_Halakhah_-_The_Hafetz_Hayims_Rulings_on_Libel_and_Gossip"},{"link_name":"Ronald Dworkin and Contemporary Jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/ronalddworkincon0000unse"}],"text":"Allard, Julie. Dworkin et Kant: Réflexions sur le judgement. Bruxelles: Editions de l'ULB, 2001.\nBrown, Alexander. Ronald Dworkin's Theory of Equality: Domestic and Global Perspectives. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.\nBenjamin Brown, From Principles to Rules and from Musar to Halakhah – The Hafetz Hayim's Rulings on Libel and Gossip\nBurke, John J.A. The Political Foundation of Law: The Need for Theory with Practical Value. San Francisco: Austin & Winfield, 1992.\nBurley, Justine, ed. Dworkin and His Critics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2004.\nCohen, Marshall, ed. Ronald Dworkin and Contemporary Jurisprudence. London: Duckworth, 1984.\nGaffney, Paul. Ronald Dworkin on Law as Integrity: Rights as Principles of Adjudication. Lewiston, New York: Mellen University Press, 1996.\nGuest, Stephen. Ronald Dworkin (Jurists: Profiles in Legal Theory). Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2012.\nHershovitz, Scott, ed. Exploring Law's Empire: The Jurisprudence of Ronald Dworkin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.\nHunt, Alan, ed. Reading Dworkin Critically. New York: Berg, 1992.\nRipstein, Arthur, ed. Ronald Dworkin (Contemporary Philosophers in Focus). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.\nWesche, Stefen and Zanetti, Véronique, eds. Dworkin: Un débat. Paris: Ousia, 2000.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Dworkin in 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/RonaldDworkin.jpg/220px-RonaldDworkin.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Contributions to liberal theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributions_to_liberal_theory"},{"title":"Legal indeterminacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeterminacy_debate_in_legal_theory"},{"title":"Hart–Dworkin debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart%E2%80%93Dworkin_debate"},{"title":"Judicial activism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_activism"},{"title":"Legal formalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_formalism"},{"title":"List of American philosophers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_philosophers"},{"title":"New York University Department of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_Department_of_Philosophy"},{"title":"Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_Philosophy,_University_of_Oxford"}] | [{"reference":"Khouryyesterday, Jack (February 15, 2013). \"Ronald Dworkin dies at 81 – Haaretz – Israel News\". Haaretz.com. Retrieved May 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/ronald-dworkin-dies-at-81-1.503643","url_text":"\"Ronald Dworkin dies at 81 – Haaretz – Israel News\""}]},{"reference":"Shapiro, Fred R. (2000). \"The Most-Cited Legal Scholars\". Journal of Legal Studies. 29 (1): 409–426. doi:10.1086/468080. S2CID 143676627.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F468080","url_text":"10.1086/468080"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143676627","url_text":"143676627"}]},{"reference":"\"The Most Important Legal Philosopher of Our Time\". Bloomberg. February 15, 2013. Retrieved May 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-02-15/the-most-important-legal-philosopher-of-our-time","url_text":"\"The Most Important Legal Philosopher of Our Time\""}]},{"reference":"Hodgson, Godfrey (February 14, 2013). \"Ronald Dworkin obituary\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved April 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/law/2013/feb/14/ronald-dworkin","url_text":"\"Ronald Dworkin obituary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Liptak, Adam (February 14, 2013). \"Ronald Dworkin, Scholar of the Law, Is Dead at 81\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/15/us/ronald-dworkin-legal-philosopher-dies-at-81.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"Ronald Dworkin, Scholar of the Law, Is Dead at 81\""}]},{"reference":"Guest, Stephen; Jeffrey, Jowell (2017). \"Dworkin, Ronald Myles (1931–2013), legal and political philosopher\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/106162. Retrieved February 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Guest","url_text":"Guest, Stephen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Jowell","url_text":"Jeffrey, Jowell"},{"url":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-106162","url_text":"\"Dworkin, Ronald Myles (1931–2013), legal and political philosopher\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F106162","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/106162"}]},{"reference":"\"In Memoriam: Ronald Dworkin | NYU School of Law\". www.law.nyu.edu. Retrieved February 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.nyu.edu/news/RONALD_DWORKIN_MEMORIAM","url_text":"\"In Memoriam: Ronald Dworkin | NYU School of Law\""}]},{"reference":"\"The professoriate | New College of the Humanities\". Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110608234526/http://www.nchum.org/who-we-are/the-professoriate","url_text":"\"The professoriate | New College of the Humanities\""},{"url":"http://www.nchum.org/who-we-are/the-professoriate","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Legal Positivism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)\". Plato.stanford.edu. January 3, 2003. Retrieved February 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-positivism/","url_text":"\"Legal Positivism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oxford University Press: Constitutional Dilemmas: Lorenzo Zucca\". Oup.com. Archived from the original on March 30, 2012. Retrieved February 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120330082707/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Law/ConstitutionalLaw/?view=usa&ci=9780199204977","url_text":"\"Oxford University Press: Constitutional Dilemmas: Lorenzo Zucca\""},{"url":"http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Law/ConstitutionalLaw/?view=usa&ci=9780199204977","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dworkin, Ronald (2003). \"Equality, Luck and Hierarchy\". Philosophy & Public Affairs. 31 (2): 190–198. doi:10.1111/j.1088-4963.2003.00190.x. ISSN 0048-3915. JSTOR 3557937 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3557937","url_text":"\"Equality, Luck and Hierarchy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_%26_Public_Affairs","url_text":"Philosophy & Public Affairs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1088-4963.2003.00190.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1088-4963.2003.00190.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0048-3915","url_text":"0048-3915"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3557937","url_text":"3557937"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR","url_text":"JSTOR"}]},{"reference":"Dworkin, Ronald (2001). \"Do Values Conflict: A Hedgehog's Approach\". Arizona Law Review. 43: 251.","urls":[{"url":"https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/arz43&id=263&div=&collection=","url_text":"\"Do Values Conflict: A Hedgehog's Approach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Law_Review","url_text":"Arizona Law Review"}]},{"reference":"Williamson, Marcus (February 15, 2013). \"Professor Ronald Dworkin: Legal philosopher acclaimed as the finest of his generation\". The Independent. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-ronald-dworkin-legal-philosopher-acclaimed-as-the-finest-of-his-generation-8497540.html","url_text":"\"Professor Ronald Dworkin: Legal philosopher acclaimed as the finest of his generation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ronald Dworkin, Legal Scholar, Dies at 81\". New York Times. Retrieved February 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2013/02/14/world/europe/ap-eu-britain-obit-dworkin.html?partner=rss&emc=rss&smid=tw-nytimes&_r=0","url_text":"\"Ronald Dworkin, Legal Scholar, Dies at 81\""}]},{"reference":"The Associated Press (February 14, 2013). \"LONDON: US legal scholar Ronald Dworkin dies in UK aged 81\". MiamiHerald.com. Retrieved February 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/02/14/3233930/us-legal-scholar-ronald-dworkin.html","url_text":"\"LONDON: US legal scholar Ronald Dworkin dies in UK aged 81\""}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Ronald Dworkin\". The Telegraph. London. February 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/law-obituaries/9873847/Professor-Ronald-Dworkin.html","url_text":"\"Professor Ronald Dworkin\""}]},{"reference":"\"In Memoriam: Ronald M. Dworkin\". American Law Institute. February 14, 2013. Retrieved March 30, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ali.org/news/articles/memoriam-ronald-m-dworkin/","url_text":"\"In Memoriam: Ronald M. Dworkin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Law_Institute","url_text":"American Law Institute"}]},{"reference":"\"Holberg International Memorial Prize 2007: Ronald Dworkin\". Archived from the original on March 30, 2008. Retrieved October 2, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080330021554/http://www.holberg.uib.no/HP_prisen/en_hp_2007_dworkin.html","url_text":"\"Holberg International Memorial Prize 2007: Ronald Dworkin\""},{"url":"http://www.holberg.uib.no/HP_prisen/en_hp_2007_dworkin.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"COMMENCEMENT 2000: Honorary Degree Recipients – Almanac, Vol. 46, No. 27, 4/4/2000\". Upenn.edu. April 4, 2000. Retrieved May 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.upenn.edu/almanac/v46/n27/commencement2K.html#r","url_text":"\"COMMENCEMENT 2000: Honorary Degree Recipients – Almanac, Vol. 46, No. 27, 4/4/2000\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ronald Dworkin '57 receives honorary doctorate from Harvard – Harvard Law Today\". Law.harvard.edu. Retrieved May 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.law.harvard.edu/news/2009/06/05_dworkin.html","url_text":"\"Ronald Dworkin '57 receives honorary doctorate from Harvard – Harvard Law Today\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ronald Dworkin 1931-2013, Faculty of Law, University of Otago, New Zealand\". Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202201948/http://www.otago.ac.nz/law/news/otago042519.html","url_text":"\"Ronald Dworkin 1931-2013, Faculty of Law, University of Otago, New Zealand\""},{"url":"http://www.otago.ac.nz/law/news/otago042519.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"APS Member History\". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved April 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Ronald+Dworkin&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced","url_text":"\"APS Member History\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Bernard (April 17, 1986). \"Consequences\". London Review of Books. Vol. 08, no. 7. ISSN 0260-9592. Archived from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Williams","url_text":"Williams, Bernard"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200608223904/https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v08/n07/bernard-williams/consequences","url_text":"\"Consequences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Review_of_Books","url_text":"London Review of Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0260-9592","url_text":"0260-9592"},{"url":"https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v08/n07/bernard-williams/consequences","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nagel, Thomas (September 18, 1986). \"Reading the law\". London Review of Books. Vol. 08, no. 16. ISSN 0260-9592. Archived from the original on June 2, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230602190215/https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v08/n16/thomas-nagel/reading-the-law","url_text":"\"Reading the law\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0260-9592","url_text":"0260-9592"},{"url":"https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v08/n16/thomas-nagel/reading-the-law","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Waldron, Jeremy (May 12, 1994). \"The Edges of Life\". London Review of Books. Vol. 16, no. 9. ISSN 0260-9592. Archived from the original on June 2, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Waldron","url_text":"Waldron, Jeremy"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230602175147/https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v16/n09/jeremy-waldron/the-edges-of-life","url_text":"\"The Edges of Life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0260-9592","url_text":"0260-9592"},{"url":"https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v16/n09/jeremy-waldron/the-edges-of-life","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Waldron, Jeremy (August 9, 2001). \"What about Bert?\". London Review of Books. Vol. 23, no. 15. ISSN 0260-9592. Archived from the original on June 2, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230602180649/https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v23/n15/jeremy-waldron/what-about-bert","url_text":"\"What about Bert?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0260-9592","url_text":"0260-9592"},{"url":"https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v23/n15/jeremy-waldron/what-about-bert","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Burley, Justine, ed. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Slater_(baseball) | Tom Slater (baseball) | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 References","4 External links"] | American professional baseball coach (born 1968)
Baseball player
Tom SlaterThird baseman / Assistant hitting coachBorn: (1968-04-06) April 6, 1968 (age 56)Richmond, Virginia, U.S.
Teams
New York Mets (2018–2021)
Thomas Slater (born April 6, 1968) is an American professional baseball coach. He was the assistant hitting coach for the New York Mets of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 2018 to 2021.
Early life
Slater graduated from St. Christopher's School in Richmond, Virginia, and the Virginia Military Institute (VMI). He played college baseball for the VMI Keydets as a third baseman for four years.
Career
He coached baseball at St. Christopher’s School in 1991, and served on the coaching staffs of the Marshall Thundering Herd, VMI, and Auburn Tigers.
Slater was the head coach of VMI's baseball team from 2001 through 2003. He served as an assistant coach for the Florida Gators in 2004. He coached the Auburn Tigers from 2005 through 2008. He joined the New York Yankees organization, managing the Gulf Coast Yankees of the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League in 2010 and the Staten Island Yankees of the Class A-Short Season New York-Penn League in 2011, before becoming the hitting coach of the Trenton Thunder of the Class AA Eastern League in 2012. In 2013 and 2014, Slater was the Yankees' roving hitting instructor. Slater coached the Tampa Yankees of the Class A-Advanced Florida State League in 2015 and 2016, and returned to Trenton in 2017. After the 2017 season, the New York Mets hired Slater as their assistant hitting coach. On May 3, 2021, Slater was fired by the Mets after the team had a .241 average through 22 games.
References
^ a b c "Slaters still sharing baseball passion". Richmond Times-Dispatch. May 23, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
^ a b c Staten Island Advance file photo by Hilton Flores (June 13, 2011). "New Staten Island Yankees manager Tom Slater loves his work". SI Live. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
^ "Auburn names Tom Slater baseball coach". The Augusta Chronicle. June 30, 2004. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
^ Lou DiPietro (January 12, 2015). "Tampa Yankees make changes to staff | YES Network Mobile". Yes Network. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
^ Trenton Thunder (April 26, 2016). "Yankees set 2017 Thunder coaching staff | YES Network Mobile". Yes Network. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
^ "Mets Announce New Coaching Staff". CBS New York. November 15, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
^ "Mets Fire Hitting Coaches Chili Davis, Tom Slater". MLB Trade Rumors. May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
External links
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet
Sporting positions
Preceded byPat Roessler
New York Mets assistant hitting coach 2018–2021
Succeeded byKevin Howard
vteVMI Keydets head baseball coaches
W. C. Raftery (1914)
Frank Gorton (1915–1917)
Unknown (1918–1928)
W. C. Raftery (1929)
Unknown (1930–1949)
Frank Summers (1950–1951)
Vince Ragunas (1952)
Chuck Noe (1953–1955)
Jack Null (1956–1958)
Weenie Miller (1959–1960)
Charlie McGinnis (1961–1965)
Fred Kelly (1966–1967)
Chuck Roys (1968–1969)
Tom Sawyer (1970–1971)
Phil Tucker (1972–1973)
Donny White (1974)
Jerry Roane (1975–1976)
Vern Beitzel (1977–1980)
Jim Rowsey (1981)
Donny White (1982–1987)
Paul Maini (1988–1991)
Chris Finwood (1992–1994)
Scott Gines (1995–2000)
Tom Slater (2001–2003)
Marlin Ikenberry (2004–2014)
Jonathan Hadra (2015–2022)
Sam Roberts (2023– )
vteAuburn Tigers head baseball coaches
Sam J. McAllister (1933)
William Herschel Bobo & Dell Morgan (1934)
Dell Morgan (1935–1939)
Porter Grant (1940)
Jimmy Hitchcock (1941–1942)
Bob K. Evans (1943)
No team (1944–1945)
Bob K. Evans (1946)
Danny Doyle (1947–1948)
Johnny Williamson (1949–1950)
Dick McGowen (1951–1957)
Joe Connally (1958)
Erk Russell (1959–1962)
Paul Nix (1963–1984)
Hal Baird (1985–2000)
Steve Renfroe (2001–2004)
Tom Slater (2005–2008)
John Pawlowski (2009–2013)
Sunny Golloway (2014–2015)
Butch Thompson (2016– )
vteSouthern Conference Baseball Coach of the Year
1972: Boone
1975: Port
1976: Wall
1977: Little
1978: Cook
1979: Port
1980: Lodes
1981: Hayward
1982: Port & White
1983: Port
1984: Morris
1985: Greer
1986: Stout
1987: Leggett
1988: Maini
1989: Cook
1990: Port
1991: Port
1992: LeClair
1993: Stallings
1994: LeClair
1995: Jordan
1996: Stallings
1997: LeClair
1998: Gaski
1999: Jordan
2000: Hennon
2001: Hennon
2002: Raleigh
2003: Slater
2004: Pawlowski
2005: Pawlowski
2006: Kennedy
2007: Pawlowski
2008: Kennedy
2009: Kennedy
2010: Jordan
2011: Gaski
2012: Pollard
2013: Moranda
2014: Cooke
2015: Gibson
2016: Jarrett
2017: Gibson
2018: Jarrett
2019: Dunn
2020: Not awarded
2021: Interdonato
2022: Interdonato
2023: David | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"}],"text":"Baseball playerThomas Slater (born April 6, 1968) is an American professional baseball coach. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Kenyan_Premier_League | 2010 Kenyan Premier League | ["1 Changes from last season","2 Teams","2.1 Stadia and locations","3 League table","4 Results","5 See also","6 Notes"] | Football league seasonKenyan Premier LeagueSeason2010ChampionsUlinzi Stars4th Premier League title4th Kenyan title overallRelegatedRed BeretsMahakamaChampions LeagueUlinzi StarsConfederation CupSofapaka (cup winner)Top 8 CupUlinzi StarsGor MahiaTuskerSofapakaSony SugarMathare UnitedKaruturi SportsWestern StimaMatches played240Goals scored455 (1.9 per match)Top goalscorerJohn BarazaSofapaka15 goalsBiggest home winRed Berets 4–0 Chemelil Sugar(21 August 2010)Biggest away winKCB 0–4 Ulinzi Stars(4 April 2010)
Red Berets 0–4 Sofapaka(17 July 2010)Highest scoringKCB 3–4 A.F.C. Leopards(25 July 2010)← 2009 2011 →
The 2010 Kenyan Premier League was the seventh season of the Kenyan Premier League since it started in 2003 and the forty-seventh season of top division football in Kenya since 1963. It began on 20 February with Mahakama and Sony Sugar and ended on 14 November with Nairobi City Stars and Gor Mahia.
Sofapaka had previously won the title but Ulinzi Stars finished top. Sofapaka still won the 2010 Kenyan Super Cup after defeating 12-time champions A.F.C. Leopards.
After staying in the league for an entire decade, Red Berets, who were only two points behind KCB when they were relegated along with previously promoted Mahakama, disbanded to immense pressure from its sponsors to produce good performances. The two teams had replaced Bandari and Agrochemical, the former gaining promotion once again for the next season.
Changes from last season
Relegated from Premier League
Agrochemical
Bandari
Promoted from Nationwide League
Mahakama
Posta Rangers
Teams
Stadia and locations
ChemelilKaruturiBeretsSony SugarThika United1Ulinzi StarsWestern Stimaclass=notpageimage| Locations of the 2010 Kenyan Premier League teams.
1 - The location marked for Thika United is the location of the town, not the stadium.
LeopardsGor MahiaKCBMahakamaMathareCity StarsRangersSofapakaTuskerclass=notpageimage| Locations of the 2010 Kenyan Premier League teams within Nairobi.
Team
Location
Stadium
Capacity
A.F.C. Leopards
Nairobi
Nyayo National Stadium
30,000
Chemelil Sugar
Chemelil
Chemelil Sports Complex
5,000
Gor Mahia
Nairobi
Nairobi City Stadium
15,000
Karuturi Sports
Naivasha
Naivasha Stadium
5,000
KCB
Nairobi
Nairobi City Stadium
15,000
Mahakama
Nairobi
Nairobi City Stadium
15,000
Mathare United
Nairobi
Kasarani Stadium
60,000
Nairobi City Stars
Nairobi
Hope Centre
5,000
Posta Rangers
Nairobi
Nyayo National Stadium
30,000
Red Berets
Nakuru
Afraha Stadium
8,200
Sofapaka
Nairobi
Nyayo National Stadium
30,000
Sony Sugar
Awendo
Green Stadium
5,000
Thika United
Thika
Thika Municipal Stadium
5,000
Tusker
Nairobi
Kasarani Stadium
60,000
Ulinzi Stars
Nakuru
Afraha Stadium
8,200
Western Stima
Kakamega
Bukhungu Stadium
5,000
League table
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification or relegation
1
Ulinzi Stars (C, Q)
30
16
11
3
37
16
+21
59
Qualification for 2011 CAF Champions League
2
Gor Mahia
30
15
11
4
33
15
+18
56
3
Tusker
30
14
11
5
35
19
+16
53
4
Sofapaka (Q)
30
11
14
5
39
23
+16
47
Qualification for 2011 CAF Confederation Cup
5
Sony Sugar
30
11
8
11
26
26
0
41
6
Mathare United
30
7
18
5
31
28
+3
39
7
Karuturi Sports
30
9
11
10
22
24
−2
38
8
Western Stima
30
9
11
10
28
31
−3
38
9
Chemelil Sugar
30
7
13
10
22
26
−4
34
10
Thika United
30
8
10
12
23
30
−7
34
11
Nairobi City Stars
30
7
13
10
25
34
−9
34
12
A.F.C. Leopards
30
8
10
12
29
41
−12
34
13
Posta Rangers
30
7
12
11
28
37
−9
33
14
Kenya Commercial Bank
30
9
6
15
29
40
−11
33
15
Red Berets (R)
30
7
10
13
27
32
−5
31
Relegation to 2011 Nationwide League
16
Mahakama (R)
30
5
11
14
21
33
−12
26
Updated to match(es) played on 8 December 2010. Source: 2010 Kenyan Premier LeagueRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.(C) Champions; (Q) Qualified for the phase indicated; (R) RelegatedNotes:
^ Sofapaka as winners of the 2010 FKL Cup qualified for the 2011 CAF Confederation Cup.
Results
Home \ Away
AFC
CHM
GOR
VGP
KCB
MAH
MAU
NCS
PRN
RBR
SOF
SNY
THU
TUS
ULS
WST
A.F.C. Leopards
0–2
1–0
0–1
0–2
2–1
1–1
1–1
2–1
2–1
2–4
0–1
1–0
2–4
0–1
1–1
Chemelil Sugar
0–0
3–0
0–0
0–0
0–0
1–1
3–1
0–0
2–1
0–0
0–1
2–0
0–1
0–1
0–0
Gor Mahia
1–0
4–1
1–0
0–1
2–0
0–0
1–0
1–0
0–0
1–1
2–0
2–1
1–1
2–0
0–0
Vegpro
3–0
1–0
0–0
0–3
2–1
0–0
2–0
1–1
0–0
0–2
0–0
1–1
2–1
0–0
0–1
Kenya Commercial Bank
3–4
1–2
0–2
1–2
1–0
1–1
3–0
2–2
1–0
2–1
1–0
0–0
0–1
0–4
0–2
Mahakama
2–1
1–1
1–3
1–3
1–0
2–0
0–0
0–1
2–1
0–0
1–1
0–1
0–0
0–2
0–0
Mathare United
3–3
1–1
1–1
0–0
3–1
1–1
2–0
2–1
1–2
1–3
1–0
2–2
0–0
0–1
2–0
Nairobi City Stars
0–1
2–1
0–0
1–1
1–1
0–2
2–2
1–1
2–1
2–0
1–0
2–2
2–2
1–1
1–0
Posta Rangers
1–1
1–1
0–2
2–0
2–3
1–0
0–1
1–3
1–1
3–2
2–1
2–1
1–4
0–0
0–1
Red Berets
2–2
4–0
1–1
1–0
1–0
3–1
1–1
0–1
1–2
0–4
1–0
2–0
0–0
1–1
1–2
Sofapaka
0–1
0–0
1–1
1–0
2–0
1–1
0–0
3–0
1–1
0–0
2–0
3–0
1–1
0–0
4–2
SoNy Sugar
2–0
1–0
1–1
2–1
2–0
0–0
2–0
0–0
0–0
1–0
1–1
1–0
1–2
2–2
2–0
Thika United
0–0
2–0
0–1
0–1
1–0
1–0
1–1
1–0
0–0
1–0
0–0
2–1
1–3
1–1
2–0
Tusker
0–0
0–0
0–2
1–0
1–0
1–0
0–0
1–0
1–1
3–1
0–1
1–2
1–0
0–0
2–0
Ulinzi Stars
2–0
2–1
1–0
2–0
3–0
1–1
0–2
1–1
3–0
1–0
1–1
2–1
1–0
1–0
0–1
Western Stima
1–1
0–1
0–1
1–1
2–2
3–2
1–1
0–0
1–0
0–0
3–0
3–0
2–2
0–3
1–2
Updated to match(es) played on 8 December 2010. Source: Kenyan Premier LeagueLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.
See also
2010 Kenyan Super Cup
Notes
^ "Red Berets - Chemelil Sugar (21/08-2010 kl. 14:00)". Futaa.com. 21 August 2010. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
^ "KCB - Ulinzi Stars (04/04-2010 kl. 15:00)". Futaa.com. 4 April 2010. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
^ "Red Berets - Sofapaka (17/07-2010 kl. 13:00)". Futaa.com. 17 July 2010. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
^ "KCB - AFC Leopards (25/07-2010 kl. 16:00)". Futaa.com. 25 July 2010. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
^ Dennis Machio (27 January 2011). "Red Berets FC disbanded". MichezoAfrika.com. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
vte Kenyan Premier LeagueSeasons
...2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
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2022–23
2023–24
2021−22 Kenyan Premier League clubs
A.F.C. Leopards
Bandari
Bidco United
Gor Mahia
Kakamega Homeboyz
Kariobangi Sharks
Kenya Commercial Bank
Mathare United
Nairobi City Stars
Nzoia Sugar
Police
Posta Rangers
Sofapaka
Talanta
Tusker
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Vihiga Bullets
Wazito
Former clubs
Abaluhya
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A.F.C. Kamili
Agrochemical
Alaskan
Barclays Bank
Baruti
Bata Bullets
Benham
Black Mamba
Blue Triangle
Brooke Bond
Bunyore
Busia Simba
Canons
Chemelil Sugar
Coast Stars
Coca-Cola
Congo United
Cook N' Lite
Eldoret
Eldoret Posta
Eldoret United
F.C. Kitale
FC West Ham United
Feisal
Finlays Horticulture
Green Berets
Hakati Sports Club
Harambee Maseno
Homa Bay Silver Stars
Homegrown
Kahawa United
Kakamega
Kakamega Black Stars
Kangemi United
Kari
Karuturi Sports
KCC Eldoret
Kenya Commercial Bank
Kenya Grain Growers
Kenya Navy
Kenya Pipeline
Kenya Prisons
Kenya Textile Mills
Kimbo
Kisima Bombers
Kisumu All Stars
Kisumu Hotstars
Kisumu Posta
Kisumu Telkom
Lenana Warriors
Ligi Ndogo
Luo Sports Club
Luo Union
Mahakama
Maragoli United
Marama
Mathare Youth
Maziwa
Ministry of Works Kakamega
Mombasa Cargo
Mombasa Heroes
Mombasa Liverpool
Mombasa Warriors
Motcom
Mount Kenya
Muhoroni Youth
Mumias Sugar
Nairobi Heroes
Nairobi Stima
Nairobi Wanderers
Mount Kenya United
Nakuru AllStars
Nakuru AllStars (1961)
Nakuru Police
Nakuru Transcom
National Bank of Kenya
Oserian
Panpaper Webuye
Ramogi
Rarcom
Raymonds
Red Berets
Reli
Reunion
Rivatex
Samia Union
Scarlet
Securicor
Shabana Kisii
Shell
SoNy Sugar
St Joseph
Umeme
Ushuru
Utalii
Vegpro
Viatu Sportif
Vihiga United
Volcano
Waterworks
Western Stima
Zoo Kericho
Awards
Seasons
vteTop division football seasons in KenyaNational Football League
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1964
1965
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1986
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1989
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1993
1994
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Super League
1973
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1998
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vte2010 in Kenyan football « 2009 2011 » Domestic leagues
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Nationwide League
Domestic cups
FKL Cup
Super Cup
African competitions
Champions League
Confederation Cup
Related to national team
CECAFA Cup
Africa Cup of Nations qualifiers
vte2010 in African football (CAF) « 2009 2011 » Domestic leagues
Algeria
09–10
10–11
Angola
2009
2010
Cameroon
09–10
10–11
Cape Verde
10
Egypt
09–10
10–11
Ethiopia
09–10
10–11
Ghana
09–10
10–11
Ivory Coast
10
Kenya
10
Libya
09–10
10–11
Malawi
10–11
Mali
09–10
10–11
Mauritania
10–11
Morocco
09–10
10–11
Nigeria
09–10
10–11
São Tomé and Príncipe
09–10
Senegal
10
South Africa
09–10
10–11
Sudan
10
Tunisia
09–10
10–11
Domestic cups
Algeria
09–10
10–11
Angola
2010
Cape Verde
10
Egypt
09–10
Libya
09–10
Supercups
Angola
Regional cups
CECAFA Cup
CAF competitions
CAF Champions League (Final)
CAF Confederation Cup (Final)
CAF Super Cup | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenyan Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyan_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Mahakama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakama_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sony Sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Sugar_F.C."},{"link_name":"Nairobi City Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi_City_Stars"},{"link_name":"Gor Mahia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gor_Mahia_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sofapaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofapaka_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ulinzi Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulinzi_Stars_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sofapaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofapaka_F.C."},{"link_name":"2010 Kenyan Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Kenyan_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"A.F.C. 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It began on 20 February with Mahakama and Sony Sugar and ended on 14 November with Nairobi City Stars and Gor Mahia.Sofapaka had previously won the title but Ulinzi Stars finished top. Sofapaka still won the 2010 Kenyan Super Cup after defeating 12-time champions A.F.C. Leopards.After staying in the league for an entire decade, Red Berets, who were only two points behind KCB when they were relegated along with previously promoted Mahakama, disbanded to immense pressure from its sponsors to produce good performances.[5] The two teams had replaced Bandari and Agrochemical, the former gaining promotion once again for the next season.","title":"2010 Kenyan Premier League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyan_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Agrochemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrochemical_F.C."},{"link_name":"Bandari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandari_F.C._(Kenya)"},{"link_name":"Nationwide League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyan_Nationwide_League"},{"link_name":"Mahakama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakama_F.C."},{"link_name":"Posta Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C._(Kenya)"}],"text":"Relegated from Premier LeagueAgrochemical\nBandariPromoted from Nationwide LeagueMahakama\nPosta Rangers","title":"Changes from last season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kenya_adm_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Chemelil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemelil_Sugar_F.C."},{"link_name":"Karuturi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karuturi_Sports"},{"link_name":"Berets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Berets_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sony Sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Sugar_F.C."},{"link_name":"Thika United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thika_United"},{"link_name":"Ulinzi Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulinzi_Stars"},{"link_name":"Western Stima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Stima"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kenya_adm_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Thika United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thika_United"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thika"},{"link_name":"stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thika_Municipal_Stadium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nairobi_location_map.png"},{"link_name":"Leopards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.F.C._Leopards"},{"link_name":"Gor Mahia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gor_Mahia_F.C."},{"link_name":"KCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_Commercial_Bank_S.C."},{"link_name":"Mahakama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakama_F.C."},{"link_name":"Mathare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathare_United"},{"link_name":"City Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi_City_Stars"},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C._(Kenya)"},{"link_name":"Sofapaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofapaka"},{"link_name":"Tusker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusker_F.C."},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nairobi_location_map.png"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"}],"sub_title":"Stadia and locations","text":"ChemelilKaruturiBeretsSony SugarThika United1Ulinzi StarsWestern Stimaclass=notpageimage| Locations of the 2010 Kenyan Premier League teams.\n1 - The location marked for Thika United is the location of the town, not the stadium.LeopardsGor MahiaKCBMahakamaMathareCity StarsRangersSofapakaTuskerclass=notpageimage| Locations of the 2010 Kenyan Premier League teams within Nairobi.","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 Kenyan Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.futaa.com/football/Kenya/Premier-League/2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_res_CCC0.14612380235741_6-0"},{"link_name":"2010 FKL Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010_FKL_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Updated to match(es) played on 8 December 2010. Source: 2010 Kenyan Premier LeagueRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.(C) Champions; (Q) Qualified for the phase indicated; (R) RelegatedNotes:^ Sofapaka as winners of the 2010 FKL Cup qualified for the 2011 CAF Confederation Cup.","title":"League table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.F.C._Leopards"},{"link_name":"CHM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemelil_Sugar_F.C."},{"link_name":"GOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gor_Mahia_F.C."},{"link_name":"VGP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegpro_F.C."},{"link_name":"KCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_Commercial_Bank_S.C."},{"link_name":"MAH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakama_F.C."},{"link_name":"MAU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathare_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"NCS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi_City_Stars"},{"link_name":"PRN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posta_Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"RBR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Berets_F.C."},{"link_name":"SOF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofapaka_F.C."},{"link_name":"SNY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoNy_Sugar_F.C."},{"link_name":"THU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thika_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"TUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusker_F.C."},{"link_name":"ULS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulinzi_Stars_F.C."},{"link_name":"WST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Stima_F.C."},{"link_name":"A.F.C. Leopards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.F.C._Leopards"},{"link_name":"1–0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi_derby"},{"link_name":"Chemelil Sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemelil_Sugar_F.C."},{"link_name":"Gor Mahia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gor_Mahia_F.C."},{"link_name":"1–0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi_derby"},{"link_name":"Vegpro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegpro_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kenya Commercial Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_Commercial_Bank_S.C."},{"link_name":"Mahakama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakama_F.C."},{"link_name":"Mathare United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathare_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Nairobi City Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi_City_Stars"},{"link_name":"Posta Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posta_Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Red Berets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Berets_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sofapaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofapaka_F.C."},{"link_name":"SoNy Sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoNy_Sugar_F.C."},{"link_name":"Thika United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thika_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Tusker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusker_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ulinzi Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulinzi_Stars_F.C."},{"link_name":"Western Stima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Stima_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kenyan Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.futaa.com/football/Kenya/Premier-League/2010"}],"text":"Home \\ Away\n\nAFC\n\nCHM\n\nGOR\n\nVGP\n\nKCB\n\nMAH\n\nMAU\n\nNCS\n\nPRN\n\nRBR\n\nSOF\n\nSNY\n\nTHU\n\nTUS\n\nULS\n\nWST\n\n\nA.F.C. Leopards\n\n\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–4\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–4\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n\nChemelil Sugar\n\n0–0\n\n\n\n3–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n\nGor Mahia\n\n1–0\n\n4–1\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n\nVegpro\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n\n\n0–3\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n\nKenya Commercial Bank\n\n3–4\n\n1–2\n\n0–2\n\n1–2\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–4\n\n0–2\n\n\nMahakama\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–3\n\n1–3\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–2\n\n0–0\n\n\nMathare United\n\n3–3\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–3\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n\nNairobi City Stars\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–2\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n2–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n\nPosta Rangers\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–0\n\n2–3\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–3\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n3–2\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–4\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n\nRed Berets\n\n2–2\n\n4–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n\n\n0–4\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n\nSofapaka\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n4–2\n\n\nSoNy Sugar\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n1–2\n\n2–2\n\n2–0\n\n\nThika United\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n1–3\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n\nTusker\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n\nUlinzi Stars\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n0–1\n\n\nWestern Stima\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n3–2\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n3–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–2\n\n0–3\n\n1–2\n\n\n\nUpdated to match(es) played on 8 December 2010. Source: Kenyan Premier LeagueLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Red_Berets_4_-_0_Chemelil_Sugar_-_Match_Report_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Red Berets - Chemelil Sugar (21/08-2010 kl. 14:00)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130524164919/http://www.futaa.com/football/event/794040"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.futaa.com//football/event/794040"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KCB_0_-_4_Ulinzi_Stars_-_Match_Report_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"KCB - Ulinzi Stars (04/04-2010 kl. 15:00)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130524165057/http://www.futaa.com/football/event/792113"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.futaa.com//football/event/792113"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Red_Berets_0_-_4_Sofapaka_-_Match_Report_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"Red Berets - Sofapaka (17/07-2010 kl. 13:00)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130524164853/http://www.futaa.com/football/event/793645"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.futaa.com//football/event/793645"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KCB_3_-_4_AFC_Leopards_-_Match_Report_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"KCB - AFC Leopards (25/07-2010 kl. 16:00)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130524165606/http://www.futaa.com/football/event/793658"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.futaa.com//football/event/793658"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Red Berets FC disbanded\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.michezoafrika.com/Kpl/Red-Berets-FC-disbanded/896.aspx"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Kenyan_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Kenyan_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kenyan_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Kenyan Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyan_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Kenyan_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Kenyan_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Kenyan_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Kenyan_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Kenyan_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Kenyan_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Kenyan_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Kenyan_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Kenyan_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Kenyan_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Kenyan_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Kenyan_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_FKF_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Kenyan_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Kenyan_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Kenyan Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyan_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"A.F.C. Leopards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.F.C._Leopards"},{"link_name":"Bandari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandari_F.C._(Kenya)"},{"link_name":"Bidco United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidco_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Gor Mahia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gor_Mahia_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kakamega Homeboyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakamega_Homeboyz_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kariobangi Sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Kariobangi_Sharks"},{"link_name":"Kenya Commercial Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_Commercial_Bank_S.C."},{"link_name":"Mathare United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathare_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Nairobi City Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi_City_Stars"},{"link_name":"Nzoia Sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nzoia_Sugar_F.C."},{"link_name":"Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Police_F.C._(Kenya)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Posta Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posta_Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sofapaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofapaka_F.C."},{"link_name":"Talanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Talanta"},{"link_name":"Tusker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusker_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ulinzi Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulinzi_Stars_F.C."},{"link_name":"Vihiga Bullets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vihiga_Bullets_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wazito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wazito_F.C."},{"link_name":"Abaluhya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaluhya_F.C."},{"link_name":"Abiengo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abiengo_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"A.F.C. Kamili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A.F.C._Kamili&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Agrochemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrochemical_F.C."},{"link_name":"Alaskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alaskan_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barclays Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays_Bank_(Kenya)"},{"link_name":"Baruti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baruti_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bata Bullets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bata_Shoes"},{"link_name":"Benham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benham_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Black Mamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Mamba_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Blue Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Triangle_Cement&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brooke Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooke_Bond"},{"link_name":"Bunyore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bunyore_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Busia Simba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Busia_Simba_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Canons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canons_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chemelil Sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemelil_Sugar_F.C."},{"link_name":"Coast Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Stars_F.C."},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company"},{"link_name":"Congo United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cook N' Lite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cook_N%27_Lite_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eldoret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eldoret_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eldoret Posta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eldoret_Posta_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eldoret United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eldoret_United_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"F.C. Kitale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F.C._Kitale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FC West Ham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_West_Ham_United"},{"link_name":"Feisal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feisal_F.C."},{"link_name":"Finlays Horticulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlays_Horticulture_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Green Berets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_Berets_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hakati Sports Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hakati_Sports_Club&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Harambee Maseno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harambee_Maseno_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Homa Bay Silver Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homa_Bay_Silver_Stars_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Homegrown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homegrown_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kahawa United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kahawa_United_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kakamega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakamega_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kakamega Black Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakamega_Black_Stars_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kangemi United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangemi_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kari_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karuturi Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegpro_F.C."},{"link_name":"KCC Eldoret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenya_Cooperative_Creameries&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kenya Commercial Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_Commercial_Bank_S.C."},{"link_name":"Kenya Grain Growers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenya_Grain_Growers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kenya Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_Navy"},{"link_name":"Kenya Pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_Pipeline_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kenya Prisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenya_Prisons_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kenya Textile Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenya_Textile_Mills&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kimbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kimbo_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kisima Bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kisima_Bombers_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kisumu All Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisumu_All_Stars_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kisumu Hotstars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kisumu_Hotstars_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kisumu Posta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kisumu_Posta_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kisumu Telkom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisumu_Telkom_F.C."},{"link_name":"Lenana Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lenana_Warriors_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ligi Ndogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligi_Ndogo_S.C."},{"link_name":"Luo Sports Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luo_Sports_Club"},{"link_name":"Luo Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luo_Union_F.C."},{"link_name":"Mahakama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakama_F.C."},{"link_name":"Maragoli United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maragoli_United_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marama_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mathare Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathare_Youth_F.C."},{"link_name":"Maziwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maziwa_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Works Kakamega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Works_(Kenya)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mombasa Cargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mombasa_Cargo_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mombasa Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mombasa_Heroes_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mombasa Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mombasa_Liverpool_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mombasa Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mombasa_Warriors_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Motcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motcom_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mount 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Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_CECAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"CAF Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_CAF_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_CAF_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"CAF Confederation Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_CAF_Confederation_Cup"},{"link_name":"Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_CAF_Confederation_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"CAF Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_CAF_Super_Cup"}],"text":"^ \"Red Berets - Chemelil Sugar (21/08-2010 kl. 14:00)\". Futaa.com. 21 August 2010. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2012.\n\n^ \"KCB - Ulinzi Stars (04/04-2010 kl. 15:00)\". Futaa.com. 4 April 2010. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2012.\n\n^ \"Red Berets - Sofapaka (17/07-2010 kl. 13:00)\". Futaa.com. 17 July 2010. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2012.\n\n^ \"KCB - AFC Leopards (25/07-2010 kl. 16:00)\". Futaa.com. 25 July 2010. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2012.\n\n^ Dennis Machio (27 January 2011). \"Red Berets FC disbanded\". MichezoAfrika.com. Retrieved 17 May 2012.vte Kenyan Premier LeagueSeasons\n...2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2018–19\n2019–20\n2020–21\n2021–22\n2022–23\n2023–24\n2021−22 Kenyan Premier League clubs\nA.F.C. Leopards\nBandari\nBidco United\nGor Mahia\nKakamega Homeboyz\nKariobangi Sharks\nKenya Commercial Bank\nMathare United\nNairobi City Stars\nNzoia Sugar\nPolice\nPosta Rangers\nSofapaka\nTalanta\nTusker\nUlinzi Stars\nVihiga Bullets\nWazito\nFormer clubs\nAbaluhya\nAbiengo\nA.F.C. Kamili\nAgrochemical\nAlaskan\nBarclays Bank\nBaruti\nBata Bullets\nBenham\nBlack Mamba\nBlue Triangle\nBrooke Bond\nBunyore\nBusia Simba\nCanons\nChemelil Sugar\nCoast Stars\nCoca-Cola\nCongo United\nCook N' Lite\nEldoret\nEldoret Posta\nEldoret United\nF.C. Kitale\nFC West Ham United\nFeisal\nFinlays Horticulture\nGreen Berets\nHakati Sports Club\nHarambee Maseno\nHoma Bay Silver Stars\nHomegrown\nKahawa United\nKakamega\nKakamega Black Stars\nKangemi United\nKari\nKaruturi Sports\nKCC Eldoret\nKenya Commercial Bank\nKenya Grain Growers\nKenya Navy\nKenya Pipeline\nKenya Prisons\nKenya Textile Mills\nKimbo\nKisima Bombers\nKisumu All Stars\nKisumu Hotstars\nKisumu Posta\nKisumu Telkom\nLenana Warriors\nLigi Ndogo\nLuo Sports Club\nLuo Union\nMahakama\nMaragoli United\nMarama\nMathare Youth\nMaziwa\nMinistry of Works Kakamega\nMombasa Cargo\nMombasa Heroes\nMombasa Liverpool\nMombasa Warriors\nMotcom\nMount Kenya\nMuhoroni Youth\nMumias Sugar\nNairobi Heroes\nNairobi Stima\nNairobi Wanderers\nMount Kenya United\nNakuru AllStars\nNakuru AllStars (1961)\nNakuru Police\nNakuru Transcom\nNational Bank of Kenya\nOserian\nPanpaper Webuye\nRamogi\nRarcom\nRaymonds\nRed Berets\nReli\nReunion\nRivatex\nSamia Union\nScarlet\nSecuricor\nShabana Kisii\nShell\nSoNy Sugar\nSt Joseph\nUmeme\nUshuru\nUtalii\nVegpro\nViatu Sportif\nVihiga United\nVolcano\nWaterworks\nWestern Stima\nZoo Kericho\n\nAwards\nSeasonsvteTop division football seasons in KenyaNational Football League\n1963\n1964\n1965\n1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\n1970\n1971\n1972\n1974\n1975\n1976\n1977\n1978\n1979\n1980\n1981\n1982\n1983\n1984\n1985\n1986\n1987\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\nSuper League\n1973\n1997\nPremier League\n1998\n1999\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2018–19\n2019–20\n2020–21\n2021–22\n2022–23\n2023–24vte2010 in Kenyan football « 2009 2011 » Domestic leagues\nPremier League\nNationwide League\nDomestic cups\nFKL Cup\nSuper Cup\nAfrican competitions\nChampions League\nConfederation Cup\nRelated to national team\nCECAFA Cup\nAfrica Cup of Nations qualifiersvte2010 in African football (CAF) « 2009 2011 » Domestic leagues\nAlgeria\n09–10\n10–11\nAngola\n2009\n2010\nCameroon\n09–10\n10–11\nCape Verde\n10\nEgypt\n09–10\n10–11\nEthiopia\n09–10\n10–11\nGhana\n09–10\n10–11\nIvory Coast\n10\nKenya\n10\nLibya\n09–10\n10–11\nMalawi\n10–11\nMali\n09–10\n10–11\nMauritania\n10–11\nMorocco\n09–10\n10–11\nNigeria\n09–10\n10–11\nSão Tomé and Príncipe\n09–10\nSenegal\n10\nSouth Africa\n09–10\n10–11\nSudan\n10\nTunisia\n09–10\n10–11\nDomestic cups\nAlgeria\n09–10\n10–11\nAngola\n2010\nCape Verde\n10\nEgypt\n09–10\nLibya\n09–10\nSupercups\nAngola\nRegional cups\nCECAFA Cup\nCAF competitions\nCAF Champions League (Final)\nCAF Confederation Cup (Final)\nCAF Super Cup","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"2010 Kenyan Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Kenyan_Super_Cup"}] | [{"reference":"\"Red Berets - Chemelil Sugar (21/08-2010 kl. 14:00)\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Ratner | Lee Ratner | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 d-CON and The Grant Company","2.2 Lucky Lee Ranch","2.3 Lehigh Acres","2.4 Further real estate ventures & oil exploration","2.5 Other ventures","3 Business strategy","4 Reputation","5 Personal life","6 Footnotes","7 References"] | American businessman
Lee RatnerRatner in 1951BornLeonard Lee RatnerMarch 29, 1918Chicago, Illinois, U.S.DiedMay 8, 2000 (aged 82)Palm Beach, Florida, U.S.Occupation(s)Business executive, telemarketerYears active1940–2000Known forFounded d-CON; started Lehigh Acres community
Leonard Lee Ratner was an American businessman who built his fortune through mail order sales, particularly as the founder of d-CON rat poison company, before moving into real estate investment.
He was the biological grandfather of film producer and director Brett Ratner.
Early life and education
Leonard Lee Ratner was born in 1918 and grew up on the west side of Chicago. As a young child, he learned to be a salesman selling groceries and other merchandise at his father's produce stand. At age 17, he took an active role in the business. One day Ratner heard about a truck load of bananas that were about to spoil from over ripening. He struck a deal with the truck owner to buy them for $250. By the end of the day, he had resold the bananas to other grocers and fruit stands for a total of $1,750.
Ratner graduated from Marshall High School in 1937 before enrolling at Northwestern University. There, he studied accounting in the School of Commerce before dropping out to pursue his business interests.
While still in college in 1940, Ratner formed his first company, United Enterprises Inc., a mail-order business. The business, which Ratner ran from his home, sold books, medicine, and novelty merchandise. One of his first big successes came from a pocket-sized adding machine which "no decent-sized agency would touch". Another product, stainless steel flatware, taught him what would become his signature marketing method – mail order products backed by aggressive radio advertising. Once he showed demand for the product this way, he would then obtain retail distribution, which was generally more cost effective. The business grew rapidly and by 1942, Ratner was a millionaire.
Career
d-CON and The Grant Company
After serving in World War II, Ratner returned to Chicago and continued to look for new ventures. In 1950, the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation patented warfarin, a new chemical compound which had been in development since the 1930. In the Summer of 1950, Ratner learned of the product, travelled to Madison, Wisconsin, and after 30 minutes of discussion was convinced warfarin would be a big seller and signed a licensing agreement. Ratner formed d-CON as an 80% owner and contracted with the S.B. Penick Company, which was already distributing the compound, for an initial supply. By 1951, around 75 companies were distributing warfarin, but none had the impact of d-CON.
A 1950 d-CON meeting. From left to right: Jermone Garland, d-CON vice president of sales; Joe Abrams, d-CON public relations director; Lee Ratner, d-CON president; Alvin Eicoff, Marfree vice president
On September 5, 1950, a trial run of radio advertisements for d-CON commenced. Targeting farmers, the ads aired between 5:30 am and 7:30 am on farm or news programs on stations that reached a large rural audience. The 15 minute infomercials instantly created high demand for the product and advertising spending was quickly increased. Within a short period of time, warfarin/d-CON "revolutionized the art of rodent control" by replacing manual extermination and highly toxic poisons. To increase momentum for the new product, Ratner organized a 15-day experiment in Middleton, Wisconsin, a town with a particularly bad rat problem. On November 4, d-CON was distributed throughout the community free of charge. By November 19, the town's rat problem was over with no "signs of rats in the entire area". By December, d-CON was spending $30,000 a week on coast-to-coast ads across 425 radio stations. According to company claims, d-CON was selling more rodent killer in a week than their nearest competitor sold in a year. Explaining d-CON's success over its competitors, Ratner remarked "exterminators has a terrific market but no one had ever advertised the product properly."
Ratner continued the aggressive advertising campaign, turning to the relatively new medium of television. McKesson & Robbins was contracted for retail distribution. On May 1, 1951, Ratner ceased mail-order distribution of d-CON, having placed the product in more than 40,000 drug, grocery, and hardware stores. Over the first eight months of its existence, d-CON had spent approximately $1 million on advertising, generating sales of $100,000 a week. The success of d-CON led Ratner to expand the business, announcing plans to introduce 10 to 12 household products as subsidiaries of d-CON over the next several years. The first was an insecticide called Fli-Pel.
Around 1955, Ratner formed The Grant Company as a subsidiary of the d-CON Company and as a joint venture with his brother Walter. An offshoot, Glenn Chemical Company Inc., was also formed. Products sold by these companies included cleaning supplies under the M-O-Lene brand name, Sonfa cosmetics, various household tools sold by the Grant Tool Company, and the Auto Grant "rocket ignition device". Leeds & York was formed to handle the advertising of Ratner's products. A 1955, eleven-week-long campaign costing $480,000 featured 1 minute spot ads and 5 minute "special service" programs for d-CON across 382 radio stations. Simultaneous, a $180,000 mostly television campaign supported M-O-Lene Dry Cleaning products, and approximately $40,000 was being spent weekly on Grant Company mail-order products.
d-CON in particular was a huge success and Ratner sold the brand for approximately $7 million in 1956. He continued to sell his other mail-order products under The Grant Company, but Leeds & York ceased operations shortly after the sale of d-CON. Walter left the company in 1962.
Lucky Lee Ranch
Around 1951, Ratner moved his family to Miami, Florida to explore new business interests. In February, he purchased 18,460 acres of farmland in eastern Lee County for $675,000. The property was ideal to raise livestock and the sale included "no less than 1400 healthy cattle". It has been suggested that Ratner bought the property as a tax dodge, although his son Joel disputes this saying that Ratner intended the property to continue to be a working farm, with any tax benefits being secondary. Along with the property, Ratner obtained the rights to the "CJ", "OS", and "Star-B" brand names along with the property.
On a visit to Lucky Lee Ranch, as the property became known, Ratner's brother-in-law Jim Richmond fell in love with the property and climate. He agreed to be the farm manager and relocated his family there in the summer of 1952. A runway was built on the property so that Ratner could fly his private jet from his home in Miami to the ranch to check up on his investment and/or relax with his family on a regular basis. Joel recalled vacationing on the property regularly and learning to drive there.
Within a year, more than 130 acres of vegetables and more than 700 acres of alfalfa, an unusual crop for the area, were planted on Lucky Lee Ranch. The farm had success with the alfalfa crop, attracting the attention of local university researchers, and causing the farm to turn a profit. A deal was soon signed to export hay, the first recorded incidence of hay being exported from Florida.
Lehigh Acres
Also in 1952, Ratner first met Gerald Gould, who would become one of his closest friends and business associates. Ratner had called a local advertising agency where Gould was working to place an ad in Harper's Bazaar for a perfume he was selling. The advertising manager was suspicious because of a perfume scam run by another party the previous year. Gould was asked to investigate to make sure Ratner was not running a similar scam. He quickly found Ratner's business to be legitimate and the two became friends.
Gould and Ratner would often ride horses together on Lucky Lee Ranch. It was on one of these rides in 1954, that Gould suggested Ratner develop the property by slicing it up into a checkerboard pattern and selling off half acre lots. Ratner liked the idea and formed a corporation named the Lee County Land and Title Company for that purpose, naming Gould as president. Ratner brought in two business associates, Manuel Riskin and Edward Shapiro, who had real estate experience. Ratner maintained 48% ownership of new company, while Gould received 22%, and the other partners 15% each.
On a fund raising flight to New York, Ratner and Gould drew up what would become the company's signature marketing plan – a small flat fee, followed by a small monthly payment. (Initially, $7.50 down and $7.50 a month and most famously $10 down and $10 a month.) After hiring engineers to prep the ranch for development, Lee County Land and Title Company began to sell plots in the new community of Leeland Heights. Advertisements were purchased in major newspapers across the Northeastern and Midwestern United States offering plots of land. The payment structure made the land attractive to average Americans and plots sold quickly. An ad run in a Friday newspaper would lead to $10 bills flowing in by Tuesday. At one point the cash was coming in so fast, trash cans were used to store extra money. Within a year, 12,000 lots were sold, with a minimum total price of $495. However, deeds were not given until payments completed. If payments stopped, the customer lost their investment and the land was resold.
Little thought was given to partitioning the land along natural features, or leaving space for basic community needs. Gould later remarked "We gave so much thought to selling the land that the normal reservations for commercial properties, schools, all the ancillary things you need in a community, weren't made. We even had canals that ran uphill. I don't know any mistake you could make that we didn't make." Much to the amazement of the partners, soon customers were asking the company to build them homes. Thus, the Lehigh Building & Development Company was formed to expand the operation into home building. The Lehigh Industries & Investing Corporation was formed to offer central water and sewage systems under its Lehigh Acres Utilities Company subsidiary, and later took ownership of the building company. Ratner owned 51% of the investment arm of Lehigh Acres. The Sheldon Leasing Company was formed to build a shopping center around 1958. Lehigh Memorial Park Inc. was created to operate a cemetery in 1962.
With demand high, the Lee County Land and Title Company started purchasing more land in the area. By 1959, it owned 30,000 acres of land in what would become Lehigh Acres, of which 18,000 were under active development. By using a limited set of pre-made designs consumer could pick from, the company was able to complete a new home build in 90 to 120 days. The Lee County Land and Title Company also operated a motel on the property, and built a civic auditorium dedicated to public use.
Earlier failures to plan for utilities created a constant cash crunch. Marketing was ratcheted up. In the middle of winter, bikini-clad models under heat lamps showed off Lehigh model homes. Elephants were paraded around the Midwest carrying banners saying "Fly to Florida for peanuts!" Private planes were used to fly Northerners to Lehigh to view the "Charmed Circle" of model homes and luscious gardens. On September 14, 1963, Ratner and the other original partners sold the Lee County Land and Title Company to Sacred Heart Parish (the territorial division of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Austin, Texas) for $12.5 million in the form of notes and a purchase-money mortgage. Sacred Heart in turn lent the legal ownership of the property to the Lehigh Acres Development Corporation, which was wholly owned by Howard M. Lawn. Ratner was retained by the new company in a consulting role.
Ratner was a 25% owner and chairman of the board of the Southern Radio and Television Company (originally Lehigh Acres Radio & Television Company), which was founded in 1960 with the aim of serving the Lehigh Acres community and making the area more attractive to live in. Southern's application to build a broadcasting tower was approved in December 1966 on land donated by the Lee County Land and Title Company.
The population of Lehigh Acres boomed from 500 families in 1960 to 5000 by the end of the decade. In 1969, Lehigh Acres Development Corporation was purchased by the Scientific Resources Corporation in an all-stock deal. Two years later, Scientific Resources went bankrupt.
Further real estate ventures & oil exploration
Spurred by the apparent success of Lehigh, Ratner bought property throughout Florida. In 1957, he was part of a lawsuit against the Florida government seeking to overturn a new law preventing the filling of submerged land in Boca Ciega Bay. (To create valuable waterfront property, developers would buy unusable partially submerged coastline and fill it to create usable land.) From 1958 to 1964, the sought to develop property on the Venetian Islands in St. Petersburg under the Venetian Isle Development Corporation, a subsidiary of the Lee County Land and Title Company. In 1965, he and Gould conceived of a "traveling house." The house consisted of two 10 ft by 40 ft sections carried on separate trailers that were bolted together at points of display. Its purchase was to show northerners "something about the types of new houses that are available in the south", according to press coverage.
In June 1958, Ratner formed the Leeco Gas & Oil Company for purposes of oil exploration. Three gas wells were placed in Brown County in December, with a combined operating capacity of 2.5 million cubic feet daily. A number of additional drilling permits were obtained in Texas, but by 1960 the business had "practically petered out" according to a 1963 FCC hearing on Southern Radio & Television. At some point the business was revived. Additional Texas gas wells were drilled in 1964. By 1975, had expanded westward into Colorado and California. Ratner's Four R's Producing Company, formed in 1958, initially sought to develop oil producing properties before becoming involved in real estate investment. It became part of Lehigh Acres by early 1962 and was inactive by 1964.
Other ventures
From 1956 until 1961, Ratner owned a carpet business called Leonard Carpet Manufacturing Company. He was involved in soilless farming through Hydroponics International, a subsidiary of the Lee County Land and Title Company until it was dissolved in 1963. In 1962, he formed the Bahamas corporation Sutters International the distribute product internationally. Ratner was an elected director of the Miami National Bank from May 1961 until May 1963, when he was not re-elected "due to his inactivity."
In 1969, Ratner launched a computer programming correspondence course under the name Computer College of Technology. He claimed his 50-part course could teach even a high school dropout to program for a one-time payment of $545. The price included teleconferencing support if the student got stuck. Initial response to the product was strong due to high employment demand in the computer industry, which was paying novice programmers $700 a month to start at the time. Ratner based his later operations out of Miami Beach.
Business strategy
Ratner's motto was "you can sell anything if you use radio to introduce it." In 1951, he outlined his business strategy as follows:
Mail order is the only way to start a new product that you want to get in the big time. With the right dramatized appeal, distribution can be forced by arousing public demand.
Once you've got a brand started, get out of mail order.
Spend money to make money.
Radio is the best means of getting a product started.
Later, Ratner would use television to sell products directly to consumers in a manner similar to later telemarketers such as Ron Popeil. For example, if he was selling a vegetable slicer for $2.98, he would offer consumers who called within the next fifteen minutes a bonus peeler "worth" an additional $2.98. And the first 100 callers got a bonus french fry slicer "worth" $2, offering $7.96 of value for only $2.98. In reality, the three products combined only cost Ratner about 40¢, leaving plenty of profit. The $2.98 price point (which was also used for d-CON) was chosen because his research showed that products above $3 were unappealing to many consumers. As of 1954, Ratner was spending more than $1 million a year on 10-minute infomercials across 300 TV stations.
Reputation
Ratner had "dark curly hair, charismatic smile, and electric personality" according to his friend and long-time business associate Gerald Gould. He maintained diverse business interests and had a passion for developing new products. Sponsor magazine described him as "a hustling, rough-hewn Chicago merchandiser" and compared him to the Pied Piper due to Ratner's rat removal prowess. In 2009, Gould reminisced "I loved Lee Ratner ... He had the uncanny ability to figure out what to say to a prospective buyer. He knew price was not the deciding factor." He was considered generous with his money, refusing to leave less than a $5 tip at restaurants, for example.
The rapid rise of d-CON has been cited as a case study in effective mail-order advertising and called "as brilliant a record for a new product as you're likely to find anywhere, anytime." At one time, Ratner's businesses were the eight largest purchaser of television ads in the United States. He has been described as "the king of telemarketers" from the early days of television. A 1954 article in Broadcasting Telecasting declared "no mention of mail order on TV would be complete without mentioning the success of the active Lee Ratner."
Personal life
Ratner had a brother named Walter and a sister. He married Esther Richmond and the couple had three sons – Joel, Ronald, and Ira. In 1959, Ratner purchased a race horse named Illinois and hired famous jockey Lester Piggott to ride it. Together with Gould, he formed Lehigh Acres Throughbread Farms in 1964 for breeding and training race horses.
Ratner died in Palm Beach, Florida in 2000.
Footnotes
^A : The story is often told that Ratner bought Lucky Lee Ranch specifically to protect him from capital gains taxes on the recent sale of the d-CON company. An alternate suggestion is the development of Lehigh Acres was begun to offset the sale of d-CON. Neither suggestion is possible, as the property was purchased in 1951 and development began in 1954, but d-CON was not sold until 1956.
There was still a tax advantage locally, as the land received an agricultural income designation for valuation in property taxes, as opposed to the (almost always) higher 'Fair Market Value'.
References
^ a b Galloway, Stephen (October 23, 2013). "How Director Brett Ratner Evolved From Party Boy to $450 Million Warner Bros. Mogul". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 9, 2020.
^ a b Sales, Nancy Jo (March 2007). "Hollywood Loves Brett Ratner" (PDF). Vanity Fair. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
^ Martin, Lydia (October 15, 2017). "Movie money man". The Miami Herald. Retrieved September 9, 2020.
^ Hotchandani, Kamal; Wilson, Stephanie (August 24, 2007). "Blockbuster Brett Ratner". Haute Living. Retrieved September 9, 2020.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Carla Ulakovic (2014). "Leonard Lee Ratner and Lucky Lee Ranch". Lehigh Acres. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 19–26. ISBN 978-1-4671-1207-9.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "America's Pied Piper". Sponsor. 5 (1). Sponsor Publications: 24–25, 44–46. January 1, 1951.
^ a b c d e f g h "They Built a Better Mousetrap ... And Used Radio to Sell It" (PDF). Broadcasting Telecasting: 22–3. December 11, 1950.
^ a b c d e Jules Freeman; Neil D. Freeman (2004). Become a Multi Millionaire in 5 Easy Lessons. Trafford Publishing. pp. 17–19. ISBN 1-4120-1579-0.
^ a b Link KP (January 1, 1959). "The discovery of dicumarol and its sequels". Circulation. 19 (1): 97–107. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.19.1.97. PMID 13619027.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Federal Communications Commission Reports. 2. Vol. 5. 1966. pp. 921–6, 946–52.
^ "Mail-order Ads Power New product Into Big Seller". Printers' Ink. 235: 40. 1951.
^ a b c d "The Pitchmen in the Parlor". Broadcasting Telecasting: 81. August 9, 1954.
^ "Grant Chemical, d-CON plan use of Radio-TV" (PDF). Broadcasting Telecasting: 195. September 19, 1955.
^ a b c d e f g h Carla Ulakovic (2014). "A Corporation Town in Born". Lehigh Acres. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 27–42. ISBN 978-1-4671-1207-9.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kris Hundley (August 8, 2009). "Lehigh Acres: Florida's lesson in unregulated growth". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
^ "House Tightens State Control of Development". Panama City News. UP. June 5, 1957. p. 1. Retrieved April 1, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Traveling House". The Salem News. April 21, 1965. p. 20. Retrieved April 10, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Wildcat Set in Brown". Brownwood Bulletin. December 7, 1958. p. 8. Retrieved April 10, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Three Wildcats Are Completed in County". Abilene Reporter-News. November 19, 1959. p. 45. Retrieved April 1, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Mississippian Discovery Completed in Stonewall". Abilene Reporter-News. October 17, 1964. p. 5B. Retrieved April 1, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Cyanide Spill Cleanup Ordered". The San Bernardino County Sun. May 20, 1975. p. 46. Retrieved April 1, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Need Increases for Computer Programmers". The Times-Reporter. UPI. July 16, 1969. p. 19. Retrieved April 1, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ William B. Ward (1952). Reporting Agriculture. Cornell University Press. pp. 326–7.
^ "Here's One to Bet". The Decateur Herald. AP. December 23, 1959. p. 9. Retrieved April 1, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/leonard-lee-ratner-24-7fsmht | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mail order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_order"},{"link_name":"d-CON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-CON"},{"link_name":"rat poison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_poison"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Galloway-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nancyjosales.com-2"},{"link_name":"film producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_producer"},{"link_name":"director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_director"},{"link_name":"Brett Ratner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Ratner"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Galloway-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hotchandani-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nancyjosales.com-2"}],"text":"American businessmanLeonard Lee Ratner was an American businessman who built his fortune through mail order sales, particularly as the founder of d-CON rat poison company, before moving into real estate investment.[1][2]He was the biological grandfather of film producer and director Brett Ratner.[1][3][4][2]","title":"Lee Ratner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lehigh-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-piper-6"},{"link_name":"Northwestern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-better-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lehigh-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-better-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-better-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lehigh-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-piper-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-piper-6"}],"text":"Leonard Lee Ratner was born in 1918 and grew up on the west side of Chicago. As a young child, he learned to be a salesman selling groceries and other merchandise at his father's produce stand.[5] At age 17, he took an active role in the business. One day Ratner heard about a truck load of bananas that were about to spoil from over ripening. He struck a deal with the truck owner to buy them for $250. By the end of the day, he had resold the bananas to other grocers and fruit stands for a total of $1,750.[6]Ratner graduated from Marshall High School in 1937 before enrolling at Northwestern University.[7] There, he studied accounting in the School of Commerce before dropping out to pursue his business interests.[5][7]While still in college in 1940, Ratner formed his first company, United Enterprises Inc., a mail-order business.[7] The business, which Ratner ran from his home, sold books, medicine, and novelty merchandise.[5] One of his first big successes came from a pocket-sized adding machine which \"no decent-sized agency would touch\".[6] Another product, stainless steel flatware, taught him what would become his signature marketing method – mail order products backed by aggressive radio advertising. Once he showed demand for the product this way, he would then obtain retail distribution, which was generally more cost effective. The business grew rapidly and by 1942, Ratner was a millionaire.[6]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-become-8"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Alumni_Research_Foundation"},{"link_name":"warfarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warfarin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-discovery-9"},{"link_name":"Madison, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-piper-6"},{"link_name":"d-CON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-CON"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-piper-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-piper-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Early_d-CON_execs.jpg"},{"link_name":"d-CON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-CON"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-better-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-piper-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-better-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-become-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-discovery-9"},{"link_name":"Middleton, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleton,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-better-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-better-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-piper-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-become-8"},{"link_name":"McKesson & Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKesson_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-better-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-power-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-piper-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitchmen-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitchmen-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lehigh-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC-10"}],"sub_title":"d-CON and The Grant Company","text":"After serving in World War II, Ratner returned to Chicago and continued to look for new ventures.[8] In 1950, the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation patented warfarin, a new chemical compound which had been in development since the 1930.[9] In the Summer of 1950, Ratner learned of the product, travelled to Madison, Wisconsin, and after 30 minutes of discussion was convinced warfarin would be a big seller and signed a licensing agreement.[6] Ratner formed d-CON as an 80% owner and contracted with the S.B. Penick Company, which was already distributing the compound, for an initial supply.[6][10] By 1951, around 75 companies were distributing warfarin, but none had the impact of d-CON.[6]A 1950 d-CON meeting. From left to right: Jermone Garland, d-CON vice president of sales; Joe Abrams, d-CON public relations director; Lee Ratner, d-CON president; Alvin Eicoff, Marfree vice presidentOn September 5, 1950, a trial run of radio advertisements for d-CON commenced.[7] Targeting farmers, the ads aired between 5:30 am and 7:30 am on farm or news programs on stations that reached a large rural audience.[6] The 15 minute infomercials instantly created high demand for the product and advertising spending was quickly increased.[7] Within a short period of time, warfarin/d-CON \"revolutionized the art of rodent control\" by replacing manual extermination and highly toxic poisons.[8][9] To increase momentum for the new product, Ratner organized a 15-day experiment in Middleton, Wisconsin, a town with a particularly bad rat problem. On November 4, d-CON was distributed throughout the community free of charge. By November 19, the town's rat problem was over with no \"signs of rats in the entire area\".[7] By December, d-CON was spending $30,000 a week on coast-to-coast ads across 425 radio stations. According to company claims, d-CON was selling more rodent killer in a week than their nearest competitor sold in a year.[7] Explaining d-CON's success over its competitors, Ratner remarked \"exterminators has a terrific market but no one had ever advertised the product properly.\"[6]Ratner continued the aggressive advertising campaign, turning to the relatively new medium of television.[8] McKesson & Robbins was contracted for retail distribution.[7] On May 1, 1951, Ratner ceased mail-order distribution of d-CON, having placed the product in more than 40,000 drug, grocery, and hardware stores. Over the first eight months of its existence, d-CON had spent approximately $1 million on advertising, generating sales of $100,000 a week.[11] The success of d-CON led Ratner to expand the business, announcing plans to introduce 10 to 12 household products as subsidiaries of d-CON over the next several years. The first was an insecticide called Fli-Pel.[6]Around 1955, Ratner formed The Grant Company as a subsidiary of the d-CON Company and as a joint venture with his brother Walter. An offshoot, Glenn Chemical Company Inc., was also formed.[10][12] Products sold by these companies included cleaning supplies under the M-O-Lene brand name, Sonfa cosmetics, various household tools sold by the Grant Tool Company, and the Auto Grant \"rocket ignition device\".[12] Leeds & York was formed to handle the advertising of Ratner's products.[10] A 1955, eleven-week-long campaign costing $480,000 featured 1 minute spot ads and 5 minute \"special service\" programs for d-CON across 382 radio stations. Simultaneous, a $180,000 mostly television campaign supported M-O-Lene Dry Cleaning products, and approximately $40,000 was being spent weekly on Grant Company mail-order products.[13]d-CON in particular was a huge success and Ratner sold the brand for approximately $7 million in 1956.[5][10] He continued to sell his other mail-order products under The Grant Company, but Leeds & York ceased operations shortly after the sale of d-CON.[10] Walter left the company in 1962.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[Note A]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_refA"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lehigh-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lehigh-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lehigh-5"}],"sub_title":"Lucky Lee Ranch","text":"Around 1951, Ratner moved his family to Miami, Florida to explore new business interests. In February, he purchased 18,460 acres of farmland in eastern Lee County for $675,000. The property was ideal to raise livestock and the sale included \"no less than 1400 healthy cattle\". It has been suggested that Ratner bought the property as a tax dodge, although his son Joel disputes this saying that Ratner intended the property to continue to be a working farm, with any tax benefits being secondary.[Note A] Along with the property, Ratner obtained the rights to the \"CJ\", \"OS\", and \"Star-B\" brand names along with the property.[5]On a visit to Lucky Lee Ranch, as the property became known, Ratner's brother-in-law Jim Richmond fell in love with the property and climate. He agreed to be the farm manager and relocated his family there in the summer of 1952. A runway was built on the property so that Ratner could fly his private jet from his home in Miami to the ranch to check up on his investment and/or relax with his family on a regular basis. Joel recalled vacationing on the property regularly and learning to drive there.[5]Within a year, more than 130 acres of vegetables and more than 700 acres of alfalfa, an unusual crop for the area, were planted on Lucky Lee Ranch. The farm had success with the alfalfa crop, attracting the attention of local university researchers, and causing the farm to turn a profit. A deal was soon signed to export hay, the first recorded incidence of hay being exported from Florida.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harper's Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lehigh3-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lesson-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lesson-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lehigh3-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lesson-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lehigh3-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lesson-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lehigh3-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lesson-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lesson-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lehigh3-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lehigh3-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC-10"},{"link_name":"Lehigh Acres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_Acres"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lehigh3-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lesson-15"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Austin"},{"link_name":"notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promissory_note"},{"link_name":"purchase-money mortgage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purchase-money_mortgage&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lesson-15"}],"sub_title":"Lehigh Acres","text":"Also in 1952, Ratner first met Gerald Gould, who would become one of his closest friends and business associates. Ratner had called a local advertising agency where Gould was working to place an ad in Harper's Bazaar for a perfume he was selling. The advertising manager was suspicious because of a perfume scam run by another party the previous year. Gould was asked to investigate to make sure Ratner was not running a similar scam. He quickly found Ratner's business to be legitimate and the two became friends.[14]Gould and Ratner would often ride horses together on Lucky Lee Ranch. It was on one of these rides in 1954, that Gould suggested Ratner develop the property by slicing it up into a checkerboard pattern and selling off half acre lots.[15] Ratner liked the idea and formed a corporation named the Lee County Land and Title Company for that purpose, naming Gould as president.[15] Ratner brought in two business associates, Manuel Riskin and Edward Shapiro, who had real estate experience.[14] Ratner maintained 48% ownership of new company, while Gould received 22%, and the other partners 15% each.On a fund raising flight to New York, Ratner and Gould drew up what would become the company's signature marketing plan – a small flat fee, followed by a small monthly payment.[15] (Initially, $7.50 down and $7.50 a month and most famously $10 down and $10 a month.)[14][15] After hiring engineers to prep the ranch for development, Lee County Land and Title Company began to sell plots in the new community of Leeland Heights. Advertisements were purchased in major newspapers across the Northeastern and Midwestern United States offering plots of land. The payment structure made the land attractive to average Americans and plots sold quickly.[14] An ad run in a Friday newspaper would lead to $10 bills flowing in by Tuesday. At one point the cash was coming in so fast, trash cans were used to store extra money. Within a year, 12,000 lots were sold, with a minimum total price of $495. However, deeds were not given until payments completed. If payments stopped, the customer lost their investment and the land was resold.[15]Little thought was given to partitioning the land along natural features, or leaving space for basic community needs. Gould later remarked \"We gave so much thought to selling the land that the normal reservations for commercial properties, schools, all the ancillary things you need in a community, weren't made. We even had canals that ran uphill. I don't know any mistake you could make that we didn't make.\"[15] Much to the amazement of the partners, soon customers were asking the company to build them homes.[14] Thus, the Lehigh Building & Development Company was formed to expand the operation into home building.[10] The Lehigh Industries & Investing Corporation was formed to offer central water and sewage systems under its Lehigh Acres Utilities Company subsidiary, and later took ownership of the building company.[10][14] Ratner owned 51% of the investment arm of Lehigh Acres. The Sheldon Leasing Company was formed to build a shopping center around 1958. Lehigh Memorial Park Inc. was created to operate a cemetery in 1962.[10]With demand high, the Lee County Land and Title Company started purchasing more land in the area. By 1959, it owned 30,000 acres of land in what would become Lehigh Acres, of which 18,000 were under active development. By using a limited set of pre-made designs consumer could pick from, the company was able to complete a new home build in 90 to 120 days.[14] The Lee County Land and Title Company also operated a motel on the property, and built a civic auditorium dedicated to public use.[10]Earlier failures to plan for utilities created a constant cash crunch. Marketing was ratcheted up. In the middle of winter, bikini-clad models under heat lamps showed off Lehigh model homes. Elephants were paraded around the Midwest carrying banners saying \"Fly to Florida for peanuts!\" Private planes were used to fly Northerners to Lehigh to view the \"Charmed Circle\" of model homes and luscious gardens.[15] On September 14, 1963, Ratner and the other original partners sold the Lee County Land and Title Company to Sacred Heart Parish (the territorial division of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Austin, Texas) for $12.5 million in the form of notes and a purchase-money mortgage. Sacred Heart in turn lent the legal ownership of the property to the Lehigh Acres Development Corporation, which was wholly owned by Howard M. Lawn. Ratner was retained by the new company in a consulting role.[10]Ratner was a 25% owner and chairman of the board of the Southern Radio and Television Company (originally Lehigh Acres Radio & Television Company), which was founded in 1960 with the aim of serving the Lehigh Acres community and making the area more attractive to live in. Southern's application to build a broadcasting tower was approved in December 1966 on land donated by the Lee County Land and Title Company.[10]The population of Lehigh Acres boomed from 500 families in 1960 to 5000 by the end of the decade. In 1969, Lehigh Acres Development Corporation was purchased by the Scientific Resources Corporation in an all-stock deal. Two years later, Scientific Resources went bankrupt.[15]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boca Ciega Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Ciega_Bay"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Venetian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_Islands,_Florida"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC-10"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC-10"},{"link_name":"Brown County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC-10"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC-10"}],"sub_title":"Further real estate ventures & oil exploration","text":"Spurred by the apparent success of Lehigh, Ratner bought property throughout Florida. In 1957, he was part of a lawsuit against the Florida government seeking to overturn a new law preventing the filling of submerged land in Boca Ciega Bay. (To create valuable waterfront property, developers would buy unusable partially submerged coastline and fill it to create usable land.)[16] From 1958 to 1964, the sought to develop property on the Venetian Islands in St. Petersburg under the Venetian Isle Development Corporation, a subsidiary of the Lee County Land and Title Company.[10] In 1965, he and Gould conceived of a \"traveling house.\" The house consisted of two 10 ft by 40 ft sections carried on separate trailers that were bolted together at points of display. Its purchase was to show northerners \"something about the types of new houses that are available in the south\", according to press coverage.[17]In June 1958, Ratner formed the Leeco Gas & Oil Company for purposes of oil exploration.[10] Three gas wells were placed in Brown County in December, with a combined operating capacity of 2.5 million cubic feet daily.[18] A number of additional drilling permits were obtained in Texas, but by 1960 the business had \"practically petered out\" according to a 1963 FCC hearing on Southern Radio & Television.[10][19] At some point the business was revived. Additional Texas gas wells were drilled in 1964.[20] By 1975, had expanded westward into Colorado and California.[21] Ratner's Four R's Producing Company, formed in 1958, initially sought to develop oil producing properties before becoming involved in real estate investment. It became part of Lehigh Acres by early 1962 and was inactive by 1964.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC-10"},{"link_name":"Miami Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Beach"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Other ventures","text":"From 1956 until 1961, Ratner owned a carpet business called Leonard Carpet Manufacturing Company. He was involved in soilless farming through Hydroponics International, a subsidiary of the Lee County Land and Title Company until it was dissolved in 1963. In 1962, he formed the Bahamas corporation Sutters International the distribute product internationally. Ratner was an elected director of the Miami National Bank from May 1961 until May 1963, when he was not re-elected \"due to his inactivity.\"[10]In 1969, Ratner launched a computer programming correspondence course under the name Computer College of Technology. He claimed his 50-part course could teach even a high school dropout to program for a one-time payment of $545. The price included teleconferencing support if the student got stuck. Initial response to the product was strong due to high employment demand in the computer industry, which was paying novice programmers $700 a month to start at the time. Ratner based his later operations out of Miami Beach.[22]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-piper-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-piper-6"},{"link_name":"Ron Popeil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Popeil"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-become-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitchmen-12"}],"text":"Ratner's motto was \"you can sell anything if you use radio to introduce it.\"[6] In 1951, he outlined his business strategy as follows:[6]Mail order is the only way to start a new product that you want to get in the big time. With the right dramatized appeal, distribution can be forced by arousing public demand.\nOnce you've got a brand started, get out of mail order.\nSpend money to make money.\nRadio is the best means of getting a product started.Later, Ratner would use television to sell products directly to consumers in a manner similar to later telemarketers such as Ron Popeil. For example, if he was selling a vegetable slicer for $2.98, he would offer consumers who called within the next fifteen minutes a bonus peeler \"worth\" an additional $2.98. And the first 100 callers got a bonus french fry slicer \"worth\" $2, offering $7.96 of value for only $2.98. In reality, the three products combined only cost Ratner about 40¢, leaving plenty of profit. The $2.98 price point (which was also used for d-CON) was chosen because his research showed that products above $3 were unappealing to many consumers.[8] As of 1954, Ratner was spending more than $1 million a year on 10-minute infomercials across 300 TV stations.[12]","title":"Business strategy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lehigh-5"},{"link_name":"Pied Piper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied_Piper"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-piper-6"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lesson-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lesson-15"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lehigh3-14"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-become-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitchmen-12"}],"text":"Ratner had \"dark curly hair, [a] charismatic smile, and [an] electric personality\" according to his friend and long-time business associate Gerald Gould. He maintained diverse business interests and had a passion for developing new products.[5] Sponsor magazine described him as \"a hustling, rough-hewn Chicago merchandiser\" and compared him to the Pied Piper due to Ratner's rat removal prowess.[6] In 2009, Gould reminisced \"I loved Lee Ratner ... He had the uncanny ability to figure out what to say to a prospective buyer. He knew price was not the deciding factor.\"[15] He was considered generous with his money, refusing to leave less than a $5 tip at restaurants, for example.[15]The rapid rise of d-CON has been cited as a case study in effective mail-order advertising and called \"as brilliant a record for a new product as you're likely to find anywhere, anytime.\"[23] At one time, Ratner's businesses were the eight largest purchaser of television ads in the United States.[14] He has been described as \"the king of telemarketers\" from the early days of television.[8] A 1954 article in Broadcasting Telecasting declared \"no mention of mail order on TV would be complete without mentioning the success of the active Lee Ratner.\"[12]","title":"Reputation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lehigh-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC-10"},{"link_name":"Lester Piggott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Piggott"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC-10"},{"link_name":"Palm Beach, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Beach,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Ratner had a brother named Walter and a sister. He married Esther Richmond[when?] and the couple had three sons – Joel, Ronald, and Ira.[5][10] In 1959, Ratner purchased a race horse named Illinois and hired famous jockey Lester Piggott to ride it.[24] Together with Gould, he formed Lehigh Acres Throughbread [sic?] Farms in 1964 for breeding and training race horses.[10]Ratner died in Palm Beach, Florida in 2000.[25]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_refA"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lesson-15"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lehigh-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC-10"}],"text":"^A : The story is often told that Ratner bought Lucky Lee Ranch specifically to protect him from capital gains taxes on the recent sale of the d-CON company. An alternate suggestion is the development of Lehigh Acres was begun to offset the sale of d-CON.[15] Neither suggestion is possible, as the property was purchased in 1951 and development began in 1954, but d-CON was not sold until 1956.[5][10]\nThere was still a tax advantage locally, as the land received an agricultural income designation for valuation in property taxes, as opposed to the (almost always) higher 'Fair Market Value'.","title":"Footnotes"}] | [{"image_text":"A 1950 d-CON meeting. From left to right: Jermone Garland, d-CON vice president of sales; Joe Abrams, d-CON public relations director; Lee Ratner, d-CON president; Alvin Eicoff, Marfree vice president","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Early_d-CON_execs.jpg/220px-Early_d-CON_execs.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Galloway, Stephen (October 23, 2013). \"How Director Brett Ratner Evolved From Party Boy to $450 Million Warner Bros. Mogul\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/how-director-brett-ratner-evolved-650017","url_text":"\"How Director Brett Ratner Evolved From Party Boy to $450 Million Warner Bros. Mogul\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"Sales, Nancy Jo (March 2007). \"Hollywood Loves Brett Ratner\" (PDF). Vanity Fair. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714151549/http://nancyjosales.com/stories/brettratner.pdf","url_text":"\"Hollywood Loves Brett Ratner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)","url_text":"Vanity Fair"},{"url":"http://nancyjosales.com/stories/brettratner.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Lydia (October 15, 2017). \"Movie money man\". The Miami Herald. Retrieved September 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.miamiherald.com/miami-com/things-to-do/article225909605.html","url_text":"\"Movie money man\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miami_Herald","url_text":"The Miami Herald"}]},{"reference":"Hotchandani, Kamal; Wilson, Stephanie (August 24, 2007). \"Blockbuster Brett Ratner\". Haute Living. Retrieved September 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://hauteliving.com/2007/08/brett-ratner-billion-dollar-director/808/","url_text":"\"Blockbuster Brett Ratner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_Living","url_text":"Haute Living"}]},{"reference":"Carla Ulakovic (2014). \"Leonard Lee Ratner and Lucky Lee Ranch\". Lehigh Acres. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 19–26. ISBN 978-1-4671-1207-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4671-1207-9","url_text":"978-1-4671-1207-9"}]},{"reference":"\"America's Pied Piper\". Sponsor. 5 (1). Sponsor Publications: 24–25, 44–46. January 1, 1951.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sponsor51spon","url_text":"\"America's Pied Piper\""}]},{"reference":"\"They Built a Better Mousetrap ... And Used Radio to Sell It\" (PDF). Broadcasting Telecasting: 22–3. December 11, 1950.","urls":[{"url":"http://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1950/BC-1950-12-11.pdf","url_text":"\"They Built a Better Mousetrap ... And Used Radio to Sell It\""}]},{"reference":"Jules Freeman; Neil D. Freeman (2004). Become a Multi Millionaire in 5 Easy Lessons. Trafford Publishing. pp. 17–19. ISBN 1-4120-1579-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4120-1579-0","url_text":"1-4120-1579-0"}]},{"reference":"Link KP (January 1, 1959). \"The discovery of dicumarol and its sequels\". Circulation. 19 (1): 97–107. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.19.1.97. PMID 13619027.","urls":[{"url":"http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/19/1/97","url_text":"\"The discovery of dicumarol and its sequels\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.CIR.19.1.97","url_text":"10.1161/01.CIR.19.1.97"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13619027","url_text":"13619027"}]},{"reference":"Federal Communications Commission Reports. 2. Vol. 5. 1966. pp. 921–6, 946–52.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mail-order Ads Power New product Into Big Seller\". Printers' Ink. 235: 40. 1951.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Pitchmen in the Parlor\". Broadcasting Telecasting: 81. August 9, 1954.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/broadcastingtele47unse","url_text":"\"The Pitchmen in the Parlor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grant Chemical, d-CON plan use of Radio-TV\" (PDF). Broadcasting Telecasting: 195. 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Retrieved April 1, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2119555/house_tightens_state_control/","url_text":"\"House Tightens State Control of Development\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Traveling House\". The Salem News. April 21, 1965. p. 20. Retrieved April 10, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2184928/traveling_house/","url_text":"\"Traveling House\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wildcat Set in Brown\". Brownwood Bulletin. December 7, 1958. p. 8. Retrieved April 10, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2119502/wildcat_set_in_brown/","url_text":"\"Wildcat Set in Brown\""}]},{"reference":"\"Three Wildcats Are Completed in County\". Abilene Reporter-News. November 19, 1959. p. 45. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Azumah | Jerry Azumah | ["1 Early life","2 Collegiate years","3 NFL career","4 Post NFL career","5 Philanthropic activity","6 Personal life","7 References","8 External links"] | American football player (born 1977)
American football player
Jerry AzumahNo. 23Position:Cornerback,Return specialistPersonal informationBorn: (1977-09-01) September 1, 1977 (age 46)Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, U.S.Height:5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)Weight:192 lb (87 kg)Career informationHigh school:Saint Peter-Marian (Worcester, Massachusetts)College:New HampshireNFL draft:1999 / Round: 5 / Pick: 147Career history
Chicago Bears (1999–2005)
Career highlights and awards
Second-team All-Pro (2003)
Pro Bowl (2003)
Walter Payton Award (1998)
UNH HOF No. 25 retired (2005)
Career NFL statisticsTotal tackles:352Sacks:6.5Forced fumbles:6Interceptions:10Total return yards:2,901Total touchdowns:4Player stats at PFR
Jerry Azumah (/əˈzuːmə/ ə-ZOO-mə; born September 1, 1977) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback for seven seasons with the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the New Hampshire Wildcats, and was selected by the Bears in the fifth round of the 1999 NFL draft.
Early life
Azumah is the first-generation American son of Theophilus and Bertha Azumah, natives of Ghana. Azumah was born in Oklahoma and grew up in Worcester, Massachusetts. At an early age, he played for the Worcester Vikings Pop Warner football team. Azumah attended Saint Peter-Marian High School receiving football honors as a Central Massachusetts and Shriners All-Star.
Collegiate years
Azumah attended the University of New Hampshire where he was a four-year starter on offense for Chip Kelly as an All-American tailback. One of the most decorated running backs in NCAA history, Azumah rushed for a national career-record 6,193 yards. At that time the only player in Division 1-AA history to rush for over 1,000+ yards four times. In 1999, Azumah was the first recipient of the Jim Urquhart Student-Athlete of the Year Award. This annual award is bestowed upon UNH senior student-athletes who excel both in athletic competition and the classroom, in addition to possessing sportsmanship, great character, and passion for sports.
He was Walter Payton Award recipient as the top offensive player in Division 1-AA football, while also earning honors as an unanimous All-American, All-Atlantic Ten Conference selection, and ECAC All-Star.
In 2005, Azumah was inducted into the New Hampshire Wildcats Athletic Council Hall of Fame.
NFL career
Pre-draft measurables
Height
Weight
Arm length
Hand span
40-yard dash
10-yard split
20-yard split
20-yard shuttle
Three-cone drill
Vertical jump
Broad jump
Bench press
5 ft 10 in(1.78 m)
195 lb(88 kg)
29+7⁄8 in(0.76 m)
8+7⁄8 in(0.23 m)
4.54 s
1.56 s
2.63 s
3.86 s
6.90 s
43.5 in(1.10 m)
11 ft 0 in(3.35 m)
15 reps
All values from NFL Combine
Azumah was selected by the Chicago Bears as the 147th pick of the 1999 NFL draft out of the University of New Hampshire. In Azumah's first year with the Chicago Bears, he won the prestigious Brian Piccolo Award. This award is given to a Chicago Bear by his teammates. Brian Piccolo played four seasons as a running back for the Chicago Bears from 1965 to 1968. Piccolo died from cancer in 1970 when he was just 26 years old. The Chicago Bears created the Brian Piccolo award to honor a teammate's courage, loyalty, teamwork and dedication.
Azumah, who was a running back in college, continued to make the transition into an NFL defensive back. As his NFL experience grew, he also saw time on special teams and special situations on defense. In 2001 Azumah was given a contract extension. On January 19, 2002, during the divisional playoff game versus the Philadelphia Eagles, Azumah intercepted then quarterback Donovan McNabb and returned the ball 39 yards for a touchdown. That was the last touchdown scored in old Soldier Field.
His best season came in 2003 when he led the league in kickoff returns with a twenty-nine-yard average and two touchdowns. In 2004, Azumah was selected to represent the NFC in the NFL Pro Bowl as a kick returner. In that game Azumah broke the record for return yards with 228. He also recovered a fumble.
For Azumah's career, he appeared in 105 games with 48 starts. He had 384 tackles, 10 interceptions, 29 pass defense, 6.5 sacks, 6 forced fumbles and one recovery. Azumah retired in March 2006.
Notable UNH teammates of Jerry Azumah are Jason Ball (San Diego Chargers), Dan Kreider (Pittsburgh Steelers, St. Louis Rams, Arizona Cardinals) Randal Williams (Dallas Cowboys, Oakland Raiders) and Ryan Day (Ohio State Head Football Coach).
Post NFL career
Azumah has been seen on the Chicago Bears post game coverage and commentary on WFLD-TV, Fox Chicago and appeared weekly on Fox Chicago's Good Day Chicago. Azumah started his television broadcasting career on Comcast SportsNet Chicago in 2006 as a post game analyst and feature reporter. Azumah also worked for ESPN 1000 radio in Chicago in 2010.
Currently, Azumah can be heard on his new podcast titled "To the Points With Jerry Azumah." Azumah breaks down prime time NFL matchups and discusses his weekly betting strategy. The podcast is available for free on all streaming platforms.
Philanthropic activity
Azumah became a board member of the University of New Hampshire Foundation in 2001. The Foundation builds private support for the University of New Hampshire. In the summer of 2003, Azumah donated a six-figure gift to the Foundation which was directed to the university's athletic department. The Jerry Azumah Performance Center was a direct result of Azumah's gift. At age 25, Azumah became the youngest UNH alumnus to give a gift over $100,000.
In 2004 Azumah started the Azumah Student Assistance Program (ASAP). ASAP is a charitable 501(c)(3) organization and provides scholarships for disadvantaged students that attend private, secondary education. The program helps students in both Massachusetts and Illinois.
As a retired member of the Chicago Bears Football Club, Azumah joined the Board of Directors of Bears Care in 2006, the philanthropic arm of the Chicago Bears. Currently, Azumah is serving as the president of Bears Care, which was founded in 1989 and supports youth athletics, education, medical research and treatment programs for breast and ovarian cancer. In 2022, Azumah joined the Metropolitan Family Services Board of Directors. MFS's mission is to provide and mobilize the services needed to strengthen families and communities.
In 2023, Azumah joined the board of Gilda's Club, which is a community organization for people with cancer, as well as their families and friends.
Personal life
Azumah has two children (Santiago and Valentino) with his wife Bianca. The Azumah family currently resides in Chicago, IL.
References
^ Collins, Jim (November 24, 2011). "Jim Moore leaves winning mark on Vikings". Telegram & Gazette. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
^ "UMass' Baylark 3rd I-AA rusher with 4 1,000-yard years". ESPN. October 29, 2006. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
^ "Ball and Clark Named Urquhart Student-Athletes of the Year". New Hampshire Wildcats. January 14, 1998. Archived from the original on September 15, 2012. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
^ "Jerry Azumah Breaks Another Record at the University of New Hampshire". New Hampshire Wildcats. March 2003. Archived from the original on February 5, 2013.
^ Morse, Dan (September 23, 2009). "Cat Trax: Worth the Weight". New Hampshire Wildcats. Archived from the original on January 8, 2010. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
^ "1999 Draft Scout Jerry Azumah, New Hampshire NFL Draft Scout College Football Profile". draftscout.com. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
^ "Jerry Azumah, Combine Results, RB - New Hampshire". nflcombineresults.com. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
^ "1999 NFL Draft Listing". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
^ "Awards". Chicago Bears. Archived from the original on November 5, 2006. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
^ Pucin, Diane (January 20, 2002). "Burden to Bear". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
^ "AFC-NFC Pro Bowl records" (PDF). NFL. p. 5. Archived from the original (pdf) on September 6, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
^ Pasquarelli, Len (March 24, 2006). "CB Azumah retires after seven seasons with Bears". ESPN. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
^ "Bears' Azumah retires due to hip, neck pain". NFL. March 23, 2006. Archived from the original on April 5, 2006. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
^ LaShawn, Jessica (May 16, 2011). "Jerry Azumah's ASAP Foundation Hosts Third Annual Signature Fundraiser". Chicago Now. Archived from the original on February 21, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
^ "Athletic Facilities: Jerry Azumah Performance Center". New Hampshire Wildcats. Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
^ "Azumah Student Assistance Program". ASAp Foundation. Archived from the original on February 17, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
^ "Bears Care". Chicago Bears. Archived from the original on August 5, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
^ "Board of Directors - Metropolitan Family Services".
^ "Life after football". Sea Coast Online. Retrieved February 13, 2021.
External links
Official website
vteChicago Bears 1999 NFL draft selections
Cade McNown
Russell Davis
Rex Tucker
D'Wayne Bates
Marty Booker
Warrick Holdman
Rosevelt Colvin
Jerry Wisne
Khari Samuel
Jerry Azumah
Rashard Cook
Sulecio Sanford
Jim Finn
vteWalter Payton Award winners
1987: Gamble
1988: Meggett
1989: Friesz
1990: Dean
1991: Martin
1992: Payton
1993: Nussmeier
1994: McNair
1995: Dickenson
1996: Amerson
1997: Finneran
1998: Azumah
1999: Peterson
2000: Ivory
2001: Westbrook
2002: Romo
2003: Branch
2004: Campbell
2005: Meyer
2006: Santos
2007: Foster
2008: Edwards
2009: Edwards
2010: Moses
2011: Mitchell
2012: Heinicke
2013: Garoppolo
2014: Robertson
2015: Kupp
2016: Briscoe
2017: Briscoe
2018: Hodges
2019: Lance
2020: Kelley
2021: Barriere
2022: Scott Jr.
2023: Gronowski | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/əˈzuːmə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"ə-ZOO-mə","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"cornerback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornerback"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire Wildcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Wildcats_football"},{"link_name":"1999 NFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_NFL_draft"}],"text":"American football playerJerry Azumah (/əˈzuːmə/ ə-ZOO-mə; born September 1, 1977) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback for seven seasons with the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL). 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At an early age, he played for the Worcester Vikings Pop Warner football team.[1] Azumah attended Saint Peter-Marian High School receiving football honors as a Central Massachusetts and Shriners All-Star.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Chip Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Kelly"},{"link_name":"tailback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfback_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Walter Payton Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Payton_Award"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire Wildcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Wildcats"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Azumah attended the University of New Hampshire where he was a four-year starter on offense for Chip Kelly as an All-American tailback. One of the most decorated running backs in NCAA history, Azumah rushed for a national career-record 6,193 yards. At that time the only player in Division 1-AA history to rush for over 1,000+ yards four times.[2] In 1999, Azumah was the first recipient of the Jim Urquhart Student-Athlete of the Year Award. This annual award is bestowed upon UNH senior student-athletes who excel both in athletic competition and the classroom, in addition to possessing sportsmanship, great character, and passion for sports.[3]He was Walter Payton Award recipient as the top offensive player in Division 1-AA football, while also earning honors as an unanimous All-American, All-Atlantic Ten Conference selection, and ECAC All-Star.[4]In 2005, Azumah was inducted into the New Hampshire Wildcats Athletic Council Hall of Fame.[5]","title":"Collegiate years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"1999 NFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"University of New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Brian Piccolo Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Piccolo_Award"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Donovan McNabb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donovan_McNabb"},{"link_name":"Soldier Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier_Field"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"NFL Pro Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Pro_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Jason Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Ball_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Dan Kreider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Kreider"},{"link_name":"Randal Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randal_Williams"},{"link_name":"Ryan Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Day_(American_football)"}],"text":"Azumah was selected by the Chicago Bears as the 147th pick of the 1999 NFL draft out of the University of New Hampshire.[8] In Azumah's first year with the Chicago Bears, he won the prestigious Brian Piccolo Award. This award is given to a Chicago Bear by his teammates. Brian Piccolo played four seasons as a running back for the Chicago Bears from 1965 to 1968. Piccolo died from cancer in 1970 when he was just 26 years old. The Chicago Bears created the Brian Piccolo award to honor a teammate's courage, loyalty, teamwork and dedication.[9]Azumah, who was a running back in college, continued to make the transition into an NFL defensive back. As his NFL experience grew, he also saw time on special teams and special situations on defense. In 2001 Azumah was given a contract extension. On January 19, 2002, during the divisional playoff game versus the Philadelphia Eagles, Azumah intercepted then quarterback Donovan McNabb and returned the ball 39 yards for a touchdown. That was the last touchdown scored in old Soldier Field.[10]His best season came in 2003 when he led the league in kickoff returns with a twenty-nine-yard average and two touchdowns. In 2004, Azumah was selected to represent the NFC in the NFL Pro Bowl as a kick returner. In that game Azumah broke the record for return yards with 228.[11] He also recovered a fumble.For Azumah's career, he appeared in 105 games with 48 starts. He had 384 tackles, 10 interceptions, 29 pass defense, 6.5 sacks, 6 forced fumbles and one recovery. Azumah retired in March 2006.[12]Notable UNH teammates of Jerry Azumah are Jason Ball (San Diego Chargers), Dan Kreider (Pittsburgh Steelers, St. Louis Rams, Arizona Cardinals) Randal Williams (Dallas Cowboys, Oakland Raiders) and Ryan Day (Ohio State Head Football Coach).","title":"NFL career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fox Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Comcast SportsNet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast_SportsNet"},{"link_name":"ESPN 1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN_1000"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Azumah has been seen on the Chicago Bears post game coverage and commentary on WFLD-TV, Fox Chicago and appeared weekly on Fox Chicago's Good Day Chicago.[13] Azumah started his television broadcasting career on Comcast SportsNet Chicago in 2006 as a post game analyst and feature reporter. Azumah also worked for ESPN 1000 radio in Chicago in 2010.[14]Currently, Azumah can be heard on his new podcast titled \"To the Points With Jerry Azumah.\" Azumah breaks down prime time NFL matchups and discusses his weekly betting strategy. The podcast is available for free on all streaming platforms.","title":"Post NFL career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"501(c)(3) organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501(c)(3)_organization"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Family Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Family_Services"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilda%27s_Club"}],"text":"Azumah became a board member of the University of New Hampshire Foundation in 2001. The Foundation builds private support for the University of New Hampshire. In the summer of 2003, Azumah donated a six-figure gift to the Foundation which was directed to the university's athletic department. The Jerry Azumah Performance Center was a direct result of Azumah's gift.[15] At age 25, Azumah became the youngest UNH alumnus to give a gift over $100,000.In 2004 Azumah started the Azumah Student Assistance Program (ASAP). ASAP is a charitable 501(c)(3) organization and provides scholarships for disadvantaged students that attend private, secondary education. The program helps students in both Massachusetts and Illinois.[16]As a retired member of the Chicago Bears Football Club, Azumah joined the Board of Directors of Bears Care in 2006, the philanthropic arm of the Chicago Bears. Currently, Azumah is serving as the president of Bears Care, which was founded in 1989 and supports youth athletics, education, medical research and treatment programs for breast and ovarian cancer.[17] In 2022, Azumah joined the Metropolitan Family Services Board of Directors. MFS's mission is to provide and mobilize the services needed to strengthen families and communities.[18]In 2023, Azumah joined the board of Gilda's Club, which is a community organization for people with cancer, as well as their families and friends.","title":"Philanthropic activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Azumah has two children (Santiago and Valentino) with his wife Bianca. The Azumah family currently resides in Chicago, IL.[19]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Collins, Jim (November 24, 2011). \"Jim Moore leaves winning mark on Vikings\". Telegram & Gazette. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovatipsa_chinensis | Ovatipsa chinensis | ["1 Description","2 Distribution and Habitat","3 Subspecies","4 References","5 External links"] | Species of gastropod
Ovatipsa chinensis
A live Ovatipsa chinensis with its mantle fully extended
Five views of a shell of Ovatipsa chinensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
(unranked):
clade Caenogastropoda
clade Hypsogastropoda
clade Littorinimorpha
Superfamily:
Cypraeoidea
Family:
Cypraeidae
Genus:
Ovatipsa
Species:
O. chinensis
Binomial name
Ovatipsa chinensis(Gmelin, 1791)
Synonyms
Cribraria chinensis (Gmelin, 1791)
Cribraria cruenta
Cypraea chinensis Gmelin, 1791 (basionym)
Cypraea cruenta
Erronea chinensis (Gmelin, 1791)
Ovatipsa chinensis common name the Chinese cowrie, is a species of cowry, a sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cypraeidae, the cowries.
Description
The mantle of the animal is bright red, and it is completely covered by protruding short filaments. The shells of this species reach 25–50 millimetres (0.98–1.97 in) of length. The shells are smooth and elongate, light brown or yellowish in color with clear dots on the dorsum and a flat white base. With the subspecies variolaria (Lamarck, 1810), the basic color of the shell is light brown, with slight purple spots on the edges.
Ovatipsa chinensis variolaria, Philippines - dorsal view
Ovatipsa chinensis variolaria, Philippines - lateral view
Distribution and Habitat
This species is found throughout the Indian Ocean and in the Central Pacific Ocean, in seas along Red Sea, East Africa, Australia, Indonesia and Philippines, in intertidal waters at 35–45 metres (115–148 ft) of depth . The Chinese cowry is active at night and hides under rocks in cracks and crevices during the day.
Subspecies
The following subspecies have been recognized :
Ovatipsa chinensis amiges (Melvill and Standen, 1915)
Ovatipsa chinensis chinensis (Gmelin, 1791)
Ovatipsa chinensis somaliana Lorenz, 1999
Ovatipsa chinensis variolaria (Lamarck, 1810)
Ovatipsa chinensis violacea (Rous, 1905)
References
^ a b c WoRMS : Ovatipsa chinensis; accessed : 11 October 2010
Copley, H. (1945). List of cowries collected on the Kenyan coast by Colonel Maxwell and friends during July, 1944. JEANHS XVII (83&84): 160
Verdcourt, B. (1954). The cowries of the East African Coast (Kenya, Tanganyika, Zanzibar and Pemba). Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society 22(4) 96: 129-144, 17 pls.
Drivas, J. & M. Jay (1988). Coquillages de La Réunion et de l'île Maurice
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ovatipsa chinensis.
Ovatipsa chinensis
Good guys& Bad guys Hawaii Biological Survey's
On-line articles with Ovatipsa chinensis in the Hawaiian Shell News (1960-1994)
"Ovatipsa chinensis chinensis amiges (var.)". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
Bishopmuseum
Taxon identifiersOvatipsa chinensis
Wikidata: Q2704762
AFD: Ovatipsa_chinensis
BOLD: 28831
CoL: 4B9PT
GBIF: 5856729
iNaturalist: 680421
IRMNG: 11798803
NCBI: 218334
OBIS: 530882
Open Tree of Life: 286048
Paleobiology Database: 328431
SeaLifeBase: 104988
WoRMS: 530882
This Cypraeidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"common name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_name"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"cowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowry"},{"link_name":"sea snail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_snail"},{"link_name":"marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_(ocean)"},{"link_name":"gastropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod"},{"link_name":"mollusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusk"},{"link_name":"Cypraeidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraeidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"}],"text":"Ovatipsa chinensis common name the Chinese cowrie, is a species of cowry, a sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cypraeidae, the cowries.[1]","title":"Ovatipsa chinensis"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The mantle of the animal is bright red, and it is completely covered by protruding short filaments. The shells of this species reach 25–50 millimetres (0.98–1.97 in) of length. The shells are smooth and elongate, light brown or yellowish in color with clear dots on the dorsum and a flat white base. With the subspecies variolaria (Lamarck, 1810), the basic color of the shell is light brown, with slight purple spots on the edges.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea"},{"link_name":"East Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"}],"text":"This species is found throughout the Indian Ocean and in the Central Pacific Ocean, in seas along Red Sea, East Africa, Australia, Indonesia and Philippines, in intertidal waters at 35–45 metres (115–148 ft) of depth . The Chinese cowry is active at night and hides under rocks in cracks and crevices during the day.","title":"Distribution and Habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"}],"text":"The following subspecies have been recognized :[1]Ovatipsa chinensis amiges (Melvill and Standen, 1915)\nOvatipsa chinensis chinensis (Gmelin, 1791)\nOvatipsa chinensis somaliana Lorenz, 1999\nOvatipsa chinensis variolaria (Lamarck, 1810)\nOvatipsa chinensis violacea (Rous, 1905)","title":"Subspecies"}] | [{"image_text":"Ovatipsa chinensis variolaria, Philippines - dorsal view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Cypraeidae_-_Ovatipsa_chinensis_-_Philippines.JPG/220px-Cypraeidae_-_Ovatipsa_chinensis_-_Philippines.JPG"},{"image_text":"Ovatipsa chinensis variolaria, Philippines - lateral view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cypraeidae_-_Ovatipsa_chinensis_-_Philippines-1.JPG/220px-Cypraeidae_-_Ovatipsa_chinensis_-_Philippines-1.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ovatipsa chinensis chinensis amiges (var.)\". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 16 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gastropods.com/0/Shell_4510.shtml","url_text":"\"Ovatipsa chinensis chinensis amiges (var.)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=530882","external_links_name":"WoRMS : Ovatipsa chinensis; accessed : 11 October 2010"},{"Link":"http://www.underwaterkwaj.com/shell/cowry-haw/Ovatipsa-chinensis.htm","external_links_name":"Ovatipsa chinensis"},{"Link":"http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/good-bad/cowrie.html","external_links_name":"Good guys& Bad guys Hawaii Biological Survey's"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190912170128/http://www.cowry.org/archive/NAMESc.HTM#chinensis","external_links_name":"On-line articles with Ovatipsa chinensis in the Hawaiian Shell News (1960-1994)"},{"Link":"http://www.gastropods.com/0/Shell_4510.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Ovatipsa chinensis chinensis amiges (var.)\""},{"Link":"http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/good-bad/cowrie.html","external_links_name":"Bishopmuseum"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Ovatipsa_chinensis","external_links_name":"Ovatipsa_chinensis"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=28831","external_links_name":"28831"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4B9PT","external_links_name":"4B9PT"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5856729","external_links_name":"5856729"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/680421","external_links_name":"680421"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11798803","external_links_name":"11798803"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=218334","external_links_name":"218334"},{"Link":"https://obis.org/taxon/530882","external_links_name":"530882"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=286048","external_links_name":"286048"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=328431","external_links_name":"328431"},{"Link":"https://www.sealifebase.ca/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=104988","external_links_name":"104988"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=530882","external_links_name":"530882"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ovatipsa_chinensis&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Can_with_Beakman_and_Jax | You Can with Beakman and Jax | ["1 Publication history and media","2 Format","3 Concept","4 In other media","5 References"] | American comic strip by Jok Church
You Can with Beakman and JaxTitle logo of comic, with Beakman (left), Jax (right), their U-can, and rainbow star.Author(s)Jok ChurchWebsitehttp://www.beakman.comCurrent status/scheduleEndedLaunch dateJuly 14, 1991End dateJuly 17, 2016Syndicate(s)Universal Press Syndicate/Universal UclickGenre(s)Science, education
You Can with Beakman and Jax, also known in its Spanish-language version as El Mundo de Beakman ("The World of Beakman"), is an American science and education syndicated comic strip by Jok Church, which ran from July 14, 1991 to July 17, 2016. The comic strip, and associated television series, featured facts about science and languages.
The comic strip is a text-based comic, that answers readers' questions, with illustrations of the main characters, various objects, and, or the experiments being discussed. It is run as a single panel comic that appears in newspapers as a color, or black and white Sunday feature, in either a quarter-page strip, or half-tab format. The comic has reached a readership of fifty-two million readers in thirteen countries. About 80% of the letters it receives are from females. From its comic origins, its lead character Beakman would later star in his own live action television series, Beakman's World. The comic also branched out into other media, gaining numerous awards along the way. Its author died of a heart attack on April 29, 2016, after which the comic continued for nearly three months. Jok's final remaining comic was published on July 17, 2016, just three days after the strip's 25th anniversary of publication.
Publication history and media
The comic first appeared in the Marin Independent Journal, and was offered to them for free. The earlier comic strips were then reprinted in three Science Stuff You Can Do books, a Best of, and was the bases for two specialty books, Beakman & Jax's Bubble Book and Beakman & Jax's Microscope Book.
In 1995, an official website opened for the strip published by the "North Bay Network", it won many awards. It later moved to its current location in 1996, published by Network Solutions. Where it has received several positive reviews from such internet guides as "The parents' pocket guide to kids & computers" by Family Computer Workshop, which gave the site 5 out of 5 stars and recommended it for readers 7–13. At the time the site contained questions and answers, as well as hands-on activities, some of which required Netscape and Shockwave Player.
The final strip was published on July 17, 2016, three days after its 25th anniversary and three months after Jok Church died.
Format
Example of comics, strip and tab formats. A = logo, B = question, C = text, D = inverted text, red boxes indicate background illustrations.
The comic strip was originally named You Can with Beakman (also called U Can with Beakman). Its only main character at the time was Beakman Place, a male figure with spiky blue hair, glasses, a neck tie, and a breast pocket full of instruments. Beakman is a non-scientist that learns about the world through books, and then finds ways to prove what he's read about. He was named after Beekman Place, a small street on the east side of Manhattan, New York City. The comic is in a question-and-answer format, in which a reader asks a question, addressed to either Beakman, or also later, his sister Jax Place, a red head, with her hair curled up behind her head in blue circular bands, she wears glasses, and jacks in her hair, and as earrings. Church provides the answer, usually by means of a simple experiment the children reading can do (often with parental assistance or supervision). A paragraph after the results of the experiment, in inverted text at the bottom of the comic, would explain the answer.
Concept
The idea for doing a comic strip came to Jok while he was working for Lucasfilm, and answering questions from George Lucas' fan mail, stating that he was "overcome by the bravery children showed by asking Mr. Lucas anything at all" and he "decided to write about real questions from real kids". While working at Lucasfilm, Jok began working on a project called "Here's How" a comic strip and educational television series featuring C-3PO teaching foreign language and R2-D2 explaining the more physical world", the idea was eventually shelved, but the concept later evolved into Jok's comic strip featuring a character named Beakman. He would receive these science questions from children, and he would choose to answer them based on subjects that he didn't know about, and wanted to learn. The comic was written for an audience that includes children, but not exclusively children. He felt his purpose in making the comics was "to make sure my readers are not intimidated by the world through which they walk". He would then research the subject, write, draw, and color the comics by using a Macintosh computer. This process gained him criticism in May 1994 when he explained how to do an experiment separating hydrogen and oxygen from water, through electrolysis using a single jar and a nine-volt battery, for which he defended the comic strip, by explaining the small amount of gas that would be produced in this way would not be overly dangerous. The syndicate's managing editor claimed this to be the first time an experiment's safety was questioned.
Besides answering questions from children, Jok also took questions from adults. One such question came from the Canadian Prime Minister, Jean Chrétien, who asked about why golf balls had little dents. Jok later explained that he "has world leaders periodically contribute to his ... feature." Within the comic strip Jok also introduced an annual "Beakman and Jax Make Up Your Own Rules Contest", in which the reader could report on an experiment or research they did. There were up to 100 winners from around the world, and the prizes were such things as free telescopes and copies of the Beakman & Jax books.
In other media
Shortly after the release of the first book June 1, 1992, on September 18, 1992 an Emmy Award-winning television series named Beakman's World began, starring Paul Zaloom as the show's main character, along with three female laboratory assistants over the years, Lester the Rat, and two puppet penguins. According to Jok the television series was "written to build a bridge between children and the adult members of their family," and "we created the show to be like a live action cartoon." Beakman's sister Jax however, was not included in the television series, which Jok referred to as "my one disappointment with the show." Although his sister wasn't present in the television show, two of Beakman's family members did appear on the television show, his mother Beakmom, and his brother Meekman.
References
^ a b Staff, E&P (2006-06-20). "Chat and Anniversary for 'You Can With Beakman and Jax' Cartoonist". Editor & Publisher. Editor And Publisher.com.
^ a b "CAN WITH BEAKMAN trademark". BreanLaw, LLC. 1992-09-29.
^ a b "You Can with Beakman and Jax". GoComics. Retrieved 2016-07-24.
^ "Features: El Mundo de Beakman by Jok Church". Universal Uclick. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
^ "Google Translate". Retrieved October 6, 2013.
^ a b "AMU Speakers Bureau - Jok Church". Universal Press Syndicate. Archived from the original on 2004-09-06. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
^ "Universal Press Syndicate: Fact Sheet, June 2006" (PDF). Universal Press Syndicate. June 2006. pp. 2, 3.
^ a b c d e Kelly, Tom W. "Introducing Jok Church's Comic - You Can with Beakman & Jax". San Francisco Bay Times. sfbaytimes.com. Archived from the original on 2008-10-11.
^ a b c d e f Tobin, Suzanne (2006-06-30). "Comics: Meet the Artist". The Washington Post.
^ Steve Rubenstein (5 May 2016). "Jok Church, of Beakman and Jax cartoon strip for kids, dies at 67". SFGate. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
^ "Science Stuff You Can Do, Search on Open Library.org". Open Library. 2013-10-12.
^ "The Best of You Can With Beakman and Jax, on Open Library.org". Open Library. 2013-10-12.
^ "You can with Beakman and Jax". Indiana University.com. 2013-10-12.
^ "Beakman.com - Whois Data". Whois.com. 2013-10-12.
^ The Parents' Pocket Guide to Kids & Computers. Family Computer Workshop. 1998. p. 166. ISBN 0-9666456-3-4.
^ Miller, Elizabeth B. (2001). The Internet Resource Directory for K–12 Teachers and Librarians. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 174. ISBN 1-56308-913-0.
^ a b "National News: Cartoonist defends 'explosive' comic strip experiment". Adirondack Daily Enterprise. Northern New York Library Network Newspaper.com. 1994-05-10. p. 10.
^ "The Real Breakman, by Brenden Shea". Odyssey. March 2000, Vol. 9 Issue 3, page 45. Odyssey (children's magazine). March 2000. p. C4.
^ Church, Jok (December 2005). Beakman and Jax's Microscope Book: Product description. ISBN 0-8362-7021-5.
^ "Jok Church: INTERNATIONALLY SYNDICATED SCIENCE NERD". Universal Press Syndicate. Archived from the original on October 24, 2005. Retrieved 2013-10-06.
^ Yeager, Connie (1998-03-02). "Beakman's World: Museum hosts hands-on show". The Cincinnati Post. E. W. Scripps Company. Archived from the original on 2004-09-06.
^ Church, Jok (1992). You Can with Beakman: Science Stuff You Can Do. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 4. ISBN 0-8362-7004-5.
^ "Syndicates/News Services: Prime minister asks". Editor & Publisher. Vol. 127, no. 40. Editor & Publisher. 1994-10-01.
^ "Life: Your Family, Melissa Baird". Marysville/Yuba City's Appeal-Democrat November 12, 1995, page C4. Appeal-Democrat. 1995-10-12. p. C4.
^ "Briefs: Cedar Rapids, Student wins book". The Cedar Rapids Gazette: Thursday, Nov. 10,1994, Page 3Y. The Gazette (Cedar Rapids). 1994-11-10. p. 3Y.
^ "You Can with Beakman: Science Stuff You Can Do, publication information". American Booksellers Association. 2013-10-12.
^ "Beakman's World: Season 1, Episode 1, episode information". Internet Movie Database. 2013-10-12.
^ "Beakman's World - Television Review". Common Sense Media. 2013-10-12.
^ Staff (1993-10-03). "Ba-da-boom, ba-da-bing, ba-da-'Beakman'". Bedford Gazette. Bedford Gazette.
^ Cohen, Aryeh Dean (2003-10-03). "The Logi-cal choice for concerned parents". The Jerusalem Post. p. 18.
^ "Beakman's World, Season 4 Episode 19, Recap. "Sound Barrier, Beak-mania and Healthy Living"". TV.com. 1995-02-02.
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Zweihänder Grim & Perilous RPG | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Uclick-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"syndicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_syndication"},{"link_name":"comic strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_strip"},{"link_name":"Jok Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jok_Church"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-E&D-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMU-6"},{"link_name":"text-based comic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_comics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFBay-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFBay-8"},{"link_name":"live action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_action"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_series"},{"link_name":"Beakman's World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beakman%27s_World"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Post2006-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoComics-3"}],"text":"You Can with Beakman and Jax, also known in its Spanish-language version as El Mundo de Beakman (\"The World of Beakman\"),[4][5] is an American science and education syndicated comic strip by Jok Church, which ran from July 14, 1991[1] to July 17, 2016. The comic strip, and associated television series, featured facts about science and languages.[6]The comic strip is a text-based comic, that answers readers' questions, with illustrations of the main characters, various objects, and, or the experiments being discussed. It is run as a single panel comic that appears in newspapers as a color, or black and white Sunday feature, in either a quarter-page strip, or half-tab format.[7] The comic has reached a readership of fifty-two million readers in thirteen countries.[8] About 80% of the letters it receives are from females.[8] From its comic origins, its lead character Beakman would later star in his own live action television series, Beakman's World.[9] The comic also branched out into other media, gaining numerous awards along the way. Its author died of a heart attack on April 29, 2016,[10] after which the comic continued for nearly three months. Jok's final remaining comic was published on July 17, 2016, just three days after the strip's 25th anniversary of publication.[3]","title":"You Can with Beakman and Jax"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marin Independent Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_Independent_Journal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFBay-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Network Solutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Solutions"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Netscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape"},{"link_name":"Shockwave Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shockwave_Player"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The comic first appeared in the Marin Independent Journal, and was offered to them for free.[8] The earlier comic strips were then reprinted in three Science Stuff You Can Do[11] books, a Best of, and was the bases for two specialty books, Beakman & Jax's Bubble Book and Beakman & Jax's Microscope Book.[12]In 1995, an official website opened for the strip published by the \"North Bay Network\", it won many awards.[13] It later moved to its current location in 1996, published by Network Solutions.[14] Where it has received several positive reviews from such internet guides as \"The parents' pocket guide to kids & computers\" by Family Computer Workshop, which gave the site 5 out of 5 stars and recommended it for readers 7–13.[15] At the time the site contained questions and answers, as well as hands-on activities, some of which required Netscape and Shockwave Player.[16]The final strip was published on July 17, 2016, three days after its 25th anniversary and three months after Jok Church died.","title":"Publication history and media"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beakman,Strip,TabFormats.png"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrnLW-2"},{"link_name":"scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADE-17"},{"link_name":"Beekman Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekman_Place"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Post2006-9"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amzn-19"},{"link_name":"jacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knucklebones"},{"link_name":"earrings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earring"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Example of comics, strip and tab formats. A = logo, B = question, C = text, D = inverted text, red boxes indicate background illustrations.The comic strip was originally named You Can with Beakman (also called U Can with Beakman).[2] Its only main character at the time was Beakman Place, a male figure with spiky blue hair, glasses, a neck tie, and a breast pocket full of instruments. Beakman is a non-scientist that learns about the world through books, and then finds ways to prove what he's read about.[17] He was named after Beekman Place, a small street on the east side of Manhattan, New York City.[18] The comic is in a question-and-answer format, in which a reader asks a question, addressed to either Beakman, or also later, his sister Jax Place,[9][19] a red head, with her hair curled up behind her head in blue circular bands, she wears glasses, and jacks in her hair, and as earrings. Church provides the answer,[20] usually by means of a simple experiment the children reading can do (often with parental assistance or supervision). A paragraph after the results of the experiment, in inverted text at the bottom of the comic, would explain the answer.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucasfilm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucasfilm"},{"link_name":"George Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lucas"},{"link_name":"fan mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_mail"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFBay-8"},{"link_name":"Lucasfilm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucasfilm"},{"link_name":"C-3PO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-3PO"},{"link_name":"R2-D2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R2-D2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMU-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Post2006-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Post2006-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFBay-8"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UCan1-22"},{"link_name":"hydrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"electrolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis"},{"link_name":"nine-volt battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine-volt_battery"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADE-17"},{"link_name":"Jean Chrétien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"The idea for doing a comic strip came to Jok while he was working for Lucasfilm, and answering questions from George Lucas' fan mail,[21] stating that he was \"overcome by the bravery children showed by asking Mr. Lucas anything at all\" and he \"decided to write about real questions from real kids\".[8] While working at Lucasfilm, Jok began working on a project called \"Here's How\" a comic strip and educational television series featuring C-3PO teaching foreign language and R2-D2 explaining the more physical world\", the idea was eventually shelved, but the concept later evolved into Jok's comic strip featuring a character named Beakman.[6] He would receive these science questions from children, and he would choose to answer them based on subjects that he didn't know about, and wanted to learn.[9] The comic was written for an audience that includes children, but not exclusively children.[9] He felt his purpose in making the comics was \"to make sure my readers are not intimidated by the world through which they walk\".[8] He would then research the subject, write, draw, and color the comics by using a Macintosh computer.[22] This process gained him criticism in May 1994 when he explained how to do an experiment separating hydrogen and oxygen from water, through electrolysis using a single jar and a nine-volt battery, for which he defended the comic strip, by explaining the small amount of gas that would be produced in this way would not be overly dangerous. The syndicate's managing editor claimed this to be the first time an experiment's safety was questioned.[17]Besides answering questions from children, Jok also took questions from adults. One such question came from the Canadian Prime Minister, Jean Chrétien, who asked about why golf balls had little dents. Jok later explained that he \"has world leaders periodically contribute to his ... feature.\"[23] Within the comic strip Jok also introduced an annual \"Beakman and Jax Make Up Your Own Rules Contest\", in which the reader could report on an experiment or research they did. There were up to 100 winners from around the world, and the prizes were such things as free telescopes[24] and copies of the Beakman & Jax books.[25]","title":"Concept"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Beakman's World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beakman%27s_World"},{"link_name":"Paul Zaloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Zaloom"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Post2006-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Post2006-9"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Shortly after the release of the first book June 1, 1992,[26] on September 18, 1992[27] an Emmy Award-winning television series named Beakman's World began, starring Paul Zaloom as the show's main character, along with three female laboratory assistants over the years, Lester the Rat,[28] and two puppet penguins.[29] According to Jok the television series was \"written to build a bridge between children and the adult members of their family,\" and \"we created the show to be like a live action cartoon.\"[9] Beakman's sister Jax however, was not included in the television series, which Jok referred to as \"my one disappointment with the show.\"[9] Although his sister wasn't present in the television show, two of Beakman's family members did appear on the television show, his mother Beakmom,[30] and his brother Meekman.[31]","title":"In other media"}] | [{"image_text":"Example of comics, strip and tab formats. A = logo, B = question, C = text, D = inverted text, red boxes indicate background illustrations.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Beakman%2CStrip%2CTabFormats.png/250px-Beakman%2CStrip%2CTabFormats.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Staff, E&P (2006-06-20). \"Chat and Anniversary for 'You Can With Beakman and Jax' Cartoonist\". Editor & Publisher. Editor And Publisher.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.editorandpublisher.com/Article/Chat-and-Anniversary-for-You-Can-With-Beakman-and-Jax-Cartoonist","url_text":"\"Chat and Anniversary for 'You Can With Beakman and Jax' Cartoonist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor_%26_Publisher","url_text":"Editor & Publisher"}]},{"reference":"\"CAN WITH BEAKMAN trademark\". BreanLaw, LLC. 1992-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://trademarks.breanlaw.com/74318575-u-can-with-beakman.html","url_text":"\"CAN WITH BEAKMAN trademark\""}]},{"reference":"\"You Can with Beakman and Jax\". GoComics. Retrieved 2016-07-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gocomics.com/beakman/2016/07/17","url_text":"\"You Can with Beakman and Jax\""}]},{"reference":"\"Features: El Mundo de Beakman by Jok Church\". Universal Uclick. Retrieved October 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.universaluclick.com/text_features/beakmanespanol/","url_text":"\"Features: El Mundo de Beakman by Jok Church\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Uclick","url_text":"Universal Uclick"}]},{"reference":"\"Google Translate\". Retrieved October 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://translate.google.com/","url_text":"\"Google Translate\""}]},{"reference":"\"AMU Speakers Bureau - Jok Church\". Universal Press Syndicate. Archived from the original on 2004-09-06. Retrieved 2017-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040906044215/http://www.cincypost.com/living/1998/beak030298.html","url_text":"\"AMU Speakers Bureau - Jok Church\""},{"url":"http://www.cincypost.com/living/1998/beak030298.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Universal Press Syndicate: Fact Sheet, June 2006\" (PDF). Universal Press Syndicate. June 2006. pp. 2, 3.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.amuniversal.com/ups/sales/UPS_Factsheet6_06.pdf","url_text":"\"Universal Press Syndicate: Fact Sheet, June 2006\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Press_Syndicate","url_text":"Universal Press Syndicate"}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Tom W. \"Introducing Jok Church's Comic - You Can with Beakman & Jax\". San Francisco Bay Times. sfbaytimes.com. Archived from the original on 2008-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081011132457/http://www.sfbaytimes.com/?sec=article&article_id=8445","url_text":"\"Introducing Jok Church's Comic - You Can with Beakman & Jax\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Times","url_text":"San Francisco Bay Times"},{"url":"http://www.sfbaytimes.com/?sec=article&article_id=8445","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tobin, Suzanne (2006-06-30). \"Comics: Meet the Artist\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2006/06/20/DI2006062000567.html","url_text":"\"Comics: Meet the Artist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Steve Rubenstein (5 May 2016). \"Jok Church, of Beakman and Jax cartoon strip for kids, dies at 67\". SFGate. Retrieved 6 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Jok-Church-Beakman-and-Jax-cartoon-strip-for-7396400.php","url_text":"\"Jok Church, of Beakman and Jax cartoon strip for kids, dies at 67\""}]},{"reference":"\"Science Stuff You Can Do, Search on Open Library.org\". Open Library. 2013-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/search?q=Science+Stuff+You+Can+Do","url_text":"\"Science Stuff You Can Do, Search on Open Library.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Best of You Can With Beakman and Jax, on Open Library.org\". Open Library. 2013-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2697013W/The_Best_of_You_Can_With_Beakman_and_Jax","url_text":"\"The Best of You Can With Beakman and Jax, on Open Library.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"You can with Beakman and Jax\". Indiana University.com. 2013-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/virtual_disk_library/index.cgi/4273355/FID3542/res/encat/102981.htm","url_text":"\"You can with Beakman and Jax\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University","url_text":"Indiana University"}]},{"reference":"\"Beakman.com - Whois Data\". Whois.com. 2013-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.whoismind.com/whois/beakman.com.html","url_text":"\"Beakman.com - Whois Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whois","url_text":"Whois"}]},{"reference":"The Parents' Pocket Guide to Kids & Computers. Family Computer Workshop. 1998. p. 166. ISBN 0-9666456-3-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9666456-3-4","url_text":"0-9666456-3-4"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Elizabeth B. (2001). The Internet Resource Directory for K–12 Teachers and Librarians. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 174. ISBN 1-56308-913-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56308-913-0","url_text":"1-56308-913-0"}]},{"reference":"\"National News: Cartoonist defends 'explosive' comic strip experiment\". Adirondack Daily Enterprise. Northern New York Library Network Newspaper.com. 1994-05-10. p. 10.","urls":[{"url":"http://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn86033360/1994-05-10/ed-1/seq-10/png/","url_text":"\"National News: Cartoonist defends 'explosive' comic strip experiment\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Real Breakman, by Brenden Shea\". Odyssey. March 2000, Vol. 9 Issue 3, page 45. Odyssey (children's magazine). March 2000. p. C4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey_(children%27s_magazine)","url_text":"Odyssey (children's magazine)"}]},{"reference":"Church, Jok (December 2005). Beakman and Jax's Microscope Book: Product description. ISBN 0-8362-7021-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8362-7021-5","url_text":"0-8362-7021-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Jok Church: INTERNATIONALLY SYNDICATED SCIENCE NERD\". Universal Press Syndicate. Archived from the original on October 24, 2005. Retrieved 2013-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051024023930/http://www.amuniversal.com/ups/speakers/church/","url_text":"\"Jok Church: INTERNATIONALLY SYNDICATED SCIENCE NERD\""},{"url":"http://www.amuniversal.com/ups/speakers/church/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Yeager, Connie (1998-03-02). \"Beakman's World: Museum hosts hands-on show\". The Cincinnati Post. E. W. Scripps Company. Archived from the original on 2004-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040906044215/http://www.cincypost.com/living/1998/beak030298.html","url_text":"\"Beakman's World: Museum hosts hands-on show\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Post","url_text":"The Cincinnati Post"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._W._Scripps_Company","url_text":"E. W. Scripps Company"},{"url":"http://www.cincypost.com/living/1998/beak030298.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Church, Jok (1992). You Can with Beakman: Science Stuff You Can Do. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 4. ISBN 0-8362-7004-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/youcanwithbeakma0000chur/page/4","url_text":"You Can with Beakman: Science Stuff You Can Do"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/youcanwithbeakma0000chur/page/4","url_text":"4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8362-7004-5","url_text":"0-8362-7004-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Syndicates/News Services: Prime minister asks\". Editor & Publisher. Vol. 127, no. 40. Editor & Publisher. 1994-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor_%26_Publisher","url_text":"Editor & Publisher"}]},{"reference":"\"Life: Your Family, Melissa Baird\". Marysville/Yuba City's Appeal-Democrat November 12, 1995, page C4. Appeal-Democrat. 1995-10-12. p. C4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal-Democrat","url_text":"Appeal-Democrat"}]},{"reference":"\"Briefs: Cedar Rapids, Student wins book\". The Cedar Rapids Gazette: Thursday, Nov. 10,1994, Page 3Y. The Gazette (Cedar Rapids). 1994-11-10. p. 3Y.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gazette_(Cedar_Rapids)","url_text":"The Gazette (Cedar Rapids)"}]},{"reference":"\"You Can with Beakman: Science Stuff You Can Do, publication information\". American Booksellers Association. 2013-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indiebound.org/book/9780836270044","url_text":"\"You Can with Beakman: Science Stuff You Can Do, publication information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Booksellers_Association","url_text":"American Booksellers Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Beakman's World: Season 1, Episode 1, episode information\". Internet Movie Database. 2013-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1095600/","url_text":"\"Beakman's World: Season 1, Episode 1, episode information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database","url_text":"Internet Movie Database"}]},{"reference":"\"Beakman's World - Television Review\". Common Sense Media. 2013-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/beakmans-world","url_text":"\"Beakman's World - Television Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Sense_Media","url_text":"Common Sense Media"}]},{"reference":"Staff (1993-10-03). \"Ba-da-boom, ba-da-bing, ba-da-'Beakman'\". Bedford Gazette. Bedford Gazette.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cohen, Aryeh Dean (2003-10-03). \"The Logi-cal choice for concerned parents\". The Jerusalem Post. p. 18.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post","url_text":"The Jerusalem Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Beakman's World, Season 4 Episode 19, Recap. \"Sound Barrier, Beak-mania and Healthy Living\"\". TV.com. 1995-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tv.com/shows/beakmans-world/sound-barrier-beak-mania-and-healthy-living-988550/recap/","url_text":"\"Beakman's World, Season 4 Episode 19, Recap. \"Sound Barrier, Beak-mania and Healthy Living\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV.com","url_text":"TV.com"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.beakman.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.beakman.com"},{"Link":"http://www.editorandpublisher.com/Article/Chat-and-Anniversary-for-You-Can-With-Beakman-and-Jax-Cartoonist","external_links_name":"\"Chat and Anniversary for 'You Can With Beakman and Jax' Cartoonist\""},{"Link":"http://trademarks.breanlaw.com/74318575-u-can-with-beakman.html","external_links_name":"\"CAN WITH BEAKMAN trademark\""},{"Link":"http://www.gocomics.com/beakman/2016/07/17","external_links_name":"\"You Can with Beakman and Jax\""},{"Link":"http://www.universaluclick.com/text_features/beakmanespanol/","external_links_name":"\"Features: El Mundo de Beakman by Jok Church\""},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"\"Google Translate\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040906044215/http://www.cincypost.com/living/1998/beak030298.html","external_links_name":"\"AMU Speakers Bureau - Jok Church\""},{"Link":"http://www.cincypost.com/living/1998/beak030298.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://images.amuniversal.com/ups/sales/UPS_Factsheet6_06.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Universal Press Syndicate: Fact Sheet, June 2006\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081011132457/http://www.sfbaytimes.com/?sec=article&article_id=8445","external_links_name":"\"Introducing Jok Church's Comic - You Can with Beakman & Jax\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfbaytimes.com/?sec=article&article_id=8445","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2006/06/20/DI2006062000567.html","external_links_name":"\"Comics: Meet the Artist\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Jok-Church-Beakman-and-Jax-cartoon-strip-for-7396400.php","external_links_name":"\"Jok Church, of Beakman and Jax cartoon strip for kids, dies at 67\""},{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/search?q=Science+Stuff+You+Can+Do","external_links_name":"\"Science Stuff You Can Do, Search on Open Library.org\""},{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2697013W/The_Best_of_You_Can_With_Beakman_and_Jax","external_links_name":"\"The Best of You Can With Beakman and Jax, on Open Library.org\""},{"Link":"http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/virtual_disk_library/index.cgi/4273355/FID3542/res/encat/102981.htm","external_links_name":"\"You can with Beakman and Jax\""},{"Link":"http://www.whoismind.com/whois/beakman.com.html","external_links_name":"\"Beakman.com - Whois Data\""},{"Link":"http://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn86033360/1994-05-10/ed-1/seq-10/png/","external_links_name":"\"National News: Cartoonist defends 'explosive' comic strip experiment\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051024023930/http://www.amuniversal.com/ups/speakers/church/","external_links_name":"\"Jok Church: INTERNATIONALLY SYNDICATED SCIENCE NERD\""},{"Link":"http://www.amuniversal.com/ups/speakers/church/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040906044215/http://www.cincypost.com/living/1998/beak030298.html","external_links_name":"\"Beakman's World: Museum hosts hands-on show\""},{"Link":"http://www.cincypost.com/living/1998/beak030298.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/youcanwithbeakma0000chur/page/4","external_links_name":"You Can with Beakman: Science Stuff You Can Do"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/youcanwithbeakma0000chur/page/4","external_links_name":"4"},{"Link":"http://www.indiebound.org/book/9780836270044","external_links_name":"\"You Can with Beakman: Science Stuff You Can Do, publication information\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1095600/","external_links_name":"\"Beakman's World: Season 1, Episode 1, episode information\""},{"Link":"http://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/beakmans-world","external_links_name":"\"Beakman's World - Television Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.tv.com/shows/beakmans-world/sound-barrier-beak-mania-and-healthy-living-988550/recap/","external_links_name":"\"Beakman's World, Season 4 Episode 19, Recap. \"Sound Barrier, Beak-mania and Healthy Living\"\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BClstedt | Bülstedt | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 53°12′33″N 09°09′39″E / 53.20917°N 9.16083°E / 53.20917; 9.16083Municipality in Lower Saxony, GermanyBülstedt Municipality
FlagCoat of armsLocation of Bülstedt within Rotenburg (Wümme) district
Bülstedt Show map of GermanyBülstedt Show map of Lower SaxonyCoordinates: 53°12′33″N 09°09′39″E / 53.20917°N 9.16083°E / 53.20917; 9.16083CountryGermanyStateLower SaxonyDistrictRotenburg (Wümme) Municipal assoc.TarmstedtSubdivisions3Government • MayorFriedhelm ImmigArea • Total25.53 km2 (9.86 sq mi)Elevation25 m (82 ft)Population (2022-12-31) • Total762 • Density30/km2 (77/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes27412Dialling codes04283, 04288Vehicle registrationROWWebsitewww.tarmstedt.de
Bülstedt is a municipality in the district of Rotenburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany.
Bülstedt belonged to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, established in 1180. In 1648 the Prince-Archbishopric was transformed into the Duchy of Bremen, which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish Crown - interrupted by a Danish occupation (1712–1715) - and from 1715 on by the Hanoverian Crown. In 1807 the ephemeral Kingdom of Westphalia annexed the Duchy, before France annexed it in 1810. In 1813 the Duchy was restored to the Electorate of Hanover, which - after its upgrade to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814 - incorporated the Duchy in a real union and the Ducal territory, including Bülstedt, became part of the new Stade Region, established in 1823.
References
^ "LSN-Online Regionaldatenbank, Tabelle A100001G: Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes, Stand 31. Dezember 2022" (in German). Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen.
vteTowns and municipalities in Rotenburg (district)
Ahausen
Alfstedt
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Basdahl
Bötersen
Bothel
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Bremervörde
Brockel
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Deinstedt
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Farven
Fintel
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Groß Meckelsen
Gyhum
Hamersen
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Kalbe
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Klein Meckelsen
Lauenbrück
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Reeßum
Rhade
Rotenburg an der Wümme
Sandbostel
Scheeßel
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Selsingen
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Stemmen
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Tiste
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Israel
United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Day_(film) | Victoria Day (film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 Accolades","5 References","6 External links"] | 2009 Canadian filmVictoria DayDirected byDavid BezmozgisWritten byDavid BezmozgisProduced byJudy HolmMichael McNamaraStarringMark RendallHolly DeveauxSergiy KotelenetsNataliya AlyexeyenkoJohn MavrogiannisScott BeaudinCinematographyDavid FrancoEdited byRoderick DeogradesMusic byLesley BarberProductioncompanyMarkham Street FilmsDistributed byMaximum Film DistributionRelease date
January 17, 2009 (2009-01-17) (Sundance Film Festival)
Running time87 minutesCountryCanadaLanguagesEnglishRussian
Victoria Day is a 2009 Canadian independent film directed by David Bezmozgis and produced by Markham Street Films. The film stars Mark Rendall in the lead role, as well as Holly Deveaux, Sergiy Kotelenets, Nataliya Alyexeyenko, John Mavrogiannis, and Scott Beaudin.
Plot
The film's story takes place the week preceding the Victoria Day long weekend in Toronto, the year of 1988. The story line depicts the weeklong journey of a sixteen-year-old ordinary teenage boy, Ben Spektor, and the conspiring events that sequence to a coming-of-age story.
The film begins on Sunday May 19, 1988. The Victoria Day weekend is fast approaching, initiating the coming end of another high school year. The attention of characters first seems to rest on the Stanley Cup finals, which are in play in Boston with Wayne Gretzky's Edmonton Oilers facing the Boston Bruins. Since Ben Spektor's life is mostly centered on hockey, he is portrayed as the star player of his Toronto Red Wings minor hockey league team, resembling the skills of a young Gretzky throughout the film's opening scenes. However, a life-altering event changes the course of Ben's path as he attends a Bob Dylan concert alongside his juvenile close friends: Sammy and Noah. While there, Ben spots Jordan Chapman, his classmate, hockey teammate, and tormentor, taking part in what appears to be a routine drug deal. Being short of five dollars to purchase the drugs, Jordan provokes Ben into reluctantly spotting him the remainder. This critical affair seemed hardly significant to Ben at the time— he could not have foreseen the life-altering consequences this event would have on his future.
As the days pass, Jordan's whereabouts are a mystery, and the city police organize a search party that is ultimately fruitless. With a guilty conscience and the fear of Jordan's disappearance, the days drag on for Ben. However, the sequence of events initiate a budding romance for Ben and Jordan's fifteen-year-old sister, Cayla. From love and romance, to the future of Ben's hockey career, Ben's adolescent life appears to be promising. Yet, the continuous discomfort of his teammate's disappearance preoccupies Ben's life, drastically altering the determined path of his promising future.
Cast
Mark Rendall as Ben Spektor
Sergiy Kotelenets as Yuri Spektor
Nataliya Alyexeyenko as Mila Spektor
Mitchell Amaral as Jordan Chapman
Holly Deveaux as Cayla Chapman
John Mavro as Sammy Balaban
Scott Beaudin as Noah Hartsman
Greta Onieogou as Sara
Melanie Leishman as Melanie
Duane Murray as Coach Ken
Jeff Pustil as Jerry Chapman
Scotty Cook as Tim Wilson
Brendan Price as Brad McCoulough
Reception
A lot of suburban Toronto is depicted in the film, including city landmarks like Ontario Place. Since the film is set in Canada and named after a Canadian public holiday, there are definite illustrations of the life of a teenage boy in Canada. Regardless of these distinct references, Bezmozgis states, "I didn't set out to make a film that is distinctly Canadian, I set out to make a movie that reflected my experience of growing up, and it just happened to be in Toronto. It's an experience that could have happened for the most part in Chicago, or New York, Boston or Los Angeles. It happened to take place in Toronto, so there are elements that are specific to Toronto, but the story itself is like any teenage story in North America."
Finally, the film was featured at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival, in the World Dramatic Competition category. "In what amounts to a record, the movie was picked up faster for Sundance than any other Canadian film in history - enough to the point that the press kit and other promotional material had to be hastily assembled."
According to John Anderson of Variety "The hero of Victoria Day doesn't quite come of age, but he realizes he'll have to in writer-helmer David Bezmozgis' tale of late-'80s Toronto teenagers -- one of whom disappears like Amelia Earhart, endowing this Canadian production with an undercurrent of apprehension".
Accolades
Year
Award
Category
Result
2009
Genie Awards
Best Original Screenplay: David Bezmozgis
Nominated
San Francisco Jewish Film Festival
Film Presented
Nominated
Sundance Film Festival
World Dramatic Competition
Nominated
Toronto Jewish Film Festival
Film Presented
Athens International Film Festival
Film Presented
References
^ a b c "Victoria Day". Markham Street Films. Retrieved August 8, 2021.
^ Sahakians, Sandrine (May 27, 2009). "Victoria Day Movie Trailer & Pictures". Film Equals. Retrieved August 8, 2021.
^ a b Jancelewicz, Chris (January 1, 2009). "David Bezmozgis' Victoria Day: Not Your Typical 'Canadian' Movie". Archived from the original on November 11, 2010. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
^ Taylor, Kate (June 18, 2009). "Nostalgia for adolescent angst, and old North York". Retrieved August 8, 2021.
^ Anderson, John (January 27, 2009). "Victoria Day". Variety.
^ "30th Annual Genie Awards" (PDF). Genie Awards. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 22, 2012. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
^ "Victoria Day". Jewish Film Institute. Retrieved August 8, 2021.
^ "Toronto Jewish Film Festival" (PDF). p. 45.
^ "Victoria Day". Athens International Film Festival. Retrieved August 8, 2021.
External links
Official website via web.archive.org
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The story line depicts the weeklong journey of a sixteen-year-old ordinary teenage boy, Ben Spektor, and the conspiring events that sequence to a coming-of-age story.The film begins on Sunday May 19, 1988. The Victoria Day weekend is fast approaching, initiating the coming end of another high school year. The attention of characters first seems to rest on the Stanley Cup finals, which are in play in Boston with Wayne Gretzky's Edmonton Oilers facing the Boston Bruins. Since Ben Spektor's life is mostly centered on hockey, he is portrayed as the star player of his Toronto Red Wings minor hockey league team, resembling the skills of a young Gretzky throughout the film's opening scenes. However, a life-altering event changes the course of Ben's path as he attends a Bob Dylan concert alongside his juvenile close friends: Sammy and Noah. While there, Ben spots Jordan Chapman, his classmate, hockey teammate, and tormentor, taking part in what appears to be a routine drug deal. 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Since the film is set in Canada and named after a Canadian public holiday, there are definite illustrations of the life of a teenage boy in Canada. Regardless of these distinct references, Bezmozgis states, \"I didn't set out to make a film that is distinctly Canadian, I set out to make a movie that reflected my experience of growing up, and it just happened to be in Toronto. It's an experience that could have happened for the most part in Chicago, or New York, Boston or Los Angeles. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Roy | Sarat Chandra Roy | ["1 Early life","2 Career in anthropology","3 Works","3.1 Books and monographs","3.2 Journal contributions","4 Recognition","5 See also","6 References"] | Indian scholar of anthropology
Sarat Chandra RoyBorn4 November 1871Karapara, Bengal Presidency, British IndiaDied30 April 1942(1942-04-30) (aged 70)Ranchi, Bihar Province, British IndiaNationalityIndianOther namesS. C. RoyOccupation(s)Lawyer, ethnographer, cultural anthropologist, lecturer, readerKnown forEthnography
Sarat Chandra Roy (4 November 1871 – 30 April 1942) was an Indian scholar of anthropology. He is sometimes regarded as the 'father of Indian ethnography', the 'first Indian ethnographer', and as the 'first Indian anthropologist'.
Early life
Born on 4 November 1871 to Purna Chandra Roy, a member of the Bengal Judicial Service, in a village in Khulna district (now in Bangladesh), young Sarat came in contact with tribal people after his father was posted in Purulia. After his father's death in 1885, he was educated at his maternal uncle's home in Calcutta. In 1892, he graduated in English literature from the General Assembly's Institution (now Scottish Church College). He earned a postgraduate degree in English from the same institution, and subsequently studied law at the Ripon College (now Surendranath College). He had worked for some time as a headmaster at the Mymensingh High School, and later as a principal at the GEL Mission High School in Ranchi. In Ranchi, he became aware of the plight of the tribals. He left teaching and started practicing as a lawyer and became a pleader in the district court in the 24 Parganas in Calcutta in 1897. A year later he moved to Ranchi, where he practiced at the court of the judicial commissioner in Ranchi.
Career in anthropology
His interest into the plight of the "tribal" people developed in the course of his visits as a lawyer, in the interior areas of the Chota Nagpur Division. He was deeply moved by the plight of the Munda, Oraon and other tribal groups, who were subjected to the continued oppression by an apathetic colonial administration, and by a general contempt towards them in courts of law, as "upper-caste" Hindu lawyers had little knowledge of their customs, religions, customary laws and languages. Keeping all this in perspective, he decided to spend years and decades among tribal folks to study their languages, conduct ethnography, and interpret their customs, practices, religion and laws for the benefit of humanity, and also for the established system of colonial civil jurisprudence. In so doing, he wrote pioneering monographs, that would set the ground for broader understanding and future research. Thus although he was not formally trained in either ethnology or anthropology, he is regarded the first Indian ethnologist, or ethnographer or an Indian anthropologist.
In his later years, he spent his time editing Man in India and in other journals, writing and lecturing at the newly established anthropology department at the University of Calcutta, and serving as a reader at Patna University.
Works
Books and monographs
The Mundas and Their Country (1912)
The Oraons of Chota Nagpur (1915)
The Birhors (1925)
Oraon Religion and Customs (1927)
The Hill Bhuiyas of Orissa (1935)
The Kharias vol.1 (1937)
The Kharias vol.2 (1937)
Journal contributions
Man in India, the first anthropological journal in India was started by him in 1921.
He wrote extensively on totemism among the Asur, the Ho people of Singhbhum, the Pahira of Chota Nagpur; on the Lepcha funeral; kinship among Sikkimese people, Khasi people; Khond human sacrifice; Korku memorial tablets; black Bhils of Jaisamand lake in Rajputana, and on the ethnic groups of Burma.
Recognition
Kaisar-i-Hind Silver Medal, 1913
Roy Bahadur, 1919
Elected as honorary member of the Folklore Society of London, being the only Indian to be awarded thus
Elected as president of the Anthropological Section in the Indian Science Congress
Elected as president of the Anthropology section of the All India Oriental Conference, 1932
Elected as president of the Folklore section of the All India Oriental Conference, 1933
Elected as member of the Council d'Honour of the International Congress of Ethnological Sciences
Foundation Fellow of National Institute of Sciences
Foundation Fellow of Patna University
The Indian Science Congress awarded him with a commemorative volume of essays in anthropology.
The Sarat Chandra Roy Institute of Anthropological Studies in Ranchi, established in 1979, commemorates his name.
See also
The People of India
Historical definitions of races in India
Anthropological Survey of India
Biraja Sankar Guha
M. N. Srinivas
Nirmal Kumar Bose
Panchanan Mitra
L. P. Vidyarthi
References
^ Anjali Bose (2019). Sansad Bengali Charitabhidhan Vol.I. Sahitya Sansad, Kolkata. p. 701. ISBN 978-81-7955-135-6.
^ Dasgupta, Sangeeta (2022), "A Journey with the Oraons", Reordering Adivasi Worlds, Oxford University Press, pp. 125–C3.N168, ISBN 0-19-012791-0
^ Upadhyay, Vijay S. and Gaya Pandey. Indian Anthropologists - Sarat Chandra Roy: The Father of Indian Ethnography (1871–1942) in History of Anthropological Thought, Concept Publishing Company, 1993, p. 395.
^ Upadhyay and Pandey, p. 395-6.
^ Upadhyay and Pandey, p. 396.
^ Upadhyay and Pandey, p. 398.
^ Bobrinskoy, G. (1936). "Review of Manu: A Study in Hindu Social Theory.; The Hill Bhuiyas of Orissa". American Journal of Sociology. 41 (5): 686–687. ISSN 0002-9602.
^ Upadhyay and Pandey, p. 396.
^ Upadhyay and Pandey, p. 397-8.
^ Upadhyay and Pandey, p. 401.
^ Upadhyay and Pandey, p. 397
^ Srivastava, Vinay Kumar and Sukant K. Chaudhury. Anthropological Studies of Indian Tribes in Sociology And Social Anthropology In India, edited by Yogesh Atal, Indian Council of Social Science Research, 2009, p. 52.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sansad-1"},{"link_name":"anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ethnography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Sarat Chandra Roy (4 November 1871 – 30 April 1942[1]) was an Indian scholar of anthropology.[2] He is sometimes regarded as the 'father of Indian ethnography', the 'first Indian ethnographer', and as the 'first Indian anthropologist'.[3]","title":"Sarat Chandra Roy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khulna district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulna_district"},{"link_name":"Purulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purulia"},{"link_name":"Scottish Church College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Church_College"},{"link_name":"Surendranath College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surendranath_College"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Born on 4 November 1871 to Purna Chandra Roy, a member of the Bengal Judicial Service, in a village in Khulna district (now in Bangladesh), young Sarat came in contact with tribal people after his father was posted in Purulia. After his father's death in 1885, he was educated at his maternal uncle's home in Calcutta. In 1892, he graduated in English literature from the General Assembly's Institution (now Scottish Church College). He earned a postgraduate degree in English from the same institution, and subsequently studied law at the Ripon College (now Surendranath College). He had worked for some time as a headmaster at the Mymensingh High School, and later as a principal at the GEL Mission High School in Ranchi. In Ranchi, he became aware of the plight of the tribals. He left teaching and started practicing as a lawyer and became a pleader in the district court in the 24 Parganas in Calcutta in 1897. A year later he moved to Ranchi, where he practiced at the court of the judicial commissioner in Ranchi.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tribal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adivasi"},{"link_name":"Chota Nagpur Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Division"},{"link_name":"Munda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munda_people"},{"link_name":"Oraon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurukh_people"},{"link_name":"religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_religions_of_India"},{"link_name":"ethnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnology"},{"link_name":"ethnographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnographer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Man in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_in_India"},{"link_name":"University of Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calcutta"},{"link_name":"Patna University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patna_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"His interest into the plight of the \"tribal\" people developed in the course of his visits as a lawyer, in the interior areas of the Chota Nagpur Division. He was deeply moved by the plight of the Munda, Oraon and other tribal groups, who were subjected to the continued oppression by an apathetic colonial administration, and by a general contempt towards them in courts of law, as \"upper-caste\" Hindu lawyers had little knowledge of their customs, religions, customary laws and languages. Keeping all this in perspective, he decided to spend years and decades among tribal folks to study their languages, conduct ethnography, and interpret their customs, practices, religion and laws for the benefit of humanity, and also for the established system of colonial civil jurisprudence. In so doing, he wrote pioneering monographs, that would set the ground for broader understanding and future research. Thus although he was not formally trained in either ethnology or anthropology, he is regarded the first Indian ethnologist, or ethnographer or an Indian anthropologist.[5]In his later years, he spent his time editing Man in India and in other journals, writing and lecturing at the newly established anthropology department at the University of Calcutta, and serving as a reader at Patna University.[6]","title":"Career in anthropology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Mundas and Their Country (1912)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.215493"},{"link_name":"The Oraons of Chota Nagpur (1915)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/TheOraonsOfChotaNagpur"},{"link_name":"The Birhors (1925)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/birhors033490mbp"},{"link_name":"Oraon Religion and Customs (1927)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.215147"},{"link_name":"The Hill Bhuiyas of Orissa (1935)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.216681"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Books and monographs","text":"The Mundas and Their Country (1912)\nThe Oraons of Chota Nagpur (1915)\nThe Birhors (1925)\nOraon Religion and Customs (1927)\nThe Hill Bhuiyas of Orissa (1935)[7]\nThe Kharias vol.1 (1937)\nThe Kharias vol.2 (1937)[8]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Man in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_in_India"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"totemism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemism"},{"link_name":"Asur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asur_people"},{"link_name":"Ho people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_people"},{"link_name":"Lepcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepcha_people"},{"link_name":"Sikkimese people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkimese_people"},{"link_name":"Khasi people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khasi_people"},{"link_name":"Khond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khonds"},{"link_name":"Korku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korku_people"},{"link_name":"Bhils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhil_people"},{"link_name":"Jaisamand lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhebar_Lake"},{"link_name":"Rajputana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajputana"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Journal contributions","text":"Man in India, the first anthropological journal in India was started by him in 1921.[9]\nHe wrote extensively on totemism among the Asur, the Ho people of Singhbhum, the Pahira of Chota Nagpur; on the Lepcha funeral; kinship among Sikkimese people, Khasi people; Khond human sacrifice; Korku memorial tablets; black Bhils of Jaisamand lake in Rajputana, and on the ethnic groups of Burma.[10]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaisar-i-Hind Silver Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar-i-Hind_Medal"},{"link_name":"Roy Bahadur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rao_Bahadur"},{"link_name":"Folklore Society of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Folklore_Society"},{"link_name":"Indian Science Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Science_Congress"},{"link_name":"Patna University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patna_University"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Kaisar-i-Hind Silver Medal, 1913\nRoy Bahadur, 1919\nElected as honorary member of the Folklore Society of London, being the only Indian to be awarded thus\nElected as president of the Anthropological Section in the Indian Science Congress\nElected as president of the Anthropology section of the All India Oriental Conference, 1932\nElected as president of the Folklore section of the All India Oriental Conference, 1933\nElected as member of the Council d'Honour of the International Congress of Ethnological Sciences\nFoundation Fellow of National Institute of Sciences\nFoundation Fellow of Patna University\nThe Indian Science Congress awarded him with a commemorative volume of essays in anthropology.[11]\nThe Sarat Chandra Roy Institute of Anthropological Studies in Ranchi, established in 1979, commemorates his name.[12]","title":"Recognition"}] | [] | [{"title":"The People of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_People_of_India"},{"title":"Historical definitions of races in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_definitions_of_races_in_India"},{"title":"Anthropological Survey of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropological_Survey_of_India"},{"title":"Biraja Sankar Guha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biraja_Sankar_Guha"},{"title":"M. N. Srinivas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._N._Srinivas"},{"title":"Nirmal Kumar Bose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmal_Kumar_Bose"},{"title":"Panchanan Mitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchanan_Mitra"},{"title":"L. P. Vidyarthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._P._Vidyarthi"}] | [{"reference":"Anjali Bose (2019). Sansad Bengali Charitabhidhan Vol.I. Sahitya Sansad, Kolkata. p. 701. ISBN 978-81-7955-135-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7955-135-6","url_text":"978-81-7955-135-6"}]},{"reference":"Dasgupta, Sangeeta (2022), \"A Journey with the Oraons\", Reordering Adivasi Worlds, Oxford University Press, pp. 125–C3.N168, ISBN 0-19-012791-0","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190127916.003.0004","url_text":"\"A Journey with the Oraons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-012791-0","url_text":"0-19-012791-0"}]},{"reference":"Bobrinskoy, G. (1936). \"Review of Manu: A Study in Hindu Social Theory.; The Hill Bhuiyas of Orissa\". American Journal of Sociology. 41 (5): 686–687. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Life_Gamebooks | List of gamebooks | ["1 Series","2 References","3 Individual gamebooks","4 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of gamebooks" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This is a list of gamebook series and individual gamebooks.
Series
ACE Gamebooks, written by Jonathan Green (10+ books planned, 7 published so far)
Australian Adventure Gamebooks (2 books advertised but only 1 published)
Autumn Snow, written by Martin Charbonneau and Joe Dever (3 books advertised but only 2 published)
Battleground General, written by Alistair Smith, Jon Sutherland and Diane Canwell (2 books)
Blood Sword, written by Dave Morris and Oliver Johnson (5 books)
Be An Interplanetary Spy, written by Seth McEvoy and others (12 books)
Byker Grove, written by Robert Rigby (2 books)
Car Wars, written by Steve Jackson and others (6 books)
Choose Your Own Adventure, written by R. A. Montgomery, Edward Packard and others (200+ books)
The Cluster of Echoes, written by Victoria Hancox (6 books)
Combat Heroes, written by Joe Dever (4 books)
Cretan Chronicles, written by John Butterfield, David Honigmann and Philip Parker (3 books)
Crossroads Adventures, written by Jody Lynn Nye and others (14 books)
Doctor Who: Decide Your Destiny, written by various authors (17 books advertised, 16 published)
DestinyQuest, written by Michael J. Ward (6+ books planned, 5 published so far)
Destiny's Role, written by Mark Lain (8 books planned, 4 published so far)
Diceman comic, written and illustrated by various authors and artists (5 issues)
Do Over Novels, written by Heather McElhatton (2 books)
Double Game, written by Simon Farrell and Jon Sutherland (4 books)
Dragontales, written by Rhondi A. Vilott Salsitz as Rhondi Vilott (14 books)
DuelMaster, written by Mark Smith and Jamie Thomson (8 books)
Endless Quest, written by Rose Estes and others, the majority of the books based on Dungeons & Dragons (36 books)
Escape from Tenopia, written by Edward Packard and Richard Brightfield (4 books)
Escape from the Kingdom of Frome, written by Edward Packard and Richard Brightfield (4 books)
Eternal Champions, written by Jamie Thomson (2 books)
Explore-A-Quest, created by Anthony Lampe (6 books)
Fabled Lands, written by Dave Morris and Jamie Thomson (12 books planned, 7 published so far)
Falcon, written by Mark Smith and Jamie Thomson (6 books)
Fantom Empires, written by Jon Sutherland (5 books advertised but only 1 published)
Fatemaster, written by Paul Vernon (3 books advertised, 2 published)
Fighting Fantasy, created by Steve Jackson and Ian Livingstone, written by various authors (71 books published so far)
Fighting Fantazine magazine, written by various authors (17 issues)
Follow Your Heart Romance, written by Jan Gelman and Caroline B. Cooney (10 books)
Football Fantasy (10 books advertised, 8 published)
Forbidden Gateway, written by Ian and Clive Bailey (2 books)
Freeway Warrior, written by Joe Dever (4 books)
Gamebook Adventures, written by Simon Osbourne and Andrew Wright (3 books advertised but only 1 published)
Ghostly, Time Travelling Gamebooks, written by Joseph Daniels (2 books)
Give Yourself Goosebumps, written by R. L. Stine (42 books)
Golden Dragon Fantasy Gamebooks, written by Dave Morris and Oliver Johnson (6 books)
GrailQuest, written by J.H. Brennan (8 books)
Hark, written by R. L. Stine (2 books)
Hellscape, written by David Lowrie (3 books advertised but only 2 published)
HeroQuest, written by Dave Morris (3 books)
Horror Classics, written by J.H. Brennan (2 books)
Interactive Adventures, written by Dane Barrett (7 books)
Just Make a Choice, written by Bob Powers (2 books)
Knightmare, written by Dave Morris (6 books)
Legends of Skyfall, written by David Tant (4 books)
Lemmings Adventures Gamebooks, written by Nigel Gross and Jon Sutherland (2 books)
Literally Immersive Gamebooks, written by James A. Hirons (5 books)
Lone Wolf, mostly written by Joe Dever (33 books planned, 31 published so far)
Make Your Own Adventure With Doctor Who (6 books, Sixth Doctor)
Marvel Superheroes, written by various authors (8 books)
Narnia Solo Games, written by various authors (7 books advertised, 5 published)
Nintendo Adventure Books, written by various authors (12 books)
Prince of Shadows, written by Gary Chalk and David Kerrigan (2 books)
Proteus magazine, written by various authors (20 issues)
Real Life Gamebooks, written by Simon Farrell and Jon Sutherland (9 books)
Robin of Sherwood, written by Paul Mason and Graham Staplehurst (2 books)
Sagard the Barbarian, written by Gary Gygax and Flint Dille (4 books)
Sagas of the Demonspawn, written by J.H. Brennan (4 books)
Savage Realms Gamebooks, written by TroyAnthony Schermer, James A. Hirons, H.L. Truslove, and David Lowrie (6 books published)
Sonic the Hedgehog Adventure Gamebooks, written by various authors (6 books)
Sorcery!, written by Steve Jackson (4 books)
Spellcaster Gamebooks, written by Louisa Dent (3 books advertised but only 1 published)
Star Wars: The Last Jedi, written by Paul Cockburn (2 books)
Starlight Adventures, , written by various authors (6 books)
Steam Highwayman, written by Martin Noutch (3 books)
Survivor, written by various authors (4 books)
SwordQuest, written by Bill Fawcett (4 books)
Time Machine, written by Jim Gasperini and others (25 books)
Tolkien Quest, also known as Middle-earth Quest, set in the world of J.R.R. Tolkien's Middle-earth (13 books advertised, 7 published)
Two-Fisted Fantasy, written by Herman S. Skull (2 books)
Twistaplot, written by R. L. Stine and Douglas Colligan, among others (18 books)
Twisted Journeys, written by Dan Jolley and others (22 books)
Usborne Adventure Gamebooks, written by various authors (3 books published, 4th book due in 2024)
Usborne Puzzle Adventures, written by Jenny Tyler and others (25 books)
Virtual Reality, written by Dave Morris and Mark Smith (6 books)
VulcanVerse, written by Dave Morris and Jamie Thomson (5 books planned, 4 published)
Warhammer Path to Victory, written by Jonathan Green and others (4 books)
Warlock magazine, written by various authors (13 issues)
Way of the Tiger, written by Jamie Thomson and Mark Smith (8 books)
Webs of Intrigue, written by Robin Waterfield (2 books)
Which Way Books, written by Roland Gregory Austin, Edward Packard and Michael J. Dodge and others (24 books)
Wizards, Warriors & You, written by R. L. Stine and others (18 books)
World of Lone Wolf, written by Ian Page and Joe Dever (4 books)
Zaltec, written by Yehuda Shapira (2 books)
References
^ Camlann, Alan (2021). "GO TO 6: THE LOST GAMEBOOKS". Divergent Wordsmiths. Retrieved 2023-07-22.
Individual gamebooks
Alternamorphs: The First Journey, written by Tonya Alicia Martin, and The Next Passage, written by Emily Costello. Both books were spin-offs based on the Animorphs series by K. A. Applegate.
Die Insel der Sternenbestie ("Isle of the Star Beast"), by Wolfgang Hohlbein and Karl-Ulrich Burgdorf. Set in Hohlbein's Enwor setting, the player must survive an expedition to the Mist Isle. Infamous for invariably ending horribly for the player character unless he opts to cowardly leave early on in the adventure.
JAMTHOLOGY, written by James A. Hirons
Maze, written by Christopher Manson
Lost in Austen: Create Your Own Jane Austen Adventure, written by Emma Campbell Webster
Life's Lottery, written by Kim Newman
The Dream Palace, written by Brynne Stephens
To Be or Not to Be, written by Ryan North
Witchsnare, written by Ashok Raj
Reiter der schwarzen Sonne ("Rider of the Black Sun"), written by Swen Harder (German)
La nuit je suis Buffy Summers, by Chloé Delaume
External links
Gamebook Database: Series List | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gamebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamebook"},{"link_name":"series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_series"}],"text":"This is a list of gamebook series and individual gamebooks.","title":"List of gamebooks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ACE Gamebooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE_Gamebooks_(gamebook_series)"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Green_(speculative_fiction_writer)"},{"link_name":"Joe Dever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Dever"},{"link_name":"Blood Sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Sword_(gamebook_series)"},{"link_name":"Dave Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Morris_(game_designer)"},{"link_name":"Be An Interplanetary Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_An_Interplanetary_Spy"},{"link_name":"Car Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_Wars#Other_products"},{"link_name":"Steve Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jackson_(American_game_designer)"},{"link_name":"Choose Your Own Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choose_Your_Own_Adventure"},{"link_name":"R. A. Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._A._Montgomery"},{"link_name":"Edward Packard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Packard_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Cretan Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Jody Lynn Nye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody_Lynn_Nye"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who: Decide Your Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Series_Adventures_(Doctor_Who)#Decide_Your_Destiny_books"},{"link_name":"DestinyQuest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DestinyQuest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Heather McElhatton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_McElhatton"},{"link_name":"Dragontales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragontales"},{"link_name":"Rhondi A. Vilott Salsitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhondi_A._Vilott_Salsitz"},{"link_name":"DuelMaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DuelMaster&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mark Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Smith_(author)"},{"link_name":"Jamie Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Thomson_(author)"},{"link_name":"Endless Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endless_Quest"},{"link_name":"Rose Estes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Estes"},{"link_name":"Dungeons & Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons"},{"link_name":"Edward Packard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Packard_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Richard Brightfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Brightfield"},{"link_name":"Edward Packard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Packard_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Richard Brightfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Brightfield"},{"link_name":"Jamie Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Thomson_(author)"},{"link_name":"Fabled Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabled_Lands"},{"link_name":"Dave Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Morris_(game_designer)"},{"link_name":"Jamie Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Thomson_(author)"},{"link_name":"Mark Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Smith_(author)"},{"link_name":"Jamie Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Thomson_(author)"},{"link_name":"Fighting Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_Fantasy"},{"link_name":"Steve Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jackson_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Ian Livingstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Livingstone"},{"link_name":"Caroline B. Cooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_B._Cooney"},{"link_name":"Freeway Warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeway_Warrior"},{"link_name":"Joe Dever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Dever"},{"link_name":"Give Yourself Goosebumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_Yourself_Goosebumps"},{"link_name":"R. L. Stine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._L._Stine"},{"link_name":"Golden Dragon Fantasy Gamebooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Dragon_(gamebook)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dave Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Morris_(game_designer)"},{"link_name":"Oliver Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Johnson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"GrailQuest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GrailQuest"},{"link_name":"J.H. Brennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.H._Brennan"},{"link_name":"R. L. Stine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._L._Stine"},{"link_name":"Dave Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Morris_(game_designer)"},{"link_name":"J.H. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_McCrory_(loyalist) | Sam McCrory (loyalist) | ["1 References"] | Ulster loyalist (1965–2022)
Samuel McCrory (22 March 1965 – 24 July 2022), also known as Skelly McCrory, was a member of the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), an Ulster loyalist paramilitary organisation. In 2008 he came out as gay, and as a gay activist.
In his youth McCrory formed a racist skinhead gang along with future UDA Brigadiers Johnny Adair and "Fat" Jackie Thompson. He was knee-capped by the UDA for assaulting a pensioner.
McCrory's first target was Francisco Notarantonio, who was set up by British Army agent Brian Nelson to divert the UDA from targeting Freddie Scappaticci. On 9 October 1987, Notarantonio, a 66-year-old who had been interned in 1971, was shot dead at his home in Ballymurphy.
In July 1992 McCrory, Thompson and two others set off to target Provisional Irish Republican Army leaders Brian Gillen and Martin Lynch. The UDA attackers were ambushed by the British Army on Finaghy Road North on the border between South and West Belfast and were fired upon. McCrory was arrested and received a long prison sentence. He eventually became the UDA officer in command at the Maze Prison and, as such, attended a meeting with Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Mo Mowlam, during the peace process.
After his release, police accused him of involvement in a gun attack on a bar in August 2000 at the start of a loyalist feud with the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF).
He appeared in an episode of Danny Dyer's Deadliest Men. In the programme, Danny Dyer met McCrory in the Scottish seaside town of Ayr, where McCrory was living. The two visited McCrory's former city of Belfast.
In 2015 four men were arrested in Glasgow and charged with plotting to kill to McCrory and Johnny Adair. Charges against one of the accused were subsequently dropped on 1 July 2015. The three other defendants, Antoin Duffy, Martin Hughes and Paul Sands, were convicted of the plot on 20 July 2015.
McCrory died after an accidental fall on concrete steps near his home on 24 July 2022, at the age of 57. He suffered fatal head injuries.
References
^ Full name and date of birth are taken from police mugshots as pictured in David Lister & Hugh Jordan, Mad Dog: The Rise and Fall of Johnny Adair and 'C' Company, Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing, 2004
^ Wood, Ian S. (2006). Crimes of Loyalty: A History of the UDA. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-7486-2426-3.
^ McDonald, Henry (4 October 2008). "Gay UDA gunman: 'I hid my true self'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014.
^ Wood 2006, p. 156
^ Wood 2006, p. 125
^ Wood 2006, p. 163
^ Boggan, Steve (9 January 1998). "Ulster Peace: The immoral Maze: where the prisoners rule the roost". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014.
^ Cassidy, John (15 October 2000). "UDA boss hunted over bar shooting which sparked feud". Sunday Mirror.
^ "Danny Dyer's Deadliest Men Season 1 Episode 4 – Sam McCrory – video dailymotion". Dailymotion. 7 July 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ Celtic player Anthony Stokes 'approached over guns'
^ "Man walks free from 'Mad Dog' murder plot trial as charges dropped". Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
^ Men guilty of Johnny Adair and Sam McCrory murder plot
^ Beattie, Jilly (24 July 2022). "Former UDA chief Sam 'Skelly' McCrory has died in Scotland". BelfastLive. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
vteUlster Defence Associationduring the TroublesChairmen of the UDA
Charles Harding Smith (1971-1973)
Andy Tyrie (1973-1988)
position abolished (1988)
East Belfast Brigade
Albert "Ginger" Baker
Jimmy Birch
Billy Elliot
Jim "Doris Day" Gray
Tommy Herron
Sammy McCormick
Ned McCreery
Michael Stone
North Belfast Brigade
John Boreland
John Bunting
Sammy Duddy
Tommy English
Davy Payne
Andre & Ihab Shoukri
Jimbo Simpson
South Belfast Brigade
David Adams
Joe Bratty
James Craig
Raymond Elder
Alex Kerr
Jackie McDonald
John McMichael
Ray Smallwoods
Michael Stone
West Belfast Brigade
Johnny Adair
Ken Barrett
Jackie Coulter
Mo Courtney
James Craig
Frankie Curry
William "Winkie" Dodds
Hester Dunn
Ernie Elliott
Davy Fogel
Donald Hodgen
Billy Hull
Matt Kincaid
Tommy Lyttle
Kenny McClinton
Sam McCrory
Alan McCullough
William "Bucky" McCullough
Stephen "Top Gun" McKeag
Billy "Twister" McQuiston
James "Sham" Millar
Wendy Millar
Brian Nelson
Charles Harding Smith
Gary "Smickers" Smyth
Sammy Smyth
Jim Spence
William Stobie
"Fat" Jackie Thompson
Andy Tyrie
John White
South East Antrim Brigade
Joe English
John Gregg
North Antrim & Londonderry Brigade
Glenn Barr
Ken Kerr
Torrens Knight
Billy McFarland
Andy Robinson
Mid-Ulster Brigade
Robert John Kerr
Eddie Sayers
Michael Stone
Actions
Benny's Bar bombing (1972)
Top of the Hill bar shooting (1972)
New Lodge Six shooting (1973)
Paddy Wilson and Irene Andrews killings (1973)
Murder of Ann Ogilby (1974)
Dublin Airport bombing (1975)
Biddy Mulligan's pub bombing (1975)
Milltown Cemetery attack (1988)
Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting (1992)
Attack on James Murray's bookmakers (1992)
Castlerock killings (1993)
Greysteel massacre (1993)
Prominent victims
Paddy Wilson (1973)
John Turnley (1980)
Miriam Daly (1980)
Ronnie Bunting (1980)
James Craig (1988)
Pat Finucane (1989)
Gerard Casey (1989)
Eddie Fullerton (1991)
Ned McCreery (1992)
Frankie Curry (1999)
Related articles
Combined Loyalist Military Command
Loyalist Association of Workers
Loyalist feud
Quis separabit?
Real Ulster Freedom Fighters
Red Hand Defenders
Shankill Defence Association
Ulster Army Council
Ulster Democratic Party
Ulster loyalism
Ulster Loyalist Central Co-ordinating Committee
Ulster nationalism
Ulster Political Research Group
Ulster Workers' Council strike
Ulster Young Militants
Volunteer (Ulster loyalist)
Woodvale Defence Association
bold indicates brigadiers | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ulster Defence Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ulster loyalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_loyalism"},{"link_name":"paramilitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary"},{"link_name":"came out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_out"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"racist skinhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racist_skinhead"},{"link_name":"Johnny Adair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Adair"},{"link_name":"\"Fat\" Jackie Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Thompson_(loyalist)"},{"link_name":"knee-capped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneecapping"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Francisco Notarantonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Notarantonio"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Brian Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Nelson_(Northern_Irish_loyalist)"},{"link_name":"Freddie Scappaticci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Scappaticci"},{"link_name":"interned in 1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Demetrius"},{"link_name":"Ballymurphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_Road,_Belfast"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Provisional Irish Republican Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"Brian Gillen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Gillen"},{"link_name":"Martin Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Lynch_(Irish_republican)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Maze Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maze_Prison"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Mo Mowlam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Mowlam"},{"link_name":"peace process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"loyalist feud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalist_feud"},{"link_name":"Ulster Volunteer Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feud_shooting-8"},{"link_name":"Danny Dyer's Deadliest Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Dyer%27s_Deadliest_Men"},{"link_name":"Danny Dyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Dyer"},{"link_name":"Ayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayr"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Samuel McCrory (22 March 1965 – 24 July 2022),[1] also known as Skelly McCrory, was a member of the Ulster Defence Association (UDA),[2] an Ulster loyalist paramilitary organisation. In 2008 he came out as gay, and as a gay activist.[3]In his youth McCrory formed a racist skinhead gang along with future UDA Brigadiers Johnny Adair and \"Fat\" Jackie Thompson. He was knee-capped by the UDA for assaulting a pensioner.[4]McCrory's first target was Francisco Notarantonio, who was set up by British Army agent Brian Nelson to divert the UDA from targeting Freddie Scappaticci. On 9 October 1987, Notarantonio, a 66-year-old who had been interned in 1971, was shot dead at his home in Ballymurphy.[5]In July 1992 McCrory, Thompson and two others set off to target Provisional Irish Republican Army leaders Brian Gillen and Martin Lynch. The UDA attackers were ambushed by the British Army on Finaghy Road North on the border between South and West Belfast and were fired upon. McCrory was arrested and received a long prison sentence.[6] He eventually became the UDA officer in command at the Maze Prison and, as such, attended a meeting with Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Mo Mowlam, during the peace process.[7]After his release, police accused him of involvement in a gun attack on a bar in August 2000 at the start of a loyalist feud with the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF).[8]He appeared in an episode of Danny Dyer's Deadliest Men. In the programme, Danny Dyer met McCrory in the Scottish seaside town of Ayr, where McCrory was living. The two visited McCrory's former city of Belfast.[9]In 2015 four men were arrested in Glasgow and charged with plotting to kill to McCrory and Johnny Adair.[10] Charges against one of the accused were subsequently dropped on 1 July 2015.[11] The three other defendants, Antoin Duffy, Martin Hughes and Paul Sands, were convicted of the plot on 20 July 2015.[12]McCrory died after an accidental fall on concrete steps near his home on 24 July 2022, at the age of 57. He suffered fatal head injuries.[13]","title":"Sam McCrory (loyalist)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Wood, Ian S. (2006). Crimes of Loyalty: A History of the UDA. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-7486-2426-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2426-3","url_text":"978-0-7486-2426-3"}]},{"reference":"McDonald, Henry (4 October 2008). \"Gay UDA gunman: 'I hid my true self'\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/oct/05/northernireland.gayrights","url_text":"\"Gay UDA gunman: 'I hid my true self'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140715092554/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/oct/05/northernireland.gayrights","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Boggan, Steve (9 January 1998). \"Ulster Peace: The immoral Maze: where the prisoners rule the roost\". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ulster-peace-the-immoral-maze-where-the-prisoners-rule-the-roost-1137517.html","url_text":"\"Ulster Peace: The immoral Maze: where the prisoners rule the roost\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154413/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/ulster-peace-the-immoral-maze-where-the-prisoners-rule-the-roost-1137517.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cassidy, John (15 October 2000). \"UDA boss hunted over bar shooting which sparked feud\". Sunday Mirror.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/WANTED%3B+EXCLUSIVE%3A+UDA+boss+hunted+over+bar+shooting+which+sparked...-a066093939","url_text":"\"UDA boss hunted over bar shooting which sparked feud\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Mirror","url_text":"Sunday Mirror"}]},{"reference":"\"Danny Dyer's Deadliest Men Season 1 Episode 4 – Sam McCrory – video dailymotion\". Dailymotion. 7 July 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x20zuzm","url_text":"\"Danny Dyer's Deadliest Men Season 1 Episode 4 – Sam McCrory – video dailymotion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Man walks free from 'Mad Dog' murder plot trial as charges dropped\". Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150702134357/http://news.stv.tv/west-central/1323887-charges-dropped-against-john-gorman-accused-in-mad-dog-murder-plot/","url_text":"\"Man walks free from 'Mad Dog' murder plot trial as charges dropped\""},{"url":"http://news.stv.tv/west-central/1323887-charges-dropped-against-john-gorman-accused-in-mad-dog-murder-plot/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Beattie, Jilly (24 July 2022). \"Former UDA chief Sam 'Skelly' McCrory has died in Scotland\". BelfastLive. Retrieved 24 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/belfast-news/breaking-former-uda-chief-sam-24577604","url_text":"\"Former UDA chief Sam 'Skelly' McCrory has died in Scotland\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/oct/05/northernireland.gayrights","external_links_name":"\"Gay UDA gunman: 'I hid my true self'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140715092554/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/oct/05/northernireland.gayrights","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ulster-peace-the-immoral-maze-where-the-prisoners-rule-the-roost-1137517.html","external_links_name":"\"Ulster Peace: The immoral Maze: where the prisoners rule the roost\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154413/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/ulster-peace-the-immoral-maze-where-the-prisoners-rule-the-roost-1137517.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/WANTED%3B+EXCLUSIVE%3A+UDA+boss+hunted+over+bar+shooting+which+sparked...-a066093939","external_links_name":"\"UDA boss hunted over bar shooting which sparked feud\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x20zuzm","external_links_name":"\"Danny Dyer's Deadliest Men Season 1 Episode 4 – Sam McCrory – video dailymotion\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-32813961","external_links_name":"Celtic player Anthony Stokes 'approached over guns'"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150702134357/http://news.stv.tv/west-central/1323887-charges-dropped-against-john-gorman-accused-in-mad-dog-murder-plot/","external_links_name":"\"Man walks free from 'Mad Dog' murder plot trial as charges dropped\""},{"Link":"http://news.stv.tv/west-central/1323887-charges-dropped-against-john-gorman-accused-in-mad-dog-murder-plot/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-33594180","external_links_name":"Men guilty of Johnny Adair and Sam McCrory murder plot"},{"Link":"https://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/belfast-news/breaking-former-uda-chief-sam-24577604","external_links_name":"\"Former UDA chief Sam 'Skelly' McCrory has died in Scotland\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuk_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87_(TV_series) | Vuk Karadžić (TV series) | ["1 Cast","2 External links"] | Yugoslavian TV series (2017–18)
Vuk KaradžićCreated byMilovan VitezovićStarringMiki ManojlovićAleksandar BerčekBranimir BrstinaDragana VaragićMarko NikolićPetar KraljCountry of originYugoslaviaOriginal languagesSerbo-CroatianSlavonic-SerbianGermanRussianNo. of episodes16ProductionRunning timeapprox. 82 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkTV BelgradeRelease8 November 1987 (1987-11-08) –21 February 1988 (1988-02-21)
Vuk Karadžić (Serbian Cyrillic: Вук Караџић), is а Yugoslavian historical drama television series which depicts the life and work of Vuk Stefanović Karadžić (7 November 1787 – 7 February 1864), a Serbian linguist and reformer of the Serbian language.
Cast
Miki Manojlović as Vuk Karadžić
Aleksandar Berček as Miloš Obrenović
Branimir Brstina as Mateja Nenadović
Dragana Varagić as Ana Karadžić
Marko Nikolić as Karađorđe Petrović
Petar Kralj as Jernej Kopitar
Bata Živojinović as Jakov Nenadović
Svetozar Cvetković as Petar Nikolajević Moler
Milan Štrljić as Dimitrije Davidović
Dragan Zarić as Jevrem Obrenović
Vladan Živković as Sima Milosavljević-Paštramac
Ljuba Tadić as Bishop Stefan Stratimirović
Danilo Lazović as Stefan Karadžić
Adem Cejvan as Mladen Milovanović
Dušan Janićijević as Jevta Savić Čotrić
Gala Videnović as Ruža Todorova
Aljoša Vučković as Toma Vučić Perišić
Milorad Mandić as Igrić
Tihomir Stanić as Jovan Sterija Popović
Ivan Jagodić as Stevan Radičević
Irfan Mensur as Lukijan Mušicki
Snežana Savić as Vuk's mother
Demeter Bitenc as Seledicki
Ivan Klemenc as Filip Višnjić
Rastislav Jović as Stojan Simić
Predrag Miletić as Miloš Pocerac
Jovan Nikčević as Sima Marković
Miloš Žutić as Jovan Hadžić
Gorica Popović as Ljubica Obrenović
Radoš Bajić as Sima Milutinović Sarajlija
Branislav Lečić as Hajduk Veljko Petrović
Žarko Radić as Antonije Bogićević
Eva Ras as Mrs Kraus
Minja Vojvodić as Stanoje Glavaš
Dušan Jakšić as Melentije Pavlović
Dragomir Čumić as Avram Petronijević
Žarko Laušević as Mihailo Obrenović
Borivoje Kandić as young Vuk Karadžić
Petar Božović as Đorđe Ćurčija
Jovan-Burduš Janjićijević as Monk Isaija
Lazar Ristovski as Pavle Cukić
Branislav Jerinić as Marathli Ali Paşa
Milan Mihailović as Gavrilo Hranislav
Milutin Butković as Bishop Leontije
Josif Tatić as Mihailo Filipović
Goran Sultanović as Mileta Radojković
Milo Miranović as Milovan Vidaković
Miloš Kandić as Vujica Vulićević
Tihomir Arsić as Branko Radićević
Maja Sabljić as Mina Karadžić
Zoran Cvijanović as Alexander Karađorđević
Dragan M. Nikolić as Đura Daničić
Savo Radović as Blažo
Aleš Valič as Franz Miklosich
Milenko Zablaćanski as Lazar Arsenijević
Stevo Žigon as Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich
Miodrag Radovanović as Dositej Obradović
Miša Janketić as Melentije Nikšić
Vesna Malohodžić as Princess Sara Karapandžić
Vasja Stanković as Zvornik aga
Nenad Nenadović as young Dimitrije Davidović
Mira Furlan as Petrija
Andrija Maričić as young Sima Milutinović Sarajlija
Faruk Begoli as Sereč aga
Predrag Bjelac as Georgije Magarešević
Lepomir Ivković as Tešan Podrugović
Miodrag Radovanović as General Zenaji
Ljubomir Čipranić as Petar Jokić
Stojan Dečermić as Ioannis Kapodistrias
Marinko Šebez as Pavle Ivelić
Toma Jovanović as Hegumen Kreštić
Ljubo Škiljević as Nikola Novaković
Damir Šaban as Jacob Grimm
Nebojša Bakočević as Jovan Subotić
Mihajlo Viktorovć as Joakim Vujić
Zoran Stoiljković as Mus-Aga
Mirjana Nikolić as Princess Julija
Bogdan Mihailović as Peasant
Vojislav Brajović as Leopold von Ranke
Gordana Gadžić as Milica Stojadinović Srpkinja
Erol Kadić as Dimitrije Demetar
Dragan Laković as Rajović
Mladen Nelević as Petar II Petrović-Njegoš
Milan Gutović as Stevan Perkov Vukotić
Darko Tomović as Nikola I Petrović-Njegoš
Nikola Simić as Doctor Joseph Schcoda
Miljenko Belečić as Ivan Mažuranić
Đorđe David as Laza
Olivera Ježina as Čučuk Stana
Dušan Tadić as Radulović, the merchant
Ljupko Todorovski as Mehmed Aga
Milan Srdoč as Radič Petrović
External links
Vuk Karadžić at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"historical drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_drama"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_series"},{"link_name":"Vuk Stefanović Karadžić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuk_Stefanovi%C4%87_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs"},{"link_name":"linguist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics"},{"link_name":"Serbian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"}],"text":"Vuk Karadžić (Serbian Cyrillic: Вук Караџић), is а Yugoslavian historical drama television series which depicts the life and work of Vuk Stefanović Karadžić (7 November 1787 – 7 February 1864), a Serbian linguist and reformer of the Serbian language.","title":"Vuk Karadžić (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miki Manojlović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miki_Manojlovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Vuk Karadžić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuk_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Aleksandar Berček","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Ber%C4%8Dek"},{"link_name":"Miloš Obrenović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Obrenovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Branimir Brstina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branimir_Brstina"},{"link_name":"Mateja Nenadović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mateja_Nenadovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Marko Nikolić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Nikoli%C4%87_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Karađorđe Petrović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91e_Petrovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Petar Kralj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Kralj"},{"link_name":"Jernej Kopitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jernej_Kopitar"},{"link_name":"Bata Živojinović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bata_%C5%BDivojinovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Jakov Nenadović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakov_Nenadovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Svetozar Cvetković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetozar_Cvetkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Petar Nikolajević Moler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Nikolajevi%C4%87_Moler"},{"link_name":"Milan Štrljić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_%C5%A0trlji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Dimitrije Davidović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrije_Davidovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Jevrem Obrenović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevrem_Obrenovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Vladan Živković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladan_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Sima Milosavljević-Paštramac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Milosavljevi%C4%87-Pa%C5%A1tramac"},{"link_name":"Ljuba Tadić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljuba_Tadi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Stefan Stratimirović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Stratimirovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Danilo Lazović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danilo_Lazovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Adem Cejvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adem_Cejvan"},{"link_name":"Mladen Milovanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mladen_Milovanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Dušan Janićijević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Jani%C4%87ijevi%C4%87_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Jevta Savić Čotrić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevta_Savi%C4%87_%C4%8Cotri%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Gala Videnović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gala_Videnovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Aljoša Vučković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljo%C5%A1a_Vu%C4%8Dkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Toma Vučić Perišić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toma_Vu%C4%8Di%C4%87_Peri%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Milorad Mandić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milorad_Mandi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Tihomir Stanić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tihomir_Stani%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Jovan Sterija Popović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Sterija_Popovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Irfan Mensur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irfan_Mensur"},{"link_name":"Lukijan Mušicki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukijan_Mu%C5%A1icki"},{"link_name":"Demeter Bitenc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demeter_Bitenc"},{"link_name":"Filip Višnjić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_Vi%C5%A1nji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Stojan Simić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stojan_Simi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Predrag Miletić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predrag_Mileti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Miloš Žutić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_%C5%BDuti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Jovan Hadžić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Had%C5%BEi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Gorica Popović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorica_Popovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Ljubica Obrenović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubica_Obrenovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Radoš Bajić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rado%C5%A1_Baji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Sima Milutinović Sarajlija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Milutinovi%C4%87_Sarajlija"},{"link_name":"Branislav Lečić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branislav_Le%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Hajduk Veljko Petrović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajduk_Veljko_Petrovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Antonije Bogićević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonije_Bogi%C4%87evi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Eva Ras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Ras"},{"link_name":"Minja Vojvodić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minja_Vojvodi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Stanoje Glavaš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanoje_Glava%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Melentije Pavlović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melentije_Pavlovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Dragomir Čumić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragomir_%C4%8Cumi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Avram Petronijević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avram_Petronijevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Žarko Laušević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDarko_Lau%C5%A1evi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Mihailo Obrenović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihailo_Obrenovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Petar Božović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Bo%C5%BEovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Đorđe Ćurčija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90or%C4%91e_%C4%86ur%C4%8Dija"},{"link_name":"Lazar Ristovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Ristovski"},{"link_name":"Pavle Cukić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavle_Cuki%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Branislav Jerinić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branislav_Jerini%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Josif Tatić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josif_Tati%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Mileta Radojković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mileta_Radojkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Milovan Vidaković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milovan_Vidakovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Vujica Vulićević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vujica_Vuli%C4%87evi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Tihomir Arsić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tihomir_Arsi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Branko Radićević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%87evi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Mina Karadžić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Zoran Cvijanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoran_Cvijanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Alexander Karađorđević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evi%C4%87,_Prince_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Đura Daničić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90ura_Dani%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Franz Miklosich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Miklosich"},{"link_name":"Milenko Zablaćanski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milenko_Zabla%C4%87anski"},{"link_name":"Lazar Arsenijević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Arsenijevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Stevo Žigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevo_%C5%BDigon"},{"link_name":"Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Klemens_Wenzel_von_Metternich"},{"link_name":"Miodrag Radovanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miodrag_Radovanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Dositej Obradović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dositej_Obradovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Miša Janketić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%A1a_Janketi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Nenad Nenadović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenad_Nenadovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Mira Furlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_Furlan"},{"link_name":"Faruk Begoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faruk_Begoli"},{"link_name":"Predrag Bjelac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predrag_Bjelac"},{"link_name":"Tešan Podrugović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C5%A1an_Podrugovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Petar Jokić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Joki%C4%87_(revolutionary)"},{"link_name":"Ioannis Kapodistrias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias"},{"link_name":"Jacob Grimm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Grimm"},{"link_name":"Jovan Subotić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Suboti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Joakim Vujić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joakim_Vuji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Princess Julija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BAlia_Hunyady_de_K%C3%A9thely"},{"link_name":"Vojislav Brajović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojislav_Brajovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Leopold von Ranke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke"},{"link_name":"Gordana Gadžić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordana_Gad%C5%BEi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Milica Stojadinović Srpkinja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87_Srpkinja"},{"link_name":"Dimitrije Demetar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrije_Demetar"},{"link_name":"Petar II Petrović-Njegoš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Milan Gutović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Gutovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Nikola I Petrović-Njegoš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_I_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Nikola Simić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Simi%C4%87_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ivan Mažuranić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Ma%C5%BEurani%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Čučuk Stana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cu%C4%8Duk_Stana"},{"link_name":"Mehmed Aga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_Aga"},{"link_name":"Radič Petrović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radi%C4%8D_Petrovi%C4%87"}],"text":"Miki Manojlović as Vuk Karadžić\nAleksandar Berček as Miloš Obrenović\nBranimir Brstina as Mateja Nenadović\nDragana Varagić as Ana Karadžić\nMarko Nikolić as Karađorđe Petrović\nPetar Kralj as Jernej Kopitar\nBata Živojinović as Jakov Nenadović\nSvetozar Cvetković as Petar Nikolajević Moler\nMilan Štrljić as Dimitrije Davidović\nDragan Zarić as Jevrem Obrenović\nVladan Živković as Sima Milosavljević-Paštramac\nLjuba Tadić as Bishop Stefan Stratimirović\nDanilo Lazović as Stefan Karadžić\nAdem Cejvan as Mladen Milovanović\nDušan Janićijević as Jevta Savić Čotrić\nGala Videnović as Ruža Todorova\nAljoša Vučković as Toma Vučić Perišić\nMilorad Mandić as Igrić\nTihomir Stanić as Jovan Sterija Popović\nIvan Jagodić as Stevan Radičević\nIrfan Mensur as Lukijan Mušicki\nSnežana Savić as Vuk's mother\nDemeter Bitenc as Seledicki\nIvan Klemenc as Filip Višnjić\nRastislav Jović as Stojan Simić\nPredrag Miletić as Miloš Pocerac\nJovan Nikčević as Sima Marković\nMiloš Žutić as Jovan Hadžić\nGorica Popović as Ljubica Obrenović\nRadoš Bajić as Sima Milutinović Sarajlija\nBranislav Lečić as Hajduk Veljko Petrović\nŽarko Radić as Antonije Bogićević\nEva Ras as Mrs Kraus\nMinja Vojvodić as Stanoje Glavaš\nDušan Jakšić as Melentije Pavlović\nDragomir Čumić as Avram Petronijević\nŽarko Laušević as Mihailo Obrenović\nBorivoje Kandić as young Vuk Karadžić\nPetar Božović as Đorđe Ćurčija\nJovan-Burduš Janjićijević as Monk Isaija\nLazar Ristovski as Pavle Cukić\nBranislav Jerinić as Marathli Ali Paşa\nMilan Mihailović as Gavrilo Hranislav\nMilutin Butković as Bishop Leontije\nJosif Tatić as Mihailo Filipović\nGoran Sultanović as Mileta Radojković\nMilo Miranović as Milovan Vidaković\nMiloš Kandić as Vujica Vulićević\nTihomir Arsić as Branko Radićević\nMaja Sabljić as Mina Karadžić\nZoran Cvijanović as Alexander Karađorđević\nDragan M. Nikolić as Đura Daničić\nSavo Radović as Blažo\nAleš Valič as Franz Miklosich\nMilenko Zablaćanski as Lazar Arsenijević\nStevo Žigon as Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich\nMiodrag Radovanović as Dositej Obradović\nMiša Janketić as Melentije Nikšić\nVesna Malohodžić as Princess Sara Karapandžić\nVasja Stanković as Zvornik aga\nNenad Nenadović as young Dimitrije Davidović\nMira Furlan as Petrija\nAndrija Maričić as young Sima Milutinović Sarajlija\nFaruk Begoli as Sereč aga\nPredrag Bjelac as Georgije Magarešević\nLepomir Ivković as Tešan Podrugović\nMiodrag Radovanović as General Zenaji\nLjubomir Čipranić as Petar Jokić\nStojan Dečermić as Ioannis Kapodistrias\nMarinko Šebez as Pavle Ivelić\nToma Jovanović as Hegumen Kreštić\nLjubo Škiljević as Nikola Novaković\nDamir Šaban as Jacob Grimm\nNebojša Bakočević as Jovan Subotić\nMihajlo Viktorovć as Joakim Vujić\nZoran Stoiljković as Mus-Aga\nMirjana Nikolić as Princess Julija\nBogdan Mihailović as Peasant\nVojislav Brajović as Leopold von Ranke\nGordana Gadžić as Milica Stojadinović Srpkinja\nErol Kadić as Dimitrije Demetar\nDragan Laković as Rajović\nMladen Nelević as Petar II Petrović-Njegoš\nMilan Gutović as Stevan Perkov Vukotić\nDarko Tomović as Nikola I Petrović-Njegoš\nNikola Simić as Doctor Joseph Schcoda\nMiljenko Belečić as Ivan Mažuranić\nĐorđe David as Laza\nOlivera Ježina as Čučuk Stana\nDušan Tadić as Radulović, the merchant\nLjupko Todorovski as Mehmed Aga\nMilan Srdoč as Radič Petrović","title":"Cast"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0092478/","external_links_name":"Vuk Karadžić"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerocosta | Aerocosta | ["1 History","1.1 Downfall","2 Fleet","3 Accidents","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Defunct Colombian cargo airline 1965–1976
Aerocosta
IATA
ICAO
Callsign
-
CC
AERO
FoundedJuly 12, 1965Commenced operationsJune 1967Ceased operations1976HubsSoledad International AirportFocus citiesBarranquilla, Bogotá, Cali, Cartagena, Medellín, San AndrésFleet size7DestinationsMiami, Panamá, Martinique, Guadalupe, Barranquilla, Bogotá, Cali, Cartagena, Medellín, and San AndrésParent companyFloramericaHeadquartersWere located inside MiamiKey peopleCaptain Rafael Ángel Visbal Rosales, Captain Luis Carlos Donado Velilla, Enrique Oswaldo Fajardo, Antonio and Alfonso Ballestas, Herman Olarte and Joaquín del Gordo
Aerocosta (Aerovías de la Costa S.A., Aerocosta) was a Colombian air company that transported cargo from 1965 to 1976. It had major stockholders, consisting of Floramerica (40%), Robert Camacho (25%) and private investors.
History
Aerocosta was founded in the city of Barranquilla on July 12, 1965, and began operating itinerary services in June 1967, serving the national territory with Curtiss C-46 aircraft. The company's headquarters were opened at the international airport in Miami, from where international flights with a Curtiss C-46 were opened in the direction of Panama City and Barranquilla in Central and South America, respectively. The founders of the new company were Captain Rafael Ángel Visbal Rosales, Captain Luis Carlos Donado Velilla, Enrique Oswaldo Fajardo, Antonio and Alfonso Ballestas, Herman Olarte and Joaquín del Gordo. The first plane was registered as HK-792 and also operated charter flights to Miami and then established regular services via San Andres.
At the start of 1969, a foreign carrier permit was issued to Aerocosta, authorizing them to engage in foreign air transportation of cargo between Colombia and Miami, and to operate off-route charter trips of property pursuant to part 212 of the American Board of Air Economic Regulations.
By the end of 1969, three additional units had been received, which were registered as HK-1281, HK-1282 and later HK-1383. The company further expanded its fleet by acquiring Douglas DC-6 aircraft. In July 1970, the company acquired the three aircraft from the Aerocóndor airline, which were converted to freighters at the Barranquilla airport. With the acquisition of the HK-752, HK-754 and HK-756 services were expanded and by then, regular services were offered from Barranquilla to Bogotá, Cali, Cartagena, Medellin, San Andres, Miami, Panama, Martinique, Guadeloupe and other points of the Caribbean. An additional aircraft, the HK-1291 was received in September of that year.
In the early 1970s, the first of a total of five Douglas DC-6 freighters arrived at Aerocosta, which meant that there was nothing to stand in the way of expansion. So Bogota, Cali, Medellin, San Andres and Cartagena were found in the company's flight plan. In 1970, Floramerica accounted for nearly all of Colombia's cut flower exports out of the country. Floramerica, the former investor was the leading flower exporter in Colombia. Many companies around this time started to use Floramerica's ideas and designs for making it all. The only thing that stood in the way for Floramerica's success was transporting the cut flowers. Floramerica and another company Jardines de los Andes, urged air cargo companies to ship their cut flowers. Aerocosta was the first company to ship their flowers on routes to Miami from various locations in Colombia. Aerocosta then failed and Floramerica had to scramble for a new carrier because not even Avianca wanted to ship cut flowers.
Occasionally, Lockheed Electra aircraft were chartered in order to offer more capacity on flights to Miami, among them, the one identified with registration N and eventually an own Electra was acquired. The company achieved a 15.97% share in the export load in 1971 by transporting more than 1,492,868 kilos. In that same year, it achieved 28.13% by transporting 4,525,891 kilos of import cargo, being second in the market. Being a purely cargo company, it managed to become the most important in the field and competed strongly with Avianca. This is why Aerocosta prided itself on being “The Largest Airline of Colombia Specialized in Cargo”.
For 1972 an additional Douglas DC-6 was acquired first, HK-1294, and then another followed a year later called HK-1360. By then, the Donado Velilla brothers decided to become independent and create a new company by themselves and distanced away from the company. They decided to negotiate with the rest of the shareholders the acquisition of the two Curtiss C-46 of the company, the HK-1282 and the HK-1383. With them they started the operation, but always protected by the Aerocosta company, until the foundation of the company Lineas Aéreas del Caribe. With the departure of the Donados brothers, Roberto Camacho was appointed as the new president of Aerocosta.
Downfall
On July 10, 1975, the airline suffered another loss when an Electra cargo plane from Aerocóndor took off from El Dorado Airport, went into emergency and fell on an Aerocosta DC-6 that was in front of its hangar, where it was in the process of receiving a wide door to improve cargo access. The engineer Milciades Visbal, brother of the Captain, was in charge of this work. The HK-756, which was owned by Captain Visbal and affiliated with the company, was consumed by the flames in the wake of the accident. On July 10, 1975 a Douglas DC-6F was acquired by Aerocosta from a private owner. In October 1975, a Lockheed Electra freighter aircraft with registration HK-1809 was acquired to compete on equal terms with Aerocondor aircraft. However, the loss of the DC-6, together with a series of financial problems forced the company to suspend operations definitively in 1976. The competition on the route to Miami by Avianca and Aerocóndor, so that the operation was not profitable. The DC-6 HK-1291 owned by Captain Visbal, was then affiliated with the Aerosucre company. Then the company was dissolved in 1976 because it had no planes and no routes to take.
In Ernesto Cortissoz airport due the increment of the drug traffic from La Guajira and the augment of the contraband from clandestine runways. The Colombian Air force , without wait constructed a new Air Base. The Air Force command, across the Rotatory Found, negotiated and bought it on a cost of 2 million pesos, the administrative installations and the parking platform of the Aerocosta company had to cancel its operation there in Ernesto Cortissoz airport and the section of air installations plan were executed to the renewal of these installations to lodge an Air Group in Ernesto Cortissoz airport. These events happened after Aerocosta shut down and was selling its properties.
Fleet
Aerocosta operated the following aircraft during operations:
(*)=signifies a plane that crashed during service.
Aerocosta Operated Fleet
Aircraft
Registration Number
Notes
(*)Douglas DC-6F
HK-756
A Lockheed Electra operated by Aerovias Condor (HK-1976) suddenly veered to the right shortly after lift-off from runway 12. The Electra sank back and crashed into DC-6 HK-756 on the ground. Fire destroyed both aircraft.
Douglas DC-6
HK-752
This aircraft was built in 1948 and was acquired by Aerocosta in July 1972.
Douglas DC-6A
HK-1294
The Aircraft was built in January 1954 for the Flying Tigers as N34958. It then served for Aerocosta from February 1972 until it was withdrawn in June 1976.
(*)Curtiss C-46F
HK-1383
Cruising at 288 mph, the first engine caught fire. The fire extinguishing systems was activated and the propeller was feathered. Somehow the propeller didn't feather and began overspeeding. To prevent the Curtiss airplane from stalling, the pilot put the aircraft in a dive. After jettisoning some cargo, the plane was ditched and sank within 4 minutes.
Douglas DC-6F
HK-754
This aircraft was built in March 1948 as a pure DC-6 short fuselage passenger aircraft for KLM as PH-TPI. The aircraft was then sold in 1964 to Aerocosta. It was then converted to a freighter and operated by Aerocosta from July 1970 until withdrawn in August 1972.
(*)Douglas DC-7BF
HK-1300
The aircraft also was damaged beyond repair by a fire. The aircraft was leased from Aeronorte Colombia.
Douglas DC-6B
HK-1360
The aircraft was built in 1952, acquired in 1972, and sold to Trans Mediterranean Airlines.
(*)Curtiss C-46D
HK-792
The Curtiss crashed and caught fire during an emergency landing.
Douglas DC-6B
HK-1291
It was built in 1957 and bought by Aerocosta in September 1970.
(*)Curtiss C-46D
HK-1281
The C-46 cargo plane, HK-1281, departed to Santa Marta Airport, in Colombia at 12:11 on a flight to Guadeloupe. The airplane carried 5000 kg of carcasses. Estimated time of arrival at Guadeloupe was 17:55. Last position report was at 14°58'N, 64W, flying at 7000 feet. It was then found it crashed.
Curtiss C-46D-15-CU
HK-1282
It was built in 1945 and passed through several owners such as LAC Colombia and Aerosucre. It went into service for a brief time in 1972 and 1973.
Accidents
A Curtiss C-46 aircraft, registered as HK-1281 had an emergency landing at Barranquilla airport on April 4, 1970. As a result of this accident, the ship was declared a total loss. A few months later, another Curtiss, this time the HK-792 suffered an accident at the Point-a-Pitre airport in Guadalupe on October 28. The crew reported problems in one of the engines and the plane crashed while attempting to land emergency. Moments later a fire started that completely consumed the aircraft. All occupants, three crew members and a companion died in the accidents.
A new accident was recorded on October 26, 1973 when HK-1383 fell into the sea when it made a flight between Barranquilla to the island of San Andres, under the command of Captain Fernando León and the "Guajiro" Duran. The plane's crew had reported an emergency when the number one engine ran out and requested authorization to land in Cartagena in an emergency; however he had to moor twenty miles off the coast. Before performing this maneuver there was a need to dump the cargo in flight that consisted of chickens in crates and furniture. However, it was not possible to lighten the aircraft, and the aircraft subsequently landed on the sea. A large storefront served as a lifeline for the three crewmen who were unharmed. The plane sank into the depths.
As a cause of the accident, a fire in one of the engines and the inability to turn it off, led to critical flight conditions over the sea. Among other factors the overload on the plane was discovered in being more than 1200 kilos and the lack of knowledge of this situation led to the crashing of that plane. Floramerica became the majority partner of the company and was given a new corporate image with a logo change. Rafael McCausland Osio was then appointed the president of Aerocosta after those incidents.
See also
Barranquilla
List of airlines of Colombia
List of defunct airlines of Colombia
References
^ "Aerocosta Colombia". aviation-safety.net.
^ "Civil Aeronautics Board". books.google.com. 1969.
^ "Aerocosta Colombia". airlines-airliners.com.
^ Jose A.Mendez. "The Development of the Colombian Cut Flower Industry" (PDF). documents.worldbank.org.
^ "Airframe Dossier". aerialvisuals.ca.
^ Barrio Nicolás de Federman. "Inicio / History". fac.mil.co.
^ "Douglas DC-6 HK-756 crash". aviation-safety.net.
^ "Ground Accident of a Douglas DC-6F in Bogotá". baaa-acro.com.
^ "Douglas DC-6 production list". rzjets.net.
^ "Douglas DC-6A - Aerocosta Colombia". airliners.net.
^ Chris Y. Kimura (1993). "World Commercial Aircraft Accidents, 1946-1992". books.google.com.
^ "Aircraft photo of HK-754". airhistory.net.
^ "Douglas DC-7BF HK-1300 Crash". aviation-safety.net.
^ "Douglas DC-6 productions". rzjets.net.
^ Chris Y. Kimura (1993). "World Commercial Aircraft Accidents, 1946-1992". books.google.com.
^ "Aircraft Data HK-1291, 1957 Douglas". airport-data.com.
^ "Perdido Avion Colombia". news.google.com.
^ "Curtiss C-46 Commando production". rzjets.net.
^ "accident details". planecrashinfo.com.
^ Joe Baugher. "1944 USAAF Serial Numbers (44-70255 to 44-83885)". joebaugher.com.
^ Jaime Escobar Corradine. "Aerocosta". avicacol.net.
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West Caribbean Airways | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Aerocosta (Aerovías de la Costa S.A., Aerocosta) was a Colombian air company that transported cargo from 1965 to 1976. It had major stockholders, consisting of Floramerica (40%), Robert Camacho (25%) and private investors.","title":"Aerocosta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barranquilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barranquilla"},{"link_name":"Curtiss C-46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_C-46_Commando"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-6"},{"link_name":"Aerocóndor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerocondor_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Barranquilla airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Cortissoz_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Martinique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique"},{"link_name":"Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Avianca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avianca"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Electra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_L-188_Electra"},{"link_name":"Lineas Aéreas del Caribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAC_Colombia"}],"text":"Aerocosta was founded in the city of Barranquilla on July 12, 1965, and began operating itinerary services in June 1967, serving the national territory with Curtiss C-46 aircraft. The company's headquarters were opened at the international airport in Miami, from where international flights with a Curtiss C-46 were opened in the direction of Panama City and Barranquilla in Central and South America, respectively. The founders of the new company were Captain Rafael Ángel Visbal Rosales, Captain Luis Carlos Donado Velilla, Enrique Oswaldo Fajardo, Antonio and Alfonso Ballestas, Herman Olarte and Joaquín del Gordo. The first plane was registered as HK-792 and also operated charter flights to Miami and then established regular services via San Andres.At the start of 1969, a foreign carrier permit was issued to Aerocosta, authorizing them to engage in foreign air transportation of cargo between Colombia and Miami, and to operate off-route charter trips of property pursuant to part 212 of the American Board of Air Economic Regulations.[2]\nBy the end of 1969, three additional units had been received, which were registered as HK-1281, HK-1282 and later HK-1383. The company further expanded its fleet by acquiring Douglas DC-6 aircraft. In July 1970, the company acquired the three aircraft from the Aerocóndor airline, which were converted to freighters at the Barranquilla airport. With the acquisition of the HK-752, HK-754 and HK-756 services were expanded and by then, regular services were offered from Barranquilla to Bogotá, Cali, Cartagena, Medellin, San Andres, Miami, Panama, Martinique, Guadeloupe and other points of the Caribbean. An additional aircraft, the HK-1291 was received in September of that year.In the early 1970s, the first of a total of five Douglas DC-6 freighters arrived at Aerocosta, which meant that there was nothing to stand in the way of expansion. So Bogota, Cali, Medellin, San Andres and Cartagena were found in the company's flight plan. In 1970, Floramerica accounted for nearly all of Colombia's cut flower exports out of the country. Floramerica, the former investor was the leading flower exporter in Colombia.[3] Many companies around this time started to use Floramerica's ideas and designs for making it all. The only thing that stood in the way for Floramerica's success was transporting the cut flowers. Floramerica and another company Jardines de los Andes, urged air cargo companies to ship their cut flowers. Aerocosta was the first company to ship their flowers on routes to Miami from various locations in Colombia. Aerocosta then failed and Floramerica had to scramble for a new carrier because not even Avianca wanted to ship cut flowers.[4]Occasionally, Lockheed Electra aircraft were chartered in order to offer more capacity on flights to Miami, among them, the one identified with registration N and eventually an own Electra was acquired. The company achieved a 15.97% share in the export load in 1971 by transporting more than 1,492,868 kilos. In that same year, it achieved 28.13% by transporting 4,525,891 kilos of import cargo, being second in the market. Being a purely cargo company, it managed to become the most important in the field and competed strongly with Avianca. This is why Aerocosta prided itself on being “The Largest Airline of Colombia Specialized in Cargo”.For 1972 an additional Douglas DC-6 was acquired first, HK-1294, and then another followed a year later called HK-1360. By then, the Donado Velilla brothers decided to become independent and create a new company by themselves and distanced away from the company. They decided to negotiate with the rest of the shareholders the acquisition of the two Curtiss C-46 of the company, the HK-1282 and the HK-1383. With them they started the operation, but always protected by the Aerocosta company, until the foundation of the company Lineas Aéreas del Caribe. With the departure of the Donados brothers, Roberto Camacho was appointed as the new president of Aerocosta.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"El Dorado Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Aerosucre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosucre"},{"link_name":"Colombian Air force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Downfall","text":"On July 10, 1975, the airline suffered another loss when an Electra cargo plane from Aerocóndor took off from El Dorado Airport, went into emergency and fell on an Aerocosta DC-6 that was in front of its hangar, where it was in the process of receiving a wide door to improve cargo access. The engineer Milciades Visbal, brother of the Captain, was in charge of this work. The HK-756, which was owned by Captain Visbal and affiliated with the company, was consumed by the flames in the wake of the accident. On July 10, 1975 a Douglas DC-6F was acquired by Aerocosta from a private owner.[5] In October 1975, a Lockheed Electra freighter aircraft with registration HK-1809 was acquired to compete on equal terms with Aerocondor aircraft. However, the loss of the DC-6, together with a series of financial problems forced the company to suspend operations definitively in 1976. The competition on the route to Miami by Avianca and Aerocóndor, so that the operation was not profitable. The DC-6 HK-1291 owned by Captain Visbal, was then affiliated with the Aerosucre company. Then the company was dissolved in 1976 because it had no planes and no routes to take.In Ernesto Cortissoz airport due the increment of the drug traffic from La Guajira and the augment of the contraband from clandestine runways. The Colombian Air force , without wait constructed a new Air Base. The Air Force command, across the Rotatory Found, negotiated and bought it on a cost of 2 million pesos, the administrative installations and the parking platform of the Aerocosta company had to cancel its operation there in Ernesto Cortissoz airport and the section of air installations plan were executed to the renewal of these installations to lodge an Air Group in Ernesto Cortissoz airport. These events happened after Aerocosta shut down and was selling its properties.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Aerocosta operated the following aircraft during operations:(*)=signifies a plane that crashed during service.","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Point-a-Pitre airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointe-%C3%A0-Pitre_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"A Curtiss C-46 aircraft, registered as HK-1281 had an emergency landing at Barranquilla airport on April 4, 1970. As a result of this accident, the ship was declared a total loss. A few months later, another Curtiss, this time the HK-792 suffered an accident at the Point-a-Pitre airport in Guadalupe on October 28. The crew reported problems in one of the engines and the plane crashed while attempting to land emergency. Moments later a fire started that completely consumed the aircraft. All occupants, three crew members and a companion died in the accidents.[19]A new accident was recorded on October 26, 1973 when HK-1383 fell into the sea when it made a flight between Barranquilla to the island of San Andres, under the command of Captain Fernando León and the \"Guajiro\" Duran. The plane's crew had reported an emergency when the number one engine ran out and requested authorization to land in Cartagena in an emergency; however he had to moor twenty miles off the coast. Before performing this maneuver there was a need to dump the cargo in flight that consisted of chickens in crates and furniture. However, it was not possible to lighten the aircraft, and the aircraft subsequently landed on the sea. A large storefront served as a lifeline for the three crewmen who were unharmed. The plane sank into the depths.[20]As a cause of the accident, a fire in one of the engines and the inability to turn it off, led to critical flight conditions over the sea. Among other factors the overload on the plane was discovered in being more than 1200 kilos and the lack of knowledge of this situation led to the crashing of that plane. Floramerica became the majority partner of the company and was given a new corporate image with a logo change. Rafael McCausland Osio was then appointed the president of Aerocosta after those incidents.[21]","title":"Accidents"}] | [] | [{"title":"Barranquilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barranquilla"},{"title":"List of airlines of Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Colombia"},{"title":"List of defunct airlines of Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines_of_Colombia"}] | [{"reference":"\"Aerocosta Colombia\". aviation-safety.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/operator/airline.php?var=6841","url_text":"\"Aerocosta Colombia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Civil Aeronautics Board\". books.google.com. 1969.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xwM5AAAAIAAJ&q=Aerocosta+airline+colombia&pg=PA338","url_text":"\"Civil Aeronautics Board\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aerocosta Colombia\". airlines-airliners.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airlines-airliners.com/airlines/aerocosta_colombia.html","url_text":"\"Aerocosta Colombia\""}]},{"reference":"Jose A.Mendez. \"The Development of the Colombian Cut Flower Industry\" (PDF). documents.worldbank.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/715931468770719520/pdf/multi0page.pdf","url_text":"\"The Development of the Colombian Cut Flower Industry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Airframe Dossier\". aerialvisuals.ca.","urls":[{"url":"https://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=116589","url_text":"\"Airframe Dossier\""}]},{"reference":"Barrio Nicolás de Federman. \"Inicio / History\". fac.mil.co.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fac.mil.co/history-4","url_text":"\"Inicio / History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Douglas DC-6 HK-756 crash\". aviation-safety.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19750710-1","url_text":"\"Douglas DC-6 HK-756 crash\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ground Accident of a Douglas DC-6F in Bogotá\". baaa-acro.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/ground-accident-douglas-dc-6f-bogota","url_text":"\"Ground Accident of a Douglas DC-6F in Bogotá\""}]},{"reference":"\"Douglas DC-6 production list\". rzjets.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://rzjets.net/aircraft/?page=3&typeid=96","url_text":"\"Douglas DC-6 production list\""}]},{"reference":"\"Douglas DC-6A - Aerocosta Colombia\". airliners.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.airliners.net/photo/Aerocosta-Colombia/Douglas-DC-6A/2354193","url_text":"\"Douglas DC-6A - Aerocosta Colombia\""}]},{"reference":"Chris Y. Kimura (1993). \"World Commercial Aircraft Accidents, 1946-1992\". books.google.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ez9PRaM3esQC&q=Douglas+DC-6+HK-1383&pg=RA4-PT4","url_text":"\"World Commercial Aircraft Accidents, 1946-1992\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aircraft photo of HK-754\". airhistory.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.airhistory.net/photo/8221/HK-754","url_text":"\"Aircraft photo of HK-754\""}]},{"reference":"\"Douglas DC-7BF HK-1300 Crash\". aviation-safety.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19730501-0","url_text":"\"Douglas DC-7BF HK-1300 Crash\""}]},{"reference":"\"Douglas DC-6 productions\". rzjets.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://rzjets.net/aircraft/?page=6&typeid=96","url_text":"\"Douglas DC-6 productions\""}]},{"reference":"Chris Y. Kimura (1993). \"World Commercial Aircraft Accidents, 1946-1992\". books.google.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ez9PRaM3esQC&q=Curtiss+C-46d+HK-792&pg=RA4-PT3","url_text":"\"World Commercial Aircraft Accidents, 1946-1992\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aircraft Data HK-1291, 1957 Douglas\". airport-data.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airport-data.com/aircraft/HK-1291.html","url_text":"\"Aircraft Data HK-1291, 1957 Douglas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Perdido Avion Colombia\". news.google.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=E-EeAAAAIBAJ&hl=es&pg=848%2C1707582","url_text":"\"Perdido Avion Colombia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Curtiss C-46 Commando production\". rzjets.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://rzjets.net/aircraft/?page=20&typeid=311","url_text":"\"Curtiss C-46 Commando production\""}]},{"reference":"\"accident details\". planecrashinfo.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.planecrashinfo.com/1970/1970-62.htm","url_text":"\"accident details\""}]},{"reference":"Joe Baugher. \"1944 USAAF Serial Numbers (44-70255 to 44-83885)\". joebaugher.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1944_5.html","url_text":"\"1944 USAAF Serial Numbers (44-70255 to 44-83885)\""}]},{"reference":"Jaime Escobar Corradine. \"Aerocosta\". avicacol.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aviacol.net/aerolineas-desaparecidas/aerocosta.html","url_text":"\"Aerocosta\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/operator/airline.php?var=6841","external_links_name":"\"Aerocosta Colombia\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xwM5AAAAIAAJ&q=Aerocosta+airline+colombia&pg=PA338","external_links_name":"\"Civil Aeronautics Board\""},{"Link":"http://www.airlines-airliners.com/airlines/aerocosta_colombia.html","external_links_name":"\"Aerocosta Colombia\""},{"Link":"http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/715931468770719520/pdf/multi0page.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Development of the Colombian Cut Flower Industry\""},{"Link":"https://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=116589","external_links_name":"\"Airframe Dossier\""},{"Link":"https://www.fac.mil.co/history-4","external_links_name":"\"Inicio / History\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19750710-1","external_links_name":"\"Douglas DC-6 HK-756 crash\""},{"Link":"https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/ground-accident-douglas-dc-6f-bogota","external_links_name":"\"Ground Accident of a Douglas DC-6F in Bogotá\""},{"Link":"https://rzjets.net/aircraft/?page=3&typeid=96","external_links_name":"\"Douglas DC-6 production list\""},{"Link":"https://www.airliners.net/photo/Aerocosta-Colombia/Douglas-DC-6A/2354193","external_links_name":"\"Douglas DC-6A - Aerocosta Colombia\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ez9PRaM3esQC&q=Douglas+DC-6+HK-1383&pg=RA4-PT4","external_links_name":"\"World Commercial Aircraft Accidents, 1946-1992\""},{"Link":"https://www.airhistory.net/photo/8221/HK-754","external_links_name":"\"Aircraft photo of HK-754\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19730501-0","external_links_name":"\"Douglas DC-7BF HK-1300 Crash\""},{"Link":"https://rzjets.net/aircraft/?page=6&typeid=96","external_links_name":"\"Douglas DC-6 productions\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ez9PRaM3esQC&q=Curtiss+C-46d+HK-792&pg=RA4-PT3","external_links_name":"\"World Commercial Aircraft Accidents, 1946-1992\""},{"Link":"http://www.airport-data.com/aircraft/HK-1291.html","external_links_name":"\"Aircraft Data HK-1291, 1957 Douglas\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=E-EeAAAAIBAJ&hl=es&pg=848%2C1707582","external_links_name":"\"Perdido Avion Colombia\""},{"Link":"https://rzjets.net/aircraft/?page=20&typeid=311","external_links_name":"\"Curtiss C-46 Commando production\""},{"Link":"http://www.planecrashinfo.com/1970/1970-62.htm","external_links_name":"\"accident details\""},{"Link":"http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1944_5.html","external_links_name":"\"1944 USAAF Serial Numbers (44-70255 to 44-83885)\""},{"Link":"https://www.aviacol.net/aerolineas-desaparecidas/aerocosta.html","external_links_name":"\"Aerocosta\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Giro_di_Lombardia | 1993 Giro di Lombardia | ["1 General classification","2 References"] | Cycling race
1993 Giro di LombardiaRace detailsDates9 October 1993Stages1Distance242 km (150.4 mi)Winning time6h 04' 38"Results
Winner
Pascal Richard (SUI)
(Ariostea)
Second
Giorgio Furlan (ITA)
(Ariostea)
Third
Max Sciandri (GBR)
(Motorola)← 1992 1994 →
The 1993 Giro di Lombardia was the 87th edition of the Giro di Lombardia cycle race and was held on 9 October 1993. The race started and finished in Monza. The race was won by Pascal Richard of the Ariostea team.
General classification
Final general classification
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
1
Pascal Richard (SUI)
Ariostea
6h 04' 38"
2
Giorgio Furlan (ITA)
Ariostea
+ 0"
3
Max Sciandri (ITA)
Motorola
+ 7"
4
Claudio Chiappucci (ITA)
Carrera Jeans–Tassoni
+ 7"
5
Charly Mottet (FRA)
Novemail–Histor–Laser Computer
+ 1' 03"
6
Jesper Skibby (DEN)
TVM–Bison Kit
+ 1' 03"
7
Piotr Ugrumov (LAT)
Mecair–Ballan
+ 1' 03"
8
Massimo Podenzana (ITA)
Navigare–Blue Storm
+ 1' 03"
9
Dimitri Konyshev (RUS)
Jolly Componibili–Club 88
+ 1' 14"
10
Viatcheslav Ekimov (RUS)
Novemail–Histor–Laser Computer
+ 1' 19"
References
^ "Tour of Lombardy -Il Lombardia (Giro di Lombardia)". BikeRaceInfo. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
^ a b "1993 Giro di Lombardia results (Tour of Lombardy)". BikeRaceInfo. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
^ "87ème Giro di Lombardia 1993". Memoire du cyclisme. Archived from the original on 14 December 2004.
^ "Tour de Lombardie 1993". LesSports.info. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
^ "1993 Il Lombardia". First Cycling. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
^ "Giro di Lombardia". WVCycling. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
vte Giro di Lombardia
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vte1993 UCI Road World Cup
Milan–San Remo
Tour of Flanders
Paris–Roubaix
Liège–Bastogne–Liège
Amstel Gold Race
Clásica de San Sebastián
Wincanton Classic
Züri-Metzgete
Paris–Tours
Giro di Lombardia
Grand Prix des Nations
This Giro di Lombardia race article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giro di Lombardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_di_Lombardia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRI-GdL1993-2"},{"link_name":"Monza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monza"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRI-GdL1993-2"},{"link_name":"Pascal Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Richard"},{"link_name":"Ariostea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariostea_(cycling_team)"}],"text":"The 1993 Giro di Lombardia was the 87th edition of the Giro di Lombardia cycle race and was held on 9 October 1993.[2] The race started and finished in Monza.[2] The race was won by Pascal Richard of the Ariostea team.","title":"1993 Giro di Lombardia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"General classification"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Tour of Lombardy -Il Lombardia (Giro di Lombardia)\". BikeRaceInfo. Retrieved 5 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bikeraceinfo.com/classics/Tour%20of%20Lombardy/lombindx.html","url_text":"\"Tour of Lombardy -Il Lombardia (Giro di Lombardia)\""}]},{"reference":"\"1993 Giro di Lombardia results (Tour of Lombardy)\". BikeRaceInfo. Retrieved 5 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bikeraceinfo.com/classics/Tour%20of%20Lombardy/1993-giro-di-lombardia.html","url_text":"\"1993 Giro di Lombardia results (Tour of Lombardy)\""}]},{"reference":"\"87ème Giro di Lombardia 1993\". Memoire du cyclisme. Archived from the original on 14 December 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041214155715/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/cla_lombardie/lombardie1993.php","url_text":"\"87ème Giro di Lombardia 1993\""},{"url":"http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/cla_lombardie/lombardie1993.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tour de Lombardie 1993\". LesSports.info. Retrieved 5 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.les-sports.info/cyclisme-sur-route-tour-de-lombardie-resultats-1993-epr10505.html","url_text":"\"Tour de Lombardie 1993\""}]},{"reference":"\"1993 Il Lombardia\". First Cycling. Retrieved 5 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://firstcycling.com/race.php?r=24&y=1993","url_text":"\"1993 Il Lombardia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Giro di Lombardia\". WVCycling. Retrieved 5 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wvcycling.com/en/race/358/result/1993/","url_text":"\"Giro di Lombardia\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.bikeraceinfo.com/classics/Tour%20of%20Lombardy/lombindx.html","external_links_name":"\"Tour of Lombardy -Il Lombardia (Giro di Lombardia)\""},{"Link":"http://www.bikeraceinfo.com/classics/Tour%20of%20Lombardy/1993-giro-di-lombardia.html","external_links_name":"\"1993 Giro di Lombardia results (Tour of Lombardy)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041214155715/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/cla_lombardie/lombardie1993.php","external_links_name":"\"87ème Giro di Lombardia 1993\""},{"Link":"http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/cla_lombardie/lombardie1993.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.les-sports.info/cyclisme-sur-route-tour-de-lombardie-resultats-1993-epr10505.html","external_links_name":"\"Tour de Lombardie 1993\""},{"Link":"http://firstcycling.com/race.php?r=24&y=1993","external_links_name":"\"1993 Il Lombardia\""},{"Link":"http://www.wvcycling.com/en/race/358/result/1993/","external_links_name":"\"Giro di Lombardia\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1993_Giro_di_Lombardia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaurisiam | Ching-Thang Khomba | ["1 Early years","1.1 Life in Assam","2 Retaking of Manipur","2.1 First expedition","2.2 Second expedition","3 Dealings with the East India Company","4 Reign","5 Family","6 Cultural works","6.1 Literary works","7 References"] | King of Manipur (r. 1759–62, 1763–98)
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Ching-Thang KhombaKing of ManipurReign1759–1762, 1763–1798Coronation7th Sajibu, 1759PredecessorMarambaSuccessorLabeinya ChandraBorn13th Poinu 1748Janmasthan Moirangkhom, ImphalDied1798Murshidabad, West BengalSpouseAkham Chanu BhanumatiIssueLabeinya Chandra MadhuchandraTulsijitKuranganayaniShija LailoibiChaurajitMarjitDaojiChinglen NongdrenkhombaHouseHouse of KartaDynastyNingthouja dynastyFatherShyamjai KhurailakpaMotherWahengbam Chanu Chakha LoikhombiReligionHinduismOccupationRajarshi – Raja (monarch) as well as Rishi (saint)
Kingdom of Manipur
Part of History of Manipur
Kings of Manipur
Loiyumba 1074–1112 Senbi Kiyamba 1467–1508 Koirengba 1508–1512 Khagemba 1597–1652 Pitambar Charairongba 1697–1709 Pamheiba 1720–1751 Gaurisiam 1752–1754 Chitsai 1754–1756 Ching-Thang Khomba 1769–1798 Rohinchandra 1798–1801 Maduchandra Singh 1801–1806 Chourjit Singh 1806–1812 Marjit Singh 1812–1819 Gambhir Singh 1825–1834 Nara Singh 1844–1850 Debindro Singh 1850–1850 Chandrakirti Singh 1850–1886 Surachandra Singh 1886–1890 Kulachandra Singh 1890–1891 Churachandra Singh 1891–1941 Bodhchandra Singh 1941–1949
Manipur monarchy data
Ningthouja dynasty (Royal family)Pakhangba (Symbol of the kingdom)Cheitharol Kumbaba (Royal chronicle)Imphal (Capital of the kingdom)Kangla Palace (Royal residence)
vte
Ningthou Ching-Thang Khomba (also Rajarshi Bhagya Chandra, Jai Singh Maharaja) (1748–1799) was a Meitei monarch of the 18th century CE. He is known for having invented the Manipuri Raas Leela dance, with his daughter Shija Lailoibi playing the role of Radha at the first performance and is a popular figure in Manipur. He is also credited with spreading Vaishnavism in Manipur State after his grandfather Pamheiba made Hinduism the official religion and for creating a unified Manipur. Much of his history is mythologized.
The Jayapatra or Khunti of Meitei king Ching Thang Khomba Rajarshi Bhagyachandra, being displayed in front of his statue, in the Kangla Fort in Imphal in 2014
Early years
Main article: Ahom expedition to Manipur
Maharaja Bhagya Chandra ascended to the throne of Manipur in 1759, eight years after the death of his grandfather Pamheiba and his father Samjai Khurai-Lakpa at the hands of his uncle Chitsai. In 1762, Manipur was attacked by the Burmese, assisted by the Chitsai. He, along with his queen and a few loyal attendants, fled to Ahom (modern-day Assam), where they lived under the protection of the Ahom ruler, Rajeswar Singha.
Life in Assam
Chitsai wrote a letter to Rajeswar Singha saying that the person taking refuge at his court was not the true Bhagya Chandra, and advised Singha to banish Bhagya Chandra. Singha was somewhat persuaded by this letter and began treating Bhagya Chandra with suspicion.
In Meitei legends, the real Bhagya Chandra was said to have had supernatural powers. To see whether the usurper was correct, Singha designed a test at the behest of his court. In a public arena, Bhagya Chandra, while unarmed, was to catch and tame a wild elephant.
Confronted with insurmountable odds, King Bhagyachandra is said to have prayed to Govinda (Krishna) for guidance. Govinda appeared to him in a dream and instructed him to enter the arena donning a garland while holding japa beads. At the end of the instructions, Govinda assured him of victory.
The dream also stated that Bhagya Chandra would be the sole king of Manipur. Upon regaining the kingdom, he should install a Krishna murti. The deity, Govinda, should be carved from a certain old jackfruit tree growing on the slopes of Kaina hill.
After installing the deity, Govinda said the king should arrange for the performance of a Rasa-Lila, in which Krishna would be worshipped with song and dance. Bhagya Chandra also received in this vision a complete plan on how to execute the Ras Lila.
Bhagya Chandra entered the arena, donning the garland and japa as instructed in his vision. In the ensuing fight, the spectators noted that the elephant seemed to recoil as if struck by a ghost. King Bhagya Chandra said that he saw "Lord Krishna as the mahout".
Retaking of Manipur
First expedition
After the duel, Bhagya Chandra appealed to Rajeswar Singha for military assistance. Singha agreed and sent an army to overthrow Chitsai and reinstate Bhagya Chandra. The expedition was set back in Nagaland where they were attacked by Naga tribesmen and poisonous snakes. Rajeswar Singha called off the unsuccessful venture in 1767.
Second expedition
In November 1768, Bhagya Chandra and Rajeswar Singha decided to make another attempt to invade Manipur. Bhagya Chandra led 10,000 Ahom troops across the Kachari kingdom to the Mirap river. Many battles ensued between the Ahoms and Meiteis on one side, and the Naga, Chitsai and the Burmese on the other. In 1773, Bhagya Chandra was reinstated as the king of Manipur.
Dealings with the East India Company
In 1762, the British and Manipur signed a bilateral treaty with Gaurisiam, which spelled that the British and Meiteis would encourage trade and commerce. The British gave necessary help for protection against the Burmese and Naga. Manipur gave up a village for an East India Company post. The name "Manipur" (assigned by the British for Ching-Thang's kingdom) for what was called "Meitrabak" came into being in 1774 when the Governor General of India Mr. Rendel, surveyed the area westward from Ningthi to Cachar and Northward from Chittagong to the Brahmaputra and renamed it.
Reign
Monument of Bheigyachandra Maharaj
In 1775 he established his capital at Bishenpur and carved the Govinda murti at the hill of Kaina. On January 11th 1779 he was "re-crowned" amid many performances of his now-popular Rasa Lila dance.
During his reign, the Meiteis repelled the Burmese from Manipur. Though his exploits did not equal Pamheiba's, his reign was characterized by security. He was a great patron of the arts and religion, and his strong Manipuri Vaishnavism reflected on the Meiteis. He was an ardent devotee of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and during his reign a statue of Nityananda was created.
In 1796 he moved his capital to Kangla. A year later, on February 5th 1798, he abdicated the throne to his eldest son Labeinyachandra. He spent his later years on pilgrimage to various Vaisnavit holy sites, including Nabadwip. He died on December 25th 1798 in Murshidabad, West Bengal.
Family
Ching-Thang Khomba was son of Samjai Khurai-Lakpa, who had two brothers Mantri Ananda Shai and Chitsai. Ching-Thang had many siblings, the most famous of whom was Gaurisiam, King of Manipur until his death in 1763.
Cultural works
The tradition of Rasa Lila in Manipur is attributed to Ching-Thang. The first Manipur Maha Rasleela was performed in 1777.
It was his daughter Shija Lailoibi who first took the role of Radha in the Manipuri Raas Leela dance.
Under the influence of Bengali missionaries, he also started the tradition of Sankirtan in Manipur.
Literary works
Laithok Laikha Jogi
References
^ Sheram, AK (2012). "Manipuri, The". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
^ "Manipur". Archived from the original on 10 August 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
^ a b c d e "History of Manipur – The Medieval Period". IIT Guwahati. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
^ a b c d Swami, Jayadwait. "Manipur – A Land of Krishna Conscious Culture". Archived from the original on 4 October 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
^ C. E. A. W. O. (1927). "A History of Assam by Edward Gait". The Geographical Journal. 69 (3): 271. doi:10.2307/1782048. JSTOR 1782048.
^ Singh, Kunj Bihari (2004) . "Manipur Vaishnavism: A Sociological Interpretation". In Rowena Robinson (ed.). Sociology of Religion in India. Themes in Indian Sociology, 3. New Delhi: Sage Publ. India. pp. 125–132. ISBN 0-7619-9781-4. p. 128.
^ Sana, Rajkumar Somorjit (2010). The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs ( From 1666 to 1850 CE). Imphal: Waikhom Ananda Meetei. p. 188. ISBN 978-81-8465-210-9.
^ Sana, Rajkumar Somorjit (2010). The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs (From 1666 to 1850 CE). Imphal: Waikhom Ananda Meetei. p. 189. ISBN 978-81-8465-210-9.
^ "Manipuri Dance: Both Ritualistic and Recreational". Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
^ a b "Information – Snippets – narthaki.com". Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
Preceded by Chitsai
King of Manipur 1769–1798
Succeeded byLabeinya Chandra | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meitei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitei_people"},{"link_name":"Manipuri Raas Leela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipuri_Raas_Leela"},{"link_name":"Radha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha"},{"link_name":"Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Vaishnavism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavism"},{"link_name":"Manipur State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"Pamheiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamheiba"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CP-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jayapatra_or_Khunti_of_Rajarshi_Bhagyachandra.JPG"},{"link_name":"Meitei king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Meitei_kings"},{"link_name":"Kangla Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangla_Fort"},{"link_name":"Imphal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imphal"}],"text":"Ningthou Ching-Thang Khomba (also Rajarshi Bhagya Chandra, Jai Singh Maharaja) (1748–1799) was a Meitei monarch of the 18th century CE. He is known for having invented the Manipuri Raas Leela dance, with his daughter Shija Lailoibi playing the role of Radha at the first performance and is a popular figure in Manipur.[1] He is also credited with spreading Vaishnavism in Manipur State after his grandfather Pamheiba made Hinduism the official religion and for creating a unified Manipur.[2] Much of his history is mythologized.The Jayapatra or Khunti of Meitei king Ching Thang Khomba Rajarshi Bhagyachandra, being displayed in front of his statue, in the Kangla Fort in Imphal in 2014","title":"Ching-Thang Khomba"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pamheiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamheiba"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IIT-3"},{"link_name":"Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamar"},{"link_name":"Ahom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahom_kingdom"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam"},{"link_name":"Ahom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahom_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Rajeswar Singha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajeswar_Singha"}],"text":"Maharaja Bhagya Chandra ascended to the throne of Manipur in 1759, eight years after the death of his grandfather Pamheiba and his father Samjai Khurai-Lakpa at the hands of his uncle Chitsai.[3] In 1762, Manipur was attacked by the Burmese, assisted by the Chitsai. He, along with his queen and a few loyal attendants, fled to Ahom (modern-day Assam), where they lived under the protection of the Ahom ruler, Rajeswar Singha.","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-io-4"},{"link_name":"elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant"},{"link_name":"Govinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"japa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-io-4"},{"link_name":"murti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murti"},{"link_name":"jackfruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit"},{"link_name":"Kaina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaina_(Manipur)"},{"link_name":"vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_(spirituality)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-io-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-io-4"}],"sub_title":"Life in Assam","text":"Chitsai wrote a letter to Rajeswar Singha saying that the person taking refuge at his court was not the true Bhagya Chandra, and advised Singha to banish Bhagya Chandra. Singha was somewhat persuaded by this letter and began treating Bhagya Chandra with suspicion.[4]In Meitei legends, the real Bhagya Chandra was said to have had supernatural powers. To see whether the usurper was correct, Singha designed a test at the behest of his court. In a public arena, Bhagya Chandra, while unarmed, was to catch and tame a wild elephant.Confronted with insurmountable odds, King Bhagyachandra is said to have prayed to Govinda (Krishna) for guidance. Govinda appeared to him in a dream and instructed him to enter the arena donning a garland while holding japa beads. At the end of the instructions, Govinda assured him of victory.[4]The dream also stated that Bhagya Chandra would be the sole king of Manipur. Upon regaining the kingdom, he should install a Krishna murti. The deity, Govinda, should be carved from a certain old jackfruit tree growing on the slopes of Kaina hill.After installing the deity, Govinda said the king should arrange for the performance of a Rasa-Lila, in which Krishna would be worshipped with song and dance. Bhagya Chandra also received in this vision a complete plan on how to execute the Ras Lila.[4]Bhagya Chandra entered the arena, donning the garland and japa as instructed in his vision. In the ensuing fight, the spectators noted that the elephant seemed to recoil as if struck by a ghost. King Bhagya Chandra said that he saw \"Lord Krishna as the mahout\".[4]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Retaking of Manipur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nagaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaland"},{"link_name":"Naga tribesmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_people"}],"sub_title":"First expedition","text":"After the duel, Bhagya Chandra appealed to Rajeswar Singha for military assistance. Singha agreed and sent an army to overthrow Chitsai and reinstate Bhagya Chandra. The expedition was set back in Nagaland where they were attacked by Naga tribesmen and poisonous snakes. Rajeswar Singha called off the unsuccessful venture in 1767.","title":"Retaking of Manipur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kachari kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachari_kingdom"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Second expedition","text":"In November 1768, Bhagya Chandra and Rajeswar Singha decided to make another attempt to invade Manipur. Bhagya Chandra led 10,000 Ahom troops across the Kachari kingdom to the Mirap river. Many battles ensued between the Ahoms and Meiteis on one side, and the Naga, Chitsai and the Burmese on the other. In 1773, Bhagya Chandra was reinstated as the king of Manipur.[5]","title":"Retaking of Manipur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaurisiam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaurisiam"},{"link_name":"East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Governor General of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_India"},{"link_name":"Ningthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningthi"},{"link_name":"Cachar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cachar"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Brahmaputra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaputra"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IIT-3"}],"text":"In 1762, the British and Manipur signed a bilateral treaty with Gaurisiam, which spelled that the British and Meiteis would encourage trade and commerce. The British gave necessary help for protection against the Burmese and Naga. Manipur gave up a village for an East India Company post. The name \"Manipur\" (assigned by the British for Ching-Thang's kingdom) for what was called \"Meitrabak\" came into being in 1774 when the Governor General of India Mr. Rendel, surveyed the area westward from Ningthi to Cachar and Northward from Chittagong to the Brahmaputra and renamed it.[3]","title":"Dealings with the East India Company"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monument_of_Bheigyachandra_Maharaj.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bishenpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishenpur"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IIT-3"},{"link_name":"Manipuri Vaishnavism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipuri_Vaishnavism"},{"link_name":"Chaitanya Mahaprabhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu"},{"link_name":"Nityananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nityananda"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kangla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangla"},{"link_name":"abdicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdicated"},{"link_name":"Labeinyachandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labeinyachandra"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Nabadwip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabadwip"},{"link_name":"Murshidabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murshidabad"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Monument of Bheigyachandra MaharajIn 1775 he established his capital at Bishenpur and carved the Govinda murti at the hill of Kaina. On January 11th 1779 he was \"re-crowned\" amid many performances of his now-popular Rasa Lila dance.[3]During his reign, the Meiteis repelled the Burmese from Manipur. Though his exploits did not equal Pamheiba's, his reign was characterized by security. He was a great patron of the arts and religion, and his strong Manipuri Vaishnavism reflected on the Meiteis. He was an ardent devotee of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and during his reign a statue of Nityananda was created.[6]In 1796 he moved his capital to Kangla. A year later, on February 5th 1798, he abdicated the throne to his eldest son Labeinyachandra.[7] He spent his later years on pilgrimage to various Vaisnavit holy sites, including Nabadwip. He died on December 25th 1798 in Murshidabad, West Bengal.[8]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mantri Ananda Shai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantri_Ananda_Shai"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IIT-3"}],"text":"Ching-Thang Khomba was son of Samjai Khurai-Lakpa, who had two brothers Mantri Ananda Shai and Chitsai. Ching-Thang had many siblings, the most famous of whom was Gaurisiam, King of Manipur until his death in 1763.[3]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IIT-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m20-9"},{"link_name":"Radha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha"},{"link_name":"Manipuri Raas Leela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipuri_Raas_Leela"},{"link_name":"Bengali missionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_people"},{"link_name":"Sankirtan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirtan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nar-10"}],"text":"The tradition of Rasa Lila in Manipur is attributed to Ching-Thang. The first Manipur Maha Rasleela was performed in 1777.[3][9]It was his daughter Shija Lailoibi who first took the role of Radha in the Manipuri Raas Leela dance.Under the influence of Bengali missionaries, he also started the tradition of Sankirtan in Manipur. [10]","title":"Cultural works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nar-10"}],"sub_title":"Literary works","text":"Laithok Laikha Jogi[10]","title":"Cultural works"}] | [{"image_text":"The Jayapatra or Khunti of Meitei king Ching Thang Khomba Rajarshi Bhagyachandra, being displayed in front of his statue, in the Kangla Fort in Imphal in 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Jayapatra_or_Khunti_of_Rajarshi_Bhagyachandra.JPG/300px-Jayapatra_or_Khunti_of_Rajarshi_Bhagyachandra.JPG"},{"image_text":"Monument of Bheigyachandra Maharaj","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Monument_of_Bheigyachandra_Maharaj.jpg/220px-Monument_of_Bheigyachandra_Maharaj.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Sheram, AK (2012). \"Manipuri, The\". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Manipuri,_The","url_text":"\"Manipuri, The\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirajul_Islam","url_text":"Islam, Sirajul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh","url_text":"Asiatic Society of Bangladesh"}]},{"reference":"\"Manipur\". Archived from the original on 10 August 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090810120408/http://culturalpursuits.com/manipur.htm","url_text":"\"Manipur\""},{"url":"http://www.culturalpursuits.com/manipur.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Manipur – The Medieval Period\". IIT Guwahati. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110605122530/http://www.iitg.ernet.in/rcilts/his_mnme.html","url_text":"\"History of Manipur – The Medieval Period\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIT_Guwahati","url_text":"IIT Guwahati"},{"url":"http://www.iitg.ernet.in/rcilts/his_mnme.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Swami, Jayadwait. \"Manipur – A Land of Krishna Conscious Culture\". Archived from the original on 4 October 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071004214838/http://btg.krishna.com/main.php?id=295","url_text":"\"Manipur – A Land of Krishna Conscious Culture\""},{"url":"http://btg.krishna.com/main.php?id=295","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"C. E. A. W. O. (1927). \"A History of Assam by Edward Gait\". The Geographical Journal. 69 (3): 271. doi:10.2307/1782048. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Marine_Corps | People's Liberation Army Navy Marine Corps | ["1 History","2 Organization","3 Equipment","4 See also","5 References"] | Marine force of the People's Republic of China
Not to be confused with the Republic of China Marine Corps.
People's Liberation Army Navy Marine Corps中国人民解放军海军陆战队Zhōngguó Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn HǎijūnlùzhànduìPatch of the People's Liberation Army Marine CorpsFounded1953; 71 years ago (1953)Country People's Republic of ChinaAllegiance Chinese Communist PartyBranch People's Liberation Army NavyTypeNaval infantryRoleAmphibious warfareSize40,000 personnelPart of People's Liberation ArmyGarrison/HQChaozhou, GuangdongMotto(s)陆地猛虎，海上蛟龙(English: "Fierce Tiger of the land, Jiaolong of the sea")Colors White BlueEngagements
Chinese Civil War
Dongshan Island Campaign
Battle of Yijiangshan Islands
Battle of the Paracel Islands
Johnson South Reef Skirmish
Anti-Piracy Operations in Gulf of Aden
Military unit
The People's Liberation Army Navy Marine Corps (PLANMC), also known as the People's Liberation Army Marine Corps (PLAMC), is the marine force of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) and one of five major branches of the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) responsible for amphibious warfare, expeditionary operations and rapid responses. It currently consists of seven 6,000-man combined armed brigades and four other supporting brigades including aviation, engineering & chemical defense, artillery and service-support brigades for a total of 40,000. The marine corps also includes a brigade-level special operations unit called "Jiaolong Commando Unit" (Chinese: 蛟龙突击队)
History
The founding of the PLANMC in 1953.
An amphibious landing exercise by marines in 1962.
The present PLANMC was originally established in April 1953 to conduct amphibious operations against islands held by Taiwan. By the end of the Korean War, the PLANMC numbered 110,000 personnel organized in eight divisions. However, the organization was disbanded in October 1957 when the leadership of China abandoned any plans to seize the island of Taiwan. Following the disbanding of the Marine Corps, the PLAN did maintain a naval infantry force, which consisted of several infantry and amphibious tank regiments.
In 1979 the Central Military Commission (CMC) re-established the Marine Corps and organized it under the PLAN. On 5 May 1980, the 1st Marine Brigade was activated on Hainan.
The PLANMC was expanded in the 1990s because of the growing tensions between China and Taiwan. The 1st Marine Brigade was reinforced and rearmed. In July 1998, the 164th Motorized Infantry Division of the PLA Ground Force's (PLAGF) 41st Group Army had been transferred to the PLAN South Sea Fleet and became the 164th Marine Brigade, with its homebase in Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province. In February 2017, it was reported that the 77th Motorized Infantry Brigade of the 26th Group Army was transferred to the PLAN.
The PLANMC participated in multiple international exercises, including participation in RIMPAC, and engaged with United States Marine Corps in mutual training and friendly cultural exchanges during the Bush and Obama administrations as part of its "tranquility and good order" policy according to its navy chief. However, with the Trump administration the PLAN and PLANMC were dis-invited from the 2018 Rim of the Pacific and the US Marines are trained to fight against the PLANMC.
Organization
PLA marines based in Zhanjiang stand at attention during a visit by a U.S. admiral in 2006.
The PLANMC is subordinate to Navy Headquarters, the Joint Staff Department and the CMC.
18,000 marines are under the Southern Theater Command, with 6,000 being under Eastern Theater Command and 12,000 being under Northern Theater Command. These brigades possess combined arms units, including armor, artillery, missile, air defense, and logistics.
The Six brigades are as follows:
1st and 2nd (ex-164th) Marine Brigades – both based in Zhanjiang
3rd Marine Brigade based in Jinjiang
4th Marine Brigade based in Jieyang
5th Marine Brigade in Laoshan
6th Marine Brigade based in Haiyang .
Each Marine Brigade is organized into the following elements:
1 × Brigade HQ and Service Company
3 x Marine Combined Arms Battalions (1 x Heavy with ZTD-05 Amphibious Tank, 1 × Medium with ZBD-05 Amphibious IFV and 1 × Light with VP4 ATV )
1 x Air Assault Battalion
1 x Marine Artillery Battalion
1 × Air Defense Battalion
Marine Reconnaissance Battalion
Combat Support Battalion
Service Support Battalion
The PLA has additional amphibious assault capabilities in the PLAGF amphibious combined-arms brigades.
Equipment
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PLAN marines of the 1st Marine Brigade and U.S. Marines fire the Type 95 Assault Rifle during an exchange exercise in 2006.
A PLAN marine fighting through a combat obstacle course at a naval base as part of marine capability demonstrations, 2006.
PLAN sailors and marines with U.S. sailors during RIMPAC 2016.
A PLAN marine with a boarding team assigned to the guided missile destroyer Haikou during a maritime operations exercise in RIMPAC 2014.
Personnel equipment
Type 95 Assault Rifle
Type 95B Carbine
QBB-95 Squad Automatic Weapon
QBU-88 Designated Marksman Rifle
QCW-05 Submachine Gun
QSZ-92 Pistol
QBS-06 underwater rifle
QLZ-87 grenade launcher
QBU-10 sniper rifle
QLU-11 grenade launcher/sniper
PF-89 rocket launcher
PF-97 rocket launcher
DZJ-08 rocket launcher
Armor
Type 15 tank
ZTL-11 Amphibious Assault Gun
ZBL-08 Amphibious IFV
ZSL-10 Amphibious APC
ZTD-05 Amphibious Assault Gun
ZBD-05 Amphibious IFV
ZSD-05 Amphibious APC
WZ551 Wheeled APC
Aircraft
Z-9WA attack helicopter
Z-9C utility helicopter
Z-18 transport helicopter
Artillery and ammunition
PLZ-07B self-propelled howitzer
PLL-09 self-propelled howitzer
Type 89 self-propelled howitzer
HJ-8 Anti-tank missile
HJ-73 Anti-tank missile
Chinese marines use the QBZ-95 as their main armament, though this is set to change as the PLA is set to replace the QBZ-95 with the QBZ-191 as its standard service rifle. The Type 07 Oceanic Camouflage used by the marines is likewise scheduled to be replaced by the Xingkong camouflage pattern. The marines also make use of GPS and night vision systems to enhance their fighting capabilities.
The PLAN marines are equipped with amphibious light tanks and armored personnel carriers. The Type 63A is the newest light tank in Chinese service. It is based on the hull of the older Type 63 (which in turn is based on the Soviet PT76 amphibious light tank). The Type 63A features a number of improvements, in particular the new welded turret which features much greater armor protection and the 105mm main gun (capable of firing standard NATO projectiles as well as the gun launched anti-tank missile). The marines are believed to have continued operating the Type 63 and the non-amphibious Type 62 light tanks as secondary units. The Type 77 amphibious APC was the standard armored transport for the marines for many decades. However, new designs have been adapted from the army to complement these aging transports. These include specially modified versions of the Type 89 and Type 63 APCs, with enhanced swimming capabilities. The Type 86 (or WZ501) IFV is also in service with the marines. Based on the Soviet BMP-1, it is armed with a single 73mm main gun and mounts an HJ73 ATGM (with max range of 3000 meters).
For air defense, Chinese marines employ a mix of automatic and manually operated anti-aircraft artillery systems, as well as short range surface-to-air missiles. The marines have been seen operating the new Type 95 self-propelled air defense platform on an amphibious hull similar to the Type 77 APC. This platform is armed with four 25mm cannon with a short ranged SAM combination to achieve effective killing capabilities against low flying targets at short ranges. The Type 89 self-propelled 122mm gun is the first SP artillery system in service with the marines since 1999. This adds additional accurate firepower to the PLAMC.
See also
China portal
Republic of China Marine Corps (part of the Republic of China Navy)
People's Liberation Army Airborne Corps (part of the People's Liberation Army Air Force)
People's Liberation Army Navy Coastal Defense Force
People's Liberation Army special operations forces
References
^ "Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China" (PDF).
^ "解放军海军陆战队：既做海上蛟龙 也当雪域猛虎-新华网".
^ "陆地猛虎海上蛟龙：中国海军陆战队素质世界居前". China News. 2009-04-20. Retrieved 2017-01-26.
^ a b Huang Yuwen (October 1, 2019). "中共軍改後海軍陸戰隊的建構與發展（The Structure and Development of Chinese Communist Marines following its Military Reform）" (PDF) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 53rd (5). Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China): 61–74. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-11-05. Retrieved April 30, 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Gabriel Dominguez & Samuel Cranny-Evans & J Michael Cole (3 June 2021). "PLANMC may be re-equipping for combined arms, multidomain operations". Janes.
^ a b c d "How special are PLA special forces?". Business Standard India. 30 January 2020.
^ "China's PLA Marines: An Emerging Force".
^ "China wants 'tranquillity', navy chief says ahead of new warships reveal". Reuters. 22 April 2019.
^ "U.S. Kicks China out of military exercise". Politico.
^ "US Marines are practicing seizing small islands as a possible China fight looms in the Pacific". Business Insider.
^ "US continues to train with allies in the event of Chinese attack". 29 April 2020.
^ Blasko, Dennis J., "China Maritime Report No. 20: The PLA Army Amphibious Force" (2022). CMSI China Maritime Reports. 20.
^ F, Nathaniel (18 May 2017). "Chinese PLA Ground Forces and Marines to Replace QBZ-95-1 with Completely New NON-BULLPUP Rifle?". The Firearm Blog.
^ "China: features of PLA latest combat camouflage uniforms".
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Authorized defense products dealer | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of China Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"marine force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marines"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy"},{"link_name":"amphibious warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_warfare"},{"link_name":"expeditionary operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare"},{"link_name":"rapid responses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_reaction_force"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"combined armed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_arms"},{"link_name":"brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade"},{"link_name":"aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_aviation"},{"link_name":"engineering & chemical defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_engineering"},{"link_name":"artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"special operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_operations"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PLAMC-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zghjlzd-4"}],"text":"Not to be confused with the Republic of China Marine Corps.Military unitThe People's Liberation Army Navy Marine Corps (PLANMC), also known as the People's Liberation Army Marine Corps (PLAMC), is the marine force of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) and one of five major branches of the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) responsible for amphibious warfare, expeditionary operations and rapid responses.[5] It currently consists of seven 6,000-man combined armed brigades and four other supporting brigades including aviation, engineering & chemical defense, artillery and service-support brigades for a total of 40,000. The marine corps also includes a brigade-level special operations unit called \"Jiaolong Commando Unit\" (Chinese: 蛟龙突击队)[6][4]","title":"People's Liberation Army Navy Marine Corps"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PLAMC_1953_Establishment.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PLAMC_Amphibious_drill.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"island of Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"regiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment"},{"link_name":"Central Military Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)"},{"link_name":"Hainan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan"},{"link_name":"PLA Ground Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLA_Ground_Force"},{"link_name":"41st Group Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/41st_Group_Army"},{"link_name":"South Sea Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sea_Fleet"},{"link_name":"164th Marine Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/164th_Marine_Brigade_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)"},{"link_name":"Zhanjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhanjiang"},{"link_name":"Guangdong Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong_Province"},{"link_name":"77th Motorized Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/77th_Motorized_Infantry_Brigade_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)"},{"link_name":"26th Group Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_Group_Army"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The founding of the PLANMC in 1953.An amphibious landing exercise by marines in 1962.The present PLANMC was originally established in April 1953[7] to conduct amphibious operations against islands held by Taiwan. By the end of the Korean War, the PLANMC numbered 110,000 personnel organized in eight divisions. However, the organization was disbanded in October 1957 when the leadership of China abandoned any plans to seize the island of Taiwan. Following the disbanding of the Marine Corps, the PLAN did maintain a naval infantry force, which consisted of several infantry and amphibious tank regiments.In 1979 the Central Military Commission (CMC) re-established the Marine Corps and organized it under the PLAN. On 5 May 1980, the 1st Marine Brigade was activated on Hainan.The PLANMC was expanded in the 1990s because of the growing tensions between China and Taiwan. The 1st Marine Brigade was reinforced and rearmed. In July 1998, the 164th Motorized Infantry Division of the PLA Ground Force's (PLAGF) 41st Group Army had been transferred to the PLAN South Sea Fleet and became the 164th Marine Brigade, with its homebase in Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province. In February 2017, it was reported that the 77th Motorized Infantry Brigade of the 26th Group Army was transferred to the PLAN.The PLANMC participated in multiple international exercises, including participation in RIMPAC, and engaged with United States Marine Corps in mutual training and friendly cultural exchanges during the Bush and Obama administrations as part of its \"tranquility and good order\" policy according to its navy chief.[8] However, with the Trump administration the PLAN and PLANMC were dis-invited from the 2018 Rim of the Pacific and the US Marines are trained to fight against the PLANMC.[9][10][11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marines_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army_(Navy).jpg"},{"link_name":"Zhanjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhanjiang"},{"link_name":"Joint Staff Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Staff_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission"},{"link_name":"Southern Theater Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Theater_Command"},{"link_name":"Eastern Theater Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Theater_Command"},{"link_name":"Northern Theater Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Theater_Command"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PLAMC-6"},{"link_name":"armor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_warfare"},{"link_name":"artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile"},{"link_name":"air defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare"},{"link_name":"logistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_logistics"},{"link_name":"Zhanjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhanjiang"},{"link_name":"Jinjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinjiang,_Fujian"},{"link_name":"Jieyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jieyang"},{"link_name":"Laoshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laoshan_District"},{"link_name":"Haiyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiyang"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PLAMC-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PLAMC-6"},{"link_name":"ZTD-05 Amphibious Tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_05_amphibious_fighting_vehicle"},{"link_name":"ZBD-05 Amphibious IFV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_05_amphibious_fighting_vehicle"},{"link_name":"VP4 ATV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS/VP4_ATV"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"PLA marines based in Zhanjiang stand at attention during a visit by a U.S. admiral in 2006.The PLANMC is subordinate to Navy Headquarters, the Joint Staff Department and the CMC.18,000 marines are under the Southern Theater Command, with 6,000 being under Eastern Theater Command and 12,000 being under Northern Theater Command.[6] These brigades possess combined arms units, including armor, artillery, missile, air defense, and logistics.The Six brigades are as follows:1st and 2nd (ex-164th) Marine Brigades – both based in Zhanjiang\n3rd Marine Brigade based in Jinjiang\n4th Marine Brigade based in Jieyang\n5th Marine Brigade in Laoshan\n6th Marine Brigade based in Haiyang .[6]Each Marine Brigade is organized into the following elements:[6]1 × Brigade HQ and Service Company\n3 x Marine Combined Arms Battalions (1 x Heavy with ZTD-05 Amphibious Tank, 1 × Medium with ZBD-05 Amphibious IFV and 1 × Light with VP4 ATV )\n1 x Air Assault Battalion\n1 x Marine Artillery Battalion\n1 × Air Defense Battalion\nMarine Reconnaissance Battalion\nCombat Support Battalion\nService Support BattalionThe PLA has additional amphibious assault capabilities in the PLAGF amphibious combined-arms brigades.[12]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shooting_range_at_1st_Marine_Brigade_in_Zhanjiang,_China..jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_061116-M-9827H-076_A_marine_with_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army_(Navy)_(PLA_(N))_marine_regiment,_fights_through_a_combat_obstacle_course_at_a_naval_base_as_part_of_a_day_of_marine_capability_demonstrations.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RIMPAC_160720-N-KM939-138.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:140716-G-HN254-571_(14714332244).jpg"},{"link_name":"Haikou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_destroyer_Haikou_(171)"},{"link_name":"Type 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QBZ-95"},{"link_name":"Type 95B Carbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QBZ-95"},{"link_name":"QBB-95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QBB-95"},{"link_name":"QBU-88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QBU-88"},{"link_name":"QCW-05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QCW-05"},{"link_name":"QSZ-92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QSZ-92"},{"link_name":"underwater rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_firearm"},{"link_name":"QLZ-87 grenade launcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QLZ-87_grenade_launcher"},{"link_name":"QBU-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QBU-10"},{"link_name":"QLU-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norinco_LG5_/_QLU-11"},{"link_name":"PF-89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PF-89"},{"link_name":"DZJ-08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DZJ-08"},{"link_name":"Type 15 tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_15_tank"},{"link_name":"ZTL-11 Amphibious Assault Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_08"},{"link_name":"ZBL-08 Amphibious IFV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_08"},{"link_name":"ZSL-10 Amphibious APC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_08"},{"link_name":"ZTD-05 Amphibious Assault Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_05_amphibious_fighting_vehicle"},{"link_name":"ZBD-05 Amphibious IFV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_05_amphibious_fighting_vehicle"},{"link_name":"ZSD-05 Amphibious APC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_05_amphibious_fighting_vehicle"},{"link_name":"WZ551","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WZ551"},{"link_name":"Z-9WA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin_Z-9"},{"link_name":"Z-9C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin_Z-9"},{"link_name":"Z-18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changhe_Z-18"},{"link_name":"PLZ-07B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLZ-07"},{"link_name":"PLL-09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_08"},{"link_name":"Type 89 self-propelled howitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLZ-89"},{"link_name":"HJ-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HJ-8"},{"link_name":"HJ-73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HJ-73"},{"link_name":"QBZ-191","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QBZ-191"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Type 07 Oceanic Camouflage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_07"},{"link_name":"Xingkong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xingkong_(camouflage)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AR-14"}],"text":"PLAN marines of the 1st Marine Brigade and U.S. Marines fire the Type 95 Assault Rifle during an exchange exercise in 2006.A PLAN marine fighting through a combat obstacle course at a naval base as part of marine capability demonstrations, 2006.PLAN sailors and marines with U.S. sailors during RIMPAC 2016.A PLAN marine with a boarding team assigned to the guided missile destroyer Haikou during a maritime operations exercise in RIMPAC 2014.Personnel equipmentType 95 Assault Rifle\nType 95B Carbine\nQBB-95 Squad Automatic Weapon\nQBU-88 Designated Marksman Rifle\nQCW-05 Submachine Gun\nQSZ-92 Pistol\nQBS-06 underwater rifle\nQLZ-87 grenade launcher\nQBU-10 sniper rifle\nQLU-11 grenade launcher/sniper\nPF-89 rocket launcher\nPF-97 rocket launcher\nDZJ-08 rocket launcherArmorType 15 tank\nZTL-11 Amphibious Assault Gun\nZBL-08 Amphibious IFV\nZSL-10 Amphibious APC\nZTD-05 Amphibious Assault Gun\nZBD-05 Amphibious IFV\nZSD-05 Amphibious APC\nWZ551 Wheeled APCAircraftZ-9WA attack helicopter\nZ-9C utility helicopter\nZ-18 transport helicopterArtillery and ammunitionPLZ-07B self-propelled howitzer\nPLL-09 self-propelled howitzer\nType 89 self-propelled howitzer\nHJ-8 Anti-tank missile\nHJ-73 Anti-tank missileChinese marines use the QBZ-95 as their main armament, though this is set to change as the PLA is set to replace the QBZ-95 with the QBZ-191 as its standard service rifle.[13] The Type 07 Oceanic Camouflage used by the marines is likewise scheduled to be replaced by the Xingkong camouflage pattern.[14] The marines also make use of GPS and night vision systems to enhance their fighting capabilities.The PLAN marines are equipped with amphibious light tanks and armored personnel carriers. The Type 63A is the newest light tank in Chinese service. It is based on the hull of the older Type 63 (which in turn is based on the Soviet PT76 amphibious light tank). The Type 63A features a number of improvements, in particular the new welded turret which features much greater armor protection and the 105mm main gun (capable of firing standard NATO projectiles as well as the gun launched anti-tank missile). The marines are believed to have continued operating the Type 63 and the non-amphibious Type 62 light tanks as secondary units. The Type 77 amphibious APC was the standard armored transport for the marines for many decades. However, new designs have been adapted from the army to complement these aging transports. These include specially modified versions of the Type 89 and Type 63 APCs, with enhanced swimming capabilities. The Type 86 (or WZ501) IFV is also in service with the marines. Based on the Soviet BMP-1, it is armed with a single 73mm main gun and mounts an HJ73 ATGM (with max range of 3000 meters).For air defense, Chinese marines employ a mix of automatic and manually operated anti-aircraft artillery systems, as well as short range surface-to-air missiles. The marines have been seen operating the new Type 95 self-propelled air defense platform on an amphibious hull similar to the Type 77 APC. This platform is armed with four 25mm cannon with a short ranged SAM combination to achieve effective killing capabilities against low flying targets at short ranges. The Type 89 self-propelled 122mm gun is the first SP artillery system in service with the marines since 1999. This adds additional accurate firepower to the PLAMC.","title":"Equipment"}] | [{"image_text":"The founding of the PLANMC in 1953.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/PLAMC_1953_Establishment.jpg/220px-PLAMC_1953_Establishment.jpg"},{"image_text":"An amphibious landing exercise by marines in 1962.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/PLAMC_Amphibious_drill.jpg/220px-PLAMC_Amphibious_drill.jpg"},{"image_text":"PLA marines based in Zhanjiang stand at attention during a visit by a U.S. admiral in 2006.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Marines_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army_%28Navy%29.jpg/220px-Marines_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army_%28Navy%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"PLAN marines of the 1st Marine Brigade and U.S. Marines fire the Type 95 Assault Rifle during an exchange exercise in 2006.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Shooting_range_at_1st_Marine_Brigade_in_Zhanjiang%2C_China..jpg/220px-Shooting_range_at_1st_Marine_Brigade_in_Zhanjiang%2C_China..jpg"},{"image_text":"A PLAN marine fighting through a combat obstacle course at a naval base as part of marine capability demonstrations, 2006.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/US_Navy_061116-M-9827H-076_A_marine_with_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army_%28Navy%29_%28PLA_%28N%29%29_marine_regiment%2C_fights_through_a_combat_obstacle_course_at_a_naval_base_as_part_of_a_day_of_marine_capability_demonstrations.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"PLAN sailors and marines with U.S. sailors during RIMPAC 2016.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/RIMPAC_160720-N-KM939-138.jpg/220px-RIMPAC_160720-N-KM939-138.jpg"},{"image_text":"A PLAN marine with a boarding team assigned to the guided missile destroyer Haikou during a maritime operations exercise in RIMPAC 2014.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/140716-G-HN254-571_%2814714332244%29.jpg/220px-140716-G-HN254-571_%2814714332244%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"China portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:China"},{"title":"Republic of China Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Marine_Corps"},{"title":"Republic of China Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Navy"},{"title":"People's Liberation Army Airborne Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLAAF_Airborne_Corps"},{"title":"People's Liberation Army Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force"},{"title":"People's Liberation Army Navy Coastal Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy_Coastal_Defense_Force"},{"title":"People's Liberation Army special operations forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Special_Operations_Forces"}] | [{"reference":"\"Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://media.defense.gov/2021/Nov/03/2002885874/-1/-1/0/2021-CMPR-FINAL.PDF","url_text":"\"Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China\""}]},{"reference":"\"解放军海军陆战队：既做海上蛟龙 也当雪域猛虎-新华网\".","urls":[{"url":"http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2015-02/08/c_127470533.htm","url_text":"\"解放军海军陆战队：既做海上蛟龙 也当雪域猛虎-新华网\""}]},{"reference":"\"陆地猛虎海上蛟龙：中国海军陆战队素质世界居前\". China News. 2009-04-20. Retrieved 2017-01-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinanews.com/gn/news/2009/04-20/1654466.shtml","url_text":"\"陆地猛虎海上蛟龙：中国海军陆战队素质世界居前\""}]},{"reference":"Huang Yuwen (October 1, 2019). \"中共軍改後海軍陸戰隊的建構與發展（The Structure and Development of Chinese Communist Marines following its Military Reform）\" (PDF) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 53rd (5). Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China): 61–74. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-11-05. Retrieved April 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201105070447/https://navy.mnd.gov.tw/Files/Policy/5-%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E8%BB%8D%E6%94%B9%E5%BE%8C%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D%E9%99%B8%E6%88%B0%E9%9A%8A.pdf","url_text":"\"中共軍改後海軍陸戰隊的建構與發展（The Structure and Development of Chinese Communist Marines following its Military Reform）\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Republic_of_China)","url_text":"Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China)"},{"url":"https://navy.mnd.gov.tw/Files/Policy/5-%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E8%BB%8D%E6%94%B9%E5%BE%8C%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D%E9%99%B8%E6%88%B0%E9%9A%8A.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gabriel Dominguez & Samuel Cranny-Evans & J Michael Cole (3 June 2021). \"PLANMC may be re-equipping for combined arms, multidomain operations\". Janes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/planmc-may-be-re-equipping-for-combined-arms-multidomain-operations","url_text":"\"PLANMC may be re-equipping for combined arms, multidomain operations\""}]},{"reference":"\"How special are PLA special forces?\". Business Standard India. 30 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.business-standard.com/article-amp/news-ani/how-special-are-pla-special-forces-120013000479_1.html","url_text":"\"How special are PLA special forces?\""}]},{"reference":"\"China's PLA Marines: An Emerging Force\".","urls":[{"url":"https://thediplomat.com/2013/10/chinas-pla-marines-an-emerging-force/","url_text":"\"China's PLA Marines: An Emerging Force\""}]},{"reference":"\"China wants 'tranquillity', navy chief says ahead of new warships reveal\". Reuters. 22 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-military-anniversary/china-wants-tranquillity-navy-chief-says-ahead-of-new-warships-reveal-idUSKCN1RY0WB","url_text":"\"China wants 'tranquillity', navy chief says ahead of new warships reveal\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Kicks China out of military exercise\". Politico.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.com/story/2018/05/23/us-china-naval-military-exercise-566721","url_text":"\"U.S. Kicks China out of military exercise\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico","url_text":"Politico"}]},{"reference":"\"US Marines are practicing seizing small islands as a possible China fight looms in the Pacific\". Business Insider.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/us-marines-seize-small-island-to-train-for-a-possible-china-fight-2019-3","url_text":"\"US Marines are practicing seizing small islands as a possible China fight looms in the Pacific\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider","url_text":"Business Insider"}]},{"reference":"\"US continues to train with allies in the event of Chinese attack\". 29 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wearethemighty.com/news/us-train-allies-chinese-attack","url_text":"\"US continues to train with allies in the event of Chinese attack\""}]},{"reference":"F, Nathaniel (18 May 2017). \"Chinese PLA Ground Forces and Marines to Replace QBZ-95-1 with Completely New NON-BULLPUP Rifle?\". The Firearm Blog.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2017/05/18/chinese-pla-ground-forces-marines-replace-qbz-95-1-completely-new-non-bullpup-rifle/","url_text":"\"Chinese PLA Ground Forces and Marines to Replace QBZ-95-1 with Completely New NON-BULLPUP Rifle?\""}]},{"reference":"\"China: features of PLA latest combat camouflage uniforms\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.armyrecognition.com/weapons_defence_industry_military_technology_uk/china_features_of_pla_s_latest_combat_camouflage_uniforms.html","url_text":"\"China: features of PLA latest combat camouflage uniforms\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://media.defense.gov/2021/Nov/03/2002885874/-1/-1/0/2021-CMPR-FINAL.PDF","external_links_name":"\"Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China\""},{"Link":"http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2015-02/08/c_127470533.htm","external_links_name":"\"解放军海军陆战队：既做海上蛟龙 也当雪域猛虎-新华网\""},{"Link":"http://www.chinanews.com/gn/news/2009/04-20/1654466.shtml","external_links_name":"\"陆地猛虎海上蛟龙：中国海军陆战队素质世界居前\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201105070447/https://navy.mnd.gov.tw/Files/Policy/5-%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E8%BB%8D%E6%94%B9%E5%BE%8C%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D%E9%99%B8%E6%88%B0%E9%9A%8A.pdf","external_links_name":"\"中共軍改後海軍陸戰隊的建構與發展（The Structure and Development of Chinese Communist Marines following its Military Reform）\""},{"Link":"https://navy.mnd.gov.tw/Files/Policy/5-%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E8%BB%8D%E6%94%B9%E5%BE%8C%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D%E9%99%B8%E6%88%B0%E9%9A%8A.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/planmc-may-be-re-equipping-for-combined-arms-multidomain-operations","external_links_name":"\"PLANMC may be re-equipping for combined arms, multidomain operations\""},{"Link":"https://www.business-standard.com/article-amp/news-ani/how-special-are-pla-special-forces-120013000479_1.html","external_links_name":"\"How special are PLA special forces?\""},{"Link":"https://thediplomat.com/2013/10/chinas-pla-marines-an-emerging-force/","external_links_name":"\"China's PLA Marines: An Emerging Force\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-military-anniversary/china-wants-tranquillity-navy-chief-says-ahead-of-new-warships-reveal-idUSKCN1RY0WB","external_links_name":"\"China wants 'tranquillity', navy chief says ahead of new warships reveal\""},{"Link":"https://www.politico.com/story/2018/05/23/us-china-naval-military-exercise-566721","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Kicks China out of military exercise\""},{"Link":"https://www.businessinsider.com/us-marines-seize-small-island-to-train-for-a-possible-china-fight-2019-3","external_links_name":"\"US Marines are practicing seizing small islands as a possible China fight looms in the Pacific\""},{"Link":"https://www.wearethemighty.com/news/us-train-allies-chinese-attack","external_links_name":"\"US continues to train with allies in the event of Chinese attack\""},{"Link":"https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2017/05/18/chinese-pla-ground-forces-marines-replace-qbz-95-1-completely-new-non-bullpup-rifle/","external_links_name":"\"Chinese PLA Ground Forces and Marines to Replace QBZ-95-1 with Completely New NON-BULLPUP Rifle?\""},{"Link":"https://www.armyrecognition.com/weapons_defence_industry_military_technology_uk/china_features_of_pla_s_latest_combat_camouflage_uniforms.html","external_links_name":"\"China: features of PLA latest combat camouflage uniforms\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_Mita | Punta Mita | ["1 Entrepreneurial ecosystem","2 In popular culture","3 Climate","4 See also","5 References"] | Coordinates: 20°46′30.72″N 105°31′37.2″W / 20.7752000°N 105.527000°W / 20.7752000; -105.527000Seaside Resort in MexicoPunta Mita
Punta de MitaSeaside ResortThe Punta Mita fishing fleetCoordinates: 20°46′30.72″N 105°31′37.2″W / 20.7752000°N 105.527000°W / 20.7752000; -105.527000CountryMexicoTime zoneUTC−7 (MST) • Summer (DST)UTC−6 (MDT)Postal code63Websitewww.puntamita.com
Punta Mita is a 1,500-acre (6.1 km2) private peninsula that is home to the Four Seasons Punta Mita, St. Regis Punta Mita, Conrad Hilton, and 16 sub-communities. Punta Mita is located on the north end of Banderas Bay in the Mexican state of Nayarit, about 10 miles (16 km) north of Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco. There is evidence of prehistoric (pre-contact) human settlement in Nayarit. On the Punta Mita peninsula, a hilltop archaeological site known as Careyeros Hill has been dated to c. 800 AD.
Punta Mita is surrounded on three sides by nine and a half miles of Pacific Ocean beaches and coves including Litibu Bay.
Punta Mita is at the same latitude as the Hawaiian Islands. It is kept comfortable year round by gentle sea breezes, with average summer temperatures around 85 °F (29 °C), and 75 °F (24 °C) during winter months. Because of its mild tropical climate, Punta Mita is a popular vacation spot.
The Islas Marietas National Park is a 15-minute boat ride from Punta Mita.
Entrepreneurial ecosystem
In November 2012, several prominent Silicon Valley entrepreneurs and investors who own properties in the area, including Wendell Brown, Tim Ferriss, and Taro Gold launched a structured mentoring program and early-stage seed fund in partnership with the MITA Institute and Tech Accelerator. The MITA Institute hosts an annual "Tech Talks" conference in Punta Mita, which brings together venture capital and tech leaders from both the U.S. and Mexico.
Through his Cascade Investment, Bill Gates acquired the Punta Mita Four Seasons resort and adjacent land for $200 million in 2014, reportedly with the aim of attracting even more technology executives to the region.
In popular culture
Casa Tau was the filming location for Too Hot to Handle, a reality television dating show that was released on Netflix on 17 April 2020.
Climate
Punta Mita has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen Aw) featuring stable, warm temperatures all year round, with two marked seasons, a dry season from November through May, and a wet season from June through October, during this season hurricanes may threaten the village. UV radiation levels are high all year round, ranging from 7 in January and December, to 11+ between April and September. From mid-May to mid-November the heat and humidity can be uncomfortable in Punta Mita. The most comfortable weather in Punta Mita generally occurs from late December to the end of March.
Climate data for Punta Mita, Nayarit
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
35(95)
35(95)
34(93)
36(97)
34(93)
39(102)
38(100)
35(95)
37(99)
38(100)
37(99)
36(97)
39(102)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
29(84)
29(84)
29(84)
31(88)
32(90)
33(91)
33(91)
33(91)
33(91)
32(90)
32(90)
29(84)
31.2(88.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)
22(72)
22(72)
22(72)
23.5(74.3)
25.5(77.9)
27.5(81.5)
27.5(81.5)
27.5(81.5)
27.5(81.5)
26.5(79.7)
25(77)
22.5(72.5)
24.9(76.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
15(59)
15(59)
15(59)
16(61)
19(66)
22(72)
22(72)
22(72)
22(72)
21(70)
18(64)
16(61)
18.5(65.3)
Record low °C (°F)
9(48)
9(48)
9(48)
9(48)
10(50)
16(61)
17(63)
21(70)
11(52)
17(63)
14(57)
9(48)
9(48)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
23(0.9)
10(0.4)
7(0.3)
5(0.2)
6(0.2)
170(6.7)
319(12.6)
337(13.3)
329(13.0)
121(4.8)
20(0.8)
23(0.9)
1,370(53.9)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)
1
1
1
0
1
11
19
18
17
7
1
2
79
Mean monthly sunshine hours
217
224
248
240
248
210
186
186
180
217
210
186
2,552
Mean daily sunshine hours
7
8
8
8
8
7
6
6
6
7
7
6
7
Source: Weather2Travel
Punta Mita mean sea temperature
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
25 °C (77 °F)
24 °C (75 °F)
24 °C (75 °F)
25 °C (77 °F)
26 °C (79 °F)
28 °C (82 °F)
29 °C (84 °F)
30 °C (86 °F)
30 °C (86 °F)
29 °C (84 °F)
28 °C (82 °F)
26 °C (79 °F)
The temperature of the sea is quite stable, with lows of 24 °C (75 °F) between February – March, and a high of 30 °C (86 °F) in August - September.
See also
Sayulita
References
^ Hogan, C. Michael (2008). A. Burnham (ed.). "Careyeros Hill". The Megalithic Portal. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
^ "Average Monthly Temperatures for Punta Mita, Mexico". Weather.com. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
^ Kat Odell (15 January 2012). "A Local's Guide To Eating Through Punta Mita, Part 1". Forbes. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
^ "Silicon Valley Luminaries Launch Mexican Tech Ecosystem". November 19, 2012.
^ "The MITA Institute and Tech Accelerator". November 29, 2012. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
^ "Bill Gates Recently Renovated Mexican Resort Becomes Magnet for Top Tech Executives". Forbes.com. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
^ Blanton, Kayla (16 April 2020). "Where Was 'Too Hot to Handle' Filmed? You Can Plan Your Own Luxury Stay". Bustle. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
^ "Punta Mita climate guide". Weather2Travel. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
^ "Punta Mita climate guide". Weather2Travel. Retrieved 2017-03-18.
^ "Punta Mita Climate Guide: Monthly Weather, Mexico". | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Four Seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Seasons_Hotels_and_Resorts"},{"link_name":"St. Regis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Regis_Hotels_%26_Resorts"},{"link_name":"Banderas Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banderas_Bay"},{"link_name":"Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_state"},{"link_name":"Nayarit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayarit"},{"link_name":"Puerto Vallarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Vallarta"},{"link_name":"Jalisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalisco"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Islas Marietas National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islas_Marietas_National_Park"}],"text":"Seaside Resort in MexicoPunta Mita is a 1,500-acre (6.1 km2) private peninsula that is home to the Four Seasons Punta Mita, St. Regis Punta Mita, Conrad Hilton, and 16 sub-communities. Punta Mita is located on the north end of Banderas Bay in the Mexican state of Nayarit, about 10 miles (16 km) north of Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco. There is evidence of prehistoric (pre-contact) human settlement in Nayarit. On the Punta Mita peninsula, a hilltop archaeological site known as Careyeros Hill has been dated to c. 800 AD.[1]Punta Mita is surrounded on three sides by nine and a half miles of Pacific Ocean beaches and coves including Litibu Bay.Punta Mita is at the same latitude as the Hawaiian Islands. It is kept comfortable year round by gentle sea breezes, with average summer temperatures around 85 °F (29 °C), and 75 °F (24 °C) during winter months.[2] Because of its mild tropical climate, Punta Mita is a popular vacation spot.[3]The Islas Marietas National Park is a 15-minute boat ride from Punta Mita.","title":"Punta Mita"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silicon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley"},{"link_name":"Wendell Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Brown"},{"link_name":"Tim Ferriss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Ferriss"},{"link_name":"Taro Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taro_Gold"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Cascade Investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade_Investment"},{"link_name":"Bill Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates"},{"link_name":"Four Seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Seasons_Hotels_and_Resorts"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In November 2012, several prominent Silicon Valley entrepreneurs and investors who own properties in the area, including Wendell Brown, Tim Ferriss, and Taro Gold launched a structured mentoring program and early-stage seed fund in partnership with the MITA Institute and Tech Accelerator. The MITA Institute hosts an annual \"Tech Talks\" conference in Punta Mita, which brings together venture capital and tech leaders from both the U.S. and Mexico.[4][5]Through his Cascade Investment, Bill Gates acquired the Punta Mita Four Seasons resort and adjacent land for $200 million in 2014, reportedly with the aim of attracting even more technology executives to the region.[6]","title":"Entrepreneurial ecosystem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Too Hot to Handle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_Hot_to_Handle_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"reality television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_television"},{"link_name":"dating show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dating_show"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Casa Tau was the filming location for Too Hot to Handle, a reality television dating show that was released on Netflix on 17 April 2020.[7]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tropical wet and dry climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_wet_and_dry_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weather2Travel-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Punta Mita has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen Aw) featuring stable, warm temperatures all year round, with two marked seasons, a dry season from November through May, and a wet season from June through October, during this season hurricanes may threaten the village. UV radiation levels are high all year round, ranging from 7 in January and December, to 11+ between April and September. From mid-May to mid-November the heat and humidity can be uncomfortable in Punta Mita. The most comfortable weather in Punta Mita generally occurs from late December to the end of March.Climate data for Punta Mita, Nayarit\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n35(95)\n\n35(95)\n\n34(93)\n\n36(97)\n\n34(93)\n\n39(102)\n\n38(100)\n\n35(95)\n\n37(99)\n\n38(100)\n\n37(99)\n\n36(97)\n\n39(102)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n29(84)\n\n29(84)\n\n29(84)\n\n31(88)\n\n32(90)\n\n33(91)\n\n33(91)\n\n33(91)\n\n33(91)\n\n32(90)\n\n32(90)\n\n29(84)\n\n31.2(88.2)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n22(72)\n\n22(72)\n\n22(72)\n\n23.5(74.3)\n\n25.5(77.9)\n\n27.5(81.5)\n\n27.5(81.5)\n\n27.5(81.5)\n\n27.5(81.5)\n\n26.5(79.7)\n\n25(77)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n24.9(76.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n15(59)\n\n15(59)\n\n15(59)\n\n16(61)\n\n19(66)\n\n22(72)\n\n22(72)\n\n22(72)\n\n22(72)\n\n21(70)\n\n18(64)\n\n16(61)\n\n18.5(65.3)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n9(48)\n\n9(48)\n\n9(48)\n\n9(48)\n\n10(50)\n\n16(61)\n\n17(63)\n\n21(70)\n\n11(52)\n\n17(63)\n\n14(57)\n\n9(48)\n\n9(48)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n23(0.9)\n\n10(0.4)\n\n7(0.3)\n\n5(0.2)\n\n6(0.2)\n\n170(6.7)\n\n319(12.6)\n\n337(13.3)\n\n329(13.0)\n\n121(4.8)\n\n20(0.8)\n\n23(0.9)\n\n1,370(53.9)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\n0\n\n1\n\n11\n\n19\n\n18\n\n17\n\n7\n\n1\n\n2\n\n79\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n217\n\n224\n\n248\n\n240\n\n248\n\n210\n\n186\n\n186\n\n180\n\n217\n\n210\n\n186\n\n2,552\n\n\nMean daily sunshine hours\n\n7\n\n8\n\n8\n\n8\n\n8\n\n7\n\n6\n\n6\n\n6\n\n7\n\n7\n\n6\n\n7\n\n\nSource: Weather2Travel [8]The temperature of the sea is quite stable, with lows of 24 °C (75 °F) between February – March, and a high of 30 °C (86 °F) in August - September.[10]","title":"Climate"}] | [] | [{"title":"Sayulita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayulita"}] | [{"reference":"Hogan, C. Michael (2008). A. Burnham (ed.). \"Careyeros Hill\". The Megalithic Portal. Retrieved 5 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18241","url_text":"\"Careyeros Hill\""}]},{"reference":"\"Average Monthly Temperatures for Punta Mita, Mexico\". Weather.com. Retrieved 5 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/MXXX4434","url_text":"\"Average Monthly Temperatures for Punta Mita, Mexico\""}]},{"reference":"Kat Odell (15 January 2012). \"A Local's Guide To Eating Through Punta Mita, Part 1\". Forbes. Retrieved 5 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/katodell/2012/01/15/a-locals-guide-to-eating-through-punta-mita-part-1/","url_text":"\"A Local's Guide To Eating Through Punta Mita, Part 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Silicon Valley Luminaries Launch Mexican Tech Ecosystem\". November 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prweb.com/releases/2012/11/prweb10148269.htm","url_text":"\"Silicon Valley Luminaries Launch Mexican Tech Ecosystem\""}]},{"reference":"\"The MITA Institute and Tech Accelerator\". November 29, 2012. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved November 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105193920/http://mitainstitute.com/wendell-brown/","url_text":"\"The MITA Institute and Tech Accelerator\""},{"url":"http://mitainstitute.com/wendell-brown/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bill Gates Recently Renovated Mexican Resort Becomes Magnet for Top Tech Executives\". Forbes.com. Retrieved 22 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/doliaestevez/2017/01/03/bill-gates-recently-renovated-reclusive-mexican-resort-becomes-magnet-for-top-tech-executives/#74ddf1a43f43","url_text":"\"Bill Gates Recently Renovated Mexican Resort Becomes Magnet for Top Tech Executives\""}]},{"reference":"Blanton, Kayla (16 April 2020). \"Where Was 'Too Hot to Handle' Filmed? You Can Plan Your Own Luxury Stay\". Bustle. Retrieved 17 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bustle.com/p/where-was-too-hot-to-handle-filmed-you-can-plan-your-own-luxury-stay-22817237","url_text":"\"Where Was 'Too Hot to Handle' Filmed? You Can Plan Your Own Luxury Stay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Punta Mita climate guide\". Weather2Travel. Retrieved 18 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/mexico/punta-mita.php","url_text":"\"Punta Mita climate guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Punta Mita climate guide\". Weather2Travel. Retrieved 2017-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/mexico/punta-mita.php","url_text":"\"Punta Mita climate guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Punta Mita Climate Guide: Monthly Weather, Mexico\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/mexico/punta-mita.php","url_text":"\"Punta Mita Climate Guide: Monthly Weather, Mexico\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Punta_Mita¶ms=20_46_30.72_N_105_31_37.2_W_type:city_region:MX","external_links_name":"20°46′30.72″N 105°31′37.2″W / 20.7752000°N 105.527000°W / 20.7752000; -105.527000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Punta_Mita¶ms=20_46_30.72_N_105_31_37.2_W_type:city_region:MX","external_links_name":"20°46′30.72″N 105°31′37.2″W / 20.7752000°N 105.527000°W / 20.7752000; -105.527000"},{"Link":"http://www.puntamita.com/","external_links_name":"www.puntamita.com"},{"Link":"http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18241","external_links_name":"\"Careyeros Hill\""},{"Link":"http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/MXXX4434","external_links_name":"\"Average Monthly Temperatures for Punta Mita, Mexico\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/katodell/2012/01/15/a-locals-guide-to-eating-through-punta-mita-part-1/","external_links_name":"\"A Local's Guide To Eating Through Punta Mita, Part 1\""},{"Link":"http://www.prweb.com/releases/2012/11/prweb10148269.htm","external_links_name":"\"Silicon Valley Luminaries Launch Mexican Tech Ecosystem\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105193920/http://mitainstitute.com/wendell-brown/","external_links_name":"\"The MITA Institute and Tech Accelerator\""},{"Link":"http://mitainstitute.com/wendell-brown/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/doliaestevez/2017/01/03/bill-gates-recently-renovated-reclusive-mexican-resort-becomes-magnet-for-top-tech-executives/#74ddf1a43f43","external_links_name":"\"Bill Gates Recently Renovated Mexican Resort Becomes Magnet for Top Tech Executives\""},{"Link":"https://www.bustle.com/p/where-was-too-hot-to-handle-filmed-you-can-plan-your-own-luxury-stay-22817237","external_links_name":"\"Where Was 'Too Hot to Handle' Filmed? You Can Plan Your Own Luxury Stay\""},{"Link":"http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/mexico/punta-mita.php","external_links_name":"\"Punta Mita climate guide\""},{"Link":"http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/mexico/punta-mita.php","external_links_name":"\"Punta Mita climate guide\""},{"Link":"http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/mexico/punta-mita.php","external_links_name":"\"Punta Mita Climate Guide: Monthly Weather, Mexico\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haftsaran | Haftsaran | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 37°41′26″N 44°40′21″E / 37.69056°N 44.67250°E / 37.69056; 44.67250Village in West Azerbaijan, IranHaftsaran
هفت سارانvillageHaftsaranCoordinates: 37°41′26″N 44°40′21″E / 37.69056°N 44.67250°E / 37.69056; 44.67250Country IranProvinceWest AzerbaijanCountyUrmiaBakhshSumay-ye BeradustRural DistrictBeradustPopulation (2006) • Total589Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Haftsaran (Persian: هفت ساران, also Romanized as Haftsārān; also known as Haftsār) is a village in Beradust Rural District, Sumay-ye Beradust District, Urmia County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 589, in 116 families.
References
^ Haftsaran can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3807291" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Urmia CountyCapital
Urmia
DistrictsCentralCities
Urmia
Rural districts and villagesBakeshluchay
Aghcheh Qaleh
Almanabad
Aydinlu
Balderlu
Barajuq
Birlan
Burashan
Chehreh Gosha
Darghalu
Dehkadeh-ye Asayesh
Dizaj-e Naqaleh
Elyasabad
Emamzadeh
Eslamlu
Gabaran
Gol Pashin
Golmankhaneh
Hajji Pirlu
Hasbestan
Hesar-e Hajjilar
Hesar-e Tarmani
Igdir
Jarchelu
Kashtiban
Kordlar
Lashenlu
Marajul
Mashkabad-e Olya
Mashkabad-e Sofla
Miavaq
Posht-e Gol
Qalilu
Qamat
Qarah Aghaj-e Olya
Qarah Hasanlu-ye Khvajeh Pasha
Qarajalu
Qeshlaq-e Mirza Ali
Qeshlaq-e Mohammad Qoli
Qoturlar
Reyhanabad
Rikan
Sadaqeh
Salehabad
Sangar-e Mir Abdollah
Tarmani
Vazirabad
Yengejeh-ye Qazi
Yuvalar
Baranduz
Aliabad-e Baran Duz
Angaman
Band
Baran Duz
Bozveh
Chavrash
Didan-e Olya
Didan-e Sofla
Dizaj-e Fathi
Dizaj-e Rahim Pur
Gazanehkesh
Hasu Kandi
Havanduk
Heydarlu
Jafarian
Janvislu
Jowrni
Kelisay-e Sir
Khataylu
Khorramabad
Narlar
Saatluy Kuh
Sari Beygluy-e Musai
Shamlakan
Sheykh Mazari
Sidak
Sir
Varmazyar
Baranduzchay-ye Jonubi(South Baranduzchay)
Aghbolagh
Balanej
Barbaran
Baruzh
Bayat
Bozorgabad
Darin Qaleh
Dulama
Fuladlu
Goldanlu
Hesar-e Agh Bolagh
Ilazgi
Isalu
Karvansara
Kukiya
Kurani
Mahmudabad
Mobarakabad
Nivlu
Qaleh Juq
Qasemlu
Rahimabad
Seylaneh
Shaban Kandi
Shiru Kandi
Tappeh Maki
Tarzelu
Tazeh Kand-e Jamalkhan
Tulkan
Tumatar
Tupuzabad
Uzan Malek
Zovik
Baranduzchay-ye Shomali(North Baranduzchay)
Borhanlu
Dizaj-e Takyeh
Faqih Beyglu
Gug Tappeh
Qarah Aghaj
Qaralar-e Kuh
Qotlu
Qurshalu
Saralan
Sari Beygluy-e Moin
Satlu
Shams-e Hajjian
Vandai
Bash Qaleh
Ayeblu
Berenjabad
Burbur
Chichagluy-e Mansur
Chichakluy-e Bash Qaleh
Dadeh Saqi
Danqaralu
Eslampanahabadi Jadid
Gaznaq
Guyj Ali Tappeh
Guyjeh Ali Aslan
Isaluy-e Heydarlu
Isaluy-e Zemi
Kechah Bash
Mazraeh-ye Owj Ovlar
Qahremanluy-e Olya
Qahremanluy-e Sofla
Qaleh-ye Azizbeyg
Qarabqolu
Qazan Ali
Qezel Hajjilu
Qosur
Safarbehi
Safarqoli Khan Kandi
Sari Beygluy-e Araliq
Sarijalu
Shahrak-e Golmarz
Sheykh Teymur
Shur Kand
Takalu
Tupraq Qaleh
Urmia Industrial Estate
Yaghmur Ali
Yurqunabad-e Olya
Yurqunabad-e Sofla
Yusefabad-e Shah Mirza Kandi
Dul
Balestan
Bardeh Kish
Cement Cooperative
Dalow
Darband
Dash Aghol
Dizaj-e Dowl
Eslamabad
Jolbar
Kamaneh
Kanan-e Olya
Kanan-e Sofla
Nanas
Nari
Nasirabad
Naznaz
Pirali
Qameshlu
Rashkan
Samartu
Shahrak-e Rustayi-ye Naser
Soltanabad
Zharabad
Ziveh
Nazluy-ye Jonubi (South Nazluy)
Abbasabad
Arabluy-e Bisheh
Arabluy-e Darreh
Arabluy-e Yekan
Asgarabad Tappeh
Barbin
Bozlu
Chichakluy-e Hajji Aqa
Chonqeraluy-e Yekan
Dastjerd
Daylaq
Faqibeyglu
Gardabad
Ghaffar Behi
Irvanlu
Kakalar
Marangaluy-e Kuchek
Owzarlu
Qaraguz-e Hajji Baba
Qaraguz-e Salimaqa
Qaralar-e Lotfollah
Qareh Guz-e Il
Qerekhlu
Saidlu
Salim Kandi
Sam Salu
Sheykh Sar Mast
Tazeh Kand-e Afshar
Tazeh Kand-e Qeshlaq
Urmia Airport
Zaiyeh Kandi
Rowzeh Chay
Aliabad
Alvach
Anhar-e Olya
Anhar-e Sofla
Ashnaabad
Badaki
Balaji
Balu
Darazam
Gajin
Ganjabad
Golhar
Gowzgavand
Jehatlu
Kani Quzan
Kavalaq
Khalifatan
Khanqah-e Alvaj
Kutalan
Lerni
Lur
Mazraeh-ye Nasrabad
Mirabad
Pir Morad
Qarah Hasanlu
Qasrik
Qeshlaq-e Tarazlu
Qezel Asheq
Tazeh Kand-e Anhar
Tezkharab
Valindeh-ye Olya
Valindeh-ye Sofla
Yowrqanlu
Zeynalu
Torkaman
Alqian
Arablu
Babarud
Chub Tarash
Darbarud
Gharib Kandi
Hasanabad
Hesar-e Gapuchi
Hesar-e Torkaman
IRIB Broadcasting Station
Jabalkandi
Jeyran-e Olya
Jeyran-e Sofla
Khanjar Qeshlaqi
Khezrabad
Kusehabad
Mirshekarlu
Moqaddam
Morad Ali-ye Olya
Morad Ali-ye Sofla
Moradkandi
Naybin
Nazarabad Qaleh
Nazarabad-e Eftekhar
Ordushahi
Owch Ovlar
Qaralar-e Aqataqi
Qaralar-e Hajjqasem
Qurt Tappeh
Sarajuq
Sardrud
Shahinabad
Tabbat
Takah
Tappeh
Tappeh Torkaman
Tasmalu
Tazeh Kand
Tizkharab
Torkaman
Uzan Eskandari
AnzalCities
Qushchi
Rural districts and villagesAnzal-e Jonubi(South Anzal)
Ali Kan
Bahleh
Bolarghu
Deladar
Emam Kandi
Gavlan
Gol Tappeh
Golanik-e Olya
Golanik-e Sofla
Hajji Bayram
Hammamlar
Jabal Kandi
Kahriz
Kani Shurik
Kaseb
Khorramabad
Kureh-ye Olya
Kureh-ye Sofla
Mahmudan
Maku Kandi
Meshik
Nur ol Dinabad
Pirgol
Qahraman
Qulonji
Quyujoq
Senjilik
Shahid Ab Shanasan Garrison
Sharifabad
Shirakan
Soltanabad
Tandarak
Zangabad
Anzal-e Shomali(North Anzal)
Bari
Gurchin Qaleh
Jamalabad
Moqitalu
Najafabad
Qalqachi
Qarah Bagh
NazluCities
Nushin
Rural districts and villagesNazluchay
Armudaghaj
Azadegan
Badelbu
Bahlulabad
Department of Agriculture
Hajjiabad
Hesar Kharabeh
Janizeh
Kavsi
Kharabeh-ye Senji
Kuseh Ahmad
Nazlu
Qaleh Sardar
Qaleh-ye Esmail Aqa
Qaralar-e Tasuji
Senji
Tamtaman
Tapik
Tazeh Kand
Tazeh Kand-e Janizeh
Tazeh Kand-e Qaterchi
Yowrqanlu-ye Janizeh
Nazlu-e Shomali(North Nazlu)
Abajaluy-e Olya
Ali Kandi
Alibeyglu
Angeneh
Arnesa
Asgarabad-e Kuh
Babaganjeh
Baghestan
Bashlan Beshlu
Chanaqlu
Cher
Chonqeraluy-e Pol
Dowyran
Guyjeh Yaran
Hesar-e Babaganjeh
Hesar-e Bahram Khan
Heydarlu
Heydarluy-e Beyglar
Kalvan
Karimabad
Khaledabad
Khaneqah Sorkh
Lak
Lalahluy-e Torab
Lulham
Marangaluy-e Bozorg
Meskin
Nakhjavan Tappeh
Owkhchilar
Par
Qarah Qiz
Qarah Quyunlu
Qareh Jalu
Qelinjlu
Qeshlaq-e Shakur
Rahimabad
Saatluy-e Beyglar
Sari Beygluy-e Cheragh
Shirabad
Tappeh-ye Babaganjeh
Taqlidabad
Tazeh Kand-e Baba Ganjeh
Vaqasluy-e Olya
Vaqasluy-e Sofla
Zadehlu
Zonbalan
Tala Tappeh
Abajaluy-e Sofla
Adeh
Chamaki
Hesar-e Sopurghan
Khaneshan
Khodaverdi Khan Kandi
Owsaluy-e Allahverdi Khan
Owsaluy-e Kazem
Sopurghan
Tala Tappeh
Yengejeh
Zirmanlu
SilvanehCities
Silvaneh
Rural districts and villagesDasht
Bardehsur
Chaman
Darband
Dareh Senji
Dazgir
Dowla Pasan
Gowjar
Halafaleh
Kay
Khvoshaku
Mirabad
Nushan-e Olya
Nushan-e Sofla
Owali
Peshkeleh
Pirhadi
Qarayi
Qasrik
Razhan
Salim Beyg
Sulik
Tui
Tuli
Zanglan
Margavar
Aleyh
Aversi
Bavan
Berasb
Berazan
Best
Bi Bakran
Cherikabad
Dizaj
Dowkana
Felekan
Galleh Behi
Gerdevan
Gerdik
Gerdik Naser
Golestaneh
Haftabad
Halaj
Hasanabad
Hashemabad
Kachaleh
Kani Dastar
Kani Tayer
Kasian
Kayer
Kelasi
Khurasb
Lajani
Lowrzini
Mamakan
Mansurabad
Mirabad
Molla Basak
Nari
Nergi
Nuy
Qaraneh
Razgeh
Sehgergan
Shahrak-e Ziveh
Shaklabad
Sheykh Zard
Shirakan
Sudinabad
Suleh Dugal
Surkan
Susanabad
Tupuzabad
Zharabad
Zharazhi
Ziveh
Targavar
Anbi
Arzin
Ashki
Avdi
Balowlan
Bani
Basrik
Biquz
Do Bareh
Dustalan
Gerdah Belij
Haki
Halulan
Karimabad
Khaneqah
Kuraneh
Kurteh Kavil
Mavana
Pesan
Shahr-e Viran
Sheyban
Sheykh Shamzin
Surbani
Talin
Tibatan
Towlaki
Sumay-ye BeradustCities
Serow
Rural districts and villagesBeradust
Akhyan-e Bozorg
Akhyan-e Kuchek
Asengaran
Avdelan-e Olya
Avdelan-e Sofla
Bardehzi-ye Olya
Chareh
Emam Kandi
Eskandarabad
Firuzian
Gangachin
Gol-e Sheykhan
Gonbad
Gundak-e Molla
Guranabad
Haftsaran
Halah Qush
Hangravan
Ishgeh Su
Kanespi
Kani Shurik
Kanisi
Khalyan
Khanik
Khvoshalan
Kulgani
Kuraneh
Mafaran
Majruseh
Maluneh
Margarash
Mastakan
Neychalan
Omarabad
Post
Qareh Aghaj
Qarnesa
Qasrik
Rabat
Ravand-e Olya
Ravand-e Sofla
Shegaftik-e Olya
Shegaftik-e Sofla
Siarak
Sufi Kani
Tazeh Kand-e Sheshmal
Zangakan
Sumay-ye Jonubi(South Sumay)
Abdi Beyg
Aghsaqal
Bardeh Rash
Barduk
Bavan
Gachi
Gowdal
Hasanlu
Hashtian
Hovarsin
Jalqaran
Juhni
Jujahi
Kanespi
Kani Miran
Kharah Gush
Kuran
Marnah
Piranjuq
Qasrik
Sinabad
Soltani
Sufian
Sumay-ye Shomali(North Sumay)
Bachehjik
Baraspi
Bardian
Bastakabad
Bazhergah
Galeh Khar
Ghazan
Goli Suyi
Hasanabad
Jatar
Kani Rash
Khanik
Mamakan
Mastakan
Mingol
Mirabad
Oskandrian
Quni
Qurmik
Rigabad
Sakan
Seydan
Surmanabad
Yengejeh
Iran portal
This Urmia County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Beradust Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beradust_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Sumay-ye Beradust District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumay-ye_Beradust_District"},{"link_name":"Urmia County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urmia_County"},{"link_name":"West Azerbaijan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Azerbaijan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in West Azerbaijan, IranHaftsaran (Persian: هفت ساران, also Romanized as Haftsārān; also known as Haftsār)[1] is a village in Beradust Rural District, Sumay-ye Beradust District, Urmia County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 589, in 116 families.[2]","title":"Haftsaran"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/04.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Haftsaran¶ms=37_41_26_N_44_40_21_E_region:IR_type:city(589)","external_links_name":"37°41′26″N 44°40′21″E / 37.69056°N 44.67250°E / 37.69056; 44.67250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Haftsaran¶ms=37_41_26_N_44_40_21_E_region:IR_type:city(589)","external_links_name":"37°41′26″N 44°40′21″E / 37.69056°N 44.67250°E / 37.69056; 44.67250"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/04.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haftsaran&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodan_%C5%A0aranovi%C4%87 | Slobodan Šaranović | ["1 Family and early life","2 Conflict with Bojović's clan","3 Death","4 See also","5 References"] | Yugoslav and Montenegrin businessmanSlobodan ŠaranovićBornСлободан Шарановић1938Danilovgrad, YugoslaviaDied11 March 2017Budva, MontenegroNationalityMontenegrinOther namesSloboCitizenshipYugoslav, MontenegrinOccupationBusinessman
Slobodan Šaranović was a Yugoslav and Montenegrin businessman from Danilovgrad, who was arrested in July 2013 in connection with the murders of Miloš Vidaković and Nikola Bojović. He himself was murdered in March 2017. Šaranović had perfectly clean criminal records which was according to some sources thanks to State Security Administration.
Family and early life
Šaranović's father Nikola was arrested by Communist forces after World War II while he was ill of typhoid fever. Šaranović would later state that his father had been sentenced to death by a Communist court and executed after his refusal to beg for pardon. Nikola Šaranović had a wife and two sons, Slobodan and Branislav. Slobodan was a student of medicine which was why one of his nicknames was Doctor. He was married to Gordana and had a daughter Milica.
Conflict with Bojović's clan
The conflict between Šaranović and the clan of Luka Bojović began in mid-2009. On 27 July 2009 Slobodan Radonjić, whose godfather was Šaranović, left his home to meet two associates of Bojović. Since that day he is considered missing, though his family and Šaranović believed that he was murdered. The alleged reason for his murder was Radonjić's debt to Filip Korać, Bojović's closest associate, for 1kg of cocaine.
Šaranović's brother Branislav was murdered in Belgrade in October 2009. At his brother's funeral, Šaranović publicly offered one million EUR for information about the person who paid for the murder of his brother. He even publicly offered the reward to people who killed his brother if they point to those who ordered and paid for the execution. The reward went unpaid because Šaranović received the necessary information without it. On 28 April 2013, Luka's brother, Nikola Bojović, as well as a purported accomplice, Miloš Vidaković, were killed in Belgrade. Šaranović was arrested in relation to these killings on the night of 24 July 2013.
Death
Šaranović was killed on 11 March 2017; investigators believed he was killed with an automatic rifle.
See also
Serbian mafia
References
^ a b "Slobodan Saranovic arrested". rtcg.me. 25 July 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
^ "Saranovic's killers set a car and an automatic rifle on fire? – CdM". www.cdm.me. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
^ Jovićević, Mihailo (15 March 2017). "OD KRALJEVA KOCKE DO BANKROTA I KRVNE OSVETE Sve o ubijenoj braći Šaranović, njihovih poslovima i saradnicima". Blic. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
^ "OPTUŽENI SLOBODAN ŠARANOVIĆ NA ROČIŠTU TVRDIO DA JE OPTUŽNICA PROTIV NJEGA NEOSNOVANA". Dan online. 23 October 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
^ Jovićević, Mihailo (15 March 2017). "OD KRALJEVA KOCKE DO BANKROTA I KRVNE OSVETE Sve o ubijenoj braći Šaranović, njihovih poslovima i saradnicima". Blic. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
^ Jovićević, Mihailo (15 March 2017). "OD KRALJEVA KOCKE DO BANKROTA I KRVNE OSVETE Sve o ubijenoj braći Šaranović, njihovih poslovima i saradnicima". Blic. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
^ Uskoković, Zagorka (5 May 2015). "Sve je mirisalo na krv". Večernje Novosti Online. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
^ E, V N (11 March 2017). "Slobodan Šaranović ubijen pred kućom". Večernje Novosti Online. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
^ Jelovac, B (6 September 2013). "Da sam znao da su Bojovići, ne bih nudio milion evra!". Alo. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
^ Uskoković, Zagorka (5 May 2015). "Sve je mirisalo na krv". Večernje Novosti Online. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
^ "Saranovic's killers set a car and an automatic rifle on fire? – CdM". www.cdm.me. Retrieved 18 June 2021. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yugoslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Montenegrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrins"},{"link_name":"Danilovgrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danilovgrad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"State Security Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Security_Administration"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Yugoslav and Montenegrin businessmanSlobodan Šaranović was a Yugoslav and Montenegrin businessman from Danilovgrad, who was arrested in July 2013 in connection with the murders of Miloš Vidaković and Nikola Bojović.[1] He himself was murdered in March 2017.[2] Šaranović had perfectly clean criminal records which was according to some sources[according to whom?] thanks to State Security Administration.[3]","title":"Slobodan Šaranović"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"typhoid fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid_fever"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Šaranović's father Nikola was arrested by Communist forces after World War II while he was ill of typhoid fever. Šaranović would later state that his father had been sentenced to death by a Communist court and executed after his refusal to beg for pardon. Nikola Šaranović had a wife and two sons, Slobodan and Branislav.[4] Slobodan was a student of medicine which was why one of his nicknames was Doctor.[5] He was married to Gordana and had a daughter Milica.[6]","title":"Family and early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_(process)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"cocaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"The conflict between Šaranović and the clan of Luka Bojović began in mid-2009. On 27 July 2009 Slobodan Radonjić, whose godfather was Šaranović, left his home to meet two associates of Bojović. Since that day he is considered missing, though his family and Šaranović believed that he was murdered.[7] The alleged reason for his murder was Radonjić's debt to Filip Korać, Bojović's closest associate, for 1kg of cocaine.[8]Šaranović's brother Branislav was murdered in Belgrade in October 2009. At his brother's funeral, Šaranović publicly offered one million EUR for information about the person who paid for the murder of his brother. He even publicly offered the reward to people who killed his brother if they point to those who ordered and paid for the execution.[9] The reward went unpaid because Šaranović received the necessary information without it.[citation needed] On 28 April 2013, Luka's brother, Nikola Bojović, as well as a purported accomplice,[according to whom?] Miloš Vidaković, were killed in Belgrade.[10] Šaranović was arrested in relation to these killings on the night of 24 July 2013.[1]","title":"Conflict with Bojović's clan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"automatic rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_rifle"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Šaranović was killed on 11 March 2017; investigators believed he was killed with an automatic rifle.[11]","title":"Death"}] | [] | [{"title":"Serbian mafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_mafia"}] | [{"reference":"\"Slobodan Saranovic arrested\". rtcg.me. 25 July 2013. 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Retrieved 15 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blic.rs/vesti/hronika/od-kraljeva-kocke-do-bankrota-i-krvne-osvete-sve-o-ubijenoj-braci-saranovic-njihovih/54sk29b","url_text":"\"OD KRALJEVA KOCKE DO BANKROTA I KRVNE OSVETE Sve o ubijenoj braći Šaranović, njihovih poslovima i saradnicima\""}]},{"reference":"Jovićević, Mihailo (15 March 2017). \"OD KRALJEVA KOCKE DO BANKROTA I KRVNE OSVETE Sve o ubijenoj braći Šaranović, njihovih poslovima i saradnicima\". Blic. Retrieved 15 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blic.rs/vesti/hronika/od-kraljeva-kocke-do-bankrota-i-krvne-osvete-sve-o-ubijenoj-braci-saranovic-njihovih/54sk29b","url_text":"\"OD KRALJEVA KOCKE DO BANKROTA I KRVNE OSVETE Sve o ubijenoj braći Šaranović, njihovih poslovima i saradnicima\""}]},{"reference":"Uskoković, Zagorka (5 May 2015). \"Sve je mirisalo na krv\". Večernje Novosti Online. 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Retrieved 12 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.novosti.rs/dodatni_sadrzaj/clanci.119.html:546634-Sve-je-mirisalo-na-krv","url_text":"\"Sve je mirisalo na krv\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saranovic's killers set a car and an automatic rifle on fire? – CdM\". www.cdm.me. Retrieved 18 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cdm.me/english/saranovics-killers-set-car-automatic-rifle-fire/","url_text":"\"Saranovic's killers set a car and an automatic rifle on fire? – CdM\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.rtcg.me/english/montenegro/20388/slobodan-saranovic-arrested.html","external_links_name":"\"Slobodan Saranovic arrested\""},{"Link":"https://www.cdm.me/english/saranovics-killers-set-car-automatic-rifle-fire/","external_links_name":"\"Saranovic's killers set a car and an automatic rifle on fire? – CdM\""},{"Link":"http://www.blic.rs/vesti/hronika/od-kraljeva-kocke-do-bankrota-i-krvne-osvete-sve-o-ubijenoj-braci-saranovic-njihovih/54sk29b","external_links_name":"\"OD KRALJEVA KOCKE DO BANKROTA I KRVNE OSVETE Sve o ubijenoj braći Šaranović, njihovih poslovima i saradnicima\""},{"Link":"http://www.dan.co.me/?nivo=3&datum=2015-10-23&rubrika=Hronika&najdatum=2016-10-12&clanak=568103&naslov=Ovakvi%20dokazi%20su%20bruka%20za%20tu%BEioca","external_links_name":"\"OPTUŽENI SLOBODAN ŠARANOVIĆ NA ROČIŠTU TVRDIO DA JE OPTUŽNICA PROTIV NJEGA NEOSNOVANA\""},{"Link":"http://www.blic.rs/vesti/hronika/od-kraljeva-kocke-do-bankrota-i-krvne-osvete-sve-o-ubijenoj-braci-saranovic-njihovih/54sk29b","external_links_name":"\"OD KRALJEVA KOCKE DO BANKROTA I KRVNE OSVETE Sve o ubijenoj braći Šaranović, njihovih poslovima i saradnicima\""},{"Link":"http://www.blic.rs/vesti/hronika/od-kraljeva-kocke-do-bankrota-i-krvne-osvete-sve-o-ubijenoj-braci-saranovic-njihovih/54sk29b","external_links_name":"\"OD KRALJEVA KOCKE DO BANKROTA I KRVNE OSVETE Sve o ubijenoj braći Šaranović, njihovih poslovima i saradnicima\""},{"Link":"http://www.novosti.rs/dodatni_sadrzaj/clanci.119.html:546634-Sve-je-mirisalo-na-krv","external_links_name":"\"Sve je mirisalo na krv\""},{"Link":"http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/hronika/aktuelno.291.html:654467-Ubijen-Slobodan-Saranovic","external_links_name":"\"Slobodan Šaranović ubijen pred kućom\""},{"Link":"http://arhiva.alo.rs/vesti/hronika/da-sam-znao-da-su-bojovici-ne-bih-nudio-milion-evra/29951","external_links_name":"\"Da sam znao da su Bojovići, ne bih nudio milion evra!\""},{"Link":"http://www.novosti.rs/dodatni_sadrzaj/clanci.119.html:546634-Sve-je-mirisalo-na-krv","external_links_name":"\"Sve je mirisalo na krv\""},{"Link":"https://www.cdm.me/english/saranovics-killers-set-car-automatic-rifle-fire/","external_links_name":"\"Saranovic's killers set a car and an automatic rifle on fire? – CdM\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMSB | German Motor Sport Federation | ["1 Member clubs","2 Racing series organized by DMSB","2.1 ITR e.V.","3 Motorsport Team Germany","3.1 Current members","4 References","5 External links"] | German Motor Sport Federation(Deutscher Motor Sport Bund)SportAuto RacingCategoryVarious discipline of motorsportJurisdiction Germany EuropeFounded1947AffiliationFIA and FIMAffiliation date2003HeadquartersFrankfurt, GermanyPresidentHans-Joachim StuckOfficial websitewww.dmsb.de
The German Motor Sport Federation (German: Deutscher Motor Sport Bund or DMSB, formerly known as Oberste Nationale Sportbehörde or ONS) is Germany's motor racing governing body. It represents Germany at FIA and FIM.
The DMSB-Staffel, founded in 1972 by Herbert Linge as ONS-Staffel, is considered the first mobile track marshaling crew, equipped with fast cars like Porsche 914 or Porsche 911, carrying fire extinguishers and doctors in order to arrive quickly at a crash site.
Member clubs
Allgemeiner Deutscher Automobil-Club (ADAC), founded 1903
Automobilclub von Deutschland (AvD), founded 1899
Deutscher Motorsport Verband (DMV), founded 1923
Racing series organized by DMSB
F3 Euroseries
FIA European Formula Three Championship
ATS Formel 3 Cup
Deutsche Motorrad-Straßenmeisterschaft
ITR e.V.
Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (until 2022)
Motorsport Team Germany
The Motorsport Team Germany is a squad containing young up-and-coming German talents in car racing, rallying and motorcycling.
Current members
Driver
Discipline
Oliver Goethe
Formula racing
Tom Kalender
Formula racing
Montego Maassen
Formula racing
Mathilda Paatz
Formula racing
Tim Tramnitz
Formula racing
Daniel Gregor
GT racing
Laurin Heinrich
GT racing
Max Hesse
GT racing
Theo Oeverhaus
GT racing
Simon Connor Primm
GT racing
Phil Colin Strenge
Karting
Elias Luis Weiss
Karting
Valentino Catalano
LMP
Samuel Drews
Rallying
Timo Schulz
Rallying
Fabio Schwarz
Rallying
Norick Blödorn
Motorcycle speedway
Patrick Hyjek
Motorcycle speedway
Janek Konzack
Motorcycle speedway
Luca Fischeder
Enduro
Fynn Hannemann
Enduro
Felix Melnikoff
Enduro
Milan Schmüser
Enduro
Maximilian Wills
Enduro
Jonathan Frank
Motocross
Simon Längenfelder
Motocross
Alexandra Massury
Motocross
Maximilian Spies
Motocross
Maximilian Werner
Motocross
Fynn Kratochwil
Motorcycle Road Racing
Rocco Sessler
Motorcycle Road Racing
Anina Urlaß
Motorcycle Road Racing
Thias Wenzel
Motorcycle Road Racing
Johannes Heidel
Trial
Fabio Sacht
Trial
Source:
References
^ German Motor Sport Federation (DMSB) - 2015 Rally Supplementary Regulations
^ German Motor Sport Federation (DMSB) – 2016 Rallye Supplementary Regulations
^ TeamLennox (2022-02-13). "In 2022, 24 riders from ten disciplines will be supported". Retrieved 2022-10-03.
^ e.V, DMSB-Deutscher Motor Sport Bund (2024-01-16). "Motorsport Team Germany präsentiert Förderkader". www.dmsb.de (in German). Retrieved 2024-01-20.
External links
Official website
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
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This article about an automotive organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"motor racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_racing"},{"link_name":"FIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile"},{"link_name":"FIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_Motocyclisme"},{"link_name":"Herbert Linge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Linge"},{"link_name":"Porsche 914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_914"},{"link_name":"Porsche 911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_911"}],"text":"The German Motor Sport Federation[1][2] (German: Deutscher Motor Sport Bund or DMSB, formerly known as Oberste Nationale Sportbehörde or ONS) is Germany's motor racing governing body. It represents Germany at FIA and FIM.The DMSB-Staffel, founded in 1972 by Herbert Linge as ONS-Staffel, is considered the first mobile track marshaling crew, equipped with fast cars like Porsche 914 or Porsche 911, carrying fire extinguishers and doctors in order to arrive quickly at a crash site.","title":"German Motor Sport Federation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allgemeiner Deutscher Automobil-Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADAC"}],"text":"Allgemeiner Deutscher Automobil-Club (ADAC), founded 1903\nAutomobilclub von Deutschland (AvD), founded 1899\nDeutscher Motorsport Verband (DMV), founded 1923","title":"Member clubs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"F3 Euroseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F3_Euroseries"},{"link_name":"FIA European Formula Three Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIA_European_Formula_Three_Championship"},{"link_name":"ATS Formel 3 Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Formula_Three_Championship"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Motorrad-Straßenmeisterschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deutsche_Motorrad-Stra%C3%9Fenmeisterschaft&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"F3 Euroseries\nFIA European Formula Three Championship\nATS Formel 3 Cup\nDeutsche Motorrad-Straßenmeisterschaft","title":"Racing series organized by DMSB"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Tourenwagen_Masters"}],"sub_title":"ITR e.V.","text":"Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (until 2022)","title":"Racing series organized by DMSB"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Motorsport Team Germany is a squad containing young up-and-coming German talents in car racing, rallying and motorcycling.[3]","title":"Motorsport Team Germany"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Current members","title":"Motorsport Team Germany"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"TeamLennox (2022-02-13). \"In 2022, 24 riders from ten disciplines will be supported\". Retrieved 2022-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://lennox-lehmann.com/en/2022-werden-24-fahrer-aus-zehn-disziplinen-unterstuetzt/","url_text":"\"In 2022, 24 riders from ten disciplines will be supported\""}]},{"reference":"e.V, DMSB-Deutscher Motor Sport Bund (2024-01-16). \"Motorsport Team Germany präsentiert Förderkader\". www.dmsb.de (in German). Retrieved 2024-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dmsb.de/de/news/motorsport-team-germany-praesentiert-foerderkader","url_text":"\"Motorsport Team Germany präsentiert Förderkader\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.dmsb.de/","external_links_name":"www.dmsb.de"},{"Link":"http://rallye-sulingen.de/wp-content/uploads/MainPages/Archiv/rallye2015/0.2_Ausschreibung_Internet_ENG.pdf","external_links_name":"German Motor Sport Federation (DMSB) - 2015 Rally Supplementary Regulations"},{"Link":"http://www.thueringen-rallye.com/app/download/5806436252/2016_ARM_DRM_Ausschreibung_ThuerRallye_EN%2BFinal.pdf","external_links_name":"German Motor Sport Federation (DMSB) – 2016 Rallye Supplementary Regulations"},{"Link":"https://lennox-lehmann.com/en/2022-werden-24-fahrer-aus-zehn-disziplinen-unterstuetzt/","external_links_name":"\"In 2022, 24 riders from ten disciplines will be supported\""},{"Link":"https://www.dmsb.de/de/news/motorsport-team-germany-praesentiert-foerderkader","external_links_name":"\"Motorsport Team Germany präsentiert Förderkader\""},{"Link":"http://www.dmsb.de/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/139255673","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7693931-5","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Motor_Sport_Federation&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Motor_Sport_Federation&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Politician | SS Politician | ["1 1920–1939","2 Early February – 12 March 1941","3 12 March – early April 1941","4 Early April – August 1941","5 September 1941 – August 1942","6 Legacy","7 Notes and references","7.1 Notes","7.2 References","7.3 Sources","7.3.1 Books","7.3.2 Newspapers","7.3.3 Internet","7.3.4 Journals","7.3.5 Other","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 57°5′52″N 7°15′43″W / 57.09778°N 7.26194°W / 57.09778; -7.26194Cargo ship that operated between 1923 and 1941
For politicians in the German Schutzstaffel, see List of SS personnel.
SS Politician
SS Politician
History
Name
London Merchant (1923–1935)
Politician (1935–1941)
Owner
Furness, Withy and Co. (1923–1935)
T & J Harrison (1935–1941)
BuilderFurness Shipbuilding Company
Laid down19 September 1920
Launched15 November 1921
CompletedMay 1923
FateGrounded 1941
General characteristics
TypeCargo ship
Tonnage7,899 (GRT)
Length450 ft 6 in (137.31 m)
Beam58 ft (17.7 m)
Installed powersteam turbine
Speed14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph)
Notes
SS Politician was a cargo ship that ran aground off the coast of the Hebridean island of Eriskay in 1941. Her cargo included 22,000 cases of scotch whisky and £3 million worth of Jamaican banknotes. Much of the whisky was recovered by islanders from across the Hebrides, contrary to marine salvage laws. Because no duty had been paid on the whisky, members of HM Customs and Excise pursued and prosecuted those who had removed the cargo.
Politician was completed in 1923 under the name London Merchant. She was a general cargo ship that traded between Britain, the United States and Canada, and up and down the west coast of the US. In 1924—during the years of American prohibition—Oregon's state prohibition commissioner seized her cargo of whisky despite its having been approved and sealed by US federal authorities. After the British Embassy in Washington complained to the US government, the whisky was released back to the ship. During the Second World War Politician participated in the Atlantic convoys between the UK and US. In February 1941 she was on her way to the north of Scotland, where she ran aground while attempting to rendezvous with a convoy. No-one was badly injured or killed in the accident.
The local islanders continually visited the wreck of Politician to unload whisky, even though it was in a hold filled with marine engine oil and seawater. Customs men undertook raids, arresting many and seizing the boats of those suspected of taking part. The excise authorities pushed for charges under the punitive customs legislation, but the authorities charged those arrested with theft. Many were found not guilty or not proven, and several were fined; 19 were incarcerated at Inverness Prison for terms ranging between 20 days and two months. Salvors were used to rescue as much of the ship as they could, and the whisky they raised was shipped back to its bonded warehouses; this was also looted during its journey. Two salvage crews removed much of the cargo, and the second crew raised the wreck off the seabed. Part of the ship's hold, and her stern, were cut away and sank to the bottom of Eriskay Sound; the remainder of the hold was destroyed with gelignite to prevent further looting.
A few of the Jamaican banknotes from Politician were presented at banks in Britain, Jamaica and other countries. As a result, in 1952 the blue ten-shilling notes were withdrawn and replaced with notes of the same design, printed in purple. Bottles of whisky have been raised from the seabed by divers, and some have been found in hiding places on Eriskay; these have been auctioned. The story of the wreck and looting was the basis for the book Whisky Galore; an adaptation was released as a film in 1949 and a remake in 2016.
1920–1939
Eriskay's locationEriskay's position in the Outer HebridesEriskay, South Uist and Barra
The cargo ship SS Politician was built by the Furness Shipbuilding Company between 19 September 1920—when she was laid down—and 1923 at the Haverton Hill shipyard, County Durham, England. She was launched in November 1921 as SS London Merchant, and was completed in May 1923. London Merchant was one of six sister ships built at the yard; the others were London Commerce, London Importer, London Mariner, London Shipper and Manchester Regiment. London Merchant's gross registered tonnage was 7,899, she was 450 ft (140 m) long and 58 ft (17.7 m) at the beam; her depth of hold was 19 ft (5.8 m) and she could achieve 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph). While being fitted out, she was hit by another ship and damaged.
After London Merchant was repaired she began trading across the Atlantic; her owners, the Furness Withy company, advertised her cargo services in The Manchester Guardian, shipping from Manchester to Los Angeles, Seattle and Vancouver. In December 1924—during Prohibition in the United States—she docked in Portland, Oregon, with whisky as part of her cargo; this had been approved and sealed by the US federal authorities. George Cleaver, Oregon's state prohibition commissioner, ignored the approval, broke the seal on the cargo and seized the whisky. The ship's master refused to leave without the whisky and the British Embassy in Washington complained to the Federal authorities, who intervened and ordered the whisky released back to the ship. Cleaver was ordered to write an apology to the captain and the Furness Withy company. On Christmas Eve 1927 she was involved in another collision and was repaired. She traded on the US eastern seaboard until 1930 when, with the onset of Great Depression, world trade dropped, and she was tied up in the River Blackwater, Essex, along with 60 other vessels.
In May 1935 London Merchant was purchased by the Charente Steamship Company, part of the T & J Harrison shipping line. Charente renamed her Politician, and used her on cargo routes between Britain and South Africa; her crew soon nicknamed her Polly. At the outbreak of the Second World War Politician came under Admiralty orders and was involved in the Atlantic convoys between the UK and US.
Early February – 12 March 1941
In early February 1941 SS Politician left the Liverpool docks to travel to the north of Scotland, where she was to assemble with other ships to be convoyed across the Atlantic to the US and Caribbean. Captain Beaconsfield Worthington was the ship's master, overseeing a crew of 51. She carried a mixed cargo that included cotton, machetes, sweets, cutlery, bicycles, cigarettes, pineapple chunks and biscuits. In the fifth hold there were eight crates of Jamaican banknotes, comprising ten-shilling and one- and five-pound notes, to the value of £3 million; alongside the notes were 22,000 cases (264,000 bottles) of Scotch whisky of various brands. The whisky had been taken from bonded warehouses in Leith and Glasgow that had been damaged by German bombing, and was being shipped to the US to raise hard currency for the war effort; as an export product, none of the bottles bore an excise stamp.
Relevant locations for the SS Politician: – The current site of wreck. And, the approximate site the ship grounded, according to: – the Canmore database; – Roger Hutchinson's history; – Arthur Swinson's history.
After leaving the River Mersey, Politician travelled through the Irish Sea, made her way past the Isle of Man, through the North Channel that separates Britain and Ireland, past Islay then to the west of the Skerryvore lighthouse and into the Sea of the Hebrides. In the vicinity of Eriskay, Politician ran aground on rocks at about 7:40 am on 4 February in bad weather and poor visibility. Sources differ on where Politician was grounded. The Canmore database run by the Historic Environment Scotland puts the event half way along the eastern cost of Eriskay; Roger Hutchinson's book on the story of the ship states it was on the rocks of Ru Melvick, a rock outcrop at the southernmost point of South Uist; the Merseyside Maritime Museum considers it was on "submerged rocks on the northern side of the island of Eriskay"; and Arthur Swinson's 1963 history places it just north of Calvay, a small uninhabited island at the north end of Eriskay. Eriskay is 703 hectares (1,740 acres); the population recorded on the island in the 1931 census was 420.
Worthington attempted to free Politician from the rocks, but she would not move. The rocks had breached the hull and water began to flood the engine room and stokehold and break the vessel's propeller shaft. Worthington was concerned the heavy waves would soon break up the ship, so he ordered the crew to abandon ship. The radio operator sent two SOS messages; the first was "Abandoning ship. Making Water. Engine-room flooded"; the second, sent at 8:22 am stated the vessel was positioned "ashore south of Barra island, pounding heavily". One lifeboat was launched with 26 men on board. It was washed onto rocks close inshore to Rudha Dubh, an outcrop on South Uist. All survived, although one man was injured on the rocks. Lloyd's, the lifeboat from Barra, spent several hours searching the area south of the island in heavy mist before a report came in of Politician's siren, which had been heard north of Eriskay. Lloyd's travelled to the area, by which time fishermen from Eriskay had boarded Politician. At Worthington's request they sailed to Rudha Dubh, collected those who had left earlier, and returned to the ship. The lifeboat reached Politician at about 4:00 pm, when Politician's crew boarded the lifeboat and were taken to Eriskay. They spent the night there, billeted in small groups in the homes of the islanders; while staying on the island, the sailors told the islanders that Politician's cargo contained whisky.
The following morning, 6 February, Worthington and his first mate, R. A. Swaine, were taken back to Politician to view the damage and see if there was any chance of salvaging her. He found that someone had been on board overnight, as personal possessions of the crew had been taken. The vessel was in the same situation as the previous day, so they signalled the situation to T&J Harrison. Harrison's asked the Liverpool & Glasgow Salvage Association to assess Politician's status. The chief salvage officer, Commander Kay, arrived at the stricken vessel on 8 February, and reported back that a salvage attempt was possible. The signal stated that there was 5 feet (1.5 m) of water in the main hold, 23 feet (10 m) in the engine room and 11 feet (3.4 m) in number five hold. Within days the salvage ship Ranger had arrived and 500 long tons (510 t) of cargo were removed. As hold five was below the surface, and full of a mixture of seawater and oil, Kay did not attempt to salvage its contents.
Local customs officers considered that some whisky had already made its way onto the islands, and asked Kay to put a guard on the ship at night-time. He refused, pointing out that with the rough seas it was dangerous for the man left behind, and it would be a waste of his time. There was evidence that islanders had been aboard during the nights: the crew's bonded stores—the food, drink and tobacco for consumption during the voyage—were all looted on 19 February. Some of Kay's salvors had managed to obtain whisky from the hold. When they returned to Glasgow on one trip, a search by customs men found several bottles, which they seized. On their second trip, the salvors dropped the whisky before entering port and had it picked up later. On 10 March representatives of HM Customs and Excise secured the hold with an excise seal to show no duty had been paid on the contents. On 12 March 1941 Kay and the salvage crew left the wreck of Politician.
12 March – early April 1941
View of South Uist from Eriskay; the small island of Calvay lies in the middle of the sound.
In 1941 all wrecks came under the protection of the Merchant Shipping Act 1894. Part IX, paragraph 536 of the Act covered "Interfering with wrecked vessel or wreck", and stated that:
1.) A person shall not without the leave of the master board any vessel which is wrecked, stranded, or in distress ...
2.) A person shall not: ...
(c) wrongfully carry away or remove any part of a vessel stranded or in danger of being stranded, or otherwise in distress, on or near any coast or tidal water, or any part of the cargo or apparel thereof, or any wreck.
The islanders took a different view of salvage and considered that they did not "steal" any cargo from local wrecks, but instead talked of "saving" or "rescuing" it from the sea. They knew Politician had been abandoned by the owners and the salvage crews; one islander later told Swinson "when the salvors quit a ship—she's ours". Once the salvage crew had left the Politician, islanders from across the Hebrides, as well as boats from Scotland's west coast, engaged in what Hutchinson calls the "wholesale rescuing" of the whisky. They were aided in navigating round the wreck by Angus John Campbell, a local man who had served as boatswain on Politician between the wars. Wartime rationing had led to shortages of the spirit, and what supplies were made available were increasingly expensive because of rising duty. For several nights, the islanders worked on hooking the crates out of the oil-and-seawater-filled hold; every night between 20 and 50 men were on the wreck working to remove the whisky. As the contents being raised were covered in oil, the men's clothes were soon covered, and many began to use their wives' dresses to cover their own clothes.
Some of the men made only a few trips to Politician to get what they wanted—Campbell obtained 300 cases; others picked up between 20 and 80 cases a night, and one man with a larger boat is thought to have recovered more than 1,000 cases. When the men returned to their respective islands each night, they hid their spoils in a variety of places, in case the Excise men raided. Rabbit holes, piles of peat and creels placed under the sea and behind panels in homes were all used. Burying caches of whisky was also popular, but brought about a second problem; islanders who had not visited the wreck would watch where it was buried and dig it up as soon as the men left the burial site. One man put 46 cases in a small cave on an island off Barra as a reserve for when he ran out; when he returned only four were left.
News of the islanders' removal of whisky from Politician was known early on. The local Customs and Excise officer, Charles McColl, commandeered a local boat on 15 March and, with the aid of Donald MacKenzie, a local constable, went out into Eriskay Sound—the stretch of water between Eriskay and South Uist—and intercepted two boats laden with cases of whisky. On landing, McColl walked along the coast and intercepted a third boat unloading whisky. The details of 18 men were taken down from the day's efforts. Two days later McColl and MacKenzie conducted searches of the crofts of those they had intercepted and seized thousands of items from Politician, but no whisky. Surmising that the whisky had been well hidden, he expanded his search and, on his own, searched other local crofts, but still found no whisky. His initial searches lasted until 22 March, when he thought the sea was too rough for the looters to visit the wreck, although they still did.
McColl never visited the wreck at night time. When the weather cleared on 5 April, he tried to commandeer the boat again but it was unavailable. Instead he patrolled the coast of South Uist and apprehended one boat when it landed. He began searching the crofts of South Uist, but the residents had learned of his raids on Eriskay, and hidden their bounty carefully; there were stories of the police who assisted in the searches turning a blind eye where they could. No seizures were made on Barra, but local police heard of large-scale selling of the whisky on the island and arrested four men, whom they charged with theft.
Early April – August 1941
The second official salvage crew removing some of the cases of whisky
On 9 April a second salvage boat arrived at Eriskay. While Kay and the Liverpool & Glasgow Salvage Association had been retained to salvage what they could, the scrap metal was of no concern to them. The second salvage company was British Iron & Steel Corporation (Salvage) Ltd (BISC). Their remit was to check Kay's conclusion about the inability to refloat Politician. If it could not be refloated, then it was planned to tow part of the superstructure to be reused. If that was still not possible, stripping the vessel of as much metal as possible was sometimes financially viable. The wreck of Thalia was nearby and known to contain iron ore, which made the salvage more lucrative for them.
After two visits to Politician in early April, BISC considered that it was possible that the wreck could be refloated. McColl had visited the ship with the salvors, and was angered by that state of the vessel, which showed signs of having been extensively looted. He wrote to Ivan Gledhill—the local Customs surveyor and his direct superior—and told him "I should imagine that 300 cases have gone out of her. That, I believe, is a conservative estimate." He also told Gledhill that he intended to step up his search efforts, and ensure that as many of the malefactors from Eriskay and South Uist were sent to prison for as long as possible. Gledhill agreed with the strategy. He accompanied McColl as often as he could, although his territory was too large and his workload proportionally higher, so the visits were not as frequent as he would have liked.
With the arrival of Captain Edward Lauretson and the salvage ship Assistance, BISC returned to Politician on 21 April. The salvage operation they conducted took several months, and involved divers descending into hold five to clear out the cargo. They removed 13,500 cases and three casks of whisky from the wreck, as well as stout and sherry. Several eyewitnesses later said the salvors helped themselves to whisky whenever they wanted, and would often return to their billets on Eriskay and South Uist with bottles to share with the islanders. A report from the salvors to the Salvage Association passed information that some of the Jamaican banknotes had been seen on Benbecula—25 miles (40 km) from Politician. The organisation that provided the administration of British Crown colonies for the government, which included providing banknotes, was the Crown Agents; it was they who had arranged for the printing of the money by De La Rue, and who organised its shipping to the Caribbean. On hearing the news of the loss of the money, the Crown Agents thought that:
The local police service is no doubt on a very small scale but the nature of the place and its surroundings should tend to reduce the chances of serious loss through the notes being presented and paid.
The Jamaica banknotes carried by Politician 1942 Jamaica £5 note Dark blue coloured banknote showing image of George VI1940 Jamaica £1 note 1940 Jamaica 10-shilling note
Children on the islands were found playing with the notes, and within two months water-stained Jamaican notes were being exchanged in banks in Liverpool.
The first court cases took place on 26 April; they involved four men arrested on Barra three days earlier when the police saw them unloading whisky and barrels of oil. Three of the men were fined £3 each; the other two had to pay £5. McColl and Gledhill applied pressure on the legal authorities, directly and through their superiors. McColl argued that the looters should be tried under the terms of the specialist Customs Consolidation Act 1876 or the Merchant Shipping Act 1894, both of which carried more punitive punishments than ordinary legislation for theft. McColl and Gledhill wrote reports to their superiors that accused the looters of vandalism on Politician and widescale black-marketeering of the stolen whisky, and claimed the local police were being bribed to ignore the situation. The journalists Adrian Turpin and Peter Day write that the outrage of the customs men should be taken "with a pinch of salt"; the organisation was in the midst of providing evidence for later prosecutions and was not neutral.
McColl continued with his attempts to find the whisky. On 5 June he and Gledhill persuaded Edward Bootham White, the Customs officer based on Harris, to assist them; they were also provided with two police sergeants from the mainland to assist them. On 6 and 7 June they conducted intensive searches of crofts and farms on Eriskay and Uist. Hutchinson relates that the searches destroyed peat stacks, forced entry into people's homes and disrupted the innocent and guilty alike, "an unnecessary, disproportionately harsh harassment". Sources differ over the success of the raids: Swinson quotes Gledhill, who states that "wherever we went, we got tons of the stuff ... , it filled the cells, the police garage and the policeman's house. A lot of it had to be stacked outside". Hutchinson writes that the raids were "spectacularly unsuccessful", only two cases of whisky being found. Hutchinson also quotes Gledhill, who says "The ineffective result was due to the fact that on the first day the local inspector of police refused to continue the search after lunchtime". The police did not work on the Sunday (the 8th), and those on Eriskay spent the day hiding or moving goods to better locations, waiting for a resumption of the raids the following week. A storm blew up on Monday 9, so the mail boat could not carry McColl and his colleagues across, and by Tuesday the policemen had returned to the mainland to resume their normal duties.
Between 10 and 13 June the trials took place of 32 men arrested for the theft from Politician. McColl gave evidence and stated that the men had stolen whisky from a vessel that was still seaworthy; the sheriff-substitute hearing the case accepted McColl's statement. One man was found not guilty, nine others were not proven—the Scottish legal verdict to acquit an individual but not declare them innocent—three were fined and 19 were incarcerated at Inverness Prison for terms ranging between 20 days and two months. McColl still thought the sentences were too lenient, and wrote to the interim procurator fiscal to complain; he also wrote to the Customs commissioners and said:
In my opinion these few small sentences are quite inadequate to act as a general detriment to the population of these islands, who in my opinion will probably seize their next opportunity to further looting and damage.
The night the prison sentences were handed down, a hole was made in the roof of the shared garage where McColl's car was parked; paraffin was poured in and set alight. McColl's car was only damaged in the event, but another was destroyed. According to the Customs men, they were subjected to threats of violence throughout their investigation; Bootham White reported to the commissioners in London that McColl should not be active in any further searches because of "threats and warning of bodily injury".
On some of the raids by Gledhill and McColl, they seized boats that had been identified as being involved in visiting Politician; these were either through reports from informants, or because there was the ship's fuel oil on the boat. Those that were not seized at the time were painted with an arrow for seizure later. By the time the court cases had been heard, the customs men had amassed a considerable number of the vessels. Several islanders wrote to him asking for the boats to be returned, as the lobster fishing season was in progress, and they were unable to work; one man pointed out that his sons had used the boat against his wishes, and as one of the sons was in prison and the other fighting in North Africa, he wanted his boat back; one farmer whose boat had been used by local boys to visit the wreck needed his craft to tend 200 sheep and lambs grazing on a smaller island nearby, and was unable to access it without his vessel. All the requests were turned down by Gledhill, who instructed McColl to continue seizing any craft he thought were involved.
September 1941 – August 1942
Examples of British customs sealsLondonPerth
In September 1941 the whisky that had been salvaged by BISC was shipped to the mainland and put into locked railway carriages which had the excise seal placed on them. By the time the trains reached Kilmarnock on their way to the same bonded warehouses the cargo had left in January 1941, the customs seals had been broken, the doors unlocked and the cargo part looted.
Relations between the police and Customs men became increasingly strained by late 1941, and Gledhill began to criticise the force in his reports back to London. He also wrote to William Fraser, the chief constable of Inverness-shire, to complain that customs were not being fully informed of all developments, nor of the total amount of whisky seized. Fraser began to become annoyed with correspondence between himself and Gledhill, and between himself and the customs commissioners in London. One of his ongoing requests was for the removal of the whisky from Lochboisdale police station, where it still occupied considerable space. He made progress only when he threatened to raise the matter with his Secretary of State, and it was agreed to remove it with the whisky that the salvors had raised from the wreck.
Gledhill continued to push for stringent measures to be taken against those still awaiting trial. A permanent procurator fiscal, Donald Macmillan, had replaced his temporary predecessor, and Gledhill wrote to him to try and have the remaining cases heard under customs legislation. Macmillan told him to establish what the customs commissioners wanted, and at the end of October, Gledhill had been told by his superiors not to press for the punitive charges, but to allow charges of theft; he also asked to be kept informed of any further prosecutions involving four crofters who were found with stashes of whisky on their land. Macmillan wrote back that two of the cases had been dismissed by his predecessor and the remaining two defendants had gone to sea. Neither were prosecuted when they returned. The seized boats were eventually returned to their owners, but only after they had purchased them from the customs men.
The BISC salvors spent over four months preparing Politician for refloating. They removed extraneous weight, patched the underwater holes, pumped compressed air into the hold, and waited until the weather conditions and tides were right. On 22 September 1941 they finished preparations and the ship was lifted off the rocks. BISC's site agent, Percy Holden, wanted to tow the ship the seven miles (eleven kilometres) to Lochboisdale, where she could be beached to await the heavy tugs needed to tow her to the docks on the River Clyde, where she could be scrapped. The BISC's superintendent engineer on site refused to allow the towing to take place; he said that if there was bad weather on the route, or the sea was rough, then Politician could sink in deep water and never be recovered. The vessel was then towed to a point 500 yards (460 m) north of Calvay and beached on a sandbank; none of the men knew that the bank covered a rock. Politician settled, and broke her back, although no-one realised it until 25 October, when the heavy tugs came to move her to the mainland. All work on the vessel was halted over the winter months, to allow the poor weather to pass.
The salvage divers had reported that number five hold still contained "one stack of probably about 2,000 cases of spirits and, on the bottom of the hold, a very large accumulation of loose paper, carton cases and loose bottles, both broken and unbroken". McColl was concerned about the possibility of more thefts from the ship and requested permission from his superiors to have the hold demolished by explosives; in his request he lied about the remaining cargo, and stated there were 3,000 to 4,000 cases, and thousands of loose bottles. He was given permission to proceed, and on 6 August, 16 sticks of gelignite were used to destroy number five hold and its contents. Swinson described the act as "the ultimate in stupidity, waste and vandalism, symbolising a mental attitude beyond ... comprehension". Angus John Campbell commented "Dynamiting whisky. You wouldn't think there'd be men in the world so crazy as that!"
There is no accurate figure for the number of bottles taken. McColl estimated that the islanders had taken about 2,000 cases (24,000 bottles). Swinson estimates 7,000 cases. Swinson bases his estimate on the interviews he made with islanders in the early 1960s; he spoke with men who had taken over 500 cases between them, and they were, Swinson records, only a few of the several hundred who visited the wreck.
Holden returned with his salvage team in March 1942 to cut the stern—including number five hold—from the rest of Politician. Once the waterlogged hold had been removed, the remainder of the ship rose from the sandbank, at which point she was towed to Lochboisdale and then on to Rothesay. Within two weeks the main part of the ship had been turned to scrap; number five hold remained on the floor of Eriskay Sound.
The salvors extracted £360,000 in Jamaican currency from number five hold and passed it to Gledhill. He sealed the money in boxes and sent it to the salvage agents via the local post office on South Uist. The notes were handed over to the Bank of England. Many had already been presented at banks for exchange. A Royal Air Force corporal changing Jamaican notes in Rothesay was arrested, but was acquitted after he proved he had recently returned from a posting in Jamaica; in November 1942 the foreman of the salvage operation was questioned by police: he had been giving away the notes as souvenirs. By 1958, 211,267 notes had been located; 2,329 more had been presented at banks in Ireland, Switzerland, Malta, the US and Jamaica, some of which had been paid into the banks by people unaware of the source of the money. About 76,400 banknotes remained lost.
Legacy
The islanders involved in removing the whisky were resentful of those who had provided information to the customs officials. There was also a bad feeling towards those who had sold the whisky they found; when interviewed by Swinson in the 1960s, islanders told him that most of those involved in looting the whisky either drank it, hid it for later, or gave it to friends and families. Opinions varied about those who had taken the hidden whisky caches of others. Some islanders thought it was not theirs to take in the first place, so it didn't matter who took it the second time; one man told Swinson "it was all part of the fun". Another man said that he didn't mind customs searching for it—that was their job, after all—but "what I did mind were the people who hadn't the courage to board the steamer ... they would watch where we buried the stuff and unearth it later on". Those islanders who were prosecuted were angered by what Hutchinson describes as "the perversion of natural justice, by the stain put on their characters and not least by the fact that each of them, members of possibly the most peaceable and law-abiding community on Britain, now had a criminal record".
Am Politician, Eriskay's only pub, was named after the SS Politician.
At the official inquiry into the sinking of Politician, Captain Worthington and First Mate Swain were cleared of all blame for her fate. Both returned to sea. Worthington captained SS Arica, which was sunk in November 1942 by U160; he survived the war and died in 1961. Swain commanded SS Custodian, another ship in the Harrison line, and survived the war. E. H. Mossman, Politician's chief engineer, sailed on SS Barrister, which ran aground on rocks off the coast of Ireland in December 1942. According to Hutchinson, Mossman "is reputed to have commented 'we've done it again'."
The writer Compton Mackenzie was a resident of Barra from 1933, and was aware of the events surrounding Politician. In 1947 he published a fictionalised humorous account under the title Whisky Galore; he set the story on two islands, Great Todday and Little Todday and developed the theme of "the right of small communities to self-determination in the face of larger, frequently ignorant, interfering forces", according to the historian Gavin Wallace. The book sold several million copies and was reprinted several times. Two factual books deal with the events surrounding Politician; in 1963 Arthur Swinson published Scotch on the Rocks: The True Story Behind Whisky Galore, which contained a foreword by Mackenzie, and in 1990 Roger Hutchinson wrote Polly: The True Story Behind Whisky Galore.
In 1949 Mackenzie's novel became the source for a film of the same name produced by Ealing Studios; Mackenzie made a brief appearance as the captain of SS Cabinet Minister, the renamed ship that grounded itself on the rocks. The customs men were replaced with Captain Paul Waggett, an English officer of the Home Guard, who vainly seeks out the purloined whisky. The plot device of pitting a small group of British against a series of changes to the status quo from an external agent leads the British Film Institute to consider Whisky Galore!, along with other Ealing comedies, as "conservative, but 'mildly anarchic' daydreams, fantasies". A remake of the film was released in June 2016. In January 1991 the broadcaster Derek Cooper presented Distilling Whisky Galore!, an hour-long documentary on the Politician, the Ealing comedy film and attempts to salvage any remaining cargo.
Because of the loss of the Jamaican notes, and the number that were being cashed in banks, from 1 July 1952 the blue ten-shilling notes were no longer accepted as legal tender. They were replaced with notes of the same design, but printed in purple on a light orange background. As at 2019, one of the notes from the wreck hangs over the bar of the Am Politician, Eriskay's only pub, which was named after the SS Politician.
It was the practice of some Eriskay residents to hide their empty bottles from Politician on Eriskay's interior for fear of incriminating themselves. Many of these were filled with sand from the local beach and turned into lamp bases before being sold in Edinburgh; the provenance was particularly interesting to American tourists who had seen the Ealing film. Several full bottles of whisky were found on the island when locations had been forgotten by those who buried them; sand dunes that changed shape with the wind or a new thatch roof being installed often uncovered a hidden cache. In 1991 one man who moved to Eriskay found four bottles under the floor of the croft he had purchased; he then found two bottles buried in the ground outside.
Several bottles have been raised from the wreck by divers. In 1987 a diving expedition brought up eight bottles, described as being "in perfect condition", and in 1989 the Glasgow-based company SS Politician Plc was formed to raise £500,000 for a salvage operation to locate any further bottles on the wreck. The salvage operation took place during the calm weather of the summer months of 1990, but in the first storm at the end of the summer the rig secured over the wreck site was blown off its moorings and the salvage operation was cancelled. The operation uncovered 24 bottles. A blended whisky, SS Politician, containing a small amount of the whisky they had raised was produced, but did not sell well and the company went into liquidation. A separate brand of whisky has been released under the name SS Politician, although this has no connection with the first brand or the whisky from the ship. The various finds of whisky—whether found on land or raised from the wreck—have been placed at auction.
Notes and references
Notes
^ London Merchant's sister ships had mixed fortunes:
London Commerce: Renamed Collegian in 1935 and was broken up in 1948.
London Importer: Renamed Reliant and served the Second World War as a supply ship. She was later renamed Firdausa by her Pakistani owners before being scrapped in 1963 in Karachi.
London Mariner: renamed Craftsman, she was destroyed by the German auxiliary cruiser Kormoran in April 1941.
London Shipper: sank in May 1941 after being hit by a German aerial torpedo while travelling between New Orleans and Liverpool.
Manchester Regiment: collided with the SS Oropesa in December 1939 and sank, with the loss of nine lives.
^ The length given is the length between perpendiculars measurement.
^ Arthur Swinson, in his history of Politician, puts it at 3:05 pm on 3 February—the time written in the ship's log; Roger Hutchinson's history states 9:09 pm the same day; the Merseyside Maritime Museum put the departure on 4 February.
^ £3 million in 1941 equates to approximately £187,659,000 in 2024, according to calculations based on the Consumer Price Index measure of inflation.
^ According to Hutchinson the brands shipped included: The Antiquary, Haig Pinch, VVO Gold Bar, Ballantine's Amber Concave, White Horse, King's Ransom, Victoria Vat, Johnnie Walker Red and Black Label, Mountain Dew, King William IV, McCallum's Perfection, King George IV, PD Special, Old Curio and Spey Royal.
^ If the whisky had been for sale in Britain it would have retailed at 16 shillings a bottle, giving a total price of £211,000; that equates to approximately £13,199,000 in 2024, according to calculations based on the Consumer Price Index measure of inflation.
^ The message was also picked up by radio monitoring in Germany; William Joyce, the Nazi propagandist who broadcast as Lord Haw-Haw, announced the sinking of Politician with the loss of all hands in his next morning bulletin, broadcast into Britain.
^ The same day Kay arrived, another cargo ship, SS Thala, hit a rock and sank at Hartamul, a small outcrop to the east of Eriskay.
^ Hutchinson gives the day of arrival as 9 February; Swinson gives it as 11 February.
^ The Merchant Shipping Act 1894 was repealed in 1996 by the Merchant Shipping Act 1995.
^ An average cost for a bottle of scotch was 16 shillings; the tax and duty to be paid on per bottle was 11s 4d.
^ £3 in 1941 equates to approximately £188 in 2024; £5 from 1941 equates to approximately £313 in the same period, according to calculations based on the Consumer Price Index measure of inflation.
^ In one, he complained that during one arrest "The co-operation of the police ... left much to be desired".
^ £360,000 in 1941 equates to approximately £22,519,119 in 2024; £5 from 1941 equates to approximately £313.
^ Examples of the prices are:
1988: Eight bottles: £4,000; an average of £500 each.
1993: Fourteen bottles: £11,400; an average of about £815 each.
2008: One bottle: £2,200.
2010: One bottle of Ballantine: £4,200.
2013: Two bottles: £12,050; an average of £6,025 each.
2020: A bottle salvaged in 1987 was sold at auction for £9,200, despite being labelled "not suitable for human consumption".
The wooden lid from a case of Ballantine was sold in 2003 for £1,500.
References
^ a b c d Politician, ship 1147482.
^ a b Hutchinson 2007, p. 36.
^ London Commerce, ship 1146693.
^ London Importer, ship 5115434.
^ Feliciana, ship 1146553.
^ London Shipper, ship 1147474.
^ a b Hutchinson 2007, pp. 36–37.
^ "Abbreviations". Miramar Ship Index.
^ a b Hutchinson 2007, p. 37.
^ Manchester Regiment, ship 1146830.
^ "Manchester shipping". The Manchester Guardian; January 1924.
^ "Manchester shipping". The Manchester Guardian; March 1928.
^ "Dry agent must eat humble pie". The Semi-Weekly Spokesman-Review.
^ "Must eat humble pie". The Gazette.
^ Hutchinson 2007, pp. 37–38.
^ a b Hutchinson 2007, p. 38.
^ a b Hutchinson 2007, p. 54.
^ Swinson 2005, pp. 23–24.
^ Swinson 2005, pp. 23, 46.
^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 43.
^ a b c d "The Last Voyage". Merseyside Maritime Museum.
^ a b Hutchinson 2007, p. 41.
^ a b c d Clark 2018.
^ a b c Hutchinson 2007, p. 42.
^ Sneddon 2006, p. 353.
^ a b "Politician (Stern Portion)". Canmore.
^ a b Hutchinson 2007, p. 44.
^ a b Swinson 2005, p. 8.
^ Hutchinson 2007, pp. 42–44.
^ Swinson 2005, pp. 22–28.
^ Haswell-Smith 2008, p. 206.
^ Malcolm Macmillan (20 December 1960).
^ Swinson 2005, pp. 29–30.
^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 46.
^ Swinson 2005, pp. 32, 84–85.
^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 48.
^ a b "After the Stranding". Merseyside Maritime Museum.
^ Swinson 2005, pp. 37–38.
^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 49.
^ Swinson 2005, p. 84.
^ Hutchinson 2007, pp. 49–50.
^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 50.
^ Swinson 2005, p. 85.
^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 85.
^ Swinson 2005, p. 86.
^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 51.
^ a b Hutchinson 2007, pp. 51–52.
^ Swinson 2005, pp. 88–89.
^ a b Hutchinson 2007, p. 53.
^ "Merchant Shipping Act 1894". The National Archives.
^ Merchant Shipping Act 1894, p. 221.
^ Swinson 2005, pp. 89–90.
^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 64.
^ Swinson 2005, pp. 90–91, 93.
^ Swinson 2005, pp. 95–96.
^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 57.
^ Swinson 2005, pp. 97–98.
^ Hutchinson 2007, pp. 68–70.
^ Swinson 2005, pp. 109–110.
^ Swinson 2005, pp. 111–112.
^ Swinson 2005, pp. 112–116.
^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 72.
^ a b Hutchinson 2007, pp. 72–73.
^ Swinson 2005, p. 116.
^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 82.
^ "Customs and Excise". Merseyside Maritime Museum.
^ a b c d e Tweedie 2001, p. 9.
^ Sunderland 2013, p. 247.
^ Hutchinson 2007, pp. 83–84.
^ a b c Turpin & Day 2005.
^ Bathurst 2005, p. 160.
^ a b Hutchinson 2007, p. 93.
^ Goodwin & Day 2005.
^ a b c Hutchinson 2007, p. 89.
^ a b Swinson 2005, p. 123.
^ a b Swinson 2005, p. 124.
^ Hutchinson 2007, pp. 88–89.
^ Hutchinson 2007, pp. 91–92.
^ a b Hutchinson 2007, p. 94.
^ English 2005, p. 12.
^ Hutchinson 2007, pp. 96–98.
^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 108.
^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 100.
^ Hutchinson 2007, pp. 99–103.
^ Hutchinson 2007, pp. 103–105.
^ Swinson 2005, pp. 152–156.
^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 107.
^ a b Hutchinson 2007, pp. 107–108.
^ Swinson 2005, pp. 156–157.
^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 112.
^ a b c Swinson 2005, p. 180.
^ Swinson 2005, p. 158.
^ Swinson 2005, pp. 149–150.
^ Hutchinson 2007, pp. 115–119.
^ Swinson 2005, pp. 103–104.
^ Swinson 2005, p. 104.
^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 59.
^ a b Partridge 2007, p. 18.
^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 52.
^ McArthur 2003, p. 16.
^ Wallace 2011.
^ Hutchinson 2007, pp. 149–150.
^ O'Brien 1963, p. 70.
^ Smith, Gavin. "Whisky Galore".
^ Duguid et al. 2012, p. 137.
^ Macnab 2016, p. 41.
^ Rule 1991, p. 36.
^ Crawford 1971, p. 106.
^ Important British and World Paper Money. Dix Noonan Webb 2010, p. 73.
^ Swinson 2005, p. 176.
^ Swinson 2005, pp. 178–179.
^ a b "A tot of whisky galore under the floor". The Times.
^ a b Distilling Whisky Galore!, 8 January 1991, Event occurs at 35:10–36:05.
^ Gill 1987, p. 3.
^ Gill 1989, p. 2.
^ Distilling Whisky Galore!, 8 January 1991, Event occurs at 2:40–4:05.
^ a b c "The legend of the 'Polly'". Merseyside Maritime Museum.
^ "The SS Politician Profile". scotchwhisky.com.
^ "Money galore for booty". The Times.
^ "Bottle from Whisky Galore! wreck fetches £2,200". The Times.
^ "Whisky from wreck fetches pounds galore". The Times.
^ "I'll drink to that ... Whisky Galore bottle earns diver £9,200 at sale". The Herald.
Sources
Books
Bathurst, Bella (2005). The Wreckers: A Story of Killing Seas and Plundered Shipwrecks. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-6184-1677-6.
Duguid, Mark; Freeman, Lee; Johnston, Keith M.; Williams, Melanie (2012). Ealing Revisited. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-84457-510-7.
Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2008). The Scottish Islands. Edinburgh: Canongate. ISBN 978-1-84767-277-3.
Hutchinson, Roger (2007). Polly: The True Story Behind Whisky Galore. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 978-1-8401-8071-8.
McArthur, Colin (2003). Whisky Galore! and the Maggie: A British Film Guide. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-633-1.
Sunderland, David (2013). Managing the British Empire: The Crown Agents, 1833–1914. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-841-8.
Swinson, Arthur (2005) . Scotch on the Rocks: the True Story Behind Whisky Galore. Edinburgh: Luath Press. ISBN 978-1-9052-2209-4.
Newspapers
"Bottle from Whisky Galore! wreck fetches £2,200". The Times. 4 December 2008. p. 28.
"Dry agent must eat humble pie". The Semi-Weekly Spokesman-Review. 20 December 1924. p. 1.
English, Shirley (28 March 2005). "Sour finish to story of Whisky Galore". The Times. p. 12.
Gill, Kerry (11 August 1987). "Cash store on whisky ship wreck". The Times. p. 3.
Gill, Kerry (16 December 1989). "Blow for Whisky Galore salvage". The Times. p. 2.
Goodwin, Karin; Day, Peter (27 March 2005). "Whisky Galore locals used violence to guard their loot". The Sunday Times.
"I'll drink to that ... Whisky Galore bottle earns diver £9,200 at sale". The Herald. 16 September 2020. p. 7.
Macnab, Geoffrey (5 July 2016). "A Toast to whimsy and nostalgia". The Independent. p. 41.
"Manchester shipping". The Manchester Guardian. 26 January 1924. p. 1.
"Manchester shipping". The Manchester Guardian. 30 March 1928. p. 1.
"Money galore for booty". The Times. 25 November 1993. p. 6.
"Must eat humble pie". The Gazette. Montreal. 22 December 1924. p. 10.
O'Brien, E. D. (13 July 1963). "A literary lounger". Illustrated London News. p. 70.
Partridge, Frank (3 March 2007). "Complete guide to the Western Isles". The Independent. p. 18.
Rule, Vera (8 January 1991). "Television and radio: watching brief". The Guardian. p. 36.
"A tot of whisky galore under the floor". The Times. 20 January 1990. p. 1.
Turpin, Adrian; Day, Peter (27 March 2005). "Ecosse: looting galore". The Sunday Times.
Tweedie, Neil (26 January 2001). "Banknotes galore after whisky ship hit the rocks". The Daily Telegraph.
"Whisky from wreck fetches pounds galore". The Times. 7 May 2013. p. 8.
Internet
"Abbreviations". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
"After the Stranding". Merseyside Maritime Museum. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
Clark, Gregory (2018). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
"Customs and Excise take a different view". Merseyside Maritime Museum. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
"Feliciana (1146553)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
"The Last Voyage". Merseyside Maritime Museum. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
"The legend of the 'Polly'". Merseyside Maritime Museum. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
"London Commerce (1146693)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
"London Importer (5115434)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
"London Shipper (1147474)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
"Manchester Regiment (1146830)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
"Merchant Shipping Act 1894". The National Archives. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
"Politician (1147482)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
"Politician (Stern Portion): Calvay Rock, Eriskay Sound, Sea of the Hebrides". Canmore. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
Sneddon, David (31 March 2006). Coastal Zone Assessment Survey of East Coast of North Uist, Benbecula and South Uist (PDF) (Report). Glasgow University Archaeological Research Division. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
Smith, Gavin. "Whisky Galore". Whisky Magazine. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
"The SS Politician Profile". scotchwhisky.com. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
Journals
Crawford, Douglas A. (December 1971). "The Politician Notes of Jamaica". International Bank Note Society Journal. 11 (2).
Wallace, Gavin (6 January 2011). "Mackenzie, Sir (Edward Montague Anthony) Compton: (1883–1972)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31392. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Other
Cooper, Derek (8 January 1991). Distilling Whisky Galore! (Television production). Channel 4.
Important British and World Paper Money. London: Dix Noonan Webb. 2010.
Macmillan, Malcolm, MP (20 December 1960). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 632. United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 138W.
Merchant Shipping Act (PDF). Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 1894.
External links
Online display at the Merseyside Maritime Museum
vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in February 1941Shipwrecks
3 Feb: Empire Citizen
4 Feb: HMS Crispin, Empire Engineer
5 Feb: Empire Breeze, Politician
9 Feb: Rosanna
11 Feb: HMS Snapper
16 Feb: HMT Southsea
17 Feb: Gairsoppa
18 Feb: Black Osprey
19 Feb: Algarve, Empire Blanda, Seaforth
21 Feb: HMT Lincoln City
23 Feb: HMS Manistee
24 Feb: HMS Dainty, Huntingdon, HMS Terror
25 Feb: Armando Diaz, HMS Exmoor
27 Feb: Ramb I
28 Feb: Persier
Other incidents
14 Feb: Savoia
25 Feb: L'Espoir
1940 1941 1942 January 1941 March 1941
57°5′52″N 7°15′43″W / 57.09778°N 7.26194°W / 57.09778; -7.26194 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*"},{"link_name":"List of SS personnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel"},{"link_name":"cargo ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"Hebridean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebridean"},{"link_name":"Eriskay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriskay"},{"link_name":"scotch whisky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_whisky"},{"link_name":"Jamaican banknotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_pound"},{"link_name":"marine salvage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_salvage"},{"link_name":"duty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_(economics)"},{"link_name":"HM Customs and Excise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Customs_and_Excise"},{"link_name":"American prohibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"British Embassy in Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Embassy_in_Washington"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Atlantic convoys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_convoys"},{"link_name":"not proven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_proven"},{"link_name":"bonded warehouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonded_warehouse"},{"link_name":"gelignite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelignite"},{"link_name":"shilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilling_(British_coin)"},{"link_name":"Whisky Galore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky_Galore_(novel)"},{"link_name":"as a film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky_Galore!_(1949_film)"},{"link_name":"remake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky_Galore!_(2016_film)"}],"text":"Cargo ship that operated between 1923 and 1941For politicians in the German Schutzstaffel, see List of SS personnel.SS Politician was a cargo ship that ran aground off the coast of the Hebridean island of Eriskay in 1941. Her cargo included 22,000 cases of scotch whisky and £3 million worth of Jamaican banknotes. Much of the whisky was recovered by islanders from across the Hebrides, contrary to marine salvage laws. Because no duty had been paid on the whisky, members of HM Customs and Excise pursued and prosecuted those who had removed the cargo.Politician was completed in 1923 under the name London Merchant. She was a general cargo ship that traded between Britain, the United States and Canada, and up and down the west coast of the US. In 1924—during the years of American prohibition—Oregon's state prohibition commissioner seized her cargo of whisky despite its having been approved and sealed by US federal authorities. After the British Embassy in Washington complained to the US government, the whisky was released back to the ship. During the Second World War Politician participated in the Atlantic convoys between the UK and US. In February 1941 she was on her way to the north of Scotland, where she ran aground while attempting to rendezvous with a convoy. No-one was badly injured or killed in the accident.The local islanders continually visited the wreck of Politician to unload whisky, even though it was in a hold filled with marine engine oil and seawater. Customs men undertook raids, arresting many and seizing the boats of those suspected of taking part. The excise authorities pushed for charges under the punitive customs legislation, but the authorities charged those arrested with theft. Many were found not guilty or not proven, and several were fined; 19 were incarcerated at Inverness Prison for terms ranging between 20 days and two months. Salvors were used to rescue as much of the ship as they could, and the whisky they raised was shipped back to its bonded warehouses; this was also looted during its journey. Two salvage crews removed much of the cargo, and the second crew raised the wreck off the seabed. Part of the ship's hold, and her stern, were cut away and sank to the bottom of Eriskay Sound; the remainder of the hold was destroyed with gelignite to prevent further looting.A few of the Jamaican banknotes from Politician were presented at banks in Britain, Jamaica and other countries. As a result, in 1952 the blue ten-shilling notes were withdrawn and replaced with notes of the same design, printed in purple. Bottles of whisky have been raised from the seabed by divers, and some have been found in hiding places on Eriskay; these have been auctioned. The story of the wreck and looting was the basis for the book Whisky Galore; an adaptation was released as a film in 1949 and a remake in 2016.","title":"SS Politician"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eriskay,_Outer_Hebrides.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eriskay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriskay"},{"link_name":"Outer Hebrides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Hebrides"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eriskay_(South_Uist_and_Barra).svg"},{"link_name":"South Uist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Uist"},{"link_name":"Barra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barra"},{"link_name":"Furness Shipbuilding Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furness_Shipbuilding_Company"},{"link_name":"laid down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laid_down"},{"link_name":"Haverton Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverton_Hill"},{"link_name":"County Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Durham"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_ship_launching"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200736-2"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"gross registered tonnage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_registered_ton"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Politician'',_ship_1147482-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200736-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200737-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Manchester_Regiment'',_ship_1146830-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200736%E2%80%9337-7"},{"link_name":"Furness Withy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furness_Withy"},{"link_name":"The Manchester Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Manchester_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Manchester_shipping%22._''The_Manchester_Guardian'';_January_1924-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Manchester_shipping%22._''The_Manchester_Guardian'';_March_1928-14"},{"link_name":"Prohibition in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_(naval)"},{"link_name":"British Embassy in Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Embassy_in_Washington"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200737-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Dry_agent_must_eat_humble_pie%22._''The_Semi-Weekly_Spokesman-Review''-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Must_eat_humble_pie%22._''The_Gazette''-16"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"River Blackwater, Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Blackwater,_Essex"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200737%E2%80%9338-17"},{"link_name":"T & J Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_%26_J_Harrison"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Politician'',_ship_1147482-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200738-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200754-19"},{"link_name":"Atlantic convoys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_convoys"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200738-18"}],"text":"Eriskay's locationEriskay's position in the Outer HebridesEriskay, South Uist and BarraThe cargo ship SS Politician was built by the Furness Shipbuilding Company between 19 September 1920—when she was laid down—and 1923 at the Haverton Hill shipyard, County Durham, England. She was launched in November 1921 as SS London Merchant, and was completed in May 1923. London Merchant was one of six sister ships built at the yard; the others were London Commerce, London Importer, London Mariner, London Shipper and Manchester Regiment.[2][a] London Merchant's gross registered tonnage was 7,899, she was 450 ft (140 m) long[b] and 58 ft (17.7 m) at the beam; her depth of hold was 19 ft (5.8 m) and she could achieve 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph).[1][2] While being fitted out, she was hit by another ship and damaged.[9][10]After London Merchant was repaired she began trading across the Atlantic;[7] her owners, the Furness Withy company, advertised her cargo services in The Manchester Guardian, shipping from Manchester to Los Angeles, Seattle and Vancouver.[11][12] In December 1924—during Prohibition in the United States—she docked in Portland, Oregon, with whisky as part of her cargo; this had been approved and sealed by the US federal authorities. George Cleaver, Oregon's state prohibition commissioner, ignored the approval, broke the seal on the cargo and seized the whisky. The ship's master refused to leave without the whisky and the British Embassy in Washington complained to the Federal authorities, who intervened and ordered the whisky released back to the ship. Cleaver was ordered to write an apology to the captain and the Furness Withy company.[9][13][14] On Christmas Eve 1927 she was involved in another collision and was repaired. She traded on the US eastern seaboard until 1930 when, with the onset of Great Depression, world trade dropped, and she was tied up in the River Blackwater, Essex, along with 60 other vessels.[15]In May 1935 London Merchant was purchased by the Charente Steamship Company, part of the T & J Harrison shipping line. Charente renamed her Politician, and used her on cargo routes between Britain and South Africa;[1][16] her crew soon nicknamed her Polly.[17] At the outbreak of the Second World War Politician came under Admiralty orders and was involved in the Atlantic convoys between the UK and US.[16]","title":"1920–1939"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liverpool docks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_docks"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson200523%E2%80%9324-20"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Jamaican banknotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_pound"},{"link_name":"shilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilling_(British_coin)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200741-25"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Scotch whisky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_whisky"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200742-28"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"bonded warehouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonded_warehouse"},{"link_name":"Leith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leith"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"excise stamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excise_stamp"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22The_Last_Voyage%22._Merseyside_Maritime_Museum-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200742-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relevant_locations_for_the_SS_Politician.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orange_pog.svg"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESneddon2006353-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_pog.svg"},{"link_name":"Canmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canmore_(database)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Politician_(Stern_Portion)%22._Canmore-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_pog.svg"},{"link_name":"Roger Hutchinson's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Hutchinson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200744-33"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Green_pog.svg"},{"link_name":"Arthur Swinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Swinson"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson20058-34"},{"link_name":"River Mersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Mersey"},{"link_name":"Irish Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Sea"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"North Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Channel_(Great_Britain_and_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Islay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islay"},{"link_name":"Skerryvore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skerryvore"},{"link_name":"Sea of the Hebrides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_the_Hebrides"},{"link_name":"Eriskay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriskay"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200742%E2%80%9344-35"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson200522%E2%80%9328-36"},{"link_name":"Canmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canmore_(database)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Politician_(Stern_Portion)%22._Canmore-32"},{"link_name":"Roger Hutchinson's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Hutchinson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"South Uist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Uist"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200744-33"},{"link_name":"Merseyside Maritime Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merseyside_Maritime_Museum"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22The_Last_Voyage%22._Merseyside_Maritime_Museum-23"},{"link_name":"Arthur Swinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Swinson"},{"link_name":"Calvay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvay"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson20058-34"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaswell-Smith2008206-37"},{"link_name":"1931 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_census,_1931"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm_Macmillan_(20_December_1960)-38"},{"link_name":"stokehold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stokehold"},{"link_name":"propeller shaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller_shaft"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22The_Last_Voyage%22._Merseyside_Maritime_Museum-23"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson200529%E2%80%9330-39"},{"link_name":"SOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOS"},{"link_name":"Barra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barra"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200746-40"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200748-43"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22After_the_Stranding%22._Merseyside_Maritime_Museum-44"},{"link_name":"lifeboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(rescue)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22After_the_Stranding%22._Merseyside_Maritime_Museum-44"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson200537%E2%80%9338-45"},{"link_name":"first mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_mate"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200749-46"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson200584-47"},{"link_name":"Liverpool & Glasgow Salvage Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_%26_Glasgow_Salvage_Association"},{"link_name":"Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200749%E2%80%9350-48"},{"link_name":"[h]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson200585-51"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200751-55"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200751%E2%80%9352-56"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson200588%E2%80%9389-57"},{"link_name":"HM Customs and Excise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Customs_and_Excise"},{"link_name":"duty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_(economics)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200751%E2%80%9352-56"}],"text":"In early February 1941 SS Politician left the Liverpool docks to travel to the north of Scotland, where she was to assemble with other ships to be convoyed across the Atlantic to the US and Caribbean. Captain Beaconsfield Worthington was the ship's master, overseeing a crew of 51.[18][c] She carried a mixed cargo that included cotton, machetes, sweets, cutlery, bicycles, cigarettes, pineapple chunks and biscuits. In the fifth hold there were eight crates of Jamaican banknotes, comprising ten-shilling and one- and five-pound notes, to the value of £3 million;[22][d] alongside the notes were 22,000 cases (264,000 bottles) of Scotch whisky of various brands.[24][e][f] The whisky had been taken from bonded warehouses in Leith and Glasgow that had been damaged by German bombing, and was being shipped to the US to raise hard currency for the war effort; as an export product, none of the bottles bore an excise stamp.[21][24]Relevant locations for the SS Politician: – The current site of wreck.[25] And, the approximate site the ship grounded, according to: – the Canmore database;[26] – Roger Hutchinson's history;[27] – Arthur Swinson's history.[28]After leaving the River Mersey, Politician travelled through the Irish Sea, made her way past the Isle of Man, through the North Channel that separates Britain and Ireland, past Islay then to the west of the Skerryvore lighthouse and into the Sea of the Hebrides. In the vicinity of Eriskay, Politician ran aground on rocks at about 7:40 am on 4 February in bad weather and poor visibility.[29][30] Sources differ on where Politician was grounded. The Canmore database run by the Historic Environment Scotland puts the event half way along the eastern cost of Eriskay;[26] Roger Hutchinson's book on the story of the ship states it was on the rocks of Ru Melvick, a rock outcrop at the southernmost point of South Uist;[27] the Merseyside Maritime Museum considers it was on \"submerged rocks on the northern side of the island of Eriskay\";[21] and Arthur Swinson's 1963 history places it just north of Calvay, a small uninhabited island at the north end of Eriskay.[28] Eriskay is 703 hectares (1,740 acres);[31] the population recorded on the island in the 1931 census was 420.[32]Worthington attempted to free Politician from the rocks, but she would not move. The rocks had breached the hull and water began to flood the engine room and stokehold and break the vessel's propeller shaft.[21][33] Worthington was concerned the heavy waves would soon break up the ship, so he ordered the crew to abandon ship. The radio operator sent two SOS messages; the first was \"Abandoning ship. Making Water. Engine-room flooded\"; the second, sent at 8:22 am stated the vessel was positioned \"ashore south of Barra island, pounding heavily\".[34][g] One lifeboat was launched with 26 men on board. It was washed onto rocks close inshore to Rudha Dubh, an outcrop on South Uist. All survived, although one man was injured on the rocks.[36][37] Lloyd's, the lifeboat from Barra, spent several hours searching the area south of the island in heavy mist before a report came in of Politician's siren, which had been heard north of Eriskay. Lloyd's travelled to the area, by which time fishermen from Eriskay had boarded Politician. At Worthington's request they sailed to Rudha Dubh, collected those who had left earlier, and returned to the ship. The lifeboat reached Politician at about 4:00 pm, when Politician's crew boarded the lifeboat and were taken to Eriskay. They spent the night there, billeted in small groups in the homes of the islanders; while staying on the island, the sailors told the islanders that Politician's cargo contained whisky.[37][38]The following morning, 6 February, Worthington and his first mate, R. A. Swaine, were taken back to Politician to view the damage and see if there was any chance of salvaging her.[39] He found that someone had been on board overnight, as personal possessions of the crew had been taken.[40] The vessel was in the same situation as the previous day, so they signalled the situation to T&J Harrison. Harrison's asked the Liverpool & Glasgow Salvage Association to assess Politician's status. The chief salvage officer, Commander Kay, arrived at the stricken vessel on 8 February, and reported back that a salvage attempt was possible.[41][h] The signal stated that there was 5 feet (1.5 m) of water in the main hold, 23 feet (10 m) in the engine room and 11 feet (3.4 m) in number five hold.[43] Within days the salvage ship Ranger had arrived and 500 long tons (510 t) of cargo were removed.[i] As hold five was below the surface, and full of a mixture of seawater and oil, Kay did not attempt to salvage its contents.[46]Local customs officers considered that some whisky had already made its way onto the islands, and asked Kay to put a guard on the ship at night-time. He refused, pointing out that with the rough seas it was dangerous for the man left behind, and it would be a waste of his time.[47] There was evidence that islanders had been aboard during the nights: the crew's bonded stores—the food, drink and tobacco for consumption during the voyage—were all looted on 19 February. Some of Kay's salvors had managed to obtain whisky from the hold. When they returned to Glasgow on one trip, a search by customs men found several bottles, which they seized. On their second trip, the salvors dropped the whisky before entering port and had it picked up later.[48] On 10 March representatives of HM Customs and Excise secured the hold with an excise seal to show no duty had been paid on the contents. On 12 March 1941 Kay and the salvage crew left the wreck of Politician.[47]","title":"Early February – 12 March 1941"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_Eriskay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_119697.jpg"},{"link_name":"sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_(geography)"},{"link_name":"Merchant Shipping Act 1894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Shipping_Act_1894"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200753-58"},{"link_name":"[j]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerchant_Shipping_Act_1894221-61"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200753-58"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson200589%E2%80%9390-62"},{"link_name":"boatswain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boatswain"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200754-19"},{"link_name":"[k]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson200590%E2%80%9391,_93-65"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson200595%E2%80%9396-66"},{"link_name":"creels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creel_(basket)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200757-67"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson200597%E2%80%9398-68"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200768%E2%80%9370-69"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson2005109%E2%80%93110-70"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson2005111%E2%80%93112-71"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson2005112%E2%80%93116-72"}],"text":"View of South Uist from Eriskay; the small island of Calvay lies in the middle of the sound.In 1941 all wrecks came under the protection of the Merchant Shipping Act 1894.[49][j] Part IX, paragraph 536 of the Act covered \"Interfering with wrecked vessel or wreck\", and stated that:1.) A person shall not without the leave of the master board any vessel which is wrecked, stranded, or in distress ...\n2.) A person shall not: ...\n\n(c) wrongfully carry away or remove any part of a vessel stranded or in danger of being stranded, or otherwise in distress, on or near any coast or tidal water, or any part of the cargo or apparel thereof, or any wreck.[51]The islanders took a different view of salvage and considered that they did not \"steal\" any cargo from local wrecks, but instead talked of \"saving\" or \"rescuing\" it from the sea.[49] They knew Politician had been abandoned by the owners and the salvage crews; one islander later told Swinson \"when the salvors quit a ship—she's ours\".[52] Once the salvage crew had left the Politician, islanders from across the Hebrides, as well as boats from Scotland's west coast, engaged in what Hutchinson calls the \"wholesale rescuing\" of the whisky. They were aided in navigating round the wreck by Angus John Campbell, a local man who had served as boatswain on Politician between the wars.[17] Wartime rationing had led to shortages of the spirit, and what supplies were made available were increasingly expensive because of rising duty.[k] For several nights, the islanders worked on hooking the crates out of the oil-and-seawater-filled hold; every night between 20 and 50 men were on the wreck working to remove the whisky. As the contents being raised were covered in oil, the men's clothes were soon covered, and many began to use their wives' dresses to cover their own clothes.[54]Some of the men made only a few trips to Politician to get what they wanted—Campbell obtained 300 cases; others picked up between 20 and 80 cases a night, and one man with a larger boat is thought to have recovered more than 1,000 cases.[55] When the men returned to their respective islands each night, they hid their spoils in a variety of places, in case the Excise men raided. Rabbit holes, piles of peat and creels placed under the sea and behind panels in homes were all used. Burying caches of whisky was also popular, but brought about a second problem; islanders who had not visited the wreck would watch where it was buried and dig it up as soon as the men left the burial site. One man put 46 cases in a small cave on an island off Barra as a reserve for when he ran out; when he returned only four were left.[56][57]News of the islanders' removal of whisky from Politician was known early on. The local Customs and Excise officer, Charles McColl, commandeered a local boat on 15 March and, with the aid of Donald MacKenzie, a local constable, went out into Eriskay Sound—the stretch of water between Eriskay and South Uist—and intercepted two boats laden with cases of whisky. On landing, McColl walked along the coast and intercepted a third boat unloading whisky. The details of 18 men were taken down from the day's efforts.[58][59] Two days later McColl and MacKenzie conducted searches of the crofts of those they had intercepted and seized thousands of items from Politician, but no whisky. Surmising that the whisky had been well hidden, he expanded his search and, on his own, searched other local crofts, but still found no whisky. His initial searches lasted until 22 March, when he thought the sea was too rough for the looters to visit the wreck, although they still did.[60]McColl never visited the wreck at night time. When the weather cleared on 5 April, he tried to commandeer the boat again but it was unavailable. Instead he patrolled the coast of South Uist and apprehended one boat when it landed. He began searching the crofts of South Uist, but the residents had learned of his raids on Eriskay, and hidden their bounty carefully; there were stories of the police who assisted in the searches turning a blind eye where they could. No seizures were made on Barra, but local police heard of large-scale selling of the whisky on the island and arrested four men, whom they charged with theft.[61]","title":"12 March – early April 1941"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Whisky_being_salvaged_from_the_SS_Politician.jpg"},{"link_name":"superstructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstructure"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200772-73"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200772%E2%80%9373-74"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200772%E2%80%9373-74"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson2005116-75"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200782-76"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Customs_and_Excise%22._Merseyside_Maritime_Museum-77"},{"link_name":"Benbecula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benbecula"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETweedie20019-78"},{"link_name":"Crown colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_colonies"},{"link_name":"Crown Agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Agents"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESunderland2013247-79"},{"link_name":"De La Rue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Rue"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200741-25"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETweedie20019-78"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETweedie20019-78"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200783%E2%80%9384-80"},{"link_name":"[l]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Customs Consolidation Act 1876","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Customs_Consolidation_Act_1876&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Merchant Shipping Act 1894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Shipping_Act_1894"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurpinDay2005-82"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBathurst2005160-83"},{"link_name":"black-marketeering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-market"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200793-84"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwinDay2005-85"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurpinDay2005-82"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200789-86"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson2005123-87"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200789-86"},{"link_name":"Lochboisdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochboisdale"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson2005124-88"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200789-86"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200788%E2%80%9389-89"},{"link_name":"mail boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_boat"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson2005124-88"},{"link_name":"sheriff-substitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff-substitute"},{"link_name":"not proven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_proven"},{"link_name":"verdict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdict"},{"link_name":"acquit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquittal"},{"link_name":"Inverness Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness_Prison"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200791%E2%80%9392-90"},{"link_name":"procurator fiscal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procurator_fiscal"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200793-84"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurpinDay2005-82"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200794-91"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish200512-92"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson2005123-87"},{"link_name":"fighting in North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_campaign"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200796%E2%80%9398-93"}],"text":"The second official salvage crew removing some of the cases of whiskyOn 9 April a second salvage boat arrived at Eriskay. While Kay and the Liverpool & Glasgow Salvage Association had been retained to salvage what they could, the scrap metal was of no concern to them. The second salvage company was British Iron & Steel Corporation (Salvage) Ltd (BISC). Their remit was to check Kay's conclusion about the inability to refloat Politician. If it could not be refloated, then it was planned to tow part of the superstructure to be reused. If that was still not possible, stripping the vessel of as much metal as possible was sometimes financially viable. The wreck of Thalia was nearby and known to contain iron ore, which made the salvage more lucrative for them.[62]After two visits to Politician in early April, BISC considered that it was possible that the wreck could be refloated. McColl had visited the ship with the salvors, and was angered by that state of the vessel, which showed signs of having been extensively looted. He wrote to Ivan Gledhill—the local Customs surveyor and his direct superior—and told him \"I should imagine that 300 cases have gone out of her. That, I believe, is a conservative estimate.\"[63] He also told Gledhill that he intended to step up his search efforts, and ensure that as many of the malefactors from Eriskay and South Uist were sent to prison for as long as possible. Gledhill agreed with the strategy.[63] He accompanied McColl as often as he could, although his territory was too large and his workload proportionally higher, so the visits were not as frequent as he would have liked.[64]With the arrival of Captain Edward Lauretson and the salvage ship Assistance, BISC returned to Politician on 21 April. The salvage operation they conducted took several months, and involved divers descending into hold five to clear out the cargo. They removed 13,500 cases and three casks of whisky from the wreck, as well as stout and sherry. Several eyewitnesses later said the salvors helped themselves to whisky whenever they wanted, and would often return to their billets on Eriskay and South Uist with bottles to share with the islanders.[65][66] A report from the salvors to the Salvage Association passed information that some of the Jamaican banknotes had been seen on Benbecula—25 miles (40 km) from Politician.[67] The organisation that provided the administration of British Crown colonies for the government, which included providing banknotes, was the Crown Agents;[68] it was they who had arranged for the printing of the money by De La Rue, and who organised its shipping to the Caribbean.[22] On hearing the news of the loss of the money, the Crown Agents thought that:The local police service is no doubt on a very small scale but the nature of the place and its surroundings should tend to reduce the chances of serious loss through the notes being presented and paid.[67]Children on the islands were found playing with the notes, and within two months water-stained Jamaican notes were being exchanged in banks in Liverpool.[67]The first court cases took place on 26 April; they involved four men arrested on Barra three days earlier when the police saw them unloading whisky and barrels of oil. Three of the men were fined £3 each; the other two had to pay £5.[69][l] McColl and Gledhill applied pressure on the legal authorities, directly and through their superiors. McColl argued that the looters should be tried under the terms of the specialist Customs Consolidation Act 1876 or the Merchant Shipping Act 1894, both of which carried more punitive punishments than ordinary legislation for theft.[70][71] McColl and Gledhill wrote reports to their superiors that accused the looters of vandalism on Politician and widescale black-marketeering of the stolen whisky,[72] and claimed the local police were being bribed to ignore the situation.[73] The journalists Adrian Turpin and Peter Day write that the outrage of the customs men should be taken \"with a pinch of salt\"; the organisation was in the midst of providing evidence for later prosecutions and was not neutral.[70]McColl continued with his attempts to find the whisky. On 5 June he and Gledhill persuaded Edward Bootham White, the Customs officer based on Harris, to assist them; they were also provided with two police sergeants from the mainland to assist them.[74][75] On 6 and 7 June they conducted intensive searches of crofts and farms on Eriskay and Uist. Hutchinson relates that the searches destroyed peat stacks, forced entry into people's homes and disrupted the innocent and guilty alike, \"an unnecessary, disproportionately harsh harassment\".[74] Sources differ over the success of the raids: Swinson quotes Gledhill, who states that \"wherever we went, we got tons of the stuff ... [At Lochboisdale, South Uist], it filled the cells, the police garage and the policeman's house. A lot of it had to be stacked outside\".[76] Hutchinson writes that the raids were \"spectacularly unsuccessful\", only two cases of whisky being found.[74] Hutchinson also quotes Gledhill, who says \"The ineffective result was due to the fact that on the first day the local inspector of police refused to continue the search after lunchtime\".[77] The police did not work on the Sunday (the 8th), and those on Eriskay spent the day hiding or moving goods to better locations, waiting for a resumption of the raids the following week. A storm blew up on Monday 9, so the mail boat could not carry McColl and his colleagues across, and by Tuesday the policemen had returned to the mainland to resume their normal duties.[76]Between 10 and 13 June the trials took place of 32 men arrested for the theft from Politician. McColl gave evidence and stated that the men had stolen whisky from a vessel that was still seaworthy; the sheriff-substitute hearing the case accepted McColl's statement. One man was found not guilty, nine others were not proven—the Scottish legal verdict to acquit an individual but not declare them innocent—three were fined and 19 were incarcerated at Inverness Prison for terms ranging between 20 days and two months.[78] McColl still thought the sentences were too lenient, and wrote to the interim procurator fiscal to complain; he also wrote to the Customs commissioners and said:In my opinion these few small sentences are quite inadequate to act as a general detriment to the population of these islands, who in my opinion will probably seize their next opportunity to further looting and damage.[72]The night the prison sentences were handed down, a hole was made in the roof of the shared garage where McColl's car was parked; paraffin was poured in and set alight. McColl's car was only damaged in the event, but another was destroyed.[70][79] According to the Customs men, they were subjected to threats of violence throughout their investigation; Bootham White reported to the commissioners in London that McColl should not be active in any further searches because of \"threats and warning of bodily injury\".[80]On some of the raids by Gledhill and McColl, they seized boats that had been identified as being involved in visiting Politician; these were either through reports from informants, or because there was the ship's fuel oil on the boat. Those that were not seized at the time were painted with an arrow for seizure later.[75] By the time the court cases had been heard, the customs men had amassed a considerable number of the vessels. Several islanders wrote to him asking for the boats to be returned, as the lobster fishing season was in progress, and they were unable to work; one man pointed out that his sons had used the boat against his wishes, and as one of the sons was in prison and the other fighting in North Africa, he wanted his boat back; one farmer whose boat had been used by local boys to visit the wreck needed his craft to tend 200 sheep and lambs grazing on a smaller island nearby, and was unable to access it without his vessel. All the requests were turned down by Gledhill, who instructed McColl to continue seizing any craft he thought were involved.[81]","title":"Early April – August 1941"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Inspector_General_of_Imports_and_Exports,_London.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Customs_seal,_from_Perth.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kilmarnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmarnock"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2007108-94"},{"link_name":"[m]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"chief constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_constable"},{"link_name":"Inverness-shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness-shire"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200799%E2%80%93103-97"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2007103%E2%80%93105-98"},{"link_name":"River Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Clyde"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson2005152%E2%80%93156-99"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2007107-100"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2007107%E2%80%93108-101"},{"link_name":"gelignite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelignite"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson2005156%E2%80%93157-102"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2007112-103"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson2005180-104"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2007107%E2%80%93108-101"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson2005180-104"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson2005180-104"},{"link_name":"Rothesay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothesay"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson2005158-105"},{"link_name":"[n]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"post office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_office"},{"link_name":"Bank of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_England"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson2005149%E2%80%93150-107"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETweedie20019-78"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2007115%E2%80%93119-108"}],"text":"Examples of British customs sealsLondonPerthIn September 1941 the whisky that had been salvaged by BISC was shipped to the mainland and put into locked railway carriages which had the excise seal placed on them. By the time the trains reached Kilmarnock on their way to the same bonded warehouses the cargo had left in January 1941, the customs seals had been broken, the doors unlocked and the cargo part looted.[82]Relations between the police and Customs men became increasingly strained by late 1941, and Gledhill began to criticise the force in his reports back to London.[m] He also wrote to William Fraser, the chief constable of Inverness-shire, to complain that customs were not being fully informed of all developments, nor of the total amount of whisky seized. Fraser began to become annoyed with correspondence between himself and Gledhill, and between himself and the customs commissioners in London. One of his ongoing requests was for the removal of the whisky from Lochboisdale police station, where it still occupied considerable space. He made progress only when he threatened to raise the matter with his Secretary of State, and it was agreed to remove it with the whisky that the salvors had raised from the wreck.[84]Gledhill continued to push for stringent measures to be taken against those still awaiting trial. A permanent procurator fiscal, Donald Macmillan, had replaced his temporary predecessor, and Gledhill wrote to him to try and have the remaining cases heard under customs legislation. Macmillan told him to establish what the customs commissioners wanted, and at the end of October, Gledhill had been told by his superiors not to press for the punitive charges, but to allow charges of theft; he also asked to be kept informed of any further prosecutions involving four crofters who were found with stashes of whisky on their land. Macmillan wrote back that two of the cases had been dismissed by his predecessor and the remaining two defendants had gone to sea. Neither were prosecuted when they returned. The seized boats were eventually returned to their owners, but only after they had purchased them from the customs men.[85]The BISC salvors spent over four months preparing Politician for refloating. They removed extraneous weight, patched the underwater holes, pumped compressed air into the hold, and waited until the weather conditions and tides were right. On 22 September 1941 they finished preparations and the ship was lifted off the rocks. BISC's site agent, Percy Holden, wanted to tow the ship the seven miles (eleven kilometres) to Lochboisdale, where she could be beached to await the heavy tugs needed to tow her to the docks on the River Clyde, where she could be scrapped. The BISC's superintendent engineer on site refused to allow the towing to take place; he said that if there was bad weather on the route, or the sea was rough, then Politician could sink in deep water and never be recovered. The vessel was then towed to a point 500 yards (460 m) north of Calvay and beached on a sandbank; none of the men knew that the bank covered a rock. Politician settled, and broke her back, although no-one realised it until 25 October, when the heavy tugs came to move her to the mainland. All work on the vessel was halted over the winter months, to allow the poor weather to pass.[86]The salvage divers had reported that number five hold still contained \"one stack of probably about 2,000 cases of spirits and, on the bottom of the hold, a very large accumulation of loose paper, carton cases and loose bottles, both broken and unbroken\".[87] McColl was concerned about the possibility of more thefts from the ship and requested permission from his superiors to have the hold demolished by explosives; in his request he lied about the remaining cargo, and stated there were 3,000 to 4,000 cases, and thousands of loose bottles.[88] He was given permission to proceed, and on 6 August, 16 sticks of gelignite were used to destroy number five hold and its contents. Swinson described the act as \"the ultimate in stupidity, waste and vandalism, symbolising a mental attitude beyond ... [the islanders'] comprehension\".[89] Angus John Campbell commented \"Dynamiting whisky. You wouldn't think there'd be men in the world so crazy as that!\"[90]There is no accurate figure for the number of bottles taken.[91] McColl estimated that the islanders had taken about 2,000 cases (24,000 bottles).[88] Swinson estimates 7,000 cases.[91] Swinson bases his estimate on the interviews he made with islanders in the early 1960s; he spoke with men who had taken over 500 cases between them, and they were, Swinson records, only a few of the several hundred who visited the wreck.[91]Holden returned with his salvage team in March 1942 to cut the stern—including number five hold—from the rest of Politician. Once the waterlogged hold had been removed, the remainder of the ship rose from the sandbank, at which point she was towed to Lochboisdale and then on to Rothesay. Within two weeks the main part of the ship had been turned to scrap; number five hold remained on the floor of Eriskay Sound.[92]The salvors extracted £360,000 in Jamaican currency from number five hold and passed it to Gledhill.[n] He sealed the money in boxes and sent it to the salvage agents via the local post office on South Uist. The notes were handed over to the Bank of England.[93] Many had already been presented at banks for exchange. A Royal Air Force corporal changing Jamaican notes in Rothesay was arrested, but was acquitted after he proved he had recently returned from a posting in Jamaica; in November 1942 the foreman of the salvage operation was questioned by police: he had been giving away the notes as souvenirs. By 1958, 211,267 notes had been located; 2,329 more had been presented at banks in Ireland, Switzerland, Malta, the US and Jamaica, some of which had been paid into the banks by people unaware of the source of the money. About 76,400 banknotes remained lost.[67][94]","title":"September 1941 – August 1942"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson2005103%E2%80%93104-109"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson2005104-110"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200759-111"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200794-91"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Politician_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPartridge200718-112"},{"link_name":"U160","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-160_(1941)"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200752-113"},{"link_name":"Compton Mackenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton_Mackenzie"},{"link_name":"Whisky Galore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky_Galore_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcArthur200316-114"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2011-115"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2007149%E2%80%93150-116"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien196370-117"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith,_Gavin._%22Whisky_Galore%22-118"},{"link_name":"film of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky_Galore!_(1949_film)"},{"link_name":"Ealing Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealing_Studios"},{"link_name":"Home Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Guard_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuguidFreemanJohnstonWilliams2012137-119"},{"link_name":"A remake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky_Galore!_(2016_film)"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacnab201641-120"},{"link_name":"Derek Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Cooper_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERule199136-121"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford1971106-122"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Important_British_and_World_Paper_Money''._Dix_Noonan_Webb201073-123"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETweedie20019-78"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPartridge200718-112"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson2005176-124"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson2005178%E2%80%93179-125"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22A_tot_of_whisky_galore_under_the_floor%22._''The_Times''-126"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Distilling_Whisky_Galore!'',_8_January_1991Event_occurs_at_35:10%E2%80%9336:05-127"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill19873-128"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill19892-129"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Distilling_Whisky_Galore!'',_8_January_1991Event_occurs_at_2:40%E2%80%934:05-130"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Distilling_Whisky_Galore!'',_8_January_1991Event_occurs_at_35:10%E2%80%9336:05-127"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22The_legend_of_the_'Polly'%22._Merseyside_Maritime_Museum-131"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22The_SS_Politician_Profile%22._scotchwhisky.com-132"},{"link_name":"[o]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"}],"text":"The islanders involved in removing the whisky were resentful of those who had provided information to the customs officials. There was also a bad feeling towards those who had sold the whisky they found; when interviewed by Swinson in the 1960s, islanders told him that most of those involved in looting the whisky either drank it, hid it for later, or gave it to friends and families.[95] Opinions varied about those who had taken the hidden whisky caches of others. Some islanders thought it was not theirs to take in the first place, so it didn't matter who took it the second time; one man told Swinson \"it was all part of the fun\".[96] Another man said that he didn't mind customs searching for it—that was their job, after all—but \"what I did mind were the people who hadn't the courage to board the steamer ... they would watch where we buried the stuff and unearth it later on\".[97] Those islanders who were prosecuted were angered by what Hutchinson describes as \"the perversion of natural justice, by the stain put on their characters and not least by the fact that each of them, members of possibly the most peaceable and law-abiding community on Britain, now had a criminal record\".[79]Am Politician, Eriskay's only pub, was named after the SS Politician.[98]At the official inquiry into the sinking of Politician, Captain Worthington and First Mate Swain were cleared of all blame for her fate. Both returned to sea. Worthington captained SS Arica, which was sunk in November 1942 by U160; he survived the war and died in 1961. Swain commanded SS Custodian, another ship in the Harrison line, and survived the war. E. H. Mossman, Politician's chief engineer, sailed on SS Barrister, which ran aground on rocks off the coast of Ireland in December 1942. According to Hutchinson, Mossman \"is reputed to have commented 'we've done it again'.\"[99]The writer Compton Mackenzie was a resident of Barra from 1933, and was aware of the events surrounding Politician. In 1947 he published a fictionalised humorous account under the title Whisky Galore; he set the story on two islands, Great Todday and Little Todday and developed the theme of \"the right of small communities to self-determination in the face of larger, frequently ignorant, interfering forces\", according to the historian Gavin Wallace.[100][101] The book sold several million copies and was reprinted several times.[102] Two factual books deal with the events surrounding Politician; in 1963 Arthur Swinson published Scotch on the Rocks: The True Story Behind Whisky Galore, which contained a foreword by Mackenzie,[103] and in 1990 Roger Hutchinson wrote Polly: The True Story Behind Whisky Galore.[104]In 1949 Mackenzie's novel became the source for a film of the same name produced by Ealing Studios; Mackenzie made a brief appearance as the captain of SS Cabinet Minister, the renamed ship that grounded itself on the rocks. The customs men were replaced with Captain Paul Waggett, an English officer of the Home Guard, who vainly seeks out the purloined whisky. The plot device of pitting a small group of British against a series of changes to the status quo from an external agent leads the British Film Institute to consider Whisky Galore!, along with other Ealing comedies, as \"conservative, but 'mildly anarchic' daydreams, fantasies\".[105] A remake of the film was released in June 2016.[106] In January 1991 the broadcaster Derek Cooper presented Distilling Whisky Galore!, an hour-long documentary on the Politician, the Ealing comedy film and attempts to salvage any remaining cargo.[107]Because of the loss of the Jamaican notes, and the number that were being cashed in banks, from 1 July 1952 the blue ten-shilling notes were no longer accepted as legal tender. They were replaced with notes of the same design, but printed in purple on a light orange background.[108][109] As at 2019, one of the notes from the wreck hangs over the bar of the Am Politician,[67] Eriskay's only pub, which was named after the SS Politician.[98]It was the practice of some Eriskay residents to hide their empty bottles from Politician on Eriskay's interior for fear of incriminating themselves. Many of these were filled with sand from the local beach and turned into lamp bases before being sold in Edinburgh; the provenance was particularly interesting to American tourists who had seen the Ealing film.[110] Several full bottles of whisky were found on the island when locations had been forgotten by those who buried them; sand dunes that changed shape with the wind or a new thatch roof being installed often uncovered a hidden cache.[111] In 1991 one man who moved to Eriskay found four bottles under the floor of the croft he had purchased;[112] he then found two bottles buried in the ground outside.[113]Several bottles have been raised from the wreck by divers. In 1987 a diving expedition brought up eight bottles, described as being \"in perfect condition\",[114] and in 1989 the Glasgow-based company SS Politician Plc was formed to raise £500,000 for a salvage operation to locate any further bottles on the wreck.[115][116] The salvage operation took place during the calm weather of the summer months of 1990, but in the first storm at the end of the summer the rig secured over the wreck site was blown off its moorings and the salvage operation was cancelled. The operation uncovered 24 bottles.[113][117] A blended whisky, SS Politician, containing a small amount of the whisky they had raised was produced, but did not sell well and the company went into liquidation. A separate brand of whisky has been released under the name SS Politician, although this has no connection with the first brand or the whisky from the ship.[118] The various finds of whisky—whether found on land or raised from the wreck—have been placed at auction.[o]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"broken up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_up"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''London_Commerce'',_ship_1146693-3"},{"link_name":"supply ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_ship"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''London_Importer'',_ship_5115434-4"},{"link_name":"German auxiliary cruiser Kormoran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_auxiliary_cruiser_Kormoran"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Feliciana'',_ship_1146553-5"},{"link_name":"aerial torpedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_torpedo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''London_Shipper'',_ship_1147474-6"},{"link_name":"SS Oropesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Oropesa_(1919)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200736%E2%80%9337-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"length between perpendiculars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_between_perpendiculars"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Abbreviations%22._''Miramar_Ship_Index''-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Politician'',_ship_1147482-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Arthur Swinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Swinson"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson200523,_46-21"},{"link_name":"Roger Hutchinson's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Hutchinson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200743-22"},{"link_name":"Merseyside Maritime Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merseyside_Maritime_Museum"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22The_Last_Voyage%22._Merseyside_Maritime_Museum-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Consumer Price Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Price_Index_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2018-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Haig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haig_(whisky)"},{"link_name":"Ballantine's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballantine%27s"},{"link_name":"White Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Horse_(whisky)"},{"link_name":"Johnnie Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnnie_Walker"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200742-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"Consumer Price Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Price_Index_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2018-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"William Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Joyce"},{"link_name":"Nazi propagandist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Lord Haw-Haw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Haw-Haw"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson200532,_84%E2%80%9385-41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200750-49"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200785-52"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinson200586-53"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"},{"link_name":"Merchant Shipping Act 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Shipping_Act_1995"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Merchant_Shipping_Act_1894%22._The_National_Archives-59"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200764-63"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-81"},{"link_name":"Consumer Price Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Price_Index_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2018-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-96"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2007100-95"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-106"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2018-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-137"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22A_tot_of_whisky_galore_under_the_floor%22._''The_Times''-126"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Money_galore_for_booty%22._''The_Times''-133"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Bottle_from_Whisky_Galore!_wreck_fetches_%C2%A32,200%22._''The_Times''-134"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22The_legend_of_the_'Polly'%22._Merseyside_Maritime_Museum-131"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Whisky_from_wreck_fetches_pounds_galore%22._''The_Times''-135"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22I'll_drink_to_that_..._Whisky_Galore_bottle_earns_diver_%C2%A39,200_at_sale%22._''The_Herald''-136"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22The_legend_of_the_'Polly'%22._Merseyside_Maritime_Museum-131"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ London Merchant's sister ships had mixed fortunes:\nLondon Commerce: Renamed Collegian in 1935 and was broken up in 1948.[3]\nLondon Importer: Renamed Reliant and served the Second World War as a supply ship. She was later renamed Firdausa by her Pakistani owners before being scrapped in 1963 in Karachi.[4]\nLondon Mariner: renamed Craftsman, she was destroyed by the German auxiliary cruiser Kormoran in April 1941.[5]\nLondon Shipper: sank in May 1941 after being hit by a German aerial torpedo while travelling between New Orleans and Liverpool.[6]\nManchester Regiment: collided with the SS Oropesa in December 1939 and sank, with the loss of nine lives.[7]\n\n^ The length given is the length between perpendiculars measurement.[8][1]\n\n^ Arthur Swinson, in his history of Politician, puts it at 3:05 pm on 3 February—the time written in the ship's log;[19] Roger Hutchinson's history states 9:09 pm the same day;[20] the Merseyside Maritime Museum put the departure on 4 February.[21]\n\n^ £3 million in 1941 equates to approximately £187,659,000 in 2024, according to calculations based on the Consumer Price Index measure of inflation.[23]\n\n^ According to Hutchinson the brands shipped included: The Antiquary, Haig Pinch, VVO Gold Bar, Ballantine's Amber Concave, White Horse, King's Ransom, Victoria Vat, Johnnie Walker Red and Black Label, Mountain Dew, King William IV, McCallum's Perfection, King George IV, PD Special, Old Curio and Spey Royal.[24]\n\n^ If the whisky had been for sale in Britain it would have retailed at 16 shillings a bottle, giving a total price of £211,000; that equates to approximately £13,199,000 in 2024, according to calculations based on the Consumer Price Index measure of inflation.[23]\n\n^ The message was also picked up by radio monitoring in Germany; William Joyce, the Nazi propagandist who broadcast as Lord Haw-Haw, announced the sinking of Politician with the loss of all hands in his next morning bulletin, broadcast into Britain.[35]\n\n^ The same day Kay arrived, another cargo ship, SS Thala, hit a rock and sank at Hartamul, a small outcrop to the east of Eriskay.[42]\n\n^ Hutchinson gives the day of arrival as 9 February;[44] Swinson gives it as 11 February.[45]\n\n^ The Merchant Shipping Act 1894 was repealed in 1996 by the Merchant Shipping Act 1995.[50]\n\n^ An average cost for a bottle of scotch was 16 shillings; the tax and duty to be paid on per bottle was 11s 4d.[53]\n\n^ £3 in 1941 equates to approximately £188 in 2024; £5 from 1941 equates to approximately £313 in the same period, according to calculations based on the Consumer Price Index measure of inflation.[23]\n\n^ In one, he complained that during one arrest \"The co-operation of the police ... left much to be desired\".[83]\n\n^ £360,000 in 1941 equates to approximately £22,519,119 in 2024; £5 from 1941 equates to approximately £313.[23]\n\n^ Examples of the prices are:\n1988: Eight bottles: £4,000; an average of £500 each.[112]\n1993: Fourteen bottles: £11,400; an average of about £815 each.[119]\n2008: One bottle: £2,200.[120]\n2010: One bottle of Ballantine: £4,200.[117]\n2013: Two bottles: £12,050; an average of £6,025 each.[121]\n2020: A bottle salvaged in 1987 was sold at auction for £9,200, despite being labelled \"not suitable for human consumption\".[122]\nThe wooden lid from a case of Ballantine was sold in 2003 for £1,500.[117]","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Politician'',_ship_1147482_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Politician'',_ship_1147482_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Politician'',_ship_1147482_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Politician'',_ship_1147482_1-3"},{"link_name":"Politician, ship 1147482","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPolitician,_ship_1147482"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200736_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200736_2-1"},{"link_name":"Hutchinson 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHutchinson2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''London_Commerce'',_ship_1146693_3-0"},{"link_name":"London Commerce, ship 1146693","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLondon_Commerce,_ship_1146693"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''London_Importer'',_ship_5115434_4-0"},{"link_name":"London Importer, ship 5115434","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLondon_Importer,_ship_5115434"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Feliciana'',_ship_1146553_5-0"},{"link_name":"Feliciana, ship 1146553","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFeliciana,_ship_1146553"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''London_Shipper'',_ship_1147474_6-0"},{"link_name":"London Shipper, ship 1147474","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLondon_Shipper,_ship_1147474"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200736%E2%80%9337_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200736%E2%80%9337_7-1"},{"link_name":"Hutchinson 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHutchinson2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%22Abbreviations%22._''Miramar_Ship_Index''_9-0"},{"link_name":"\"Abbreviations\". Miramar Ship Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREF%22Abbreviations%22._Miramar_Ship_Index"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200737_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200737_11-1"},{"link_name":"Hutchinson 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHutchinson2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Manchester_Regiment'',_ship_1146830_12-0"},{"link_name":"Manchester Regiment, ship 1146830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFManchester_Regiment,_ship_1146830"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%22Manchester_shipping%22._''The_Manchester_Guardian'';_January_1924_13-0"},{"link_name":"\"Manchester shipping\". The Manchester Guardian; January 1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREF%22Manchester_shipping%22._The_Manchester_Guardian;_January_1924"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%22Manchester_shipping%22._''The_Manchester_Guardian'';_March_1928_14-0"},{"link_name":"\"Manchester shipping\". The Manchester Guardian; March 1928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREF%22Manchester_shipping%22._The_Manchester_Guardian;_March_1928"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%22Dry_agent_must_eat_humble_pie%22._''The_Semi-Weekly_Spokesman-Review''_15-0"},{"link_name":"\"Dry agent must eat humble pie\". The Semi-Weekly Spokesman-Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREF%22Dry_agent_must_eat_humble_pie%22._The_Semi-Weekly_Spokesman-Review"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%22Must_eat_humble_pie%22._''The_Gazette''_16-0"},{"link_name":"\"Must eat humble pie\". The Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREF%22Must_eat_humble_pie%22._The_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200737%E2%80%9338_17-0"},{"link_name":"Hutchinson 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHutchinson2007"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200738_18-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200738_18-1"},{"link_name":"Hutchinson 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHutchinson2007"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200754_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200754_19-1"},{"link_name":"Hutchinson 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHutchinson2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwinson200523%E2%80%9324_20-0"},{"link_name":"Swinson 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSwinson2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwinson200523,_46_21-0"},{"link_name":"Swinson 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSwinson2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson200743_22-0"},{"link_name":"Hutchinson 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHutchinson2007"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%22The_Last_Voyage%22._Merseyside_Maritime_Museum_23-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%22The_Last_Voyage%22._Merseyside_Maritime_Museum_23-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%22The_Last_Voyage%22._Merseyside_Maritime_Museum_23-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%22The_Last_Voyage%22._Merseyside_Maritime_Museum_23-3"},{"link_name":"\"The Last Voyage\". 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The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREF%22Bottle_from_Whisky_Galore!_wreck_fetches_%C2%A32,200%22._The_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%22Whisky_from_wreck_fetches_pounds_galore%22._''The_Times''_135-0"},{"link_name":"\"Whisky from wreck fetches pounds galore\". The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREF%22Whisky_from_wreck_fetches_pounds_galore%22._The_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%22I'll_drink_to_that_..._Whisky_Galore_bottle_earns_diver_%C2%A39,200_at_sale%22._''The_Herald''_136-0"},{"link_name":"\"I'll drink to that ... Whisky Galore bottle earns diver £9,200 at sale\". The Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREF%22I'll_drink_to_that_..._Whisky_Galore_bottle_earns_diver_%C2%A39,200_at_sale%22._The_Herald"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ a b c d Politician, ship 1147482.\n\n^ a b Hutchinson 2007, p. 36.\n\n^ London Commerce, ship 1146693.\n\n^ London Importer, ship 5115434.\n\n^ Feliciana, ship 1146553.\n\n^ London Shipper, ship 1147474.\n\n^ a b Hutchinson 2007, pp. 36–37.\n\n^ \"Abbreviations\". Miramar Ship Index.\n\n^ a b Hutchinson 2007, p. 37.\n\n^ Manchester Regiment, ship 1146830.\n\n^ \"Manchester shipping\". The Manchester Guardian; January 1924.\n\n^ \"Manchester shipping\". The Manchester Guardian; March 1928.\n\n^ \"Dry agent must eat humble pie\". The Semi-Weekly Spokesman-Review.\n\n^ \"Must eat humble pie\". The Gazette.\n\n^ Hutchinson 2007, pp. 37–38.\n\n^ a b Hutchinson 2007, p. 38.\n\n^ a b Hutchinson 2007, p. 54.\n\n^ Swinson 2005, pp. 23–24.\n\n^ Swinson 2005, pp. 23, 46.\n\n^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 43.\n\n^ a b c d \"The Last Voyage\". Merseyside Maritime Museum.\n\n^ a b Hutchinson 2007, p. 41.\n\n^ a b c d Clark 2018.\n\n^ a b c Hutchinson 2007, p. 42.\n\n^ Sneddon 2006, p. 353.\n\n^ a b \"Politician (Stern Portion)\". Canmore.\n\n^ a b Hutchinson 2007, p. 44.\n\n^ a b Swinson 2005, p. 8.\n\n^ Hutchinson 2007, pp. 42–44.\n\n^ Swinson 2005, pp. 22–28.\n\n^ Haswell-Smith 2008, p. 206.\n\n^ Malcolm Macmillan (20 December 1960).\n\n^ Swinson 2005, pp. 29–30.\n\n^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 46.\n\n^ Swinson 2005, pp. 32, 84–85.\n\n^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 48.\n\n^ a b \"After the Stranding\". Merseyside Maritime Museum.\n\n^ Swinson 2005, pp. 37–38.\n\n^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 49.\n\n^ Swinson 2005, p. 84.\n\n^ Hutchinson 2007, pp. 49–50.\n\n^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 50.\n\n^ Swinson 2005, p. 85.\n\n^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 85.\n\n^ Swinson 2005, p. 86.\n\n^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 51.\n\n^ a b Hutchinson 2007, pp. 51–52.\n\n^ Swinson 2005, pp. 88–89.\n\n^ a b Hutchinson 2007, p. 53.\n\n^ \"Merchant Shipping Act 1894\". The National Archives.\n\n^ Merchant Shipping Act 1894, p. 221.\n\n^ Swinson 2005, pp. 89–90.\n\n^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 64.\n\n^ Swinson 2005, pp. 90–91, 93.\n\n^ Swinson 2005, pp. 95–96.\n\n^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 57.\n\n^ Swinson 2005, pp. 97–98.\n\n^ Hutchinson 2007, pp. 68–70.\n\n^ Swinson 2005, pp. 109–110.\n\n^ Swinson 2005, pp. 111–112.\n\n^ Swinson 2005, pp. 112–116.\n\n^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 72.\n\n^ a b Hutchinson 2007, pp. 72–73.\n\n^ Swinson 2005, p. 116.\n\n^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 82.\n\n^ \"Customs and Excise\". Merseyside Maritime Museum.\n\n^ a b c d e Tweedie 2001, p. 9.\n\n^ Sunderland 2013, p. 247.\n\n^ Hutchinson 2007, pp. 83–84.\n\n^ a b c Turpin & Day 2005.\n\n^ Bathurst 2005, p. 160.\n\n^ a b Hutchinson 2007, p. 93.\n\n^ Goodwin & Day 2005.\n\n^ a b c Hutchinson 2007, p. 89.\n\n^ a b Swinson 2005, p. 123.\n\n^ a b Swinson 2005, p. 124.\n\n^ Hutchinson 2007, pp. 88–89.\n\n^ Hutchinson 2007, pp. 91–92.\n\n^ a b Hutchinson 2007, p. 94.\n\n^ English 2005, p. 12.\n\n^ Hutchinson 2007, pp. 96–98.\n\n^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 108.\n\n^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 100.\n\n^ Hutchinson 2007, pp. 99–103.\n\n^ Hutchinson 2007, pp. 103–105.\n\n^ Swinson 2005, pp. 152–156.\n\n^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 107.\n\n^ a b Hutchinson 2007, pp. 107–108.\n\n^ Swinson 2005, pp. 156–157.\n\n^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 112.\n\n^ a b c Swinson 2005, p. 180.\n\n^ Swinson 2005, p. 158.\n\n^ Swinson 2005, pp. 149–150.\n\n^ Hutchinson 2007, pp. 115–119.\n\n^ Swinson 2005, pp. 103–104.\n\n^ Swinson 2005, p. 104.\n\n^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 59.\n\n^ a b Partridge 2007, p. 18.\n\n^ Hutchinson 2007, p. 52.\n\n^ McArthur 2003, p. 16.\n\n^ Wallace 2011.\n\n^ Hutchinson 2007, pp. 149–150.\n\n^ O'Brien 1963, p. 70.\n\n^ Smith, Gavin. \"Whisky Galore\".\n\n^ Duguid et al. 2012, p. 137.\n\n^ Macnab 2016, p. 41.\n\n^ Rule 1991, p. 36.\n\n^ Crawford 1971, p. 106.\n\n^ Important British and World Paper Money. Dix Noonan Webb 2010, p. 73.\n\n^ Swinson 2005, p. 176.\n\n^ Swinson 2005, pp. 178–179.\n\n^ a b \"A tot of whisky galore under the floor\". The Times.\n\n^ a b Distilling Whisky Galore!, 8 January 1991, Event occurs at 35:10–36:05.\n\n^ Gill 1987, p. 3.\n\n^ Gill 1989, p. 2.\n\n^ Distilling Whisky Galore!, 8 January 1991, Event occurs at 2:40–4:05.\n\n^ a b c \"The legend of the 'Polly'\". Merseyside Maritime Museum.\n\n^ \"The SS Politician Profile\". scotchwhisky.com.\n\n^ \"Money galore for booty\". The Times.\n\n^ \"Bottle from Whisky Galore! wreck fetches £2,200\". The Times.\n\n^ \"Whisky from wreck fetches pounds galore\". The Times.\n\n^ \"I'll drink to that ... Whisky Galore bottle earns diver £9,200 at sale\". The Herald.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Politician&action=edit§ion=11"},{"link_name":"The Wreckers: A Story of Killing Seas and Plundered Shipwrecks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/wreckersstoryofk00bath#page/n5/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-6184-1677-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6184-1677-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84457-510-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84457-510-7"},{"link_name":"The Scottish Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=bXFwKl5gVqwC&pg=PP1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84767-277-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84767-277-3"},{"link_name":"Hutchinson, Roger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Hutchinson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-8401-8071-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8401-8071-8"},{"link_name":"Whisky Galore! and the Maggie: A British Film Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HnwROL7kGqwC&pg=PP1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-86064-633-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-633-1"},{"link_name":"Managing the British Empire: The Crown Agents, 1833–1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=8zDh79Q3Dt8C&pg=PP1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84383-841-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-841-8"},{"link_name":"Swinson, Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Swinson"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-9052-2209-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9052-2209-4"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Politician&action=edit§ion=12"},{"link_name":"\"Whisky Galore locals used violence to guard their loot\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thetimes.co.uk/article/whisky-galore-locals-used-violence-to-guard-their-loot-rz6j9f6npsq"},{"link_name":"\"Ecosse: looting galore\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ecosse-looting-galore-dhk8c33gb7j"},{"link_name":"\"Banknotes galore after whisky ship hit the rocks\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1319533/Banknotes-galore-after-whisky-ship-hit-the-rocks.html"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Politician&action=edit§ion=13"},{"link_name":"\"Abbreviations\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.miramarshipindex.nz/abbreviation"},{"link_name":"\"After the Stranding\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/archive/displays/politician/stranding.aspx"},{"link_name":"\"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.measuringworth.com/ukearncpi/"},{"link_name":"\"Customs and Excise take a different view\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/archive/displays/politician/customs.aspx"},{"link_name":"\"Feliciana (1146553)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/1146553"},{"link_name":"Miramar Ship Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miramar"},{"link_name":"\"The Last Voyage\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/archive/displays/politician/voyage.aspx"},{"link_name":"\"The legend of the 'Polly'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/archive/displays/politician/legend.aspx"},{"link_name":"\"London Commerce (1146693)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/1146693"},{"link_name":"Miramar Ship Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miramar"},{"link_name":"\"London Importer (5115434)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/5115434"},{"link_name":"Miramar Ship Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miramar"},{"link_name":"\"London Shipper (1147474)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/1147474"},{"link_name":"Miramar Ship Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miramar"},{"link_name":"\"Manchester Regiment (1146830)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/1146830"},{"link_name":"Miramar Ship Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miramar"},{"link_name":"\"Merchant Shipping Act 1894\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/57-58/60/section/536"},{"link_name":"\"Politician (1147482)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/1147482"},{"link_name":"Miramar Ship Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miramar"},{"link_name":"\"Politician (Stern Portion): Calvay Rock, Eriskay Sound, Sea of the Hebrides\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//canmore.org.uk/site/102814/politician-stern-portion-calvay-rock-eriskay-sound-sea-of-the-hebrides"},{"link_name":"Canmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canmore_(database)"},{"link_name":"Coastal Zone Assessment Survey of East Coast of North Uist, Benbecula and South Uist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//i.rcahms.gov.uk/canmore-pdf/WP00000274.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"Whisky Galore\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//whiskymag.com/story/whisky-galore"},{"link_name":"\"The SS Politician Profile\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//scotchwhisky.com/whiskypedia/2891/the-ss-politician/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Politician&action=edit§ion=14"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/31392","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31392"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Politician&action=edit§ion=15"},{"link_name":"Cooper, Derek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Cooper_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Important British and World Paper Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/britishpapermoneysept2010dixn/page/n71"},{"link_name":"Dix Noonan Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dix_Noonan_Webb"},{"link_name":"Macmillan, Malcolm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Macmillan"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard"},{"link_name":"Merchant Shipping Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1894/60/pdfs/ukpga_18940060_en.pdf"}],"sub_title":"Sources","text":"Books[edit]\nBathurst, Bella (2005). The Wreckers: A Story of Killing Seas and Plundered Shipwrecks. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-6184-1677-6.\nDuguid, Mark; Freeman, Lee; Johnston, Keith M.; Williams, Melanie (2012). Ealing Revisited. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-84457-510-7.\nHaswell-Smith, Hamish (2008). The Scottish Islands. Edinburgh: Canongate. ISBN 978-1-84767-277-3.\nHutchinson, Roger (2007). Polly: The True Story Behind Whisky Galore. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 978-1-8401-8071-8.\nMcArthur, Colin (2003). Whisky Galore! and the Maggie: A British Film Guide. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-633-1.\nSunderland, David (2013). Managing the British Empire: The Crown Agents, 1833–1914. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-841-8.\nSwinson, Arthur (2005) [1963]. Scotch on the Rocks: the True Story Behind Whisky Galore. Edinburgh: Luath Press. ISBN 978-1-9052-2209-4.\nNewspapers[edit]\n\"Bottle from Whisky Galore! wreck fetches £2,200\". The Times. 4 December 2008. p. 28.\n\"Dry agent must eat humble pie\". The Semi-Weekly Spokesman-Review. 20 December 1924. p. 1.\nEnglish, Shirley (28 March 2005). \"Sour finish to story of Whisky Galore\". The Times. p. 12.\nGill, Kerry (11 August 1987). \"Cash store on whisky ship wreck\". The Times. p. 3.\nGill, Kerry (16 December 1989). \"Blow for Whisky Galore salvage\". The Times. p. 2.\nGoodwin, Karin; Day, Peter (27 March 2005). \"Whisky Galore locals used violence to guard their loot\". The Sunday Times.\n\"I'll drink to that ... Whisky Galore bottle earns diver £9,200 at sale\". The Herald. 16 September 2020. p. 7.\nMacnab, Geoffrey (5 July 2016). \"A Toast to whimsy and nostalgia\". The Independent. p. 41.\n\"Manchester shipping\". The Manchester Guardian. 26 January 1924. p. 1.\n\"Manchester shipping\". The Manchester Guardian. 30 March 1928. p. 1.\n\"Money galore for booty\". The Times. 25 November 1993. p. 6.\n\"Must eat humble pie\". The Gazette. Montreal. 22 December 1924. p. 10.\nO'Brien, E. D. (13 July 1963). \"A literary lounger\". Illustrated London News. p. 70.\nPartridge, Frank (3 March 2007). \"Complete guide to the Western Isles\". The Independent. p. 18.\nRule, Vera (8 January 1991). \"Television and radio: watching brief\". The Guardian. p. 36.\n\"A tot of whisky galore under the floor\". The Times. 20 January 1990. p. 1.\nTurpin, Adrian; Day, Peter (27 March 2005). \"Ecosse: looting galore\". The Sunday Times.\nTweedie, Neil (26 January 2001). \"Banknotes galore after whisky ship hit the rocks\". The Daily Telegraph.\n\"Whisky from wreck fetches pounds galore\". The Times. 7 May 2013. p. 8.\nInternet[edit]\n\"Abbreviations\". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 16 September 2019.\n\"After the Stranding\". Merseyside Maritime Museum. Retrieved 7 August 2019.\nClark, Gregory (2018). \"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 30 January 2018.\n\"Customs and Excise take a different view\". Merseyside Maritime Museum. Retrieved 11 August 2019.\n\"Feliciana (1146553)\". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 1 August 2019.\n\"The Last Voyage\". Merseyside Maritime Museum. Retrieved 7 August 2019.\n\"The legend of the 'Polly'\". Merseyside Maritime Museum. Retrieved 17 August 2019.\n\"London Commerce (1146693)\". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 1 August 2019.\n\"London Importer (5115434)\". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 1 August 2019.\n\"London Shipper (1147474)\". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 1 August 2019.\n\"Manchester Regiment (1146830)\". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 1 August 2019.\n\"Merchant Shipping Act 1894\". The National Archives. Retrieved 10 August 2019.\n\"Politician (1147482)\". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 1 August 2019.\n\"Politician (Stern Portion): Calvay Rock, Eriskay Sound, Sea of the Hebrides\". Canmore. Retrieved 6 August 2019.\nSneddon, David (31 March 2006). Coastal Zone Assessment Survey of East Coast of North Uist, Benbecula and South Uist (PDF) (Report). Glasgow University Archaeological Research Division. Retrieved 6 August 2019.\nSmith, Gavin. \"Whisky Galore\". Whisky Magazine. Retrieved 18 August 2019.\n\"The SS Politician Profile\". scotchwhisky.com. Retrieved 19 August 2019.\nJournals[edit]\nCrawford, Douglas A. (December 1971). \"The Politician Notes of Jamaica\". International Bank Note Society Journal. 11 (2).\nWallace, Gavin (6 January 2011). \"Mackenzie, Sir (Edward Montague Anthony) Compton: (1883–1972)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31392. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\nOther[edit]\nCooper, Derek (8 January 1991). Distilling Whisky Galore! (Television production). Channel 4.\nImportant British and World Paper Money. London: Dix Noonan Webb. 2010.\nMacmillan, Malcolm, MP (20 December 1960). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 632. United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 138W.\nMerchant Shipping Act (PDF). Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 1894.","title":"Notes and references"}] | [{"image_text":"Relevant locations for the SS Politician: – The current site of wreck.[25] And, the approximate site the ship grounded, according to: – the Canmore database;[26] – Roger Hutchinson's history;[27] – Arthur Swinson's history.[28]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Relevant_locations_for_the_SS_Politician.jpg/260px-Relevant_locations_for_the_SS_Politician.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of South Uist from Eriskay; the small island of Calvay lies in the middle of the sound.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/North_Eriskay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_119697.jpg/240px-North_Eriskay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_119697.jpg"},{"image_text":"The second official salvage crew removing some of the cases of whisky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/Whisky_being_salvaged_from_the_SS_Politician.jpg/220px-Whisky_being_salvaged_from_the_SS_Politician.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1942_Jamaica_%C2%A35_note.jpg/300px-1942_Jamaica_%C2%A35_note.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dark blue coloured banknote showing image of George VI","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/1940_Jamaica_%C2%A31_note.jpg/300px-1940_Jamaica_%C2%A31_note.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/1940_Jamaica_10_Shilling_note.jpg/300px-1940_Jamaica_10_Shilling_note.jpg"},{"image_text":"Am Politician, Eriskay's only pub, was named after the SS Politician.[98]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Politician_-_panoramio.jpg/260px-The_Politician_-_panoramio.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Bathurst, Bella (2005). The Wreckers: A Story of Killing Seas and Plundered Shipwrecks. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-6184-1677-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/wreckersstoryofk00bath#page/n5/mode/2up","url_text":"The Wreckers: A Story of Killing Seas and Plundered Shipwrecks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6184-1677-6","url_text":"978-0-6184-1677-6"}]},{"reference":"Duguid, Mark; Freeman, Lee; Johnston, Keith M.; Williams, Melanie (2012). Ealing Revisited. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-84457-510-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84457-510-7","url_text":"978-1-84457-510-7"}]},{"reference":"Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2008). The Scottish Islands. Edinburgh: Canongate. ISBN 978-1-84767-277-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bXFwKl5gVqwC&pg=PP1","url_text":"The Scottish Islands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84767-277-3","url_text":"978-1-84767-277-3"}]},{"reference":"Hutchinson, Roger (2007). Polly: The True Story Behind Whisky Galore. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 978-1-8401-8071-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Hutchinson_(writer)","url_text":"Hutchinson, Roger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8401-8071-8","url_text":"978-1-8401-8071-8"}]},{"reference":"McArthur, Colin (2003). Whisky Galore! and the Maggie: A British Film Guide. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-633-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HnwROL7kGqwC&pg=PP1","url_text":"Whisky Galore! and the Maggie: A British Film Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-633-1","url_text":"978-1-86064-633-1"}]},{"reference":"Sunderland, David (2013). Managing the British Empire: The Crown Agents, 1833–1914. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-841-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8zDh79Q3Dt8C&pg=PP1","url_text":"Managing the British Empire: The Crown Agents, 1833–1914"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-841-8","url_text":"978-1-84383-841-8"}]},{"reference":"Swinson, Arthur (2005) [1963]. Scotch on the Rocks: the True Story Behind Whisky Galore. Edinburgh: Luath Press. ISBN 978-1-9052-2209-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Swinson","url_text":"Swinson, Arthur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9052-2209-4","url_text":"978-1-9052-2209-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Bottle from Whisky Galore! wreck fetches £2,200\". The Times. 4 December 2008. p. 28.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Dry agent must eat humble pie\". The Semi-Weekly Spokesman-Review. 20 December 1924. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"English, Shirley (28 March 2005). \"Sour finish to story of Whisky Galore\". The Times. p. 12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gill, Kerry (11 August 1987). \"Cash store on whisky ship wreck\". The Times. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gill, Kerry (16 December 1989). \"Blow for Whisky Galore salvage\". The Times. p. 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Goodwin, Karin; Day, Peter (27 March 2005). \"Whisky Galore locals used violence to guard their loot\". The Sunday Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/whisky-galore-locals-used-violence-to-guard-their-loot-rz6j9f6npsq","url_text":"\"Whisky Galore locals used violence to guard their loot\""}]},{"reference":"\"I'll drink to that ... Whisky Galore bottle earns diver £9,200 at sale\". The Herald. 16 September 2020. p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Macnab, Geoffrey (5 July 2016). \"A Toast to whimsy and nostalgia\". The Independent. p. 41.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Manchester shipping\". The Manchester Guardian. 26 January 1924. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Manchester shipping\". The Manchester Guardian. 30 March 1928. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Money galore for booty\". The Times. 25 November 1993. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Must eat humble pie\". The Gazette. Montreal. 22 December 1924. p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"O'Brien, E. D. (13 July 1963). \"A literary lounger\". Illustrated London News. p. 70.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Partridge, Frank (3 March 2007). \"Complete guide to the Western Isles\". The Independent. p. 18.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rule, Vera (8 January 1991). \"Television and radio: watching brief\". The Guardian. p. 36.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"A tot of whisky galore under the floor\". The Times. 20 January 1990. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Turpin, Adrian; Day, Peter (27 March 2005). \"Ecosse: looting galore\". The Sunday Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ecosse-looting-galore-dhk8c33gb7j","url_text":"\"Ecosse: looting galore\""}]},{"reference":"Tweedie, Neil (26 January 2001). \"Banknotes galore after whisky ship hit the rocks\". The Daily Telegraph.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1319533/Banknotes-galore-after-whisky-ship-hit-the-rocks.html","url_text":"\"Banknotes galore after whisky ship hit the rocks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Whisky from wreck fetches pounds galore\". The Times. 7 May 2013. p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Abbreviations\". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 16 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/abbreviation","url_text":"\"Abbreviations\""}]},{"reference":"\"After the Stranding\". Merseyside Maritime Museum. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/archive/displays/politician/stranding.aspx","url_text":"\"After the Stranding\""}]},{"reference":"Clark, Gregory (2018). \"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 30 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.measuringworth.com/ukearncpi/","url_text":"\"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Customs and Excise take a different view\". Merseyside Maritime Museum. Retrieved 11 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/archive/displays/politician/customs.aspx","url_text":"\"Customs and Excise take a different view\""}]},{"reference":"\"Feliciana (1146553)\". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 1 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/1146553","url_text":"\"Feliciana (1146553)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miramar","url_text":"Miramar Ship Index"}]},{"reference":"\"The Last Voyage\". Merseyside Maritime Museum. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/archive/displays/politician/voyage.aspx","url_text":"\"The Last Voyage\""}]},{"reference":"\"The legend of the 'Polly'\". Merseyside Maritime Museum. Retrieved 17 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/archive/displays/politician/legend.aspx","url_text":"\"The legend of the 'Polly'\""}]},{"reference":"\"London Commerce (1146693)\". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 1 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/1146693","url_text":"\"London Commerce (1146693)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miramar","url_text":"Miramar Ship Index"}]},{"reference":"\"London Importer (5115434)\". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 1 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/5115434","url_text":"\"London Importer (5115434)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miramar","url_text":"Miramar Ship Index"}]},{"reference":"\"London Shipper (1147474)\". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 1 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/1147474","url_text":"\"London Shipper (1147474)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miramar","url_text":"Miramar Ship Index"}]},{"reference":"\"Manchester Regiment (1146830)\". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 1 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/1146830","url_text":"\"Manchester Regiment (1146830)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miramar","url_text":"Miramar Ship Index"}]},{"reference":"\"Merchant Shipping Act 1894\". The National Archives. Retrieved 10 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/57-58/60/section/536","url_text":"\"Merchant Shipping Act 1894\""}]},{"reference":"\"Politician (1147482)\". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 1 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/1147482","url_text":"\"Politician (1147482)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miramar","url_text":"Miramar Ship Index"}]},{"reference":"\"Politician (Stern Portion): Calvay Rock, Eriskay Sound, Sea of the Hebrides\". Canmore. Retrieved 6 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://canmore.org.uk/site/102814/politician-stern-portion-calvay-rock-eriskay-sound-sea-of-the-hebrides","url_text":"\"Politician (Stern Portion): Calvay Rock, Eriskay Sound, Sea of the Hebrides\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canmore_(database)","url_text":"Canmore"}]},{"reference":"Sneddon, David (31 March 2006). Coastal Zone Assessment Survey of East Coast of North Uist, Benbecula and South Uist (PDF) (Report). Glasgow University Archaeological Research Division. Retrieved 6 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://i.rcahms.gov.uk/canmore-pdf/WP00000274.pdf","url_text":"Coastal Zone Assessment Survey of East Coast of North Uist, Benbecula and South Uist"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Gavin. \"Whisky Galore\". Whisky Magazine. Retrieved 18 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://whiskymag.com/story/whisky-galore","url_text":"\"Whisky Galore\""}]},{"reference":"\"The SS Politician Profile\". scotchwhisky.com. Retrieved 19 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://scotchwhisky.com/whiskypedia/2891/the-ss-politician/","url_text":"\"The SS Politician Profile\""}]},{"reference":"Crawford, Douglas A. (December 1971). \"The Politician Notes of Jamaica\". International Bank Note Society Journal. 11 (2).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wallace, Gavin (6 January 2011). \"Mackenzie, Sir (Edward Montague Anthony) Compton: (1883–1972)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31392.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31392","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/31392"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Derek (8 January 1991). Distilling Whisky Galore! (Television production). Channel 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Cooper_(journalist)","url_text":"Cooper, Derek"}]},{"reference":"Important British and World Paper Money. London: Dix Noonan Webb. 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/britishpapermoneysept2010dixn/page/n71","url_text":"Important British and World Paper Money"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dix_Noonan_Webb","url_text":"Dix Noonan Webb"}]},{"reference":"Macmillan, Malcolm, MP (20 December 1960). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 632. United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 138W.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Macmillan","url_text":"Macmillan, Malcolm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"}]},{"reference":"Merchant Shipping Act (PDF). Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 1894.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1894/60/pdfs/ukpga_18940060_en.pdf","url_text":"Merchant Shipping Act"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=SS_Politician¶ms=57_5_52_N_7_15_43_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"57°5′52″N 7°15′43″W / 57.09778°N 7.26194°W / 57.09778; -7.26194"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/wreckersstoryofk00bath#page/n5/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Wreckers: A Story of Killing Seas and Plundered Shipwrecks"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bXFwKl5gVqwC&pg=PP1","external_links_name":"The Scottish Islands"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HnwROL7kGqwC&pg=PP1","external_links_name":"Whisky Galore! and the Maggie: A British Film Guide"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8zDh79Q3Dt8C&pg=PP1","external_links_name":"Managing the British Empire: The Crown Agents, 1833–1914"},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/whisky-galore-locals-used-violence-to-guard-their-loot-rz6j9f6npsq","external_links_name":"\"Whisky Galore locals used violence to guard their loot\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ecosse-looting-galore-dhk8c33gb7j","external_links_name":"\"Ecosse: looting galore\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1319533/Banknotes-galore-after-whisky-ship-hit-the-rocks.html","external_links_name":"\"Banknotes galore after whisky ship hit the rocks\""},{"Link":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/abbreviation","external_links_name":"\"Abbreviations\""},{"Link":"http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/archive/displays/politician/stranding.aspx","external_links_name":"\"After the Stranding\""},{"Link":"https://www.measuringworth.com/ukearncpi/","external_links_name":"\"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\""},{"Link":"http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/archive/displays/politician/customs.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Customs and Excise take a different view\""},{"Link":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/1146553","external_links_name":"\"Feliciana (1146553)\""},{"Link":"http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/archive/displays/politician/voyage.aspx","external_links_name":"\"The Last Voyage\""},{"Link":"http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/archive/displays/politician/legend.aspx","external_links_name":"\"The legend of the 'Polly'\""},{"Link":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/1146693","external_links_name":"\"London Commerce (1146693)\""},{"Link":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/5115434","external_links_name":"\"London Importer (5115434)\""},{"Link":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/1147474","external_links_name":"\"London Shipper (1147474)\""},{"Link":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/1146830","external_links_name":"\"Manchester Regiment (1146830)\""},{"Link":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/57-58/60/section/536","external_links_name":"\"Merchant Shipping Act 1894\""},{"Link":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/1147482","external_links_name":"\"Politician (1147482)\""},{"Link":"https://canmore.org.uk/site/102814/politician-stern-portion-calvay-rock-eriskay-sound-sea-of-the-hebrides","external_links_name":"\"Politician (Stern Portion): Calvay Rock, Eriskay Sound, Sea of the Hebrides\""},{"Link":"https://i.rcahms.gov.uk/canmore-pdf/WP00000274.pdf","external_links_name":"Coastal Zone Assessment Survey of East Coast of North Uist, Benbecula and South Uist"},{"Link":"http://whiskymag.com/story/whisky-galore","external_links_name":"\"Whisky Galore\""},{"Link":"https://scotchwhisky.com/whiskypedia/2891/the-ss-politician/","external_links_name":"\"The SS Politician Profile\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31392","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/31392"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/britishpapermoneysept2010dixn/page/n71","external_links_name":"Important British and World Paper Money"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1894/60/pdfs/ukpga_18940060_en.pdf","external_links_name":"Merchant Shipping Act"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190801180428/http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/archive/displays/politician/index.aspx","external_links_name":"Online display"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=SS_Politician¶ms=57_5_52_N_7_15_43_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"57°5′52″N 7°15′43″W / 57.09778°N 7.26194°W / 57.09778; -7.26194"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Dakar_Rally | 2000 Paris–Dakar–Cairo Rally | ["1 Stages","2 Stage Results","2.1 Motorcycles","2.2 Cars","2.3 Trucks","3 Final standings","3.1 Motorcycles","3.2 Cars","3.3 Trucks","4 References"] | 2000 Dakar Rally← Previous eventNext event →Host country Senegal Mali Morocco Burkina Faso Niger Libya EgyptResultsCars winner Jean-Louis Schlesser Henri MagneSchlesser-RenaultBikes winner Richard SainctBMWTrucks winner Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey SavostinKamaz
The 2000 Dakar Rally, also known as the 2000 Dakar–Cairo Rally, was the 22nd running of the Dakar Rally event. The event began on 6 January 2000 in Senegal and ended on 23 January in Cairo. It had been re-routed to avoid Mauritania following an armed robbery of competitors in the 1999 rally. Four stages of the rally scheduled to be held in Niger were cancelled following a reported terrorist threat. Competitors were airlifted from Niamey airport to Libya where the rally was restarted five days later at Sabha. The rally was won by French driver Jean-Louis Schlesser and his co-driver Henri Magne in a Schlesser-Renault buggy., with the motorcycle title going to BMW's Richard Sainct and the truck title to Kamaz's Vladimir Chagin.
Stages
Stage
Date
From
To
Total(km)
Stage winners
Bikes
Cars
Trucks
1
6 January
Dakar
Tambacounda
594
R. Sainct
C. Sousa
A. de Azevedo
2
7 January
Tambacounda
Kayes
359
J. Arcarons
S. Peterhansel
V. Chagin
3
8 January
Kayes
Bamako
711
N. Roma
K. Shinozuka
V. Chagin
4
9 January
Bamako
Bobo-Dioulasso
608
N. Roma
J. Kleinschmidt
V. Chagin
5
10 January
Bobo-Dioulasso
Ouagadougou
762
H. Kinigadner
J-L. Schlesser
A. de Azevedo
6
11 January
Ouagadougou
Niamey
733
R. Sainct
C. Sousa
F. Kabirov
12 January
Niamey
Sabha
Rally suspended
13 January
14 January
15 January
16 January
7
17 January
Sabha
Waw El-Kebir
469
H. Kinigadner
J-P. Fontenay
F. Kabirov
8
18 January
Waw El-Kebir
Waha
661
A. Cox
J-L. Schlesser
F. Kabirov
9
19 January
Waha
Khofra
647
J. Lewis
S. Peterhansel
K. Loprais
10
20 January
Khofra
Dakhla
852
O. Gallardo J. Lewis
J. M. Servia
V. Chagin
11
21 January
Dakhla
606
I. Esteve
J-P. Fontenay
K. Loprais
12
22 January
Dakhla
Wadi Elrayan
722
N. Roma
H. Masuoka
K. Loprais
13
23 January
Wadi Elrayan
Cairo
139
N. Roma
J. M. Servia
F. Kabirov
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: list formatting, lack of context. Please help improve this section if you can. (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Motorcycles principal entry
KTM
2 Heinz Kinigadner
3 Kari Tiainen
4 Fabrizio Meoni
6 Alfie Cox
7 Joan Roma
9 Giovanni Sala
12 Jordi Arcarons
16 Carlo de Gavardo
18 Isidre Esteve Pujol
BMW
1 Richard Sainct
5 Oscar Gallardo
8 Jimmy Lewis
10 John Deacon
19 Jean Brucy
Honda
23 Le Blanc
77 Ikemachi Yoshio
Cars principal entry
Schlesser-Renault
250 Jean Louis Schelesser
253 Jose Maria Servia
Mitsubishi
251 Jean Pierre Fontenay
254 Kenjiro Shinozuka
256 Jutta Kleinschmidt
260 Carlos Souza
271 Hiroshi Masuoka
Ford
252 Bruno Saby
Nissan
255 Thierry Delavergne
259 Philippe Wambergue
269 Gregoire de Mevius
Trucks principal entry
Kamaz
409 Vladimir Tchaguine
416 Firdaus Kabirov
Tatra
407 Karel Loprais
408 André de Azevedo
414 Bedrich Slenovsky
Hino
400 Yoshimasa Sugawara
MAN
415 Peter Reif
Stage Results
Motorcycles
Stage result
General classification
Stage
Pos
Competitor
Make
Time
Gap
Pos
Competitor
Make
Time
Gap
1
1
Richard Sainct
BMW
3:22:46
1
Richard Sainct
BMW
3:22:46
2
Nani Roma
KTM
3:23:26
0:40
2
Nani Roma
KTM
3:23:26
0:40
3
Jordi Arcarons
KTM
3:24:55
2:09
3
Jordi Arcarons
KTM
3:24:55
2:09
2
1
Jordi Arcarons
KTM
2:04:18
1
Nani Roma
KTM
5:28:11
2
Nani Roma
KTM
2:04:45
0:27
2
Richard Sainct
BMW
5:28:52
0:41
3
Richard Sainct
BMW
2:06:06
1:48
3
Jordi Arcarons
KTM
5:29:11
1:00
3
1
Nani Roma
KTM
2:27:28
1
Nani Roma
KTM
7:55:39
2
Fabrizio Meoni
KTM
2:36:32
9:02
2
Richard Sainct
BMW
8:07:54
12:15
3
Heinz Kinigadner
KTM
2:36:48
9:20
3
Fabrizio Meoni
KTM
8:14:56
19:17
4
1
Nani Roma
KTM
2:27:39
1
Nani Roma
KTM
10:23:18
2
Heinz Kinigadner
KTM
2:32:20
4:41
2
Richard Sainct
BMW
10:46:09
22:51
3
Richard Sainct
BMW
2:38:15
10:36
3
Heinz Kinigadner
KTM
10:52:26
29:08
5
1
Heinz Kinigadner
KTM
4:13:52
1
Nani Roma
KTM
14:27:23
2
Nani Roma
KTM
4:14:05
0:13
2
Richard Sainct
BMW
15:00:45
23:22
3
Richard Sainct
BMW
4:14:36
0:44
3
Heinz Kinigadner
KTM
15:06:18
28:55
6
1
Richard Sainct
BMW
6:14:20
1
Nani Roma
KTM
20:52:43
2
Nani Roma
KTM
6:15:20
1:00
2
Richard Sainct
BMW
21:15:05
22:22
3
Paulo Manuel Marques
KTM
6:20:30
6:10
3
Heinz Kinigadner
KTM
21:36:14
43:31
7
1
Heinz Kinigadner
KTM
57:23
1
Nani Roma
KTM
21:52:40
2
Nani Roma
KTM
59:57
2:34
2
Richard Sainct
BMW
22:15:41
23:01
3
Richard Sainct
BMW
1:00:36
3:13
3
Heinz Kinigadner
KTM
22:33:37
40:57
8
1
Alfie Cox
KTM
5:54:15
1
Nani Roma
KTM
27:50:56
2
Jurgen Mayer
KTM
5:55:23
1:08
2
Richard Sainct
BMW
28:12:56
22:00
3
Jimmy Lewis
BMW
5:56:14
1:59
3
Oscar Gallardo
BMW
28:58:17
1:07:21
9
1
Jimmy Lewis
BMW
5:02:05
1
Nani Roma
KTM
32:53:54
2
Alfie Cox
KTM
5:02:07
0:02
2
Richard Sainct
BMW
33:15:53
21:59
3
Oscar Gallardo
BMW
5:02:13
0:08
3
Oscar Gallardo
BMW
34:00:30
1:06:36
10
1
Oscar Gallardo
BMW
7:09:24
1
Richard Sainct
BMW
40:25:25
Jimmy Lewis
BMW
2
Oscar Gallardo
BMW
41:09:54
44:29
3
Richard Sainct
BMW
7:09:32
0:08
3
Jimmy Lewis
BMW
41:32:25
1:07:00
11
1
Isidre Esteve
KTM
3:35:08
1
Richard Sainct
BMW
44:03:23
2
Per-Gunnar Lundmark
KTM
3:36:14
1:06
2
Oscar Gallardo
BMW
44:49:39
45:16
3
Jean Brucy
BMW
3:36:58
1:50
3
Jimmy Lewis
BMW
45:12:10
1:08:47
12
1
Nani Roma
KTM
4:28:19
1
Richard Sainct
BMW
49:04:32
2
Alfie Cox
KTM
4:39:44
11:25
2
Oscar Gallardo
BMW
49:37:20
32:48
3
Per-Gunnar Lundmark
KTM
4:41:11
12:52
3
Jimmy Lewis
BMW
49:58:00
53:28
13
1
Nani Roma
KTM
3:22
1
Richard Sainct
BMW
49:08:56
2
Henk Knuiman
KTM
3:24
0:02
2
Oscar Gallardo
BMW
49:40:50
31:54
Eric Bernard
KTM
3
Jimmy Lewis
BMW
50:01:25
52:29
Cars
Stage result
General classification
Stage
Pos
Competitor
Make
Time
Gap
Pos
Competitor
Make
Time
Gap
1
1
Carlos Sousa João Luz
Mitsubishi
3:24:49
1
Carlos Sousa João Luz
Mitsubishi
3:24:49
2
Kenjiro Shinozuka Dominique Serieys
Mitsubishi
3:25:16
0:27
2
Kenjiro Shinozuka Dominique Serieys
Mitsubishi
3:25:16
0:27
3
Hiroshi Masuoka Andreas Schulz
Mitsubishi
3:27:32
2:43
3
Hiroshi Masuoka Andreas Schulz
Mitsubishi
3:27:32
2:43
2
1
Stephane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mega
2:03:33
1
Kenjiro Shinozuka Dominique Serieys
Mitsubishi
5:34:18
2
José Maria Servia Jean-Marie Lurquin
Schlesser-Renault
2:04:49
1:16
2
Carlos Sousa João Luz
Mitsubishi
5:34:43
0:25
3
Jean-Louis Schlesser Henri Magne
Schlesser-Renault
2:05:20
1:47
3
Hiroshi Masuoka Andreas Schulz
Mitsubishi
5:35:55
1:37
Grégoire De Mévius Thierry Delli Zotti
Nissan
3
1
Kenjiro Shinozuka Dominique Serieys
Mitsubishi
2:42:38
1
Kenjiro Shinozuka Dominique Serieys
Mitsubishi
8:16:56
2
Jean-Pierre Fontenay Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
2:43:52
1:14
2
Jean-Pierre Fontenay Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
8:20:59
3:33
3
Jean-Louis Schlesser Henri Magne
Schlesser-Renault
2:47:37
4:59
3
Hiroshi Masuoka Andreas Schulz
Mitsubishi
8:24:00
7:04
4
1
Jutta Kleinschmidt Tina Thörner
Mitsubishi
2:20:45
1
Kenjiro Shinozuka Dominique Serieys
Mitsubishi
10:39:42
2
Jean-Louis Schlesser Henri Magne
Schlesser-Renault
2:20:51
0:06
2
Jean-Pierre Fontenay Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
10:44:42
5:00
3
Bruno Saby Yves Truelle
Ford
2:21:16
0:31
3
Jean-Louis Schlesser Henri Magne
Schlesser-Renault
10:46:34
6:52
5
1
Jean-Louis Schlesser Henri Magne
Schlesser-Renault
3:55:04
1
Kenjiro Shinozuka Dominique Serieys
Mitsubishi
14:35:38
2
Stephane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mega
3:55:12
0:08
2
Jean-Louis Schlesser Henri Magne
Schlesser-Renault
14:41:38
6:00
3
Kenjiro Shinozuka Dominique Serieys
Mitsubishi
3:55:56
0:52
3
Stephane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mega
14:45:48
10:10
6
1
Carlos Sousa João Luz
Mitsubishi
5:46:02
1
Kenjiro Shinozuka Dominique Serieys
Mitsubishi
20:25:33
2
Stephane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mega
5:47:51
1:49
2
Jean-Louis Schlesser Henri Magne
Schlesser-Renault
20:31:48
6:15
3
Kenjiro Shinozuka Dominique Serieys
Mitsubishi
5:49:55
3:53
3
Stephane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mega
20:33:39
8:06
7
1
Jean-Pierre Fontenay Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
57:24
1
Kenjiro Shinozuka Dominique Serieys
Mitsubishi
21:25:07
2
Thierry Delavergne Jacky Dubois
Nissan
58:23
0:59
2
Jean-Louis Schlesser Henri Magne
Schlesser-Renault
21:32:17
7:10
3
Jutta Kleinschmidt Tina Thörner
Mitsubishi
58:53
1:29
3
Stephane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mega
21:33:08
8:01
8
1
Jean-Louis Schlesser Henri Magne
Schlesser-Renault
5:10:34
1
Jean-Louis Schlesser Henri Magne
Schlesser-Renault
26:42:51
2
José Maria Servia Jean-Marie Lurquin
Schlesser-Renault
5:14:54
4:20
2
Stephane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mega
26:52:52
10:01
3
Stephane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mega
5:19:44
9:10
3
Kenjiro Shinozuka Dominique Serieys
Mitsubishi
26:56:21
13:30
9
1
Stephane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mega
4:25:13
1
Jean-Louis Schlesser Henri Magne
Schlesser-Renault
31:09:09
2
Jean-Louis Schlesser Henri Magne
Schlesser-Renault
4:26:18
1:05
2
Stephane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mega
31:18:05
8:56
3
José Maria Servia Jean-Marie Lurquin
Schlesser-Renault
4:28:32
3:19
3
Jean-Pierre Fontenay Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
31:25:28
26:19
10
1
José Maria Servia Jean-Marie Lurquin
Schlesser-Renault
6:32:43
1
Jean-Louis Schlesser Henri Magne
Schlesser-Renault
37:41:56
2
Jean-Louis Schlesser Henri Magne
Schlesser-Renault
6:32:47
0:04
2
Stephane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mega
37:55:12
13:16
3
Stephane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mega
6:37:07
4:24
3
Jean-Pierre Fontenay Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
38:13:44
31:48
11
1
Jean-Pierre Fontenay Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
3:02:52
1
Jean-Louis Schlesser Henri Magne
Schlesser-Renault
40:47:29
2
Hiroshi Masuoka Andreas Schulz
Mitsubishi
3:04:14
1:22
2
Stephane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mega
41:00:45
13:16
3
Jutta Kleinschmidt Tina Thörner
Mitsubishi
3:05:11
2:19
3
Jean-Pierre Fontenay Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
41:16:36
29:07
12
1
Hiroshi Masuoka Andreas Schulz
Mitsubishi
4:09:00
1
Jean-Louis Schlesser Henri Magne
Schlesser-Renault
45:02:18
2
José Maria Servia Jean-Marie Lurquin
Schlesser-Renault
4:11:08
2:08
2
Stephane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mega
45:14:32
12:14
3
Jean-Pierre Fontenay Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
4:13:18
4:18
3
Jean-Pierre Fontenay Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
45:29:54
27:36
13
1
José Maria Servia Jean-Marie Lurquin
Schlesser-Renault
3:34
1
Jean-Louis Schlesser Henri Magne
Schlesser-Renault
45:06:03
2
Jutta Kleinschmidt Tina Thörner
Mitsubishi
3:38
0:04
2
Stephane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mega
45:18:36
12:33
3
Jean-Pierre Fontenay Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
3:42
0:08
3
Jean-Pierre Fontenay Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
45:33:36
27:33
Trucks
Stage result
General classification
Stage
Pos
Competitor
Make
Time
Gap
Pos
Competitor
Make
Time
Gap
1
1
André de Azevedo Tomáš Tomeček Petr Vodák
Tatra
4:30:55
1
André de Azevedo Tomáš Tomeček Petr Vodák
Tatra
4:30:55
2
Bedřich Sklenovský Milan Koreny Josef Kalina
Tatra
4:33:15
2:20
2
Bedřich Sklenovský Milan Koreny Josef Kalina
Tatra
4:33:15
2:20
3
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
4:34:07
3:12
3
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
4:34:07
3:12
2
1
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
2:49:26
1
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
7:23:33
2
Yoshimasa Sugawara Seiichi Suzuki Teruhito Sugawara
Hino
2:53:28
4:02
2
André de Azevedo Tomáš Tomeček Petr Vodák
Tatra
7:27:34
4:01
3
Karel Loprais Radomír Stachura Petr Gilar
Tatra
2:54:19
4:53
3
Yoshimasa Sugawara Seiichi Suzuki Teruhito Sugawara
Hino
7:35:02
11:29
3
1
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
3:48:26
1
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
11:11:59
2
Karel Loprais Radomír Stachura Petr Gilar
Tatra
3:58:00
9:34
2
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Vladimir Goloub
Kamaz
11:34:02
22:03
3
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Vladimir Goloub
Kamaz
3:59:00
10:34
3
André de Azevedo Tomáš Tomeček Petr Vodák
Tatra
11:35:31
23:32
4
1
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
3:02:25
1
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
14:14:24
2
Karel Loprais Radomír Stachura Petr Gilar
Tatra
3:13:00
10:35
2
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Vladimir Goloub
Kamaz
14:50:56
22:03
3
Raphael Gimbre François Marcheix Ai Nhat Bui
Mercedes-Benz
3:14:31
12:06
3
Karel Loprais Radomír Stachura Petr Gilar
Tatra
14:53:09
38:45
5
1
André de Azevedo Tomáš Tomeček Petr Vodák
Tatra
5:24:49
1
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
19:45:11
2
Karel Loprais Radomír Stachura Petr Gilar
Tatra
5:29:28
4:39
2
André de Azevedo Tomáš Tomeček Petr Vodák
Tatra
20:19:59
34:48
3
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
5:30:47
5:58
3
Karel Loprais Radomír Stachura Petr Gilar
Tatra
20:22:37
37:26
6
1
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Vladimir Goloub
Kamaz
7:51:46
1
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
27:47:38
2
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
8:02:27
10:41
2
André de Azevedo Tomáš Tomeček Petr Vodák
Tatra
28:27:43
40:05
3
André de Azevedo Tomáš Tomeček Petr Vodák
Tatra
8:07:44
15:58
3
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Vladimir Goloub
Kamaz
28:40:24
52:46
7
1
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Vladimir Goloub
Kamaz
1:05:37
1
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
28:55:03
2
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
1:07:25
1:48
2
André de Azevedo Tomáš Tomeček Petr Vodák
Tatra
29:37:30
42:27
3
André de Azevedo Tomáš Tomeček Petr Vodák
Tatra
1:09:47
4:10
3
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Vladimir Goloub
Kamaz
29:46:01
50:58
8
1
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Vladimir Goloub
Kamaz
6:16:24
1
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
35:14:49
2
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
6:19:46
3:22
2
André de Azevedo Tomáš Tomeček Petr Vodák
Tatra
35:59:33
44:44
3
Karel Loprais Radomír Stachura Petr Gilar
Tatra
6:20:55
4:31
3
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Vladimir Goloub
Kamaz
36:02:25
47:36
9
1
Karel Loprais Radomír Stachura Petr Gilar
Tatra
5:23:46
1
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
41:06:21
2
André de Azevedo Tomáš Tomeček Petr Vodák
Tatra
5:23:57
0:11
2
André de Azevedo Tomáš Tomeček Petr Vodák
Tatra
41:23:30
17:09
3
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
5:51:32
27:46
3
Karel Loprais Radomír Stachura Petr Gilar
Tatra
41:40:05
33:44
10
1
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
7:36:30
1
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
48:42:51
2
Karel Loprais Radomír Stachura Petr Gilar
Tatra
7:37:02
0:32
2
André de Azevedo Tomáš Tomeček Petr Vodák
Tatra
49:03:11
20:20
3
André de Azevedo Tomáš Tomeček Petr Vodák
Tatra
7:39:41
3:11
3
Karel Loprais Radomír Stachura Petr Gilar
Tatra
49:17:07
34:16
11
1
Karel Loprais Radomír Stachura Petr Gilar
Tatra
3:48:22
1
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
52:41:31
2
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Vladimir Goloub
Kamaz
3:48:37
0:15
2
André de Azevedo Tomáš Tomeček Petr Vodák
Tatra
49:03:11
20:20
3
André de Azevedo Tomáš Tomeček Petr Vodák
Tatra
3:51:33
3:11
3
Karel Loprais Radomír Stachura Petr Gilar
Tatra
49:17:07
34:16
12
1
Karel Loprais Radomír Stachura Petr Gilar
Tatra
5:27:31
1
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
58:16:39
2
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
5:35:08
7:37
2
Karel Loprais Radomír Stachura Petr Gilar
Tatra
58:33:00
16:22
3
Yoshimasa Sugawara Seiichi Suzuki Teruhito Sugawara
Hino
6:00:36
33:05
3
André de Azevedo Tomáš Tomeček Petr Vodák
Tatra
59:40:50
1:24:11
13
1
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Vladimir Goloub
Kamaz
4:19
1
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
58:21:42
2
André de Azevedo Tomáš Tomeček Petr Vodák
Tatra
4:33
0:14
2
Karel Loprais Radomír Stachura Petr Gilar
Tatra
58:37:52
16:10
3
Karel Loprais Radomír Stachura Petr Gilar
Tatra
4:52
0:33
3
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Vladimir Goloub
Kamaz
59:45:18
1:23:36
Final standings
Motorcycles
Pos
No.
Rider
Bike
Entrant
Time
1
1
Richard Sainct
BMW
BMW Motorrad
49:08:56
2
5
Oscar Gallardo
BMW
BMW Motorrad
+31:54
3
8
Jimmy Lewis
BMW
BMW Motorrad
+52:29
4
19
Jean Brucy
BMW
BMW Motorrad
+2:06:25
5
15
Jurgen Mayer
KTM
KTM International
+3:10:28
6
14
Eric Bernard
KTM
E.Leclerc-Oxbow
+3:44:53
7
22
François Flick
KTM
L'Allier Dynamique
+4:36:50
8
30
Henk Knuiman
KTM
+6:11:03
9
21
Bernardo Vilar
KTM
Vitamina B Telecel
+6:40:47
10
77
Ikemachi Yoshio
Honda
+6:57:26
Cars
Pos
No.
Driver
Co-Driver
Car
Entrant
Time
1
250
Jean-Louis Schlesser
Henri Magne
Schlesser-Renault
Schlesser-Renault-Elf
45:06:03
2
270
Stéphane Peterhansel
Jean-Paul Cottret
Mega
+12:33
3
251
Jean-Pierre Fontenay
Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
Sonauto Mitsubishi
+27:33
4
253
José Maria Servia
Jean-Marie Lurquin
Schlesser-Renault
Schlesser-Renault-Elf
+38:50
5
256
Jutta Kleinschmidt
Tina Thörner
Mitsubishi
Sonauto Mitsubishi
+1:09:00
6
271
Hiroshi Masuoka
Andreas Schulz
Mitsubishi
Sonauto Mitsubishi
+1:41:12
7
252
Bruno Saby
Yves Truelle
Ford
ASM Racecars
+2:43:15
8
255
Thierry Delavergne
Jacky Dubois
Nissan
Nissan Motorsport
+3:39:28
9
276
Henri Pescarolo
Alain Guehennec
Nissan
Generale Routiere
+5:03:10
10
283
Ramón Vila
Rosendo Tourinan
Nissan
Nissan Tecnosport
+6:46:26
Trucks
Pos
No.
Driver
Co-Drivers
Truck
Time
1
409
Vladimir Chagin
Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
+58:21:42
2
407
Karel Loprais
Radomir Stachura Petr Gilar
Tatra
+16:10
3
416
Firdaus Kabirov
Aydar Belyaev Vladimir Goloub
Kamaz
+1:23:26
4
408
André de Azevedo
Tomas Tomecek Petr Vodak
Tatra
+1:23:41
5
400
Yoshimasa Sugawara
Seiichi Suzuki Teruhito Sugawara
Hino
+4:40:02
6
414
Bedrich Sklenovsky
Milan Koreny Josef Kalina
Tatra
+5:13:32
7
404
Klaus Bauerle
Anek Schurhagl
Mercedes-Benz
+9:38:44
8
418
Jean-Paul Bosonnet
Serge Lacourt Pascal Bonnaire
Tatra
+12:44:05
9
421
Raphael Gimbre
François Marcheix Ai Nhat Bui
Mercedes-Benz
+13:29:53
10
415
Peter Reif
Johann Deinhofer Holger Hermann Roth
MAN
+15:33:50
References
^ a b c "Terrorist threat on Paris-Dakar rally". BBC News. 11 January 2000. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
^ a b "Dakar Rally waits for airlift". BBC News. 12 January 2000. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
^ "Rally resumes after airlift". BBC News. 18 January 2000. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
^ "Frenchmen win Dakar rally". BBC News. 23 January 2000. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
^ "History of Dakar - RETROSPECTIVE 1979-2007" (PDF). Dakar. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2009-01-07.
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General topics
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Race to Dakar
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Video games
Paris-Dakar Rally (2001)
Dakar 2: The World's Ultimate Rally (2003)
Dakar 18 (2018) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dakar Rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar_Rally"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Terrorist_threat-1"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Terrorist_threat-1"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Terrorist_threat-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Airlift-2"},{"link_name":"Niamey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niamey"},{"link_name":"Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabha,_Libya"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Airlift-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Resumes-3"},{"link_name":"Jean-Louis Schlesser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Louis_Schlesser"},{"link_name":"Henri Magne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henri_Magne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Renault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchmen_win_Dakar_rally-4"},{"link_name":"BMW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_Motorrad"},{"link_name":"Richard Sainct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sainct"},{"link_name":"Kamaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamaz"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Chagin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Chagin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dakar-5"}],"text":"The 2000 Dakar Rally, also known as the 2000 Dakar–Cairo Rally, was the 22nd running of the Dakar Rally event. The event began on 6 January 2000 in Senegal and ended on 23 January in Cairo.[1] It had been re-routed to avoid Mauritania following an armed robbery of competitors in the 1999 rally.[1] Four stages of the rally scheduled to be held in Niger were cancelled following a reported terrorist threat.[1][2] Competitors were airlifted from Niamey airport to Libya where the rally was restarted five days later at Sabha.[2][3] The rally was won by French driver Jean-Louis Schlesser and his co-driver Henri Magne in a Schlesser-Renault buggy.,[4] with the motorcycle title going to BMW's Richard Sainct and the truck title to Kamaz's Vladimir Chagin.[5]","title":"2000 Paris–Dakar–Cairo Rally"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KTM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTM"},{"link_name":"BMW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW"},{"link_name":"Honda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda"},{"link_name":"Schlesser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buggy_Schlesser"},{"link_name":"Renault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Nissan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan"},{"link_name":"Kamaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamaz"},{"link_name":"Tatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatra_(company)"},{"link_name":"Hino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hino_Motors"},{"link_name":"MAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAN_Truck_%26_Bus"}],"text":"Motorcycles principal entryKTM2 Heinz Kinigadner3 Kari Tiainen4 Fabrizio Meoni6 Alfie Cox7 Joan Roma9 Giovanni Sala12 Jordi Arcarons16 Carlo de Gavardo18 Isidre Esteve PujolBMW1 Richard Sainct5 Oscar Gallardo8 Jimmy Lewis10 John Deacon19 Jean BrucyHonda23 Le Blanc77 Ikemachi YoshioCars principal entrySchlesser-Renault250 Jean Louis Schelesser253 Jose Maria ServiaMitsubishi251 Jean Pierre Fontenay254 Kenjiro Shinozuka256 Jutta Kleinschmidt260 Carlos Souza271 Hiroshi MasuokaFord252 Bruno SabyNissan255 Thierry Delavergne259 Philippe Wambergue269 Gregoire de MeviusTrucks principal entryKamaz409 Vladimir Tchaguine416 Firdaus KabirovTatra407 Karel Loprais408 André de Azevedo414 Bedrich SlenovskyHino400 Yoshimasa SugawaraMAN415 Peter Reif","title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Stage Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Motorcycles","title":"Stage Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cars","title":"Stage Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Trucks","title":"Stage Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Final standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Motorcycles","title":"Final standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cars","title":"Final standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Trucks","title":"Final standings"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Terrorist threat on Paris-Dakar rally\". BBC News. 11 January 2000. Retrieved 2009-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/598917.stm","url_text":"\"Terrorist threat on Paris-Dakar rally\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dakar Rally waits for airlift\". BBC News. 12 January 2000. Retrieved 2009-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/600082.stm","url_text":"\"Dakar Rally waits for airlift\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rally resumes after airlift\". BBC News. 18 January 2000. Retrieved 2009-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/608540.stm","url_text":"\"Rally resumes after airlift\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frenchmen win Dakar rally\". BBC News. 23 January 2000. Retrieved 2009-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/615379.stm","url_text":"\"Frenchmen win Dakar rally\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Dakar - RETROSPECTIVE 1979-2007\" (PDF). Dakar. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2009-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708222829/http://www.dakar.com/2009/DAK/presentation/docs/histo_1979_2007_us.pdf","url_text":"\"History of Dakar - RETROSPECTIVE 1979-2007\""},{"url":"http://www.dakar.com/2009/DAK/presentation/docs/histo_1979_2007_us.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/598917.stm","external_links_name":"\"Terrorist threat on Paris-Dakar rally\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/600082.stm","external_links_name":"\"Dakar Rally waits for airlift\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/608540.stm","external_links_name":"\"Rally resumes after airlift\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/615379.stm","external_links_name":"\"Frenchmen win Dakar rally\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708222829/http://www.dakar.com/2009/DAK/presentation/docs/histo_1979_2007_us.pdf","external_links_name":"\"History of Dakar - RETROSPECTIVE 1979-2007\""},{"Link":"http://www.dakar.com/2009/DAK/presentation/docs/histo_1979_2007_us.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Chernobrivets | Peter Chernobrivets | ["1 Biography","2 Main scientific publications","2.1 Monograph","2.2 Large-size articles","3 Notes and references"] | Russian musicologist, composer and lecturer
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Peter Anatolievich ChernobrivetsPeter Anatolievich Chernobrivets. 2016Born24 August 1965Leningrad, USSR
Peter Anatolievich Chernobrivets (Russian: Пётр Анато́льевич Чернобри́вец, born on 24 August 1965 in Leningrad, USSR) is a Russian musicologist, composer and lecturer.
Biography
Chernobrivets was born in Leningrad in 1965. Chernobrivets is an author of compositions for a piano, instrumental company, and a chamber orchestra that have been performed in well-known concert halls of Saint Petersburg and other cities of Russia. In April 2015 and April 2016, two author's concerts called “Dialogue of musical temperaments. Compositions in traditional and non-traditional musical tuning” took place on the new stage of The Mariinsky Theatre. At present, he is an assistant professor of the Department of musical theory of The N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov Saint Petersburg State Conservatory teaching the courses of harmony and musical aesthetics.
Main scientific publications
Monograph
Chernobrivets, Peter. Basics of musical aesthetics. Saint Petersburg, 2014. .
Large-size articles
External videos Peter Chernobrivets. 20-tone equal temperament system. Saint Petersburg Conservatory. 13.04.2013.
External videos Peter Chernobrivets. 5-miniature cycle for a violin and a clavier. The Mariinsky Theatre. 21.04.2016.
Chernobrivets, Peter. Some principles of textural development in instrumental compositions by Handel. Problems of the texture. Collection of papers. Saint Petersburg, 1992, p. 113-127. .
Chernobrivets, Peter. Melody as a function. Musiqi dünyasi. 4/49. 2011. P. 10–21
Chernobrivets, Peter. The knight of the counterpoint (in memory of O. Kolovskiy). Our teachers. Collection of memoirs of the teachers of the Department of musical theory of the Leningrad (Saint Petersburg) Conservatory. Saint Petersburg, 2006. P. 23–31.
Notes and references
^ "Чернобривец Пётр. Диалог темпераций. Сочинения в традиционном и нетрадиционном музыкальном строе. Авторский концерт 2015 года". Официальный сайт Мариинского театра.
^ "Чернобривец Пётр. Диалог темпераций. Сочинения в традиционном и нетрадиционном музыкальном строе. Авторский концерт 2016 года". Официальный сайт Мариинского театра.
^ Чернобривец, Пётр (2014). Основы музыкальной эстетики. СПб. ISBN 978-5-91918-342-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Чернобривец, П. А. (1992). "Некоторые принципы фактурного развития в инструментальных произведениях Генделя. Проблемы фактуры". Сборник статей кафедры теории музыки Ленинградской (Петербургской) консерватории (in Russian). СПб: Издательство Петербургской консерватории. pp. 113–127.
^ Чернобривец, П. А. (1992). "Мелодия как функция". Musiqi dünyasi, №4 (49) (in Russian). СПб: Издательство Петербургской консерватории. pp. 10–21.
^ Чернобривец, П. А. (2006). "Рыцарь контрапункта (памяти О. П. Коловского). Наши учителя". Сборник воспоминаний о преподавателях кафедры теории музыки Ленинградской (Петербургской) консерватории (in Russian). СПб: Издательство Петербургской консерватории. pp. 23–31. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad"},{"link_name":"USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR"}],"text":"Peter Anatolievich Chernobrivets (Russian: Пётр Анато́льевич Чернобри́вец, born on 24 August 1965 in Leningrad, USSR) is a Russian musicologist, composer and lecturer.","title":"Peter Chernobrivets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"The Mariinsky Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariinsky_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Chernobrivets was born in Leningrad in 1965. Chernobrivets is an author of compositions for a piano, instrumental company, and a chamber orchestra that have been performed in well-known concert halls of Saint Petersburg and other cities of Russia. In April 2015 and April 2016, two author's concerts called “Dialogue of musical temperaments. Compositions in traditional and non-traditional musical tuning” took place on the new stage of The Mariinsky Theatre.[1][2] At present, he is an assistant professor of the Department of musical theory of The N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov Saint Petersburg State Conservatory teaching the courses of harmony and musical aesthetics.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Main scientific publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Monograph","text":"Chernobrivets, Peter. Basics of musical aesthetics. Saint Petersburg, 2014. [In Russian].[3]","title":"Main scientific publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Large-size articles","text":"Chernobrivets, Peter. Some principles of textural development in instrumental compositions by Handel. Problems of the texture. Collection of papers. Saint Petersburg, 1992, p. 113-127. [In Russian].[4]\nChernobrivets, Peter. Melody as a function. Musiqi dünyasi. 4/49. 2011. P. 10–21[5]\nChernobrivets, Peter. The knight of the counterpoint (in memory of O. Kolovskiy). Our teachers. Collection of memoirs of the teachers of the Department of musical theory of the Leningrad (Saint Petersburg) Conservatory. Saint Petersburg, 2006. P. 23–31.[6]","title":"Main scientific publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Чернобривец Пётр. Диалог темпераций. Сочинения в традиционном и нетрадиционном музыкальном строе. Авторский концерт 2015 года\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mariinsky.ru/playbill/playbill/2015/4/13/5_1830/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Чернобривец Пётр. Диалог темпераций. Сочинения в традиционном и нетрадиционном музыкальном строе. 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Авторский концерт 2015 года\". Официальный сайт Мариинского театра.\n\n^ \"Чернобривец Пётр. Диалог темпераций. Сочинения в традиционном и нетрадиционном музыкальном строе. Авторский концерт 2016 года\". Официальный сайт Мариинского театра.\n\n^ Чернобривец, Пётр (2014). Основы музыкальной эстетики. СПб. ISBN 978-5-91918-342-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ Чернобривец, П. А. (1992). \"Некоторые принципы фактурного развития в инструментальных произведениях Генделя. Проблемы фактуры\". Сборник статей кафедры теории музыки Ленинградской (Петербургской) консерватории (in Russian). СПб: Издательство Петербургской консерватории. pp. 113–127.\n\n^ Чернобривец, П. А. (1992). \"Мелодия как функция\". Musiqi dünyasi, №4 (49) (in Russian). СПб: Издательство Петербургской консерватории. pp. 10–21.\n\n^ Чернобривец, П. А. (2006). \"Рыцарь контрапункта (памяти О. П. Коловского). Наши учителя\". Сборник воспоминаний о преподавателях кафедры теории музыки Ленинградской (Петербургской) консерватории (in Russian). СПб: Издательство Петербургской консерватории. pp. 23–31.","title":"Notes and references"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Чернобривец Пётр. Диалог темпераций. Сочинения в традиционном и нетрадиционном музыкальном строе. Авторский концерт 2015 года\". Официальный сайт Мариинского театра.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mariinsky.ru/playbill/playbill/2015/4/13/5_1830/","url_text":"\"Чернобривец Пётр. Диалог темпераций. Сочинения в традиционном и нетрадиционном музыкальном строе. Авторский концерт 2015 года\""}]},{"reference":"\"Чернобривец Пётр. Диалог темпераций. Сочинения в традиционном и нетрадиционном музыкальном строе. Авторский концерт 2016 года\". Официальный сайт Мариинского театра.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mariinsky.ru/playbill/playbill/2016/4/21/8_1900/","url_text":"\"Чернобривец Пётр. Диалог темпераций. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broom_Buzzems | Broom Buzzems | ["1 Possible authorship","2 The lyrics","3 Recordings","4 References","5 External links"] | Song
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Broom Buzzems" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2017)
"Broom Buzzem"SongLanguageEnglish (Geordie)WrittenUnknownSongwriter(s)William (Blind Willie) Purvis (possibly)
"Buy Broom Buzzems" (or "Buy Broom Besums") is a song attributed by many to William Purvis, probably better known as "Blind Willie" (1752–1832), a Tyneside songwriter and performer in the end of the 18th and start of the 19th century, and is considered by many to be his piece de resistance.
Possible authorship
William Purvis is described as the writer/composer of this piece by many books and journals, while others dispute this. There is no real evidence either way. But what can be said is that he made it his own and he was in the habit of adding new verses and removing old verses as it suited him. These verses may have been written by himself or by others for him, and usually had no connection with the original theme. There are several other versions of the song. One version was popular just over the border in Southern Scotland and of which Rabbie Burns, for one, knew and in 1796 wrote a satirical piece, Buy Braw Troggin, set to the tune. Another version, The Besom Maker or Green Besoms, although it shares a refrain with this song, is otherwise quite different (the Roud Index assigns it number 910) and can be seen, as The Besom Maker, at Bodleian Library Broadside Ballads.
The lyrics
"Broom Buzzems" refers to brooms (besoms). For a translation of other words, see Geordie dialect words.
Part 1 – the main (original) verses:
If ye want a buzzem
For to sweep yor hoose
Come to me, ma honey
Ye may hae yor choose.
Chorus:
Buy broom buzzems,
Buy them when they're new
Fine heather bred uns
Better never grew.
Buzzems for a penny
Rangers for a plack
If ye winnot buy
I'll tie them on my back.
Buy broom buzzems,
If aa had a horse
Ad wad hev a cairt;
If aa had a wife
She wad tyek me pairt.
Buy broom buzzems,
Had aa but a wife
Aa care not what she be-
If she's but a woman
That's enyuf for me
Buy broom buzzems,
If she liked a droppie,
Her and I'd agree;
If she didn't like it,
There's the mair for me.
Buy broom buzzems,
Part 2 – to the original, these are some of the new wimple verses that Blind Willie (the native minstrel of Newcastle) had added:
Up the Butcher Bank,
And down Byker Chare ;
There you'll see the lasses
Selling brown ware.
Buy broom buzzems, etc.
Alang the Quayside,
Stop at Russell's Entry ;
There you'll see the beer drawer,
She is standing sentry.
Buy broom buzzems, etc.
If you want an oyster,
For to taste your mouth,
Call at Handy Walker's—
He's a bonny youth.
Buy broom buzzems, etc.
Call at Mr. Loggie's,
He does sell good wine ;
There you'll see the beer drawer,
She is very fine.
Buy broom buzzems, etc.
If you want an orange
Ripe and full of juice,
Gan to Hannah Black's ;
There you'll get your choose.
Buy broom buzzems, etc.
Call at Mr. Turner's,
At the Queen's Head ;
He'll not set you away
Without a piece of bread.
Buy broom buzzems, etc.
Down the river side
As far as Dent's Hole ;
There you'll see the cuckolds
Working at the coal.
Buy broom buzzems, etc.
Recordings
Richard Lewis CBE (10 May 1914 – 13 November 1990) was a Welsh tenor
YouTube recording by Richard Lewis
YouTube recording by Northumbrian Smallpipes (in dialect)
YouTube recording by Ray Beasley
References
^ "Bodleian Library Broadside Ballads".
External links
Conrad Bladey's Beuk O' Newcassel Sangs | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Purvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Purvis_(Blind_Willie)"},{"link_name":"Tyneside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyneside"},{"link_name":"piece de resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pi%C3%A8ce_de_r%C3%A9sistance#Noun"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"\"Buy Broom Buzzems\" (or \"Buy Broom Besums\") is a song attributed by many to William Purvis, probably better known as \"Blind Willie\" (1752–1832), a Tyneside songwriter and performer in the end of the 18th and start of the 19th century, and is considered by many to be his piece de resistance.[citation needed]","title":"Broom Buzzems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Purvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Purvis_(Blind_Willie)"},{"link_name":"Rabbie Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burns"},{"link_name":"Roud Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roud_Folk_Song_Index"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"William Purvis is described as the writer/composer of this piece by many books and journals, while others dispute this. There is no real evidence either way. But what can be said is that he made it his own and he was in the habit of adding new verses and removing old verses as it suited him. These verses may have been written by himself or by others for him, and usually had no connection with the original theme. There are several other versions of the song. One version was popular just over the border in Southern Scotland and of which Rabbie Burns, for one, knew and in 1796 wrote a satirical piece, Buy Braw Troggin, set to the tune. Another version, The Besom Maker or Green Besoms, although it shares a refrain with this song, is otherwise quite different (the Roud Index assigns it number 910) and can be seen, as The Besom Maker, at Bodleian Library Broadside Ballads.[1]","title":"Possible authorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"brooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broom"},{"link_name":"besoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besom"},{"link_name":"Geordie dialect words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geordie_dialect_words"}],"text":"\"Broom Buzzems\" refers to brooms (besoms). For a translation of other words, see Geordie dialect words.Part 1 – the main (original) verses:If ye want a buzzem\nFor to sweep yor hoose\nCome to me, ma honey\nYe may hae yor choose.\n\nChorus:\nBuy broom buzzems,\nBuy them when they're new\nFine heather bred uns\nBetter never grew.\n\nBuzzems for a penny\nRangers for a plack\nIf ye winnot buy\nI'll tie them on my back.\n\nBuy broom buzzems,\n\nIf aa had a horse\nAd wad hev a cairt;\nIf aa had a wife\nShe wad tyek me pairt.\n\nBuy broom buzzems,\n\nHad aa but a wife\nAa care not what she be-\nIf she's but a woman\nThat's enyuf for me\n\nBuy broom buzzems,\n\nIf she liked a droppie,\nHer and I'd agree;\nIf she didn't like it,\nThere's the mair for me.\n\nBuy broom buzzems,Part 2 – to the original, these are some of the new wimple verses that Blind Willie (the native minstrel of Newcastle) had added:Up the Butcher Bank,\nAnd down Byker Chare ;\nThere you'll see the lasses\nSelling brown ware.\n\nBuy broom buzzems, etc.\n\nAlang the Quayside,\nStop at Russell's Entry ;\nThere you'll see the beer drawer,\nShe is standing sentry.\n\nBuy broom buzzems, etc.\n\nIf you want an oyster,\nFor to taste your mouth,\nCall at Handy Walker's—\nHe's a bonny youth.\n\nBuy broom buzzems, etc.\n\nCall at Mr. Loggie's,\nHe does sell good wine ;\nThere you'll see the beer drawer,\nShe is very fine.\n\nBuy broom buzzems, etc.\n\nIf you want an orange\nRipe and full of juice,\nGan to Hannah Black's ;\nThere you'll get your choose.\nBuy broom buzzems, etc.\n\nCall at Mr. Turner's,\nAt the Queen's Head ;\nHe'll not set you away\nWithout a piece of bread.\n\nBuy broom buzzems, etc.\n\nDown the river side\nAs far as Dent's Hole ;\nThere you'll see the cuckolds\nWorking at the coal.\n\nBuy broom buzzems, etc.","title":"The lyrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lewis_(tenor)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=UkZ_dY-U8ME"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mh2jIvPE0n4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=E1HkRclbfg"}],"text":"Richard Lewis CBE (10 May 1914 – 13 November 1990) was a Welsh tenor\nYouTube recording by Richard Lewis [1]\nYouTube recording by Northumbrian Smallpipes (in dialect) [2]\nYouTube recording by Ray Beasley[3]","title":"Recordings"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Bodleian Library Broadside Ballads\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/ballads/ballads.htm","url_text":"\"Bodleian Library Broadside Ballads\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broom_Buzzems&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Broom+Buzzems%22","external_links_name":"\"Broom Buzzems\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Broom+Buzzems%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Broom+Buzzems%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Broom+Buzzems%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Broom+Buzzems%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Broom+Buzzems%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UkZ_dY-U8ME","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mh2jIvPE0n4","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E1HkRclbfg","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/ballads/ballads.htm","external_links_name":"\"Bodleian Library Broadside Ballads\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606160354/http://mysite.verizon.net/cbladey/sang/eccentrics.html#Blind","external_links_name":"Conrad Bladey's Beuk O' Newcassel Sangs"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_e_Jorge | Gil e Jorge | ["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 Credits","5 References"] | 1975 studio album by Jorge Ben & Gilberto GilGil e JorgeStudio album by Jorge Ben & Gilberto GilReleased1975GenreSamba rock, MPBLabelVerveProducerPerinho AlbuquerqueJorge Ben chronology
Solta o Pavão(1974)
Gil e Jorge(1975)
África Brasil(1976)
Gilberto Gil chronology
Gilberto Gil ao vivo(1974)
Gil e Jorge(1975)
Refazenda(1975)
Gil e Jorge is a 1975 album featuring collaboration between Brazilian musicians Jorge Ben and Gilberto Gil. The two perform together alongside percussionist Djalma Corrêa on each of the songs, improvising and interacting directly throughout. The album was released in Brazil under the title "Ogum Xangô" (the names of two Yoruba spirits) with a different cover.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusicTom Hull – on the WebA−The Village VoiceA−
Reviewing the album's CD reissue in 1993, Village Voice critic Robert Christgau wrote:
Always ready to go further out on a beat than the other samba/bossa geniuses, they walked into a studio in 1975 and spread nine songs over 78 minutes. With percussion up front and snatches of English on the order of 'Blue, blue sky/Blue, blue sea' reinforcing all the repetitions and nonsense syllables, the renowned lyricists were playing a rhythm game, and they won. They don't just vamp till ready—they vamp to live, vamp for the sheer open-ended joy of it.
AllMusic's John Bush believed it was by far the best album in Gil's discography. In 2007, it was listed by Rolling Stone Brazil as one of the 100 best Brazilian albums in history.
Track listing
"Meu Glorioso São Cristóvão" (Ben) – 8:13
"Nêga" (Gil) – 10:37
"Jurubeba" (Gil) – 11:40
"Quem Mandou (Pé na Estrada)" (Ben) – 6:52
"Taj Mahal" (Ben) – 14:46
"Morre o Burro, Fica o Homem" (Ben) – 6:10
"Essa é pra Tocar no Rádio" (Gil) – 6:14
"Filhos de Gandhi" (Gil) – 13:11
"Sarro" (Ben, Gil) – 1:09
Personnel
Jorge Ben – vocals, violão
Gilberto Gil – vocals, violão
Djalma Corrêa – percussion
Wagner Dias – bass
Credits
Art Direction – Jorge Vianna
Design – Aldo Luiz, Rogério Duarte
Mastered By – Joaquim Figueira
Photography – João Castrioto
Producer – Paulinho Tapajós, Perinho Albuquerque
Technician – Ary, João Moreira, Luigi, Luis Claudio
References
^ a b c John Bush. "Gil e Jorge – Gilberto Gil,Jorge Ben | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-04-22.
^ Hull, Tom (May 3, 2021). "Music Week". Tom Hull – on the Web. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
^ a b Christgau, Robert (6 April 1993). "Consumer Guide". The Village Voice. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
^ "Os 100 maiores discos da música brasileira" (in Portuguese). Umas Linhas. 2007-12-20. Archived from the original on 2009-10-08. Retrieved 2009-04-20.
^ "Gil e Jorge – Gilberto Gil,Jorge Ben | Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-04-22.
vteJorge BenStudio albums
Samba Esquema Novo
Ben É Samba Bom
Sacundin Ben Samba
Big Ben
O Bidú: Silêncio no Brooklin
Jorge Ben
Fôrça Bruta
Negro É Lindo
Ben
10 Anos Depois
A Tábua de Esmeralda
Solta o Pavão
Gil e Jorge
África Brasil
Live albums
Jorge Ben à l'Olympia
Songs
"Mas que Nada"
"Take It Easy My Brother Charles"
"Ponta de Lança Africano (Umbabarauma)"
vteGilberto GilStudio albums
Louvação (1967)
Gilberto Gil (1968)
Gilberto Gil (Cérebro Eletrônico) (1969)
Expresso 2222 (1972)
Gil e Jorge (1975)
Realce (1979)
Brasil (1981)
Extra (1983)
Soy Loco por Ti America (1987)
As Canções de Eu Tu Eles (2005)
Gil Luminoso (2006)
Compilation albums
Tropicália: ou Panis et Circencis (1968)
Live albums
Doces Bárbaros (1976)
Quanta Live (1998)
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_in_music"},{"link_name":"Jorge Ben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Ben"},{"link_name":"Gilberto Gil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilberto_Gil"},{"link_name":"Djalma Corrêa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djalma_Corr%C3%AAa"},{"link_name":"improvising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_improvisation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic1-1"}],"text":"Gil e Jorge is a 1975 album featuring collaboration between Brazilian musicians Jorge Ben and Gilberto Gil. 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They don't just vamp till ready—they vamp to live, vamp for the sheer open-ended joy of it.[3]AllMusic's John Bush believed it was by far the best album in Gil's discography.[1] In 2007, it was listed by Rolling Stone Brazil as one of the 100 best Brazilian albums in history.[4]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"Meu Glorioso São Cristóvão\" (Ben) – 8:13\n\"Nêga\" (Gil) – 10:37\n\"Jurubeba\" (Gil) – 11:40\n\"Quem Mandou (Pé na Estrada)\" (Ben) – 6:52\n\"Taj Mahal\" (Ben) – 14:46\n\"Morre o Burro, Fica o Homem\" (Ben) – 6:10\n\"Essa é pra Tocar no Rádio\" (Gil) – 6:14\n\"Filhos de Gandhi\" (Gil) – 13:11\n\"Sarro\" (Ben, Gil) – 1:09","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"violão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viol%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"violão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viol%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Jorge Ben – vocals, violão\nGilberto Gil – vocals, violão\nDjalma Corrêa – percussion\nWagner Dias – bass[5]","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Art Direction – Jorge Vianna\nDesign – Aldo Luiz, Rogério Duarte\nMastered By – Joaquim Figueira\nPhotography – João Castrioto\nProducer [Direction] – Paulinho Tapajós, Perinho Albuquerque\nTechnician [Recording] – Ary, João Moreira, Luigi, Luis Claudio","title":"Credits"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"John Bush. \"Gil e Jorge – Gilberto Gil,Jorge Ben | Songs, Reviews, Credits\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun | Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun County | ["1 Geography","2 History","3 Demographics","3.1 1900","3.2 1910","4 Subdivisions","5 Gallery","6 References"] | Coordinates: 47°30′N 19°2′E / 47.500°N 19.033°E / 47.500; 19.033County of the Kingdom of Hungary
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Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun CountyComitatus Pestiensis et Pilisiensis et Soltensis et Cumania Minor (Latin)Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun vármegye (Hungarian)Komitat Pest-Pilisch-Scholt-Kleinkumanien (German) County of the Kingdom of Hungary(1876-1946)County of the Second Hungarian Republic(1946-1949)County of the Hungarian People's Republic(1949-1950)
Coat of arms
CapitalBudapestArea • Coordinates47°30′N 19°2′E / 47.500°N 19.033°E / 47.500; 19.033
• 191012,228 km2 (4,721 sq mi)Population • 1910 1,978,041
History • Established 1876• Disestablished 1 February 1950
Today part ofHungary
Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun is the name of an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in central Hungary, comprising roughly the territory of the present Hungarian county Pest and the northern part of present Bács-Kiskun county. The capital of the county was Budapest.
Geography
The Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun county shared borders with the counties Komárom, Esztergom, Hont, Nógrád, Heves, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok, Csongrád, Bács-Bodrog, Tolna and Fejér. Its territory covered the eastern bank of the river Danube from Visegrád in the north to (excluding) Baja in the south, stretching to the river Tisza in the east. A part of the county (Pilis) was on the west bank of the Danube, near Budapest. Its area was 12,228 km2 around 1910. It was the largest and by far the most populous county of Hungary.
History
The counties Pest and Pilis were formed in the 11th century. Pest was the area on the left (east) bank of the Danube around present-day Budapest, Pilis was on the opposite bank. They were united and became the political, cultural and economical centre of Hungary. The Solt region (the left bank of the Danube south of Ráckeve), which previously belonged to Fejér county, was incorporated into Pest-Pilis-Solt county in the 17th century. Kiskunság (Little Cumania) was added in 1876, creating Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun county.
After World War II, the county was split into two roughly equal parts. The northern part became Pest county, the southern part merged with Bács-Bodrog county to form Bács-Kiskun county.
Demographics
1900
In 1900, the county had a population of 1,615,729 people and was composed of the following linguistic communities:
Total:
Hungarian: 1,317,237 (81.5%)
German: 201,285 (12.4%)
Slovak: 58,533 (3.6%)
Serbian: 6,199 (0.4%)
Croatian: 2,372 (0.2%)
Romanian: 1,664 (0.1%)
Ruthenian: 234 (0.0%)
Other or unknown: 28,205 (1.8%)
According to the census of 1900, the county was composed of the following religious communities:
Total:
Roman Catholic: 1,046,868 (64.8%)
Calvinist: 252,188 (15.6%)
Jewish: 201,117 (12.5%)
Lutheran: 96,863 (6.0%)
Greek Orthodox: 8,563 (0.5%)
Greek Catholic: 6,949 (0.4%)
Unitarian: 1,219 (0.0%)
Other or unknown: 1,962 (0.1%)
1910
Ethnographic map of the county with data of the 1910 census (see key in the description).In 1910, the county had a population of 1,978,041 people and was composed of the following linguistic communities:
Hungarian: 1,728,473 (87.4%)
German: 162,824 (8.2%)
Slovak: 47,149 (2.4%)
Serbian: 7,934 (0.4%)
Croatian: 3,419 (0.2%)
Romanian: 3,357 (0.2%)
Ruthenian: 306 (0.0%)
Other or unknown: 24,579 (1.2%)
According to the census of 1910, the county was composed of the following religious communities:
Total:
Roman Catholic: 1,293,265 (65.4%)
Calvinist: 296,223 (15.0%)
Jewish: 245,157 (12.4%)
Lutheran: 113,094 (5.7%)
Greek Catholic: 12,169 (0.6%)
Greek Orthodox: 12,001 (0.6%)
Unitarian: 2,526 (0.1%)
Other or unknown: 3,606 (0.2%)
Subdivisions
Before approx. 1897, the subdivisions of Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun were (felső is upper, közép is middle, alsó is lower):
Districts (járás)
District
Capital
Kecskemét alsó
Tápiószele
Kecskemét felső
Nagykáta
Kiskun alsó
Kiskunfélegyháza
Kiskun felső
Kunszentmiklós
Pest alsó
Ráckeve
Pest felső
Irsa
Pest közép
Alsódabas
Pilis alsó
Tinnye
Pilis felső
Pomáz
Solt alsó
Kiskőrös
Solt felső
Dömsöd
Solt közép
Kalocsa
Vác alsó
Pécel
Vác felső
Vác
Urban counties (törvényhatósági jogú város)
Budapest (főváros)
Kecskemét
Urban districts (rendezett tanácsú város)
Cegléd
Kiskunfélegyháza
Kiskunhalas
Nagykőrös
Szentendre
Vác
After about 1897, the subdivisions of Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun were:
Districts (járás)
District
Capital
Abony
Abony
Alsódabas
Alsódabas
Aszód
Aszód
Bia
Bia
Dunavecse
Dunavecse
Gödöllő
Gödöllő
Kalocsa
Kalocsa
Kiskőrös
Kiskőrös
Kiskunfélegyháza
Kiskunfélegyháza
Kispest
Kispest
Kunszentmiklós
Kunszentmiklós
Monor
Monor
Nagykáta
Nagykáta
Ráckeve
Ráckeve
Pomáz
Pomáz
Vác
Vác
Urban counties (törvényhatósági jogú város)
Budapest (főváros)
Kecskemét
Urban districts (rendezett tanácsú város)
Cegléd
Kiskunfélegyháza
Kiskunhalas
Nagykőrös
Szentendre
Újpest (from 1907)
Vác
Gallery
Aerial photography: Abony
Aerial photography: Aszód- palace
Pomáz - Palace from above
References
^ "KlimoTheca :: Könyvtár". Kt.lib.pte.hu. Retrieved 2012-06-26.
^ "KlimoTheca :: Könyvtár". Kt.lib.pte.hu. Retrieved 2012-06-26.
^ "KlimoTheca :: Könyvtár". Kt.lib.pte.hu. Retrieved 2012-06-26.
^ "KlimoTheca :: Könyvtár". Kt.lib.pte.hu. Retrieved 2012-06-26.
vteCounties of the Lands of the Crown of Saint StephenKingdom of Hungary
Abaúj-Torna
Alsó-Fehér
Arad
Árva
Bács-Bodrog
Baranya
Bars
Békés
Bereg
Beszterce-Naszód
Bihar
Borsod
Brassó
Csanád
Csík
Csongrád
Esztergom
Fejér
Fogaras
Gömör-Kishont
Győr
Hajdú
Háromszék
Heves
Hont
Hunyad
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok
Kis-Küküllő
Kolozs
Komárom
Krassó-Szörény
Liptó
Máramaros
Maros-Torda
Moson
Nagy-Küküllő
Nógrád
Nyitra
Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun
Pozsony
Sáros
Somogy
Sopron
Szabolcs
Szatmár
Szeben
Szepes
Szilágy
Szolnok-Doboka
Temes
Tolna
Torda-Aranyos
Torontál
Trencsén
Turóc
Udvarhely
Ugocsa
Ung
Vas
Veszprém
Zala
Zemplén
Zólyom
Corpus separatum
Fiume
Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia
Bjelovar-Križevci
Lika-Krbava
Modruš-Rijeka
Požega
Srijem
Varaždin
Virovitica
Zagreb
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comitatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitatus_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Pest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_(county)"},{"link_name":"Bács-Kiskun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1cs-Kiskun"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"}],"text":"County of the Kingdom of HungaryPest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun is the name of an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in central Hungary, comprising roughly the territory of the present Hungarian county Pest and the northern part of present Bács-Kiskun county. The capital of the county was Budapest.","title":"Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Komárom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%A1rom_county"},{"link_name":"Esztergom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esztergom_county"},{"link_name":"Hont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hont_County"},{"link_name":"Nógrád","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3gr%C3%A1d_County_(former)"},{"link_name":"Heves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heves_County_(former)"},{"link_name":"Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1sz-Nagykun-Szolnok_(former_county)"},{"link_name":"Csongrád","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csongr%C3%A1d_(former_county)"},{"link_name":"Bács-Bodrog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1cs-Bodrog"},{"link_name":"Tolna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolna_County_(former)"},{"link_name":"Fejér","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fej%C3%A9r_County_(former)"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Visegrád","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d"},{"link_name":"Baja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_(Hungary)"},{"link_name":"Tisza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisza"},{"link_name":"Pilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pilis_(county)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"}],"text":"The Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun county shared borders with the counties Komárom, Esztergom, Hont, Nógrád, Heves, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok, Csongrád, Bács-Bodrog, Tolna and Fejér. Its territory covered the eastern bank of the river Danube from Visegrád in the north to (excluding) Baja in the south, stretching to the river Tisza in the east. A part of the county (Pilis) was on the west bank of the Danube, near Budapest. Its area was 12,228 km2 around 1910. It was the largest and by far the most populous county of Hungary.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solt"},{"link_name":"Ráckeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1ckeve"},{"link_name":"Fejér county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fej%C3%A9r_County_(former)"},{"link_name":"Little Cumania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Cumania"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Pest county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_(county)"},{"link_name":"Bács-Bodrog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1cs-Bodrog"},{"link_name":"Bács-Kiskun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1cs-Kiskun"}],"text":"The counties Pest and Pilis were formed in the 11th century. Pest was the area on the left (east) bank of the Danube around present-day Budapest, Pilis was on the opposite bank. They were united and became the political, cultural and economical centre of Hungary. The Solt region (the left bank of the Danube south of Ráckeve), which previously belonged to Fejér county, was incorporated into Pest-Pilis-Solt county in the 17th century. Kiskunság (Little Cumania) was added in 1876, creating Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun county.After World War II, the county was split into two roughly equal parts. The northern part became Pest county, the southern part merged with Bács-Bodrog county to form Bács-Kiskun county.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"Ruthenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenian_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Calvinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"Greek Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Greek Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Unitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism"}],"sub_title":"1900","text":"In 1900, the county had a population of 1,615,729 people and was composed of the following linguistic communities:[1]Total:Hungarian: 1,317,237 (81.5%)\nGerman: 201,285 (12.4%)\nSlovak: 58,533 (3.6%)\nSerbian: 6,199 (0.4%)\nCroatian: 2,372 (0.2%)\nRomanian: 1,664 (0.1%)\nRuthenian: 234 (0.0%)\nOther or unknown: 28,205 (1.8%)According to the census of 1900, the county was composed of the following religious communities:[2]Total:Roman Catholic: 1,046,868 (64.8%)\nCalvinist: 252,188 (15.6%)\nJewish: 201,117 (12.5%)\nLutheran: 96,863 (6.0%)\nGreek Orthodox: 8,563 (0.5%)\nGreek Catholic: 6,949 (0.4%)\nUnitarian: 1,219 (0.0%)\nOther or unknown: 1,962 (0.1%)","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun.png"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"Ruthenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenian_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Calvinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"Greek Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Greek Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Unitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism"}],"sub_title":"1910","text":"Ethnographic map of the county with data of the 1910 census (see key in the description).In 1910, the county had a population of 1,978,041 people and was composed of the following linguistic communities:[3]Hungarian: 1,728,473 (87.4%)\nGerman: 162,824 (8.2%)\nSlovak: 47,149 (2.4%)\nSerbian: 7,934 (0.4%)\nCroatian: 3,419 (0.2%)\nRomanian: 3,357 (0.2%)\nRuthenian: 306 (0.0%)\nOther or unknown: 24,579 (1.2%)According to the census of 1910, the county was composed of the following religious communities:[4]Total:Roman Catholic: 1,293,265 (65.4%)\nCalvinist: 296,223 (15.0%)\nJewish: 245,157 (12.4%)\nLutheran: 113,094 (5.7%)\nGreek Catholic: 12,169 (0.6%)\nGreek Orthodox: 12,001 (0.6%)\nUnitarian: 2,526 (0.1%)\nOther or unknown: 3,606 (0.2%)","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Before approx. 1897, the subdivisions of Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun were (felső is upper, közép is middle, alsó is lower):After about 1897, the subdivisions of Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun were:","title":"Subdivisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abony.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Podmaniczky_Mansion,_aerial_photo,_Asz%C3%B3d.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pom%C3%A1z_-_Palace.jpg"}],"text":"Aerial photography: Abony\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAerial photography: Aszód- palace\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPomáz - Palace from above","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"Ethnographic map of the county with data of the 1910 census (see key in the description).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun.png/200px-Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"KlimoTheca :: Könyvtár\". 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Retrieved 2012-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://kt.lib.pte.hu/cgi-bin/kt.cgi?konyvtar/kt06042201/0_0_3_pg_30.html","url_text":"\"KlimoTheca :: Könyvtár\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun_County¶ms=47_30_N_19_2_E_","external_links_name":"47°30′N 19°2′E / 47.500°N 19.033°E / 47.500; 19.033"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun+County%22","external_links_name":"\"Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun County\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun+County%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun+County%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun+County%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun+County%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun+County%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun_County¶ms=47_30_N_19_2_E_","external_links_name":"47°30′N 19°2′E / 47.500°N 19.033°E / 47.500; 19.033"},{"Link":"http://kt.lib.pte.hu/cgi-bin/kt.cgi?konyvtar/kt06042201/0_0_3_pg_22.html","external_links_name":"\"KlimoTheca :: Könyvtár\""},{"Link":"http://kt.lib.pte.hu/cgi-bin/kt.cgi?konyvtar/kt06042201/0_0_3_pg_30.html","external_links_name":"\"KlimoTheca :: Könyvtár\""},{"Link":"http://kt.lib.pte.hu/cgi-bin/kt.cgi?konyvtar/kt06042201/0_0_3_pg_22.html","external_links_name":"\"KlimoTheca :: Könyvtár\""},{"Link":"http://kt.lib.pte.hu/cgi-bin/kt.cgi?konyvtar/kt06042201/0_0_3_pg_30.html","external_links_name":"\"KlimoTheca :: Könyvtár\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/151403225","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfRFjJQmJXf7x6QdXbw4q","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567396805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90692634","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed_column-generation | Column generation | ["1 Algorithm","2 Finding an improving variable","3 References"] | Algorithm for solving linear programs
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Column generation" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Column generation or delayed column generation is an efficient algorithm for solving large linear programs.
The overarching idea is that many linear programs are too large to consider all the variables explicitly. The idea is thus to start by solving the considered program with only a subset of its variables. Then iteratively, variables that have the potential to improve the objective function are added to the program. Once it is possible to demonstrate that adding new variables would no longer improve the value of the objective function, the procedure stops. The hope when applying a column generation algorithm is that only a very small fraction of the variables will be generated. This hope is supported by the fact that in the optimal solution, most variables will be non-basic and assume a value of zero, so the optimal solution can be found without them.
In many cases, this method allows to solve large linear programs that would otherwise be intractable. The classical example of a problem where it is successfully used is the cutting stock problem. One particular technique in linear programming which uses this kind of approach is the Dantzig–Wolfe decomposition algorithm. Additionally, column generation has been applied to many problems such as crew scheduling, vehicle routing, and the capacitated p-median problem.
Algorithm
The algorithm considers two problems: the master problem and the subproblem. The master problem is the original problem with only a subset of variables being considered. The subproblem is a new problem created to identify an improving variable (i.e. which can improve the objective function of the master problem).
The algorithm then proceeds as follow:
Initialise the master problem and the subproblem
Solve the master problem
Search for an improving variable with the subproblem
If an improving variable is found: add it to the master problem then go to step 2
Else: The solution of the master problem is optimal. Stop.
Finding an improving variable
The most difficult part of this procedure is how to find a variable that can improve the objective function of the master problem. This can be done by finding the variable with the most negative reduced cost (assuming without loss of generality that the problem is a minimization problem). If no variable has a negative reduced cost, then the current solution of the master problem is optimal.
When the number of variables is very large, it is not possible to find an improving variable by calculating all the reduced cost and choosing a variable with a negative reduced cost. Thus, the idea is to compute only the variable having the minimum reduced cost. This can be done using an optimization problem called the pricing subproblem which strongly depends on the structure of the original problem. The objective function of the subproblem is the reduced cost of the searched variable with respect to the current dual variables, and the constraints require that the variable obeys the naturally occurring constraints. The column generation method is particularly efficient when this structure makes it possible to solve the sub-problem with an efficient algorithm, typically a dedicated combinatorial algorithm.
We now detail how and why to compute the reduced cost of the variables. Consider the following linear program in standard form:
min
x
c
T
x
subjected to
A
x
=
b
x
∈
R
+
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\min _{x}c^{T}x\\&{\text{subjected to}}\\&Ax=b\\&x\in \mathbb {R} ^{+}\end{aligned}}}
which we will call the primal problem as well as its dual linear program:
max
u
u
T
b
subjected to
u
T
A
≤
c
u
∈
R
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\max _{u}u^{T}b\\&{\text{subjected to}}\\&u^{T}A\leq c\\&u\in \mathbb {R} \end{aligned}}}
Moreover, let
x
∗
{\displaystyle x^{*}}
and
u
∗
{\displaystyle u^{*}}
be optimal solutions for these two problems which can be provided by any linear solver. These solutions verify the constraints of their linear program and, by duality, have the same value of objective function (
c
T
x
∗
=
u
∗
T
b
{\displaystyle c^{T}x^{*}=u^{*T}b}
) which we will call
z
∗
{\displaystyle z^{*}}
. This optimal value is a function of the different coefficients of the primal problem:
z
∗
=
z
∗
(
c
,
A
,
b
)
{\displaystyle z^{*}=z^{*}(c,A,b)}
. Note that there exists a dual variable
u
i
∗
{\displaystyle u_{i}^{*}}
for each constraint of the primal linear model. It is possible to show that an optimal dual variable
u
i
∗
{\displaystyle u_{i}^{*}}
can be interpreted as the partial derivative of the optimal value
z
∗
{\displaystyle z^{*}}
of the objective function with respect to the coefficient
b
i
{\displaystyle b_{i}}
of the right-hand side of the constraints:
u
i
∗
=
∂
z
∗
∂
b
i
{\displaystyle u_{i}^{*}={\frac {\partial z^{*}}{\partial b_{i}}}}
or otherwise
u
∗
=
∂
z
∗
∂
b
{\displaystyle u^{*}={\frac {\partial z^{*}}{\partial b}}}
. More simply put,
u
i
∗
{\displaystyle u_{i}^{*}}
indicates by how much increases locally the optimal value of the objective function when the coefficient
b
i
{\displaystyle b_{i}}
increases by one unit.
Consider now that a variable
y
{\displaystyle y}
was not considered until then in the primal problem. Note that this is equivalent to saying that the variable
y
{\displaystyle y}
was present in the model but took a zero value. We will now observe the impact on the primal problem of changing the value of
y
{\displaystyle y}
from
0
{\displaystyle 0}
to
y
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {y}}}
. If
c
y
{\displaystyle c_{y}}
and
A
y
{\displaystyle A_{y}}
are respectively the coefficients associated with the variable
y
{\displaystyle y}
in the objective function and in the constraints then the linear program is modified as follows:
min
x
c
T
x
+
c
y
y
^
subjected to
A
x
=
b
−
A
y
y
^
x
∈
R
+
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\min _{x}c^{T}x+c_{y}{\hat {y}}\\&{\text{subjected to}}\\&Ax=b-A_{y}{\hat {y}}\\&x\in \mathbb {R} ^{+}\end{aligned}}}
In order to know if it is interesting to add the variable
y
{\displaystyle y}
to the problem (i.e to let it take a non-zero value), we want to know if the value
z
y
^
∗
{\displaystyle z_{\hat {y}}^{*}}
of the objective function of this new problem decreases as the value
y
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {y}}}
of the variable
y
{\displaystyle y}
increases. In other words, we want to know
∂
z
y
^
∗
∂
y
^
{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial z_{\hat {y}}^{*}}{\partial {\hat {y}}}}}
. To do this, note that
z
y
^
∗
{\displaystyle z_{\hat {y}}^{*}}
can be expressed according to the value of the objective function of the initial primal problem:
z
y
^
∗
=
c
y
y
^
+
z
∗
(
c
,
A
,
b
−
A
y
y
^
)
{\displaystyle z_{\hat {y}}^{*}=c_{y}{\hat {y}}+z^{*}(c,A,b-A_{y}{\hat {y}})}
. We can then compute the derivative that interests us:
∂
z
y
^
∗
∂
y
^
=
c
y
+
∂
z
∗
∂
y
^
=
c
y
+
∂
z
∗
∂
c
d
c
d
y
^
+
∂
z
∗
∂
A
d
A
d
y
^
+
∂
z
∗
∂
b
d
b
d
y
^
=
c
y
+
∂
z
∗
∂
b
d
b
d
y
^
=
c
y
+
u
∗
(
−
A
y
)
=
c
y
−
u
∗
A
y
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {\partial z_{\hat {y}}^{*}}{\partial {\hat {y}}}}&~=~&&c_{y}+{\frac {\partial z^{*}}{\partial {\hat {y}}}}\\&~=~&&c_{y}+{\frac {\partial z^{*}}{\partial c}}{\frac {dc}{d{\hat {y}}}}+{\frac {\partial z^{*}}{\partial A}}{\frac {dA}{d{\hat {y}}}}+{\frac {\partial z^{*}}{\partial b}}{\frac {db}{d{\hat {y}}}}\\&~=~&&c_{y}+{\frac {\partial z^{*}}{\partial b}}{\frac {db}{d{\hat {y}}}}\\&~=~&&c_{y}+u^{*}(-A_{y})\\&~=~&&c_{y}-u^{*}A_{y}\end{aligned}}}
In other words, the impact of changing the value
y
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {y}}}
on the value
z
y
^
∗
{\displaystyle z_{\hat {y}}^{*}}
translates into two terms. First, this change directly impacts the objective function and second, the right-hand side of the constraints is modified which has an impact on the optimal variables
x
∗
{\displaystyle x^{*}}
whose magnitude is measured using the dual variables
u
∗
{\displaystyle u^{*}}
. The derivative
∂
z
y
^
∗
∂
y
^
{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial z_{\hat {y}}^{*}}{\partial {\hat {y}}}}}
is generally called the reduced cost of the variable
y
{\displaystyle y}
and will be denoted by
c
r
y
{\displaystyle cr_{y}}
in the following.
References
vteOptimization: Algorithms, methods, and heuristicsUnconstrained nonlinearFunctions
Golden-section search
Powell's method
Line search
Nelder–Mead method
Successive parabolic interpolation
GradientsConvergence
Trust region
Wolfe conditions
Quasi–Newton
Berndt–Hall–Hall–Hausman
Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno and L-BFGS
Davidon–Fletcher–Powell
Symmetric rank-one (SR1)
Other methods
Conjugate gradient
Gauss–Newton
Gradient
Mirror
Levenberg–Marquardt
Powell's dog leg method
Truncated Newton
Hessians
Newton's method
Optimization computes maxima and minima.Constrained nonlinearGeneral
Barrier methods
Penalty methods
Differentiable
Augmented Lagrangian methods
Sequential quadratic programming
Successive linear programming
Convex optimizationConvex minimization
Cutting-plane method
Reduced gradient (Frank–Wolfe)
Subgradient method
Linear andquadraticInterior point
Affine scaling
Ellipsoid algorithm of Khachiyan
Projective algorithm of Karmarkar
Basis-exchange
Simplex algorithm of Dantzig
Revised simplex algorithm
Criss-cross algorithm
Principal pivoting algorithm of Lemke
CombinatorialParadigms
Approximation algorithm
Dynamic programming
Greedy algorithm
Integer programming
Branch and bound/cut
Graph algorithmsMinimum spanning tree
Borůvka
Prim
Kruskal
Shortest path
Bellman–Ford
SPFA
Dijkstra
Floyd–Warshall
Network flows
Dinic
Edmonds–Karp
Ford–Fulkerson
Push–relabel maximum flow
Metaheuristics
Evolutionary algorithm
Hill climbing
Local search
Parallel metaheuristics
Simulated annealing
Spiral optimization algorithm
Tabu search
Software
This applied mathematics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"linear programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_programming"},{"link_name":"objective function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_function"},{"link_name":"cutting stock problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_stock_problem"},{"link_name":"Dantzig–Wolfe decomposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dantzig%E2%80%93Wolfe_decomposition"},{"link_name":"crew scheduling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crew_scheduling"},{"link_name":"vehicle routing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_routing"},{"link_name":"capacitated p-median problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capacitated_p-median_problem&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Column generation or delayed column generation is an efficient algorithm for solving large linear programs.The overarching idea is that many linear programs are too large to consider all the variables explicitly. The idea is thus to start by solving the considered program with only a subset of its variables. Then iteratively, variables that have the potential to improve the objective function are added to the program. Once it is possible to demonstrate that adding new variables would no longer improve the value of the objective function, the procedure stops. The hope when applying a column generation algorithm is that only a very small fraction of the variables will be generated. This hope is supported by the fact that in the optimal solution, most variables will be non-basic and assume a value of zero, so the optimal solution can be found without them.In many cases, this method allows to solve large linear programs that would otherwise be intractable. The classical example of a problem where it is successfully used is the cutting stock problem. One particular technique in linear programming which uses this kind of approach is the Dantzig–Wolfe decomposition algorithm. Additionally, column generation has been applied to many problems such as crew scheduling, vehicle routing, and the capacitated p-median problem.","title":"Column generation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"objective function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_function"}],"text":"The algorithm considers two problems: the master problem and the subproblem. The master problem is the original problem with only a subset of variables being considered. The subproblem is a new problem created to identify an improving variable (i.e. which can improve the objective function of the master problem).The algorithm then proceeds as follow:Initialise the master problem and the subproblem\nSolve the master problem\nSearch for an improving variable with the subproblem\nIf an improving variable is found: add it to the master problem then go to step 2\nElse: The solution of the master problem is optimal. Stop.","title":"Algorithm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"objective function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_function"},{"link_name":"reduced cost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_cost"},{"link_name":"without loss of generality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Without_loss_of_generality"},{"link_name":"combinatorial algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial_algorithms"},{"link_name":"primal problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primal_problem"},{"link_name":"dual linear program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_linear_program"},{"link_name":"duality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_linear_program#The_duality_theorems"},{"link_name":"reduced cost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_cost"}],"text":"The most difficult part of this procedure is how to find a variable that can improve the objective function of the master problem. This can be done by finding the variable with the most negative reduced cost (assuming without loss of generality that the problem is a minimization problem). If no variable has a negative reduced cost, then the current solution of the master problem is optimal.When the number of variables is very large, it is not possible to find an improving variable by calculating all the reduced cost and choosing a variable with a negative reduced cost. Thus, the idea is to compute only the variable having the minimum reduced cost. This can be done using an optimization problem called the pricing subproblem which strongly depends on the structure of the original problem. The objective function of the subproblem is the reduced cost of the searched variable with respect to the current dual variables, and the constraints require that the variable obeys the naturally occurring constraints. The column generation method is particularly efficient when this structure makes it possible to solve the sub-problem with an efficient algorithm, typically a dedicated combinatorial algorithm.We now detail how and why to compute the reduced cost of the variables. Consider the following linear program in standard form:min\n \n x\n \n \n \n c\n \n T\n \n \n x\n \n \n \n \n \n \n subjected to\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n x\n =\n b\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n \n \n R\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}&\\min _{x}c^{T}x\\\\&{\\text{subjected to}}\\\\&Ax=b\\\\&x\\in \\mathbb {R} ^{+}\\end{aligned}}}which we will call the primal problem as well as its dual linear program:max\n \n u\n \n \n \n u\n \n T\n \n \n b\n \n \n \n \n \n \n subjected to\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n u\n \n T\n \n \n A\n ≤\n c\n \n \n \n \n \n u\n ∈\n \n R\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}&\\max _{u}u^{T}b\\\\&{\\text{subjected to}}\\\\&u^{T}A\\leq c\\\\&u\\in \\mathbb {R} \\end{aligned}}}Moreover, let \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{*}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n u\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle u^{*}}\n \n be optimal solutions for these two problems which can be provided by any linear solver. These solutions verify the constraints of their linear program and, by duality, have the same value of objective function (\n \n \n \n \n c\n \n T\n \n \n \n x\n \n ∗\n \n \n =\n \n u\n \n ∗\n T\n \n \n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c^{T}x^{*}=u^{*T}b}\n \n) which we will call \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle z^{*}}\n \n. This optimal value is a function of the different coefficients of the primal problem: \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n ∗\n \n \n =\n \n z\n \n ∗\n \n \n (\n c\n ,\n A\n ,\n b\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z^{*}=z^{*}(c,A,b)}\n \n. Note that there exists a dual variable \n \n \n \n \n u\n \n i\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle u_{i}^{*}}\n \n for each constraint of the primal linear model. It is possible to show that an optimal dual variable \n \n \n \n \n u\n \n i\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle u_{i}^{*}}\n \n can be interpreted as the partial derivative of the optimal value \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle z^{*}}\n \n of the objective function with respect to the coefficient \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle b_{i}}\n \n of the right-hand side of the constraints:\n \n \n \n \n u\n \n i\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n z\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n b\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle u_{i}^{*}={\\frac {\\partial z^{*}}{\\partial b_{i}}}}\n \n or otherwise \n \n \n \n \n u\n \n ∗\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n z\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n b\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle u^{*}={\\frac {\\partial z^{*}}{\\partial b}}}\n \n. More simply put, \n \n \n \n \n u\n \n i\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle u_{i}^{*}}\n \n indicates by how much increases locally the optimal value of the objective function when the coefficient \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle b_{i}}\n \n increases by one unit.Consider now that a variable \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n was not considered until then in the primal problem. Note that this is equivalent to saying that the variable \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n was present in the model but took a zero value. We will now observe the impact on the primal problem of changing the value of \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n from \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0}\n \n to \n \n \n \n \n \n \n y\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {y}}}\n \n. If \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n y\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle c_{y}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n y\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{y}}\n \n are respectively the coefficients associated with the variable \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n in the objective function and in the constraints then the linear program is modified as follows:min\n \n x\n \n \n \n c\n \n T\n \n \n x\n +\n \n c\n \n y\n \n \n \n \n \n y\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n subjected to\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n x\n =\n b\n −\n \n A\n \n y\n \n \n \n \n \n y\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n \n \n R\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}&\\min _{x}c^{T}x+c_{y}{\\hat {y}}\\\\&{\\text{subjected to}}\\\\&Ax=b-A_{y}{\\hat {y}}\\\\&x\\in \\mathbb {R} ^{+}\\end{aligned}}}In order to know if it is interesting to add the variable \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n to the problem (i.e to let it take a non-zero value), we want to know if the value \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n \n y\n ^\n \n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle z_{\\hat {y}}^{*}}\n \n of the objective function of this new problem decreases as the value \n \n \n \n \n \n \n y\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {y}}}\n \n of the variable \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n increases. In other words, we want to know \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n z\n \n \n \n y\n ^\n \n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n \n \n y\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\partial z_{\\hat {y}}^{*}}{\\partial {\\hat {y}}}}}\n \n. To do this, note that \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n \n y\n ^\n \n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle z_{\\hat {y}}^{*}}\n \n can be expressed according to the value of the objective function of the initial primal problem: \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n \n y\n ^\n \n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n =\n \n c\n \n y\n \n \n \n \n \n y\n ^\n \n \n \n +\n \n z\n \n ∗\n \n \n (\n c\n ,\n A\n ,\n b\n −\n \n A\n \n y\n \n \n \n \n \n y\n ^\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z_{\\hat {y}}^{*}=c_{y}{\\hat {y}}+z^{*}(c,A,b-A_{y}{\\hat {y}})}\n \n. We can then compute the derivative that interests us:∂\n \n z\n \n \n \n y\n ^\n \n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n \n \n y\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n y\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n z\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n \n \n y\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n y\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n z\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n c\n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n c\n \n \n d\n \n \n \n y\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n z\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n A\n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n A\n \n \n d\n \n \n \n y\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n z\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n b\n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n b\n \n \n d\n \n \n \n y\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n y\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n z\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n b\n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n b\n \n \n d\n \n \n \n y\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n y\n \n \n +\n \n u\n \n ∗\n \n \n (\n −\n \n A\n \n y\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n y\n \n \n −\n \n u\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n A\n \n y\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}{\\frac {\\partial z_{\\hat {y}}^{*}}{\\partial {\\hat {y}}}}&~=~&&c_{y}+{\\frac {\\partial z^{*}}{\\partial {\\hat {y}}}}\\\\&~=~&&c_{y}+{\\frac {\\partial z^{*}}{\\partial c}}{\\frac {dc}{d{\\hat {y}}}}+{\\frac {\\partial z^{*}}{\\partial A}}{\\frac {dA}{d{\\hat {y}}}}+{\\frac {\\partial z^{*}}{\\partial b}}{\\frac {db}{d{\\hat {y}}}}\\\\&~=~&&c_{y}+{\\frac {\\partial z^{*}}{\\partial b}}{\\frac {db}{d{\\hat {y}}}}\\\\&~=~&&c_{y}+u^{*}(-A_{y})\\\\&~=~&&c_{y}-u^{*}A_{y}\\end{aligned}}}In other words, the impact of changing the value \n \n \n \n \n \n \n y\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {y}}}\n \n on the value \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n \n y\n ^\n \n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle z_{\\hat {y}}^{*}}\n \n translates into two terms. First, this change directly impacts the objective function and second, the right-hand side of the constraints is modified which has an impact on the optimal variables \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{*}}\n \n whose magnitude is measured using the dual variables \n \n \n \n \n u\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle u^{*}}\n \n. The derivative \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n z\n \n \n \n y\n ^\n \n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n \n \n y\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\partial z_{\\hat {y}}^{*}}{\\partial {\\hat {y}}}}}\n \n is generally called the reduced cost of the variable \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n and will be denoted by \n \n \n \n c\n \n r\n \n y\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle cr_{y}}\n \n in the following.","title":"Finding an improving variable"}] | [{"image_text":"Optimization computes maxima and minima.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Max_paraboloid.svg/150px-Max_paraboloid.svg.png"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Column+generation%22","external_links_name":"\"Column generation\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Column+generation%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Column+generation%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Column+generation%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Column+generation%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Column+generation%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Column_generation&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._S._Maddala | G. S. Maddala | ["1 Biography and education","2 Teaching and research career","3 Selected publications","4 Memorials and tributes","5 References","6 External links"] | American economist
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G. S. MaddalaGS Maddala (unknown date)Born(1933-05-21)21 May 1933IndiaDied4 June 1999(1999-06-04) (aged 66)Columbus, Ohio, U.S.Alma materUniversity of Chicago Ph.D. 1963Bombay University M.A.Andhra University B.A.Known forTheoretical and applied econometricsScientific careerFieldsEconometricsInstitutionsOhio State University 1994-99University of Florida 1975-93University of Rochester 1967-75Stanford University 1963-67Doctoral advisorZvi Griliches
Gangadharrao Soundalyarao "G. S." Maddala (21 May 1933 – 4 June 1999) was an Indian American economist, mathematician, and teacher, known for his contributions in the field of econometrics and for the textbooks he authored in this field.
Biography and education
He was "born in India to a family of very modest means."
He obtained a B.A. in mathematics from Andhra University and, in 1957, an M.A. in statistics from Bombay University.
He came to the United States as a Fulbright Scholar to the Economics department of the University of Chicago.
In 1963, he completed his Ph.D. in the Department of Economics at the University of Chicago with a dissertation written under the supervision of Zvi Griliches.
Teaching and research career
Maddala's first faculty position was at Stanford University.
He held the university eminent scholar position at Ohio State University upon his death; previous university affiliations included Stanford University (1963–1967), University of Rochester (1967–1975), and the University of Florida (1975–1993).
Maddala published over 110 scholarly papers and wrote 12 books covering most of the emerging areas of econometrics. His 1983 book titled Limited Dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics is now regarded as a classic and seminal text for advanced studies in econometrics.
In econometrics methodology, Maddala's key areas of research and exposition included distributed lags, generalized least squares, panel data, simultaneous equations, errors in variables, income distribution, switching regressions, disequilibrium models, qualitative and limited dependent variable models, self-selection models, outliers and bootstrap methods, unit roots and cointegration methods, and Bayesian econometrics. In empirical economics, Maddala contributed to the areas of consumption, production and cost functions, money demand, regulation, pseudo-data, returns to college education, housing market discrimination, survey data on expectations, and risk premia in future markets.
Selected publications
____ (1983). Limited Dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics, Cambridge. Description, and preview.
____ (1992). Introduction to Econometrics, 2nd ed., Macmillan.
Memorials and tributes
The G. S. Maddala Memorial Fund, at Ohio State University, was created in 2004, by Dr. Maddala's wife Kameswari "Kay" and his colleagues and students. It provides awards "to graduate students for excellence in quantitative research using econometrics, both theoretical and applied" and sponsors distinguished speakers.
References
^ a b c Kajal Lahiri and Peter C.B. Phillips (1999). "Obituary: G.S. Maddala, 1933–1999". Econometric Theory. 15: 639–641. doi:10.1017/S0266466699154082. (obituary dated 14 June 1999; copy available here)
^ a b Kajal Lahiri (1999). "ET Interview: G.S. Maddala". Econometric Theory. 15: 753–776. doi:10.1017/S0266466699155063. S2CID 122142495. (copy available here)
^ "Make a Gift". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
^ Department of Economics: Giving
External links
G.S. Maddala, "How I Became an Econometrician", autobiographic essay
Kajal Lahiri and Peter C.B. Phillips (1999), "Obituary: G.S. Maddala, 1939-1999", Econometric Theory 15
Kajal Lahiri (1999), "The ET Interview: Professor G.S. Maddala", Econometric Theory 15
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_American"},{"link_name":"economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economist"},{"link_name":"mathematician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician"},{"link_name":"econometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometrics"}],"text":"Gangadharrao Soundalyarao \"G. S.\" Maddala (21 May 1933 – 4 June 1999) was an Indian American economist, mathematician, and teacher, known for his contributions in the field of econometrics and for the textbooks he authored in this field.","title":"G. S. Maddala"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"Andhra University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_University"},{"link_name":"Bombay University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview-2"},{"link_name":"Fulbright Scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright_Scholar"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D."},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Zvi Griliches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvi_Griliches"}],"text":"He was \"born in India to a family of very modest means.\"[1]He obtained a B.A. in mathematics from Andhra University and, in 1957, an M.A. in statistics from Bombay University.[1][2]He came to the United States as a Fulbright Scholar to the Economics department of the University of Chicago.[1]In 1963, he completed his Ph.D. in the Department of Economics at the University of Chicago with a dissertation written under the supervision of Zvi Griliches.","title":"Biography and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ohio State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"University of Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rochester"},{"link_name":"University of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"econometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometrics"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"cointegration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cointegration"},{"link_name":"housing market discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_housing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview-2"}],"text":"Maddala's first faculty position was at Stanford University.[citation needed]He held the university eminent scholar position at Ohio State University upon his death; previous university affiliations included Stanford University (1963–1967), University of Rochester (1967–1975), and the University of Florida (1975–1993).[citation needed]Maddala published over 110 scholarly papers and wrote 12 books covering most of the emerging areas of econometrics. His 1983 book titled Limited Dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics is now regarded as a classic and seminal text for advanced studies in econometrics.[citation needed]In econometrics methodology, Maddala's key areas of research and exposition included distributed lags, generalized least squares, panel data, simultaneous equations, errors in variables, income distribution, switching regressions, disequilibrium models, qualitative and limited dependent variable models, self-selection models, outliers and bootstrap methods, unit roots and cointegration methods, and Bayesian econometrics. In empirical economics, Maddala contributed to the areas of consumption, production and cost functions, money demand, regulation, pseudo-data, returns to college education, housing market discrimination, survey data on expectations, and risk premia in future markets.[2]","title":"Teaching and research career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Description","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item1134755/?site_locale=en_GB"},{"link_name":"preview.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-Ji1ZaUg7gcC"}],"text":"____ (1983). Limited Dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics, Cambridge. Description, and preview.\n____ (1992). Introduction to Econometrics, 2nd ed., Macmillan.","title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The G. S. Maddala Memorial Fund, at Ohio State University, was created in 2004, by Dr. Maddala's wife Kameswari \"Kay\" and his colleagues and students. It provides awards \"to graduate students for excellence in quantitative research using econometrics, both theoretical and applied\" and sponsors distinguished speakers.[3][4]","title":"Memorials and tributes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Kajal Lahiri and Peter C.B. Phillips (1999). \"Obituary: G.S. Maddala, 1933–1999\". Econometric Theory. 15: 639–641. doi:10.1017/S0266466699154082.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_C.B._Phillips","url_text":"Peter C.B. Phillips"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0266466699154082","url_text":"\"Obituary: G.S. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorn_Ridge_Redoubt | Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt | ["1 Background","1.1 1914–1915","1.2 1915–1916","2 Prelude","2.1 German preparations","2.2 British preparations","2.3 British plan","3 Battle","3.1 1 July","3.2 13 November","4 Aftermath","4.1 Analysis","4.2 Commemoration","5 Notes","6 Footnotes","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"] | German fortification in the First World War
See also: Battle of the Somme, First day on the Somme, Mines on the first day of the Somme, and Battle of the Ancre
Hawthorn Ridge RedoubtPart of The Battle of the Somme, in the First World WarTrench Map showing Hawthorn ridge and crater at top leftDate1 July, 13 November 1916LocationPicardy, France50°05′0.2″N 2°39′0.54″E / 50.083389°N 2.6501500°E / 50.083389; 2.6501500Result
1 July 1916: German victory, 13 November: British victoryBelligerents
British Empire
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
German EmpireCommanders and leaders
Douglas Haig
Erich von FalkenhaynHawthorn Ridgeclass=notpageimage| Beaumont-Hamel is a commune in the Somme department, Picardy, northern FrancevteSomme OffensiveBattles of the Somme, 1916
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Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt was a German field fortification, west of the village of Beaumont Hamel on the Somme. The redoubt was built after the end of the Battle of Albert (25–29 September 1914) and as French and later British attacks on the Western Front became more formidable, the Germans added fortifications and trench positions near the original lines around Hawthorn Ridge. At 7:20 a.m. on 1 July 1916, the British fired a huge mine beneath the Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt. Sprung ten minutes before zero hour, the mine was one of 19 mines detonated on the first day of the Battle of the Somme. Geoffrey Malins, one of two official war cameramen, filmed the detonation of the mine. The attack on the redoubt by part of the 29th Division of VIII Corps (Lieutenant-General Sir Aylmer Hunter-Weston) was a costly failure.
Hunter-Weston had ordered the mine to be fired early to protect the advancing infantry from falling debris but this also gave the Germans time to occupy the rear lip of the mine crater. When British parties advanced across no man's land to occupy the crater, they were engaged by German small-arms fire. A few British soldiers reached the objective but at noon they were ejected by a German counter-attack. The success of the German defence of the Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt crater contributed to the failure of the British attack on the rest of the VIII Corps front.
The British reopened the tunnel beneath the Hawthorn Ridge crater three days later and reloaded the mine with explosives for the Battle of the Ancre (13–18 November). The new mine was fired on 13 November in support of an attack on Beaumont-Hamel by the 51st (Highland) Division of V Corps. The Scottish infantry advanced from a trench 250 yd (230 m) from the German lines, half the distance of 1 July, with the support of tanks, an accurate creeping barrage and an overhead machine-gun barrage. Beaumont-Hamel was captured and 2,000 German prisoners taken.
Background
1914–1915
See also: Battle of Albert (1914)
The 26th (Württemberg) Reserve Division (Generalmajor Franz von Soden) of the XIV Reserve Corps, arrived on the Somme in late September 1914, attempting to advance westwards towards Amiens. By 7 October, the advance had ended and temporary scrapes had been occupied. Fighting in the area from the Somme north to the Ancre, subsided into minor line-straightening attacks by both sides. Underground warfare began on the Somme front, which continued when the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) took over from the French Second Army at the end of July 1915. Miners brought from Germany late in 1914 tunnelled under Beaumont-Hamel and the vicinity to excavate shelters in which infantry companies could shelter and against which even heavy artillery could cause little damage.
Diagram of the 26th (Württemberg) Reserve Division and the 28th (Baden) Reserve Division attacks towards Albert, late September 1914
On the Somme front, a construction plan of January 1915, by which Falkenhayn intended to provide the western armies with a means to economise on infantry, had been completed. Barbed-wire obstacles had been enlarged from one belt 5–10 yd (4.6–9.1 m) wide to two belts 30 yd (27 m) wide and about 15 yd (14 m) apart. The front line had been increased from one trench to three, 150–200 yd (140–180 m) apart, the first trench (Kampfgraben) to be occupied by sentry groups, the second (Wohngraben) to accommodate the front-trench garrison and the third trench for local reserves. The trenches were traversed and had sentry-posts in concrete recesses built into the parapet. Dugouts had been deepened from 6–9 ft (1.8–2.7 m) to 20–30 ft (6.1–9.1 m), 50 yd (46 m) apart and large enough for 25 men. An intermediate line of strong points (the Stützpunktlinie) about 1,000 yd (910 m) behind the front line had also been built. Communication trenches ran back to the reserve line, renamed the second line, which was as well built and wired as the first line. The second line was built beyond the range of Allied field artillery, to force an attacker to stop and move field artillery forward before assaulting the line.
1915–1916
On New Year's Eve 1915, a small mine was sprung under Redan Ridge north of Beaumont-Hamel, followed by German mine explosions on 2, 8 and 9 January. British mines were blown on 16, 17 and 18 January 1916 and both sides sprung mines in February; the Germans then dug a defensive gallery parallel to the front line to prevent surprises. On the night of 6/7 April a German raid by II Battalion, Reserve Infantry Regiment 119 (RIR 119) took place near Y Ravine, against the 2nd South Wales Borderers of the 29th Division and caused 112 casualties, for a loss of three killed and one man wounded. A big raid by the British on 30 April was seen by alert defenders and repulsed by small-arms fire and artillery as soon as it began. A report by the local German commander, showed that the preparations for the raid had been noticed a week before the attempt.
After the Second Battle of Champagne in 1915, construction of a third line another 3,000 yd (2,700 m) back from the Stützpunktlinie had been begun in February 1916 and was nearly complete on the Somme front by 1 July. Divisional sectors north of the Albert–Bapaume road were about 3.75 mi (6.04 km) wide. German artillery was organised in a series of Sperrfeuerstreifen (barrage sectors). A telephone system was built with lines buried 6 ft (1.8 m) deep, for 5 mi (8.0 km) behind the front line, to connect the front line to the artillery. The Somme defences had two inherent weaknesses which the rebuilding had not remedied: The first was that the front trenches were on a forward slope, lined by white chalk from the subsoil and easily seen by ground observers. The second was that the defences were crowded towards the front trench, with a regiment having two battalions near the front-trench system and the reserve battalion divided between the Stützpunktlinie and the second line, all within 2,200 yd (2,000 m) of the front line, accommodated in the new deep dugouts.
Prelude
German preparations
Map of Beaumont-Hamel
The headwaters of the Ancre river flow west to Hamel through the Ancre valley, past Miraumont, Grandcourt, Beaucourt and St. Pierre Divion. On the north bank, pointing south-east, lie the Auchonvillers spur, with a lower area known as Hawthorn Ridge, Beaucourt spur descending from Colincamps and Grandcourt spur crowned with the village of Serre. Shallow valleys link the spurs, the village of Beaumont-Hamel lies in the valley between Auchonvillers and Beaucourt spurs. A branch in the valley known as Y Ravine lies on the side of Hawthorn Ridge. In 1916, the front of VIII Corps lay opposite the line from Beaucourt to Serre, facing the series of ridges and valleys, beyond the German positions to the east. The German front line ran along the eastern slope of Auchonvillers spur, round the west end of Y Ravine to Hawthorn Ridge, across the valley of Beaumont-Hamel to the part of Beaucourt spur known as Redan Ridge, to the top of the Beaucourt valley to Serre. An intermediate line known to the British as Munich Trench began at Beaucourt Redoubt and ran north to Serre. The second position ran from Grandcourt to Puisieux and the third position was 3 mi (4.8 km) further back.
Map of the Hawthorn Ridge sector on 1 July 1916, British line in red, German blue; German barbed wire: dotted blue
No man's land was about 500 yd (460 m) wide from the Ancre northwards and narrowed to about 200 yd (180 m) beyond the redoubt on Hawthorn Ridge. The ground was flat and unobstructed, except for a sunken road from the Auchonvillers–Beaumont-Hamel road and a low bank near the German front trench. The German front had several shallow salients, flanks, a bastion at the west end of Y Ravine and cover in the valleys to the east. Beaumont-Hamel commanded the valley, which the VIII Corps divisions were to cross and had been fortified. Beaucourt Ridge further back, gave a commanding view to German artillery observers, who could see the gun flashes of British field artillery, despite the guns being dug in. British observers could not see beyond the German support trenches and the convex slope on the British side of no man's land, making it difficult for heavy artillery to hit the front position, parts of which were untouched by the preliminary bombardment.
As signs of an Allied offensive increased during 1916, the lessons of the Second Battle of Artois and the Battle of Hébuterne in 1915, were incorporated into the defences of the Somme front. Observation posts were built in each defence sector, more barbed wire was laid and more Moritz telephone interception stations were installed, at the same time that more emphasis was laid on German telephone security. In early March and from 15 to 19 May, the chief engineer of the 2nd Army inspected the first position in the area of the 26th Reserve Division; only in the area of RIR 119 at Beaumont-Hamel and the trenches to the west around Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt, were there enough shell-proof concrete posts. German infantry made a great effort to gather intelligence, patrol and raid the British lines to snatch prisoners; the British became more experienced in responding to local attacks and began to use the same tactics. In May, Soden wrote that at least 10,000 rounds of artillery ammunition were necessary, to ensure the success of a raid. On the night of 10/11 June, a raiding party of RIR 119 failed to get forward when the German artillery fired short.
British preparations
Plan of the H3 mine placed beneath the Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt
Special arrangements were made by the 29th Division to capture Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt. Three tunnels were dug under no man's land by tunnellers of the Royal Engineers. The first tunnel was to be a communication link to the Sunken Lane (shown in the film The Battle of the Somme, released in August 1916). British units had just moved into the Sunken Lane and the tunnel constructed by 252nd Tunnelling Company served to link it with the old British front line. In the early hours of 1 July, the 1st Battalion, The Lancashire Fusiliers were to use it to reach the Sunken Lane, ready to attack Beaumont-Hamel. Two other tunnels, First Avenue and Mary, named after the communications trenches leading into them, were Russian saps dug to within 30 yd (27 m) of the German front line, ready to be opened at 2:00 a.m. on 1 July, as emplacements for batteries of Stokes mortars.
The 252nd Tunnelling Company placed mine H3 north of First Avenue and Mary, beneath the German stronghold on the ridge. The miners had dug a gallery for about 1,000 yd (910 m) from the British lines about 57 ft (17 m) underground beneath Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt on the crest of the ridge and charged it with 40,000 lb (18 long tons; 18 t) of Ammonal. The VIII Corps commander, Lieutenant-General Aylmer Hunter-Weston, wanted the mine to be sprung four hours before the offensive began so that the crater could be captured and consolidated in time for the alarm on the German side to have died down. On 15 June, the Fourth Army headquarters, ruled that all the mines on 1 July should be blown no later than eight minutes before zero; an unsatisfactory compromise was reached with Hunter-Weston to detonate the Hawthorn Redoubt mine ten minutes before zero hour.
An earlier detonation of the H3 mine in the VIII Corps sector was expected to divert German attention to the north bank of the Ancre, which would help the attacks of X Corps and XV Corps further south, where success was more important. Opinion in the 29th Division was that time was needed for the débris from the great mine to fall to earth, although it was demonstrated that all but dust had returned to the ground within twenty seconds. Firing the mine early conformed to the plan to occupy the crater quickly but it required the heavy artillery bombardment of the redoubt and adjacent trenches to lift during the assault. All of the VIII Corps heavy artillery was ordered to lift at 7:20 a.m. and the field artillery to lift at 7:25 a.m. A light shrapnel barrage fired by the divisional field artillery was to continue on the front trench until zero hour; in the 29th Division sector, half of the guns were to lift three minutes early.
British plan
The 29th and 4th divisions were to advance east across the valley of Beaumont-Hamel to an intermediate line on Beaucourt spur and then advance to the second position in 3+1⁄2 hours. British artillery fire would lift off the German front trench at zero hour and the field artillery was to move eastwards in six lifts, from the first objective 15–20 minutes after zero and then lift in succession after about twenty minutes on each of the further objectives, the heavy artillery lifting five minutes earlier each time. The divisional field artillery was to lift for 100 yd (91 m) as each infantry advance began and then move east at 50 yd (46 m) per minute. Each division was to reserve two 18-pounder batteries ready to advance at short notice; visual signalling, runners, flares, signals to contact patrol aircraft and wide-angle signalling lamps were provided. Bombers (hand-grenade specialists in the infantry) carried flags to mark the front line.
Battle
1 July
See also: The Battle of the Somme (film)
The explosion of the mine under Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt, 1 July 1916 (Photo 1 by Ernest Brooks)
A witness to the detonation of the Hawthorn Ridge mine was British cinematographer Geoffrey Malins, who filmed the 29th Division attack. Malins set up on the side of the White City trenches, about 0.5 mi (0.80 km) from Hawthorn Ridge, ready for the explosion at 7:20 a.m.,
The ground where I stood gave a mighty convulsion. It rocked and swayed. I gripped hold of my tripod to steady myself. Then for all the world like a gigantic sponge, the earth rose high in the air to the height of hundreds of feet. Higher and higher it rose, and with a horrible grinding roar the earth settles back upon itself, leaving in its place a mountain of smoke.— Geoffrey Malins
As soon as the mine was sprung, the bombardment on the German front line by heavy artillery lifted and Stokes mortars, which had been placed in advanced sites, along with four more in the sunken lane in no man's land, began a hurricane bombardment on the front trench. The regimental history of RIR 119 recorded that
... there was a terrific explosion which for the moment completely drowned out the thunder of the artillery. A great cloud of smoke rose up from the trenches of No 9 Company, followed by a tremendous shower of stones ... The ground all round was white with the debris of chalk, as if it had been snowing and a gigantic crater, over fifty yards in diameter and some sixty feet deep gaped like an open wound in the side of the hill.— RIR 119 historian
The explosion of the mine under Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt, 1 July 1916 (Photo 2 by Ernest Brooks)
the detonation was the signal for the German infantry to stand-to at their shelter entrances. Two platoons of the 2nd Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (86th Brigade, 29th Division) with four machine-guns and four Stokes mortars, rushed the crater. As the British troops reached the near lip, they were engaged by small-arms fire from the far lip and the flanks. At least three Gruppen of the 1st Platoon (Leutnant Renz) and the members of the 2nd Platoon (Leutnant Böhm) on the left side of the platoon area had been killed in the mine explosion. The entrances to the 3rd Platoon (Leutnant Breitmeyer) and some of the 2nd Platoon Unterstände (underground shelters) caved in and only two Gruppen escaped. The rest of the 9th Company in Stollen (deep-mined dug-outs) survived but the entrances were blocked and the troops inside were not rescued until after the British attack.
The detonation was swiftly followed by a German counter-barrage and in the next few minutes, German machine-guns opened fire all along the front. The British divisions forming up in no man's land to reach the jumping-off position 100 yd (91 m) short of the German front line, were caught in the machine-gun fire and suffered many casualties. German troops occupied the far lip of the crater at the Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt, turned machine-guns and trench mortars to the right and left flanks and fired into the British troops as they tried to advance. The attack on the redoubt and the rest of the VIII Corps front collapsed and was a costly failure. By 8:30 a.m., the only ground held by the 29th Division was the western lip of the crater. Two German platoons bombed from shell-hole to shell-hole towards the crater, forcing the survivors to retire to the British front line. RIR 119 suffered 292 casualties, most in the mine explosion beneath the redoubt. Casualties in the 86th Brigade were 1,969, of whom 613 were killed and 81 were reported missing.
13 November
Main article: Battle of the Ancre
51st (Highland) Division objectives at Beaumont-Hamel, November 1916
After the detonation of the Hawthorn Ridge mine on 1 July, the Royal Engineers began work on a new mine, loaded with 30,000 lb (13 long tons; 14 t) of ammonal, which was placed beneath the crater of the first explosion. On 13 November 1916, two brigades of the 51st (Highland) Division attacked the first objective (green line) at Station road and Beaumont-Hamel, then the final objective (yellow line) at Frankfort Trench, with three battalions, the fourth providing carrying parties. Six minutes before zero, the leading battalion of the right brigade moved beyond the British wire and advanced when the new mine at Hawthorn Crater was blown.
The Scottish troops moved past the east end of Y Ravine and reached the first objective at 6:45 a.m. with a stray party from the 63rd (Royal Naval) Division. The battalion pushed on and then withdrew slightly to Station Road. On the left, fire from Y Ravine held up the advance and at 7:00 a.m. another battalion reinforced the attack. Troops skirted the ravine to the north and early in the afternoon, a battalion from the reserve brigade attacked Beaumont-Hamel from the south, troops in the vicinity joining in. The left flank brigade was held up by uncut wire to the south of Hawthorn Crater and by massed machine-gun fire north of the Auchonvillers–Beaumont-Hamel road. Two tanks were sent up, one bogging between the German front and support lines and the other north of the village. Consolidation began and three battalions were withdrawn to the German reserve line and reinforced at 9:00 p.m., while one battalion formed a defensive flank to the south, as the positions reached by the 63rd (Royal Naval) Division on the right were unknown.
Aftermath
Analysis
Hawthorn Ridge mine crater, Somme, November 1916 (note shadow of photographer, left foreground) (IWM Q 1527)
The detonation of the Hawthorn Ridge mine, ten minutes before the general attack commenced, was not considered to be the main cause of the lack of surprise on 1 July. Lanes had been cut through the British wire, bridges had been placed over rear trenches several days earlier and a bombardment had been fired at 5:00 a.m. each morning for a week. Zero Day was not known to the Germans but the imminence of the expected attack was made evident by the springing of the mine. The lifting of the heavy artillery bombardment made it safe for the Germans to emerge and occupy the front defences, despite the surface destruction caused by the preliminary bombardment and the cutting of much of the wire. The Hawthorn Ridge sector was not attacked again until 13 November, during the Battle of the Ancre. For this attack another mine was laid beneath Hawthorn Ridge, this time containing 30,000 lb (13 long tons; 14,000 kg) of explosives and Hawthorn Ridge as well as Beaumont-Hamel were captured.
The 51st Division had to cross 250 yd (230 m) of no man's land, obscured by fog and supported by tanks, a creeping barrage and a machine-gun barrage, which caught German infantry in the open;the Highlanders took 2,000 prisoners. An analysis by the German 1st Army headquarters concluded that the positions were lost because of weeks of bombardment, part of which was from the flank and rear of the position, although the original deep-mined dug-outs survived. The British fired a hurricane bombardment each morning to lull the defenders with familiarity and the attack began in the morning after a short period of drumfire. Fog reduced the effect of the German counter-barrage and the front-line infantry were left to repulse the first attack. The 12th Division was severely criticised and the number of recruits in the division from Polish Upper Silesia was blamed on its poor performance. Troops had been slow to emerge from cover and were overrun, no initiative being shown by unit leaders or the divisional command, which failed to act until the 1st Army headquarters intervened.
Commemoration
In early 2018, after discussions between the landowners and the prospective members of the Franco–British Hawthorn Ridge Association, it was agreed that the ground comprising the craters and the path up to and around them would be sold to the local area of Albert, agreed to by the Mayor. In turn the Association would lease the land for a 99 year period for the nominal fee of €1. A multi-disciplinary research team then conducted three field seasons of research between 2018 and 2020 using UAV drones, surface Lidar, near-surface geophysics and archaeology to investigate the redoubt which was published in 2024.
Notes
^ From 7 to 13 June 1915, the Second Army attacked a German salient on a 1.2 mi (1.9 km) front at Toutvent Farm near Serre, against the 52nd Division and gained 3,000 ft (900 m) on a 1.2 mi (2 km) front, leaving a salient known as the Heidenkopf north of the Auchonvillers–Beaumont-Hamel road, at a cost of 10,351 casualties, 1,760 being killed; German casualties were c. 4,000 men.
^ The plan was quashed at the headquarters of the British Expeditionary Force (GHQ) after the Inspector of Mines pointed out that the British had never managed to reach a mine crater before the Germans and that the mine should be detonated at zero hour.
Footnotes
^ Sheldon 2006, pp. 28–30, 40–41.
^ Duffy 2007, p. 149.
^ Sheldon 2006, p. 65.
^ Duffy 2007, p. 143.
^ a b Wynne 1976, pp. 100–101.
^ Sheldon 2006, pp. 62, 98.
^ Sheldon 2006, pp. 108–109.
^ Duffy 2007, p. 122.
^ Wynne 1976, pp. 100–103.
^ a b Edmonds 1993, pp. 424–425.
^ a b Humphries & Maker 2010, p. 199.
^ Sheldon 2006, pp. 112–115.
^ Edmonds 1993, pp. 429–431.
^ Gliddon 2016, p. 78.
^ Edmonds 1993, p. 430.
^ Edmonds 1993, pp. 429–430.
^ Edmonds 1993, pp. 430–431.
^ Edmonds 1993, pp. 426–429.
^ Malins 1920, p. 163.
^ Edmonds 1993, p. 431.
^ Whitehead 2013, pp. 35–36.
^ Edmonds 1993, p. 452.
^ Edmonds 1993, pp. 431–437, 452.
^ Whitehead 2013, p. 57; Edmonds 1993, p. 452.
^ Bewsher 1921, p. 100.
^ McCarthy 1995, pp. 152–153.
^ Edmonds 1993, p. 432.
^ Miles 1992, pp. 476–527.
^ Duffy 2007, pp. 258–260.
^ Wisniewski 2024, pp. 1–32.
References
Bewsher, F. W. (1921). The History of the 51st (Highland) Division, 1914–1918 (online ed.). Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons. OCLC 855123826.
Duffy, C. (2007) . Through German Eyes: The British and the Somme 1916 (Phoenix ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-7538-2202-9.
Edmonds, J. E. (1993) . Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916: Sir Douglas Haig's Command to the 1st July: Battle of the Somme. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-89839-185-5.
Gliddon, G. (2016). Somme 1916: A Battlefield Companion. Stroud: History Press. ISBN 978-0-7509-6732-7.
Humphries, M. O.; Maker, J. (2010). Germany's Western Front, 1915: Translations from the German Official History of the Great War. Vol. II. Waterloo Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 978-1-55458-259-4.
Malins, G. H. (1920). How I filmed the War: A Record of the Extraordinary Experiences of the Man Who Filmed the Great Somme Battles, etc. London: Herbert Jenkins. OCLC 246683398. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013.
McCarthy, C. (1995) . The Somme: The Day-by-Day Account (Arms & Armour Press ed.). London: Weidenfeld Military. ISBN 978-1-85409-330-1.
Miles, W. (1992) . Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916: 2nd July 1916 to the End of the Battles of the Somme. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-901627-76-6.
Sheldon, J. (2006) . The German Army on the Somme 1914–1916 (Pen & Sword Military ed.). London: Leo Cooper. ISBN 978-1-84415-269-8.
Whitehead, R. J. (2013). The Other Side of the Wire: The Battle of the Somme. With the German XIV Reserve Corps, 1 July 1916. Vol. II. Solihull: Helion. ISBN 978-1-907677-12-0.
Wisniewski, K. D. (2024). "A Multidisciplinary Scientific Investigation of the 1916 Hawthorn Mine Crater, Beaumont Hamel, Northern France". Journal of Conflict Archaeology. XX: 1–32. doi:10.1080/15740773.2023.2297202. ISSN 1574-0781. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
Wynne, G. C. (1976) . If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West (Greenwood Press, NY ed.). London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-8371-5029-1.
Further reading
Gillon, S. (2002) . The Story of 29th Division: A Record of Gallant Deeds (Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Thos Nelson & Sons. ISBN 978-1-84342-265-5.
Jones, Simon (2010). Underground Warfare 1914-1918. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-84415-962-8.
Whitehead, R. J. (2013a) . The Other Side of the Wire: The Battle of the Somme. With the German XIV Reserve Corps: September 1914 – June 1916. Vol. I (pbk. ed.). Solihull: Helion. ISBN 978-1-908916-89-1.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt.
Hawthorn Ridge mine detonation On YouTube
Investigation of where the Hawthorn Ridge mine detonation was filmed from in 1916
The Somme Battlefields in One Day
Hawthorne Crater Ridge Association
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Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mouquet_Farm"},{"link_name":"Guillemont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guillemont"},{"link_name":"Ginchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ginchy"},{"link_name":"Flers–Courcelette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Flers%E2%80%93Courcelette"},{"link_name":"Martinpuich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Martinpuich"},{"link_name":"Morval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Morval"},{"link_name":"Combles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Combles"},{"link_name":"Lesbœufs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Lesb%C5%93ufs"},{"link_name":"Gueudecourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Gueudecourt"},{"link_name":"Thiepval Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thiepval_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Le Transloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Transloy"},{"link_name":"Eaucourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Eaucourt_l%27Abbaye"},{"link_name":"Le Sars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Le_Sars"},{"link_name":"Butte de Warlencourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacks_on_the_Butte_de_Warlencourt"},{"link_name":"Ancre Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ancre_Heights"},{"link_name":"Schwaben Redoubt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Schwaben_Redoubt"},{"link_name":"Stuff Redoubt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Stuff_Redoubt"},{"link_name":"Regina Trench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Regina_Trench"},{"link_name":"Ancre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ancre"},{"link_name":"Beaumont-Hamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Beaumont-Hamel"},{"link_name":"Hébuterne (1915)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%A9buterne"},{"link_name":"Order of Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_battle_for_the_Battle_of_the_Somme"},{"link_name":"Boar's Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boar%27s_Head"},{"link_name":"Mines, 1 July","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mines_on_the_first_day_of_the_Somme"},{"link_name":"Lochnagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochnagar_mine"},{"link_name":"Y Sap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Sap_mine"},{"link_name":"Hawthorn Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Leipzig Salient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig_Salient"},{"link_name":"Thiepval Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiepval_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Ancre, 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_on_the_Ancre,_January%E2%80%93March_1917"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Moresnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Capture_of_Moresnet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Invasion of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Dinant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dinant"},{"link_name":"Namur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Frontiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers"},{"link_name":"Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Ardennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ardennes"},{"link_name":"Charleroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Charleroi"},{"link_name":"Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mons"},{"link_name":"Trouée de Charmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trou%C3%A9e_de_Charmes"},{"link_name":"Great Retreat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Retreat"},{"link_name":"Le Cateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Cateau"},{"link_name":"Étreux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rearguard_Affair_of_%C3%89treux"},{"link_name":"1st St. Quentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Maubeuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Maubeuge"},{"link_name":"Grand Couronné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"1st Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne"},{"link_name":"1st Aisne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Aisne"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Race to the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"Yser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yser"},{"link_name":"1st Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres"},{"link_name":"Winter actions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_operations_1914%E2%80%931915"},{"link_name":"1st Artois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Artois"},{"link_name":"1st Champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Champagne"},{"link_name":"Hartmannswillerkopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hartmannswillerkopf"},{"link_name":"Neuve Chapelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Neuve_Chapelle"},{"link_name":"2nd Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres"},{"link_name":"2nd Artois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois"},{"link_name":"Hébuterne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%A9buterne"},{"link_name":"2nd Champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne"},{"link_name":"Loos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Loos"},{"link_name":"3rd Artois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Artois"},{"link_name":"Gas: Wieltje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_phosgene_attack_(19_December_1915)"},{"link_name":"The Bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actions_of_the_Bluff,_1916"},{"link_name":"Hohenzollern Redoubt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenzollern_Redoubt_action,_2%E2%80%9318_March_1916"},{"link_name":"St Eloi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actions_of_St_Eloi_Craters"},{"link_name":"Hulluch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_attacks_at_Hulluch"},{"link_name":"Wulverghem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_attacks_at_Wulverghem"},{"link_name":"Kink Salient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_of_the_Kink_Salient"},{"link_name":"Vimy Ridge 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_attack_on_Vimy_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Mont Sorrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mont_Sorrel"},{"link_name":"Verdun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun"},{"link_name":"Boar's Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boar%27s_Head"},{"link_name":"1st Somme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme"},{"link_name":"Fromelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_at_Fromelles"},{"link_name":"Ancre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_on_the_Ancre,_January%E2%80%93March_1917"},{"link_name":"Alberich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Alberich"},{"link_name":"Nivelle offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivelle_offensive"},{"link_name":"Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Vimy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge"},{"link_name":"2nd Aisne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne"},{"link_name":"The Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hills"},{"link_name":"Messines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Messines_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Passchendaele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele"},{"link_name":"La Malmaison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison"},{"link_name":"Cambrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)"},{"link_name":"German spring offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spring_offensive"},{"link_name":"Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Michael"},{"link_name":"The Lys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_(1918)"},{"link_name":"3rd Aisne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Battle_of_the_Aisne"},{"link_name":"Belleau Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Belleau_Wood"},{"link_name":"2nd Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne"},{"link_name":"Soissons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Soissons_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Amiens_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Ailette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ailette"},{"link_name":"2nd Somme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Somme"},{"link_name":"Saint-Mihiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Mihiel"},{"link_name":"St Quentin Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_St_Quentin_Canal"},{"link_name":"Meuse-Argonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive"},{"link_name":"5th Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Battle_of_Ypres"},{"link_name":"2nd Cambrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Courtrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Courtrai_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Sambre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sambre_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Lys and Escaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_and_the_Escaut"},{"link_name":"1914 Christmas truce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_truce"},{"link_name":"French Army mutinies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_French_Army_mutinies"},{"link_name":"Western Front tactics, 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_tactics,_1917"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Beaumont Hamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumont_Hamel"},{"link_name":"Somme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somme_River"},{"link_name":"Battle of Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Albert_(1914)"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"mines detonated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mines_on_the_first_day_of_the_Somme"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Somme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Malins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Malins"},{"link_name":"29th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/29th_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"VIII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIII_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Aylmer Hunter-Weston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylmer_Hunter-Weston"},{"link_name":"no man's land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_man%27s_land"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Ancre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ancre"},{"link_name":"51st (Highland) Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st_(Highland)_Division"},{"link_name":"V Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"creeping barrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creeping_barrage"}],"text":"See also: Battle of the Somme, First day on the Somme, Mines on the first day of the Somme, and Battle of the AncreHawthorn Ridge RedoubtPart of The Battle of the Somme, in the First World WarTrench Map showing Hawthorn ridge and crater at top leftDate1 July, 13 November 1916LocationPicardy, France50°05′0.2″N 2°39′0.54″E / 50.083389°N 2.6501500°E / 50.083389; 2.6501500Result\n1 July 1916: German victory, 13 November: British victoryBelligerents\n British Empire\n\n United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland\n German EmpireCommanders and leaders\nDouglas Haig\nErich von FalkenhaynHawthorn Ridgeclass=notpageimage| Beaumont-Hamel is a commune in the Somme department, Picardy, northern FrancevteSomme OffensiveBattles of the Somme, 1916\nAlbert\nFirst day\nMontauban\nMametz\nFricourt\nContalmaison\nLa Boisselle\nGommecourt\nBazentin Ridge\nLongueval\nTrônes Wood\nOvillers\nFromelles\nHigh Wood\nDelville Wood\nPozières\nMouquet Farm\nGuillemont\nGinchy\nFlers–Courcelette\nMartinpuich\nMorval\nCombles\nLesbœufs\nGueudecourt\nThiepval Ridge\nLe Transloy\nEaucourt\nLe Sars\nButte de Warlencourt\nAncre Heights\nSchwaben Redoubt\nStuff Redoubt\nRegina Trench\nAncre\nBeaumont-Hamel\n\nAssociated articles\n\nHébuterne (1915)\nOrder of Battle\nBoar's Head\nMines, 1 July\nLochnagar\nY Sap\nHawthorn Ridge\nLeipzig Salient\nThiepval Memorial\nAncre, 1917\nvteWestern Front1914\nMoresnet\nInvasion of Belgium\nLiège\nDinant\nNamur\nFrontiers\nLorraine\nArdennes\nCharleroi\nMons\nTrouée de Charmes\nGreat Retreat\nLe Cateau\nÉtreux\n1st St. Quentin\nMaubeuge\nGrand Couronné\n1st Marne\n1st Aisne\nAntwerp\nRace to the Sea\nYser\n1st Ypres\nWinter actions\n1st Artois\n1915\n\n1st Champagne\nHartmannswillerkopf\nNeuve Chapelle\n2nd Ypres\n2nd Artois\nHébuterne\n2nd Champagne\nLoos\n3rd Artois\nGas: Wieltje\n1916\n\nThe Bluff\nHohenzollern Redoubt\nSt Eloi\nHulluch\nWulverghem\nKink Salient\nVimy Ridge 1916\nMont Sorrel\nVerdun\nBoar's Head\n1st Somme\nFromelles\n1917\n\nAncre\nAlberich\nNivelle offensive\nArras\nVimy\n2nd Aisne\nThe Hills\nMessines\nPasschendaele\nLa Malmaison\nCambrai\n1918\n\nGerman spring offensive\nMichael\nThe Lys\n3rd Aisne\nBelleau Wood\n2nd Marne\nSoissons\nAmiens\nAilette\n2nd Somme\nSaint-Mihiel\nSt Quentin Canal\nMeuse-Argonne\n5th Ypres\n2nd Cambrai\nCourtrai\nSambre\nLys and Escaut\n\nAssociated articles\n\n1914 Christmas truce\nFrench Army mutinies\nWestern Front tactics, 1917Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt was a German field fortification, west of the village of Beaumont Hamel on the Somme. The redoubt was built after the end of the Battle of Albert (25–29 September 1914) and as French and later British attacks on the Western Front became more formidable, the Germans added fortifications and trench positions near the original lines around Hawthorn Ridge. At 7:20 a.m. on 1 July 1916, the British fired a huge mine beneath the Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt. Sprung ten minutes before zero hour, the mine was one of 19 mines detonated on the first day of the Battle of the Somme. Geoffrey Malins, one of two official war cameramen, filmed the detonation of the mine. The attack on the redoubt by part of the 29th Division of VIII Corps (Lieutenant-General Sir Aylmer Hunter-Weston) was a costly failure.Hunter-Weston had ordered the mine to be fired early to protect the advancing infantry from falling debris but this also gave the Germans time to occupy the rear lip of the mine crater. When British parties advanced across no man's land to occupy the crater, they were engaged by German small-arms fire. A few British soldiers reached the objective but at noon they were ejected by a German counter-attack. The success of the German defence of the Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt crater contributed to the failure of the British attack on the rest of the VIII Corps front.The British reopened the tunnel beneath the Hawthorn Ridge crater three days later and reloaded the mine with explosives for the Battle of the Ancre (13–18 November). The new mine was fired on 13 November in support of an attack on Beaumont-Hamel by the 51st (Highland) Division of V Corps. The Scottish infantry advanced from a trench 250 yd (230 m) from the German lines, half the distance of 1 July, with the support of tanks, an accurate creeping barrage and an overhead machine-gun barrage. Beaumont-Hamel was captured and 2,000 German prisoners taken.","title":"Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Albert (1914)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Albert_(1914)"},{"link_name":"26th (Württemberg) Reserve Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_Reserve_Division_(German_Empire)"},{"link_name":"XIV Reserve Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_Reserve_Corps_(German_Empire)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon200628%E2%80%9330,_40%E2%80%9341-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2007149-2"},{"link_name":"British Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Second Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Army_(France)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon200665-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2007143-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:XIV_Reserve_Corps_advance_from_Bapaume,_27-28_September_1914.png"},{"link_name":"traversed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traverse_(trench_warfare)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976100%E2%80%93101-5"}],"sub_title":"1914–1915","text":"See also: Battle of Albert (1914)The 26th (Württemberg) Reserve Division (Generalmajor Franz von Soden) of the XIV Reserve Corps, arrived on the Somme in late September 1914, attempting to advance westwards towards Amiens. By 7 October, the advance had ended and temporary scrapes had been occupied. Fighting in the area from the Somme north to the Ancre, subsided into minor line-straightening attacks by both sides.[1][2] Underground warfare began on the Somme front, which continued when the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) took over from the French Second Army at the end of July 1915.[3] Miners brought from Germany late in 1914 tunnelled under Beaumont-Hamel and the vicinity to excavate shelters in which infantry companies could shelter and against which even heavy artillery could cause little damage.[4]Diagram of the 26th (Württemberg) Reserve Division and the 28th (Baden) Reserve Division attacks towards Albert, late September 1914On the Somme front, a construction plan of January 1915, by which Falkenhayn intended to provide the western armies with a means to economise on infantry, had been completed. Barbed-wire obstacles had been enlarged from one belt 5–10 yd (4.6–9.1 m) wide to two belts 30 yd (27 m) wide and about 15 yd (14 m) apart. The front line had been increased from one trench to three, 150–200 yd (140–180 m) apart, the first trench (Kampfgraben) to be occupied by sentry groups, the second (Wohngraben) to accommodate the front-trench garrison and the third trench for local reserves. The trenches were traversed and had sentry-posts in concrete recesses built into the parapet. Dugouts had been deepened from 6–9 ft (1.8–2.7 m) to 20–30 ft (6.1–9.1 m), 50 yd (46 m) apart and large enough for 25 men. An intermediate line of strong points (the Stützpunktlinie) about 1,000 yd (910 m) behind the front line had also been built. Communication trenches ran back to the reserve line, renamed the second line, which was as well built and wired as the first line. The second line was built beyond the range of Allied field artillery, to force an attacker to stop and move field artillery forward before assaulting the line.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beaumont-Hamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumont-Hamel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon200662,_98-6"},{"link_name":"29th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/29th_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon2006108%E2%80%93109-7"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976100%E2%80%93101-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2007122-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976100%E2%80%93103-9"}],"sub_title":"1915–1916","text":"On New Year's Eve 1915, a small mine was sprung under Redan Ridge north of Beaumont-Hamel, followed by German mine explosions on 2, 8 and 9 January. British mines were blown on 16, 17 and 18 January 1916 and both sides sprung mines in February; the Germans then dug a defensive gallery parallel to the front line to prevent surprises.[6] On the night of 6/7 April a German raid by II Battalion, Reserve Infantry Regiment 119 (RIR 119) took place near Y Ravine, against the 2nd South Wales Borderers of the 29th Division and caused 112 casualties, for a loss of three killed and one man wounded. A big raid by the British on 30 April was seen by alert defenders and repulsed by small-arms fire and artillery as soon as it began. A report by the local German commander, showed that the preparations for the raid had been noticed a week before the attempt.[7]After the Second Battle of Champagne in 1915, construction of a third line another 3,000 yd (2,700 m) back from the Stützpunktlinie had been begun in February 1916 and was nearly complete on the Somme front by 1 July.[5] Divisional sectors north of the Albert–Bapaume road were about 3.75 mi (6.04 km) wide.[8] German artillery was organised in a series of Sperrfeuerstreifen (barrage sectors). A telephone system was built with lines buried 6 ft (1.8 m) deep, for 5 mi (8.0 km) behind the front line, to connect the front line to the artillery. The Somme defences had two inherent weaknesses which the rebuilding had not remedied: The first was that the front trenches were on a forward slope, lined by white chalk from the subsoil and easily seen by ground observers. The second was that the defences were crowded towards the front trench, with a regiment having two battalions near the front-trench system and the reserve battalion divided between the Stützpunktlinie and the second line, all within 2,200 yd (2,000 m) of the front line, accommodated in the new deep dugouts.[9]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Prelude"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_commune_FR_insee_code_80753.png"},{"link_name":"Ancre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancre"},{"link_name":"Serre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serre-l%C3%A8s-Puisieux"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1993424%E2%80%93425-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hawthorn_Ridge_(1_July_1916).png"},{"link_name":"bastion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastion"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1993424%E2%80%93425-10"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Artois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois"},{"link_name":"Battle of Hébuterne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%A9buterne"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphriesMaker2010199-11"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"2nd Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Army_(German_Empire)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon2006112%E2%80%93115-13"}],"sub_title":"German preparations","text":"Map of Beaumont-HamelThe headwaters of the Ancre river flow west to Hamel through the Ancre valley, past Miraumont, Grandcourt, Beaucourt and St. Pierre Divion. On the north bank, pointing south-east, lie the Auchonvillers spur, with a lower area known as Hawthorn Ridge, Beaucourt spur descending from Colincamps and Grandcourt spur crowned with the village of Serre. Shallow valleys link the spurs, the village of Beaumont-Hamel lies in the valley between Auchonvillers and Beaucourt spurs. A branch in the valley known as Y Ravine lies on the side of Hawthorn Ridge. In 1916, the front of VIII Corps lay opposite the line from Beaucourt to Serre, facing the series of ridges and valleys, beyond the German positions to the east. The German front line ran along the eastern slope of Auchonvillers spur, round the west end of Y Ravine to Hawthorn Ridge, across the valley of Beaumont-Hamel to the part of Beaucourt spur known as Redan Ridge, to the top of the Beaucourt valley to Serre. An intermediate line known to the British as Munich Trench began at Beaucourt Redoubt and ran north to Serre. The second position ran from Grandcourt to Puisieux and the third position was 3 mi (4.8 km) further back.[10]Map of the Hawthorn Ridge sector on 1 July 1916, British line in red, German blue; German barbed wire: dotted blueNo man's land was about 500 yd (460 m) wide from the Ancre northwards and narrowed to about 200 yd (180 m) beyond the redoubt on Hawthorn Ridge. The ground was flat and unobstructed, except for a sunken road from the Auchonvillers–Beaumont-Hamel road and a low bank near the German front trench. The German front had several shallow salients, flanks, a bastion at the west end of Y Ravine and cover in the valleys to the east. Beaumont-Hamel commanded the valley, which the VIII Corps divisions were to cross and had been fortified. Beaucourt Ridge further back, gave a commanding view to German artillery observers, who could see the gun flashes of British field artillery, despite the guns being dug in. British observers could not see beyond the German support trenches and the convex slope on the British side of no man's land, making it difficult for heavy artillery to hit the front position, parts of which were untouched by the preliminary bombardment.[10]As signs of an Allied offensive increased during 1916, the lessons of the Second Battle of Artois and the Battle of Hébuterne in 1915, were incorporated into the defences of the Somme front.[11][a] Observation posts were built in each defence sector, more barbed wire was laid and more Moritz telephone interception stations were installed, at the same time that more emphasis was laid on German telephone security. In early March and from 15 to 19 May, the chief engineer of the 2nd Army inspected the first position in the area of the 26th Reserve Division; only in the area of RIR 119 at Beaumont-Hamel and the trenches to the west around Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt, were there enough shell-proof concrete posts. German infantry made a great effort to gather intelligence, patrol and raid the British lines to snatch prisoners; the British became more experienced in responding to local attacks and began to use the same tactics. In May, Soden wrote that at least 10,000 rounds of artillery ammunition were necessary, to ensure the success of a raid. On the night of 10/11 June, a raiding party of RIR 119 failed to get forward when the German artillery fired short.[12]","title":"Prelude"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_the_Somme_1916_-_H3_(Hawthorn_Ridge_Redoubt)_mine,_Beaumont-Hamel.jpg"},{"link_name":"tunnellers of the Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnelling_companies_of_the_Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Sunken Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunken_lane"},{"link_name":"The Battle of the Somme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_of_the_Somme_(film)"},{"link_name":"252nd Tunnelling Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/252nd_Tunnelling_Company"},{"link_name":"The Lancashire Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancashire_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"Russian saps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapping"},{"link_name":"Stokes mortars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes_mortar"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1993429%E2%80%93431-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGliddon201678-15"},{"link_name":"Ammonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonal"},{"link_name":"VIII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIII_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Aylmer Hunter-Weston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylmer_Hunter-Weston"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Fourth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"all the mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mines_on_the_first_day_of_the_Somme"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1993429%E2%80%93430-18"},{"link_name":"X Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"XV Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XV_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"shrapnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrapnel_shell"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1993430%E2%80%93431-19"}],"sub_title":"British preparations","text":"Plan of the H3 mine placed beneath the Hawthorn Ridge RedoubtSpecial arrangements were made by the 29th Division to capture Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt. Three tunnels were dug under no man's land by tunnellers of the Royal Engineers. The first tunnel was to be a communication link to the Sunken Lane (shown in the film The Battle of the Somme, released in August 1916). British units had just moved into the Sunken Lane and the tunnel constructed by 252nd Tunnelling Company served to link it with the old British front line. In the early hours of 1 July, the 1st Battalion, The Lancashire Fusiliers were to use it to reach the Sunken Lane, ready to attack Beaumont-Hamel. Two other tunnels, First Avenue and Mary, named after the communications trenches leading into them, were Russian saps dug to within 30 yd (27 m) of the German front line, ready to be opened at 2:00 a.m. on 1 July, as emplacements for batteries of Stokes mortars.[13][14]The 252nd Tunnelling Company placed mine H3 north of First Avenue and Mary, beneath the German stronghold on the ridge. The miners had dug a gallery for about 1,000 yd (910 m) from the British lines about 57 ft (17 m) underground beneath Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt on the crest of the ridge and charged it with 40,000 lb (18 long tons; 18 t) of Ammonal. The VIII Corps commander, Lieutenant-General Aylmer Hunter-Weston, wanted the mine to be sprung four hours before the offensive began so that the crater could be captured and consolidated in time for the alarm on the German side to have died down.[b] On 15 June, the Fourth Army headquarters, ruled that all the mines on 1 July should be blown no later than eight minutes before zero; an unsatisfactory compromise was reached with Hunter-Weston to detonate the Hawthorn Redoubt mine ten minutes before zero hour.[16]An earlier detonation of the H3 mine in the VIII Corps sector was expected to divert German attention to the north bank of the Ancre, which would help the attacks of X Corps and XV Corps further south, where success was more important. Opinion in the 29th Division was that time was needed for the débris from the great mine to fall to earth, although it was demonstrated that all but dust had returned to the ground within twenty seconds. Firing the mine early conformed to the plan to occupy the crater quickly but it required the heavy artillery bombardment of the redoubt and adjacent trenches to lift during the assault. All of the VIII Corps heavy artillery was ordered to lift at 7:20 a.m. and the field artillery to lift at 7:25 a.m. A light shrapnel barrage fired by the divisional field artillery was to continue on the front trench until zero hour; in the 29th Division sector, half of the guns were to lift three minutes early.[17]","title":"Prelude"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"4th divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1993426%E2%80%93429-20"}],"sub_title":"British plan","text":"The 29th and 4th divisions were to advance east across the valley of Beaumont-Hamel to an intermediate line on Beaucourt spur and then advance to the second position in 3+1⁄2 hours. British artillery fire would lift off the German front trench at zero hour and the field artillery was to move eastwards in six lifts, from the first objective 15–20 minutes after zero and then lift in succession after about twenty minutes on each of the further objectives, the heavy artillery lifting five minutes earlier each time. The divisional field artillery was to lift for 100 yd (91 m) as each infantry advance began and then move east at 50 yd (46 m) per minute. Each division was to reserve two 18-pounder batteries ready to advance at short notice; visual signalling, runners, flares, signals to contact patrol aircraft and wide-angle signalling lamps were provided. Bombers (hand-grenade specialists in the infantry) carried flags to mark the front line.[18]","title":"Prelude"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Battle of the Somme (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_of_the_Somme_(film)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hawthorn_Ridge_Redoubt_mine_(1_July_1916)_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ernest Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Brooks_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"cinematographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematographer"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Malins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Malins"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalins1920163-21"},{"link_name":"hurricane bombardment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_bombardment"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1993431-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hawthorn_Ridge_Redoubt_mine_(1_July_1916)_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"stand-to","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stand_to"},{"link_name":"platoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platoon"},{"link_name":"Royal Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"86th Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/86th_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitehead201335%E2%80%9336-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1993452-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1993431%E2%80%93437,_452-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitehead201357Edmonds1993452-26"}],"sub_title":"1 July","text":"See also: The Battle of the Somme (film)The explosion of the mine under Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt, 1 July 1916 (Photo 1 by Ernest Brooks)A witness to the detonation of the Hawthorn Ridge mine was British cinematographer Geoffrey Malins, who filmed the 29th Division attack. Malins set up on the side of the White City trenches, about 0.5 mi (0.80 km) from Hawthorn Ridge, ready for the explosion at 7:20 a.m.,The ground where I stood gave a mighty convulsion. It rocked and swayed. I gripped hold of my tripod to steady myself. Then for all the world like a gigantic sponge, the earth rose high in the air to the height of hundreds of feet. Higher and higher it rose, and with a horrible grinding roar the earth settles back upon itself, leaving in its place a mountain of smoke.— Geoffrey Malins[19]As soon as the mine was sprung, the bombardment on the German front line by heavy artillery lifted and Stokes mortars, which had been placed in advanced sites, along with four more in the sunken lane in no man's land, began a hurricane bombardment on the front trench. The regimental history of RIR 119 recorded that... there was a terrific explosion which for the moment completely drowned out the thunder of the artillery. A great cloud of smoke rose up from the trenches of No 9 Company, followed by a tremendous shower of stones ... The ground all round was white with the debris of chalk, as if it had been snowing and a gigantic crater, over fifty yards in diameter and some sixty feet deep gaped like an open wound in the side of the hill.— RIR 119 historian[20]The explosion of the mine under Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt, 1 July 1916 (Photo 2 by Ernest Brooks)the detonation was the signal for the German infantry to stand-to at their shelter entrances. Two platoons of the 2nd Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (86th Brigade, 29th Division) with four machine-guns and four Stokes mortars, rushed the crater. As the British troops reached the near lip, they were engaged by small-arms fire from the far lip and the flanks. At least three Gruppen of the 1st Platoon (Leutnant Renz) and the members of the 2nd Platoon (Leutnant Böhm) on the left side of the platoon area had been killed in the mine explosion. The entrances to the 3rd Platoon (Leutnant Breitmeyer) and some of the 2nd Platoon Unterstände (underground shelters) caved in and only two Gruppen escaped. The rest of the 9th Company in Stollen (deep-mined dug-outs) survived but the entrances were blocked and the troops inside were not rescued until after the British attack.[21][22]The detonation was swiftly followed by a German counter-barrage and in the next few minutes, German machine-guns opened fire all along the front. The British divisions forming up in no man's land to reach the jumping-off position 100 yd (91 m) short of the German front line, were caught in the machine-gun fire and suffered many casualties. German troops occupied the far lip of the crater at the Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt, turned machine-guns and trench mortars to the right and left flanks and fired into the British troops as they tried to advance. The attack on the redoubt and the rest of the VIII Corps front collapsed and was a costly failure. By 8:30 a.m., the only ground held by the 29th Division was the western lip of the crater. Two German platoons bombed from shell-hole to shell-hole towards the crater, forcing the survivors to retire to the British front line.[23] RIR 119 suffered 292 casualties, most in the mine explosion beneath the redoubt. Casualties in the 86th Brigade were 1,969, of whom 613 were killed and 81 were reported missing.[24]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:51st_(Highland)_Division_objectives_at_Beaumont_Hamel,_November_1916.png"},{"link_name":"51st (Highland) Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st_(Highland)_Division"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBewsher1921100-27"},{"link_name":"63rd (Royal Naval) Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/63rd_(Royal_Naval)_Division"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy1995152%E2%80%93153-28"}],"sub_title":"13 November","text":"51st (Highland) Division objectives at Beaumont-Hamel, November 1916After the detonation of the Hawthorn Ridge mine on 1 July, the Royal Engineers began work on a new mine, loaded with 30,000 lb (13 long tons; 14 t) of ammonal, which was placed beneath the crater of the first explosion. On 13 November 1916, two brigades of the 51st (Highland) Division attacked the first objective (green line) at Station road and Beaumont-Hamel, then the final objective (yellow line) at Frankfort Trench, with three battalions, the fourth providing carrying parties. Six minutes before zero, the leading battalion of the right brigade moved beyond the British wire and advanced when the new mine at Hawthorn Crater was blown.[25]The Scottish troops moved past the east end of Y Ravine and reached the first objective at 6:45 a.m. with a stray party from the 63rd (Royal Naval) Division. The battalion pushed on and then withdrew slightly to Station Road. On the left, fire from Y Ravine held up the advance and at 7:00 a.m. another battalion reinforced the attack. Troops skirted the ravine to the north and early in the afternoon, a battalion from the reserve brigade attacked Beaumont-Hamel from the south, troops in the vicinity joining in. The left flank brigade was held up by uncut wire to the south of Hawthorn Crater and by massed machine-gun fire north of the Auchonvillers–Beaumont-Hamel road. Two tanks were sent up, one bogging between the German front and support lines and the other north of the village. Consolidation began and three battalions were withdrawn to the German reserve line and reinforced at 9:00 p.m., while one battalion formed a defensive flank to the south, as the positions reached by the 63rd (Royal Naval) Division on the right were unknown.[26]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hawthorn_crater_Somme_Nov_1916_IWM_Q_1527.jpg"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1993432-29"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Ancre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ancre"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1992476%E2%80%93527-30"},{"link_name":"1st Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Army_(German_Empire)"},{"link_name":"12th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Division_(German_Empire)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2007258%E2%80%93260-31"}],"sub_title":"Analysis","text":"Hawthorn Ridge mine crater, Somme, November 1916 (note shadow of photographer, left foreground) (IWM Q 1527)The detonation of the Hawthorn Ridge mine, ten minutes before the general attack commenced, was not considered to be the main cause of the lack of surprise on 1 July. Lanes had been cut through the British wire, bridges had been placed over rear trenches several days earlier and a bombardment had been fired at 5:00 a.m. each morning for a week. Zero Day was not known to the Germans but the imminence of the expected attack was made evident by the springing of the mine. The lifting of the heavy artillery bombardment made it safe for the Germans to emerge and occupy the front defences, despite the surface destruction caused by the preliminary bombardment and the cutting of much of the wire.[27] The Hawthorn Ridge sector was not attacked again until 13 November, during the Battle of the Ancre. For this attack another mine was laid beneath Hawthorn Ridge, this time containing 30,000 lb (13 long tons; 14,000 kg) of explosives and Hawthorn Ridge as well as Beaumont-Hamel were captured.[28]The 51st Division had to cross 250 yd (230 m) of no man's land, obscured by fog and supported by tanks, a creeping barrage and a machine-gun barrage, which caught German infantry in the open;the Highlanders took 2,000 prisoners. An analysis by the German 1st Army headquarters concluded that the positions were lost because of weeks of bombardment, part of which was from the flank and rear of the position, although the original deep-mined dug-outs survived. The British fired a hurricane bombardment each morning to lull the defenders with familiarity and the attack began in the morning after a short period of drumfire. Fog reduced the effect of the German counter-barrage and the front-line infantry were left to repulse the first attack. The 12th Division was severely criticised and the number of recruits in the division from Polish Upper Silesia was blamed on its poor performance. Troops had been slow to emerge from cover and were overrun, no initiative being shown by unit leaders or the divisional command, which failed to act until the 1st Army headquarters intervened.[29]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"€","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_sign"},{"link_name":"Lidar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidar"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisniewski20241%E2%80%9332-32"}],"sub_title":"Commemoration","text":"In early 2018, after discussions between the landowners and the prospective members of the Franco–British Hawthorn Ridge Association, it was agreed that the ground comprising the craters and the path up to and around them would be sold to the local area of Albert, agreed to by the Mayor. In turn the Association would lease the land for a 99 year period for the nominal fee of €1. A multi-disciplinary research team then conducted three field seasons of research between 2018 and 2020 using UAV drones, surface Lidar, near-surface geophysics and archaeology to investigate the redoubt which was published in 2024.[30]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"52nd Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52nd_Infantry_Division_(German_Empire)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphriesMaker2010199-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"British Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1993430-16"}],"text":"^ From 7 to 13 June 1915, the Second Army attacked a German salient on a 1.2 mi (1.9 km) front at Toutvent Farm near Serre, against the 52nd Division and gained 3,000 ft (900 m) on a 1.2 mi (2 km) front, leaving a salient known as the Heidenkopf north of the Auchonvillers–Beaumont-Hamel road, at a cost of 10,351 casualties, 1,760 being killed; German casualties were c. 4,000 men.[11]\n\n^ The plan was quashed at the headquarters of the British Expeditionary Force (GHQ) after the Inspector of Mines pointed out that the British had never managed to reach a mine crater before the Germans and that the mine should be detonated at zero hour.[15]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon200628%E2%80%9330,_40%E2%80%9341_1-0"},{"link_name":"Sheldon 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSheldon2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2007149_2-0"},{"link_name":"Duffy 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDuffy2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon200665_3-0"},{"link_name":"Sheldon 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSheldon2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2007143_4-0"},{"link_name":"Duffy 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDuffy2007"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976100%E2%80%93101_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976100%E2%80%93101_5-1"},{"link_name":"Wynne 1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWynne1976"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon200662,_98_6-0"},{"link_name":"Sheldon 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSheldon2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon2006108%E2%80%93109_7-0"},{"link_name":"Sheldon 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSheldon2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2007122_8-0"},{"link_name":"Duffy 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDuffy2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976100%E2%80%93103_9-0"},{"link_name":"Wynne 1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWynne1976"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1993424%E2%80%93425_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1993424%E2%80%93425_10-1"},{"link_name":"Edmonds 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEdmonds1993"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphriesMaker2010199_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphriesMaker2010199_11-1"},{"link_name":"Humphries & Maker 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumphriesMaker2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon2006112%E2%80%93115_13-0"},{"link_name":"Sheldon 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSheldon2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1993429%E2%80%93431_14-0"},{"link_name":"Edmonds 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEdmonds1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGliddon201678_15-0"},{"link_name":"Gliddon 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGliddon2016"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1993430_16-0"},{"link_name":"Edmonds 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEdmonds1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1993429%E2%80%93430_18-0"},{"link_name":"Edmonds 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEdmonds1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1993430%E2%80%93431_19-0"},{"link_name":"Edmonds 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEdmonds1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1993426%E2%80%93429_20-0"},{"link_name":"Edmonds 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEdmonds1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalins1920163_21-0"},{"link_name":"Malins 1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMalins1920"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1993431_22-0"},{"link_name":"Edmonds 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEdmonds1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitehead201335%E2%80%9336_23-0"},{"link_name":"Whitehead 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWhitehead2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1993452_24-0"},{"link_name":"Edmonds 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEdmonds1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1993431%E2%80%93437,_452_25-0"},{"link_name":"Edmonds 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEdmonds1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitehead201357Edmonds1993452_26-0"},{"link_name":"Whitehead 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWhitehead2013"},{"link_name":"Edmonds 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEdmonds1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBewsher1921100_27-0"},{"link_name":"Bewsher 1921","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBewsher1921"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy1995152%E2%80%93153_28-0"},{"link_name":"McCarthy 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcCarthy1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1993432_29-0"},{"link_name":"Edmonds 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEdmonds1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1992476%E2%80%93527_30-0"},{"link_name":"Miles 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMiles1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2007258%E2%80%93260_31-0"},{"link_name":"Duffy 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDuffy2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisniewski20241%E2%80%9332_32-0"},{"link_name":"Wisniewski 2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWisniewski2024"}],"text":"^ Sheldon 2006, pp. 28–30, 40–41.\n\n^ Duffy 2007, p. 149.\n\n^ Sheldon 2006, p. 65.\n\n^ Duffy 2007, p. 143.\n\n^ a b Wynne 1976, pp. 100–101.\n\n^ Sheldon 2006, pp. 62, 98.\n\n^ Sheldon 2006, pp. 108–109.\n\n^ Duffy 2007, p. 122.\n\n^ Wynne 1976, pp. 100–103.\n\n^ a b Edmonds 1993, pp. 424–425.\n\n^ a b Humphries & Maker 2010, p. 199.\n\n^ Sheldon 2006, pp. 112–115.\n\n^ Edmonds 1993, pp. 429–431.\n\n^ Gliddon 2016, p. 78.\n\n^ Edmonds 1993, p. 430.\n\n^ Edmonds 1993, pp. 429–430.\n\n^ Edmonds 1993, pp. 430–431.\n\n^ Edmonds 1993, pp. 426–429.\n\n^ Malins 1920, p. 163.\n\n^ Edmonds 1993, p. 431.\n\n^ Whitehead 2013, pp. 35–36.\n\n^ Edmonds 1993, p. 452.\n\n^ Edmonds 1993, pp. 431–437, 452.\n\n^ Whitehead 2013, p. 57; Edmonds 1993, p. 452.\n\n^ Bewsher 1921, p. 100.\n\n^ McCarthy 1995, pp. 152–153.\n\n^ Edmonds 1993, p. 432.\n\n^ Miles 1992, pp. 476–527.\n\n^ Duffy 2007, pp. 258–260.\n\n^ Wisniewski 2024, pp. 1–32.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84342-265-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84342-265-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84415-962-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-962-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-908916-89-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908916-89-1"}],"text":"Gillon, S. (2002) [1925]. The Story of 29th Division: A Record of Gallant Deeds (Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Thos Nelson & Sons. ISBN 978-1-84342-265-5.\nJones, Simon (2010). Underground Warfare 1914-1918. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-84415-962-8.\nWhitehead, R. J. (2013a) [2010]. The Other Side of the Wire: The Battle of the Somme. With the German XIV Reserve Corps: September 1914 – June 1916. Vol. I (pbk. ed.). Solihull: Helion. ISBN 978-1-908916-89-1.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Diagram of the 26th (Württemberg) Reserve Division and the 28th (Baden) Reserve Division attacks towards Albert, late September 1914","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/XIV_Reserve_Corps_advance_from_Bapaume%2C_27-28_September_1914.png/220px-XIV_Reserve_Corps_advance_from_Bapaume%2C_27-28_September_1914.png"},{"image_text":"Map of Beaumont-Hamel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Map_commune_FR_insee_code_80753.png/220px-Map_commune_FR_insee_code_80753.png"},{"image_text":"Map of the Hawthorn Ridge sector on 1 July 1916, British line in red, German blue; German barbed wire: dotted blue","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hawthorn_Ridge_%281_July_1916%29.png/220px-Hawthorn_Ridge_%281_July_1916%29.png"},{"image_text":"Plan of the H3 mine placed beneath the Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Battle_of_the_Somme_1916_-_H3_%28Hawthorn_Ridge_Redoubt%29_mine%2C_Beaumont-Hamel.jpg/220px-Battle_of_the_Somme_1916_-_H3_%28Hawthorn_Ridge_Redoubt%29_mine%2C_Beaumont-Hamel.jpg"},{"image_text":"The explosion of the mine under Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt, 1 July 1916 (Photo 1 by Ernest Brooks)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hawthorn_Ridge_Redoubt_mine_%281_July_1916%29_1.jpg/220px-Hawthorn_Ridge_Redoubt_mine_%281_July_1916%29_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"The explosion of the mine under Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt, 1 July 1916 (Photo 2 by Ernest Brooks)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Hawthorn_Ridge_Redoubt_mine_%281_July_1916%29_2.jpg/220px-Hawthorn_Ridge_Redoubt_mine_%281_July_1916%29_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"51st (Highland) Division objectives at Beaumont-Hamel, November 1916","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/51st_%28Highland%29_Division_objectives_at_Beaumont_Hamel%2C_November_1916.png/220px-51st_%28Highland%29_Division_objectives_at_Beaumont_Hamel%2C_November_1916.png"},{"image_text":"Hawthorn Ridge mine crater, Somme, November 1916 (note shadow of photographer, left foreground) (IWM Q 1527)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hawthorn_crater_Somme_Nov_1916_IWM_Q_1527.jpg/220px-Hawthorn_crater_Somme_Nov_1916_IWM_Q_1527.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Bewsher, F. W. (1921). The History of the 51st (Highland) Division, 1914–1918 (online ed.). Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons. OCLC 855123826.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyof51sthig00bews","url_text":"The History of the 51st (Highland) Division, 1914–1918"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/855123826","url_text":"855123826"}]},{"reference":"Duffy, C. (2007) [2006]. Through German Eyes: The British and the Somme 1916 (Phoenix ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-7538-2202-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2202-9","url_text":"978-0-7538-2202-9"}]},{"reference":"Edmonds, J. E. (1993) [1932]. Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916: Sir Douglas Haig's Command to the 1st July: Battle of the Somme. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-89839-185-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Edward_Edmonds","url_text":"Edmonds, J. E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89839-185-5","url_text":"978-0-89839-185-5"}]},{"reference":"Gliddon, G. (2016). Somme 1916: A Battlefield Companion. Stroud: History Press. ISBN 978-0-7509-6732-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-6732-7","url_text":"978-0-7509-6732-7"}]},{"reference":"Humphries, M. O.; Maker, J. (2010). Germany's Western Front, 1915: Translations from the German Official History of the Great War. Vol. II. Waterloo Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 978-1-55458-259-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55458-259-4","url_text":"978-1-55458-259-4"}]},{"reference":"Malins, G. H. (1920). How I filmed the War: A Record of the Extraordinary Experiences of the Man Who Filmed the Great Somme Battles, etc. London: Herbert Jenkins. OCLC 246683398. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Malins","url_text":"Malins, G. H."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010101/https://archive.org/details/ifilmedwar00maliuoft","url_text":"How I filmed the War: A Record of the Extraordinary Experiences of the Man Who Filmed the Great Somme Battles, etc"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/246683398","url_text":"246683398"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ifilmedwar00maliuoft","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McCarthy, C. (1995) [1993]. The Somme: The Day-by-Day Account (Arms & Armour Press ed.). London: Weidenfeld Military. ISBN 978-1-85409-330-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85409-330-1","url_text":"978-1-85409-330-1"}]},{"reference":"Miles, W. (1992) [1938]. Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916: 2nd July 1916 to the End of the Battles of the Somme. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-901627-76-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901627-76-6","url_text":"978-0-901627-76-6"}]},{"reference":"Sheldon, J. (2006) [2005]. The German Army on the Somme 1914–1916 (Pen & Sword Military ed.). London: Leo Cooper. ISBN 978-1-84415-269-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-269-8","url_text":"978-1-84415-269-8"}]},{"reference":"Whitehead, R. J. (2013). The Other Side of the Wire: The Battle of the Somme. With the German XIV Reserve Corps, 1 July 1916. Vol. II. Solihull: Helion. ISBN 978-1-907677-12-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907677-12-0","url_text":"978-1-907677-12-0"}]},{"reference":"Wisniewski, K. D. (2024). \"A Multidisciplinary Scientific Investigation of the 1916 Hawthorn Mine Crater, Beaumont Hamel, Northern France\". Journal of Conflict Archaeology. XX: 1–32. doi:10.1080/15740773.2023.2297202. ISSN 1574-0781. Retrieved 29 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15740773.2023.2297202?src=exp-la","url_text":"\"A Multidisciplinary Scientific Investigation of the 1916 Hawthorn Mine Crater, Beaumont Hamel, Northern France\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15740773.2023.2297202","url_text":"10.1080/15740773.2023.2297202"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1574-0781","url_text":"1574-0781"}]},{"reference":"Wynne, G. C. (1976) [1939]. If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West (Greenwood Press, NY ed.). London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-8371-5029-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-5029-1","url_text":"978-0-8371-5029-1"}]},{"reference":"Gillon, S. (2002) [1925]. The Story of 29th Division: A Record of Gallant Deeds (Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Thos Nelson & Sons. ISBN 978-1-84342-265-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84342-265-5","url_text":"978-1-84342-265-5"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Simon (2010). Underground Warfare 1914-1918. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-84415-962-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-962-8","url_text":"978-1-84415-962-8"}]},{"reference":"Whitehead, R. J. (2013a) [2010]. The Other Side of the Wire: The Battle of the Somme. With the German XIV Reserve Corps: September 1914 – June 1916. Vol. I (pbk. ed.). Solihull: Helion. ISBN 978-1-908916-89-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908916-89-1","url_text":"978-1-908916-89-1"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hawthorn_Ridge_Redoubt¶ms=50_05_0.2_N_2_39_0.54_E_","external_links_name":"50°05′0.2″N 2°39′0.54″E / 50.083389°N 2.6501500°E / 50.083389; 2.6501500"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyof51sthig00bews","external_links_name":"The History of the 51st (Highland) Division, 1914–1918"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/855123826","external_links_name":"855123826"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010101/https://archive.org/details/ifilmedwar00maliuoft","external_links_name":"How I filmed the War: A Record of the Extraordinary Experiences of the Man Who Filmed the Great Somme Battles, etc"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/246683398","external_links_name":"246683398"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ifilmedwar00maliuoft","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15740773.2023.2297202?src=exp-la","external_links_name":"\"A Multidisciplinary Scientific Investigation of the 1916 Hawthorn Mine Crater, Beaumont Hamel, Northern France\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15740773.2023.2297202","external_links_name":"10.1080/15740773.2023.2297202"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1574-0781","external_links_name":"1574-0781"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g8YfJmwY5Uo","external_links_name":"Hawthorn Ridge mine detonation On YouTube"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pr2lrksp318","external_links_name":"Investigation of where the Hawthorn Ridge mine detonation was filmed from in 1916"},{"Link":"http://battlefields1418.50megs.com/somme_in_day.htm","external_links_name":"The Somme Battlefields in One Day"},{"Link":"https://hawthornridgeca.com/","external_links_name":"Hawthorne Crater Ridge Association"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_CT120_platform | List of Mazda model codes | ["1 Naming scheme","1.1 Old VINs","2 Model codes","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of Mazda model codes" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This list of Mazda model codes describes following model codes which have been used by Mazda since the 1980s.
Naming scheme
The company's model codes form the fifth and sixth characters of the VIN on post-1981 vehicles. The first character is a letter representing the model family, while the second is a sequential letter for subsequent models. For example, the Mazda N family used by the Mazda Miata started at NA and was updated in 1998 to NB and in 2006 to NC. The 2016 and newer MX-5s are designated ND.
Mazda generally starts car model codes at the letter "A", but van and truck variants often get different names, usually starting at "V".
Note: The US-built Mazda6 and Tribute do not use the Mazda model code in the VIN; in its place is an AutoAlliance code. Instead of the model code letter, position four in the VIN specifies the vehicle's safety systems, and position five specifies the marque, due to being built in a multi-brand facility.
Old VINs
Prior to 1981, Mazda used a different VIN format and model code naming scheme. The model families were given two characters, and the model a third, based on their names.
The following pre-1981 model groups are known:
M1 - Familia
S1 - Capella/Savanna
SA2 - Savanna/RX-7
LA - Luce
CD - Cosmo
PA1/PA2 - Proceed
The next digit of the VIN specified the engine:
0 - 10A/10B
2 - 12A/12B
3 - 13A/13B
Model codes
A codes (for kei cars)
Code
Vehicles
Years
Description
AA
Autozam Carol
1989–1995
Shares platform with Suzuki Alto.
AC
Autozam Carol
1995–1998
Shares platform with Suzuki Alto.
B codes (for compact front-wheel drive cars)
Code
Vehicles
Years
Description
BD
Mazda Familia / Mazda 323 / Mazda GLC
1980–1986
This is the first showing of Mazda's SS (self-stabilizing) rear suspension. The two lower parallel links of the rear strut are designed to induce toe-in on the rear tire on the outer side of the curve (e.g. right turn - left rear tire).
BE
Ford Laser
1981–1985
Rebadged version of BD.
BV
Mazda Familia / Mazda 323 (station wagon)
1981–1986
BV was an updated version of the preceding FA4 generation, sold alongside the newer BD sedan and coupé.
BF
Mazda Familia / Mazda 323 / Mazda Étude / Ford Laser (sedan, hatchback, cabriolet)
1985–2004
The self stabilizing suspension was updated. Basis for Mercury Tracer and Ford/Mercury Capri.
BW
Mazda Familia / Mazda 323 / Ford Laser (station wagon)
1986–1994
BW is a station wagon version of BF.
BG
Mazda Familia / Mazda 323 / Mazda Protegé / Eunos 100 / Ford Laser
1989–2004
Basis for the North American Ford Escort and Mercury Tracer.
BH
Mazda Familia / Ford Laser
1994–2000
BA
Mazda 323 / Mazda Protegé
1994–2001
BJ
Mazda Familia / Mazda 323 / Mazda Protegé / Ford Laser Lidea
1998–2002
The BJ was updated with a lower moment of roll for improved steering, better chassis rigidity, and new engines and transmissions.
BK
Mazda3 / Mazda Axela
2003–2014
Used the Ford C1 platform, which was jointly engineered by Mazda, Volvo and Ford.
BL
Mazda3 / Mazda Axela
2009–2013
BL is partially based on the Ford C1 platform, which was jointly engineered by Mazda, Volvo and Ford.
BM
Mazda3 / Mazda Axela
2013–2018
BM rides on the new, clean-sheet SkyActiv chassis architecture. JDM Axela still use BM for facelift model.
BN
Mazda3
2015–2018
BN is the facelifted version of BM. Not applicable for JDM Axela.
BY
Mazda Axela Hybrid
2013–2018
BY is the hybrid version of BM and BN, exclusive to the Japanese market.
BP
Mazda3
2019–present
C codes (for mid-size front-wheel drive cars)
Code
Vehicles
Years
Description
CA
Mazda Xedos 6 / Eunos 500
1992–1999
The CA was developed for Mazda's new upmarket Eunos brand.
CB
Mazda Lantis / Mazda 323F
1993–1998
Uses a different platform from BH, the other 323 models.
CG
Mazda Capella / Ford Telstar II
1994–1996
CG was very closely related to its predecessors. The CG was designed with a slimmer body than previous models to be marketable in Japan.
CP
Mazda Premacy / Ford Ixion
1999–2002
CR
Mazda5 / Mazda Premacy
2004–2010
CC
Mazda Biante
2008–2018
CW
Mazda5 / Mazda Premacy
2010–2018
D codes (for subcompact car front-wheel drive cars)
Code
Vehicles
Years
Description
DA
Ford Festiva / Mazda 121
1986–1993
Also badged as the Kia Pride.
DB
Autozam Revue / Mazda 121 / Mazda Revue
1990–1996
DW
Mazda Demio / Mazda 121 / Ford Festiva Mini Wagon
1996–2002
Based on the DB.
DY
Mazda2 / Mazda Demio
2002–2007
Platform co-engineered with Ford, which uses it as their B1 platform.
DC
Mazda Verisa
2004–2015
DE
Mazda2 / Mazda Demio
2007–2014
Platform co-engineered with Ford, which uses it as their B3 platform.
DH
DJ
Mazda2 / Mazda Demio (hatchback)
2014–present
DL
Mazda2 / Mazda Demio (sedan)
DK
Mazda CX-3
2014–present
DM
Mazda CX-30
2019–present
DR
Mazda MX-30
2020–present
Based on the DM.
E codes (for mid-size crossovers, originally subcompact front-wheel drive coupes)
Code
Vehicles
Years
Description
EC
Mazda MX-3 / Autozam AZ-3 / Eunos Presso
1991–1997
Based on the BG.
EP
Mazda Tribute / Ford Escape
2000–2012
Uses Ford's CD2 platform, which is based on the GF.
ER
Mazda CX-7
2006–2012
F codes (for rotary wankel engine sports cars)
Code
Vehicles
Years
Description
FB
Mazda RX-7 / Mazda Savanna RX-7
1981–1985
The FB chassis was a new name for the SA2 used in the 1979–1980 RX-7 VIN.
FC
Mazda RX-7 / Mazda Savanna RX-7
1986–1991
Also served as the basis for the Mazda MX-5's NA's platform.
FD
Mazda RX-7 / ɛ̃fini RX-7
1991–2002
SE
Mazda RX-8
2003–2011
The SE's platform was the last platform used for a rotary engine-based vehicle. It also served as the basis for the Mazda MX-5 NC's platform.
FE
G codes (for mid-size front-wheel drive cars)
Code
Vehicles
Years
Description
GC
Mazda Capella / Mazda 626 / Ford Telstar
1982–1987
GC used Mazda's first front-wheel drive mid-size car platform. Available body styles were the two-door coupe, four-door sedan, and five-door hatchback. The Ford Telstar hatchback version was called the TX5: there was no Telstar version of the coupe. Production was in Japan, with local assembly in Australia (Telstar only), New Zealand, Taiwan and South Africa, where the model continued in production until 1993.
GD
Mazda Capella / Mazda 626 / Mazda MX-6 / Ford Telstar (sedan, liftback, coupé)
1987–1991
The updated GD was introduced in 1987 in Japan and later elsewhere. It spawned a station wagon variant, the GV. Production in the United States started at the AutoAlliance International plant in Flat Rock, Michigan. Basis for the Ford Probe.
GV
Mazda Capella / Mazda 626 / Ford Telstar (station wagon)
1988–1996
The station wagon and van versions use a modified version of the GD's platform.
GE
Mazda 626 / Mazda Cronos / Mazda MX-6 / ɛ̃fini MS-6 / Autozam Clef / Ford Telstar
1991–1997
The Japanese market Mazda Capella never used the GE's platform. Rather, a new model (the Mazda Cronos) was introduced alongside the Capella, while the Capella continued on an updated version of the GC's platform until 1993 and was then moved to a new platform for the CG from 1994 through 1997. Basis for Ford Probe, Kia Credos and Kia Carnival. As Ford and Mazda shared engineering technologies, the GE's platform is related to the Ford CDW27/CD162/CD132, used for the Ford Mondeo and Jaguar X-Type.
GF
Mazda Capella / Mazda 626 / Ford Telstar (sedan, liftback)
1997–2002
The Capella and 626 were again reunited as the GF in 1997. An updated station wagon version, the GW, was finally introduced as well. See Ford CD2 platform.
GW
Mazda Capella / Mazda 626 / Ford Telstar (station wagon)
The station wagon and van versions use a modified version of the GF's platform.
GG
Mazda6 / Mazda Atenza (sedan, liftback)
2002–2007
American-built Mazda6s use the "1YV" prefix on the VIN. See Ford CD3 platform.
The rear multi-link suspension is remarkably similar to the "E type" found in the HC's platform. Although also similar to Ford's own design, Mazda engineers said this is a revival of the "E type" multi-link. Basis for Besturn B70.
GY
Mazda6 / Mazda Atenza (station wagon)
GY is a station wagon version of GG.
GH
Mazda6 / Mazda Atenza (sedan, liftback)
2007–2016
Introduced in 2008, GH uses a retuned and revised version of the preceding GG chassis. See Ford CD3 platform. The code GH is also used for the first generation Mazda CX-5, though it primarily uses KE.
GZ
Mazda6 / Mazda Atenza (station wagon)
2007–2012
GZ is a station wagon version of GH.
GJ
Mazda6 / Mazda Atenza
2012–2015
Basis for the Hongqi H5.
GL
2016–present
GL is a refreshed version of GJ.
GK
Mazda CX-4
2016–2024
H codes (for full-size rear-wheel drive cars)
Code
Vehicles
Years
Description
HB
Mazda Luce / Mazda 929 / Mazda Cosmo
1981–1989
The HB was introduced in 1981 as the Mazda Cosmo coupe and Mazda Luce/929 sedan. The Luce was updated in 1986, with the 929 following the next year for some markets, but the Cosmo continued on until 1989.
HV
Mazda Luce Legato / Mazda 929L (station wagon)
1983–1987
HV was an updated version of the preceding LA4 generation, sold alongside the newer HB sedan and coupé.
HC
Mazda Luce / Mazda 929
1986–1991
A new Mazda Luce/929 sedan appeared in 1986 as the HC. The export-version 929 lagged for some markets, and the HB Cosmo continued unchanged.
HD
Mazda Sentia / Mazda 929 / ɛ̃fini MS-9
1991–1995
The Luce nameplate was retired in favor of Sentia, but the H codes continued with the 1991 HD revision.
HE
Mazda Sentia / Mazda 929
1995–1998
Export of the 929 was halted after the HD, and the ɛ̃fini marque was gone as well, but the Mazda Sentia continued for one more generation.
J codes (for full-size rear-wheel drive cars)
Code
Vehicles
Years
Description
JC
Eunos Cosmo
1990–1995
The JC uses a totally new platform developed for 1990s and is unique to the JC Cosmo. Its closest cousin is the HD-929 from 1991 to 1995. It was a major update from the previous HB Cosmo's platform.
K codes (for crossovers)
Code
Vehicles
Years
Description
KE
Mazda CX-5
2012–2017
KF
Mazda CX-5
2017–present
KG
Mazda CX-8
2018–present
KG is a long-wheelbase variant of KF.
KH
Mazda CX-60
2022–present
KK
Mazda CX-70
2024–present
2-row version of KK.
KJ
Mazda CX-80
2024–present
KK
Mazda CX-90
2023–present
L codes (for front-wheel drive minivans)
Code
Vehicles
Years
Description
LV
Mazda MPV / ɛ̃fini MPV
1988–1995
The LV uses a rear-wheel drive platform with an all-wheel drive option, based on the Mazda Luce HC.
LW
Mazda MPV
1996–2006
The LW uses a front-wheel drive platform with an all-wheel drive option in some markets, based on the Mazda Capella GF.
LY
Mazda8 / Mazda MPV
2006–2016
The LY uses a front-wheel drive platform with an all-wheel drive option in the Japanese market, based on the Mazda Atenza Sport Wagon GY.
M codes (for mid-size front-wheel drive cars)
Code
Vehicles
Years
MA
Mazda Persona / Eunos 300
1988–1992
MB
ɛ̃fini MS-8
1992–1995
N codes (for front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive sports cars)
Code
Vehicles
Years
Description
NA
Mazda MX-5 / Eunos Roadster / Mazda Miata
1989–1997
The NA utilized many components in-house, such as the 323/Familia/Protegé engine and 323 GTX differential (1.6L), RX-7 FC (non-turbo) differential (1.8L) and transmission, but the chassis was unique.
NB
Mazda MX-5 / Mazda Roadster / Mazda MX-5 Miata
1998–2005
The NB was very close to the NA mechanically. Most changes were related to the vehicle systems, including electrical wiring and a new generation of the Mazda B engine.
NC
Mazda MX-5 / Mazda Roadster / Mazda MX-5 Miata
2006–2015
The NC utilized a shortened version of the SE RX-8's platform. Many suspension and braking components are interchangeable with the RX-8, while some interior components are shared with the Mazda6, Mazda3 and CX-7.
ND
Mazda MX-5 / Mazda Roadster / Mazda MX-5 Miata
2016–present
ND uses a new platform for the fourth generation of the MX-5.
NF
Fiat 124 Spider / Abarth 124 Spider / Abarth 124 GT
2017–2020
NF uses a variant of the ND's platform for the 2016 Fiat 124 Spider. While the platform design is similar, the sheet metal and drivetrain are completely different, using the Fiat 1.4 MultiAir turbo 4 cylinder and an updated Mazda NC 6-speed manual transmission.
NFM
NE
Abarth 124 Spider
Abarth models were originally assigned NE in the VIN before switching to the NF code used by Fiat models.
P codes (for mid-engine kei cars)
Code
Vehicles
Years
PG
Autozam AZ-1 / Suzuki Cara
1992–1995
S codes (for vans)
Code
Vehicles
Years
Description
SE
Mazda Bongo / Mazda E-Series / Eunos Cargo / Ford Spectron / Ford J80
1986–1999
The code SE is also used on the Mazda RX-8.
SS
SV
1994–2000
SD
Mazda Bongo Brawny / Mazda E-Series / Ford J100
1987–2009
Enlarged variant of SE/SS/SV.
SR
SG
Mazda Bongo Friendee / Ford Freda
1995–2002
SY
Mazda Titan Dash
2000–2010
SY is a lighter duty 1-ton version of WH.
SK
Mazda Bongo / Mazda Bongo Brawny / Mazda E-Series
1999–2016
Based on the SS.
SL
Mazda Bongo / Mazda E-Series
2016–2020
The SL is a minor update of SK.
T codes (for mid-size models)
Code
Vehicles
Years
TA
Mazda Millenia / Mazda Xedos 9 / Eunos 800
1995–2003
TB
Mazda CX-9
2006–2015
TC
Mazda CX-9
2016–present
U codes (for pickup trucks)
Code
Vehicles
Years
Description
UC
Mazda B-Series / Mazda Proceed
1981–1985
Designated before 1981 as PE under the old naming scheme.
UD
UE
Mazda B-Series
UF
Mazda B-Series / Mazda Proceed
1985–1998
UV
Mazda Proceed Marvie / Ford Raider
1991–1996
UN based SUV.
UN
Mazda B-Series / Mazda Fighter
1998–2006
Mazda BT-50
2006–2011
The UN code was kept over from the fifth generation B-Series it replaced.
CD
UP
Mazda BT-50
2011–2014
Based on the Ford Ranger.
UR
2015–2020
UR is the facelifted version of UP.
TF
Mazda BT-50
2020–present
Based on the Isuzu D-Max.
V codes (for compact crossovers)
Vehicles
Years
VA
Mazda CX-50
2022–present
W codes (for large cabover vehicles)
Code
Vehicles
Years
Description
WE
Mazda Titan / Mazda T-Series / Ford Trader
1987–1989
WG
1989–1999
Minor refresh.
WV
Mazda Parkway
1987–1995
WE based Bus
WH
Mazda Titan / Mazda T-Series
2000–2004
See also
List of Mazda vehicles
List of Mazda engines
Notes
^ The C platform is based on Mazda's G platform.
^ The E platform is based on Mazda's B platform.
^ The Mazda Carol HB, Mazda Spiano HF and Mazda Laputa HP use the Suzuki H platform, not the Mazda H platform.
^ The J platform is the basis for the Eunos Cosmo GT car.
^ The Mazda AZ-Offroad JM uses the Suzuki keicar platform, not the Mazda J platform.
^ The L platform is the basis for the Mazda MPV family.
^ The Mazda AZ-Wagon MD uses the Suzuki M platform, not the Mazda M platform.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i "Products". 多摩興業株式会社 TAMA ENTERPRISES CO., LTD. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
^ a b c d e f g h "Model choice for MAZDA spare parts". Auto Parts Pro.
^ a b c d e "MAZDA Parts - 100% OEM Compatible - Rubber, Steering, and Suspension Parts for MAZDA". Febest Auto Parts. Retrieved 2021-11-29.
^ a b c d e f g Automotive service parts and accessories - catalog 4 Japan (PDF). Denso.
^ Rechtin, Mark (December 21, 2009). "For Mazda and Ford, breaking up is hard to do". Automotive News. Retrieved 2010-01-03.
^ Chambers, Cliff (2020-12-17). "Buying Used: Mazda3 BM/BN-series (2013-18)". Carsales. Retrieved 2021-10-29.
^ "Mazda Axela 3gen (BM-BY) data and specifications catalogue". Automobile-Catalog. Retrieved 2021-10-29.
^ "MAZDA 100TH ANNIVERSARY | LEGENDARY MAZDAS - CAPELLA (6th) | MAZDA". www2.mazda.com. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ a b "Mazda2/Demio based on Fiesta"Archived 2008-09-06 at the Wayback Machine, SAE International, 2002-12-01.
^ McCausland, Evan (December 2, 2009). "First Look: 2011 Mazda Mazda2". Automobile Magazine. Archived from the original on 2010-06-14. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
^ "Media.Ford.com: FORD USHERS IN GLOBAL SMALL CAR ERA WITH PRODUCTION LAUNCH OF NEW FORD FIESTA". Archived from the original on 2008-09-18. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
^ a b "AUCN Vehicle Recall Records - Mazda2 (DJ hatch, DL sedan) - Group 4". Australian Car Network. 2018-02-07. Retrieved 2021-10-29.
^ "Mazda 6". car.info. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
^ "Mazda Parts Catalog CX-4". PartSouq. Retrieved 2023-08-02.
^ Einbauanleitungen (PDF). Bilstein. 2017-01-17.
^ ameridan (2018-06-12). "VIN # DECODER / VIN BUILD SHEETS / VIN WINDOW "MONRONEY" STICKERS / FIAT KEYEPER". 21st Century Fiat / Abarth 124 Spider. Retrieved 2021-11-28 – via WordPress.
^ a b "Купить Сальник ступицы Mazda Bongo SS / SE / SR / SD / SK в Чите по цене: 300₽ — объявление от компании ""ОЛИМП" сеть магазинов и сто Чита-Краснокаменск" на Дроме". baza.drom.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-11-06.
^ a b c "Mazda stock and aftermarket wheel and tire sizes. Mazda bolt pattern". TireWheelGuide.com. Retrieved 2021-10-29.
^ "The History of Mazda Millenia". Cars-Directory.NET. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
^ "BALL JOINT, LOWER 4WD. 555 FORD – RANGER / MAZDA – B2200, B2500, B2600, B2900. * (UC#, UD#, UE#, UN#)". Car Parts Direct Asia. Archived from the original on 2021-11-06. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
^ "Intake Manifold Gasket Set For Ford Raider (UV) 2.6 EFi (1991-1997) JC819". vetaprop.com. Retrieved 2021-11-28.
^ Training Manual - Mazda BT-50 - NMT-009 (PDF). Mazda Motor Europe GmbH. 2006. p. 7.
^ "FORD,TRADER,WG, 7/1989,to,1/2000, 2/4DR,TRUCK, FRONT,WINDSCREEN,RUBBER, NEW,(Wide,Cab)". Auto Glass Warehouse. Retrieved 2021-11-29.
^ "Buy Parts for: Mazda". Febest Auto Parts. Retrieved 2021-11-29. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mazda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda"}],"text":"This list of Mazda model codes describes following model codes which have been used by Mazda since the 1980s.","title":"List of Mazda model codes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIN"},{"link_name":"Mazda Miata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_Miata"},{"link_name":"car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile"},{"link_name":"van","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van"},{"link_name":"truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck"},{"link_name":"Mazda6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda6"},{"link_name":"Tribute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_Tribute"},{"link_name":"AutoAlliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_Rock_Assembly_Plant"},{"link_name":"marque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marque"}],"text":"The company's model codes form the fifth and sixth characters of the VIN on post-1981 vehicles. The first character is a letter representing the model family, while the second is a sequential letter for subsequent models. For example, the Mazda N family used by the Mazda Miata started at NA and was updated in 1998 to NB and in 2006 to NC. The 2016 and newer MX-5s are designated ND.Mazda generally starts car model codes at the letter \"A\", but van and truck variants often get different names, usually starting at \"V\".Note: The US-built Mazda6 and Tribute do not use the Mazda model code in the VIN; in its place is an AutoAlliance code. Instead of the model code letter, position four in the VIN specifies the vehicle's safety systems, and position five specifies the marque, due to being built in a multi-brand facility.","title":"Naming scheme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Familia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_Familia"},{"link_name":"Capella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_Capella"},{"link_name":"Savanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_Savanna"},{"link_name":"Savanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_Savanna"},{"link_name":"RX-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_RX-7"},{"link_name":"Luce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_Luce"},{"link_name":"Cosmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_Cosmo"},{"link_name":"Proceed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_Proceed"},{"link_name":"10A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_Wankel_engine#10A"},{"link_name":"10B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_Wankel_engine#0813"},{"link_name":"12A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_Wankel_engine#12A"},{"link_name":"12B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_Wankel_engine#12B"},{"link_name":"13A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_Wankel_engine#13A"},{"link_name":"13B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_Wankel_engine#13B"}],"sub_title":"Old VINs","text":"Prior to 1981, Mazda used a different VIN format and model code naming scheme. The model families were given two characters, and the model a third, based on their names.The following pre-1981 model groups are known:M1 - Familia\nS1 - Capella/Savanna\nSA2 - Savanna/RX-7\nLA - Luce\nCD - Cosmo\nPA1/PA2 - ProceedThe next digit of the VIN specified the engine:0 - 10A/10B\n2 - 12A/12B\n3 - 13A/13B","title":"Naming scheme"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Model codes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Mazda Carol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_Carol"},{"link_name":"Mazda Spiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_Spiano"},{"link_name":"Mazda Laputa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_Laputa"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Eunos Cosmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunos_Cosmo"},{"link_name":"GT car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GT_car"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Mazda AZ-Offroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_AZ-Offroad"},{"link_name":"Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki"},{"link_name":"keicar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keicar"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Mazda MPV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_MPV"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Mazda AZ-Wagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_AZ-Wagon"}],"text":"^ The C platform is based on Mazda's G platform.\n\n^ The E platform is based on Mazda's B platform.\n\n^ The Mazda Carol HB, Mazda Spiano HF and Mazda Laputa HP use the Suzuki H platform, not the Mazda H platform.\n\n^ The J platform is the basis for the Eunos Cosmo GT car.\n\n^ The Mazda AZ-Offroad JM uses the Suzuki keicar platform, not the Mazda J platform.\n\n^ The L platform is the basis for the Mazda MPV family.\n\n^ The Mazda AZ-Wagon MD uses the Suzuki M platform, not the Mazda M platform.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Mazda vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mazda_vehicles"},{"title":"List of Mazda engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mazda_engines"}] | [{"reference":"\"Products\". 多摩興業株式会社 TAMA ENTERPRISES CO., LTD. Retrieved 2021-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tama-e.co.jp/search/en/","url_text":"\"Products\""}]},{"reference":"\"Model choice for MAZDA spare parts\". Auto Parts Pro.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autopartspro.co.uk/mazda-carparts","url_text":"\"Model choice for MAZDA spare parts\""}]},{"reference":"\"MAZDA Parts - 100% OEM Compatible - Rubber, Steering, and Suspension Parts for MAZDA\". Febest Auto Parts. Retrieved 2021-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://febestparts.com/MAZDA-parts","url_text":"\"MAZDA Parts - 100% OEM Compatible - Rubber, Steering, and Suspension Parts for MAZDA\""}]},{"reference":"Automotive service parts and accessories - catalog 4 Japan (PDF). Denso.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.denso.com/global/en/products-and-services/automotive-service-parts-and-accessories/plug/catalog/pdf/catalog_4_japan.pdf","url_text":"Automotive service parts and accessories - catalog 4 Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denso","url_text":"Denso"}]},{"reference":"Rechtin, Mark (December 21, 2009). \"For Mazda and Ford, breaking up is hard to do\". Automotive News. Retrieved 2010-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20091221/OEM03/312219988/1144#","url_text":"\"For Mazda and Ford, breaking up is hard to do\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_News","url_text":"Automotive News"}]},{"reference":"Chambers, Cliff (2020-12-17). \"Buying Used: Mazda3 BM/BN-series (2013-18)\". Carsales. Retrieved 2021-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carsales.com.au/editorial/details/buying-used-mazda3-bm-bn-series-2013-18-127796/","url_text":"\"Buying Used: Mazda3 BM/BN-series (2013-18)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mazda Axela 3gen (BM-BY) data and specifications catalogue\". Automobile-Catalog. Retrieved 2021-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.automobile-catalog.com/model/mazda/axela_3gen.html","url_text":"\"Mazda Axela 3gen (BM-BY) data and specifications catalogue\""}]},{"reference":"\"MAZDA 100TH ANNIVERSARY | LEGENDARY MAZDAS - CAPELLA (6th) | MAZDA\". www2.mazda.com. Retrieved 6 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.mazda.com/en/100th/cars/detail_033_capella6th.html","url_text":"\"MAZDA 100TH ANNIVERSARY | LEGENDARY MAZDAS - CAPELLA (6th) | MAZDA\""}]},{"reference":"McCausland, Evan (December 2, 2009). \"First Look: 2011 Mazda Mazda2\". Automobile Magazine. Archived from the original on 2010-06-14. Retrieved 2009-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100614234413/http://www.automobilemag.com/features/news/0912_2011_mazda_mazda2/index.html","url_text":"\"First Look: 2011 Mazda Mazda2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_Magazine","url_text":"Automobile Magazine"},{"url":"http://www.automobilemag.com/features/news/0912_2011_mazda_mazda2/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Media.Ford.com: FORD USHERS IN GLOBAL SMALL CAR ERA WITH PRODUCTION LAUNCH OF NEW FORD FIESTA\". Archived from the original on 2008-09-18. Retrieved 2011-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080918022646/http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=28868","url_text":"\"Media.Ford.com: FORD USHERS IN GLOBAL SMALL CAR ERA WITH PRODUCTION LAUNCH OF NEW FORD FIESTA\""},{"url":"http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=28868","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AUCN Vehicle Recall Records - Mazda2 (DJ hatch, DL sedan) - Group 4\". Australian Car Network. 2018-02-07. Retrieved 2021-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://aucn.net.au/australian-car/recalls/mazda-australia-pty-ltd-mazda2-dj-hatch-dl-sedan_4.html","url_text":"\"AUCN Vehicle Recall Records - Mazda2 (DJ hatch, DL sedan) - Group 4\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mazda 6\". car.info. Retrieved 2021-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.car.info/en-se/mazda/6","url_text":"\"Mazda 6\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mazda Parts Catalog CX-4\". PartSouq. Retrieved 2023-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://partsouq.com/en/catalog/genuine/pick?c=Mazda&model=CX-4&ssd=%24%2AKwGk_YHorgAAAAASdpfa%24","url_text":"\"Mazda Parts Catalog CX-4\""}]},{"reference":"Einbauanleitungen (PDF). Bilstein. 2017-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://oscaro.media/catalog/images/pdf/16/e4-wm4-y724a00.pdf","url_text":"Einbauanleitungen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ThyssenKrupp_Bilstein","url_text":"Bilstein"}]},{"reference":"ameridan (2018-06-12). \"VIN # DECODER / VIN BUILD SHEETS / VIN WINDOW \"MONRONEY\" STICKERS / FIAT KEYEPER\". 21st Century Fiat / Abarth 124 Spider. Retrieved 2021-11-28 – via WordPress.","urls":[{"url":"https://21stcenturyfiat124spider.wordpress.com/2018/06/12/vin-decoder/","url_text":"\"VIN # DECODER / VIN BUILD SHEETS / VIN WINDOW \"MONRONEY\" STICKERS / FIAT KEYEPER\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordPress","url_text":"WordPress"}]},{"reference":"\"Купить Сальник ступицы Mazda Bongo [AD2959I0] SS / SE / SR / SD / SK в Чите по цене: 300₽ — объявление от компании \"\"ОЛИМП\" сеть магазинов и сто Чита-Краснокаменск\" на Дроме\". baza.drom.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://baza.drom.ru/chita/sell_spare_parts/salnik-stupicy-mazda-bongo-ad2959i0-ss-se-sr-sd-sk-g3733508057.html","url_text":"\"Купить Сальник ступицы Mazda Bongo [AD2959I0] SS / SE / SR / SD / SK в Чите по цене: 300₽ — объявление от компании \"\"ОЛИМП\" сеть магазинов и сто Чита-Краснокаменск\" на Дроме\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mazda stock and aftermarket wheel and tire sizes. Mazda bolt pattern\". TireWheelGuide.com. 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Retrieved 2021-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carpartsdirect.asia/product/ball-joint-lower-sb1542-555-ford-mazda-ford-ranger-4wd-mazda-b2600/","url_text":"\"BALL JOINT, LOWER 4WD. 555 FORD – RANGER / MAZDA – B2200, B2500, B2600, B2900. * (UC#, UD#, UE#, UN#)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211106222830/https://www.carpartsdirect.asia/product/ball-joint-lower-sb1542-555-ford-mazda-ford-ranger-4wd-mazda-b2600/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Intake Manifold Gasket Set For Ford Raider (UV) 2.6 EFi (1991-1997) JC819\". vetaprop.com. Retrieved 2021-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vetaprop.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=709457","url_text":"\"Intake Manifold Gasket Set For Ford Raider (UV) 2.6 EFi (1991-1997) JC819\""}]},{"reference":"Training Manual - Mazda BT-50 - NMT-009 (PDF). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Canaway | W. H. Canaway | ["1 Novels","2 References","3 External links"] | English writer
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William Hamilton Canaway (1925 – 22 May 1988) was the author of novels that combined adventure with natural history and a love of the outdoors. He was born in 1925 in Altrincham, Cheshire, England, UK, and died on 22 May 1988 (age 62) in Derbyshire, England, UK.
Canaway's 1961 novel Sammy Going South was made into an adventure film in 1963.
As Bill Canaway, he co-wrote the screenplay for the 1965 film version of Len Deighton's The IPCRESS File.
Novels
A Creel of Willow (1957)
A Snowdon Stream (The Gwyrfai) (1958)
The Ring-Givers (1958)
The Seal (1959)
Sammy Going South (1961)
Find the Boy: 2 (1961)
The Hunter and the Horns (1962)
My feet upon a rock (1963)
Crows in a Green Tree (1965)
The Grey Seas of Jutland (1966)
The Mules of Borgo San Marco (1967)
A Moral Obligation (1969)
A Declaration of Independence (1971)
Harry Doing Good (1973)
The Glory of the Seas (1974)
Seal (1975)
The Willow-Pattern War (1976)
The Trouble Trip (1976)
The Solid Gold Buddha (1979)
The Helmet and the Cross (1987)
References
^ "Bill Canaway". BFI. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018.
External links
W. H. Canaway at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Altrincham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altrincham"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Going_South"},{"link_name":"screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenplay"},{"link_name":"film version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ipcress_File_(film)"},{"link_name":"Len Deighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Deighton"},{"link_name":"The IPCRESS File","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IPCRESS_File"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"William Hamilton Canaway (1925 – 22 May 1988) was the author of novels that combined adventure with natural history and a love of the outdoors. He was born in 1925 in Altrincham, Cheshire, England, UK, and died on 22 May 1988 (age 62) in Derbyshire, England, UK.Canaway's 1961 novel Sammy Going South was made into an adventure film in 1963.As Bill Canaway, he co-wrote the screenplay for the 1965 film version of Len Deighton's The IPCRESS File.[1]","title":"W. H. Canaway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Creel of Willow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fishingbookreviews.co.uk/canaway_creel_of_willow.html"},{"link_name":"The Grey Seas of Jutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grey_Seas_of_Jutland"}],"text":"A Creel of Willow (1957)\nA Snowdon Stream (The Gwyrfai) (1958)\nThe Ring-Givers (1958)\nThe Seal (1959)\nSammy Going South (1961)\nFind the Boy: 2 (1961)\nThe Hunter and the Horns (1962)\nMy feet upon a rock (1963)\nCrows in a Green Tree (1965)\nThe Grey Seas of Jutland (1966)\nThe Mules of Borgo San Marco (1967)\nA Moral Obligation (1969)\nA Declaration of Independence (1971)\nHarry Doing Good (1973)\nThe Glory of the Seas (1974)\nSeal (1975)\nThe Willow-Pattern War (1976)\nThe Trouble Trip (1976)\nThe Solid Gold Buddha (1979)\nThe Helmet and the Cross (1987)","title":"Novels"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Bill Canaway\". BFI. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181008163531/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bab5bd939","url_text":"\"Bill Canaway\""},{"url":"https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bab5bd939","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22W.+H.+Canaway%22","external_links_name":"\"W. H. Canaway\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22W.+H.+Canaway%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22W.+H.+Canaway%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22W.+H.+Canaway%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22W.+H.+Canaway%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22W.+H.+Canaway%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.fishingbookreviews.co.uk/canaway_creel_of_willow.html","external_links_name":"A Creel of Willow"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181008163531/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bab5bd939","external_links_name":"\"Bill Canaway\""},{"Link":"https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bab5bd939","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0133627/","external_links_name":"W. H. Canaway"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000110610062","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/47216554","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdCpm8TbbhFJFmv7X6VG3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90760680","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11562336q","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11562336q","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/105086983","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007389313905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50051525","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0277902&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071930361","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/158878248","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabiniano_Manrique_de_Lara | Sabiniano Manrique de Lara | ["1 Biography","2 References","3 Literature"] | Sabiniano Manrique de Lara24th Governor-General of the PhilippinesIn office25 July 1653 – 8 September 1663Preceded byDiego Fajardo ChacónSucceeded byDiego de Salcedo
Personal detailsBornbaptized 17 May 1606Málaga, Kingdom of SpainDied16 November 1679(1679-11-16) (aged 73)Málaga, Kingdom of SpainAwardsOrder of CalatravaSignature
Sabiniano Manrique de Lara (baptized 17 May 1606 – 16 November 1679) was the Spanish governor-general of the Philippines from 1653 to 1663, the third longest-serving governor-general after Rafael María de Aguilar (governed 1793–1806), and Fausto Cruzat y Góngora (governed 1690–1701).
Biography
He succeeded Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines Islands Diego Fajardo Chacon y Entenza, who served from 11 August 1644 to 25 July 1653. He was a cadet brother of the Juan Fajardo de Guevara, 1st Marquis of Espinardo, a title awarded by King Philip IV of Spain in 1626, the purchaser of former morisco populated lands, and may have been connected with the "Fajardo Chacón" Royal Accountants family, from the Murcia and Almeria lands, who obtained earlier the title of Marquis of los Marquis of Los VélezVélez, a title awarded by Queen Joan I of Castile "the Mad", in 1507.
The attacks on Manila in April 1662 of the Taiwanese – Chinese seafarer Koxinga, a.k.a. Koseng, who drove the Dutch from Taiwan, a.k.a. Formosa Island, prompted him to secure help from the Spanish soldiers settled at Zamboanga, 6° 54' 0″ N, 122° 4' 0″ E, a.k.a. Bagumbayan, Mindanao Island, since April 1635 to counteract Koxinga previsible military actions in Manila.
The Jesuit father Francisco Xavier Baranera records, however, Koxinga's death on 23 July 1662. On 8 September 1663, Manrique de Lara was replaced by Diego de Salcedo, who was chosen by the king on 2 December 1661, but effective 8 September 1663 – 28 September 1668. After his residencia, he returned to Malaga and became a priest.
References
^ Salazar, Historia genealogica de Lara, Vol.2, cap.VII, p.776 and 780
Literature
Luis de Salazar : "Historia genealógica de la Casa de Lara", (1697), vol 2, pag. 872: (see: [https://books.google.com/books?id=z0M_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA872 Salazar, Historia de la Casa Lara – Modern reprints of this monumental work can be found sometimes at the Spanish Government Public Libraries also.)
Compendio de La Historia de Filipinas Por El P. Francisco X. Baranera de La ...
Author: Baranera, Francisco Xavier, Publisher: BIBLIOBAZAAR. Language: English, (????), ISBN 978-0554575919, August 2008 – 148 Pages Paperback. Found searching IT second hand bookshops.
"Compendio de la historia de Filipinas" por el P. Francisco X. Baranera de la Compañia de Jesus ... Obra de texto para la 2.a enseñanza, Manila, 1884, 131 pp. in Spanish. The Philippines were under Spanish Administration over three centuries, till 1898, whereby Cuba, Puerto Rico and Philippines passed to U.S.A. Military Administration. Cuba, some 111,000 km2., became fully independent on 20 May 1902.
Template:Governor-General of the Philippines
vteSpanish governors-general of the Philippines1565–1898Under the Viceroyalty of New Spain (1565–1821)
Miguel López de Legazpi
Guido de Lavezaris
Francisco de Sande
Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa
Diego Ronquillo
Santiago de Vera
Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas
Pedro de Rojas
Luis Pérez Dasmariñas
Francisco Tello de Guzmán
Pedro Bravo de Acuña
Cristóbal Téllez Almazán
Count of Valle de Orizaba
Juan de Silva
Andrés de Alcaraz
Alonso Fajardo de Tenza
Jeronimo de Silva
Fernándo de Silva
Juan Niño de Tabora
Lorenzo de Olaso
Juan Cerezo de Salamanca
Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera
Diego Fajardo
Sabiniano Manrique de Lara
Diego de Salcedo
Juan Manuel de la Peña Bonifaz
Manuel de León
Francisco Coloma
Francisco de Montemayor y Mansilla
Juan de Vargas Hurtado
Gabriel de Curucealegui
Alonso de Abella Fuertes
Fausto Cruzat y Góngora
Domingo Zabálburu de Echevarri
Martín de Urzua y Arismendi
José Torralba
Fernando Bustamante
Francisco de la Cuesta
Toribio de Cossío
Fernándo Valdés Tamón
Gaspar de la Torre
Juan de Arechederra
Marquis of Brindisi and Ovando
Pedro Manuel de Arandía
Miguel Lino de Ezpeleta
Manuel Rojo
Simón de Anda
Francisco Javier de la Torre
José Antonio Raón
Simón de Anda
Pedro Sarrió
José Basco
Pedro Sarrió
Félix Berenguer de Marquina
Rafael María de Aguilar
Mariano Fernández de Folgueras
Manuel González de Aguilar
José de Gardoqui y Jarabeitia
Mariano Fernández de Folgueras
Under Spain (1821–1898)
Mariano Fernández de Folgueras
Juan Antonio Martínez
Mariano Ricafort
Pasqual Enrile
Gabriel de Torres
Joaquín de Crámer
Pedro Antonio Salazar
Andrés García Camba
Luis Lardizábal
Marcelino de Oraá Lecumberri
Francisco de Paula Alcalá de la Torre
Narciso Clavería
Antonio María Blanco
Juan Antonio de Urbiztondo
Ramón Montero
Manuel Pavía
Ramón Montero
Manuel Crespo
Ramón Montero
Fernándo Norzagaray
Ramón María Solano
Juan Herrera Dávila
José Lemery
Salvador Valdés
Rafael de Echague
Joaquín del Solar
Juan de Lara
José Laureano de Sanz
Antonio Osorio y Mallén
Joaquín del Solar
José de la Gándara
Manuel Álvarez-Maldonado y Loriga
Carlos María de la Torre
Rafael de Izquierdo
Manuel MacCrohon
Juan Alaminos
Manuel Blanco Valderrama
Marquis of San Rafael
Marquis of Oroquieta
Rafael Rodríguez Arias
Fernando Primo de Rivera
Emilio Molíns
Joaquín Jovellar
Emilio Molíns
Emilio Terrero
Antonio Molto
Federico Lobaton
Valeriano Weyler
Eulogio Despujol
Federico Ochando
Ramon Blanco
Camilo de Polavieja
José de Lachambre
Fernando Primo de Rivera
Basilio Augustín
Fermín Jáudenes
Francisco Rizzo
Diego de los Ríos
Italics indicates a member of the clergy of the Catholic Church.Smallcaps indicates an oidor of the Real Audiencia of Manila. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"governor-general of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-general_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Rafael María de Aguilar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Aguilar_y_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Fausto Cruzat y Góngora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fausto_Cruzat_y_G%C3%B3ngora"}],"text":"Sabiniano Manrique de Lara (baptized 17 May 1606 – 16 November 1679)[1] was the Spanish governor-general of the Philippines from 1653 to 1663, the third longest-serving governor-general after Rafael María de Aguilar (governed 1793–1806), and Fausto Cruzat y Góngora (governed 1690–1701).","title":"Sabiniano Manrique de Lara"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Governor-General of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Diego Fajardo Chacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Fajardo_Chacon"},{"link_name":"cadet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadet_(genealogy)"},{"link_name":"Juan Fajardo de Guevara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Fajardo_de_Entenza_y_de_Guevara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marquis of Espinardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marquis_of_Espinardo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philip IV of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"morisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morisco"},{"link_name":"Murcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murcia"},{"link_name":"Almeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almeria"},{"link_name":"Marquis of Los VélezVélez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marquis_of_Los_V%C3%A9lezV%C3%A9lez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joan I of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_I_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"Taiwanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Koxinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koxinga"},{"link_name":"Koseng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koxinga"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Formosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosa"},{"link_name":"Zamboanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Bagumbayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bagumbayan,_Mindanao&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mindanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao"},{"link_name":"Koxinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koxinga"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"Francisco Xavier Baranera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Xavier_Baranera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Koxinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koxinga"},{"link_name":"Diego de Salcedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_de_Salcedo"}],"text":"He succeeded Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines Islands Diego Fajardo Chacon y Entenza, who served from 11 August 1644 to 25 July 1653. He was a cadet brother of the Juan Fajardo de Guevara, 1st Marquis of Espinardo, a title awarded by King Philip IV of Spain in 1626, the purchaser of former morisco populated lands, and may have been connected with the \"Fajardo Chacón\" Royal Accountants family, from the Murcia and Almeria lands, who obtained earlier the title of Marquis of los Marquis of Los VélezVélez, a title awarded by Queen Joan I of Castile \"the Mad\", in 1507.The attacks on Manila in April 1662 of the Taiwanese – Chinese seafarer Koxinga, a.k.a. Koseng, who drove the Dutch from Taiwan, a.k.a. Formosa Island, prompted him to secure help from the Spanish soldiers settled at Zamboanga, 6° 54' 0″ N, 122° 4' 0″ E, a.k.a. Bagumbayan, Mindanao Island, since April 1635 to counteract Koxinga previsible military actions in Manila.The Jesuit father Francisco Xavier Baranera records, however, Koxinga's death on 23 July 1662. On 8 September 1663, Manrique de Lara was replaced by Diego de Salcedo, who was chosen by the king on 2 December 1661, but effective 8 September 1663 – 28 September 1668. After his residencia, he returned to Malaga and became a priest.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"https://books.google.com/books?id=z0M_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA872","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=z0M_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA872"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0554575919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0554575919"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Template:Governor-General of the 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Sande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Sande"},{"link_name":"Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalo_Ronquillo_de_Pe%C3%B1alosa"},{"link_name":"Diego Ronquillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Ronquillo"},{"link_name":"Santiago de Vera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Vera"},{"link_name":"Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3mez_P%C3%A9rez_Dasmari%C3%B1as"},{"link_name":"Pedro de Rojas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_Rojas"},{"link_name":"Luis Pérez Dasmariñas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_P%C3%A9rez_Dasmari%C3%B1as"},{"link_name":"Francisco Tello de Guzmán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Tello_de_Guzm%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Pedro Bravo de Acuña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Bravo_de_Acu%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Cristóbal Téllez Almazán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_T%C3%A9llez_Almaz%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Count of Valle de Orizaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_de_Vivero_y_Aberrucia,_1st_Count_of_Valle_de_Orizaba"},{"link_name":"Juan de Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Silva"},{"link_name":"Andrés de Alcaraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Alcaraz"},{"link_name":"Alonso Fajardo de Tenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_Fajardo_de_Tenza"},{"link_name":"Jeronimo de Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeronimo_de_Silva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fernándo de Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern%C3%A1ndo_de_Silva"},{"link_name":"Juan Niño de Tabora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Ni%C3%B1o_de_Tabora"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo de Olaso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lorenzo_de_Olaso&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Juan Cerezo de Salamanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cerezo_de_Salamanca"},{"link_name":"Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Hurtado_de_Corcuera"},{"link_name":"Diego Fajardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Fajardo_Chac%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Sabiniano Manrique de Lara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Diego de Salcedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_de_Salcedo"},{"link_name":"Juan Manuel de la Peña Bonifaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_Bonifaz"},{"link_name":"Manuel de León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_de_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Francisco Coloma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Coloma_y_Maceda"},{"link_name":"Francisco de Montemayor y Mansilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Montemayor_y_Mansilla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Juan de Vargas Hurtado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_de_Vargas_Hurtado&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gabriel de Curucealegui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_de_Curucealegui_y_Arriola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alonso de Abella Fuertes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alonso_de_Abella_Fuertes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fausto Cruzat y Góngora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fausto_Cruzat_y_G%C3%B3ngora"},{"link_name":"Domingo Zabálburu de Echevarri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Zab%C3%A1lburu_de_Echevarri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Martín de Urzua y Arismendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa"},{"link_name":"José Torralba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Torralba"},{"link_name":"Fernando Bustamante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Manuel_de_Bustillo_Bustamante_y_Rueda"},{"link_name":"Francisco de la Cuesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_la_Cuesta"},{"link_name":"Toribio de Cossío","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toribio_de_Coss%C3%ADo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fernándo Valdés Tamón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fern%C3%A1ndo_Vald%C3%A9s_Tam%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gaspar de la Torre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_de_la_Torre_y_Ayala"},{"link_name":"Juan de Arechederra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Arechederra"},{"link_name":"Marquis of Brindisi and Ovando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_de_Ovando,_1st_Marquis_of_Brindisi"},{"link_name":"Pedro Manuel de Arandía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Manuel_de_Arand%C3%ADa_Santisteban"},{"link_name":"Miguel Lino de Ezpeleta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Lino_de_Ezpeleta"},{"link_name":"Manuel Rojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Rojo_del_R%C3%ADo_y_Vieyra"},{"link_name":"Simón de Anda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_de_Anda_y_Salazar"},{"link_name":"Francisco Javier de la Torre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Javier_de_la_Torre"},{"link_name":"José Antonio Raón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Ra%C3%B3n_y_Guti%C3%A9rrez"},{"link_name":"Simón de Anda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_de_Anda_y_Salazar"},{"link_name":"Pedro Sarrió","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Sarri%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José Basco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Basco_y_Vargas,_1st_Count_of_the_Conquest_of_Batanes_Islands"},{"link_name":"Pedro Sarrió","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Sarri%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Félix Berenguer de Marquina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Berenguer_de_Marquina"},{"link_name":"Rafael María de Aguilar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Aguilar_y_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Mariano Fernández de Folgueras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Folgueras"},{"link_name":"Manuel González de Aguilar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Aguilar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José de Gardoqui y Jarabeitia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Gardoqui_y_Jarabeitia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mariano Fernández de Folgueras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Folgueras"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Spain_(1785%E2%80%931873,_1875%E2%80%931931).svg"},{"link_name":"Mariano Fernández de Folgueras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Folgueras"},{"link_name":"Juan Antonio Martínez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Antonio_Mart%C3%ADnez_(Governor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mariano Ricafort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Ricafort_Palac%C3%ADn_y_Abarca"},{"link_name":"Pasqual Enrile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasqual_Enrile_y_Alcedo"},{"link_name":"Gabriel de Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_de_Torres&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joaquín de Crámer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Cr%C3%A1mer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pedro Antonio Salazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Antonio_Salazar_Castillo_y_Varona&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andrés García Camba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Garc%C3%ADa_Camba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Luis Lardizábal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luis_Lardiz%C3%A1bal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marcelino de Oraá Lecumberri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelino_de_Ora%C3%A1_Lecumberri"},{"link_name":"Francisco de Paula Alcalá de la Torre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Paula_Alcal%C3%A1_de_la_Torre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Narciso Clavería","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narciso_Claver%C3%ADa_y_Zald%C3%BAa"},{"link_name":"Antonio María Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Mar%C3%ADa_Blanco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Juan Antonio de Urbiztondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Antonio_de_Urbiztondo,_Marquis_of_La_Solana"},{"link_name":"Ramón Montero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ram%C3%B3n_Montero_y_Blandino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Manuel Pavía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Pav%C3%ADa,_1st_Marquis_of_Novaliches"},{"link_name":"Ramón Montero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ram%C3%B3n_Montero_y_Blandino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Manuel Crespo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Crespo_y_Cebr%C3%ADan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ramón Montero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ram%C3%B3n_Montero_y_Blandino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fernándo Norzagaray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern%C3%A1ndo_Norzagaray_y_Escudero"},{"link_name":"Ramón María Solano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ram%C3%B3n_Mar%C3%ADa_Solano_y_Llanderal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Juan Herrera Dávila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Herrera_D%C3%A1vila&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José Lemery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Lemery_e_Ibarrola_Ney"},{"link_name":"Salvador Valdés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Vald%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Rafael de Echague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_de_Echague_y_Bermingham"},{"link_name":"Joaquín del Solar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joaqu%C3%ADn_del_Solar_e_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Juan de Lara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_de_Lara_e_Irigoyen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José Laureano de Sanz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Laureano_de_Sanz_y_Posse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Antonio Osorio y Mallén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Osorio_y_Mall%C3%A9n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joaquín del Solar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joaqu%C3%ADn_del_Solar_e_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José de la Gándara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_G%C3%A1ndara_y_Navarro"},{"link_name":"Manuel Álvarez-Maldonado y Loriga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_%C3%81lvarez-Maldonado_y_Loriga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carlos María de la Torre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_de_la_Torre_y_Nava_Cerrada"},{"link_name":"Rafael de Izquierdo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_de_Izquierdo_y_Guti%C3%A9rrez"},{"link_name":"Manuel MacCrohon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_MacCrohon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Juan Alaminos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Alaminos_y_Vivar"},{"link_name":"Manuel Blanco Valderrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Blanco_Valderrama&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marquis of San Rafael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Malcampo,_3rd_Marquis_of_San_Rafael"},{"link_name":"Marquis of Oroquieta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Moriones_y_Murillo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rafael Rodríguez Arias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Arias&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fernando Primo de Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Primo_de_Rivera"},{"link_name":"Emilio Molíns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Mol%C3%ADns"},{"link_name":"Joaquín Jovellar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Jovellar_y_Soler"},{"link_name":"Emilio Molíns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Mol%C3%ADns"},{"link_name":"Emilio Terrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Terrero_y_Perinat"},{"link_name":"Antonio Molto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Molto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Federico Lobaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federico_Lobaton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Valeriano Weyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeriano_Weyler"},{"link_name":"Eulogio Despujol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulogio_Despujol"},{"link_name":"Federico Ochando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Ochando"},{"link_name":"Ramon Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Blanco,_1st_Marquis_of_Pe%C3%B1a_Plata"},{"link_name":"Camilo de Polavieja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilo_de_Polavieja"},{"link_name":"José de Lachambre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Lachambre"},{"link_name":"Fernando Primo de Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Primo_de_Rivera"},{"link_name":"Basilio Augustín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilio_August%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Fermín Jáudenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_J%C3%A1udenes"},{"link_name":"Francisco Rizzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Rizzo"},{"link_name":"Diego de los Ríos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_de_los_R%C3%ADos"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"oidor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oidor"},{"link_name":"Real Audiencia of Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila"}],"text":"Luis de Salazar : \"Historia genealógica de la Casa de Lara\", (1697), vol 2, pag. 872: (see: [https://books.google.com/books?id=z0M_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA872 Salazar, Historia de la Casa Lara – Modern reprints of this monumental work can be found sometimes at the Spanish Government Public Libraries also.)\nCompendio de La Historia de Filipinas Por El P. Francisco X. Baranera de La ...Author: Baranera, Francisco Xavier, Publisher: BIBLIOBAZAAR. Language: English, (????), ISBN 978-0554575919, August 2008 – 148 Pages Paperback. Found searching IT second hand bookshops.\"Compendio de la historia de Filipinas\" por el P. Francisco X. Baranera de la Compañia de Jesus ... Obra de texto para la 2.a enseñanza, Manila, 1884, 131 pp. in Spanish. The Philippines were under Spanish Administration over three centuries, till 1898, whereby Cuba, Puerto Rico and Philippines passed to U.S.A. Military Administration. Cuba, some 111,000 km2., became fully independent on 20 May 1902.\nTemplate:Governor-General of the PhilippinesvteSpanish governors-general of the Philippines1565–1898Under the Viceroyalty of New Spain (1565–1821)\nMiguel López de Legazpi\nGuido de Lavezaris\nFrancisco de Sande\nGonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa\nDiego Ronquillo\nSantiago de Vera\nGómez Pérez Dasmariñas\nPedro de Rojas\nLuis Pérez Dasmariñas\nFrancisco Tello de Guzmán\nPedro Bravo de Acuña\nCristóbal Téllez Almazán\nCount of Valle de Orizaba\nJuan de Silva\nAndrés de Alcaraz\nAlonso Fajardo de Tenza\nJeronimo de Silva\nFernándo de Silva\nJuan Niño de Tabora\nLorenzo de Olaso\nJuan Cerezo de Salamanca\nSebastián Hurtado de Corcuera\nDiego Fajardo\nSabiniano Manrique de Lara\nDiego de Salcedo\nJuan Manuel de la Peña Bonifaz\nManuel de León\nFrancisco Coloma\nFrancisco de Montemayor y Mansilla\nJuan de Vargas Hurtado\nGabriel de Curucealegui\nAlonso de Abella Fuertes\nFausto Cruzat y Góngora\nDomingo Zabálburu de Echevarri\nMartín de Urzua y Arismendi\nJosé Torralba\nFernando Bustamante\nFrancisco de la Cuesta\nToribio de Cossío\nFernándo Valdés Tamón\nGaspar de la Torre\nJuan de Arechederra\nMarquis of Brindisi and Ovando\nPedro Manuel de Arandía\nMiguel Lino de Ezpeleta\nManuel Rojo\nSimón de Anda\nFrancisco Javier de la Torre\nJosé Antonio Raón\nSimón de Anda\nPedro Sarrió\nJosé Basco\nPedro Sarrió\nFélix Berenguer de Marquina\nRafael María de Aguilar\nMariano Fernández de Folgueras\nManuel González de Aguilar\nJosé de Gardoqui y Jarabeitia\nMariano Fernández de Folgueras\nUnder Spain (1821–1898)\nMariano Fernández de Folgueras\nJuan Antonio Martínez\nMariano Ricafort\nPasqual Enrile\nGabriel de Torres\nJoaquín de Crámer\nPedro Antonio Salazar\nAndrés García Camba\nLuis Lardizábal\nMarcelino de Oraá Lecumberri\nFrancisco de Paula Alcalá de la Torre\nNarciso Clavería\nAntonio María Blanco\nJuan Antonio de Urbiztondo\nRamón Montero\nManuel Pavía\nRamón Montero\nManuel Crespo\nRamón Montero\nFernándo Norzagaray\nRamón María Solano\nJuan Herrera Dávila\nJosé Lemery\nSalvador Valdés\nRafael de Echague\nJoaquín del Solar\nJuan de Lara\nJosé Laureano de Sanz\nAntonio Osorio y Mallén\nJoaquín del Solar\nJosé de la Gándara\nManuel Álvarez-Maldonado y Loriga\nCarlos María de la Torre\nRafael de Izquierdo\nManuel MacCrohon\nJuan Alaminos\nManuel Blanco Valderrama\nMarquis of San Rafael\nMarquis of Oroquieta\nRafael Rodríguez Arias\nFernando Primo de Rivera\nEmilio Molíns\nJoaquín Jovellar\nEmilio Molíns\nEmilio Terrero\nAntonio Molto\nFederico Lobaton\nValeriano Weyler\nEulogio Despujol\nFederico Ochando\nRamon Blanco\nCamilo de Polavieja\nJosé de Lachambre\nFernando Primo de Rivera\nBasilio Augustín\nFermín Jáudenes\nFrancisco Rizzo\nDiego de los Ríos\nItalics indicates a member of the clergy of the Catholic Church.Smallcaps indicates an oidor of the Real Audiencia of Manila.","title":"Literature"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=z0M_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA872","external_links_name":"https://books.google.com/books?id=z0M_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA872"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlelight_vigil | Candlelight vigil | ["1 Candlelight vigils in South Korea","2 Virtual candlelight vigils","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Assembly of people showing support for a cause
A candlelight vigil at the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul in the City and Diocese of Washington, part of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America (2018)
Vigil candle
A candlelight vigil or candlelit vigil or candlelight service is an outdoor assembly of people carrying candles, held after sunset in order to pray, show support for a specific cause, or remember the dead, in which case, the event is often called a candlelight memorial. Such events may be held to protest the suffering of some marginalized group of people. A large candlelight vigil may have invited speakers with a public address system and may be covered by local or national media. Speakers give their speech at the beginning of the vigil to explain why they are holding a vigil and what it represents. Vigils may also have a religious purpose that contains prayer and fasting. On Christmas Eve many churches hold a candlelight vigil.
Candlelight vigils are seen as a nonviolent way to raise awareness of a cause and to motivate change, as well as uniting and supporting those attending the vigil.
Candlelight vigils in South Korea
The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with South Korea and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this section, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new section, as appropriate. (September 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Main article: History of candlelight rallies in South Korea
In South Korea, the Candlelight vigils, or Candlelight protests is a symbolic collective gathering of political dissent in South Korea to combat injustice peacefully. This method of protesting began in 2002 as a result of the Yangju highway incident, was utilized in the rallies against the impeachment of Roh Moo-hyun in 2004, re-used again in the 2008 U.S. beef protests, and emerged in the 2016-18 President Park Geun-hye protests.
Virtual candlelight vigils
In the multiplayer video game EVE Online, players hold "Cyno Vigils" in remembrance of players who have died.
Gallery
A pastor leads prayer in the Czech Brethren Church of John Amos Comenius for the International AIDS Candlelight Memorial (2001)
2010 National Police Week 22nd annual candlelight vigil at the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial at Judiciary Square, Washington, D.C.
Candlelight vigil at the Katyń Memorial Cross at the Church of St. Giles, Kraków following the Smolensk air disaster
A vigil in Kauhajoki, Finland, one day after the September 23, 2008 shooting incident
Candlelight service at Andrews Memorial Chapel at Westminster School (Connecticut)
Every year from 1990 to 2019, people attend candlelight vigils on June 4 in Victoria Park, Hong Kong commemorating the victims of 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. It could no longer be held.
A candlelight vigil in Lourdes, France.
See also
Grave candle
References
^ a b Shields, Bruce E.; Butzu, David Alan (2007). Generations of Praise: The History of Worship. College Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-89900-941-4.
^ "Do Something: how to organise a vigil". Retrieved 28 December 2012.
^ "love to know: Organise a candlelight vigil". Retrieved 28 December 2012.
^ Cho, Elliot (13 December 2016). "South Korea's 'Candlelight Revolution' Matters". Huffington Post. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
^ Kim, Yong-cheol; Kim, June-woo (2009). "South Korean Democracy in the Digital Age: The Candlelight Protests and the Internet". 40 (1): 53–85. ProQuest 209355027. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Premack, Rachel (2 December 2016). "Koreans Have Mastered the Art of the Protest". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
^ Shinn, Henry (4 April 2010). "Deja vu? Candlelight vigils in 2002 and present". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
^ "South Korea: thousands of protesters call for president to resign". The Guardian. 29 October 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
^ "An EVE Online Funeral Means Ozone-Light Vigils And Spaceship Sacrifices". Kotaku. 2019-02-20. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Candlelight vigils.
American Medical Students Association, Planning Candle Light Vigils
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Moo-hyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roh_Moo-hyun"},{"link_name":"2008 U.S. beef protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_US_beef_protest_in_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"2016-18 President Park Geun-hye protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9318_South_Korean_protests"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In South Korea, the Candlelight vigils,[4] or Candlelight protests[5] is a symbolic collective gathering of political dissent in South Korea to combat injustice peacefully.[6] This method of protesting began in 2002 as a result of the Yangju highway incident,[7] was utilized in the rallies against the impeachment of Roh Moo-hyun in 2004, re-used again in the 2008 U.S. beef protests, and emerged in the 2016-18 President Park Geun-hye protests.[8]","title":"Candlelight vigils in South Korea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EVE Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Online"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In the multiplayer video game EVE Online, players hold \"Cyno Vigils\" in remembrance of players who have died.[9]","title":"Virtual candlelight vigils"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Candlelight-2001-125-30a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Czech Brethren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Czech_Brethren"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:22ndCandlelightVigil.NLEOM.WDC.13May2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Police Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Police_Week"},{"link_name":"National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Law_Enforcement_Officers_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Square"},{"link_name":"Washington, 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Week 22nd annual candlelight vigil at the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial at Judiciary Square, Washington, D.C.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCandlelight vigil at the Katyń Memorial Cross at the Church of St. Giles, Kraków following the Smolensk air disaster\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA vigil in Kauhajoki, Finland, one day after the September 23, 2008 shooting incident\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCandlelight service at Andrews Memorial Chapel at Westminster School (Connecticut)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEvery year from 1990 to 2019, people attend candlelight vigils on June 4 in Victoria Park, Hong Kong commemorating the victims of 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. It could no longer be held.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA candlelight vigil in Lourdes, France.","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"A candlelight vigil at the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul in the City and Diocese of Washington, part of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America (2018)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Washington_National_Cathedral_%28photo_2%29.jpg/250px-Washington_National_Cathedral_%28photo_2%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vigil candle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Vigilcandle2.jpg/220px-Vigilcandle2.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Grave candle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_candle"}] | [{"reference":"Shields, Bruce E.; Butzu, David Alan (2007). Generations of Praise: The History of Worship. College Press. p. 244. 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Retrieved 2024-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotaku.com/an-eve-online-funeral-means-ozone-light-vigils-and-spac-1832765360","url_text":"\"An EVE Online Funeral Means Ozone-Light Vigils And Spaceship Sacrifices\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Candlelight_vigil&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this section"},{"Link":"http://www.dosomething.org/actnow/actionguide/organize-a-candlelight-vigil-your-cause-0","external_links_name":"\"Do Something: how to organise a vigil\""},{"Link":"http://candles.lovetoknow.com/How_to_Organize_a_Candlelight_Vigil","external_links_name":"\"love to know: Organise a candlelight vigil\""},{"Link":"https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/elliot-m-cho-/south-korea-protests_b_13588666.html","external_links_name":"\"South Korea's 'Candlelight Revolution' Matters\""},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/209355027","external_links_name":"209355027"},{"Link":"https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/12/02/koreans-have-mastered-the-art-of-the-protest/","external_links_name":"\"Koreans Have Mastered the Art of the Protest\""},{"Link":"http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20080613000005","external_links_name":"\"Deja vu? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Four_Corners_of_Nowhere | The Four Corners of Nowhere | ["1 Plot","2 Starring","3 External links"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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The Four Corners of Nowhere is a comedy film released in 1995, directed by Stephen Chbosky.
Plot
Duncan (Mark McClain Wilson), a philosophical nomad hitchhiking across America, grabs a ride to Ann Arbor, Michigan from Toad (Eric Vesbit) — a performance artist and purple leisure slacks enthusiast from the suburbs. Toad has recently left his home town to begin a new life in Ann Arbor where his co-dependent, folk-singing sister Jenny (Amy Raasch) lives with her verbally abusive fiancé, a law student named Calvin (Aaron Williams). Jenny currently sees a suicidal therapist (Peter Hawkins) four times a week and armed with her acoustic guitar, drives away patrons from a local coffee house where she slings cappuccinos with her best friend Squeeze (Melissa Zafarana). Squeeze is a closet genius whose easy-going outlook and unconditional support keep her live-in boyfriend Hank (David Wilcox) from the brink. Hank is a painter who cannot paint because he spends his time baking delicious pastries and practicing for The Oprah Winfrey Show. In Ann Arbor, the civilians listen to Julian (Julian Rad), a nihilistic dee-jay whose frustration and lingering optimism goad him to find the truth by cutting through blind idealism, pop culture, and politically correct bumper stickers. Once in Ann Arbor, Duncan encounters these and other eccentric characters, and through his simple outlook and curiosity, he changes their lives forever.
***
Duncan's Letter to Julian in The Four Corners of Nowhere:
Dear Julian,
I think it all started with the Declaration of Independence — the idea that we had the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That pursuit is what took America from the revolution to the computer age in 200 years. But the progress has come at a price. The obvious being the people that were exploited to make it possible; the not so obvious being us, the first group of people that were given no obvious frontiers to conquer.
We hear stories about the good old days that don't seem to apply anymore. It's a generation gap that leaves us without role models. But the bright side is that without role models, there are no roles. Thirty years ago that girl you talked to probably would have married her fiancé because it would have been expected, but she ended up leaving him. Maybe that's what the 60s were all about — getting rid of the roles.
But what do we replace them with? Without any guidance, the choices become overwhelming. Sometimes it just makes everything feel hopeless.
So we destroy our bodies in the search of an ideal. Try to salvage relationships that don't work. We feel we must do something, instead of doing something that we feel. It is the prison of self-imposed momentum, and the sad part is that we get used to it. It reminds me of a song I heard the other day. It's called "The Going Nowhere Fast."
But the people I have met here have shown me another side of Nowhere. They've pointed out the beautiful irony that stagnation makes it easy to stop and smell the roses, if we just let it.
What would we be if we had nothing to rebel against? Well we could finally be ourselves, the first group of people who stopped looking for the answers long enough to appreciate the questions. And all we have to do is to make our own Declaration of Independence. We can embrace the right to life and liberty by simply realizing that happiness exists — not to pursue, but to accept. After that the only challenge would be to make sure with the rest of our lives that we weren't just another fad.
I don't know, Julian, it's an idea.
**
Starring
Mark McClain Wilson as Duncan
Amy Raasch as Jenny
Eric Vesbit as Toad
David Wilcox as Hank
Melissa Zafarana as Squeeze
Aaron Williams as Calvin
Julian Rad as Julian
Dean Weathers as Transiet Poet
External links
The Four Corners of Nowhere at IMDb
Cast photo on IMDb
Trailer for Four Corners of Nowhere on YouTube
Copies in Libraries and Archives on WorldCat
In a corner of Nowhere by David Green
Film review in Variety
1995 interview from Sundance Film Festival
1995 television interview on The Movie Show
Movle clip of Duncan's letter (starts at 1:08 in the video)
March 1, 1998 article in The Michigan Daily
Tribute playlist on 8tracks.com
vteWorks by Stephen ChboskyNovels
The Perks of Being a Wallflower (1999)
Imaginary Friend (2019)
Films directed
The Four Corners of Nowhere (1995)
The Perks of Being a Wallflower (2012)
Wonder (2017)
Dear Evan Hansen (2021)
Nonnas (TBD)
Films written only
Rent (2005)
Beauty and the Beast (2017)
TV series created
Jericho (2006–08)
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Stephen Chbosky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Chbosky"}],"text":"The Four Corners of Nowhere is a comedy film released in 1995, directed by Stephen Chbosky.","title":"The Four Corners of Nowhere"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nomad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad"},{"link_name":"hitchhiking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitchhiking"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Ann Arbor, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan"}],"text":"Duncan (Mark McClain Wilson), a philosophical nomad hitchhiking across America, grabs a ride to Ann Arbor, Michigan from Toad (Eric Vesbit) — a performance artist and purple leisure slacks enthusiast from the suburbs. Toad has recently left his home town to begin a new life in Ann Arbor where his co-dependent, folk-singing sister Jenny (Amy Raasch) lives with her verbally abusive fiancé, a law student named Calvin (Aaron Williams). Jenny currently sees a suicidal therapist (Peter Hawkins) four times a week and armed with her acoustic guitar, drives away patrons from a local coffee house where she slings cappuccinos with her best friend Squeeze (Melissa Zafarana). Squeeze is a closet genius whose easy-going outlook and unconditional support keep her live-in boyfriend Hank (David Wilcox) from the brink. Hank is a painter who cannot paint because he spends his time baking delicious pastries and practicing for The Oprah Winfrey Show. In Ann Arbor, the civilians listen to Julian (Julian Rad), a nihilistic dee-jay whose frustration and lingering optimism goad him to find the truth by cutting through blind idealism, pop culture, and politically correct bumper stickers. Once in Ann Arbor, Duncan encounters these and other eccentric characters, and through his simple outlook and curiosity, he changes their lives forever.***Duncan's Letter to Julian in The Four Corners of Nowhere:Dear Julian,I think it all started with the Declaration of Independence — the idea that we had the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That pursuit is what took America from the revolution to the computer age in 200 years. But the progress has come at a price. The obvious being the people that were exploited to make it possible; the not so obvious being us, the first group of people that were given no obvious frontiers to conquer.We hear stories about the good old days that don't seem to apply anymore. It's a generation gap that leaves us without role models. But the bright side is that without role models, there are no roles. Thirty years ago that girl you talked to probably would have married her fiancé because it would have been expected, but she ended up leaving him. Maybe that's what the 60s were all about — getting rid of the roles.But what do we replace them with? Without any guidance, the choices become overwhelming. Sometimes it just makes everything feel hopeless.So we destroy our bodies in the search of an ideal. Try to salvage relationships that don't work. We feel we must do something, instead of doing something that we feel. It is the prison of self-imposed momentum, and the sad part is that we get used to it. It reminds me of a song I heard the other day. It's called \"The Going Nowhere Fast.\"But the people I have met here have shown me another side of Nowhere. They've pointed out the beautiful irony that stagnation makes it easy to stop and smell the roses, if we just let it.What would we be if we had nothing to rebel against? Well we could finally be ourselves, the first group of people who stopped looking for the answers long enough to appreciate the questions. And all we have to do is to make our own Declaration of Independence. We can embrace the right to life and liberty by simply realizing that happiness exists — not to pursue, but to accept. After that the only challenge would be to make sure with the rest of our lives that we weren't just another fad.I don't know, Julian, it's an idea.**","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Mark McClain Wilson as Duncan\nAmy Raasch as Jenny\nEric Vesbit as Toad\nDavid Wilcox as Hank\nMelissa Zafarana as Squeeze\nAaron Williams as Calvin\nJulian Rad as Julian\nDean Weathers as Transiet Poet","title":"Starring"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Four_Corners_of_Nowhere&action=edit","external_links_name":"You can help"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0113099/","external_links_name":"The Four Corners of Nowhere"},{"Link":"https://m.media-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BNWZlZDYwYTMtODM5Yy00ZThlLWI5NmEtZDA1NWI2ZmI2ZWJhXkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyMzU0NzkwMDg@._V1_.jpg","external_links_name":"Cast photo"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pa7vty1xyeU","external_links_name":"Trailer for Four Corners of Nowhere"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/423408354","external_links_name":"Copies in Libraries and Archives"},{"Link":"https://statelineobserver.com/stories/columns/15-by-the-way/7302-in-a-corner-of-nowhere-2015-03-04","external_links_name":"In a corner of Nowhere"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/1995/film/reviews/the-four-corners-of-nowhere-1200440839/","external_links_name":"Film review"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/julianrad/videos/6305724810","external_links_name":"1995 interview"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/julianrad/videos/38016024810","external_links_name":"1995 television interview"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/julianrad/videos/6353114810","external_links_name":"Movle clip of Duncan's letter"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BApbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IE4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=3833%2C3738933","external_links_name":"March 1, 1998 article"},{"Link":"https://8tracks.com/vesbit/four-corners-of-nowhere-a-tribute","external_links_name":"Tribute playlist"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_walk | First Friday (public event) | ["1 Art gallery openings","2 Social networking","3 References","4 External links"] | "First Friday" is a name for various public events in some cities (particularly in the United States) that occur on the first Friday of every month.
These citywide events may take on many purposes, including art gallery openings, and social and political networking. American cities have promoted such events to bring people to historic areas perceived as dangerous, using the "safety in numbers" mentality to combat urban decay. In some cities this monthly event may occur on the first Saturday of each month instead of Friday or on "Third Thursdays".
Additionally, these are "see and be seen" events that serve as a block party or social gathering open to the general public. Some of these events may be centered on political networking by Republicans and Democrats, but usually First Fridays are art and entertainment destinations. They may involve pub crawling, other retail establishments such as cafes and restaurants, and performances by fire twirling acts, jazz musicians, belly dancing, street musicians, or others.
"First Fridays" is also a nationally recognized networking event targeting Black professionals held on the first Friday of every month in various cities throughout North America. These events started in 1987 and provide urban professionals an opportunity to socially network, exchange and share ideas on professional, educational, political and social issues.
Art gallery openings
Some cities hold "gallery hops" and "art walks", in which a number of the town's art galleries, museums, or artists' studios, both commercial and non-profit 501c3 organizations, will open their doors on Friday evening. The idea is that galleries will attract people to the downtown and enrich the art community by pooling their openings together, sometimes, as in the case of art6 and Artspace in Richmond, Virginia (when in Jackson Ward at 6 East Broad Street) into one monthly evening in a historically located designated arts district .
Among the cities with art-oriented First Friday events are: Albany, Anchorage, Augusta, Bellingham, Binghamton, Boston, Burlington, Chicago, Columbia (Missouri), Columbus, Denver, Fort Collins, Honolulu, Hood River, Indianapolis, Ithaca, Juneau, Kalamazoo, Kansas City, Knoxville, Lincoln, Louisville, Las Vegas, Miami, Missoula, Peoria (Illinois), Scranton, Oakland, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Olympia, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Pittsburgh, Portland (Maine), Raleigh, Richmond, Rochester, San Antonio, San Jose, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, Spokane, Tallahassee, Tulsa, York (PA), Marietta, Ohio, and Ypsilanti.
Richmond, Virginia is among the largest First Fridays art walks in the nation. It draws nearly 20,000 people from all over the state of Virginia and nation, showcasing its artistic side and opening restaurants and art galleries all over Broad Street, Manchester area, and Downtown Richmond. Artspace and Art6 Gallery were two of the first anchor galleries for First Fridays on Broad Street in Richmond.
One of the oldest First Friday's is located in Boston's SoWa Arts District where more than 80 artists open their studios to the public every First Friday. The SoWa Arts District is located at Harrison Ave and Thayer Street in Boston's South End. In 2015, USA Today's 10BEST readers poll voted the SoWa as the second best arts district in the country.
Social networking
Some First Fridays promote arts and culture combined with social networking, like First Fridays in Tucson, AZ. Other smaller-scale First Fridays serve as social gatherings for groups of friends or people new to an area and may involve no art.
They may also include the large First Friday events such as those in Phoenix, Arizona, attracting up to 20,000 attendees to hundreds of spaces.
Various cities areas have First Fridays centered on politically conservative networking. The pioneer of these events began in Washington, D.C., but similar events have found success in Virginia, Nevada, and Arizona.
In many cities, First Fridays events place an emphasis on African American networking and business opportunities for African American professionals. First Friday is the top networking event for African American professionals and consistently attracts over 16,000 people each month across North America according to First Fridays United.
The First Fridays monthly events originated in 1987 as an outlet for African American professionals to mix, mingle and network. During the 1980s it was common for an individual to be the only black professional working in their company. First Fridays happy hours become a way for these professionals to meet in a social atmosphere while exchanging useful information. The concept spread rapidly and First Fridays chapters now operate in 39 cities across North America and seven countries worldwide, including Austin, Binghamton, Birmingham, Boston, Charlotte, Charleston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Detroit, Fort Myers, Fort Lauderdale, Hattiesburg, Hartford, Hong Kong, Houston, Indianapolis, Jackson, Kansas City, Kingston, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Long Beach London, Louisville, Memphis, Miami, Nashville, Nassau, New Orleans, New York, Newark, Oakland, Orlando, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Pittsburgh, Raleigh, Richmond, Rio de Janeiro, Sacramento, San Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco, St. Louis, Normandy, Scranton, South Bend, Syracuse, Tallahassee, Tokyo, Toronto, Washington, D.C., and since May 2016 also in Switzerland Biel/Bienne
In 2002, several First Fridays operators created First Fridays United, which is a company founded to organize the existing First Fridays chapters in 30 cities into one group to share information, resources and solicit corporate sponsors and advertisers. The organization sponsors a series of international events in addition to the monthly networking happy hours. Today, First Fridays reaches over 450,000 urban professionals through email, internet, and event marketing and has had numerous Fortune 1000 corporate clients. Chanin Walsh was one of the first to create a marketing plan for First Friday in Doylestown which turned the “art gallery model” into an all-merchant benefiting event.
References
^ "TAG :: Tacoma Art Group - 3rd Thursday Tacoma Art Mingle | 3rd Thursday Tacoma Art Mingle". www.tacomaartgroup.org. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
^ "Home". Downtown Joplin Alliance. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
^ "Third Thursday". Downtown Joplin Alliance. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
^ "3rd Thursday Loop / Events / Home - Toledo". www.dotoledo.org. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
^ "First Fridays | icaboston.org". www.icaboston.org. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ "Things to Do in Columbia: First Fridays". City of Columbia. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
^ "Tennyson Street - First Friday Art Walk and Stroll". Archived from the original on 2009-11-11.
^ "First First Friday, 2016". Westword. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ "2017's First Friday means new art". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ Jones, Jay (3 January 2017). "Turn your 2017 New Year wishes into art at First Friday Las Vegas". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ Saati, Briana (4 April 2013). "First Friday Art Walk Guide: All the Culture on Display at Downtown's Inaugural Event". Miami New Times. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ "Paseo Art Walk". 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
^ "What To Do For First Friday In Philly This January". Uwishunu - Philadelphia Blog About Things to Do, Events, Restaurants, Food, Nightlife and More. 5 January 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ "First Friday | Artspace". artspacenc.org. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ "Art Galleries on First Fridays in Richmond, VA". www.visitrichmondva.com. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ "Art Galleries on First Fridays in Richmond, VA". www.visitrichmondva.com. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
^ Bass, Scott (January 6, 2010). "Broad Street Revivalists:The galleries and businesses of First Fridays Art Walk are the 2009 Richmonders of the Year". No. January 06, 2010. Style Weekly. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
^ "First Fridays Art Walk".
^ Frostick, Dana. "artspacegallery.org". www.artspacegallery.org. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ "Artists Collect, Too, II Art6 Gallery Richmond". 1995-2015.undo.net. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ "Best Art District Winners: 2015 10Best Readers' Choice Travel Awards". 10Best. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
^ Zak, Dan (Jun 5, 2011). "Off the clock and it's still party time on Capitol Hill with dueling happy hours". Washington Post. Washington, DC. Washington Post. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
^ "It's First Friday".
^ "First Friday Nevada".
^ Byrne, Dara (Dec 17, 2007). "Public Discourse, Community Concerns, and Civic Engagement: Exploring Black Social Networking Traditions on BlackPlanet.com". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 13 (1): 319–320. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00398.x.
^ Ross, Adam (Jul 17, 2003). "Why is First Fridays the best African American event in Nashville?". Nashville Scene. Nashville, Tennessee. Nashville Scene. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
^ "First Friday".
^ "First Friday United: About Us". Archived from the original on February 3, 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
^ "WHAT IS FIRST FRIDAYS UNITED?". www.experts123.com. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
^ "About | Brown Dog Design Doylestown". browndogdesign.com. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
External links
Zak, Dan. "Off the clock and it's still party time on Capitol Hill with dueling happy hours". Washington Post.
First Friday New Jersey
First Friday Biel Bienne Switzerland
Republic Bank First Friday Hop in Louisville KY
First Friday dot Art | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"safety in numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_in_numbers"},{"link_name":"urban decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_decay"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"block party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_party"},{"link_name":"pub crawling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_crawl"},{"link_name":"fire twirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_twirling"},{"link_name":"jazz musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_music"},{"link_name":"belly dancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belly_dancing"}],"text":"These citywide events may take on many purposes, including art gallery openings, and social and political networking. American cities have promoted such events to bring people to historic areas perceived as dangerous, using the \"safety in numbers\" mentality to combat urban decay. In some cities this monthly event may occur on the first Saturday of each month instead of Friday or on \"Third Thursdays\".[1][2][3][4]Additionally, these are \"see and be seen\" events that serve as a block party or social gathering open to the general public. Some of these events may be centered on political networking by Republicans and Democrats, but usually First Fridays are art and entertainment destinations. They may involve pub crawling, other retail establishments such as cafes and restaurants, and performances by fire twirling acts, jazz musicians, belly dancing, street musicians, or others.\"First Fridays\" is also a nationally recognized networking event targeting Black professionals held on the first Friday of every month in various cities throughout North America. These events started in 1987 and provide urban professionals an opportunity to socially network, exchange and share ideas on professional, educational, political and social issues.","title":"First Friday (public event)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"art galleries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_gallery"},{"link_name":"non-profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit"},{"link_name":"501c3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501c3"},{"link_name":"Jackson Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Ward"},{"link_name":"arts 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(Missouri)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Fort Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Collins,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Hood 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Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Missoula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missoula,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Peoria (Illinois)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoria_(Illinois)"},{"link_name":"Scranton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scranton"},{"link_name":"Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Murmur"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Raleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York"},{"link_name":"San 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The idea is that galleries will attract people to the downtown and enrich the art community by pooling their openings together, sometimes, as in the case of art6 and Artspace in Richmond, Virginia (when in Jackson Ward at 6 East Broad Street) into one monthly evening in a historically located designated arts district .Among the cities with art-oriented First Friday events are: Albany, Anchorage, Augusta, Bellingham, Binghamton, Boston,[5] Burlington, Chicago, Columbia (Missouri),[6] Columbus, Denver,[7][8] Fort Collins, Honolulu, Hood River, Indianapolis, Ithaca, Juneau, Kalamazoo, Kansas City, Knoxville,[9] Lincoln, Louisville, Las Vegas,[10] Miami,[11] Missoula, Peoria (Illinois), Scranton, Oakland, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma,[12] Olympia, Philadelphia,[13] Phoenix, Pittsburgh, Portland (Maine), Raleigh,[14] Richmond,[15] Rochester, San Antonio, San Jose, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, Spokane, Tallahassee, Tulsa, York (PA), Marietta, Ohio, and Ypsilanti.Richmond, Virginia is among the largest First Fridays art walks in the nation. It draws nearly 20,000 people from all over the state of Virginia and nation, showcasing its artistic side and opening restaurants and art galleries all over Broad Street, Manchester area,[16] and Downtown Richmond.[17][18] Artspace[19] and Art6 Gallery[20] were two of the first anchor galleries for First Fridays on Broad Street in Richmond.One of the oldest First Friday's is located in Boston's SoWa Arts District where more than 80 artists open their studios to the public every First Friday. The SoWa Arts District is located at Harrison Ave and Thayer Street in Boston's South End. In 2015, USA Today's 10BEST readers poll voted the SoWa as the second best arts district in the country.[21]","title":"Art gallery openings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Fridays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161202204046/http://www.typfirstfridays.com/"},{"link_name":"Tucson, AZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson,_AZ"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"networking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"happy hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_hours"},{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Binghamton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghamton,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Fort Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Myers,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Fort Lauderdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Hattiesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattiesburg,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"Long Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_England"},{"link_name":"Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California"},{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Raleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro,_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Sacramento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy,_France"},{"link_name":"Scranton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"South Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Syracuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Tallahassee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo,_Japan"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Biel/Bienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biel-bienne.ch/fr/first-friday.html/1240"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Some First Fridays promote arts and culture combined with social networking, like First Fridays in Tucson, AZ. Other smaller-scale First Fridays serve as social gatherings for groups of friends or people new to an area and may involve no art.They may also include the large First Friday events such as those in Phoenix, Arizona, attracting up to 20,000 attendees to hundreds of spaces.Various cities areas have First Fridays centered on politically conservative networking. The pioneer of these events[22] began in Washington, D.C.,[23] but similar events have found success in Virginia, Nevada,[24] and Arizona.In many cities, First Fridays events place an emphasis on African American networking and business opportunities for African American professionals. First Friday is the top networking event for African American professionals and consistently attracts over 16,000 people each month across North America according to First Fridays United.The First Fridays monthly events originated in 1987 as an outlet for African American professionals to mix, mingle and network.[25][26] During the 1980s it was common for an individual to be the only black professional working in their company. First Fridays happy hours become a way for these professionals to meet in a social atmosphere while exchanging useful information. The concept spread rapidly and First Fridays chapters now operate in 39 cities across North America and seven countries worldwide, including Austin, Binghamton, Birmingham, Boston, Charlotte, Charleston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Detroit, Fort Myers, Fort Lauderdale, Hattiesburg, Hartford, Hong Kong, Houston, Indianapolis, Jackson, Kansas City, Kingston, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Long Beach London, Louisville, Memphis, Miami, Nashville, Nassau, New Orleans, New York, Newark, Oakland, Orlando, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Pittsburgh, Raleigh, Richmond, Rio de Janeiro, Sacramento, San Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco, St. Louis, Normandy, Scranton, South Bend, Syracuse, Tallahassee, Tokyo, Toronto, Washington, D.C., and since May 2016 also in Switzerland Biel/Bienne [27]In 2002, several First Fridays operators created First Fridays United, which is a company founded to organize the existing First Fridays chapters in 30 cities into one group to share information, resources and solicit corporate sponsors and advertisers. The organization sponsors a series of international events in addition to the monthly networking happy hours. Today, First Fridays reaches over 450,000 urban professionals through email, internet, and event marketing and has had numerous Fortune 1000 corporate clients.[28][29] Chanin Walsh was one of the first to create a marketing plan for First Friday in Doylestown which turned the “art gallery model” into an all-merchant benefiting event.[30]","title":"Social networking"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"TAG :: Tacoma Art Group - 3rd Thursday Tacoma Art Mingle | 3rd Thursday Tacoma Art Mingle\". www.tacomaartgroup.org. Retrieved 17 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tacomaartgroup.org/","url_text":"\"TAG :: Tacoma Art Group - 3rd Thursday Tacoma Art Mingle | 3rd Thursday Tacoma Art Mingle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Downtown Joplin Alliance. Retrieved 17 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://downtownjoplin.com/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Third Thursday\". Downtown Joplin Alliance. Retrieved 17 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://downtownjoplin.com/thirdthursday/","url_text":"\"Third Thursday\""}]},{"reference":"\"3rd Thursday Loop / Events / Home - Toledo\". www.dotoledo.org. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170118052844/http://www.dotoledo.org/Events/3rd-Thursday-Loop3","url_text":"\"3rd Thursday Loop / Events / Home - Toledo\""},{"url":"http://www.dotoledo.org/Events/3rd-Thursday-Loop3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"First Fridays | icaboston.org\". www.icaboston.org. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icaboston.org/calendar/first-fridays","url_text":"\"First Fridays | icaboston.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"Things to Do in Columbia: First Fridays\". City of Columbia. Retrieved July 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.como.gov/citychannel/2017/04/11/things-to-do-in-columbia-first-fridays/","url_text":"\"Things to Do in Columbia: First Fridays\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tennyson Street - First Friday Art Walk and Stroll\". Archived from the original on 2009-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091111125426/http://denverartwalk.squarespace.com/","url_text":"\"Tennyson Street - First Friday Art Walk and Stroll\""},{"url":"http://denverartwalk.squarespace.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"First First Friday, 2016\". Westword. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.westword.com/event/first-first-friday-2016-7461289","url_text":"\"First First Friday, 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"2017's First Friday means new art\". Knoxville News Sentinel. 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Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.miaminewtimes.com/arts/first-friday-art-walk-guide-all-the-culture-on-display-at-downtowns-inaugural-event-6499202","url_text":"\"First Friday Art Walk Guide: All the Culture on Display at Downtown's Inaugural Event\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paseo Art Walk\". 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thepaseo.org/paseo-first-friday-gallery-walk","url_text":"\"Paseo Art Walk\""}]},{"reference":"\"What To Do For First Friday In Philly This January\". Uwishunu - Philadelphia Blog About Things to Do, Events, Restaurants, Food, Nightlife and More. 5 January 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uwishunu.com/2017/01/celebrate-first-friday-philly-january-6/#sm.000nnbzwxvrrcxq114e2340gzulvn","url_text":"\"What To Do For First Friday In Philly This January\""}]},{"reference":"\"First Friday | Artspace\". artspacenc.org. 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Retrieved 7 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.styleweekly.com/richmond/broad-street-revivalists/Content?oid=1367342","url_text":"\"Broad Street Revivalists:The galleries and businesses of First Fridays Art Walk are the 2009 Richmonders of the Year\""}]},{"reference":"\"First Fridays Art Walk\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.richmond.com/entertainment/collection_2cfb6e12-9e7a-11e2-8b91-0019bb30f31a.html","url_text":"\"First Fridays Art Walk\""}]},{"reference":"Frostick, Dana. \"artspacegallery.org\". www.artspacegallery.org. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.artspacegallery.org/outreach.htm","url_text":"\"artspacegallery.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"Artists Collect, Too, II Art6 Gallery Richmond\". 1995-2015.undo.net. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://1995-2015.undo.net/it/mostra/18322","url_text":"\"Artists Collect, Too, II Art6 Gallery Richmond\""}]},{"reference":"\"Best Art District Winners: 2015 10Best Readers' Choice Travel Awards\". 10Best. 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Retrieved May 31, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/off-the-clock-and-its-still-party-time-on-capitol-hill-with-dueling-happy-hours/2011/06/03/AGkg4lJH_story.html","url_text":"\"Off the clock and it's still party time on Capitol Hill with dueling happy hours\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post","url_text":"Washington Post"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_DC","url_text":"Washington, DC"}]},{"reference":"\"It's First Friday\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itsfirstfriday.com/","url_text":"\"It's First Friday\""}]},{"reference":"\"First Friday Nevada\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.firstfridaynevada.com/","url_text":"\"First Friday Nevada\""}]},{"reference":"Byrne, Dara (Dec 17, 2007). \"Public Discourse, Community Concerns, and Civic Engagement: Exploring Black Social Networking Traditions on BlackPlanet.com\". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 13 (1): 319–320. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00398.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1083-6101.2007.00398.x","url_text":"\"Public Discourse, Community Concerns, and Civic Engagement: Exploring Black Social Networking Traditions on BlackPlanet.com\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1083-6101.2007.00398.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00398.x"}]},{"reference":"Ross, Adam (Jul 17, 2003). \"Why is First Fridays the best African American event in Nashville?\". Nashville Scene. Nashville, Tennessee. Nashville Scene. Retrieved May 31, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nashvillescene.com/nashville/why-is-first-fridays-the-best-african-american-event-in-nashville/Content?oid=1188684","url_text":"\"Why is First Fridays the best African American event in Nashville?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee","url_text":"Nashville, Tennessee"}]},{"reference":"\"First Friday\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.firstfriday.ch/","url_text":"\"First Friday\""}]},{"reference":"\"First Friday United: About Us\". Archived from the original on February 3, 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110203071224/http://firstfridaysunited.com/aboutUs.php","url_text":"\"First Friday United: About Us\""},{"url":"http://www.firstfridaysunited.com/aboutUs.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"WHAT IS FIRST FRIDAYS UNITED?\". www.experts123.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Scott_(One_Life_to_Live) | List of One Life to Live characters (1968–1979) | ["1 Becky Lee Abbott","2 Pat Ashley","3 Steve Burke","4 Herb Callison","5 Melinda Cramer","6 Greg Huddleston","7 Talbot Huddleston","8 Peter Janssen","9 Katrina Karr","10 Kristine Karr","11 Brian Kendall","12 Paul Kendall","13 Edwina Lewis","14 Karen Martin","15 Gwendolyn Lord","16 Lana McClain","17 Dorothy Randolph","18 Eugenia Randolph Lord","19 Megan Craig Riley","20 Jack Scott","21 Bert Skelly","22 Dave Siegel","23 Julie Siegel Toland","24 Tim Siegel","25 Price Trainor","26 Naomi Vernon","27 Samantha Vernon","28 Will Vernon","29 Marcy Wade","30 Wanda Webb","31 Rachel Wilson","32 See also","33 References","34 Notes"] | This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
This is a list of characters from the ABC Daytime soap opera, One Life to Live, that began their run between the show's pilot episode and the end of 1979.
Becky Lee Abbott
Becky Lee AbbottOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byJill Voight (1977–1978)Mary Gordon Murray (1979–2001)Duration
1977–1986
1988
1996
1998
2001
First appearanceFebruary 1977 (February 1977)Last appearanceNovember 19, 2001 (November 19, 2001)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byGordon RussellIntroduced byDoris QuinlanPaul Rauch (1988)Susan Bedsow Horgan (1996)Jill Farren Phelps (1998)Gary Tomlin (2001)In-universe informationOther namesRebecca Lee Hunt (maiden name)OccupationSingerSpouseRichard Abbott (1978–81)Asa Buchanan (1983–1985)Jesse Wilde (1986–present)ChildrenDrew Buchanan
Becky Lee Abbott is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated by Jill Voight in February 1977, a role she played through December 1978. Mary Gordon Murray stepped into the role in August 1979 and played Becky until May 1985. Murray later made several guest appearances in 1986, 1988, 1996, 1998 and from November 15 to 19, 2001.
When Becky Lee was first shown, she was an aspiring country-and-Western singer. She was later signed to the record company owned by Asa Buchanan. Her first husband had been Luke Jackson, and she later married Richard Abbott. She and fellow singer Johnny Drummond often worked together. She became attracted to Bo Buchanan, and they conceived a son. Bo would not marry her, so Bo's father Asa Buchanan married her.
Becky later had amnesia, and she met the Wilde family in the mountains.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2013)
Pat Ashley
Pat AshleyOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byJacqueline CourtneyDuration1975–1983First appearanceApril 1975 (April 1975)Last appearanceDecember 1983 (December 1983)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byAgnes NixonGordon RussellIntroduced byDoris QuinlanIn-universe informationOther namesPatricia Ashley (maiden name)Pat KendallOccupation
Journalist
Reporter for The Banner
TV host of The View in Llanview
ParentsMartin AshleyHelena AshleySiblingsMaggie AshleySpousePaul Kendall (pre-1975–1979)Adam Brewster (1979)Tony Lord (1982–1983)ChildrenBrian Kendall
Patricia "Pat" Ashley Lord (formerly Kendall and Brewster) is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by actress Jacqueline Courtney from the character's inception in April 1975 continually through its onscreen departure in December 1983.
Pat was the twin sister of Maggie Ashley (also played by Jacqueline Courtney) and the daughter of Helena Ashley (played by Augusta Dabney). Her son, Brian Austin, was the illegitimate son of Tony Lord and the grandson of Victor Lord. Brian was later killed.
Pat dated Clint Buchanan, Bo Buchanan, and Adam Brewster.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2013)
Steve Burke
Steve BurkeOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byBernard GrantDuration1970–1975First appearanceAugust 1970 (August 1970)Last appearance1975 (1975)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byAgnes NixonIntroduced byDoris QuinlanIn-universe informationOccupation
Journalist
Editor for The Banner
SpouseVictoria Lord (1972–1974)
Steven "Steve" Burke is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated by actor Bernard Grant in August 1970, who played the character continually through 1975.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2013)
Herb Callison
Herb CallisonOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byAnthony CallDuration1978–1993First appearance1978 (1978)Last appearanceDecember 22, 1993 (December 22, 1993)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byGordon RussellSam HallIntroduced byJoseph StuartIn-universe informationOccupationLawyerSpouseDorian Cramer (1981–1985)Adoptive childrenCassie CallisonGrandchildrenRiver Carpenter (adoptive)
Herbert "Herb" Callison is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The character was played by actor Anthony Call from its inception in 1978 through its last regular appearance in 1992. Call reprised the role in 1993.
Herb gains notoriety (and a friend in Dorian Lord) upon serving as the Llanview District Attorney during the Marco Dane murder trial against Victoria "Viki" Lord Riley. Viki who was ultimately acquitted, and which resulted in the shocking revelation that Karen Wolek was a prostitute involved with client and actual murderer Talbot Huddleston.
Upon marrying Dorian at Llanfair in 1981, he adopts her daughter Cassie Reynolds, who soon takes her stepfather's surname as he adopts her. Herb and Dorian divorce in 1985, though the two remain close friends. Herb departs fictional Llanview in 1992, returning briefly for Christmas episodes in December 1993.
Melinda Cramer
"Melinda Cramer" redirects here. For the co-founder of the Church Divine Science, see Malinda Cramer.
Melinda CramerOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byPatricia Pearcy (1973–1974)Jane Badler (1978–1981, 1983)Sharon Gabet (1987–1989)Nicole Orth-Pallavicini (1997, 2004)Duration
1973–1974
1978–1981
1983
1987–1989
1997
2004
First appearanceApril 30, 1973 (April 30, 1973)Last appearanceAugust 2, 2004 (August 2, 2004)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byAgnes NixonGordon RussellIntroduced byDoris QuinlanJoseph Stuart (1978)Paul Rauch (1987)In-universe informationOccupationPianistTalk show hostFamilyCramerParentsLou CramerSonya RoskovaSiblingsDorian CramerAddie CramerSpousePeter Janssen (1978–1981)ChildrenKelly CramerPaul CramerGrandchildrenZane BuchananAunts and unclesBetsy CramerNieces and nephewsBlair CramerCassie CallisonAdriana CramerLangston Wilde (adoptive)
Melinda Cramer is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The character debuted on April 30, 1973 with leading series antagonist Dr. Dorian Cramer. She last appeared onscreen on August 2, 2004, and died off-screen February 28, 2010.
Sisters Melinda and Dorian arrive in fictional Llanview in 1973. Mentally-disturbed Melinda stabs Dorian's lover, Mark Toland, in 1974, leading to her institutionalization.
A recovered Melinda returns to Llanview in 1978, but soon sabotages Dorian's new relationship with Dr. Peter Janssen, wanting him for herself. Melinda seems to win when she and Peter elope, but her obsessive-compulsive behavior returns. Resuming her career as a concert pianist, Melinda practices day and night, putting a strain on her marriage to Peter. She becomes more unbalanced when a failed audition put a close to her musical ambitions. In 1979, Melinda checks herself into the Compton Clinic. Dorian then has Melinda declared mentally incompetent; by 1980, Peter hopes to marry Jenny Wolek Vernon, but couldn't divorce Melinda until she was mentally stable. After threatening Jenny with a letter opener and sinking further into psychosis, Melinda returns to the clinic in 1981. She is seen again briefly in 1983, as Herb Callison visits her in order to learn the truth about Dorian's past with David Reynolds.
Melinda returns again in 1987 after Dorian's departure, and moves into Dorian's penthouse with Dorian's daughter Cassie Callison. Melinda witnesses the murder of mobster Alec Crown by Dr. Donald Lamarr and testifies against him. She gets a job working at the Banner, and helps solve several criminal activities in Llanview. Melinda has a relationship with Jon Russell, and leaves town herself in 1989.
It is later discovered that Melinda has returned to living in a sanitarium, now in California. Her daughter Kelly Cramer moves to Llanview in 1995. Melinda herself returns to Llanview in 1997, briefly, before leaving once again, choosing to return to the sanitarium.
In 2004, her daughter Kelly visits her while she is now living in Boston, in a different sanitarium.
On March 1, 2010, Cassie returns to Llanview to inform Dorian of Melinda's offscreen death. Although the Cramer family originally believed Mitch Laurence and Allison Perkins to be the culprits of Melinda's death, it was later revealed that Elijah Clarke, the husband of her niece Blair, actually was responsible for her death. According to him, she had recognized him from a photograph in the newspaper, and threatened to warn her niece about his murderous past.
Greg Huddleston
Greg HuddlestonOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byPaul JoyntDuration1977–1979First appearance1977 (1977)Last appearanceApril 1979 (April 1979)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byGordon RussellIntroduced byDoris QuinlanIn-universe informationParentsTalbot HuddlestonGrandparentsAdele Huddleston
Gregory "Greg" Huddleston is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by Paul Joynt from 1977 until his final appearance in April 1979.
Greg is Tina Clayton's first boyfriend. His parents are Talbot and Adelle Huddleston.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013)
Talbot Huddleston
Talbot HuddlestonOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byByron SandersDuration1977–1979First appearanceMay 1977 (May 1977)Last appearanceApril 1979 (April 1979)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byGordon RussellIntroduced byDoris QuinlanIn-universe informationOccupationBusinessmanParentsAdele HuddlestonChildrenGreg Huddleston
Talbot Huddleston is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by actor Byron Sanders onscreen from May 1977 until April 1979.
A wealthy businessman, Talbot engages in affair with married call girl Karen Wolek. On January 16, 1978, Talbot accidentally ran over and killed Brian Kendall after learned his birth father was not Tony Lord, not Paul Kendall. He is arrested on manslaughter charges and last appears in 1979.
Talbot was the father of Greg Huddleston (played by Paul Joynt), the first boyfriend of Tina Clayton. Talbot's wife was the alcoholic Adelle Huddleston (played by Lori March).
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Peter Janssen
Peter JanssenOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byJeff Pomerantz (1976–1979, 1987)Robert Burton (1980)Denny Albee (1980–1982)Duration
1976–1982
1987
First appearanceJanuary 1976 (January 1976)Last appearanceApril 1987 (April 1987)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byGordon RussellIntroduced byDoris QuinlanIn-universe informationOccupationPhysician at Llanview HospitalSpouseMelinda Cramer (1978–81)Jenny Wolek (1981–82)
Dr. Peter Janssen is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime serial One Life to Live. The role was originated and notably played by actor Jeff Pomerantz, who appeared in the role January 1976 through 1979 and again in 1987. Robert Burton stepped into the role in January 1980 and was subsequently replaced by Denny Albee. Albee appeared onscreen November 12, 1980 through the character's death May 20, 1982.
Dr. Peter Jansen was the third husband of Jenny Wolek, R. N.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013)
Katrina Karr
Katrina KarrOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byNancy SnyderDuration1979–1983First appearanceFebruary 1979 (February 1979)Last appearance1983 (1983)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byGordon RussellIntroduced byJoseph StuartIn-universe informationOccupationSex workerChildrenKristine Karr
Katrina Karr is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The colleague of fellow prostitute Karen Wolek, role was portrayed onscreen by actress Nancy Snyder from February 1979 until 1983.
Katrina later leaves her life of prostitution and moves into the boarding house owned and operated by Ina Hopkins. She and Marcello Salta dated.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013)
Kristine Karr
Regan McManus (1981–83)
Kristine KarrOne Life to Live characterDuration1979–1983First appearanceNovember 1, 1979 (November 1, 1979)Last appearance1983 (1983)ClassificationFormer, recurringCreated byGordon RussellIntroduced byJoseph StuartIn-universe informationOther namesMary VernonParentsBrad VernonKatrina KarrGrandparentsWill VernonNaomi VernonAunts and unclesSamantha VernonFirst cousinsSammi Garretson
Kristine Karr (born Mary Vernon) is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live that appeared onscreen from November 1, 1979 until 1983.
Brad Vernon engages in an extramarital affair with prostitute Katrina Karr. Katrina conceives a daughter, born the same night as his stillborn daughter to his wife, Jenny Wolek Vernon, onscreen November 1, 1979 at Llanview Hospital. Con man Marco Dane elicits Jenny's sister Karen Wolek to switch Jenny's dead child with Katrina's baby. Katrina long believes her live-born child died in the nursery of the hospital, while Jenny raises a child she and Brad name Mary Vernon. After nearly three years of deception, Karen and Marco tell Jenny the truth about the two children, and Jenny returns Mary Vernon to Katrina. Katrina soon renames the child Kristine Karr, and departs offscreen with the child in 1983.
Con woman Aubrey Wentworth appears in fictional Llanview in 2010, marrying Joey Riley Buchanan, the son of town businesswoman Victoria "Viki" Lord Banks and her deceased former husband Joe Riley born mere months after Kristine Karr. Aubrey reveals onscreen her name, "Aubrey Wentworth," to be an alias for her real name Kristine Karr. As leading Karen Wolek portrayer Judith Light declined to appear on the ABC Daytime finale of OLTL, Aubrey's possible identity as the Kristine Karr born to Katrina and Brad was not divulged onscreen, and Aubrey last appears in December 2011.
Brian Kendall
Brian KendallOne Life to Live characterPortrayed bySteve AustinDuration1975–1978First appearanceApril 1975 (April 1975)Last appearanceJanuary 18, 1978 (January 18, 1978)ClassificationFormer, recurringCreated byAgnes NixonGordon RussellIntroduced byDoris QuinlanIn-universe informationOther namesBrian LordOccupationStudent in LlanviewFamilyLordParentsTony LordPat AshleyStepparentsPaul KendallGrandparentsVictor LordDorothy RandolphMartin AshleyHelena AshleyAunts and unclesVictoria LordMeredith LordTina LordTodd ManningVictor Lord, Jr.Margaret AshleyFirst cousinsMegan GordonDaniel WolekKevin Riley BuchananJoey Riley BuchananJessica BuchananNatalie BuchananC. J. RobertsSarah RobertsStarr ManningDanielle ManningJack ManningSam Manning
Brian Kendall is introduced as the eight-year-old son of new Banner reporter Patricia "Pat" Ashley (Jacqueline Courtney) in 1975. Shortly after his introduction, Pat reveals to new boss Victoria "Viki" Lord Riley (Erika Slezak) that her son is, in fact, Viki's nephew and the son of Viki's maternal cousin and newly uncovered brother, Anthony "Tony" Harris Lord (George Reinholt). As Pat and Tony become romantically involved, Brian grows to greatly despise her mother's new beau as he pined for his late father Paul Kendall (Tom Fuccello), who apparently died before Brian and his mother relocated to Llanview.
On the episode first-run January 16, after years of speculation, mother Pat confirms Brian's worst suspicions — that Tony is his natural father; revealed out in the streets of the busy Llanview town square by Pat and Tony (Philip MacHale), a devastated Brian runs out into the street, where he is accidentally hit in a car driven by married businessman Talbot Huddleston in the company of his call girl, also married Karen Wolek (Judith Light). Panicked that their romantic indiscretions would be uncovered, Talbot and Karen decidedly drive away, leaving a severely-injured Brian on the road to succumb to injuries. Brian quietly dies without regaining consciousness in Llanview Hospital, mother Pat at his side.
Paul Kendall
Paul KendallOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byTom FuccelloDuration1977–1979First appearanceAugust 1977 (August 1977)Last appearanceMarch 1979 (March 1979)ClassificationFormer, recurringCreated byGordon RussellIntroduced byJoseph StuartIn-universe informationSpousePat Ashley (pre-1975–1979)StepchildrenBrian Kendall
Paul Kendall is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by actor Tom Fuccello from October 1977 until its onscreen departure in March 1979.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2013)
Edwina Lewis
Edwina LewisOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byMargaret KlenckDuration1977–1984First appearanceJuly 1977 (July 1977)Last appearanceNovember 1984 (November 1984)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byGordon RussellIntroduced byJoseph StuartIn-universe informationOther names
Journalist
Reporter for The Banner
SpouseMarco Dane (1980–1981, 1983–198?)
Edwina Lewis (formerly Dane) is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by actress Margaret Klenck from July 1977 until November 1984.
Edwina was a young reporter hired by Joe Riley to work at The Banner. She had really followed Richard Abbott there after he had been hired to work for The Banner. Edwina was romantically obsessed with Richard, who met and began dating aspiring country-and-Western singer Becky Lee Hunt.
Edwina and Richard's mother, Gwendolyn Lord Abbott, work and conspire as much as they could to break up Richard and Becky Lee.
Later, Edwina became the wife of Marco Dane. Marco learns that Edwina is the natural daughter of Dr. Ivan Kipling, but does not tell Edwina.
Edwina and Marco eventually divorced, and Edwina left Llanview.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2013)
Karen Martin
Karen MartinOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byNiki FlacksDuration1968–1970First appearanceJuly 15, 1968 (July 15, 1968)Last appearance1970 (1970)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byAgnes NixonIntroduced byDoris QuinlanIn-universe informationOccupationNurse at Llanview HospitalSpouseLarry Wolek (1969)
Karen Martin is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated on the show pilot by Niki Flacks July 15, 1968. Flacks continued in the role until the character's last appearance in 1970.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2013)
Gwendolyn Lord
Gwendolyn Lord AbbottOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byJoan CopelandDuration1978–1979First appearance1978 (1978)Last appearance1979 (1979)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byGordon RussellIntroduced byJoseph StuartIn-universe informationFamilyLordSiblingsClayton-Powell LordVictor LordSpouseJonathan Abbott (pre-1978)ChildrenRichard AbbottGrandparentsRandolph LordVirginia FletcherNieces and nephewsClayton-Powell Lord IIVictoria LordTony LordMeredith LordTina LordTodd ManningVictor Lord, Jr.
Gwendolyn Lord Abbott is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime serial One Life to Live. The role was originated and played by actress Joan Copeland from 1978 through 1979.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013)
Lana McClain
Lana McClainOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byJacklyn ZemanDuration1976–1977First appearanceSeptember 1976 (September 1976)Last appearanceNovember 18, 1977 (November 18, 1977)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byGordon RussellIntroduced byDoris QuinlanIn-universe informationOccupation
Nurse at Llanview Hospital
Waitress at Tony's Place
Lana McClain is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The character was the first contract soap role for actress Jacklyn Zeman, who became most recognized for long-playing Bobbie Spencer on sister serial General Hospital. Zeman appeared as Lana from September 1976 until the character's death in November 1977, when she was cast two months later for GH by Gloria Monty based on her OLTL performance.
Lana first appears as a waitress at Tony's Place, a diner owned by Tony Lord (George Reinholt). She is soon hit on by womanizer Brad Vernon (Jameson Parker), who dated Jenny Wolek (Katherine Glass) at the time. As Brad carried on a relationship with both, Lana becomes a nurse at Llanview Hospital and reveals her pregnancy with his child in November 1977. A drunken Lana dies after Brad gives her a glass of milk laced with sleeping pills. Brad is soon convicted of manslaughter in Lana's death in January 1978.
Dorothy Randolph
Dorothy RandolphOne Life to Live characterFirst appearanceApril 1975 (April 1975)Last appearanceMay 1975 (May 1975)ClassificationFormer, recurringCreated byAgnes NixonIntroduced byDoris QuinlanIn-universe informationSiblingsEugenia RandolphGrandchildrenBrian KendallNieces and nephewsVictoria LordMeredith Lord
Dorothy Randolph is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role appeared onscreen in April and May 1975 opposite leading role Mark Toland (Tom Lee Jones).
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2013)
Eugenia Randolph Lord
Eugenia Randolph LordOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byLori March (1987)Natacha Roi (1994–1995)Duration
1969
1987
1994–1995
First appearance1969 (1969)Last appearance1995 (1995)ClassificationFormer, recurringCreated byAgnes NixonIntroduced byDoris QuinlanIn-universe informationOccupationHousewifeSistersDorothy RandolphSpouseVictor Lord (194?–1950)ChildrenVictoria LordMeredith LordGrandchildrenMegan GordonDaniel WolekKevin BuchananJoey BuchananJessica BuchananNatalie BuchananNieces and nephewsTony Lord
Eugenia Randolph Lord is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The deceased character exists at the show's inception in 1968, first appearing onscreen in flashbacks in 1969. Lori March assumed the role in 1987, and the character is last shown in 1995.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013)
Megan Craig Riley
Megan Craig RileyOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byKimaree BeyrentDuration1974–1975First appearanceDecember 2, 1974 (December 2, 1974)Last appearanceOctober 3, 1975 (October 3, 1975)ClassificationFormer, recurringCreated byAgnes NixonGordon RussellIntroduced byDoris QuinlanIn-universe informationFamilyRileyWolek (adoptive)ParentsJoe RileyCathy CraigStepparentsVictoria LordHalf-brothersKevin Riley BuchananJoey Riley BuchananGrandparentsJim CraigAnna Wolek (legal)Aunts and unclesEileen RileyTom DennisonNieces and nephewsDuke BuchananFirst cousinsJulie SiegelTim SiegelMari Lynn DennisonDaniel Wolek (adoptive)
Megan Craig Riley is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. She was played by Kimaree Beyrent from December 2, 1974 until October 3, 1975. Megan is the daughter of Joe Riley (Lee Patterson) and Cathy Craig (Dorrie Kavanaugh).
While Joe is presumed dead, wife Victoria "Viki" Lord Riley (Erika Slezak) marries Steve Burke in 1972; Viki is overjoyed when Joe returns, but chooses to stay loyal to Steve in 1973. Joe begins a relationship with Cathy, but he and Viki soon reunite. Viki's divorce from Steve is finalized, but Cathy is pregnant with Joe's child. He offers to marry her, but she refuses. Joe and Viki remarry in a simple ceremony in New York City. Cathy gives birth to Megan on-screen on the episode first-run December 2, 1974, but the child has a congenital heart defect that assures she will not live past adolescence. On the episode first-run October 3, 1975, Viki babysits baby Megan and, while in Viki's care, Megan stops breathing. Viki frantically puts Megan in her car to take her to the hospital but gets into a car accident as she drives in a storm. The accident seriously injures Viki, and Megan dies. Viki recovers, but Cathy swears revenge.
Jack Scott
Jack ScottOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byArthur BurghardtDuration1978–1980First appearance1978 (1978)Last appearance1980 (1980)ClassificationFormer; regularCreated byGordon RussellIntroduced byJoseph StuartIn-universe informationOccupationPhysicianWifeCarla Gray (1979–80)
Jack Scott is a fictional character from the American soap opera One Life to Live portrayed by actor Arthur Burghardt. He played the role from 1978 until 1980, when the character was killed off. The character had intended to be short term.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2016)
Bert Skelly
Bert SkellyOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byWayne Jones (1969)Herb Davis (1969–1972)Duration1969–1972First appearance1969 (1969)Last appearance1972 (1972)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byAgnes NixonIntroduced byDoris QuinlanIn-universe informationOccupationLawyer
Bert Skelly is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated by Wayne Jones in 1969, and subsequently played by Herb Davis from 1969 until the character's last appearance in 1972.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2013)
Dave Siegel
Dave SiegelOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byAllan MillerDuration1968–1972First appearanceJuly 1968 (July 1968)Last appearanceDecember 13, 1972 (December 13, 1972)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byAgnes NixonIntroduced byDoris QuinlanIn-universe informationOccupationLawyerSpouseEileen Riley (pre-1968–1972)ChildrenTim SiegelJulie Siegel
Dave Siegel is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by actor Allan Miller from the series debut in July 1968 through the character's onscreen death December 13, 1972.
The Jewish husband of Eileen Riley and brother-in-law to original male protagonist Joe Riley, attorney Dave Siegel is first introduced just after the series debut in July 1968, and provides regular legal defense to more dynamic series character during his appearance. In 1972, Dave manages to get Steve Burke acquitted for the accidental death of his secretary Marcy Wade. Unbeknownst to Dave, the crucial evidence comes from Joe, who was presumed dead. Eileen and close friend Vince Wolek (Antony Ponzini) never give up hope on Joe's impending return, and she is overjoyed when he finally reappears. Dave dies onscreen of a heart attack, leaving Eileen devastated.
Julie Siegel Toland
Julie Siegel TolandOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byLee Warrick (1969–1974)Leonie Norton (1974–1976)Duration1969–1976First appearanceJune 1969 (1969-06)Last appearanceMay 1976 (May 1976)ClassificationFormer; regularCreated byAgnes NixonIntroduced byDoris QuinlanIn-universe informationOther namesJulie Siegel (maiden name)FamilyRileyParentsDave SiegelEileen Riley SiegelSiblingsTim SiegelSpouseMark Toland (1971–1975)Aunts and unclesJoe RileyTom DennisonFirst cousinsMegan Craig RileyKevin Riley BuchananJoey Riley BuchananMari Lynn Dennison
Julie Siegel Toland is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated by actress Lee Warrick from June 1969 until September 1974, when she was replaced by Leonie Norton. Norton continued in the role until May 1976, when the character was written off the series as moving to Florida.
Niece of male protagonist Joe Riley, Julie first arrives in fictional Llanview in June 1969 for the wedding of Joe to leading heroine Victoria Lord. In 1970, she becomes close friends to Cathy Craig and falls in love with lothario law school student Jack Lawson (David Snell) and moves in with him without marrying, to the chagrin of her socially conservative parents. Julie assumes Jack would marry her upon completion of his law school work, but when she discovers him to be a womanizer and realizes he never intends to tie the knot, she retires to a nervous breakdown. While recovering from this breakdown, Julie meets Dr. Mark Toland, and they fall in love and get married on the May 5, 1971 episode.
Following the death of her father in December 1972, Julie's mother Eileen begins to date again, bothering Julie tremendously. She attempts to seduce her mother's lover, but to no avail. She leaves Llanview in 1976, months after Mark widows her in a Lord family caper.
Tim Siegel
Tim SiegelOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byBill Fowler (1969)William Cox (1970–1971)Tom Berenger (1975–1976)Duration
1969–1971
1975–1976
First appearanceJune 1969 (1969-06)Last appearanceApril 6, 1976 (April 6, 1976)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byAgnes NixonIntroduced byDoris QuinlanIn-universe informationOther namesTimmy SiegelOccupationConstruction workerLaw school studentFamilyRileyParentsDave SiegelEileen Riley SiegelSiblingsJulie SiegelSpouseJenny Wolek (1976)Aunts and unclesJoe RileyTom DennisonFirst cousinsMegan Craig RileyKevin Riley BuchananJoey Riley BuchananMari Lynn Dennison
Tim Siegel is fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role debuted on the series in June 1969, briefly originated by newcomer Bill Fowler. The role was assumed by William Cox from 1970 until 1971. Actor Tom Berenger stepped in as Tim when the character returns a law school dropout in April 1975. Tim last dies onscreen when Berenger left the series in April 1976.
Law student Tim briefly appears in fictional Llanview in June 1969 with sister Julie (Lee Warrick) for the wedding of his maternal uncle Joe Riley (Lee Patterson) to media heiress and heroine Victoria Lord. He returns in 1970 when Joe is presumed dead, a fate he, his mother Eileen, and family refused to believe. After briefly engaging in a relationship with Cathy Craig, Tim returns to school. Tom Berenger steps into the role as Tim returns in April 1975 as a law school dropout. He becomes a construction worker and falls in love with novitiate nun Jenny Wolek (Katherine Glass). Jenny gives up the cloistered life for Tim, and the two get engaged. Her cousin Vince, outraged that Tim is stealing Jenny from the church, gets into a fight that exacerbates a latent brain aneurysm in Tim. When it becomes apparent that Tim was dying, Jenny arranges for a hasty wedding ceremony in Tim's hospital room, and with Joe, Eileen, and Julie looking on, the two marry on the April 5, 1976 episode. Tim dies shortly after the marriage is officiated on the following April 6 episode.
Price Trainor
Price TrainorOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byThurman Scott (1968)Peter DeAnda (1968–1970)Duration1968–1970First appearanceJuly 15, 1968 (July 15, 1968)Last appearanceDecember 1970 (December 1970)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byAgnes NixonIntroduced byDoris QuinlanIn-universe informationOccupationPhysician at Llanview Hospital
Dr. Price Trainor is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated on the pilot July 15, 1968 by actor Thurman Scott, who played the role during the show's first week. Peter DeAnda took over and played the role through the character's last appearance in December 1970.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2013)
Naomi Vernon
Naomi VernonOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byTeri KeaneDuration1976–1977First appearanceJune 1976 (June 1976)Last appearanceSeptember 30, 1977 (September 30, 1977)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byGordon RussellIntroduced byDoris QuinlanIn-universe informationOccupationHousewifeSpouseWill Vernon (pre-1976–1977)ChildrenBrad VernonSamantha VernonGrandchildrenKristine KarrSammi Garretson
Naomi Vernon is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated and played by Terri Keane from June 1976 until the character's onscreen death September 30, 1977.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2013)
Samantha Vernon
Samantha VernonOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byJulia Montgomery (1976–1978, 1979–1981, 1987)Susan Keith (1978–1979)Dorian Lopinto (1981–1984)Duration
1976–1984
1987
First appearanceJune 1976 (June 1976)Last appearanceApril 1987 (April 1987)ClassificationFormer; regularCreated byGordon RussellIntroduced byDoris QuinlanIn-universe informationParentsWill VernonNaomi VernonBrothersBrad VernonSpouseAsa Buchanan (1981)Rafe Garretson (1984)DaughtersSammi GarretsonNieces and nephewsKristine Karr
Samantha Vernon is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated by Julia Montgomery in June 1976. Montgomery left the series in September 1978. To accommodate her departure, the writers involved the character of Samantha in a disfiguring car crash. While the character was under bandages, actress Susan Keith assumed the part in October 1978. Due to negative audience reaction, the producers let Keith go at the end of her first contract cycle. Julie Montgomery was persuaded to return in January 1979; she remained for two additional years. Dorian Lopinto assumed the role in January 1981, playing Samantha through the character's onscreen death November 16, 1984. In April 1987, Samantha was shown along with many other deceased One Life to Live characters in a short story arc occurring in the afterlife. Julie Montgomery reprised the role for these sequences.
Brad's little sister, Samantha, is introduced onscreen in June 1976, presented as resentful of her neglectful, workaholic father, Dr. Will Vernon. Samantha soon doggedly chases older man Tony Lord who, on the rebound from Pat Ashley, succumbs to an affair. However, Tony later admits that he never really loved Sam. Fleeing into a raging thunderstorm, Sam’s car collides head-on with another vehicle on the highway, leaving her disfigured from facial burns and killing her father’s fiancée Dr. Pamela Shephard. Following successful reconstructive surgery, Sam faces an identity crisis after the bandages are removed to reveal a beautiful, but very different looking woman (actress Susan Keith now assuming the role). In early 1979, Sam leaves Llanview to receive corrective plastic surgery, which restores her previous face. Samantha returns to Llanview, and marries much older Asa Buchanan in 1981. Unbeknownst to all, Asa's believed-to-be-dead first wife Olympia Buchanan appears in Llanview alive and refuses to grant Asa a divorce. Asa soon imprisons Olympia and invalidly marries Samantha. Olympia escapes several times and attempts to kill either Asa and Samantha, but her plans are repeatedly foiled and she returns to her imprisonment. Finally, the truth about Olympia comes out, and Samantha leaves Asa. Samantha soon falls in love with Asa's nephew Rafe Garretson, and marries him in 1984. Samantha becomes pregnant, but is later discovered lifeless, floating facedown in a fitness club hot tub. Declared brain dead in November 1984, the child she was carrying was artificially implanted into her friend Delilah Ralston, and Rafe makes the painful decision to remove her from life support. The baby Delilah surrogates is born and named after Samantha. Samantha reappears in 1987 when friend Viki Lord Buchanan briefly dies and goes to Heaven.
Will Vernon
Will VernonOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byFarley Granger (1976–1977)Bernie McInerney (1977)Anthony George (1977–1984)Duration1976–1984First appearanceJune 1976 (June 1976)Last appearanceNovember 1984 (November 1984)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byGordon RussellIntroduced byDoris QuinlanIn-universe informationOccupationPsychotherapistSpouseNaomi Vernon (pre-1976–1977)ChildrenBrad VernonSamantha VernonGrandchildrenKristine KarrSammi Garretson
Vernons, from left clockwise: Julia Montgomery as Sam, Farley Granger as Will, Teri Keane as Naomi, and Jameson Parker as Brad, 1977.
Will Vernon Psy.D., M.D. is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime serial One Life to Live. The role was originated by film actor Farley Granger from June 1976 through early 1977. Bernie McInerney briefly assumed the role from March 1977 until late 1977. Anthony George last played Will from November 1977 through the character's last appearance in 1984.
Llanview Hospital psychotherapist Dr. Will Vernon first arrives in fictional Llanview in June 1976. Before arriving in town, he'd already had one mistress, prompting his neurotic wife Naomi to take pills to numb her pain. Will was genuinely remorseful over his cheating ways, but passive-aggressive and manipulating Naomi never let him forget his sins. Naomi grows furiously jealous at the close relationship Will shares with secretary Jenny Wolek. Fearful that Will might leave her, Naomi concocted a fake suicide attempt in order to elicit her husband's sympathy. Her plan went awry and she actually did die as a result of taking too many sleeping pills. Will spends the duration of his time in Llanview psychoanalyzing dynamic series characters and guilty over his wife's death. Burying his time in work and neglecting his children, Dr. Vernon last appears onscreen when his daughter Sam dies in November 1984.
Marcy Wade
Marcy WadeOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byFrancesca JamesDuration1970–1972First appearanceAugust 1970 (August 1970)Last appearanceJanuary 3, 1972 (January 3, 1972)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byAgnes NixonIntroduced byDoris QuinlanIn-universe informationOccupationSecretary at The Banner
Marcy Wade is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated and played by actress Francesca James from August 1970 until the character's onscreen death January 3, 1972. Marcy arrived in Llanview looking for her husband Tom Mackenzie, an amnesia victim then going by the name Tom Edwards. Tom and Marcy previously had a life in Canada where Tom worked as a securities trader. A compulsive gambler, Marcy found herself indebted to loan sharks and stole securities from Tom’s briefcase to pay them. Tom was eventually arrested for grand larceny and sent to prison. In Llanview, Marcy thought she would be safe from the loan sharks who still wanted her because instead of paying her debt with the stolen securities, she had actually gambled them away. She began a new life as a secretary for Victoria Lord Riley at her family newspaper The Banner. However, Marcy was recognized by mobster Stan Perlo. Perlo made a deal with her. If she would become an informant for the mob, getting confidential police information, her gambling debts would be cancelled. Marcy secretly listened to private conversations at the newspaper and passed on information about an attempt to stop the local drug trade, which resulted in local cop Vinnie Wolek being shot. Horrified at Marcy’s selfishness, Tom wanted to go to Victor Lord and confess everything about his past and Marcy. Before Tom could act, Stan Perlo, in a failed attempt to kill Vinnie’s girlfriend Millie Parks, held her and Marcy hostage. Tom tried to save them, but he and Stan killed one another in a shootout. After Tom’s death, Marcy became pathologically obsessed with Steve Burke, editor of The Banner. Steve and Viki had fallen in love and planned to be married. Through her roommate Carla Gray, Marcy learned of Viki’s previous psychiatric history, which included a case of split personality. Marcy researched Viki’s history in The Banner archives and devised an intricate plot to get her rival out of the way. She began drugging Viki’s coffee with barbiturates, and while she was unconscious, donned a blonde wig and pretended to be Niki Smith, Viki’s former split personality. Soon Viki began to doubt her own sanity, creating conflict in her upcoming wedding to Steve. In the final stage of her plan, Marcy set a trap for Vinnie Wolek. She intended to lure him to the docks outside Ernie’s Bar, and dressed as Niki would kill him, leaving behind a confession signed as Niki Smith. With Viki either arrested or sent to an asylum, she would be free to have Steve all to herself. The meticulous plan went awry when Vinnie told Steve about the meeting on the docks. Steve went in Vinnie’s place, and when he came face to face with Marcy dressed as Niki, he knew she had been the mastermind behind the scheme to drive Viki mad. The two struggled over the gun Marcy brought to kill Vinnie, and she was shot and killed herself.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2013)
Wanda Webb
Wanda Webb WolekOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byMarilyn Chris (1972–1977, 1980–1994)Lee Lawson (1977–1979)Duration1972–1994First appearanceFebruary 1972 (February 1972)Last appearanceFebruary 1994 (February 1994)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byAgnes NixonIntroduced byDoris QuinlanIn-universe informationOther namesWanda Webb (maiden name)Occupation
Bookstore owner
Waitress
Owner of Wanda's Place diner
FamilyBuchananSiblingsPaul WebbSpouseVince Wolek (1975–1981)NephewsJason Webb
Wanda Webb Wolek is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated by actress Marilyn Chris in February 1972, a role she played through 1977. Lee Lawson stepped into the role between 1977 until 1979, and Chris reprised the role from 1980 until Wanda's final appearance in 1994.
Waitress Wanda Webb first appears in fictional Llanview in February 1972. She soon becomes romantically involved with Vince Wolek, who she marries Valentine's Day 1975. Vince dies in 1981, leaving Wanda widowed.
Wanda is concurrently revealed to be a second cousin to Asa Buchanan, and remains in Llanview to run a restaurant. Offering her no-nonsense advice and delicious food, Wanda became a neighborhood friend to Llanview residents throughout the 1980s. Besides Wanda dating various men after Vince's death, She also took in her nephew, Jason Webb, who eventually left town to go to Texas with LeeAnn Demerest. She engaged in a serious confrontation with Dorian Lord when Dorian had Sloan Carpenter attacked outside her restaurant, and with Marty Saybrooke when Marty slept with newly engaged Jason, preparing to marry LeeAnn. Her restaurant, called Wanda's Place, was in the same Angel Square location which would later become home to Vega's café, and later the Buenos Dias Café. Wanda leaves town in 1994 when she remarries and moves to Seattle to open a bookstore.
Rachel Wilson
Rachel Wilson FarmerOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byNancy BarrettFirst appearanceEarly 1974 (1974)Last appearanceJuly 1974 (July 1974)ClassificationFormer, recurringCreated byAgnes NixonGordon RussellIntroduced byDoris QuinlanIn-universe informationOther namesRachel Wilson (maiden name)SpouseBen Farmer (until 1974)
Rachel Wilson Farmer is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by actress Nancy Barrett from early 1974 until the character's notable onscreen death months later at the negligent hands of Drs. Mark Toland and Dorian Cramer in July.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2013)
See also
List of One Life to Live characters
References
^ One Life to Live. Season 7. April 1975. American Broadcasting Company.
^ One Life to Live. Season 16. December 1983. American Broadcasting Company.
^ Though Victor Lord "died" in 1976, he appeared alive (and then died again) in 2003. At that time, it was noted on-air that Victor and Dorian's marriage would have been dissolved anyway seven years after his "legal" death (1983), making her marriage to Herb Callison invalid but subsequent marriages legal.
^ Zeman, Jacklyn. "Spencer Quotes and Anecdotes". Retrieved April 24, 2013. When I auditioned for the part , Bobbie was a little vixen. I got the role because the producer had liked my work as bad girl Lana McClain on One Life to Live.
^ Waggett, Gerry (2008). The One Life to Live 40th Anniversary Trivia Book. New York City: Hyperion Books. p. 272. ISBN 9781401323097.
^ "One Life to Live recap (1971)". ABC. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
^ "One Life to Live recap (1978, Part 1)". American Broadcasting Company. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved May 17, 2013.
^ One Life to Live. Season 3. August 1970. American Broadcasting Company.
^ One Life to Live. Season 4. December 31, 1971. American Broadcasting Company.
Notes
1. ^ Esther Rolle temporarily assumed the role for Hayman in 1971.
vteOne Life to Live(1968–2013)CharactersLord family
Victor Lord
Victoria Lord
Meredith Lord
Tina Lord
Tony Lord
Todd Manning
Richard Abbott
Wolek family
Larry Wolek
Vince Wolek
Anna Wolek
Daniel Wolek
Jenny Wolek
Karen Wolek
Cramer family
Dorian Cramer Lord
Blair Cramer
Kelly Cramer
Adriana Cramer
Paul Cramer
Buchanan family
Asa Buchanan
Clint Buchanan
Bo Buchanan
Cord Roberts
Matthew Buchanan
David Vickers
Rex Balsom
Other
Nash Brennan and Jessica Buchanan
Todd Manning and Blair Cramer
Roxy Balsom
Jared Banks
Jessica Buchanan
Joey Buchanan
Kevin Buchanan
Natalie Buchanan
Nora Buchanan
Nash Brennan
Skye Chandler
Margaret Cochran
Cathy Craig
Jim Craig
Rae Cummings
Marco Dane
Ben Davidson
Téa Delgado
Echo DiSavoy
Billy Douglas
Destiny Evans
Greg Evans
Shaun Evans
Oliver Fish
Robert Ford
Hank Gannon
Rachel Gannon
Carla Gray
Sadie Gray
Ed Hall
Josh Hall
Carlo Hesser
Max Holden
Jeffrey King
Mitch Laurence
Brody Lovett
Danielle Manning
Irene Manning
Jack Manning
Starr Manning
John McBain
Michael McBain
Gabrielle Medina
Gigi Morasco
Shane Morasco
Alex Olanov
Allison Perkins
Lindsay Rappaport
Ross Rayburn
Riley family
Eileen Riley Siegel
Joe Riley
Sarah Roberts
Talia Sahid
Marty Saybrooke
Cole Thornhart
Mark Toland
Cristian Vega
Brad Vernon
Marcie Walsh McBain
Aubrey Wentworth
Cutter Wentworth
Lists
Full character list
1960s–1970s characters
1980s characters
1990s characters
2000s characters
2010s characters
Senior cast
Erika Slezak
Michael Storm
Robert S. Woods
Philip Carey
Patricia Elliott
Robin Strasser
Peter Bartlett
Hillary B. Smith
Kassie DePaiva
ExecutivesExecutive producers
Doris Quinlan (1968–1977)
Joseph Stuart (1977–1983)
Jean Arley (1983–84)
Paul Rauch (1984–1991)
Linda Gottlieb (1991–1994)
Susan Bedsow Horgan (1994–1996)
Maxine Levinson (1996–1997)
Jill Farren Phelps (1997–2001)
Gary Tomlin (2001–2002)
Frank Valentini (2003–2012)
Jennifer Pepperman (2013)
Head writers
Agnes Nixon (creator)
Lorraine Broderick
Ron Carlivati
Craig Carlson
John William Corrington
Joyce Hooper Corrington
Brian Frons
Josh Griffith
Sam Hall
Dena Higley
Susan Bedsow Horgan
Claire Labine
Matthew Labine
Leah Laiman
Pamela K. Long
Michael Malone
Megan McTavish
Peggy O'Shea
Jean Passanante
Thom Racina
Gordon Russell
S. Michael Schnessel
Henry Slesar
Peggy Sloane
Gary Tomlin
Frank Valentini
Christopher Whitesell
Storylines
1968–1979
1980–1989
1990–1999
2000–2013
Todd Manning and Marty Saybrooke rape storylines
Related
Llanview
Cast members
Crew members
ABC Daytime
Prospect Park
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dynamic list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists"},{"link_name":"adding missing items","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(1968%E2%80%931979)"},{"link_name":"reliable sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"}],"text":"This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.This is a list of characters from the ABC Daytime soap opera, One Life to Live, that began their run between the show's pilot episode and the end of 1979.","title":"List of One Life to Live characters (1968–1979)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Mary Gordon Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Gordon_Murray"}],"text":"Becky Lee Abbott is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated by Jill Voight in February 1977, a role she played through December 1978. Mary Gordon Murray stepped into the role in August 1979 and played Becky until May 1985. Murray later made several guest appearances in 1986, 1988, 1996, 1998 and from November 15 to 19, 2001.When Becky Lee was first shown, she was an aspiring country-and-Western singer. She was later signed to the record company owned by Asa Buchanan. Her first husband had been Luke Jackson, and she later married Richard Abbott. She and fellow singer Johnny Drummond often worked together. She became attracted to Bo Buchanan, and they conceived a son. Bo would not marry her, so Bo's father Asa Buchanan married her.Becky later had amnesia, and she met the Wilde family in the mountains.","title":"Becky Lee Abbott"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Courtney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Courtney"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pat_debut-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Patricia \"Pat\" Ashley Lord (formerly Kendall and Brewster) is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by actress Jacqueline Courtney from the character's inception in April 1975[1] continually through its onscreen departure in December 1983.Pat was the twin sister of Maggie Ashley (also played by Jacqueline Courtney) and the daughter of Helena Ashley (played by Augusta Dabney). Her son, Brian Austin, was the illegitimate son of Tony Lord and the grandson of Victor Lord. Brian was later killed.Pat dated Clint Buchanan, Bo Buchanan, and Adam Brewster.[2]","title":"Pat Ashley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"}],"text":"Steven \"Steve\" Burke is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated by actor Bernard Grant in August 1970, who played the character continually through 1975.","title":"Steve Burke"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Dorian Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian_Lord"},{"link_name":"Marco Dane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Dane"},{"link_name":"Victoria \"Viki\" Lord Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Lord"},{"link_name":"Karen Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Talbot Huddleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbot_Huddleston"},{"link_name":"Llanfair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanfair_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Cassie Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassie_Callison"}],"text":"Herbert \"Herb\" Callison is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The character was played by actor Anthony Call from its inception in 1978 through its last regular appearance in 1992. Call reprised the role in 1993.Herb gains notoriety (and a friend in Dorian Lord) upon serving as the Llanview District Attorney during the Marco Dane murder trial against Victoria \"Viki\" Lord Riley. Viki who was ultimately acquitted, and which resulted in the shocking revelation that Karen Wolek was a prostitute involved with client and actual murderer Talbot Huddleston.Upon marrying Dorian at Llanfair in 1981, he adopts her daughter Cassie Reynolds, who soon takes her stepfather's surname as he adopts her. Herb and Dorian divorce in 1985, though the two remain close friends. Herb departs fictional Llanview in 1992, returning briefly for Christmas episodes in December 1993.","title":"Herb Callison"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malinda Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malinda_Cramer"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Dorian Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian_Lord"},{"link_name":"Llanview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanview"},{"link_name":"Mark Toland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Toland"},{"link_name":"Dr. Peter Janssen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Janssen_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Jenny Wolek Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Wolek"},{"link_name":"psychosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis"},{"link_name":"Herb Callison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Callison"},{"link_name":"David Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Renaldi"},{"link_name":"Cassie Callison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassie_Callison"},{"link_name":"Jon Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Russell_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Kelly Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Cramer"},{"link_name":"Elijah Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Clarke_(One_Life_to_Live)"}],"text":"\"Melinda Cramer\" redirects here. For the co-founder of the Church Divine Science, see Malinda Cramer.Melinda Cramer is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The character debuted on April 30, 1973 with leading series antagonist Dr. Dorian Cramer. She last appeared onscreen on August 2, 2004, and died off-screen February 28, 2010.Sisters Melinda and Dorian arrive in fictional Llanview in 1973. Mentally-disturbed Melinda stabs Dorian's lover, Mark Toland, in 1974, leading to her institutionalization.A recovered Melinda returns to Llanview in 1978, but soon sabotages Dorian's new relationship with Dr. Peter Janssen, wanting him for herself. Melinda seems to win when she and Peter elope, but her obsessive-compulsive behavior returns. Resuming her career as a concert pianist, Melinda practices day and night, putting a strain on her marriage to Peter. She becomes more unbalanced when a failed audition put a close to her musical ambitions. In 1979, Melinda checks herself into the Compton Clinic. Dorian then has Melinda declared mentally incompetent; by 1980, Peter hopes to marry Jenny Wolek Vernon, but couldn't divorce Melinda until she was mentally stable. After threatening Jenny with a letter opener and sinking further into psychosis, Melinda returns to the clinic in 1981. She is seen again briefly in 1983, as Herb Callison visits her in order to learn the truth about Dorian's past with David Reynolds.Melinda returns again in 1987 after Dorian's departure, and moves into Dorian's penthouse with Dorian's daughter Cassie Callison. Melinda witnesses the murder of mobster Alec Crown by Dr. Donald Lamarr and testifies against him. She gets a job working at the Banner, and helps solve several criminal activities in Llanview. Melinda has a relationship with Jon Russell, and leaves town herself in 1989.It is later discovered that Melinda has returned to living in a sanitarium, now in California. Her daughter Kelly Cramer moves to Llanview in 1995. Melinda herself returns to Llanview in 1997, briefly, before leaving once again, choosing to return to the sanitarium.In 2004, her daughter Kelly visits her while she is now living in Boston, in a different sanitarium.On March 1, 2010, Cassie returns to Llanview to inform Dorian of Melinda's offscreen death. Although the Cramer family originally believed Mitch Laurence and Allison Perkins to be the culprits of Melinda's death, it was later revealed that Elijah Clarke, the husband of her niece Blair, actually was responsible for her death. According to him, she had recognized him from a photograph in the newspaper, and threatened to warn her niece about his murderous past.","title":"Melinda Cramer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"}],"text":"Gregory \"Greg\" Huddleston is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by Paul Joynt from 1977 until his final appearance in April 1979.Greg is Tina Clayton's first boyfriend. His parents are Talbot and Adelle Huddleston.","title":"Greg Huddleston"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Karen Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Brian Kendall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Kendall_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Tony Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Lord_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Paul Kendall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kendall_(One_Life_to_Live)"}],"text":"Talbot Huddleston is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by actor Byron Sanders onscreen from May 1977 until April 1979.A wealthy businessman, Talbot engages in affair with married call girl Karen Wolek. On January 16, 1978, Talbot accidentally ran over and killed Brian Kendall after learned his birth father was not Tony Lord, not Paul Kendall. He is arrested on manslaughter charges and last appears in 1979.Talbot was the father of Greg Huddleston (played by Paul Joynt), the first boyfriend of Tina Clayton. Talbot's wife was the alcoholic Adelle Huddleston (played by Lori March).","title":"Talbot Huddleston"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"}],"text":"Dr. Peter Janssen is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime serial One Life to Live. The role was originated and notably played by actor Jeff Pomerantz, who appeared in the role January 1976 through 1979 and again in 1987. Robert Burton stepped into the role in January 1980 and was subsequently replaced by Denny Albee. Albee appeared onscreen November 12, 1980 through the character's death May 20, 1982.Dr. Peter Jansen was the third husband of Jenny Wolek, R. N.","title":"Peter Janssen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Karen Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Nancy Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Snyder"}],"text":"Katrina Karr is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The colleague of fellow prostitute Karen Wolek, role was portrayed onscreen by actress Nancy Snyder from February 1979 until 1983.Katrina later leaves her life of prostitution and moves into the boarding house owned and operated by Ina Hopkins. She and Marcello Salta dated.","title":"Katrina Karr"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Brad Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Vernon"},{"link_name":"Katrina Karr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina_Karr"},{"link_name":"Jenny Wolek Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Marco Dane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Dane"},{"link_name":"Karen Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Aubrey Wentworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey_Wentworth"},{"link_name":"Joey Riley Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Victoria \"Viki\" Lord Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Lord"},{"link_name":"Joe Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Riley_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Judith Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Light"}],"text":"Regan McManus (1981–83)Kristine Karr (born Mary Vernon) is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live that appeared onscreen from November 1, 1979 until 1983.Brad Vernon engages in an extramarital affair with prostitute Katrina Karr. Katrina conceives a daughter, born the same night as his stillborn daughter to his wife, Jenny Wolek Vernon, onscreen November 1, 1979 at Llanview Hospital. Con man Marco Dane elicits Jenny's sister Karen Wolek to switch Jenny's dead child with Katrina's baby. Katrina long believes her live-born child died in the nursery of the hospital, while Jenny raises a child she and Brad name Mary Vernon. After nearly three years of deception, Karen and Marco tell Jenny the truth about the two children, and Jenny returns Mary Vernon to Katrina. Katrina soon renames the child Kristine Karr, and departs offscreen with the child in 1983.Con woman Aubrey Wentworth appears in fictional Llanview in 2010, marrying Joey Riley Buchanan, the son of town businesswoman Victoria \"Viki\" Lord Banks and her deceased former husband Joe Riley born mere months after Kristine Karr. Aubrey reveals onscreen her name, \"Aubrey Wentworth,\" to be an alias for her real name Kristine Karr. As leading Karen Wolek portrayer Judith Light declined to appear on the ABC Daytime finale of OLTL, Aubrey's possible identity as the Kristine Karr born to Katrina and Brad was not divulged onscreen, and Aubrey last appears in December 2011.","title":"Kristine Karr"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patricia \"Pat\" Ashley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Ashley"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Courtney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Courtney"},{"link_name":"Victoria \"Viki\" Lord Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Lord"},{"link_name":"Erika Slezak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erika_Slezak"},{"link_name":"Anthony \"Tony\" Harris Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Lord_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"George Reinholt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Reinholt"},{"link_name":"Paul Kendall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kendall_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Tom Fuccello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Fuccello"},{"link_name":"Llanview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanview"},{"link_name":"Talbot Huddleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbot_Huddleston"},{"link_name":"call girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_girl"},{"link_name":"Karen Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Judith Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Light"},{"link_name":"drive away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_and_run_(vehicular)"}],"text":"Brian Kendall is introduced as the eight-year-old son of new Banner reporter Patricia \"Pat\" Ashley (Jacqueline Courtney) in 1975. Shortly after his introduction, Pat reveals to new boss Victoria \"Viki\" Lord Riley (Erika Slezak) that her son is, in fact, Viki's nephew and the son of Viki's maternal cousin and newly uncovered brother, Anthony \"Tony\" Harris Lord (George Reinholt). As Pat and Tony become romantically involved, Brian grows to greatly despise her mother's new beau as he pined for his late father Paul Kendall (Tom Fuccello), who apparently died before Brian and his mother relocated to Llanview.On the episode first-run January 16, after years of speculation, mother Pat confirms Brian's worst suspicions — that Tony is his natural father; revealed out in the streets of the busy Llanview town square by Pat and Tony (Philip MacHale), a devastated Brian runs out into the street, where he is accidentally hit in a car driven by married businessman Talbot Huddleston in the company of his call girl, also married Karen Wolek (Judith Light). Panicked that their romantic indiscretions would be uncovered, Talbot and Karen decidedly drive away, leaving a severely-injured Brian on the road to succumb to injuries. Brian quietly dies without regaining consciousness in Llanview Hospital, mother Pat at his side.","title":"Brian Kendall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Tom Fuccello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Fuccello"}],"text":"Paul Kendall is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by actor Tom Fuccello from October 1977 until its onscreen departure in March 1979.","title":"Paul Kendall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Margaret Klenck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Klenck"}],"text":"Edwina Lewis (formerly Dane) is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by actress Margaret Klenck from July 1977 until November 1984.Edwina was a young reporter hired by Joe Riley to work at The Banner. She had really followed Richard Abbott there after he had been hired to work for The Banner. Edwina was romantically obsessed with Richard, who met and began dating aspiring country-and-Western singer Becky Lee Hunt.Edwina and Richard's mother, Gwendolyn Lord Abbott, work and conspire as much as they could to break up Richard and Becky Lee.Later, Edwina became the wife of Marco Dane. Marco learns that Edwina is the natural daughter of Dr. Ivan Kipling, but does not tell Edwina.Edwina and Marco eventually divorced, and Edwina left Llanview.","title":"Edwina Lewis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_pilot"}],"text":"Karen Martin is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated on the show pilot by Niki Flacks July 15, 1968. Flacks continued in the role until the character's last appearance in 1970.","title":"Karen Martin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Joan Copeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Copeland"}],"text":"Gwendolyn Lord Abbott is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime serial One Life to Live. The role was originated and played by actress Joan Copeland from 1978 through 1979.","title":"Gwendolyn Lord"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Jacklyn Zeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacklyn_Zeman"},{"link_name":"Bobbie Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobbie_Spencer"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Gloria Monty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Monty"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tony Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Lord_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"George Reinholt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Reinholt"},{"link_name":"Brad Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Vernon"},{"link_name":"Jameson Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameson_Parker"},{"link_name":"Jenny Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Katherine Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Glass"},{"link_name":"sleeping pills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_pills"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anniversary-5"},{"link_name":"manslaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manslaughter"}],"text":"Lana McClain is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The character was the first contract soap role for actress Jacklyn Zeman, who became most recognized for long-playing Bobbie Spencer on sister serial General Hospital. Zeman appeared as Lana from September 1976 until the character's death in November 1977, when she was cast two months later for GH by Gloria Monty based on her OLTL performance.[4]Lana first appears as a waitress at Tony's Place, a diner owned by Tony Lord (George Reinholt). She is soon hit on by womanizer Brad Vernon (Jameson Parker), who dated Jenny Wolek (Katherine Glass) at the time. As Brad carried on a relationship with both, Lana becomes a nurse at Llanview Hospital and reveals her pregnancy with his child in November 1977. A drunken Lana dies after Brad gives her a glass of milk laced with sleeping pills.[5] Brad is soon convicted of manslaughter in Lana's death in January 1978.","title":"Lana McClain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Mark Toland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Toland"},{"link_name":"Tom Lee Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Lee_Jones"}],"text":"Dorothy Randolph is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role appeared onscreen in April and May 1975 opposite leading role Mark Toland (Tom Lee Jones).","title":"Dorothy Randolph"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Lori March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lori_March"}],"text":"Eugenia Randolph Lord is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The deceased character exists at the show's inception in 1968, first appearing onscreen in flashbacks in 1969. Lori March assumed the role in 1987, and the character is last shown in 1995.","title":"Eugenia Randolph Lord"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Joe Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Riley_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Lee Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Patterson"},{"link_name":"Cathy Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Craig"},{"link_name":"Victoria \"Viki\" Lord Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Lord"},{"link_name":"Erika Slezak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erika_Slezak"},{"link_name":"Steve Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Burke_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"congenital heart defect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_heart_defect"}],"text":"Megan Craig Riley is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. She was played by Kimaree Beyrent from December 2, 1974 until October 3, 1975. Megan is the daughter of Joe Riley (Lee Patterson) and Cathy Craig (Dorrie Kavanaugh).While Joe is presumed dead, wife Victoria \"Viki\" Lord Riley (Erika Slezak) marries Steve Burke in 1972; Viki is overjoyed when Joe returns, but chooses to stay loyal to Steve in 1973. Joe begins a relationship with Cathy, but he and Viki soon reunite. Viki's divorce from Steve is finalized, but Cathy is pregnant with Joe's child. He offers to marry her, but she refuses. Joe and Viki remarry in a simple ceremony in New York City. Cathy gives birth to Megan on-screen on the episode first-run December 2, 1974, but the child has a congenital heart defect that assures she will not live past adolescence. On the episode first-run October 3, 1975, Viki babysits baby Megan and, while in Viki's care, Megan stops breathing. Viki frantically puts Megan in her car to take her to the hospital but gets into a car accident as she drives in a storm. The accident seriously injures Viki, and Megan dies. Viki recovers, but Cathy swears revenge.","title":"Megan Craig Riley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Arthur Burghardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Burghardt"}],"text":"Jack Scott is a fictional character from the American soap opera One Life to Live portrayed by actor Arthur Burghardt. He played the role from 1978 until 1980, when the character was killed off. The character had intended to be short term.","title":"Jack Scott"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"}],"text":"Bert Skelly is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated by Wayne Jones in 1969, and subsequently played by Herb Davis from 1969 until the character's last appearance in 1972.","title":"Bert Skelly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Eileen Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Riley"},{"link_name":"Joe Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Riley_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Steve Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Burke_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Marcy Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcy_Wade"},{"link_name":"Vince Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Antony Ponzini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Ponzini"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_attack"}],"text":"Dave Siegel is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by actor Allan Miller from the series debut in July 1968 through the character's onscreen death December 13, 1972.The Jewish husband of Eileen Riley and brother-in-law to original male protagonist Joe Riley, attorney Dave Siegel is first introduced just after the series debut in July 1968, and provides regular legal defense to more dynamic series character during his appearance. In 1972, Dave manages to get Steve Burke acquitted for the accidental death of his secretary Marcy Wade. Unbeknownst to Dave, the crucial evidence comes from Joe, who was presumed dead. Eileen and close friend Vince Wolek (Antony Ponzini) never give up hope on Joe's impending return, and she is overjoyed when he finally reappears. Dave dies onscreen of a heart attack, leaving Eileen devastated.","title":"Dave Siegel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Joe Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Riley_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"heroine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero"},{"link_name":"Victoria Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Lord"},{"link_name":"Cathy Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Craig"},{"link_name":"lothario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothario"},{"link_name":"law school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_school"},{"link_name":"socially conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socially_conservative"},{"link_name":"womanizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promiscuity#Male_promiscuity"},{"link_name":"nervous breakdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_breakdown"},{"link_name":"Dr. Mark Toland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Toland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Lord family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_family"}],"text":"Julie Siegel Toland is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated by actress Lee Warrick from June 1969 until September 1974, when she was replaced by Leonie Norton. Norton continued in the role until May 1976, when the character was written off the series as moving to Florida.Niece of male protagonist Joe Riley, Julie first arrives in fictional Llanview in June 1969 for the wedding of Joe to leading heroine Victoria Lord. In 1970, she becomes close friends to Cathy Craig and falls in love with lothario law school student Jack Lawson (David Snell) and moves in with him without marrying, to the chagrin of her socially conservative parents. Julie assumes Jack would marry her upon completion of his law school work, but when she discovers him to be a womanizer and realizes he never intends to tie the knot, she retires to a nervous breakdown. While recovering from this breakdown, Julie meets Dr. Mark Toland, and they fall in love and get married on the May 5, 1971 episode.[6]Following the death of her father in December 1972, Julie's mother Eileen begins to date again, bothering Julie tremendously. She attempts to seduce her mother's lover, but to no avail. She leaves Llanview in 1976, months after Mark widows her in a Lord family caper.","title":"Julie Siegel Toland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Tom Berenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Berenger"},{"link_name":"law school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_school"},{"link_name":"Llanview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanview"},{"link_name":"Julie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Siegel"},{"link_name":"Joe Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Riley_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Lee Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Patterson"},{"link_name":"heroine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero"},{"link_name":"Victoria Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Lord"},{"link_name":"Eileen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Riley"},{"link_name":"Cathy Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Craig"},{"link_name":"Tom Berenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Berenger"},{"link_name":"Jenny Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Katherine Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Glass"},{"link_name":"Vince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Wolek"},{"link_name":"brain aneurysm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_aneurysm"}],"text":"Tim Siegel is fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role debuted on the series in June 1969, briefly originated by newcomer Bill Fowler. The role was assumed by William Cox from 1970 until 1971. Actor Tom Berenger stepped in as Tim when the character returns a law school dropout in April 1975. Tim last dies onscreen when Berenger left the series in April 1976.Law student Tim briefly appears in fictional Llanview in June 1969 with sister Julie (Lee Warrick) for the wedding of his maternal uncle Joe Riley (Lee Patterson) to media heiress and heroine Victoria Lord. He returns in 1970 when Joe is presumed dead, a fate he, his mother Eileen, and family refused to believe. After briefly engaging in a relationship with Cathy Craig, Tim returns to school. Tom Berenger steps into the role as Tim returns in April 1975 as a law school dropout. He becomes a construction worker and falls in love with novitiate nun Jenny Wolek (Katherine Glass). Jenny gives up the cloistered life for Tim, and the two get engaged. Her cousin Vince, outraged that Tim is stealing Jenny from the church, gets into a fight that exacerbates a latent brain aneurysm in Tim. When it becomes apparent that Tim was dying, Jenny arranges for a hasty wedding ceremony in Tim's hospital room, and with Joe, Eileen, and Julie looking on, the two marry on the April 5, 1976 episode. Tim dies shortly after the marriage is officiated on the following April 6 episode.","title":"Tim Siegel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"}],"text":"Dr. Price Trainor is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated on the pilot July 15, 1968 by actor Thurman Scott, who played the role during the show's first week. Peter DeAnda took over and played the role through the character's last appearance in December 1970.","title":"Price Trainor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"}],"text":"Naomi Vernon is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated and played by Terri Keane from June 1976 until the character's onscreen death September 30, 1977.","title":"Naomi Vernon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Julia Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"Will Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Vernon"},{"link_name":"chases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electra_complex"},{"link_name":"Tony Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Lord_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"plastic surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_surgery"},{"link_name":"Olympia Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Rafe Garretson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Garretson"},{"link_name":"Delilah Ralston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delilah_Ralston"},{"link_name":"life support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_support"},{"link_name":"surrogates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogacy"},{"link_name":"Viki Lord Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Lord"}],"text":"Samantha Vernon is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated by Julia Montgomery in June 1976. Montgomery left the series in September 1978. To accommodate her departure, the writers involved the character of Samantha in a disfiguring car crash. While the character was under bandages, actress Susan Keith assumed the part in October 1978. Due to negative audience reaction, the producers let Keith go at the end of her first contract cycle. Julie Montgomery was persuaded to return in January 1979; she remained for two additional years. Dorian Lopinto assumed the role in January 1981, playing Samantha through the character's onscreen death November 16, 1984. In April 1987, Samantha was shown along with many other deceased One Life to Live characters in a short story arc occurring in the afterlife. Julie Montgomery reprised the role for these sequences.Brad's little sister, Samantha, is introduced onscreen in June 1976, presented as resentful of her neglectful, workaholic father, Dr. Will Vernon. Samantha soon doggedly chases older man Tony Lord who, on the rebound from Pat Ashley, succumbs to an affair. However, Tony later admits that he never really loved Sam. Fleeing into a raging thunderstorm, Sam’s car collides head-on with another vehicle on the highway, leaving her disfigured from facial burns and killing her father’s fiancée Dr. Pamela Shephard.[7] Following successful reconstructive surgery, Sam faces an identity crisis after the bandages are removed to reveal a beautiful, but very different looking woman (actress Susan Keith now assuming the role). In early 1979, Sam leaves Llanview to receive corrective plastic surgery, which restores her previous face. Samantha returns to Llanview, and marries much older Asa Buchanan in 1981. Unbeknownst to all, Asa's believed-to-be-dead first wife Olympia Buchanan appears in Llanview alive and refuses to grant Asa a divorce. Asa soon imprisons Olympia and invalidly marries Samantha. Olympia escapes several times and attempts to kill either Asa and Samantha, but her plans are repeatedly foiled and she returns to her imprisonment. Finally, the truth about Olympia comes out, and Samantha leaves Asa. Samantha soon falls in love with Asa's nephew Rafe Garretson, and marries him in 1984. Samantha becomes pregnant, but is later discovered lifeless, floating facedown in a fitness club hot tub. Declared brain dead in November 1984, the child she was carrying was artificially implanted into her friend Delilah Ralston, and Rafe makes the painful decision to remove her from life support. The baby Delilah surrogates is born and named after Samantha. Samantha reappears in 1987 when friend Viki Lord Buchanan briefly dies and goes to Heaven.","title":"Samantha Vernon"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:One_Life_to_Live_cast_1977.JPG"},{"link_name":"Julia Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"Farley Granger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farley_Granger"},{"link_name":"Teri Keane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teri_Keane"},{"link_name":"Jameson Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameson_Parker"},{"link_name":"Psy.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Psychology"},{"link_name":"M.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Farley Granger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farley_Granger"},{"link_name":"Bernie McInerney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_McInerney"},{"link_name":"Anthony George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_George"},{"link_name":"Llanview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanview"},{"link_name":"Naomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Vernon"},{"link_name":"Jenny Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Sam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Vernon"}],"text":"Vernons, from left clockwise: Julia Montgomery as Sam, Farley Granger as Will, Teri Keane as Naomi, and Jameson Parker as Brad, 1977.Will Vernon Psy.D., M.D. is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime serial One Life to Live. The role was originated by film actor Farley Granger from June 1976 through early 1977. Bernie McInerney briefly assumed the role from March 1977 until late 1977. Anthony George last played Will from November 1977 through the character's last appearance in 1984.Llanview Hospital psychotherapist Dr. Will Vernon first arrives in fictional Llanview in June 1976. Before arriving in town, he'd already had one mistress, prompting his neurotic wife Naomi to take pills to numb her pain. Will was genuinely remorseful over his cheating ways, but passive-aggressive and manipulating Naomi never let him forget his sins. Naomi grows furiously jealous at the close relationship Will shares with secretary Jenny Wolek. Fearful that Will might leave her, Naomi concocted a fake suicide attempt in order to elicit her husband's sympathy. Her plan went awry and she actually did die as a result of taking too many sleeping pills. Will spends the duration of his time in Llanview psychoanalyzing dynamic series characters and guilty over his wife's death. Burying his time in work and neglecting his children, Dr. Vernon last appears onscreen when his daughter Sam dies in November 1984.","title":"Will Vernon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Francesca James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_James"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Marcy Wade is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated and played by actress Francesca James from August 1970 until the character's onscreen death January 3, 1972. Marcy arrived in Llanview looking for her husband Tom Mackenzie, an amnesia victim then going by the name Tom Edwards. Tom and Marcy previously had a life in Canada where Tom worked as a securities trader. A compulsive gambler, Marcy found herself indebted to loan sharks and stole securities from Tom’s briefcase to pay them. Tom was eventually arrested for grand larceny and sent to prison. In Llanview, Marcy thought she would be safe from the loan sharks who still wanted her because instead of paying her debt with the stolen securities, she had actually gambled them away. She began a new life as a secretary for Victoria Lord Riley at her family newspaper The Banner. However, Marcy was recognized by mobster Stan Perlo. Perlo made a deal with her. If she would become an informant for the mob, getting confidential police information, her gambling debts would be cancelled. Marcy secretly listened to private conversations at the newspaper and passed on information about an attempt to stop the local drug trade, which resulted in local cop Vinnie Wolek being shot. Horrified at Marcy’s selfishness, Tom wanted to go to Victor Lord and confess everything about his past and Marcy. Before Tom could act, Stan Perlo, in a failed attempt to kill Vinnie’s girlfriend Millie Parks, held her and Marcy hostage. Tom tried to save them, but he and Stan killed one another in a shootout. After Tom’s death, Marcy became pathologically obsessed with Steve Burke, editor of The Banner. Steve and Viki had fallen in love and planned to be married. Through her roommate Carla Gray, Marcy learned of Viki’s previous psychiatric history, which included a case of split personality. Marcy researched Viki’s history in The Banner archives and devised an intricate plot to get her rival out of the way. She began drugging Viki’s coffee with barbiturates, and while she was unconscious, donned a blonde wig and pretended to be Niki Smith, Viki’s former split personality. Soon Viki began to doubt her own sanity, creating conflict in her upcoming wedding to Steve. In the final stage of her plan, Marcy set a trap for Vinnie Wolek. She intended to lure him to the docks outside Ernie’s Bar, and dressed as Niki would kill him, leaving behind a confession signed as Niki Smith. With Viki either arrested or sent to an asylum, she would be free to have Steve all to herself. The meticulous plan went awry when Vinnie told Steve about the meeting on the docks. Steve went in Vinnie’s place, and when he came face to face with Marcy dressed as Niki, he knew she had been the mastermind behind the scheme to drive Viki mad. The two struggled over the gun Marcy brought to kill Vinnie, and she was shot and killed herself.[8][9]","title":"Marcy Wade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Chris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Chris"},{"link_name":"Llanview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanview"},{"link_name":"Vince Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Asa Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"LeeAnn Demerest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeeAnn_Demerest"},{"link_name":"Dorian Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian_Lord"},{"link_name":"Sloan Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloan_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Marty Saybrooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Saybrooke"},{"link_name":"Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlotta_Vega"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"}],"text":"Wanda Webb Wolek is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated by actress Marilyn Chris in February 1972, a role she played through 1977. Lee Lawson stepped into the role between 1977 until 1979, and Chris reprised the role from 1980 until Wanda's final appearance in 1994.Waitress Wanda Webb first appears in fictional Llanview in February 1972. She soon becomes romantically involved with Vince Wolek, who she marries Valentine's Day 1975. Vince dies in 1981, leaving Wanda widowed.Wanda is concurrently revealed to be a second cousin to Asa Buchanan, and remains in Llanview to run a restaurant. Offering her no-nonsense advice and delicious food, Wanda became a neighborhood friend to Llanview residents throughout the 1980s. Besides Wanda dating various men after Vince's death, She also took in her nephew, Jason Webb, who eventually left town to go to Texas with LeeAnn Demerest. She engaged in a serious confrontation with Dorian Lord when Dorian had Sloan Carpenter attacked outside her restaurant, and with Marty Saybrooke when Marty slept with newly engaged Jason, preparing to marry LeeAnn. Her restaurant, called Wanda's Place, was in the same Angel Square location which would later become home to Vega's café, and later the Buenos Dias Café. Wanda leaves town in 1994 when she remarries and moves to Seattle to open a bookstore.","title":"Wanda Webb"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Nancy Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Barrett"},{"link_name":"Mark Toland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Toland"},{"link_name":"Dorian Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian_Lord"}],"text":"Rachel Wilson Farmer is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by actress Nancy Barrett from early 1974 until the character's notable onscreen death months later at the negligent hands of Drs. Mark Toland and Dorian Cramer in July.","title":"Rachel Wilson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_a"},{"link_name":"Esther Rolle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Rolle"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:One_Life_to_Live_characters"},{"link_name":"Lord family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_family"},{"link_name":"Victor Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Lord"},{"link_name":"Victoria Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Lord"},{"link_name":"Meredith Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meredith_Lord"},{"link_name":"Tina Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Lord"},{"link_name":"Tony Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Lord_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Todd Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Manning"},{"link_name":"Richard Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Abbott_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Wolek family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolek_family"},{"link_name":"Larry Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Vince Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Anna Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Daniel Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Jenny Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Karen Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Cramer 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Brennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_Brennan"},{"link_name":"Skye Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skye_Chandler"},{"link_name":"Margaret Cochran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Cochran"},{"link_name":"Cathy Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Craig"},{"link_name":"Jim Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Craig_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Rae Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rae_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Marco Dane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Dane"},{"link_name":"Ben Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Davidson_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Téa Delgado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9a_Delgado"},{"link_name":"Echo DiSavoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_DiSavoy"},{"link_name":"Billy Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Douglas_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Destiny Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_Evans"},{"link_name":"Greg Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Evans_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Shaun Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Evans_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Oliver Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Fish"},{"link_name":"Robert Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ford_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Hank Gannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Gannon"},{"link_name":"Rachel Gannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Gannon"},{"link_name":"Carla Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Gray"},{"link_name":"Sadie Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadie_Gray"},{"link_name":"Ed Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Hall_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Josh Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Hall_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Carlo Hesser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Hesser"},{"link_name":"Max Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Holden_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_King"},{"link_name":"Mitch Laurence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Laurence"},{"link_name":"Brody Lovett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brody_Lovett"},{"link_name":"Danielle Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Manning"},{"link_name":"Irene Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Manning_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Jack Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Manning_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Starr Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starr_Manning"},{"link_name":"John McBain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McBain_(character)"},{"link_name":"Michael McBain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McBain"},{"link_name":"Gabrielle Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Medina"},{"link_name":"Gigi Morasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigi_Morasco"},{"link_name":"Shane Morasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Morasco"},{"link_name":"Alex Olanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Olanov"},{"link_name":"Allison Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Rappaport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Rappaport"},{"link_name":"Ross Rayburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Rayburn"},{"link_name":"Riley family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riley_family"},{"link_name":"Eileen Riley Siegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Riley_Siegel"},{"link_name":"Joe Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Riley_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Sarah Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Roberts_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Talia 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characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(1980s)"},{"link_name":"1990s characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(1990s)"},{"link_name":"2000s characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(2000s)"},{"link_name":"2010s characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(2010s)"},{"link_name":"Erika Slezak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erika_Slezak"},{"link_name":"Michael Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Storm"},{"link_name":"Robert S. Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._Woods"},{"link_name":"Philip Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Carey"},{"link_name":"Patricia Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Robin Strasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Strasser"},{"link_name":"Peter Bartlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bartlett_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Hillary B. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_B._Smith"},{"link_name":"Kassie DePaiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassie_DePaiva"},{"link_name":"Paul Rauch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rauch"},{"link_name":"Linda Gottlieb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Gottlieb"},{"link_name":"Jill Farren Phelps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Farren_Phelps"},{"link_name":"Gary Tomlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Tomlin"},{"link_name":"Frank Valentini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Valentini"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Pepperman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Pepperman"},{"link_name":"Agnes Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Lorraine Broderick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_Broderick"},{"link_name":"Ron Carlivati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Carlivati"},{"link_name":"Craig Carlson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Carlson"},{"link_name":"John William Corrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Corrington"},{"link_name":"Joyce Hooper Corrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Hooper_Corrington"},{"link_name":"Brian Frons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Frons"},{"link_name":"Josh Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Griffith"},{"link_name":"Sam Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Hall_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Dena Higley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dena_Higley"},{"link_name":"Claire Labine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Labine"},{"link_name":"Matthew Labine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Labine"},{"link_name":"Leah Laiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leah_Laiman"},{"link_name":"Pamela K. Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam_Long"},{"link_name":"Michael Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Malone_(author)"},{"link_name":"Megan McTavish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_McTavish"},{"link_name":"Jean Passanante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Passanante"},{"link_name":"Thom Racina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thom_Racina"},{"link_name":"Gordon Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Russell_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Henry Slesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Slesar"},{"link_name":"Peggy Sloane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Sloane"},{"link_name":"Gary Tomlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Tomlin"},{"link_name":"Frank Valentini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Valentini"},{"link_name":"Christopher Whitesell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Whitesell"},{"link_name":"1968–1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live_storylines_(1968%E2%80%931979)"},{"link_name":"1980–1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live_storylines_(1980%E2%80%931989)"},{"link_name":"1990–1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live_storylines_(1990%E2%80%931999)"},{"link_name":"2000–2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live_storylines_(2000%E2%80%932013)"},{"link_name":"Todd Manning and Marty Saybrooke rape storylines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Manning_and_Marty_Saybrooke_rape_storylines"},{"link_name":"Llanview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanview"},{"link_name":"Cast members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Life_to_Live_cast_members"},{"link_name":"Crew members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Life_to_Live_crew"},{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"Prospect Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_Park_(production_company)"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:One_Life_to_Live"}],"text":"1. ^ Esther Rolle temporarily assumed the role for Hayman in 1971.vteOne Life to Live(1968–2013)CharactersLord family\nVictor Lord\nVictoria Lord\nMeredith Lord\nTina Lord\nTony Lord\nTodd Manning\nRichard Abbott\nWolek family\nLarry Wolek\nVince Wolek\nAnna Wolek\nDaniel Wolek\nJenny Wolek\nKaren Wolek\nCramer family\nDorian Cramer Lord\nBlair Cramer\nKelly Cramer\nAdriana Cramer\nPaul Cramer\nBuchanan family\nAsa Buchanan\nClint Buchanan\nBo Buchanan\nCord Roberts\nMatthew Buchanan\nDavid Vickers\nRex Balsom\nOther\nNash Brennan and Jessica Buchanan\nTodd Manning and Blair Cramer\nRoxy Balsom\nJared Banks\nJessica Buchanan\nJoey Buchanan\nKevin Buchanan\nNatalie Buchanan\nNora Buchanan\nNash Brennan\nSkye Chandler\nMargaret Cochran\nCathy Craig\nJim Craig\nRae Cummings\nMarco Dane\nBen Davidson\nTéa Delgado\nEcho DiSavoy\nBilly Douglas\nDestiny Evans\nGreg Evans\nShaun Evans\nOliver Fish\nRobert Ford\nHank Gannon\nRachel Gannon\nCarla Gray\nSadie Gray\nEd Hall\nJosh Hall\nCarlo Hesser\nMax Holden\nJeffrey King\nMitch Laurence\nBrody Lovett\nDanielle Manning\nIrene Manning\nJack Manning\nStarr Manning\nJohn McBain\nMichael McBain\nGabrielle Medina\nGigi Morasco\nShane Morasco\nAlex Olanov\nAllison Perkins\nLindsay Rappaport\nRoss Rayburn\nRiley family\nEileen Riley Siegel\nJoe Riley\nSarah Roberts\nTalia Sahid\nMarty Saybrooke\nCole Thornhart\nMark Toland\nCristian Vega\nBrad Vernon\nMarcie Walsh McBain\nAubrey Wentworth\nCutter Wentworth\nLists\nFull character list\n1960s–1970s characters\n1980s characters\n1990s characters\n2000s characters\n2010s characters\nSenior cast\nErika Slezak\nMichael Storm\nRobert S. Woods\nPhilip Carey\nPatricia Elliott\nRobin Strasser\nPeter Bartlett\nHillary B. Smith\nKassie DePaiva\nExecutivesExecutive producers\nDoris Quinlan (1968–1977)\nJoseph Stuart (1977–1983)\nJean Arley (1983–84)\nPaul Rauch (1984–1991)\nLinda Gottlieb (1991–1994)\nSusan Bedsow Horgan (1994–1996)\nMaxine Levinson (1996–1997)\nJill Farren Phelps (1997–2001)\nGary Tomlin (2001–2002)\nFrank Valentini (2003–2012)\nJennifer Pepperman (2013)\nHead writers\nAgnes Nixon (creator)\nLorraine Broderick\nRon Carlivati\nCraig Carlson\nJohn William Corrington\nJoyce Hooper Corrington\nBrian Frons\nJosh Griffith\nSam Hall\nDena Higley\nSusan Bedsow Horgan\nClaire Labine\nMatthew Labine\nLeah Laiman\nPamela K. Long\nMichael Malone\nMegan McTavish\nPeggy O'Shea\nJean Passanante\nThom Racina\nGordon Russell\nS. Michael Schnessel\nHenry Slesar\nPeggy Sloane\nGary Tomlin\nFrank Valentini\nChristopher Whitesell\nStorylines\n1968–1979\n1980–1989\n1990–1999\n2000–2013\nTodd Manning and Marty Saybrooke rape storylines\nRelated\nLlanview\nCast members\nCrew members\nABC Daytime\nProspect Park\n\n Category","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Vernons, from left clockwise: Julia Montgomery as Sam, Farley Granger as Will, Teri Keane as Naomi, and Jameson Parker as Brad, 1977.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/One_Life_to_Live_cast_1977.JPG/220px-One_Life_to_Live_cast_1977.JPG"}] | [{"title":"List of One Life to Live characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters"}] | [{"reference":"One Life to Live. Season 7. April 1975. American Broadcasting Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live","url_text":"One Life to Live"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"American Broadcasting Company"}]},{"reference":"One Life to Live. Season 16. December 1983. American Broadcasting Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live","url_text":"One Life to Live"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"American Broadcasting Company"}]},{"reference":"Zeman, Jacklyn. \"Spencer Quotes and Anecdotes\". Retrieved April 24, 2013. When I auditioned for the part [on GH], Bobbie was a little vixen. I got the role because the producer had liked my work as bad girl Lana McClain on One Life to Live.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oocities.org/hollywood/hills/4894/branch5.html","url_text":"\"Spencer Quotes and Anecdotes\""}]},{"reference":"Waggett, Gerry (2008). 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Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved May 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080423033206/http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1978-79/1978.html","url_text":"\"One Life to Live recap (1978, Part 1)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"American Broadcasting Company"},{"url":"http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1978-79/1978.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"One Life to Live. Season 3. August 1970. American Broadcasting Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live","url_text":"One Life to Live"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"American Broadcasting Company"}]},{"reference":"One Life to Live. Season 4. December 31, 1971. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Bryant_(DD-665) | USS Bryant | ["1 1944","2 1945","3 Awards","4 References","5 External links"] | Fletcher-class destroyer
USS Bryant (DD-665), Charleston, 7 January 1944
History
United States
NameUSS Bryant
NamesakeRear Admiral Samuel W. Bryant
BuilderCharleston Navy Yard
Laid down30 December 1942
Launched29 May 1943
Commissioned4 December 1943
Decommissioned15 January 1947
Stricken30 June 1968
FateScrapped, April 1976
General characteristics
Class and typeFletcher-class destroyer
Displacement2,050 tons
Length376 ft 5 in (114.73 m)
Beam39 ft 7 in (12.07 m)
Draft17 ft 9 in (5.41 m)
Propulsion
60,000 shp (45 MW);
geared turbines;
2 propellers
Speed35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph)
Range
6,500 nautical miles at 15 kt
(12,000 km at 30 km/h)
Complement329
Armament
5 × 5 in (130 mm)/38 guns,
4 × 40 mm AA guns,
4 × 20 mm guns AA guns,
10 × 21 inch (533 mm). torpedo tubes,
6 × depth charge projectors,
2 × depth charge tracks
USS Bryant (DD-665) was a Fletcher-class destroyer of the United States Navy, named for Rear Admiral Samuel W. Bryant (1877–1938).
Bryant was launched 29 May 1943 by Charleston Navy Yard; sponsored by Mrs. Samuel W. Bryant, widow of Rear Admiral Bryant; and commissioned 4 December 1943.
1944
After fitting out at the Charleston Navy Yard, Bryant conducted a month-long shakedown cruise near Bermuda before returning to the Charleston Navy Yard on 28 February 1944 for a 10-day, post-shakedown availability. The destroyer then set sail for the Boston Navy Yard and arrived there on the 13th. Two days later, she and McNair got underway for the Pacific as escorts for Wasp. The trio transited the Panama Canal on the 20th and then steamed north for a one-day replenishment stop at San Diego before heading on toward Hawaii. On 3 April, Bryant entered Pearl Harbor and, following three days of exercises there, devoted the remainder of April and the beginning of May to a yard availability to repair leaks in her reduction gear and fireroom hull.
Her repairs completed, the warship conducted antisubmarine warfare patrols and participated in landing and bombardment exercises near Pearl Harbor during the latter half of May. She got underway on 29 May for Eniwetok, the staging area for the invasion of the Marianas. On 11 June, she set out for Saipan in the Northern Attack Force and spent D-Day, the 15th, in the transport screen. For the next month and a half, the destroyer patrolled the waters surrounding Saipan and Tinian on radar picket station, occasionally providing fire support and illuminating fire to help troops fighting ashore.
Bryant returned to Eniwetok Atoll on 5 August and settled in alongside Piedmont for 10 days of engineering repairs. Following a six-day tender availability at Purvis Bay, she stood out to sea on 6 September for the Palaus. During the morning watch of the 12th, Bryant approached Peleliu in the destroyer screen of Task Group 32.5 (TG 32.5), which consisted of the flagship Louisville, Idaho, Mississippi, and Portland. When firing positions had been achieved, the roar of the battlewagons’ 14-inch (356 mm) guns heralded the opening of a three-day long pattern of rotating bombardment by air and sea. Daily, Bryant took leave of her screening duties with the capital ships to close the beach and dump 40-millimeter rounds on enemy positions which threatened the operations of the underwater demolition teams (UDTs). On 16 September, the day after the initial landings on Peleliu, Vice Admiral Theodore S. Wilkinson received Admiral William F. Halsey's order to "seize Ulithi as early as practicable…with resources at hand." Bryant served as part of the screen for the 323rd Regimental Combat Team tasked with occupying the atoll, needed as an advance base for operations to liberate the Philippines. The landings, which took place on 23 September, encountered no opposition because the Japanese garrison had already abandoned the islets and moved to Yap.
A decision by the American high command to cancel the landings at Yap and Mindanao in favor of accelerating the timetable for operations against Leyte and Luzon afforded Bryant little time to replenish her depleted supply of fuel and ammunition. On 24 September, she departed Ulithi, made a brief stop at Kossol Roads, and reached Seeadler Harbor on the 28th for two weeks of voyage repairs, drills, and recreation. On 11 October, she "topped off" her fuel and commenced a week-long passage to Leyte Gulf. During the early morning hours of 20 October, Bryant stood off Leyte approximately 12,000 yards (11,000 m) from Catmon Hill conducting indirect fire in support of the troops landing with the Southern Attack Force near Dulag. Later in the day, she helped to silence a mortar position which had earlier damaged Bennion with a near miss.
On the 21st, she joined TG 77.2 and readied herself to meet a Japanese attempt to force through Surigao Strait and destroy the American transports in Leyte Gulf. Surigao Strait — a waterway bracketed by Leyte and Panaon Islands to the north and west and by Mindanao and Dinagat Islands to the south and east — constitutes the southern approach to the gulf. Rear Admiral Jesse B. Oldendorf deployed his battleships and cruisers across the northern mouth of the strait and arrayed his destroyers on either flank. The Japanese strike force under Vice Admiral Shoji Nishimura — composed of the battleships Yamashiro and Fusō, the heavy cruiser Mogami, and four destroyers — steamed into the strait from the south during mid-watch on the 25th. Deployed to the east side of the strait, Bryant, Halford, and Robinson comprised one of the three destroyer sections assigned to screen Rear Admiral Oldendorf's left-flank cruisers. By the time Bryant closed within range of the enemy column, many of his ships had been sunk or were burning as a consequence of the right-flank destroyers’ torpedo attack and the gunfire of the battleships and cruisers in the battle line. At 03:39, under the cover of salvos from the battleships and cruisers, the trio commenced their attack to the starboard side of the enemy battle line as it pressed northward. Bryant closed to 8,800 yards (8,000 m) and loosed a spread of five torpedoes, none of which found their target, and then retired unscathed to a position near Hibuson Island.
After receiving word that American escort carriers had come under fire in the Battle off Samar, TG 77.2 discontinued pursuit of Nishimura's force and steamed to aid the baby flattops. When the task group arrived too late to influence events near Samar, it dispatched Bryant to a radar picket station between Suluan and Dinagat Islands. Although the majority of 7th Fleet units returned to Ulithi at the end of October to rest after the nearly-continuous operations of the summer, Bryant, three battleships, four cruisers, and 12 other destroyers remained in Surigao Strait lest the Japanese attempt another thrust through that entrance to Leyte Gulf. No surface threat materialized, but the task group endured repeated air attacks on 1 November which, according to the destroyer's war diaries, the Japanese pilots pressed home with "fanatic determination." Though Bryant splashed one of the enemy dive bombers, the kamikaze suicide planes wreaked havoc on the destroyers, damaging five and sending Abner Read to the bottom. After two more weeks of uneventful patrols in Surigao Strait, she departed those dangerous waters and headed for the Admiralty Islands, tallying an enemy plane en route.
She reached Seeadler Harbor on 21 November and promptly commenced a much-needed six days of voyage repairs and replenishment. The destroyer set sail on the 28th, fueled from Nashville at sea, and reached Leyte Gulf on 2 December. She patrolled off Leyte for two weeks before anchoring in San Pedro Bay. There, Bryant joined the first resupply echelon bound for Mindoro since that island had been invaded on the 15th. The supply convoy departed late on the 19th with Bryant, the primary fighter director for the convoy, responsible for coordinating combat air patrol (CAP). Two days into the voyage, she stood a severe test on that capability. Following an inconsequential dawn raid by two Nakajima Ki-43 "Oscar" Army fighters, the Japanese fell upon the convoy that evening with a tenacious attack involving approximately 30 planes. As the enemy pilots pressed toward the landing ships located in the center of the formation, antiaircraft fire from Bryant felled one enemy flier and assisted in the splashing of another. However, three "Oscars" broke through the screen and crashed into LST-460, LST-749, and the Liberty ship Juan de Fuca, sending both of the amphibious ships to the bottom.
The next morning, the convoy reached Mindoro, and the destroyers formed a circular screen about five miles (8.0 km) from the beach to cover the unloading of the remaining landing ships. At 09:45, as Bryant waited on station, her commanding officer sighted a Mitsubishi A6M "Zeke" fighter at 4,000 yards (4,000 m). The pilot commenced a suicide run, and the destroyer maneuvered furiously to unmask her battery to starboard. Despite hits from Bryant's 20-millimeter and 40-millimeter guns, the kamikaze seemed destined to strike her at the number 2 stack. However, the plane overshot the target, the right wing narrowly clearing a 40-millimeter mount, and splashed 50 yards (50 m) away just even with the bridge. As the plane disappeared beneath the waves, it exploded, showering the agile warship with fragments of the tail assembly. These punctured her portside shell plating in numerous places and injured one of her crewmen. That evening, after the LSTs unloaded, the convoy reformed and returned to Leyte where Bryant anchored for the remainder of the year.
1945
On 2 January 1945, she departed Leyte Gulf in the screen of the battleships and cruisers in TG 77.2's fire-support unit. During the approach to Luzon, the Japanese subjected the task group to a series of heavy air raids which inflicted damage on several ships. Early on the 9th, Bryant closed the beach to provide fire support for the Lingayen landings, then patrolled the area, weathering heavy seas and high winds, during the next week to parry a possible incursion by the enemy. Following a two-day visit to Leyte, the warship entered Ulithi lagoon on 26 January for three weeks of replenishment and preparation for the invasion of Iwo Jima.
On 10 February, she got underway in company with TG 52.19, conducted rehearsals near Saipan from the 12th through the 14th, and reached Iwo Jima two days later. While the island received a ferocious pounding from air and sea during the two days before the landings, Bryant provided close-in support to cover beach reconnaissance and minesweepers. On the morning of the 19th,
the 4th and 5th Marine Divisions landed on the eastern shore of Iwo Jima, inaugurating a bloody and hard-fought campaign for the heavily fortified base.
On 27 February, Bryant came under heavy fire from a Japanese shore battery, but was saved by the efforts of the USS West Virginia. For the balance of February and into March, Bryant patrolled her fire support area lashing out at enemy targets when needed and occasionally acting as a radar picket.
On 9 March, she set sail for the Western Carolines. En route, the destroyer made a refueling stop at Saipan, before putting in at Ulithi on the 13th for a week of voyage repairs and tender availability in preparation for the invasion of Okinawa. On 21 March, as part of Task Force 54 (TF 54), she departed for the Ryūkyūs in the antisubmarine screen of the minesweepers. The destroyer rendezvoused with a minesweeping group on the 25th and shepherded them during two days sweeping mines to the west of Okinawa. Over the five days following, she alternated between radar picket duty and gun-fire missions on Japanese efforts to improve their beach defenses.
On 1 April, Bryant started two weeks of radar picket duty. Her relatively quiet patrols contrasted with the grim experiences of destroyers on station elsewhere. On 16 April, however, her luck changed. That morning, the Japanese launched a 165-plane kamikaze mission, the third of 10 kikusui or "floating chrysanthemum" attacks launched during the Okinawa campaign. Laffey suffered the first and most intense attack of the day, being struck by no less than six kamikazes, four bombs, and numerous near misses. Bryant received word that Laffey required assistance and rushed to aid her. After turning back sporadic attacks, she found herself the target of a coordinated attack by six enemy planes. First, three "Zeke" fighters closed the warship in a shallow glide. Her port batteries dispatched one, and the CAP splashed another; but the third attacker, though hit repeatedly and trailing smoke, made it through and crashed into Bryant just below the bridge near the main radio room. A bomb from the kamikaze then exploded, engulfing the entire bridge in flames and doing major damage to communication, fire-control and radar equipment. Damage control teams, standing by to assist Laffey, extinguished the major fires within a couple of minutes and soon the wounded destroyer was making 23 knots (43 km/h). Still, despite the prompt response, the attack exacted a heavy toll. In addition to her human casualties, 34 dead and 33 wounded, the destroyer suffered material damage enough to require repairs in the United States, and so she limped back to Kerama Retto to begin temporary repairs.
On 27 April, with the patching necessary for a homeward voyage completed, she got underway for the United States. Steaming via Guam, Eniwetok, and Pearl Harbor, Bryant reached San Francisco on 28 May and, the next day, settled in for a yard overhaul at the United Engineering Co., Ltd., at Alameda. In addition to repair of the battle damage, the yard endeavored to improve her antiaircraft armament. However, the work stretched out over almost four months, and the war ended during the interlude. Finally, on 20 September, she stood out for a six-day "ready for sea" period which exposed a number of electrical problems that remained uncorrected by her overhaul. Declared unfit for duty by her commanding officer, the destroyer steamed southward to San Diego. Soon after her arrival on the 27th, Bryant commenced preparations for inactivation and was eventually placed in commission, in reserve, on 9 July 1946. After another 18 months in that bureaucratic limbo, she was decommissioned at last on 15 January 1947. She remained a part of the Pacific Reserve Fleet for nearly 30 years. Then, on 30 June 1968, her name was struck from the Navy List, she was sold in April 1976 to Luria Brothers, and scrapped in July 1976.
Awards
Bryant received the Navy Unit Commendation and seven battle stars during her World War II career.
References
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Bryant (DD-665)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. 25 November 2005.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to USS Bryant (DD-665).
USS Bryant Veterans Association's official website
history.navy.mil: USS Bryant (DANFS, revised Nov 2005)
Text of Navy Unit Commendation Medal
navsource.org: USS Bryant
hazegray.org: USS Bryant
vteFletcher-class destroyersCompleted
Fletcher
Radford
Jenkins
La Vallette
Nicholas
O'Bannon
Chevalier
Saufley
Waller
Strong
Taylor
De Haven
Bache
Beale
Guest
Bennett
Fullam
Hudson
Hutchins
Pringle
Stanly
Stevens
Halford
Leutze
Philip
Renshaw
Ringgold
Schroeder
Sigsbee
Conway
Cony
Converse
Eaton
Foote
Spence
Terry
Thatcher
Anthony
Wadsworth
Walker
Brownson
Daly
Isherwood
Kimberly
Luce
Abner Read
Ammen
Mullany (ex-Beatty)
Bush
Trathen
Hazelwood
Heermann
Hoel
McCord
Miller
Owen
The Sullivans (ex-Putnam, Sullivan)
Stephen Potter
Tingey
Twining
Yarnall
Boyd
Bradford
Brown
Cowell
Capps
David W. Taylor
Evans
John D. Henley
Franks
Haggard
Hailey
Johnston
Laws
Longshaw
Morrison
Prichett
Robinson
Ross
Rowe
Smalley
Stoddard
Watts
Wren
Aulick
Charles Ausburne
Claxton
Dyson
Harrison
John Rodgers
McKee
Murray
Sproston
Wickes
William D. Porter
Young
Charrette
Conner
Hall
Halligan
Haraden
Newcomb
Bell
Burns
Izard
Paul Hamilton
Twiggs
Howorth
Killen
Hart (ex-Mansfield)
Metcalf
Shields
Wiley
Abbot
Braine
Erben
Hale
Sigourney
Stembel
Albert W. Grant
Caperton
Cogswell
Ingersoll
Knapp
Bearss
John Hood
Van Valkenburgh
Charles J. Badger
Colahan
Dashiell
Bullard
Kidd
Bennion
Heywood L. Edwards
Richard P. Leary
Bryant
Black
Chauncey
Clarence K. Bronson
Cotten
Dortch
Gatling
Healy
Hickox
Hunt
Lewis Hancock
Marshall
McDermut
McGowan
McNair
Melvin
Hopewell
Porterfield
Stockham
Wedderburn
Picking
Halsey Powell
Uhlmann
Remey
Wadleigh
Norman Scott
Mertz
Callaghan
Cassin Young
Irwin
Preston
Benham
Cushing
Monssen
Jarvis
Porter
Colhoun
Gregory
Little
Rooks
Cancelled
Percival
Watson
Stevenson
Stockton
Thorn
Turner
DD-523 (Unnamed) – DD-525 (Unnamed)
DD-542 (Unnamed)
DD-543 (Unnamed)
DD-548 (Unnamed)
DD-549 (Unnamed)
Other operators Argentine NavyBrown class
Almirante Brown (ex-Heermann)
Espora (ex-Dortch)
Rosales (ex-Stembel)
Almirante Domecq García (ex-Braine)
Almirante Storni (ex-Cowell)
Brazilian NavyPará class
Pará (ex-Guest)
Paraíba (ex-Bennett)
Paraná (ex-Cushing)
Pernambuco (ex-Hailey)
Piauí (ex-Lewis Hancock)
Santa Catarina (ex-Irwin)
Maranhão (ex-Shields)
Chilean Navy
Blanco Encalada (ex-Wadleigh)
Cochrane (ex-Rooks)
(Charles J. Badger was purchased by the Chilean Navy for spare parts)
Republic of China NavyHeng Yang class
Kwei Yang (ex-Twining)
Chiang Yang (ex-Mullany)
An Yang (ex-Kimberly)
Kun Yang (ex-Yarnall)
Colombian National Navy
Antioquia (ex-Hale)
German NavyZerstörer 1 class
Zerstörer 1 (ex-Anthony)
Zerstörer 2 (ex-Ringgold)
Zerstörer 3 (ex-Wadsworth)
Zerstörer 4 (ex-Claxton)
Zerstörer 5 (ex-Dyson)
Zerstörer 6 (ex-Charles Ausburne)
Hellenic Navy
Aspis (ex-Conner)
Kimon (ex-Zerstörer 2)
Lonchi (ex-Hall)
Navarinon (ex-Brown)
Nearchos (ex-Zerstörer 3)
Sfendoni (ex-Aulick)
Thyella (ex-Bradford)
Velos (ex-Charrette)
(Claxton and Dyson were purchased by the Hellenic Navy for spare parts)
Marina MilitareFante class
Geniere (ex-Pritchett)
Lanciere (ex-Taylor)
Fante (ex-Walker)
Japan Maritime Self-Defense ForceAriake class
Ariake (ex-Heywood L. Edwards)
Yūgure (ex-Richard P. Leary)
Republic of Korea NavyChungmu class
Chung Mu (ex-Erben)
Seoul (ex-Halsey Powell)
Pusan (ex-Hickox)
Mexican Navy
Cuauhtémoc (ex-Harrison)
Cuitláhuac (ex-John Rodgers)
Peruvian Navy
Villar (ex-Benham)
Almirante Guise (ex-Isherwood)
(La Vallette and Terry were purchased by the Peruvian Navy for spare parts)
Spanish Navy
Lepanto (ex-Capps)
Almirante Ferrandíz (ex-David W. Taylor)
Almirante Valdés (ex-Converse)
Alcalá Galiano (ex-Jarvis)
Jorge Juan (ex-McGowan)
Turkish Navy
İstanbul (ex-Clarence K. Bronson)
İzmir (ex-Van Valkenburgh)
İzmit (ex-Cogswell)
İskenderun (ex-Boyd)
İçel (ex-Preston)
Preceded by: Gleaves class
Followed by: Allen M. Sumner class
List of destroyers of the United States Navy
vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in April 1945Shipwrecks
1 Apr: Awa Maru
2 Apr: CD-186, USS Dickerson, U-321
3 Apr: Brummer, USS S-16, U-1221, U-2542, U-3505, T111
4 Apr: USS Dickerson, U-237, U-749, U-3003
5 Apr: U-242, USS S-17
6 Apr: Amatsukaze, USS Bush, USS Colhoun, USS Leutze, USS Morris, USS Newcomb, USS Witter, SS Hobbs Victory, SS Logan Victory
7 Apr: Asashimo, Hamakaze, Isokaze, Isuzu, Kasumi, USS LST-447, Oldenburg, USS PGM-18, U-1195, Yahagi, Yamato
8 Apr: U-774, U-1001
9 Apr: Admiral Scheer, Ro-56, U-677, U-747, U-804, U-843, U-982, U-1065, U-2509, U-2514, U-3512, U-2516
10 Apr: U-878, Weser
12 Apr: USS Mannert L. Abele, Ro-64, U-486
13 Apr: Karlsruhe, U-1024
14 Apr: Belgian Airman, U-235, U-1206
15 Apr: U-103, U-285, U-1063, U-1235
16 Apr: HMCS Esquimalt, Lützow, USS Pringle, U-78, U-880, U-1274
17 Apr: Goya
19 Apr: Aquila, U-251, U-548, U-879
21 Apr: U-636
22 Apr: USS Swallow, U-518
23 Apr: USS Eagle Boat 56, U-183
24 Apr: USS Frederick C. Davis, U-108, U-546
25 Apr: Graf Zeppelin, Ro-109, TA 32, U-326
27 Apr: Canada Victory, TA 34
28 Apr: CH-17, U-56
29 Apr: I-44, U-56, U-286, U-307, U-1017
30 Apr: HMS Goodall, TA 43, U-879, U-1107
Unknown date: I-56, Ro-46, Ro-49, USS Snook, U-246, U-325, U-396, U-398, U-548, U-857, U-1055
Other incidents
2 Apr: USS Dickerson
5 Apr: USS Thornton
6 Apr: USS Defense, USS Emmons, USS Mullany, USS Rodman
8 Apr: USS Bullhead
9 Apr: USS Sea Devil
11 Apr: I-401
12 Apr: USS Lindsey, U-1024. USS Zellars
14 Apr: USS Sigsbee
15 Apr: HMS Ekins, USS Laffey
16 Apr: USS Bryant, Goya, USS Harding
19 Apr: USS Bullhead, USS Pogy,USS Tolman
27 Apr: HMS Redmill
28 Apr: Argo, USS Huron
29 Apr: USS Baya
30 Apr: U-3525
1944 1945 1946 March 1945 May 1945 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fletcher-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Samuel W. Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_W._Bryant"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching"},{"link_name":"Charleston Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-1"}],"text":"USS Bryant (DD-665) was a Fletcher-class destroyer of the United States Navy, named for Rear Admiral Samuel W. Bryant (1877–1938).Bryant was launched 29 May 1943 by Charleston Navy Yard; sponsored by Mrs. Samuel W. Bryant, widow of Rear Admiral Bryant; and commissioned 4 December 1943.[1]","title":"USS Bryant"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"Boston Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"McNair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_McNair"},{"link_name":"Wasp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wasp_(CV-18)"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-1"},{"link_name":"antisubmarine warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisubmarine_warfare"},{"link_name":"Eniwetok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eniwetok"},{"link_name":"invasion of the Marianas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign"},{"link_name":"Saipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saipan"},{"link_name":"D-Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Day"},{"link_name":"Tinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinian"},{"link_name":"radar picket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_picket"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-1"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Piedmont"},{"link_name":"Purvis Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purvis_Bay"},{"link_name":"Palaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau"},{"link_name":"Peleliu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peleliu"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship"},{"link_name":"Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Louisville_(CA-28)"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Idaho_(BB-42)"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mississippi_(BB-41)"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Portland_(CA-33)"},{"link_name":"battlewagons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlewagon"},{"link_name":"underwater demolition teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_demolition_team"},{"link_name":"landings on Peleliu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Peleliu"},{"link_name":"Theodore S. Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_S._Wilkinson"},{"link_name":"William F. Halsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Halsey"},{"link_name":"Ulithi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulithi"},{"link_name":"323rd Regimental Combat Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._323rd_Infantry_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yap"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-1"},{"link_name":"Mindanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao"},{"link_name":"Leyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte_(island)"},{"link_name":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"link_name":"Kossol Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kossol_Roads"},{"link_name":"Seeadler Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeadler_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Leyte Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Dulag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulag,_Leyte"},{"link_name":"Bennion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Bennion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-1"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"force through Surigao Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Surigao_Strait"},{"link_name":"transports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Surigao Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surigao_Strait"},{"link_name":"Panaon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panaon_Island"},{"link_name":"Dinagat Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinagat_Island"},{"link_name":"Jesse B. Oldendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_B._Oldendorf"},{"link_name":"battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship"},{"link_name":"cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser"},{"link_name":"Shoji Nishimura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoji_Nishimura"},{"link_name":"Yamashiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamashiro"},{"link_name":"Fusō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Fus%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"heavy cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Mogami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Mogami_(1934)"},{"link_name":"Halford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Halford"},{"link_name":"Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Robinson_(DD-562)"},{"link_name":"battle line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_line"},{"link_name":"Hibuson Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibuson_Island"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-1"},{"link_name":"escort carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escort_aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"Battle off Samar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_off_Samar"},{"link_name":"Samar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samar"},{"link_name":"Suluan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suluan_Island"},{"link_name":"7th Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._7th_Fleet"},{"link_name":"dive bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dive_bomber"},{"link_name":"kamikaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamikaze"},{"link_name":"Abner Read","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Abner_Read_(DD-526)"},{"link_name":"Admiralty Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_Islands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-1"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Nashville_(CL-43)"},{"link_name":"San Pedro Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_Bay_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"Mindoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindoro"},{"link_name":"combat air patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_air_patrol"},{"link_name":"Nakajima Ki-43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-43"},{"link_name":"convoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy"},{"link_name":"LST-460","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-460"},{"link_name":"LST-749","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-749"},{"link_name":"Liberty ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_ship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-1"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi A6M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M"},{"link_name":"LSTs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Ship,_Tank"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-1"}],"text":"After fitting out at the Charleston Navy Yard, Bryant conducted a month-long shakedown cruise near Bermuda before returning to the Charleston Navy Yard on 28 February 1944 for a 10-day, post-shakedown availability. The destroyer then set sail for the Boston Navy Yard and arrived there on the 13th. Two days later, she and McNair got underway for the Pacific as escorts for Wasp. The trio transited the Panama Canal on the 20th and then steamed north for a one-day replenishment stop at San Diego before heading on toward Hawaii. On 3 April, Bryant entered Pearl Harbor and, following three days of exercises there, devoted the remainder of April and the beginning of May to a yard availability to repair leaks in her reduction gear and fireroom hull.[1]Her repairs completed, the warship conducted antisubmarine warfare patrols and participated in landing and bombardment exercises near Pearl Harbor during the latter half of May. She got underway on 29 May for Eniwetok, the staging area for the invasion of the Marianas. On 11 June, she set out for Saipan in the Northern Attack Force and spent D-Day, the 15th, in the transport screen. For the next month and a half, the destroyer patrolled the waters surrounding Saipan and Tinian on radar picket station, occasionally providing fire support and illuminating fire to help troops fighting ashore.[1]Bryant returned to Eniwetok Atoll on 5 August and settled in alongside Piedmont for 10 days of engineering repairs. Following a six-day tender availability at Purvis Bay, she stood out to sea on 6 September for the Palaus. During the morning watch of the 12th, Bryant approached Peleliu in the destroyer screen of Task Group 32.5 (TG 32.5), which consisted of the flagship Louisville, Idaho, Mississippi, and Portland. When firing positions had been achieved, the roar of the battlewagons’ 14-inch (356 mm) guns heralded the opening of a three-day long pattern of rotating bombardment by air and sea. Daily, Bryant took leave of her screening duties with the capital ships to close the beach and dump 40-millimeter rounds on enemy positions which threatened the operations of the underwater demolition teams (UDTs). On 16 September, the day after the initial landings on Peleliu, Vice Admiral Theodore S. Wilkinson received Admiral William F. Halsey's order to \"seize Ulithi as early as practicable…with resources at hand.\" Bryant served as part of the screen for the 323rd Regimental Combat Team tasked with occupying the atoll, needed as an advance base for operations to liberate the Philippines. The landings, which took place on 23 September, encountered no opposition because the Japanese garrison had already abandoned the islets and moved to Yap.[1]A decision by the American high command to cancel the landings at Yap and Mindanao in favor of accelerating the timetable for operations against Leyte and Luzon afforded Bryant little time to replenish her depleted supply of fuel and ammunition. On 24 September, she departed Ulithi, made a brief stop at Kossol Roads, and reached Seeadler Harbor on the 28th for two weeks of voyage repairs, drills, and recreation. On 11 October, she \"topped off\" her fuel and commenced a week-long passage to Leyte Gulf. During the early morning hours of 20 October, Bryant stood off Leyte approximately 12,000 yards (11,000 m) from Catmon Hill conducting indirect fire in support of the troops landing with the Southern Attack Force near Dulag. Later in the day, she helped to silence a mortar position which had earlier damaged Bennion with a near miss.[1]On the 21st, she joined TG 77.2 and readied herself to meet a Japanese attempt to force through Surigao Strait and destroy the American transports in Leyte Gulf. Surigao Strait — a waterway bracketed by Leyte and Panaon Islands to the north and west and by Mindanao and Dinagat Islands to the south and east — constitutes the southern approach to the gulf. Rear Admiral Jesse B. Oldendorf deployed his battleships and cruisers across the northern mouth of the strait and arrayed his destroyers on either flank. The Japanese strike force under Vice Admiral Shoji Nishimura — composed of the battleships Yamashiro and Fusō, the heavy cruiser Mogami, and four destroyers — steamed into the strait from the south during mid-watch on the 25th. Deployed to the east side of the strait, Bryant, Halford, and Robinson comprised one of the three destroyer sections assigned to screen Rear Admiral Oldendorf's left-flank cruisers. By the time Bryant closed within range of the enemy column, many of his ships had been sunk or were burning as a consequence of the right-flank destroyers’ torpedo attack and the gunfire of the battleships and cruisers in the battle line. At 03:39, under the cover of salvos from the battleships and cruisers, the trio commenced their attack to the starboard side of the enemy battle line as it pressed northward. Bryant closed to 8,800 yards (8,000 m) and loosed a spread of five torpedoes, none of which found their target, and then retired unscathed to a position near Hibuson Island.[1]After receiving word that American escort carriers had come under fire in the Battle off Samar, TG 77.2 discontinued pursuit of Nishimura's force and steamed to aid the baby flattops. When the task group arrived too late to influence events near Samar, it dispatched Bryant to a radar picket station between Suluan and Dinagat Islands. Although the majority of 7th Fleet units returned to Ulithi at the end of October to rest after the nearly-continuous operations of the summer, Bryant, three battleships, four cruisers, and 12 other destroyers remained in Surigao Strait lest the Japanese attempt another thrust through that entrance to Leyte Gulf. No surface threat materialized, but the task group endured repeated air attacks on 1 November which, according to the destroyer's war diaries, the Japanese pilots pressed home with \"fanatic determination.\" Though Bryant splashed one of the enemy dive bombers, the kamikaze suicide planes wreaked havoc on the destroyers, damaging five and sending Abner Read to the bottom. After two more weeks of uneventful patrols in Surigao Strait, she departed those dangerous waters and headed for the Admiralty Islands, tallying an enemy plane en route.[1]She reached Seeadler Harbor on 21 November and promptly commenced a much-needed six days of voyage repairs and replenishment. The destroyer set sail on the 28th, fueled from Nashville at sea, and reached Leyte Gulf on 2 December. She patrolled off Leyte for two weeks before anchoring in San Pedro Bay. There, Bryant joined the first resupply echelon bound for Mindoro since that island had been invaded on the 15th. The supply convoy departed late on the 19th with Bryant, the primary fighter director for the convoy, responsible for coordinating combat air patrol (CAP). Two days into the voyage, she stood a severe test on that capability. Following an inconsequential dawn raid by two Nakajima Ki-43 \"Oscar\" Army fighters, the Japanese fell upon the convoy that evening with a tenacious attack involving approximately 30 planes. As the enemy pilots pressed toward the landing ships located in the center of the formation, antiaircraft fire from Bryant felled one enemy flier and assisted in the splashing of another. However, three \"Oscars\" broke through the screen and crashed into LST-460, LST-749, and the Liberty ship Juan de Fuca, sending both of the amphibious ships to the bottom.[1]The next morning, the convoy reached Mindoro, and the destroyers formed a circular screen about five miles (8.0 km) from the beach to cover the unloading of the remaining landing ships. At 09:45, as Bryant waited on station, her commanding officer sighted a Mitsubishi A6M \"Zeke\" fighter at 4,000 yards (4,000 m). The pilot commenced a suicide run, and the destroyer maneuvered furiously to unmask her battery to starboard. Despite hits from Bryant's 20-millimeter and 40-millimeter guns, the kamikaze seemed destined to strike her at the number 2 stack. However, the plane overshot the target, the right wing narrowly clearing a 40-millimeter mount, and splashed 50 yards (50 m) away just even with the bridge. As the plane disappeared beneath the waves, it exploded, showering the agile warship with fragments of the tail assembly. These punctured her portside shell plating in numerous places and injured one of her crewmen. That evening, after the LSTs unloaded, the convoy reformed and returned to Leyte where Bryant anchored for the remainder of the year.[1]","title":"1944"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lingayen landings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Luzon"},{"link_name":"invasion of Iwo Jima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-1"},{"link_name":"Iwo Jima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwo_Jima"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-1"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Marine_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"5th Marine Divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Marine_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"USS West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_West_Virginia_(BB-48)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-1"},{"link_name":"Carolines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Islands"},{"link_name":"invasion of Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Task Force 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_naval_order_of_battle#Gunfire_and_Covering_Force_(Task_Force_54)"},{"link_name":"Ryūkyūs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands"},{"link_name":"minesweepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minesweeper_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-1"},{"link_name":"Laffey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Laffey_(DD-724)"},{"link_name":"Kerama Retto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerama_Retto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-1"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California"},{"link_name":"United Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Engineering&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alameda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alameda,_California"},{"link_name":"antiaircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiaircraft"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Pacific Reserve Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Reserve_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Navy List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"On 2 January 1945, she departed Leyte Gulf in the screen of the battleships and cruisers in TG 77.2's fire-support unit. During the approach to Luzon, the Japanese subjected the task group to a series of heavy air raids which inflicted damage on several ships. Early on the 9th, Bryant closed the beach to provide fire support for the Lingayen landings, then patrolled the area, weathering heavy seas and high winds, during the next week to parry a possible incursion by the enemy. Following a two-day visit to Leyte, the warship entered Ulithi lagoon on 26 January for three weeks of replenishment and preparation for the invasion of Iwo Jima.[1]On 10 February, she got underway in company with TG 52.19, conducted rehearsals near Saipan from the 12th through the 14th, and reached Iwo Jima two days later. While the island received a ferocious pounding from air and sea during the two days before the landings, Bryant provided close-in support to cover beach reconnaissance and minesweepers.[1] On the morning of the 19th, \nthe 4th and 5th Marine Divisions landed on the eastern shore of Iwo Jima, inaugurating a bloody and hard-fought campaign for the heavily fortified base.On 27 February, Bryant came under heavy fire from a Japanese shore battery, but was saved by the efforts of the USS West Virginia. For the balance of February and into March, Bryant patrolled her fire support area lashing out at enemy targets when needed and occasionally acting as a radar picket.[1]On 9 March, she set sail for the Western Carolines. En route, the destroyer made a refueling stop at Saipan, before putting in at Ulithi on the 13th for a week of voyage repairs and tender availability in preparation for the invasion of Okinawa. On 21 March, as part of Task Force 54 (TF 54), she departed for the Ryūkyūs in the antisubmarine screen of the minesweepers. The destroyer rendezvoused with a minesweeping group on the 25th and shepherded them during two days sweeping mines to the west of Okinawa. Over the five days following, she alternated between radar picket duty and gun-fire missions on Japanese efforts to improve their beach defenses.[1]On 1 April, Bryant started two weeks of radar picket duty. Her relatively quiet patrols contrasted with the grim experiences of destroyers on station elsewhere. On 16 April, however, her luck changed. That morning, the Japanese launched a 165-plane kamikaze mission, the third of 10 kikusui or \"floating chrysanthemum\" attacks launched during the Okinawa campaign. Laffey suffered the first and most intense attack of the day, being struck by no less than six kamikazes, four bombs, and numerous near misses. Bryant received word that Laffey required assistance and rushed to aid her. After turning back sporadic attacks, she found herself the target of a coordinated attack by six enemy planes. First, three \"Zeke\" fighters closed the warship in a shallow glide. Her port batteries dispatched one, and the CAP splashed another; but the third attacker, though hit repeatedly and trailing smoke, made it through and crashed into Bryant just below the bridge near the main radio room. A bomb from the kamikaze then exploded, engulfing the entire bridge in flames and doing major damage to communication, fire-control and radar equipment. Damage control teams, standing by to assist Laffey, extinguished the major fires within a couple of minutes and soon the wounded destroyer was making 23 knots (43 km/h). Still, despite the prompt response, the attack exacted a heavy toll. In addition to her human casualties, 34 dead and 33 wounded, the destroyer suffered material damage enough to require repairs in the United States, and so she limped back to Kerama Retto to begin temporary repairs.[1]On 27 April, with the patching necessary for a homeward voyage completed, she got underway for the United States. Steaming via Guam, Eniwetok, and Pearl Harbor, Bryant reached San Francisco on 28 May and, the next day, settled in for a yard overhaul at the United Engineering Co., Ltd., at Alameda. In addition to repair of the battle damage, the yard endeavored to improve her antiaircraft armament. However, the work stretched out over almost four months, and the war ended during the interlude. Finally, on 20 September, she stood out for a six-day \"ready for sea\" period which exposed a number of electrical problems that remained uncorrected by her overhaul. Declared unfit for duty by her commanding officer, the destroyer steamed southward to San Diego. Soon after her arrival on the 27th, Bryant commenced preparations for inactivation and was eventually placed in commission, in reserve, on 9 July 1946. After another 18 months in that bureaucratic limbo, she was decommissioned at last on 15 January 1947. She remained a part of the Pacific Reserve Fleet for nearly 30 years. Then, on 30 June 1968, her name was struck from the Navy List, she was sold in April 1976 to Luria Brothers,[1] and scrapped in July 1976.[citation needed]","title":"1945"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Navy_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Navy Unit Commendation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Unit_Commendation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"battle stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_star"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-1"}],"text":"Bryant received the Navy Unit Commendation[citation needed] and seven battle stars during her World War II career.[1]","title":"Awards"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Bryant (DD-665)\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. 25 November 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/b/bryant-i.html","url_text":"\"Bryant (DD-665)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships","url_text":"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy","url_text":"Navy Department"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command","url_text":"Naval History and Heritage Command"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/b/bryant-i.html","external_links_name":"\"Bryant (DD-665)\""},{"Link":"http://www.ussbryant.org/","external_links_name":"USS Bryant Veterans Association's official website"},{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/b/bryant-i.html","external_links_name":"history.navy.mil: USS Bryant"},{"Link":"http://www.destroyerhistory.org/fletcherclass/commendationdd665.html","external_links_name":"Text of Navy Unit Commendation Medal"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/05/665.htm","external_links_name":"navsource.org: USS Bryant"},{"Link":"http://www.hazegray.org/danfs/destroy/dd665txt.htm","external_links_name":"hazegray.org: USS Bryant"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Leyden | Bill Leyden | ["1 Game shows","2 References","3 External links"] | American game show host
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Bill Leyden in a publicity photo for It Could Be You, 1961
William Leyden (February 1, 1917, in Chicago, Illinois – March 11, 1970, in Hollywood, California) was a television game show host and announcer who emceed six game shows, including It Could Be You (1956–61), Your First Impression (1962–64, with Dennis James), and You're Putting Me On (1969). In addition, he hosted movies on KTTV, and played small roles in a handful of films, including Jerry Lewis's The Patsy (1964).
During World War II Leyden served in the Marine Corps. After returning to Chicago following the war, Leyden worked as an NBC page while getting a degree in Archaeology from DePaul University. Leyden started his broadcast career in Cleveland as a radio announcer. Then moved to Los Angeles and became a disc jockey on radio stations KMPC and KFWB, and later was an announcer for the syndicated radio series The Liberace Program (1954–55), before moving over to television, where he hosted several game shows, the most successful of which was It Could Be You.
During his run on It Could Be You, Leyden was touted by announcer Wendell Niles as "the man who will amaze you with what he knows about you", partly because Leyden was often helped onstage and in the audience by well-concealed TelePrompters and "a team of spies and operatives" who investigated potential contestants.
Although he was extremely popular, both in front of the camera and behind the microphone, Leyden's chronic health problems limited his on-screen work in the latter half of the 1960s. Regular panelists Bill Cullen and Larry Blyden filled in for Leyden on You're Putting Me On, with Blyden becoming the permanent host of the show when Leyden suffered a cerebral hemorrhage in September 1969. He died six months later at the age of 53. For his television work, Leyden received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Game shows
You're Putting Me On (1969) - NBC
Super Bingo (1967) - syndicated
Let's Face It (1967) - syndicated
Call My Bluff (1965) - NBC
Your First Impression (1962-1964) - NBC
It Could Be You (1956-1961) - NBC - had both daytime and nighttime versions
Musical Chairs (1955) - NBC -summer series
References
^ Born in 1917 per Social Security Death Index under name William Leyden
External links
Bill Leyden at IMDb
http://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/bill-leyden/
https://billleyden.me/tag/bill-leyden/
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/85906728
https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/129135373/
https://billleyden.me/?s=Bill+Leyden&submit=Search
https://web.archive.org/web/20160729091724/http://userdata.acd.net/ottinger/cullen/tvseries/youre.html
http://www.mcqueenonline.com/itcouldbeyou.htm
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:It_could_be_you_1961.JPG"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"game show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_show"},{"link_name":"emceed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_ceremonies"},{"link_name":"It Could Be You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Could_Be_You"},{"link_name":"Your First Impression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_First_Impression"},{"link_name":"Dennis James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_James"},{"link_name":"You're Putting Me On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_Putting_Me_On"},{"link_name":"KTTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTTV"},{"link_name":"films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"},{"link_name":"Jerry Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Lewis"},{"link_name":"The Patsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Patsy_(1964_film)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"NBC page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_page"},{"link_name":"Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"DePaul University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DePaul_University"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"disc jockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"KMPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMPC"},{"link_name":"KFWB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFWB"},{"link_name":"Liberace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberace"},{"link_name":"It Could Be You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Could_Be_You"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/bill-leyden/"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.findagrave.com/memorial/85906728"},{"link_name":"Wendell Niles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Niles"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//outtacontext.com/life/notes/loc/nbctranscript.html"},{"link_name":"TelePrompters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TelePrompter"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2342/is_2_35/ai_97074190/pg_10"},{"link_name":"Bill Cullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Cullen"},{"link_name":"Larry Blyden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Blyden"},{"link_name":"cerebral hemorrhage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_hemorrhage"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Walk of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame"}],"text":"Bill Leyden in a publicity photo for It Could Be You, 1961William Leyden (February 1, 1917,[1] in Chicago, Illinois – March 11, 1970, in Hollywood, California) was a television game show host and announcer who emceed six game shows, including It Could Be You (1956–61), Your First Impression (1962–64, with Dennis James), and You're Putting Me On (1969). In addition, he hosted movies on KTTV, and played small roles in a handful of films, including Jerry Lewis's The Patsy (1964).During World War II Leyden served in the Marine Corps. After returning to Chicago following the war, Leyden worked as an NBC page while getting a degree in Archaeology from DePaul University. Leyden started his broadcast career in Cleveland as a radio announcer. Then moved to Los Angeles and became a disc jockey on radio stations KMPC and KFWB, and later was an announcer for the syndicated radio series The Liberace Program (1954–55), before moving over to television, where he hosted several game shows, the most successful of which was It Could Be You. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_Research_and_Diagnostic_Laboratories | Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratories | ["1 History","2 Objectives of the scheme[1]","3 Evaluation of work","4 Labs","4.1 Functional VRDLs testing for COVID-19","5 References","6 External links"] | The Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratories (VRDL) scheme was introduced by the Government of India under Department of Health Research - Indian Council of Medical Research as outbreaks of viral agents is very common in India. The Central government announced the establishment of 166 research and diagnostics laboratories in 2016. By 2019, 103 new VRDLs were established across India, taking the total count to 105.
History
There were only two apex testing laboratories in India; National Institute of Virology, Pune and National Centre for Disease Control, New Delhi. These undertook the heavy burden investigations resulting in delay of diagnosis of diseases. In order to strengthen the infrastructure for timely diagnosis of viral epidemics and continuous monitoring of existing as well as new viral strains, new diagnostic centres and institutions were sorely needed.
In 2016, the Central government decided to set up 160 virus testing laboratories across the country. These laboratories will also be equipped to handle cases of bio-terrorism.
The Department of health research of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is setting up a three-tier national network of Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratories (VRDLs). The network is being set up under the department's ongoing research scheme called the Establishment of Network of Laboratories for Managing Epidemics and Natural Calamities.
Objectives of the scheme
Creating infrastructures for timely identification of viruses and other agents causing morbidity significant at public health level and specifically agents causing epidemics and/or potential agents for bioterrorism.
Developing capacity for identification of novel and unknown viruses and other organisms and emerging-reemerging viral strains and develop diagnostic kits.
Providing training to health professionals.
Undertaking research for identification of emerging and newer genetically active/ modified agents.
Evaluation of work
The various activities of the Virology Labs will be regularly monitored and guided by the Evaluation Committee, whose findings will be reported to the DHR for information/further action.
The major monitorable targets/ indicators that will be used to review the various categories of Virology Lab.
The scheme has turned out to be hugely successful. As against two VRDL labs in whole of India till 2016; there are now 105 VRDLs operating in India. It is specially important given the risks and epidemiologies of current viral infections which can quickly spread across globe.
Labs
Functional VRDLs testing for COVID-19
There are 62 functional VRDL laboratories across the country capable of testing for the COVID-19 virus as of March 17.
Lab and location
State
Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati
Andhra Pradesh
Rangaraya Medical College, Kakinada
Sidhartha Medical College, Vijayawada
GMC, Anantapur, AP
Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati
Assam
Regional Medical Research Center, Dibrugarh
Silchar Medical College, Silchar
Jorhat Medical College, Jorhat
Tezpur Medical College, Tezpur
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna
Bihar
Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh
Chandigarh
All India Institute Medical Sciences, Raipur
Chhattisgarh
All India Institute Medical Sciences, Delhi
Delhi
BJ Medical College, Ahmedabad
Gujarat
M.P.Shah Government Medical College, Jamnagar
Pt. B.D. Sharma Post Graduate Inst. of Med. Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana
Haryana
BPS Govt Medical College, Sonipat
Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh
Dr.Rajendra Prasad Govt. Med. College, Kangra, Tanda, HP
Sher-e- Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar
Jammu and Kashmir
Government Medical College, Jammu
Government Medical College, Srinagar
MGM Medical College, Jamshedpur
Jharkhand
Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore
Karnataka
National Institute of Virology Field Unit Bangalore
Mysore Medical College & Research Institute, Mysore
Hassan Inst. of Med. Sciences, Hassan, Karnataka
Shimoga Inst. of Med. Sciences, Shivamogga, Karnataka
National Institute of Virology Field Unit, Kerala
Kerala
Govt. Medical College, Thriuvananthapuram, Kerala
Govt. Medical College, Kozhikhode, Kerala
Govt. Medical College, Thrissur
All India Institute Medical Sciences, Bhopal
Madhya Pradesh
National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur
NEIGRI of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya
Meghalaya
Indira Gandhi Government Medical College, Nagpur
Maharashtra
Kasturba Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Mumbai
NIV Mumbai Unit
J N Inst. of Med. Sciences Hospital, Imphal-East, Manipur
Manipur
Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal
Regional Medical Research Center, Bhubaneswar
Odisha
All India Institute of Medical Sciences,Bhubaneswar
SCB Medical College and Hospital,Cuttack
Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry
Puducherry
Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry
Puducherry
Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab
Punjab
Government Medical College, Amritsar
Sawai Man Singh, Jaipur
Rajasthan
Dr. S.N Medical College, Jodhpur
Jhalawar Medical College, Jhalawar, Rajasthan
RNT Medical College, Udaipur
SP Med. College, Bikaner, Rajasthan
King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai
Tamil Nadu
Government Medical College, Theni
Tirunelveli Medical College, Tirunelveli
Govt. Medical College, Thiruvarur
Government Medical College, Agartala
North Tripura District Hospital, Dharmanagar
Tripura
Gandhi Medical College, Secunderabad
Telangana
Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad
King's George Medical University, Lucknow
Uttar Pradesh
Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh
Government Medical College, Haldwani
Uttarakhand
National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata
West Bengal
IPGMER, Kolkata
References
^ "Establishment of a network of Laboratories for managing epidemics and Natural Calamities (VRDL) | Department of Health Research | MoHFW | Government of India". dhr.gov.in. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
^ "Establishment of a network of Laboratories for managing epidemics and Natural Calamities (VRDL) | Department of Health Research | MoHFW | Government of India". dhr.gov.in. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
^ "COVID_19_Testing_Laboratories.pdf" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-03-17. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
^ "AIIMS Bhubaneswar to get state level virus research and diagnostics lab - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
^ "Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory Inaugurated At Cuttack's SCB". ODISHA BYTES. 2020-11-06. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
External links
Indian Council of Medical Research, Official website
Department of Health Research, Official website
Data Mining Center of VRDL, Official website | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Institute of Virology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Virology"},{"link_name":"National Centre for Disease Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Centre_for_Disease_Control"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"diagnosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare"}],"text":"There were only two apex testing laboratories in India; National Institute of Virology, Pune and National Centre for Disease Control, New Delhi. These undertook the heavy burden investigations resulting in delay of diagnosis of diseases. In order to strengthen the infrastructure for timely diagnosis of viral epidemics and continuous monitoring of existing as well as new viral strains, new diagnostic centres and institutions were sorely needed.In 2016, the Central government decided to set up 160 virus testing laboratories across the country. These laboratories will also be equipped to handle cases of bio-terrorism.The Department of health research of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is setting up a three-tier national network of Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratories (VRDLs). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunhai_jingyuan | Yunhai jingyuan | ["1 Title","2 Text","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Chinese dictionary compiled by Yan Zhenqing
Yunhai jingyuanChinese nameTraditional Chinese韻海鏡源Simplified Chinese韵海镜源Literal meaningrhyme ocean mirror sourceTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinYùnhǎi jìngyuánWade–GilesYün-hai ching-yüanYue: CantoneseJyutpingWan6hoi2geng3jyun4Southern MinHokkien POJŪnhái kiànngoânMiddle ChineseMiddle ChineseHwin xoj kjaeng ngjwon Korean nameHangul운해경원Hanja韻海鏡源TranscriptionsMcCune–ReischauerUnhae kyŏngwŏnJapanese nameKanji韻海鏡源HiraganaうんかいきょうげんTranscriptionsRevised HepburnUnkai kyōgen
Yan Zhengqing, compiler of the Yunhai jingyuan
The (c. 780) Yunhai jingyuan 韻海鏡源 Ocean of Rhymes, Mirror of Sources Chinese dictionary, which was compiled by the Tang dynasty official and calligrapher Yan Zhengqing (709–785), was the first phonologically arranged rime dictionary of words rather than characters. Although the Yunhai jingyuan is a lost work, several later dictionaries, such as the (1711) Peiwen Yunfu, followed its system of collating entries by the tone and rime of the last character in a term.
Title
The title Yunhai jingyuan compounds four words (translation equivalents from Wenlin 2015):
yùn 韻 "rime; rime-class; tone; agreeable sound; charm; appeal; final; syllable final"
hǎi 海 "sea; ocean; big lake; huge group (of people/things); great capacity"
jìng 鏡 "mirror; lens; glass"
yuán 源 "source (of a river); fountainhead; source; cause; origin"
English translations include:
Mirror-origin of the Sea of Rhymes
Mirror of the Ocean of Rhymes
Mirror-source of the Ocean of Rhymes
Mirror & Origin of the Ocean of Rhymes
The Sources of Rhyme Ocean
Text
The Yunhai jingyuan included 26,911 character head entries and comprised 360 volumes (juǎn 卷 "roll; volume"). By any standards, it was a very large dictionary, and "by the standards of the time it must have been simply gigantic". For more than two centuries, the Yunhai jingyuan remained the most inclusive Chinese dictionary, until the (1039) Jiyun with 53,525 character entries.
Compared with two contemporary 100-volume dictionaries, the Guiyuan zhucong 桂苑珠叢 by Zhuge Ying 諸葛潁 (539–615) and the 100-volume Zihai 字海 compiled under the direction of Empress Wu Zetian (r. 690–705), the Yunhai jingyuan was an "even more miraculous lexicographical work".
Chinese dictionaries are traditionally dichotomized between zìdiǎn 字典 "character dictionaries" and cídiǎn 辭典 "word dictionaries". In the history of Chinese lexicography, the Yunhai jingyuan was the earliest hybrid of a word dictionary and a rime dictionary. Earlier rime dictionaries that only included characters include (c. 230) Shenglei and the (601) Qieyun, which was revised as the (720) Tangyun 唐韻.
In 773, during the reign of Emperor Daizong of Tang (r. 762–779). Yan Zhengqing assembled a group of over 50 scholars with diverse backgrounds to compile the Yunhai jingyuan at his residence in Huzhou. They included several of his literary friends, the Daoist poet Zhang Zhihe, the Chan Buddhist monk Jiaoran 皎然, and Lu Yu, author of The Classic of Tea. In the same year, the Yunhailou 韻海樓 "Ocean of Rhymes Building" was constructed as the depository for its namesake Yunhai jingyuan. The building was restored in 1666, and is presently a municipal library and cultural center in Huzhou, Zhejiang prefecture.
Yan Zhengqing's reference work included not only single-syllable words but also multi-character compounds, and even some chengyu "set phrases". This type of specialized dictionary was intended for the composition of poems, retrieving literary quotations, and finding appropriate words for antithetical couplets.
The word or phrase entries in the Yunhai jingyuan were phonologically arranged by the 106 rime groups of the Pingshui (lit. 平水 "level water") system, which is based on the traditional four tones: ping "level", shang "rising", qu "departing", and ru "entering". Note that the term rime is used, as opposed to common rhyme, in the linguistic sense of syllable rime or Chinese rime table. A dictionary user looks up a word by the tone and rime of the final character, which presumes that the user already knows, or can guess, how to pronounce the character. For speakers of alphabetic languages who are familiar with easy dictionary lookup, using a Chinese dictionary based on the Yunhai jingyuan system is very user-unfriendly.
Three later dictionaries of literary allusions followed the 106-rime arrangement of the Yunhai jingyuan. First were the Yuan dynasty (c. 1280) Yunfu qunyu 韻府群玉 "Assembly of Jade Tablets, a Word-Store arranged by Rhymes" compiled by Yin Shifu 陰時夫 and the Ming dynasty (1592) Wuche yunrui 五車韻瑞 "Five Cartloads of Rhyme-inscribed Jade Tablets" by Ling Zhilong 淩稚隆. Ultimately the Qing dynasty (1711) Peiwen yunfu "Word-store arranged by Rhymes, from the Hall of the Admiration of Literature" expanded entries and corrected errors in previous rime dictionaries, resulting in 212 volumes with 10,257 head entries arranged by the 106 Pingshui rime categories.
The (1728) Pianzi leipian 駢字類編 "Classified Collection of Phrases and Literary Allusions" dictionary was the first dictionary to abandon the traditional Yunhai jingyuan system of indexing words by their last character's rime and tone, and it indexed words by their first character. Most subsequent Chinese word dictionaries were internally arranged by the graphic radical of the first character in a word.
See also
Rime dictionary
Rime table
References
Yong, Heming; Peng, Jing (2008). Chinese Lexicography: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191561672.
Footnotes
^ Gimello, Robert M. and Peter N. Gregory (1983), Studies in Ch'an and Hua-yen, University of Hawaii Press. p. 191.
^ a b c Needham, Joseph; et al. (1986). Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 6 Biology and Biological Technology, Part 1: Botany. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521087315.
^ McRae, John R. (1993), "Yanagida Seizan's Landmark Works on Chinese Ch'an", Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie Année 7.1:51-103. p. 71.
^ a b Zhou, Youguang 周有光 (2003). The Historical Evolution of Chinese Languages and Scripts. Translated by Zhang Liqing 張立青. Columbus OH: Ohio State University National East Asian Language Resource Center. p. 72. ISBN 0-87415-349-2.
^ Yong & Peng 2008, p. 172.
^ Needham, Joseph; Harbsmeier, Christoph (1998). Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 7 The Social Background, Part 1: Language and Logic in Traditional China. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521571432.
^ Yong & Peng 2008, p. 178.
^ Yong & Peng 2008, p. 226.
^ Benn, James A. (2015), Tea in China: A Religious and Cultural History, Hong Kong University Press. p. 108.
^ Yong & Peng 2008, p. 330.
^ Yong & Peng 2008, p. 330.
External links
Theobald, Ulrich (2011), Yunfu qunyu 韻府群玉 "The Many Jades from the Rhymes Treasury", Chinaknowledge
vteDictionaries for scripts using Chinese charactersMonolingualCharacters(字; zì)
Shizhoupian 史籀篇 (first millennium BCE)
Erya 爾雅 (c. 3rd century BC)
Cangjiepian 倉頡篇 (c. 220 BC)
Jijiupian 急就篇 (c. 40 BC)
Shuowen Jiezi 說文解字 (2nd century)
Shiming 釋名 (c. 200)
Guangya 廣雅 (c. 230)
Xiao Erya 小爾雅 (3rd century)
Zilin 字林 (c. 350)
Ziyuan 字苑 (c. 4th century)
Yupian 玉篇 (c. 543)
Ganlu Zishu 干祿字書 (c. 7th century)
Leipian 類篇 (1066)
Piya 埤雅 (c. 11th century)
Zitong 字通 (1254)
Zihui 字彙 (1615)
Zhengzitong 正字通 (1627)
Kangxi Dictionary 康熙字典 (1716)
Shuowen Jiezi Zhu 說文解字注 (1815)
Zhonghua Da Zidian 中華大字典 (1915)
Xinhua Dictionary 新华字典 (1957)
Hanyu Da Zidian 漢語大字典 (1989)
Zhonghua Zihai 中华字海 (1994)
Words(詞／词; cí)
Ciyuan 辭源 (1915)
Ministry of Education Mandarin Chinese Dictionary 教育部國語辭典 (1926)
Cihai 辭海 (1938)
Zhongwen Da Cidian 中文大辭典 (1968)
Xiandai Hanyu Cidian 现代汉语词典 (1978)
Hanyu Da Cidian 漢語大詞典 (1994)
Xiandai Hanyu Guifan Cidian 现代汉语规范词典 (2004)
Rime
Shenglei 聲類 (c. 230)
Qieyun 切韻 (601)
Kanmiu Buque Qieyun 刊謬補缺切韻 (706)
Tangyun 唐韻 (732)
Yunhai jingyuan 韻海鏡源 (780)
Guangyun 廣韻 (1008)
Jiyun 集韻 (1037)
Yunjing 韻鏡 (1161)
Qiyin lüe 七音略 (before 1161)
Pingshui Yun 平水韻 (c. 12th century)
Menggu Ziyun 蒙古字韻 (14th century)
Zhongyuan Yinyun 中原音韻 (1324)
Qi Lin Bayin 戚林八音 (17th century)
Peiwen Yunfu 佩文韻府 (1711)
Varieties
Fangyan 方言 (c. 1st century)
Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects 現代漢語方言大詞典 (2002)
Exegetical
Jingdian Shiwen 經典釋文 (c. 583)
Yiqiejing Yinyi (Xuanying) 一切經音義 (玄英) (c. 649)
Yiqiejing Yinyi (Huilin) 一切經音義 (慧琳) (c. 807)
Longkan Shoujian 龍龕手鑒 (997)
Biographical
Zhongguo Renming Dacidian 中國人名大辭典 (1921)
BilingualChinese–English
A Dictionary of the Chinese Language (1823)
Medhurst's Chinese and English Dictionary (1842)
A Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language (1874)
A Chinese–English Dictionary (1892)
The Five Thousand Dictionary (1926)
Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary (1931)
Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese (1947)
Grammata Serica Recensa (1957)
Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage (1972)
ABC Chinese–English Dictionary (1996)
Online
CEDICT (1997)
In other languages
Pearl in the Palm (Tangut; 12th century)
Pentaglot Dictionary (Manchu; 1794)
Dai Kan-Wa Jiten (Japanese; 1960)
Le Grand Ricci (French; 2001)
Han-Han Dae Sajeon (Korean)
List of Chinese dictionaries | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yen_Chenching.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yan Zhengqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Zhengqing"},{"link_name":"Chinese dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_dictionary"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Yan Zhengqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Zhengqing"},{"link_name":"rime dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rime_dictionary"},{"link_name":"characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_character"},{"link_name":"lost work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_literary_work"},{"link_name":"Peiwen Yunfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peiwen_Yunfu"},{"link_name":"tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"rime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable_rime"}],"text":"Yan Zhengqing, compiler of the Yunhai jingyuanThe (c. 780) Yunhai jingyuan 韻海鏡源 Ocean of Rhymes, Mirror of Sources Chinese dictionary, which was compiled by the Tang dynasty official and calligrapher Yan Zhengqing (709–785), was the first phonologically arranged rime dictionary of words rather than characters. Although the Yunhai jingyuan is a lost work, several later dictionaries, such as the (1711) Peiwen Yunfu, followed its system of collating entries by the tone and rime of the last character in a term.","title":"Yunhai jingyuan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"Wenlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenlin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GimelloGreg1983_191-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NeedhamETAL1986_219-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McRae1993_71-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZhouZhang2003_72-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYongPeng2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNYFBtTUZFxECpgPA172_p._172]-5"}],"text":"The title Yunhai jingyuan compounds four words (translation equivalents from Wenlin 2015):yùn 韻 \"rime; rime-class; tone; agreeable sound; charm; appeal; final; syllable final\"\nhǎi 海 \"sea; ocean; big lake; huge group (of people/things); great capacity\"\njìng 鏡 \"mirror; lens; glass\"\nyuán 源 \"source (of a river); fountainhead; source; cause; origin\"English translations include:Mirror-origin of the Sea of Rhymes[1]\nMirror of the Ocean of Rhymes[2]\nMirror-source of the Ocean of Rhymes[3]\nMirror & Origin of the Ocean of Rhymes[4]\nThe Sources of Rhyme Ocean[5]","title":"Title"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"head entries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headword"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZhouZhang2003_72-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NeedhamHarbsmeier1998_78-6"},{"link_name":"Jiyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiyun"},{"link_name":"Wu Zetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Zetian"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYongPeng2008178-7"},{"link_name":"字典","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8"},{"link_name":"辭典","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8"},{"link_name":"lexicography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicography"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYongPeng2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNYFBtTUZFxECpgPA226_p._226]-8"},{"link_name":"Shenglei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenglei"},{"link_name":"Qieyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qieyun"},{"link_name":"Emperor Daizong of Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Daizong_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"Zhang Zhihe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Zhihe"},{"link_name":"Lu Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Yu"},{"link_name":"The Classic of Tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Classic_of_Tea"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benn2015_108-9"},{"link_name":"Huzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huzhou"},{"link_name":"Zhejiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang"},{"link_name":"compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"chengyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengyu"},{"link_name":"set phrases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_phrase"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYongPeng2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNYFBtTUZFxECpgPA330_p._330]-10"},{"link_name":"phonologically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonologically"},{"link_name":"Pingshui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingshui_Yun"},{"link_name":"four tones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_tones_(Middle_Chinese)"},{"link_name":"rhyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyme"},{"link_name":"syllable rime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable#Rime"},{"link_name":"rime table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rime_table"},{"link_name":"alphabetic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabetic_language"},{"link_name":"user-unfriendly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usability"},{"link_name":"Yuan dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Peiwen yunfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peiwen_yunfu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NeedhamETAL1986_219-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYongPeng2008330-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NeedhamETAL1986_219-2"},{"link_name":"radical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_(Chinese_character)"}],"text":"The Yunhai jingyuan included 26,911 character head entries and comprised 360 volumes (juǎn 卷 \"roll; volume\"[4]). By any standards, it was a very large dictionary, and \"by the standards of the time it must have been simply gigantic\".[6] For more than two centuries, the Yunhai jingyuan remained the most inclusive Chinese dictionary, until the (1039) Jiyun with 53,525 character entries.Compared with two contemporary 100-volume dictionaries, the Guiyuan zhucong 桂苑珠叢 by Zhuge Ying 諸葛潁 (539–615) and the 100-volume Zihai 字海 compiled under the direction of Empress Wu Zetian (r. 690–705), the Yunhai jingyuan was an \"even more miraculous lexicographical work\".[7]Chinese dictionaries are traditionally dichotomized between zìdiǎn 字典 \"character dictionaries\" and cídiǎn 辭典 \"word dictionaries\". In the history of Chinese lexicography, the Yunhai jingyuan was the earliest hybrid of a word dictionary and a rime dictionary.[8] Earlier rime dictionaries that only included characters include (c. 230) Shenglei and the (601) Qieyun, which was revised as the (720) Tangyun 唐韻.In 773, during the reign of Emperor Daizong of Tang (r. 762–779). Yan Zhengqing assembled a group of over 50 scholars with diverse backgrounds to compile the Yunhai jingyuan at his residence in Huzhou. They included several of his literary friends, the Daoist poet Zhang Zhihe, the Chan Buddhist monk Jiaoran 皎然, and Lu Yu, author of The Classic of Tea.[9] In the same year, the Yunhailou 韻海樓 \"Ocean of Rhymes Building\" was constructed as the depository for its namesake Yunhai jingyuan. The building was restored in 1666, and is presently a municipal library and cultural center in Huzhou, Zhejiang prefecture.Yan Zhengqing's reference work included not only single-syllable words but also multi-character compounds, and even some chengyu \"set phrases\". This type of specialized dictionary was intended for the composition of poems, retrieving literary quotations, and finding appropriate words for antithetical couplets.[10]The word or phrase entries in the Yunhai jingyuan were phonologically arranged by the 106 rime groups of the Pingshui (lit. 平水 \"level water\") system, which is based on the traditional four tones: ping \"level\", shang \"rising\", qu \"departing\", and ru \"entering\". Note that the term rime is used, as opposed to common rhyme, in the linguistic sense of syllable rime or Chinese rime table. A dictionary user looks up a word by the tone and rime of the final character, which presumes that the user already knows, or can guess, how to pronounce the character. For speakers of alphabetic languages who are familiar with easy dictionary lookup, using a Chinese dictionary based on the Yunhai jingyuan system is very user-unfriendly.Three later dictionaries of literary allusions followed the 106-rime arrangement of the Yunhai jingyuan. First were the Yuan dynasty (c. 1280) Yunfu qunyu 韻府群玉 \"Assembly of Jade Tablets, a Word-Store arranged by Rhymes\" compiled by Yin Shifu 陰時夫 and the Ming dynasty (1592) Wuche yunrui 五車韻瑞 \"Five Cartloads of Rhyme-inscribed Jade Tablets\" by Ling Zhilong 淩稚隆. Ultimately the Qing dynasty (1711) Peiwen yunfu \"Word-store arranged by Rhymes, from the Hall of the Admiration of Literature\" expanded entries and corrected errors in previous rime dictionaries, resulting in 212 volumes with 10,257 head entries arranged by the 106 Pingshui rime categories.[2][11]The (1728) Pianzi leipian 駢字類編 \"Classified Collection of Phrases and Literary Allusions\" dictionary was the first dictionary to abandon the traditional Yunhai jingyuan system of indexing words by their last character's rime and tone, and it indexed words by their first character.[2] Most subsequent Chinese word dictionaries were internally arranged by the graphic radical of the first character in a word.","title":"Text"}] | [{"image_text":"Yan Zhengqing, compiler of the Yunhai jingyuan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Yen_Chenching.jpg/220px-Yen_Chenching.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Rime dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rime_dictionary"},{"title":"Rime table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rime_table"}] | [{"reference":"Yong, Heming; Peng, Jing (2008). Chinese Lexicography: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191561672.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NYFBtTUZFxEC","url_text":"Chinese Lexicography: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191561672","url_text":"9780191561672"}]},{"reference":"Needham, Joseph; et al. (1986). Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 6 Biology and Biological Technology, Part 1: Botany. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521087315.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Needham","url_text":"Needham, Joseph"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Civilisation_in_China","url_text":"Science and Civilisation in China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521087315","url_text":"9780521087315"}]},{"reference":"Zhou, Youguang 周有光 (2003). The Historical Evolution of Chinese Languages and Scripts. Translated by Zhang Liqing 張立青. Columbus OH: Ohio State University National East Asian Language Resource Center. p. 72. ISBN 0-87415-349-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio","url_text":"Columbus OH"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University","url_text":"Ohio State University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87415-349-2","url_text":"0-87415-349-2"}]},{"reference":"Needham, Joseph; Harbsmeier, Christoph (1998). Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 7 The Social Background, Part 1: Language and Logic in Traditional China. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521571432.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Needham","url_text":"Needham, Joseph"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Civilisation_in_China","url_text":"Science and Civilisation in China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521571432","url_text":"9780521571432"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NYFBtTUZFxEC","external_links_name":"Chinese Lexicography: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NYFBtTUZFxEC&pg=PA172","external_links_name":"p. 172"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NYFBtTUZFxEC&pg=PA226","external_links_name":"p. 226"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NYFBtTUZFxEC&pg=PA330","external_links_name":"p. 330"},{"Link":"http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Science/yunfuqunyu.html","external_links_name":"Yunfu qunyu 韻府群玉 \"The Many Jades from the Rhymes Treasury\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Brooke | Paul Brooke | ["1 Career","2 Filmography","2.1 Film","2.2 Television","3 External links"] | British actor
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Paul BrookeBorn (1944-11-22) 22 November 1944 (age 79)London, EnglandOccupationActorYears active1969–2009ChildrenTom BrookeRelativesFiona Glascott (daughter-in-law)
Paul Brooke (born 22 November 1944) is a retired English actor of film, television and radio. He made his film debut in 1972 in the Hammer film Straight on till Morning, followed by performances in For Your Eyes Only (1981), Return of the Jedi (1983), Scandal (1989), Saving Grace (2000), Bridget Jones's Diary (2001), Alfie (2004), The Phantom of the Opera (2004) and Oliver Twist (2005). Brooke is the father of actor Tom Brooke.
Career
Brooke began as a stage actor and has played in many London productions, including several years as a member of Frank Dunlop's original Young Vic Company. He played Malakili the Rancor Keeper in the 1983 Star Wars film Return of the Jedi (his voiced dubbed over by Ernie Fosselius). He played British Conservative politician Ian Gow in the 2004 BBC series The Alan Clark Diaries. In 2006, he guest starred in the Doctor Who audio adventure Year of the Pig as well as the 1990 Mr. Bean sketch "The Library". He played Mr. Fitzherbert in the 2001 film Bridget Jones's Diary.
Other appearances in television dramas and comedies featuring Brooke include The Blackadder, Bertie and Elizabeth, the BBC adaptation of Blott on the Landscape, Lovejoy, Foyle's War, Rab C. Nesbitt, Kavanagh QC, Sharpe's Revenge, Midsomer Murders, Hustle, Covington Cross, The Kit Curran Radio Show, Between the Lines, Relic Hunter and Mornin' Sarge. He appeared in the miniseries Nostromo in 1997.
He played Gríma Wormtongue in the 1981 BBC radio adaptation of The Lord of the Rings.
He, Linal Haft and Frank Mills are the only actors to appear in both the classic and returning series of Minder, but playing different roles in each.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
1972
Straight On till Morning
Uneasy man (uncredited)
1979
Agatha
John Foster
1981
For Your Eyes Only
Bunky
1983
Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi
Malakili - Rancor Keeper (uncredited)
1984
Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes
The Rev. Stimson
1985
Revolution
Lord Darling
1988
The Lair of the White Worm
P.C. Erny
1989
Scandal
John, Detective Sgt
1989
A Dry White Season
Dr. Herzog
1989
The Kitchen Child (short)
Undetermined role
1990
The Fool
Lord Paramount
1993
Splitting Heirs
Tour Guide
1993
The Trial
Deputy Bank Manager
1993
Genghis Cohn
Hans-Dieter Pohl
1999
The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc
Domremy's Priest
1999
Lighthouse
Captain Campbell
2000
Saving Grace
Charlie
2000
Il cielo cade (The Sky is Falling)
Mr. Pitt
2001
Bridget Jones's Diary
Mr. Fitzherbert
2001
The Affair of the Necklace
Monsieur Bohmer
2004
Alfie
Flower Shop Proprietor
2004
The Phantom of the Opera
Auctioneer
2005
Oliver Twist
Mr Grimwig
2005
Still Life (short)
Auctioneer
2008
The Edge of Love
Mr. Judge Singleton
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1969
The Wednesday Play
Farquhar
"The Last Train through Harecastle Tunnel"
1970
Daniel Deronda
Mr. Mackworth
Miniseries (2 episodes)
1972
Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat
Reuben
Young Vic production TV broadcast
1978
The Comedy of Errors
Angelo
TV movie
1980
The Other 'Arf
Smidger
"Open to the Public" (S1E5)
1980
Metal Mickey
Harry
"Taking the Mickey" (S1E4)
1980
Play for Today
Mornington
"Minor Complications" (S11E5)
1981
BBC Television Shakespeare
Lavache
"All's Well That Ends Well"
1981
The History Man
Henry Beamish
Series 1 (4 episodes)
1981
The Olympian Way
Trevor Watt
Series 1 (4 episodes)
1981
World's End
Lord Arvin
Series 1 (8 episodes)
1982
Shine on Harvey Moon
Doctor Thrush
"In Sickness and in Health" (S2E3)
1983
Phantom of the Opera
Inspector
TV movie
1983
Blackadder
Friar Bellows
"The Black Seal" (S1E6)
1983
The Mad Death
Bob Nicol
Miniseries (3 episodes)
1983
Jemima Shore Investigates
Acton Tindall
"The Damask Collection" (S1E11)
1983
Reilly, Ace of Spies
Granier
"Anna" (S1E4)
1984
Minder
Hamster
"High Drains Pilferer" (S4E3)
1984–86
The Kit Curran Radio Show
Les Toms
Series 1–2 (main role, 12 episodes)
1985
Hitler's SS: Portrait in Evil
Gen. Josef Biegler, SA
TV movie
1985
Blott on the Landscape
Hoskins
Series 1 (main role, 6 episodes)
1985
Hommage à Rossini
Signor Gioachino Rossini
TV movie
1985
Girls on Top
Lawrence
"C.O.D." (S1E3)
1986
King and Castle
Edward Halliday-Mostyn
Series 1 (4 episodes)
1986
Bergerac
Malcolm Croxted
"Fires in the Fall" (S4E10)
1987
Still Crazy Like a Fox
Constable
TV movie
1987
Napoleon and Josephine: A Love Story
Junot
Miniseries (3 episodes)
1988
The Modern World: Ten Great Writers
Dr. Hofrat Behrens
Miniseries (1 episode)
1988
After Henry
Paul
"The Birthday" (S1E6)
1988
The StoryTeller
Chancellor
"The Luck Child" (S1E4)
1988
Number 27
Karmel
TV movie
1989–90
The Justice Game
Alistair Sinclair Murray
Series 1–2 (5 episodes)
1989
Mornin' Sarge
Sarge
Series 1 (main role, 7 episodes)
1989
Somewhere to Run
Abrahams
TV movie
1989
Anything More Would Be Greedy
Mr. Leadweller
Miniseries (3 episodes)
1989
Saracen
Charles Lighthill
"Infidels" (S1E2)
1989
About Face
Howell
"Send Her Victorious" (S1E5)
1989
Screen One
Lilliwhite
"The Mountain and the Molehill” (S1E6)
1990
Campion
Mr. Parrott
"Sweet Danger" (2 parts, S1E1/2)
1990–91
El C.I.D.
James Henley Dodd
Series 1–2 (5 episodes)
1990
All Creatures Great and Small
Captain Crawford
"A Grand Memory for Forgetting" (S7E9)
1990
Mr. Bean
Reader in Library
"The Library" (unaired sketch)
1991
Screen One
Feature Writer
"Hancock" (S1E2)
1991
Children of the North
Ballister
Series 1 (4 episodes)
1991
Stay Lucky
Simon Owen
"An Unsavoury Business" (S3E4)
1992
Screen One
Martin Poyser
"Adam Bede" (S3E9)
1992
Lovejoy
Gently Bentley
"Scotch on the Rocks" (S3E7)
1992
Love Hurts
Bryan Appleford
Series 1 (3 episodes)
1992
A Masculine Ending
Humphrey Morris
TV movie
1992
Mr. Wakefield's Crusade
Doctor
(S1E2)
1992
Covington Cross
Friar
Season 1 (9 episodes)
1992
De terre et de sang (Blood and Dust)
Simon
TV movie
1993
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles
Policeman #1
"Paris, October 1916" (S2E16)
1993
The Inspector Alleyn Mysteries
Abel Pomeroy
"Death at the Bar" (S1E5)
1993
Rab C. Nesbitt
Prison Governor
"Right" (S3E5)
1994
In Suspicious Circumstances
Doctor Holmes
"The Next Mrs. Clements" (S4E5)
1994
Nice Day at the Office
Victor Fenwicke
"The Enemy Within" (S1S3)
1994
Between the Lines
Eddington
"A Safe Pair of Hands" (S3E2)
1994
Dandelion Dead
Arthur
Miniseries (2 episodes)
1995
Joking Apart
Dr. Strickland
(S2E2)
1995
Ghosts
Dr. Brandon
"Shadowy Third" (S1E4)
1995
Ain't Misbehavin'
Chuck Purvis
Series 2 (main role, 6 episodes)
1995
Oliver's Travels
Rowley
Miniseries (1 episode)
1996
Annie's Bar
Vernon Du Chine
Series 1 (main role, 10 episodes)
1996
The Moonstone
Dr. Candy
TV movie
1996–97
Nostromo
Capt. Mitchell
Miniseries (4 episodes)
1997
Chalk
Max
"The Interview" (S1E2)
1997
Have Your Cake and Eat It
Stimpson
Miniseries (2 episodes)
1997
Kavanagh QC
Richard Dynevor
"Diplomatic Baggage" (S3E4)
1997
Sharpe
Roland
"Sharpe's Revenge" (S5E1)
1997
A Dance to the Music of Time
Maclintick
Miniseries (1 episode)
1998
Heat of the Sun
Sue Rex Willoughby
Miniseries (2 episodes)
1998
The Life and Crimes of William Palmer
Attorney General
Miniseries (1 episode)
1998
The Scold's Bridle
Duncan Orloff
Miniseries (2 episodes)
1998
Midsomer Murders
Nigel Anderson
"Faithful unto Death" (S1E4)
1998
The Unknown Soldier
Urquart
Miniseries (1 episode)
1998
Dalziel and Pascoe
Canon Eustace Horncastle
"Bones and Silence" (S3E3)
1999
The Last Salute
Mr. Pimm
"Bank Holiday" (S2E2)
2000
Relic Hunter
Chef Gerard La Grange
"Nothing But the Truth" (S1E21)
2000
The Prince and the Pauper
Magistrate
TV movie
2001
Doc Martin
Charley
TV movie
2002
Bertie and Elizabeth
Tommy Lascelles
TV movie
2002
Foyle's War
Arthur Ellis
"The White Feather" (S1E2)
2003
Leonardo
Abbot
Miniseries (1 episode)
2003
Doc Martin and the Legend of the Cloutie
Charley
TV movie
2004
The Alan Clark Diaries
Ian Gow
Series 1 (3 episodes)
2004–06
The Worst Week of My Life
Vicar
Series 1 & 3 (4 episodes)
2004
My Dad's the Prime Minister
Sir Fabian Flood
"Diaries" (S2E6)
2005
Hustle
Benny
"Eye of the Beholder" (S2E6)
2005
The Bill
Richard Foster
Series 21 (2 episodes)
2005
Summer Solstice
Derek
TV movie
2007
A Class Apart
Godfrey
TV movie
2007
My Family
Mr. Salem
"Ho Ho No" (Christmas special)
2008
Agatha Christie's Marple
Billingsley
"A Pocket Full of Rye" (S4E1)
2008
Einstein and Eddington
H H Turner
TV movie
2009
Minder
Dickie Mint
Series 11 (3 episodes)
2009
The Royal
Dr. Marsden
"Counting Chickens" (S8E2)
External links
Paul Brooke at IMDb
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"Hammer film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_Film_Productions"},{"link_name":"Straight on till Morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_On_till_Morning_(film)"},{"link_name":"For Your Eyes Only","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Your_Eyes_Only_(film)"},{"link_name":"Return of the Jedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_the_Jedi"},{"link_name":"Scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandal_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"Saving Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saving_Grace_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"Bridget Jones's Diary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridget_Jones%27s_Diary"},{"link_name":"Alfie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfie_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"The Phantom of the Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"Oliver Twist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Twist_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"Tom Brooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Brooke"}],"text":"Paul Brooke (born 22 November 1944) is a retired English actor of film, television and radio. He made his film debut in 1972 in the Hammer film Straight on till Morning, followed by performances in For Your Eyes Only (1981), Return of the Jedi (1983), Scandal (1989), Saving Grace (2000), Bridget Jones's Diary (2001), Alfie (2004), The Phantom of the Opera (2004) and Oliver Twist (2005). Brooke is the father of actor Tom Brooke.","title":"Paul Brooke"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malakili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malakili"},{"link_name":"Rancor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancor"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars"},{"link_name":"Return of the Jedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_the_Jedi"},{"link_name":"Ernie Fosselius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Fosselius"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Ian Gow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Gow"},{"link_name":"The Alan Clark Diaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alan_Clark_Diaries"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"Year of the Pig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_of_the_Pig"},{"link_name":"Mr. Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Bean"},{"link_name":"Bridget Jones's Diary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridget_Jones%27s_Diary_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Blackadder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blackadder"},{"link_name":"Bertie and Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertie_and_Elizabeth"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Blott on the Landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blott_on_the_Landscape"},{"link_name":"Lovejoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovejoy"},{"link_name":"Foyle's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foyle%27s_War"},{"link_name":"Rab C. Nesbitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rab_C._Nesbitt"},{"link_name":"Kavanagh QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavanagh_QC"},{"link_name":"Sharpe's Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpe%27s_Revenge_(TV_programme)"},{"link_name":"Midsomer Murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midsomer_Murders"},{"link_name":"Hustle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hustle_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Covington Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covington_Cross"},{"link_name":"The Kit Curran Radio Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kit_Curran_Radio_Show"},{"link_name":"Between the Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between_the_Lines_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Relic Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relic_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Nostromo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostromo_(television_miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Gríma Wormtongue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%ADma_Wormtongue"},{"link_name":"1981 BBC radio adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1981_radio_series)"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"Linal Haft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linal_Haft"},{"link_name":"Frank Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Mills_(British_actor)"},{"link_name":"Minder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minder_(TV_series)"}],"text":"Brooke began as a stage actor and has played in many London productions, including several years as a member of Frank Dunlop's original Young Vic Company. He played Malakili the Rancor Keeper in the 1983 Star Wars film Return of the Jedi (his voiced dubbed over by Ernie Fosselius). He played British Conservative politician Ian Gow in the 2004 BBC series The Alan Clark Diaries. In 2006, he guest starred in the Doctor Who audio adventure Year of the Pig as well as the 1990 Mr. Bean sketch \"The Library\". He played Mr. Fitzherbert in the 2001 film Bridget Jones's Diary.Other appearances in television dramas and comedies featuring Brooke include The Blackadder, Bertie and Elizabeth, the BBC adaptation of Blott on the Landscape, Lovejoy, Foyle's War, Rab C. Nesbitt, Kavanagh QC, Sharpe's Revenge, Midsomer Murders, Hustle, Covington Cross, The Kit Curran Radio Show, Between the Lines, Relic Hunter and Mornin' Sarge. He appeared in the miniseries Nostromo in 1997.He played Gríma Wormtongue in the 1981 BBC radio adaptation of The Lord of the Rings.He, Linal Haft and Frank Mills are the only actors to appear in both the classic and returning series of Minder, but playing different roles in each.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0217968/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_86","external_links_name":"World's End"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253132/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_75","external_links_name":"Hommage à Rossini"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0178154/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_68","external_links_name":"The Modern World: Ten Great Writers"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0095762/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_65","external_links_name":"Number 27"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0137051/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_58","external_links_name":"The Justice Game"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0143053/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_60","external_links_name":"Mornin' Sarge"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0180850/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_48","external_links_name":"Mr. Wakefield's Crusade"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0414938/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_46","external_links_name":"De terre et de sang"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0108878/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_41","external_links_name":"Nice Day at the Office"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0181198/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_34","external_links_name":"Annie's Bar"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0155451/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_22","external_links_name":"The Unknown Soldier"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0362819/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_14","external_links_name":"Leonardo"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0944831/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_6","external_links_name":"A Class Apart"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0111727/","external_links_name":"Paul Brooke"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/4610479","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdM7HRVPHCvgtmC7cg3Qq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007444554305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2003004807","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/5c84c767-51cb-4f3b-b253-7e9c84a73366","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuuno_Honkonen | Kuuno Honkonen | ["1 References"] | Finnish politician and high jumper
Kuuno HonkonenHonkonen (left) at the 1948 OlympicsPersonal informationBorn1 March 1922Jakobstad, FinlandDied9 July 1985 (aged 63)Tampere, FinlandHeight182 cm (6 ft 0 in)Weight73 kg (161 lb)SportSportAthleticsEventHigh jumpClubTampereen KisatoveritAchievements and titlesPersonal best1.96 m (1948)
Kuuno Ola Honkonen (1 March 1922 – 9 July 1985) was a Finnish politician in the left-wing Finnish People's Democratic League. He was a member of the Finnish parliament, Eduskunta, from 1958 until 1979. In 1979, he became the Finnish ambassador to East Germany.
Honkonen was also an athlete, who finished 17th in the high jump at the 1948 Olympics.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kuuno Honkonen.
^ a b Kuuno Honkonen. Sports-reference.com
^ Kuuno Honkonen. Kansanedustajana 22.07.1958 – 23.03.1979. eduskunta.fi
Authority control databases: National
Finland
This article about a Finnish politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This biographical article relating to Finnish athletics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Finnish People's Democratic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_People%27s_Democratic_League"},{"link_name":"Eduskunta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduskunta"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"high jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_jump"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sref-1"}],"text":"Kuuno Ola Honkonen (1 March 1922 – 9 July 1985) was a Finnish politician in the left-wing Finnish People's Democratic League. He was a member of the Finnish parliament, Eduskunta, from 1958 until 1979.[2] In 1979, he became the Finnish ambassador to East Germany.Honkonen was also an athlete, who finished 17th in the high jump at the 1948 Olympics.[1]","title":"Kuuno Honkonen"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417182004/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ho/kuuno-honkonen-1.html","external_links_name":"Kuuno Honkonen"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110611222601/http://www.eduskunta.fi/triphome/bin/hx5000.sh?%7Bhnro%7D=910512&%7Bkieli%7D=su&%7Bhaku%7D=kaikki","external_links_name":"Kuuno Honkonen. Kansanedustajana 22.07.1958 – 23.03.1979"},{"Link":"https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000128890","external_links_name":"Finland"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuuno_Honkonen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuuno_Honkonen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_Tour | Truth Tour | ["1 Background","2 Concert synopsis","3 Broadcasts and recordings","4 Personnel","5 Opening acts","6 Setlist","7 Tour dates","7.1 Box office score data","8 References"] | 2004 concert tour by Usher
Truth TourTour by UsherPromotional poster for the tourAssociated albumConfessionsStart dateMay 21, 2004End dateOctober 15, 2004Legs3No. of shows72Usher concert chronology
8701 Evolution Tour(2002)
Truth Tour(2004)
One Night Stand: Ladies Only(2008)
The Truth Tour was the second concert tour by American recording artist Usher. Visiting Africa, North America and Europe, the tour accompanies his fourth studio album, Confessions, marking his first international tour. The tour commenced on May 21, 2004, in Johannesburg and concluded on October 15, 2004, in Hartford. It was ranked as one of the highest-grossing tours of 2004 in North America, grossing $29.1 million.
Background
This was Raymond's second tour. He stated to the Daily Press: "before I get ready to put my shows together, I always go to New York. I go to Vegas. I go to Atlantic City, and I sit down at the shows, and I get some inspiration from there", Usher said. He also looks at tapes of old "Soul Train" TV shows to get ideas for choreography. Raymond enlisted stylist Tameka Foster to create his wardrobe for the tour.
Concert synopsis
The tour set featured a small stage up on top of the main stage, where the band played. Usher was occupied by his eight supporting dancers. Attached to the smaller stage was a mini platform which lowered to the main stage attached by two big staircases on both sides of it. To the left, a group of circular staircases climbed to the top, and to the right, there was a fire escape replete with steps and an elevator. Usher's entrance was a short movie showing him getting dressed and walking to the concert venue, following on with him performing the opening song "Caught Up", with Usher dressed in all white while wearing an all-white glove.
The second song performed was "You Make Me Wanna...", where two dancers stayed on the top stage with Usher while two male dancers came out to the lower level with two chairs each in their hands. Each dancer threw one chair up to the top, with Usher already in hand with his own chair, following a set dance routine from the video. Following this, Usher performed "U Remind Me", where he danced by himself during a breakdown of the track doing his signature handstand that makes the initials "UR".
Next he performed "My Way" dressed in the attire from his video doing similar routines after the song begun a dance break where Usher and his dancer began breakdancing. He changed wardrobe and appears on the small stage wearing a black dress shirt, black fedora a and white studded pants singing "Follow Me". This leads "That's What It's Made For", before he goes into his next song he shows gratitude to his audience. He begins singing excerpts from "Superstar" with the help of his background singers while on top of the small stage. He walks over to the circular staircase where his mic stand is and he begins singing "Nice & Slow". The mini platform lifts him in the sky as he begins to sing "U Got it Bad". Next he introduces his eight dancers into him singing "U Don't Have to Call".
Just Blaze playing tour DJ appears on the top platform plays the next song "Throwback" that he produced. Usher walks out in Michael Vick's Atlanta Falcons jersey to sing his verse, Rico Loves joins him on stage rapping his verse. Following on with the song "Bad Girl", where Usher was dressed up in a lavender suit and came out in a chrome chair. During the song, Usher picked out a female from the crowd, transitioning to "Superstar", singing to the fan. Usher continued singing to the fan, performing "Can U Handle It?", closing the song by kissing the fan who then left the stage. A video interlude played then Usher came out sitting in a chair performing with Confessions then Kanye West joins him rap his verse from Confessions Remix. Completing another wardrobe chain he comes out in his signature outfit an Atlanta Braves fitted cap, Blazer, and Jeans singing "Burn". He finishes his performance doing the hit single "Yeah!".
Broadcasts and recordings
The concert was recorded on October 2 and 3, 2004 at Philips Arena in Atlanta, GA. Showtime broadcast the show during a special titled One Night, One Star: Usher Live at Coliseo de Puerto Rico. Raymond during this concert special brought out special guests Lil Jon, Ludacris, Daddy Yankee, Fat Joe, and Beyoncé to perform a dance routine to "Bad Girl" choreographed by Frank Gatson, Jr.
On September 16, 2005, the DVD of The Truth Tour: Behind The Tour was certified 7× Platinum by RIAA.
Personnel
Musical director: Valdez Brantley
Drums: Aaron Spears
Guitars: Juan "Johnny" Najera
Keyboards/MD: Arthur "Buddy" Strong
Background vocalist: Sy Smith, Di Reed, BJ Sledge, Brandon Rodgers, Ryon Lovett
Opening acts
JoJo (Europe, select dates)
Kanye West (North America)
Christina Milian (North America, select dates)
Cassidy (United Kingdom)
Setlist
The following setlist was obtained from the concert held on August 5, 2004, at the Hampton Coliseum in Hampton, Virginia. It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the tour.
"Video Sequence"
"Caught Up"
"You Make Me Wanna..."
"U Remind Me"
"My Way"
"Follow Me"
"That's What It's Made For"
"Nice & Slow"
"U Got It Bad"
"Video Sequence"
"U Don't Have to Call"
"Throwback"
"Bad Girl"
"Can U Handle It?"
"Superstar"
"Do It to Me"
"Confessions (Interlude)" / "Confessions Part II"
Encore
"Video Sequence"
"Burn"
"Yeah!"
Tour dates
Date
City
Country
Venue
Africa
May 21, 2004
Johannesburg
South Africa
The Dome at Northgate
May 23, 2004
Cape Town
Bellville Velodrome
May 25, 2004
Durban
ICC Arena
May 27, 2004
Johannesburg
The Dome at Northgate
Europe
June 4, 2004
Stuttgart
Germany
Hanns-Martin-Schleyer-Halle
June 5, 2004
Oberhausen
König Pilsener Arena
June 6, 2004
Frankfurt
Festhalle Frankfurt
June 8, 2004
Copenhagen
Denmark
Forum Copenhagen
June 9, 2004
Stockholm
Sweden
Stockholm Globe Arena
June 11, 2004
Bremen
Germany
Stadthalle Bremen
June 12, 2004
Hamburg
Color Line Arena
June 13, 2004
Berlin
Velodrom
June 14, 2004
Munich
Kulturhalle Zenith
June 16, 2004
Marseille
France
Le Dôme de Marseille
June 17, 2004
Münchenstein
Switzerland
St. Jakobshalle
June 19, 2004
Forest
Belgium
Forest National
June 20, 2004
Paris
France
Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy
June 21, 2004
Rotterdam
Netherlands
Rotterdam Ahoy Sportpaleis
June 23, 2004
Manchester
England
Manchester Evening News Arena
June 24, 2004
London
Wembley Arena
June 25, 2004
June 28, 2004
June 30, 2004
Manchester
Manchester Evening News Arena
July 1, 2004
Birmingham
NEC Arena
July 2, 2004
Glasgow
Scotland
SECC Concert Hall 4
July 3, 2004
Dublin
Ireland
Point Theatre
July 5, 2004
Lyon
France
Halle Tony Garnier
July 6, 2004
Lille
Zénith de Lille
July 7, 2004
Nottingham
England
Nottingham Arena
July 8, 2004
London
Wembley Arena
July 9, 2004
North America
August 5, 2004
Hampton
United States
Hampton Coliseum
August 6, 2004
Baltimore
1st Mariner Arena
August 7, 2004
Raleigh
RBC Center
August 9, 2004
Toronto
Canada
Air Canada Centre
August 10, 2004
Cleveland
United States
CSU Convocation Center
August 12, 2004
Dallas
American Airlines Center
August 13, 2004
Houston
Toyota Center
August 14, 2004
New Orleans
New Orleans Arena
August 17, 2004
Cincinnati
U.S. Bank Arena
August 19, 2004
Philadelphia
Wachovia Center
August 20, 2004
Washington, D.C.
MCI Center
August 21, 2004
East Rutherford
Continental Airlines Arena
August 22, 2004
Boston
FleetCenter
August 25, 2004
Columbus
Value City Arena
August 30, 2004
Los Angeles
Staples Center
August 31, 2004
Glendale
Glendale Arena
September 2, 2004
Los Angeles
Staples Center
September 3, 2004
Oakland
The Arena in Oakland
September 4, 2004
September 5, 2004
Las Vegas
Mandalay Bay Events Center
September 9, 2004
Minneapolis
Target Center
September 10, 2004
Rosemont
Allstate Arena
September 11, 2004
Auburn Hills
The Palace of Auburn Hills
September 12, 2004
Milwaukee
Bradley Center
September 17, 2004
Memphis
FedExForum
September 18, 2004
St. Louis
Savvis Center
September 19, 2004
Kansas City
Kemper Arena
September 23, 2004
Miami
American Airlines Arena
September 24, 2004
Tampa
St. Pete Times Forum
September 25, 2004
Jacksonville
Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena
September 28, 2004
Tallahassee
Tallahassee-Leon County Civic Center
September 30, 2004
Charlotte
Charlotte Coliseum
October 1, 2004
Greenville
BI-LO Center
October 2, 2004
Birmingham
BJCC Arena
October 3, 2004
Atlanta
Philips Arena
October 6, 2004
Pittsburgh
Mellon Arena
October 7, 2004
Philadelphia
Wachovia Center
October 9, 2004
Greensboro
Greensboro Coliseum
October 12, 2004
Albany
Pepsi Arena
October 13, 2004
New York City
Madison Square Garden
October 14, 2004
October 15, 2004
Hartford
Hartford Civic Center
Cancellations and rescheduled shows
June 6, 2004
Frankfurt, Germany
Jahrhunderthalle
Moved to the Festhalle Frankfurt
June 8, 2004
London, England
Wembley Arena
Rescheduled to June 28, 2004
June 9, 2004
Copenhagen, Denmark
Valby-Hallen
Rescheduled to June 8, 2004, and moved to the Forum Copenhagen
June 23, 2004
Grenoble, France
Summum
Cancelled
June 24, 2004
Lille, France
Zénith de Lille
Rescheduled to July 6, 2004
June 26, 2004
Dublin, Ireland
Point Theatre
Rescheduled to July 3, 2004
August 14, 2004
Columbus, Ohio
Value City Arena
Rescheduled to August 25, 2004
August 25, 2004
New Orleans, Louisiana
Louisiana Superdome
Rescheduled to August 14, 2004, and moved to the New Orleans Arena
August 26, 2004
Houston, Texas
Toyota Center
Rescheduled to August 13, 2004
August 31, 2004
Oakland, California
The Arena in Oakland
Rescheduled to September 4, 2004
September 15, 2004
Dallas, Texas
American Airlines Arena
Rescheduled to August 12, 2004
October 6, 2004
New York City, New York
Madison Square Garden
Rescheduled to October 13, 2004
October 7, 2004
New York City, New York
Madison Square Garden
Rescheduled to October 14, 2004
October 7, 2004
Hartford, Connecticut
Hartford Civic Center
Rescheduled to October 15, 2004
Box office score data
Venue
City
Tickets sold / Available
Gross revenue
1st Mariner Arena
Baltimore
11,061 / 11,061 (100%)
$584,657
RBC Center
Raleigh
13,272 / 13,272 (100%)
$583,238
Air Canada Centre
Toronto
14,678 / 14,678 (100%)
$1,007,323
CSU Convocation Center
Cleveland
10,092 / 10,092 (100%)
$510,753
American Airlines Center
Dallas
12,374 / 12,374 (100%)
$653,882
Toyota Center
Houston
11,950 / 11,950 (100%)
$695,100
New Orleans Arena
New Orleans
13,498 / 13,498 (100%)
$734,708
U.S. Bank Arena
Cincinnati
10,413 / 10,413 (100%)
$521,382
Wachovia Center
Philadelphia
24,837 / 24,837 (100%)
$1,572,338
MCI Center
Washington, D.C.
13,271 / 13,271 (100%)
$883,562
Continental Airlines Arena
East Rutherford
14,383 / 14,383 (100%)
$918,219
FleetCenter
Boston
13,870 / 13,870 (100%)
$870,305
Value City Arena
Columbus
9,986 / 9,986 (100%)
$521,625
Staples Center
Los Angeles
27,831 / 27,831 (100%)
$1,633,339
Glendale Arena
Glendale
11,671 / 11,671 (100%)
$638,135
The Arena in Oakland
Oakland
23,474 / 23,474 (100%)
$1,293,184
Mandalay Bay Events Center
Las Vegas
9,232 / 9,232 (100%)
$711,328
Target Center
Minneapolis
12,317 / 12,317 (100%)
$645,493
Allstate Arena
Rosemont
12,818 / 12,818 (100%)
$746,564
The Palace of Auburn Hills
Auburn Hills
15,226 / 15,226 (100%)
$900,727
Bradley Center
Milwaukee
10,334 / 10,334 (100%)
$594,763
FedExForum
Memphis
12,725 / 12,725 (100%)
$660,255
Savvis Center
St. Louis
11,724 / 11,724 (100%)
$673,086
Kemper Arena
Kansas City
13,447 / 13,447 (100%)
$700,303
American Airlines Arena
Miami
12,203 / 12,203 (100%)
$697,882
St. Pete Times Forum
Tampa
11,184 / 11,184 (100%)
$637,280
Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena
Jacksonville
10,450 / 10,450 (100%)
$614,287
Charlotte Coliseum
Charlotte
10,082 / 10,082 (100%)
$417,336
Pepsi Arena
Albany
10,133 / 10,133 (100%)
$520,590
Madison Square Garden
New York City
26,658 / 26,658 (100%)
$2,026,698
Hartford Civic Center
Hartford
10,192 / 10,192 (100%)
$618,297
TOTAL
425,386 / 425,386 (100%)
$24,786,639
References
^ Dinsdale, Nathan; Hepola, Sarah; Roberts, Randall (August 11, 2004). "Ursha Speaks". Riverfront Times. Euclid Media Group. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
^ "THE TOP 25 TOURS OF 2004 (North American dates only)". Pollstar. December 2004. Archived from the original on December 30, 2004. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
^ MacDonald, Sam (August 1, 2004). "Usher tells 'The Truth'". Daily Press. Tribune Company. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
^ "The Remix of Usher: Red-Hot R&B Superstar Still Sizzling". Jet. 107 (6). Johnson Publishing Company: 61. February 7, 2005. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
^ "International Superstar Usher to Perform on Showtime Live From San Juan, Puerto Rico Saturday March 5" (Press release). Beverly Hills, California: Showtime Networks. Business Wire. January 6, 2005. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
^ Smiley, Lauren (June 21, 2004). "JoJo is 13, going on superstar". The Boston Globe. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
^ "Usher takes 'The Truth' on U.S. tour -- Oakland stop scheduled for Sept. 3". San Francisco Chronicle. Hearst Communications. July 3, 2004. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
^ Reid, Shaheem; Calloway, Sway (August 6, 2004). "Usher Proves He's 'The Truth' At Tour Kickoff". MTV News. MTV Networks. Archived from the original on August 10, 2004. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
^ "Usher adds another date to UK tour". Music-News.com. Music News Ltd. June 4, 2004. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
^ Sources for tour dates in North America:
Dansby, Andrew (June 16, 2004). "Usher, Kanye to Tour". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
Tecson, Brandee J. (July 2, 2004). "Usher, Kanye West Announce Revamped 'Truth Tour' Itinerary". MTV News. MTV Networks. Archived from the original on July 11, 2004. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
Zahlaway, Jon (July 7, 2004). "Usher unveils lengthy tour itinerary". LiveDaily. Ticketmaster Entertainment, Inc. Archived from the original on August 8, 2004. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
Zahlaway, Jon (August 5, 2004). "Usher kicks off North American tour, tweaks itinerary". LiveDaily. Ticketmaster Entertainment, Inc. Archived from the original on August 15, 2004. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
^ a b "Billboard Boxscore: Concert Grosses". Billboard. Vol. 116, no. 35. Nashville, Tennessee: VNU Business Media, Inc. August 28, 2004. p. 31. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
^ a b c d "Billboard Boxscore: Concert Grosses". Billboard. Vol. 116, no. 44. Nashville, Tennessee: VNU Business Media, Inc. October 30, 2004. p. 17. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
^ a b c d "Billboard Boxscore: Concert Grosses". Billboard. Vol. 116, no. 41. Nashville, Tennessee: VNU Business Media, Inc. October 9, 2004. p. 20. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
^ a b c d e f g "Billboard Boxscore: Concert Grosses". Billboard. Vol. 116, no. 36. Nashville, Tennessee: VNU Business Media, Inc. September 4, 2004. p. 18. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
^ a b "Billboard Boxscore: Concert Grosses". Billboard. Vol. 116, no. 37. Nashville, Tennessee: VNU Business Media, Inc. September 18, 2004. p. 33. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
^ "Billboard Boxscore: Concert Grosses". Billboard. Vol. 116, no. 43. Nashville, Tennessee: VNU Business Media, Inc. October 23, 2004. p. 19. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
^ a b c d "Billboard Boxscore: Concert Grosses". Billboard. Vol. 116, no. 39. Nashville, Tennessee: VNU Business Media, Inc. September 25, 2004. p. 39. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
^ a b c d e f g "Billboard Boxscore: Concert Grosses". Billboard. Vol. 116, no. 40. Nashville, Tennessee: VNU Business Media, Inc. October 2, 2004. p. 18. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
^ "Billboard Boxscore: Concert Grosses". Billboard. Vol. 116, no. 45. Nashville, Tennessee: VNU Business Media, Inc. November 6, 2004. p. 28. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
vteUsher
Discography (songs)
Videography
Awards and nominations
Studio albums
Usher
My Way
8701
Confessions
Here I Stand
Raymond v. Raymond
Looking 4 Myself
Hard II Love
A
Coming Home
Live albums
Live
Extended plays
Versus
Concerts and tours
8701 Evolution Tour
Truth Tour
OMG Tour
Super Bowl XLV halftime show
UR Experience Tour
Super Bowl LVIII halftime show
Usher: Past Present Future
Related
RBMG Records
Usher's New Look
Tidal
Cleveland Cavaliers
Rico Love
Tameka Foster
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Usher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usher_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Confessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessions_(Usher_album)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Truth Tour[1] was the second concert tour by American recording artist Usher. Visiting Africa, North America and Europe, the tour accompanies his fourth studio album, Confessions, marking his first international tour. The tour commenced on May 21, 2004, in Johannesburg and concluded on October 15, 2004, in Hartford. It was ranked as one of the highest-grossing tours of 2004 in North America, grossing $29.1 million.[2]","title":"Truth Tour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daily Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Press_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This was Raymond's second tour. He stated to the Daily Press: \"before I get ready to put my shows together, I always go to New York. I go to Vegas. I go to Atlantic City, and I sit down at the shows, and I get some inspiration from there\", Usher said. He also looks at tapes of old \"Soul Train\" TV shows to get ideas for choreography.[3] Raymond enlisted stylist Tameka Foster to create his wardrobe for the tour.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caught Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caught_Up_(Usher_song)"},{"link_name":"You Make Me Wanna...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Make_Me_Wanna..."},{"link_name":"U Remind Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_Remind_Me"},{"link_name":"My Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Way_(Usher_song)"},{"link_name":"Nice & Slow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice_%26_Slow"},{"link_name":"U Got it Bad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_Got_It_Bad"},{"link_name":"U Don't Have to Call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_Don%27t_Have_to_Call"},{"link_name":"Just Blaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Blaze"},{"link_name":"Burn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn_(Usher_song)"},{"link_name":"Yeah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeah!_(Usher_song)"}],"text":"The tour set featured a small stage up on top of the main stage, where the band played. Usher was occupied by his eight supporting dancers. Attached to the smaller stage was a mini platform which lowered to the main stage attached by two big staircases on both sides of it. To the left, a group of circular staircases climbed to the top, and to the right, there was a fire escape replete with steps and an elevator. Usher's entrance was a short movie showing him getting dressed and walking to the concert venue, following on with him performing the opening song \"Caught Up\", with Usher dressed in all white while wearing an all-white glove.The second song performed was \"You Make Me Wanna...\", where two dancers stayed on the top stage with Usher while two male dancers came out to the lower level with two chairs each in their hands. Each dancer threw one chair up to the top, with Usher already in hand with his own chair, following a set dance routine from the video. Following this, Usher performed \"U Remind Me\", where he danced by himself during a breakdown of the track doing his signature handstand that makes the initials \"UR\".Next he performed \"My Way\" dressed in the attire from his video doing similar routines after the song begun a dance break where Usher and his dancer began breakdancing. He changed wardrobe and appears on the small stage wearing a black dress shirt, black fedora a and white studded pants singing \"Follow Me\". This leads \"That's What It's Made For\", before he goes into his next song he shows gratitude to his audience. He begins singing excerpts from \"Superstar\" with the help of his background singers while on top of the small stage. He walks over to the circular staircase where his mic stand is and he begins singing \"Nice & Slow\". The mini platform lifts him in the sky as he begins to sing \"U Got it Bad\". Next he introduces his eight dancers into him singing \"U Don't Have to Call\".Just Blaze playing tour DJ appears on the top platform plays the next song \"Throwback\" that he produced. Usher walks out in Michael Vick's Atlanta Falcons jersey to sing his verse, Rico Loves joins him on stage rapping his verse. Following on with the song \"Bad Girl\", where Usher was dressed up in a lavender suit and came out in a chrome chair. During the song, Usher picked out a female from the crowd, transitioning to \"Superstar\", singing to the fan. Usher continued singing to the fan, performing \"Can U Handle It?\", closing the song by kissing the fan who then left the stage. A video interlude played then Usher came out sitting in a chair performing with Confessions then Kanye West joins him rap his verse from Confessions Remix. Completing another wardrobe chain he comes out in his signature outfit an Atlanta Braves fitted cap, Blazer, and Jeans singing \"Burn\". He finishes his performance doing the hit single \"Yeah!\".","title":"Concert synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philips Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips_Arena"},{"link_name":"Atlanta, GA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_GA"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Coliseo de Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_Agrelot_Coliseum"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lil Jon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Jon"},{"link_name":"Ludacris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludacris"},{"link_name":"Daddy Yankee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daddy_Yankee"},{"link_name":"Fat Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Joe"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Frank Gatson, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gatson,_Jr."},{"link_name":"RIAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"}],"text":"The concert was recorded on October 2 and 3, 2004 at Philips Arena in Atlanta, GA.[4] Showtime broadcast the show during a special titled One Night, One Star: Usher Live at Coliseo de Puerto Rico.[5] Raymond during this concert special brought out special guests Lil Jon, Ludacris, Daddy Yankee, Fat Joe, and Beyoncé to perform a dance routine to \"Bad Girl\" choreographed by Frank Gatson, Jr.On September 16, 2005, the DVD of The Truth Tour: Behind The Tour was certified 7× Platinum by RIAA.","title":"Broadcasts and recordings"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Musical director: Valdez Brantley\nDrums: Aaron Spears\nGuitars: Juan \"Johnny\" Najera\nKeyboards/MD: Arthur \"Buddy\" Strong\nBackground vocalist: Sy Smith, Di Reed, BJ Sledge, Brandon Rodgers, Ryon Lovett","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JoJo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JoJo_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Christina Milian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Milian"},{"link_name":"Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassidy_(rapper)"}],"text":"JoJo (Europe, select dates)[6]\nKanye West (North America)[7]\nChristina Milian (North America, select dates)\nCassidy (United Kingdom)","title":"Opening acts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Caught Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caught_Up_(Usher_song)"},{"link_name":"You Make Me Wanna...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Make_Me_Wanna..."},{"link_name":"U Remind Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_Remind_Me"},{"link_name":"My Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Way_(Usher_song)"},{"link_name":"Nice & Slow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice_%26_Slow"},{"link_name":"U Got It Bad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_Got_It_Bad"},{"link_name":"U Don't Have to Call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_Don%27t_Have_to_Call"},{"link_name":"Throwback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throwback_(song)"},{"link_name":"Confessions Part II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessions_Part_II"},{"link_name":"Burn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn_(Usher_song)"},{"link_name":"Yeah!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeah!_(Usher_song)"}],"text":"The following setlist was obtained from the concert held on August 5, 2004, at the Hampton Coliseum in Hampton, Virginia. It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the tour.[8]\"Video Sequence\"\n\"Caught Up\"\n\"You Make Me Wanna...\"\n\"U Remind Me\"\n\"My Way\"\n\"Follow Me\"\n\"That's What It's Made For\"\n\"Nice & Slow\"\n\"U Got It Bad\"\n\"Video Sequence\"\n\"U Don't Have to Call\"\n\"Throwback\"\n\"Bad Girl\"\n\"Can U Handle It?\"\n\"Superstar\"\n\"Do It to Me\"\n\"Confessions (Interlude)\" / \"Confessions Part II\"Encore\"Video Sequence\"\n\"Burn\"\n\"Yeah!\"","title":"Setlist"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Cancellations and rescheduled shows","title":"Tour dates"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Box office score data","title":"Tour dates"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Dinsdale, Nathan; Hepola, Sarah; Roberts, Randall (August 11, 2004). \"Ursha Speaks\". Riverfront Times. Euclid Media Group. Retrieved February 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riverfronttimes.com/stlouis/ursha-speaks/Content?oid=2462213","url_text":"\"Ursha Speaks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverfront_Times","url_text":"Riverfront Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid_Media_Group","url_text":"Euclid Media Group"}]},{"reference":"\"THE TOP 25 TOURS OF 2004 (North American dates only)\". Pollstar. December 2004. Archived from the original on December 30, 2004. Retrieved February 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041230171656/http://pollstar.com/news/top25.pl","url_text":"\"THE TOP 25 TOURS OF 2004 (North American dates only)\""},{"url":"http://pollstar.com/news/top25.pl","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"MacDonald, Sam (August 1, 2004). \"Usher tells 'The Truth'\". Daily Press. Tribune Company. Retrieved February 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailypress.com/news/dp-xpm-20040801-2004-08-01-0407290275-story.html","url_text":"\"Usher tells 'The Truth'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Press_(Virginia)","url_text":"Daily Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune_Media","url_text":"Tribune Company"}]},{"reference":"\"The Remix of Usher: Red-Hot R&B Superstar Still Sizzling\". Jet. 107 (6). Johnson Publishing Company: 61. February 7, 2005. Retrieved February 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JbYDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA61","url_text":"\"The Remix of Usher: Red-Hot R&B Superstar Still Sizzling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_(magazine)","url_text":"Jet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Publishing_Company","url_text":"Johnson Publishing Company"}]},{"reference":"\"International Superstar Usher to Perform on Showtime Live From San Juan, Puerto Rico Saturday March 5\" (Press release). Beverly Hills, California: Showtime Networks. Business Wire. January 6, 2005. Retrieved February 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20050304005523/en/International-Superstar-Usher-Perform-Showtime-Live-San","url_text":"\"International Superstar Usher to Perform on Showtime Live From San Juan, Puerto Rico Saturday March 5\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California","url_text":"Beverly Hills, California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_Networks","url_text":"Showtime Networks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Wire","url_text":"Business Wire"}]},{"reference":"Smiley, Lauren (June 21, 2004). \"JoJo is 13, going on superstar\". The Boston Globe. Retrieved February 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2004/06/21/jojo_is_13_going_on_superstar?pg=full","url_text":"\"JoJo is 13, going on superstar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"\"Usher takes 'The Truth' on U.S. tour -- Oakland stop scheduled for Sept. 3\". San Francisco Chronicle. Hearst Communications. July 3, 2004. Retrieved February 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Usher-takes-The-Truth-on-U-S-tour-Oakland-2744433.php","url_text":"\"Usher takes 'The Truth' on U.S. tour -- Oakland stop scheduled for Sept. 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle","url_text":"San Francisco Chronicle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Communications","url_text":"Hearst Communications"}]},{"reference":"Reid, Shaheem; Calloway, Sway (August 6, 2004). \"Usher Proves He's 'The Truth' At Tour Kickoff\". MTV News. MTV Networks. Archived from the original on August 10, 2004. Retrieved February 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040810091046/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1490004/20040806/story.jhtml","url_text":"\"Usher Proves He's 'The Truth' At Tour Kickoff\""},{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1490004/20040806/story.jhtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Usher adds another date to UK tour\". Music-News.com. Music News Ltd. June 4, 2004. Retrieved February 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.music-news.com/news/UK/1630/Read","url_text":"\"Usher adds another date to UK tour\""}]},{"reference":"Dansby, Andrew (June 16, 2004). \"Usher, Kanye to Tour\". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/usher-kanye-to-tour-248130/","url_text":"\"Usher, Kanye to Tour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20190201002013/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/usher-kanye-to-tour-248130/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tecson, Brandee J. (July 2, 2004). \"Usher, Kanye West Announce Revamped 'Truth Tour' Itinerary\". MTV News. MTV Networks. Archived from the original on July 11, 2004. Retrieved February 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040711111122/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1489208/20040702/usher.jhtml?headlines=true","url_text":"\"Usher, Kanye West Announce Revamped 'Truth Tour' Itinerary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_News","url_text":"MTV News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_Media_Networks","url_text":"MTV Networks"},{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1489208/20040702/usher.jhtml?headlines=true","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zahlaway, Jon (July 7, 2004). \"Usher unveils lengthy tour itinerary\". LiveDaily. Ticketmaster Entertainment, Inc. Archived from the original on August 8, 2004. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declare_Independence | Declare Independence | ["1 Background","2 Music video","2.1 Background and development","2.2 Synopsis","3 Controversies","4 Live performances","5 Track listings and formats","6 Charts","7 Versions","8 References","9 External links"] | For other uses, see Declaration of Independence (disambiguation).
2008 single by Björk"Declare Independence"Single by Björkfrom the album Volta Released1 January 2008Genre
Industrial
electroclash
electropunk
Length4:13LabelOne Little IndianSongwriter(s)
Björk
Mark Bell
Producer(s)
Björk
Mark Bell
Björk singles chronology
"Innocence" (2007)
"Declare Independence" (2008)
"Wanderlust" (2008)
"Declare Independence" is a song written and recorded by Icelandic singer Björk. The track was released as the third single from her sixth full-length studio album, Volta. The single was released on 1 January 2008. Björk's dedication of the song to various independence causes at live performances of the song in Shanghai and Tokyo have caused controversy.
Background
"Declare Independence" was originally an instrumental track by British musician and frequent musical collaborator Mark Bell, performed at his live shows as early as November 2006. Björk later added her vocals and brass arrangement on top. The lyrics are dedicated to the Faroe Islands and Greenland, islands which currently are constituent nations within the Kingdom of Denmark, as Björk's home country of Iceland had been.
"Declare Independence" was originally meant to be released as the second single from Volta in August 2007, but the previously-planned video shoot for "Declare Independence" with Michel Gondry in London was postponed due to Björk's busier than expected promotional schedule. The deadline for the music video contest for "Innocence", then slated as the third single, was then brought forward a month to 10 June 2007 so as to provide a finished video able to coincide with a July 2007 release originally planned for "Declare Independence". The limited edition "multiformat" box set consists of a sticker-sealed fold-out box with five colored nesting boxes containing two 12" vinyl singles, a CD and a music video DVD in colored paper sleeves. A digital release accompanied the physical release on the same date.
Music video
Background and development
The military-themed performance video was directed by French director Michel Gondry. It is his seventh video with Björk, and the first since 1997's "Bachelorette". In a press conference on 22 March 2007, Gondry stated that he would be shooting a video with Björk for an upcoming single, and though he did not specifically state which song it would be for, described his treatment as being for a "punk" song. Later confirmation of the video being for "Declare Independence" was made in an article on Monsters and Critics on 8 May 2007. The video shoot was originally going to take place in August 2007 in London (as was the projected single release) but it was eventually rescheduled to 11 October 2007 in New York City. The finished video was premiered on AOL on 6 December 2007. A making-of was made available on 29 November 2007. The video was premiered exclusively on Channel 4 in the UK on 13 December 2007. The video is also available on the DVD compilation Michel Gondry 2: More Videos (Before and After DVD 1).
Synopsis
During this scene, Björk holding a megaphone, Mark Bell standing on a wall suspended above her with foot soldiers.
The video opens with Mark Bell standing on a wall suspended above Björk, playing a loom-shaped bass guitar. The strings from this guitar thread themselves through Björk's megaphone, the helmets of several foot soldiers and then up through a pulley system before returning to the guitar. As the song progresses, the strings are spraypainted with several colours as they pass through the loop. When the beat begins, the foot soldiers jump along to the beat, triggering a platform switch that raises a large white banner that loops around the installation. The banner is then painted by five other people in jumpsuits when it reaches the top. A trickle of green paint streaks down the camera's lens at the end of the video as the machine begins to grind to a halt. All the people in the video including Björk wear jumpsuits with the flags of Greenland and the Faroe Islands on their shoulders.
Controversies
Björk performing at the Radio City Music Hall in New York City.
Björk has used live performances of "Declare Independence" to declare political support for various causes, often to some controversy. At two concerts in Tokyo, she showed her support for Kosovo's declaration of independence from Serbia. When her upcoming performance at the 2008 Serbian Exit Festival was cancelled, Björk suggested that "Maybe a Serb attended my concert and called home, and therefore the concert in Novi Sad was cancelled." The organizer behind the Exit Festival denied that Björk's cancellation from the festival was because of her song dedication to Kosovo; that it was actually their inability to guarantee the safety of her fans. Björk's management maintained that the cancellation was because of the dedication, claiming that they had received an email from Exit Festival saying that they would only allow the concert to go ahead if Björk's management "denied that Björk has ever ". On 7 March 2008, Exit Festival organiser Bojan Bošković changed his position and told NME that Björk has an "open invitation" to play at the festival. Björk's dedicating of "Declare Independence" to the Faroe Islands caused some minor controversy in the country.
At a concert in Shanghai on 2 March 2008, Björk shouted "Tibet, Tibet!" three times followed by "Raise your flag!" four times during the finale performance of "Declare Independence". Immediately there was an "uneasy atmosphere" and fans left the venue quickly, and internet forums such as Tianya fielded many negative comments on her statement. Chinese Ministry of Culture issued a statement denouncing Björk's outburst, and warned that she would be banned from future appearances in China if she repeated such behavior. In an interview, Björk said that she did not " a trip to China with the purpose of... propaganda" and that Chinese officials "sensationalized" her performance. On 17 July 2008, the Chinese Ministry of Culture announced that artistic groups who "threaten national unity" or "whip up ethnic hatred" among other things during live events would be banned from performing. Fans of Oasis and Bob Dylan, who had previously performed in Tibetan Freedom Concerts, blamed the new regulations for their subsequent denials of permission to perform in Chinese venues.
In October 2017, after the referendum for independence that took place in Catalonia, Björk dedicated the song to the Catalans on Twitter. In August 2019, following Donald Trump's expression of interest to buy Greenland from Denmark, Björk once again took to Twitter to support the island nation's independence.
Live performances
On 8 June 2007 (recorded on 5 June 2007), Björk performed, along with her tour musicians, on the UK television show Later... with Jools Holland for the fifth time in her solo career. She performed "Earth Intruders", "The Anchor Song", and "Declare Independence". Björk's set at Glastonbury Festival was broadcast on BBC Four (and later on BBC Two) on 22 June 2007, with "Declare Independence" being the last song of the concert.
Björk performed the song on every show of the worldwide Volta tour, usually as the very last song of the concert. The live performances make heavy use of the ReacTable, an electro-acoustic music instrument with a tabletop Tangible User Interface. Musician Damian Taylor plays the ReacTable live on stage, and is often joined on the instrument by the support bands when "Declare Independence" is played. During the Australian leg of her tour, as part of the 2008 Big Day Out, the song was dedicated to the Aboriginal people of Australia.
In the Biophilia tour, the song was played using the instrumental base of the song (eliminating brass and beats, being the latter played live onstage by Manu Delago) and featuring the Tesla coil as a new instrument. On 12 August 2012 in Helsinki, Finland, Björk dedicated the song to Pussy Riot.
Björk also performed the song at the end of her set in Toronto on 16 July 2013, and dedicated it to Trayvon Martin.
Track listings and formats
12" vinyl 1
Side A. "Declare Independence" (Ghostigital 12" mix)
Side B. "Declare Independence" (Mark Stent mix)
12" vinyl 2
Side C. "Declare Independence" (Matthew Herbert 12" mix)
Side D. "Declare Independence" (Mark Stent instrumental)
CD
"Declare Independence" (Mark Stent mix)
"Declare Independence" (Ghostigital In Deep End dance 12" remix)
"Declare Independence" (Matthew Herbert 12" mix)
"Declare Independence" (Mark Stent instrumental)
DVD
"Declare Independence" — Music video
Digital EP
"Declare Independence" (Mark Stent mix)
"Declare Independence" (Ghostigital in Deep End dance remix 12")
"Declare Independence" (Matthew Herbert 12")
"Declare Independence" (Mark Stent instrumental)
the iTunes release of the EP also included the music video.
Charts
Chart performance for "Declare Independence"
Chart (2007)
Peakposition
France (SNEP)
68
Italy (Musica e Dischi)
19
Versions
Album version – 4:12
Voltaïc version – 4:18
Mark Stent Mix – 4:12
Mark Stent Instrumental – 4:12
Matthew Herbert 12" Mix – 5:21
Ghostigital in Deep End Dance 12" Remix – 2:49
Black Pus Mix – 8:48 (Available on Voltaïc)
References
^ "Pitchfork: Album Reviews: Björk: Volta". Pitchfork. 2007-05-08. Retrieved 2012-01-11.
^ "Bjork - Volta - Review - Stylus Magazine" Archived 2007-05-09 at the Wayback Machine. Stylus Magazine. 2007-05-07. Retrieved 2012-01-11.
^ "Stereogum".
^ a b "Bjork makes 'free Tibet' gesture". BBC News. 4 March 2008. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
^ a b "Bjork Serbian gig cancelled over her pro-Kosovan stance". NME. 2008. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
^ "bjork.com/\/\unity - Declare Independence without vocals/instrumental". 4um.bjork.com. 2007. Archived from the original on 15 March 2009. Retrieved 24 December 2007.
^ "brooklynvegan: An interview with Björk". Brooklyn Vegan. 2007. Retrieved 6 December 2007.
^ a b Útvarp Føroya (Faroese Radio): Íslendska Björk ognar Føroyum og Grønlandi nýggjan sang (The Icelandic Björk dedicates new song to the Faroes and Greenland) Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, 10 April 2007 (Faroese)
^ Iceland Review: Björk in concert in Iceland Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 10 April 2007
^ a b Portal.fo: Bjørk upp í flaggstríðið? (Björk onto the Flag struggle?) Archived 2009-03-15 at the Wayback Machine, 10 April 2007 (Faroese)
^ a b "bjork.com/\/\unity - Explanation from OLI about contest date change". 4um.bjork.com. 2007. Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 22 June 2007.
^ a b c d e "BLEEP - High Quality Music Downloads from Bleep.com". bleep.com. 2007. Retrieved 24 December 2007.
^ "telerama.fr : " J'ai toujours rêvé d'adapter une histoire sur un arbre de 5 km de haut "". telerama.fr. 2007. Archived from the original on 24 March 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2007.
^ "Michel Gondry, à nouveau de la partie ? - bjork fr - news, forum, concert 2007, Volta le nouvel album de Björk". bjork.fr. 2007. Archived from the original on 27 April 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2007.
^ "Bjork's plays with others on 'Volta' - Music". music.monstersandcritics.com. 2007. Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 6 December 2007.
^ "bjork.com/\/\unity - Pictures from Declare Independence". 4um.bjork.com. 2007. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2007.
^ "Declare Independence : clip en décembre + single en janvier - bjork.fr news, forum, photos, concert 2007 / 2008, Volta, Live Session Album". bjork.fr. 2007. Archived from the original on 10 November 2007. Retrieved 27 November 2007.
^ "Bjork, The Making of... 'Declare Independence' - Video Exclusive - Spinner.com - Free MP3s, Interviews, Music News, Live Performances, Songs and Videos". spinner.com. 2007. Archived from the original on 23 July 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2007.
^ "bjork.com/\/\unity - C4 Video Exclusive". 4um.bjork.com. 2007. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 24 December 2007.
^ "Bjork, 'Declare Independence' - Video of the Day". spinner.com. 2007. Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2007.
^ "bjork.com/\/\unity - K O S O V O". 4um.bjork.com. 2008. Archived from the original on 15 March 2009. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
^ "Iceland Review - Online". icelandreview.com. 2008. Archived from the original on 2 March 2008. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
^ "Mbl.is - Frétt - Hætt við tónleika vegna orða Bjarkar um Kosovo". mbl.is. 2008. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
^ "Bjork festival cancellation 'not due to politics'". NME. 2008. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
^ "Bjork management: Kosovo WAS behind Exit festival row". NME. 2008. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
^ "Pitchfork: Bjork Speaks Out About Kosovo Controversy". Pitchfork. 2008. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
^ "EXIT festival boss: Bjork has 'open invitation' to play". NME. 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2008.
^ "Music - News - Bjork gig outburst draws criticism - Digital Spy". digitalspy.co.uk. 2008. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
^ "GIGWISE, Bjork Angers Fans In China With 'Tibet' Call". gigwise.com. 2008. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
^ Branigan, Tania (4 March 2008). "Bjork's Shanghai surprise: a cry of 'Tibet!'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
^ "E! News - China Tries to Cork Björk". eonline.com. 2008. Archived from the original on 8 March 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2008.
^ "Music News - The latest music news and gossip from Yahoo! Music UK & Ireland". uk.news.launch.yahoo.com. 2008. Archived from the original on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2008.
^ ""The Lipster - Features - LIPSTER WORLD EXCLUSIVE: Bjork's first interview about China, censorship and "Tibet, Tibet""". thelipster.com. 2008. Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2008.
^ "Bjork speaks after Tibet controversy". NME. 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2008.
^ Walker, Peter (4 April 2010). "China blocks Bob Dylan gigs". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
^ björk (1 October 2017). "for catalonia". @bjork. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
^ björk (21 August 2019). "björk". @bjork. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
^ "Later with Jools Holland - bjork.fr news, forum, photos, concert 2007 / 2008, Volta, Live Session Album". bjork.fr. 2007. Retrieved 6 December 2007.
^ "Björk dedicates song to Trayvon Martin at Toronto show – watch". NME. 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
^ "Björk – Declare Independence" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
^ "Classifiche". Musica e Dischi (in Italian). Retrieved 28 May 2022. Set "Tipo" on "Singoli". Then, in the "Artista" field, search "Bjork".
External links
Declare Independence releases at Discogs
vteBjörk songs
Discography
Live performances
Songs
Debut
"Human Behaviour"
"Venus as a Boy"
"Big Time Sensuality"
"Violently Happy"
"Play Dead"
Post
"Army of Me"
"Hyperballad"
"It's Oh So Quiet"
"Isobel"
"Possibly Maybe"
"I Miss You"
Homogenic
"Hunter"
"Jóga"
"Unravel"
"Bachelorette"
"All Neon Like"
"Alarm Call"
"Pluto"
"All Is Full of Love"
Vespertine
"Hidden Place"
"Pagan Poetry"
"Cocoon"
Medúlla
"Where Is the Line"
"Who Is It"
"Oceania"
"Triumph of a Heart"
Volta
"Earth Intruders"
"Wanderlust"
"The Dull Flame of Desire"
"Innocence"
"Declare Independence"
Biophilia
"Moon"
"Crystalline"
"Cosmogony"
"Virus"
"Mutual Core"
Vulnicura
"Stonemilker"
"Lionsong"
"Black Lake"
Utopia
"Arisen My Senses"
"Blissing Me"
"The Gate"
Fossora
"Atopos"
"Ovule"
"Ancestress"
Other songs
"I Remember You"
"Vísur Vatnsenda-Rósu"
"Bedtime Story"
"I've Seen It All"
"It's in Our Hands"
"Náttúra"
"The Comet Song"
"Oral"
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Declaration of Independence (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Icelandic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Björk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk"},{"link_name":"Volta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta_(album)"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kosovo-5"}],"text":"For other uses, see Declaration of Independence (disambiguation).2008 single by Björk\"Declare Independence\" is a song written and recorded by Icelandic singer Björk. The track was released as the third single from her sixth full-length studio album, Volta. The single was released on 1 January 2008. Björk's dedication of the song to various independence causes at live performances of the song in Shanghai and Tokyo have caused controversy.[4][5]","title":"Declare Independence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"instrumental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental"},{"link_name":"Mark Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Bell_(British_musician)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument"},{"link_name":"arrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrangement"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Faroe Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"had been","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_Icelandic_constitutional_referendum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uf.fo-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portal.fo-10"},{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"Volta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta_(album)"},{"link_name":"Michel Gondry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Gondry"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PER1-11"},{"link_name":"Innocence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocence_(Bj%C3%B6rk_song)"},{"link_name":"box set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_set"},{"link_name":"12\" vinyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%22_vinyl"},{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"digital release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_music_store"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MIX2-12"}],"text":"\"Declare Independence\" was originally an instrumental track by British musician and frequent musical collaborator Mark Bell, performed at his live shows as early as November 2006.[6] Björk later added her vocals and brass arrangement on top.[7] The lyrics are dedicated to the Faroe Islands and Greenland, islands which currently are constituent nations within the Kingdom of Denmark, as Björk's home country of Iceland had been.[8][9][10]\"Declare Independence\" was originally meant to be released as the second single from Volta in August 2007, but the previously-planned video shoot for \"Declare Independence\" with Michel Gondry in London was postponed due to Björk's busier than expected promotional schedule.[11] The deadline for the music video contest for \"Innocence\", then slated as the third single, was then brought forward a month to 10 June 2007 so as to provide a finished video able to coincide with a July 2007 release originally planned for \"Declare Independence\". The limited edition \"multiformat\" box set consists of a sticker-sealed fold-out box with five colored nesting boxes containing two 12\" vinyl singles, a CD and a music video DVD in colored paper sleeves. A digital release accompanied the physical release on the same date.[12]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military"},{"link_name":"performance video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_art"},{"link_name":"Bachelorette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelorette_(song)"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_music"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PER1-11"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"AOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"making-of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making-of"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Michel Gondry 2: More Videos (Before and After DVD 1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Gondry_2:_More_Videos_(Before_and_After_DVD_1)"}],"sub_title":"Background and development","text":"The military-themed performance video was directed by French director Michel Gondry. It is his seventh video with Björk, and the first since 1997's \"Bachelorette\". In a press conference on 22 March 2007, Gondry stated that he would be shooting a video with Björk for an upcoming single, and though he did not specifically state which song it would be for, described his treatment as being for a \"punk\" song.[13][14] Later confirmation of the video being for \"Declare Independence\" was made in an article on Monsters and Critics on 8 May 2007.[15] The video shoot was originally going to take place in August 2007 in London (as was the projected single release)[11] but it was eventually rescheduled to 11 October 2007 in New York City.[16] The finished video was premiered on AOL on 6 December 2007.[17] A making-of was made available on 29 November 2007.[18] The video was premiered exclusively on Channel 4 in the UK on 13 December 2007.[19] The video is also available on the DVD compilation Michel Gondry 2: More Videos (Before and After DVD 1).","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bj%C3%B6rk-Declare_Independence_(music_video).png"},{"link_name":"loom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom"},{"link_name":"bass guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"flags of Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Greenland"},{"link_name":"the Faroe Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Synopsis","text":"During this scene, Björk holding a megaphone, Mark Bell standing on a wall suspended above her with foot soldiers.The video opens with Mark Bell standing on a wall suspended above Björk, playing a loom-shaped bass guitar. The strings from this guitar thread themselves through Björk's megaphone, the helmets of several foot soldiers and then up through a pulley system before returning to the guitar. As the song progresses, the strings are spraypainted with several colours as they pass through the loop. When the beat begins, the foot soldiers jump along to the beat, triggering a platform switch that raises a large white banner that loops around the installation. The banner is then painted by five other people in jumpsuits when it reaches the top. A trickle of green paint streaks down the camera's lens at the end of the video as the machine begins to grind to a halt. All the people in the video including Björk wear jumpsuits with the flags of Greenland and the Faroe Islands on their shoulders.[20]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bj%C3%B6rkRadioCity.jpg"},{"link_name":"Radio City Music Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_City_Music_Hall"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Kosovo's declaration of independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Exit Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit_(festival)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kosovo-5"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Serb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs"},{"link_name":"Novi Sad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Sad"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uf.fo-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portal.fo-10"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Tibet, Tibet!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"your flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Tibet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-4"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"internet forums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_forums"},{"link_name":"Tianya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianya_Club"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Chinese Ministry of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_in_China"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"ethnic hatred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_hatred"},{"link_name":"Oasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis_(band)"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Tibetan Freedom Concerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Freedom_Concert"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"referendum for independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Catalan_independence_referendum"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"expression of interest to buy Greenland from Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_the_United_States_to_purchase_Greenland#2019"},{"link_name":"island nation's independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_Greenland"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Björk performing at the Radio City Music Hall in New York City.Björk has used live performances of \"Declare Independence\" to declare political support for various causes, often to some controversy. At two concerts in Tokyo, she showed her support for Kosovo's declaration of independence from Serbia. When her upcoming performance at the 2008 Serbian Exit Festival was cancelled,[5][21] Björk suggested that \"Maybe a Serb attended my concert [in Tokyo] and called home, and therefore the concert in Novi Sad was cancelled.\"[22][23] The organizer behind the Exit Festival denied that Björk's cancellation from the festival was because of her song dedication to Kosovo; that it was actually their inability to guarantee the safety of her fans.[24] Björk's management maintained that the cancellation was because of the dedication,[25] claiming that they had received an email from Exit Festival saying that they would only allow the concert to go ahead if Björk's management \"denied that Björk has ever [dedicated the song to Kosovo]\".[26] On 7 March 2008, Exit Festival organiser Bojan Bošković changed his position and told NME that Björk has an \"open invitation\" to play at the festival.[27] Björk's dedicating of \"Declare Independence\" to the Faroe Islands caused some minor controversy in the country.[8][10]At a concert in Shanghai on 2 March 2008, Björk shouted \"Tibet, Tibet!\" three times followed by \"Raise your flag!\" four times during the finale performance of \"Declare Independence\".[4][28] Immediately there was an \"uneasy atmosphere\" and fans left the venue quickly,[29] and internet forums such as Tianya fielded many negative comments on her statement.[30] Chinese Ministry of Culture issued a statement denouncing Björk's outburst,[31] and warned that she would be banned from future appearances in China if she repeated such behavior.[32] In an interview, Björk said that she did not \"[plan] a trip to China with the purpose of... propaganda\" and that Chinese officials \"sensationalized\" her performance.[33][34] On 17 July 2008, the Chinese Ministry of Culture announced that artistic groups who \"threaten national unity\" or \"whip up ethnic hatred\" among other things during live events would be banned from performing. Fans of Oasis and Bob Dylan, who had previously performed in Tibetan Freedom Concerts, blamed the new regulations for their subsequent denials of permission to perform in Chinese venues.[35]In October 2017, after the referendum for independence that took place in Catalonia, Björk dedicated the song to the Catalans on Twitter.[36] In August 2019, following Donald Trump's expression of interest to buy Greenland from Denmark, Björk once again took to Twitter to support the island nation's independence.[37]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Later... with Jools Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later..._with_Jools_Holland"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Earth Intruders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Intruders"},{"link_name":"The Anchor Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Anchor_Song"},{"link_name":"Glastonbury Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival"},{"link_name":"BBC Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Four"},{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"Volta tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta_tour"},{"link_name":"ReacTable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReacTable"},{"link_name":"electro-acoustic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroacoustic_music"},{"link_name":"Tangible User Interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangible_User_Interface"},{"link_name":"Big Day Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Day_Out"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal people of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"Biophilia tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophilia_tour"},{"link_name":"beats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_(music)"},{"link_name":"Manu Delago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu_Delago"},{"link_name":"Tesla coil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_coil"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Pussy Riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Trayvon Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trayvon_Martin"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"On 8 June 2007 (recorded on 5 June 2007), Björk performed, along with her tour musicians, on the UK television show Later... with Jools Holland for the fifth time in her solo career.[38] She performed \"Earth Intruders\", \"The Anchor Song\", and \"Declare Independence\". Björk's set at Glastonbury Festival was broadcast on BBC Four (and later on BBC Two) on 22 June 2007, with \"Declare Independence\" being the last song of the concert.Björk performed the song on every show of the worldwide Volta tour, usually as the very last song of the concert. The live performances make heavy use of the ReacTable, an electro-acoustic music instrument with a tabletop Tangible User Interface. Musician Damian Taylor plays the ReacTable live on stage, and is often joined on the instrument by the support bands when \"Declare Independence\" is played. During the Australian leg of her tour, as part of the 2008 Big Day Out, the song was dedicated to the Aboriginal people of Australia.In the Biophilia tour, the song was played using the instrumental base of the song (eliminating brass and beats, being the latter played live onstage by Manu Delago) and featuring the Tesla coil as a new instrument. On 12 August 2012 in Helsinki, Finland, Björk dedicated the song to Pussy Riot.Björk also performed the song at the end of her set in Toronto on 16 July 2013, and dedicated it to Trayvon Martin.[39]","title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ghostigital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_%C3%96rn_Benediktsson"},{"link_name":"Mark Stent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Stent"},{"link_name":"Matthew Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Herbert"}],"text":"12\" vinyl 1Side A. \"Declare Independence\" (Ghostigital 12\" mix)\nSide B. \"Declare Independence\" (Mark Stent mix)12\" vinyl 2Side C. \"Declare Independence\" (Matthew Herbert 12\" mix)\nSide D. \"Declare Independence\" (Mark Stent instrumental)CD\"Declare Independence\" (Mark Stent mix)\n\"Declare Independence\" (Ghostigital In Deep End dance 12\" remix)\n\"Declare Independence\" (Matthew Herbert 12\" mix)\n\"Declare Independence\" (Mark Stent instrumental)DVD\"Declare Independence\" — Music videoDigital EP\"Declare Independence\" (Mark Stent mix)\n\"Declare Independence\" (Ghostigital in Deep End dance remix 12\")\n\"Declare Independence\" (Matthew Herbert 12\")\n\"Declare Independence\" (Mark Stent instrumental)the iTunes release of the EP also included the music video.","title":"Track listings and formats"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Voltaïc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta%C3%AFc"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MIX2-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MIX2-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MIX2-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MIX2-12"}],"text":"Album version – 4:12\nVoltaïc version – 4:18\nMark Stent Mix[12] – 4:12\nMark Stent Instrumental[12] – 4:12\nMatthew Herbert 12\" Mix[12] – 5:21\nGhostigital in Deep End Dance 12\" Remix[12] – 2:49\nBlack Pus Mix – 8:48 (Available on Voltaïc)","title":"Versions"}] | [{"image_text":"During this scene, Björk holding a megaphone, Mark Bell standing on a wall suspended above her with foot soldiers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Bj%C3%B6rk-Declare_Independence_%28music_video%29.png/250px-Bj%C3%B6rk-Declare_Independence_%28music_video%29.png"},{"image_text":"Björk performing at the Radio City Music Hall in New York City.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bj%C3%B6rkRadioCity.jpg/220px-Bj%C3%B6rkRadioCity.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Stereogum\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stereogum.com/1266692/bjork-albums-from-worst-to-best/franchises/counting-down/attachment/volta/","url_text":"\"Stereogum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bjork makes 'free Tibet' gesture\". BBC News. 4 March 2008. Retrieved 4 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7276891.stm","url_text":"\"Bjork makes 'free Tibet' gesture\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bjork Serbian gig cancelled over her pro-Kosovan stance\". NME. 2008. Retrieved 4 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/bjork/34703","url_text":"\"Bjork Serbian gig cancelled over her pro-Kosovan stance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"\"bjork.com/\\/\\unity - Declare Independence without vocals/instrumental\". 4um.bjork.com. 2007. Archived from the original on 15 March 2009. Retrieved 24 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090315201557/http://4um.bjork.com/viewtopic.php?t=17459&highlight=mark+bell+instrumental","url_text":"\"bjork.com/\\/\\unity - Declare Independence without vocals/instrumental\""},{"url":"http://4um.bjork.com/viewtopic.php?t=17459&highlight=mark+bell+instrumental","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"brooklynvegan: An interview with Björk\". Brooklyn Vegan. 2007. Retrieved 6 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brooklynvegan.com/archives/2007/04/an_interview_wi_18.html","url_text":"\"brooklynvegan: An interview with Björk\""}]},{"reference":"\"bjork.com/\\/\\unity - Explanation from OLI about contest date change\". 4um.bjork.com. 2007. Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 22 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071014042044/http://4um.bjork.com/viewtopic.php?t=15376&start=0","url_text":"\"bjork.com/\\/\\unity - Explanation from OLI about contest date change\""},{"url":"http://4um.bjork.com/viewtopic.php?t=15376&start=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BLEEP - High Quality Music Downloads from Bleep.com\". bleep.com. 2007. Retrieved 24 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://bleep.com/?bleep=4MIXES","url_text":"\"BLEEP - High Quality Music Downloads from Bleep.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"telerama.fr : \" J'ai toujours rêvé d'adapter une histoire sur un arbre de 5 km de haut \"\". telerama.fr. 2007. Archived from the original on 24 March 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070324170241/http://www.telerama.fr/cinema/B070315001809.html","url_text":"\"telerama.fr : \" J'ai toujours rêvé d'adapter une histoire sur un arbre de 5 km de haut \"\""},{"url":"http://www.telerama.fr/cinema/B070315001809.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Michel Gondry, à nouveau de la partie ? - bjork fr - news, forum, concert 2007, Volta le nouvel album de Björk\". bjork.fr. 2007. Archived from the original on 27 April 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070427174354/http://www.bjork.fr/+Michel-Gondry-realisateur-du+.html","url_text":"\"Michel Gondry, à nouveau de la partie ? - bjork fr - news, forum, concert 2007, Volta le nouvel album de Björk\""},{"url":"http://www.bjork.fr/+Michel-Gondry-realisateur-du+.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bjork's plays with others on 'Volta' - Music\". music.monstersandcritics.com. 2007. Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 6 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071014041121/http://music.monstersandcritics.com/news/article_1301820.php/Bjork%60s_plays_with_others_on_Volta_","url_text":"\"Bjork's plays with others on 'Volta' - Music\""},{"url":"http://music.monstersandcritics.com/news/article_1301820.php/Bjork%60s_plays_with_others_on_Volta_","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"bjork.com/\\/\\unity - Pictures from Declare Independence\". 4um.bjork.com. 2007. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnsontown_(Atlanta) | Johnsontown (Atlanta) | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 33°50′42.88″N 84°21′27.39″W / 33.8452444°N 84.3576083°W / 33.8452444; -84.3576083Plaque in the Lenox MARTA station commemorating the Johnsontown community.
Johnsontown was a settlement in what is now the Buckhead Community of Atlanta, Georgia which was located on the present site of the Lenox MARTA station. It was settled by African Americans in 1912. Until 1982 approximately thirty families lived here on 23-foot (7.0 m) by 143-foot (44 m) lots, until the land was acquired to build the rapid transit station.
“In those days, if they wanted your property, they’d condemn it and take it,” said Sam Sawyer, the pastor of Zion Hill Baptist Church in Johnsontown. However, T. M. Alexander Jr., a Morehouse College graduate and banker who had served as the first president of the Atlanta Economic Development Corporation (now Invest Atlanta), volunteered his expertise in helping landowners negotiate settlements many times larger than their original offers. The neighborhood, which saw its first paved street only in its final years, was extensively documented as part of the Historic American Buildings Survey by the Library of Congress before it was razed. Sawyer said “If you go there now, you’d never know there had been a black community named Johnsontown.”
References
^ "Buckhead's black past : Historians are finding a rich African-American history in Atlanta's whitest neighborhood", Scott Henry, Creative Loafing, June 6, 2012
^ "The lost communities: A preservation group unearths Buckhead’s African American history", Scott Henry, Atlanta Magazine, April 12, 2016
External links
Archives at
LocationRobert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center Identifiers0000-0000-0000-0130 SourceJohnsontown Neighborhood collection
How to use archival material
Newberry, Brittany. "Black Neighborhoods and the Creation of Black Atlanta". Digital Exhibits. Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library.
vteFormer neighborhoods, districts and settlements of Atlanta, GeorgiaCity districts and neighborhoods
Bedford Pine
Blooming Hill
Brownsville
Copenhill
Decatur Street
Hemphill Avenue
Moreland Park
Murrell's Row
The Strip (Tenth Street)
Washington–Rawson
Planned but never built
Peters Park
Settlements absorbed into Atlanta
Battle Hill/Westwood Park
Bellwood
Easton
Johnsontown
Macedonia Park
Plunkett Town
Standing Peachtree
Shantytowns and slums
Beaver Slide
Buttermilk Bottom
Darktown
Jackson Row
Jenningstown
Lightning
Shermantown
Slabtown
Tanyard Bottom
Tight Squeeze
Demolished public housing projects in Atlanta - Existing neighborhoods of Atlanta
33°50′42.88″N 84°21′27.39″W / 33.8452444°N 84.3576083°W / 33.8452444; -84.3576083 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johnsontown_Plaque.jpg"},{"link_name":"Buckhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckhead"},{"link_name":"Atlanta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Lenox MARTA station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenox_(MARTA_station)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Morehouse College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morehouse_College"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Plaque in the Lenox MARTA station commemorating the Johnsontown community.Johnsontown was a settlement in what is now the Buckhead Community of Atlanta, Georgia which was located on the present site of the Lenox MARTA station. It was settled by African Americans in 1912. Until 1982 approximately thirty families lived here on 23-foot (7.0 m) by 143-foot (44 m) lots, until the land was acquired to build the rapid transit station.[1]“In those days, if they wanted your property, they’d condemn it and take it,” said Sam Sawyer, the pastor of Zion Hill Baptist Church in Johnsontown. However, T. M. Alexander Jr., a Morehouse College graduate and banker who had served as the first president of the Atlanta Economic Development Corporation (now Invest Atlanta), volunteered his expertise in helping landowners negotiate settlements many times larger than their original offers. The neighborhood, which saw its first paved street only in its final years, was extensively documented as part of the Historic American Buildings Survey by the Library of Congress before it was razed. Sawyer said “If you go there now, you’d never know there had been a black community named Johnsontown.” [2]","title":"Johnsontown (Atlanta)"}] | [{"image_text":"Plaque in the Lenox MARTA station commemorating the Johnsontown community.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Johnsontown_Plaque.jpg/220px-Johnsontown_Plaque.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Newberry, Brittany. \"Black Neighborhoods and the Creation of Black Atlanta\". Digital Exhibits. Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalexhibits.auctr.edu/exhibits/show/black_neighborhoods/overview","url_text":"\"Black Neighborhoods and the Creation of Black Atlanta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_University_Center_Robert_W._Woodruff_Library","url_text":"Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Johnsontown_(Atlanta)¶ms=33_50_42.88_N_84_21_27.39_W_type:landmark_region:GA-US","external_links_name":"33°50′42.88″N 84°21′27.39″W / 33.8452444°N 84.3576083°W / 33.8452444; -84.3576083"},{"Link":"http://clatl.com/atlanta/buckheads-black-past/Content?oid=5540264","external_links_name":"\"Buckhead's black past : Historians are finding a rich African-American history in Atlanta's whitest neighborhood\", Scott Henry, Creative Loafing, June 6, 2012"},{"Link":"https://www.atlantamagazine.com/news-culture-articles/the-lost-communities-a-preservation-group-unearths-buckheads-african-american-history/","external_links_name":"\"The lost communities: A preservation group unearths Buckhead’s African American history\", Scott Henry, Atlanta Magazine, April 12, 2016"},{"Link":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12322/fa:130","external_links_name":"Johnsontown Neighborhood collection"},{"Link":"https://digitalexhibits.auctr.edu/exhibits/show/black_neighborhoods/overview","external_links_name":"\"Black Neighborhoods and the Creation of Black Atlanta\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Johnsontown_(Atlanta)¶ms=33_50_42.88_N_84_21_27.39_W_type:landmark_region:GA-US","external_links_name":"33°50′42.88″N 84°21′27.39″W / 33.8452444°N 84.3576083°W / 33.8452444; -84.3576083"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrickgollogan | Carrickgollogan | ["1 Geography and geology","2 Views","3 History","3.1 Ballycorus leadmines","3.2 Rathmichael old church and round tower","3.3 Puck's Castle","3.4 Alcock memorial","3.5 Prehistoric monuments","4 Access and recreation","5 References","5.1 Notes","5.2 Bibliography","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 53°13′1.37″N 6°9′27.91″W / 53.2170472°N 6.1577528°W / 53.2170472; -6.1577528Hill in County Dublin, Ireland
CarrickgolloganCarrickgolloganHighest pointElevation276 m (906 ft)Prominence118 m (387 ft) Coordinates53°13′1.37″N 6°9′27.91″W / 53.2170472°N 6.1577528°W / 53.2170472; -6.1577528NamingNative nameCarraig Uallacháin (Irish)GeographyCarrickgolloganLocation in Ireland
LocationDún Laoghaire–Rathdown, IrelandParent rangeDublin MountainsOSI/OSNI gridO23142005Topo mapOSI Discovery No. 50
Carrickgollogan (Irish: Carraig Uallacháin, meaning 'rock of Uallachán') is a hill in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown in Ireland, towards the southern border of the traditional County Dublin. It is 276 metres (906 feet) high, on the eastern edge of the Dublin Mountains, rising above the districts of Rathmichael and Shankill. Its summit is noted for the panoramic views it offers of south Dublin and north Wicklow.
Geography and geology
The geological composition of the summit is predominantly quartzite. The high ground is a mixture of heathland and commercial forestry while the lower slopes are mainly farmland. The forest on the mountain is mixed woodland including Lodgepole pine, Noble fir, Japanese larch, Lawson cypress, Scots pine, birch and beech trees and is a habitat for badgers, rabbits and a variety of birds. The area around the summit includes a number of sites of historical interest including the former lead works at Ballycorus and the ruined church and round tower at Rathmichael.
Some of the branches which form the Wood Brook or Crinken Stream rise on the south-western slopes, and, merging with others from near Shankill Castle and south of there, flow under the M11, past Allies River Road and on to the sea just north of Bray.
Views
Viewing Dublin Bay to the east from the summit of Carrickgollogan hill
The author Weston St. John Joyce, writing in The Neighbourhood of Dublin (1912), described the vista as "a fine view is obtained of Bray, Howth, Dalkey, and Killiney, the vale of Shanganagh, and Bray Head and town. Between the observer and the sea will be seen Loughlinstown, looking very closely built from this point, like the towns of medieval times, which were built within as small an area as possible, so as to reduce the circuit of the enclosing wall. To the westward will be seen the wooded hill of Barnaslingan, forming the eastern side of the Scalp, beyond that the Two and Three Rock Mountains, and south of these the higher Wicklow hills – War Hill, Djouce, and Duff Hill".
History
Ballycorus leadmines
Main article: Ballycorus Leadmines
The most distinctive landmark to the north of the summit is the ruins of the flue chimney of the former lead works at Ballycorus. Open-cast mining began at this site, just below the western side of the flue chimney, around 1807 and the site was taken over by the Mining Company of Ireland (MCI) in 1826 who undertook underground mining in the area intermittently up until 1863. Two veins of lead and a vein of silver were worked during this period. However, most of the activity at Ballycorus occurred at the smelting facility constructed by MCI in the valley below the mine workings. Here, lead from Ballycorus, as well as lead from mines in counties Donegal, Wicklow and Wexford, was processed using a reverberatory furnace. After the mine was exhausted in the 1860s, the smelting facilities continued to receive and process ore from MCI's mines at Glendalough, County Wicklow. In the 1880s it was no longer commercially viable to process Irish ores and the smelter was put to work processing ore from the Great Laxey mine in the Isle of Man up until closure in 1913.
The ruin of the flue chimney at Ballycorus Leadmines
A process had been discovered in the 1770s whereby lead could be extracted from the fumes emitted by reverberatory furnaces if the vapours could be trapped long enough to precipitate the lead. To this end a flue 1+1⁄4 miles (2.01 kilometres) long running from the lead works and terminating at a chimney near the summit of Carrickgollogan was constructed in 1836. The distinctive granite flue chimney with its external spiral staircase and viewing platform quickly became a noted landmark and was marked on Admiralty charts as a point of reference for mariners. Photographic records show that the flue chimney was originally much taller with an extra brick section, now dismantled, rising above the viewing platform. It is the only example of such a flue and chimney to have been built in Ireland. Weston St. John Joyce noted that the flue was "stated to be one of the best constructed in the United Kingdom". The precipitated lead deposits were scraped out of the flue by hand and many of the workers subsequently died of lead poisoning, giving the surrounding area the nickname "Death Valley".
As well as the remains of the flue chimney, a number of buildings from the smelting works situated in the valley below also survive to the present day. These industrial buildings, all built from granite, include furnaces, purification tanks, lime kilns, stores, workers' cottages and manager's house. Many of these buildings are now private residences. A shot tower, built in 1857, has also survived. An earlier shot tower – described by Joyce as "a handsome and substantial structure, having a spiral stairs within, terminating in an artistic iron veranda on the outside" – built in 1829 no longer survives.
Rathmichael old church and round tower
Main article: Rathmichael
Rathmichael old church
Further down the slopes to the north of the summit lies Rathmichael where the ruins of a church and round tower are found enclosed within the remains of what would once have been one of the largest ringforts in Ireland. The church dates from Norman times but the presence of the round tower and ringfort indicates that the site dates back to early Christian times. Its dedication is believed to be to a saint called MacTail (later corrupted as "Michael") which would date the foundation of the monastery and church to the mid-seventh century. The site also lies close to the route of the pilgrimage route from St. Mary's Church, Dublin to Glendalough. The entrance to the ringfort was 8 feet (2.4 metres) in width and had an arched gateway. The ring wall and mound is approximately 350 feet (110 metres) in diameter and its size suggests the site was the base for an important chieftain. Within the enclosure would have lain a small quadrangular church and a number of monastic huts.
The remains of the round tower
Only the base of the round tower, 2 metres (6.6 feet) high, remains. It has a circumference of 51 feet (16 metres). The tower is known locally as "The Skull Hole", a reference to the occasion when skulls and bones from the adjoining burial ground were deposited there rather than being re-interred when the graveyard was cleared to create additional space. There is a story of an underground passage that leads from the round tower to the sea and of a piper who descended into the passage playing his instrument, never to be seen again. The remains of a passage – possibly a souterrain – have been found close to the tower.
Three examples of the Rathdown slabs at Rathmichael
All that remains of the church is the east gable of a thirteenth-century chancel and the south wall of a twelfth-century nave. The church has lain in ruins since the end of the seventeenth century. It is noted for its collection of grave slabs or leacs known as the Rathdown stones, nine examples of which can be found at the old church in Rathmichael attached to the south wall. Thirty-two examples of these slabs are known around the Rathdown area and are found nowhere else in Ireland. No two stones are the same but share similar types of decoration in the form of concentric circles, cup marks and herring-bone patterns. It was once thought that these slabs dated to pre-Christian times but subsequent research has shown them to have been influenced by Norsemen art styles and they are now believed to be gravemarkers of Norsemen Christians.
The Little Cross, one of the Fassaroe crosses, at Rathmichael Lane
Along Rathmichael Lane, which once would have led to the old Rathmichael Church, is a twelfth-century cross with a Crucifixion scene in high relief set in a granite boulder base. This is one of a series of crosses – known as the Fassaroe Crosses – to be found in the locality, all of which are believed to have been the work of the same stonemason. The base is in its original location but the cross itself was found in the remains of the church in neighbouring Kiltuck and reunited with its base in 1910. The cross is unusual in that there is a Crucifixion scene on both faces. Competing theories for the purpose of the cross are that it marked a route between the churches at Rathmichael and Kiltuck or that it marked the site of another, now long gone, church. There is a story associated with this cross involving General George Cockburn of Shanganagh Castle who was a noted collector of antiquities. Cockburn coveted the cross and dispatched two men to retrieve it for his collection. When they attempted to move the artefact a great wind blew up and heavy rain fell. They succeeded in loading it onto their cart but then their horse bolted and they had to pull the cart themselves. Finally, a serious accident occurred to one of the men while unloading the cross and further misfortune befell his family.
Puck's Castle
Main article: Puck's Castle
Puck's Castle
Also to the north is the ruins of a fortified dwelling known as "Puck's Castle". The origin of the name may be related to the story of a fairy (or púca) piper said to hop from rock to rock playing his pipe or it may refer to the feral goats that inhabit the hills. Francis Erlington Ball in A History of the County Dublin suggests that the building was erected around 1537 by Peter Talbot to defend the lands from incursions by the O'Toole clan. It is a small rectangular building, 6.7 metres (22 feet) by 4.5 metres (15 feet) internally, two stories high with 1.3 metres (4.3 feet) thick walls. James II visited the castle following the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 while his army was camped at nearby Lehaunstown and left a gift of silver for his host, Peter Lawless. Some alterations were made to the building in the eighteenth century including a fireplace and chimney. An engraving by George Petrie around 1819 shows two thatched cottages built onto one side of the castle.
Alcock memorial
The Alcock memorial on the slopes of Carrickgollogan
To the south of the summit is a plaque embedded in the rockface containing a memorial to a Doctor Nathaniel Alcock erected by his daughters in 1914. The inscription reads, "To the Memory of One who Worshipped Here. Doctor Nathaniel Alcock Died 4 April 1904 in His 65th Year. "A Wise Man is Never so busy as in the Solitary Contemplation of God And the Worship of Nature" Seneca. Erected by his Two Friends".
Prehistoric monuments
Fieldwork carried out by the Ordnance Survey in the nineteenth century indicates that there were several prehistoric monuments on or near Carrickgollogan. Little evidence of them remains today. A structure of three stones in a trilithon arrangement lies in a field to the south of the summit and it is uncertain as to whether this is the remains of a wedge tomb or a portal tomb. On the east side of the mountain a wedge tomb with a 2.35 metres (7.7 feet) long gallery was discovered during the laying of a gas pipeline. It has since been reburied.
Access and recreation
Carrickgollogan lies within a Coillte-owned forest recreation area which is managed by the Dublin Mountains Partnership. There are approximately 8 kilometres (5.0 miles) of trails in the recreation area, including a waymarked trail called the Lead Mines Way. There is also a permanent orienteering course. Carrickgollogan is also traversed by the Dublin Mountains Way.
References
Notes
^ a b c d Discovery Series No. 50 (Map). Ordnance Survey Ireland.
^ "Carrickgollogan". Placenames Database of Ireland. Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
^ a b c d "Carrickgollogan". Coille Outdoors. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
^ a b c d e f Environmental Protection Agency, p. 2.
^ Joyce, p. 69-70.
^ a b c d Pearson, p. 315.
^ a b c d e Rynne, p. 145.
^ Joyce, p. 71.
^ Dun Laoghaire Rathdown County Council, p. 10.
^ Pearson, p. 316.
^ a b Environmental Protection Agency, p. 3.
^ Joyce, p. 72.
^ a b c d Pearson, p. 44.
^ Donnelly, p. 183-184.
^ a b Dun Laoghaire Rathdown County Council, p. 32.
^ a b Ball, p. 90.
^ Ball, p. 91.
^ a b c d Corlett, p. 141.
^ Ball, p. 92.
^ Corlett, p. 142.
^ Dun Laoghaire Rathdown County Council, p. 206.
^ Corlett, p. 54.
^ a b Corlett, p. 50.
^ Corlett, p. 49.
^ a b Corlett, p. 143.
^ Dun Laoghaire Rathdown County Council, p. 34.
^ a b Dun Laoughaire Rathdown County Council, p. 46.
^ Ball, p. 87.
^ Corlett, p. 159.
^ a b Corlett, p. 160.
^ a b c Fourwinds, p. 18.
^ Fourwinds, p. 96.
^ "Orienteering at Carrickgollogan". Coillte Outdoors. Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
Bibliography
Ball, Francis Erlington (1905). A History of the County Dublin (PDF). Vol. Part 3. Dublin: Alex Thom & Co. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
Corlett, Christiaan (1999). Antiquities of Old Rathdown. The archaeology of south County Dublin and north County Wicklow. Bray, County Wicklow: Wordwell. ISBN 1-869857-29-1.
Donnelly, Most Rev. N. (1977) . Short Histories of Dublin Parishes. Part V: Parishes of Sandyford; Glencullen; Killiney; Little Bray; Cabinteely. Dublin: Carraig Chapbooks.
Dun Laoghaire Rathdown County Council (2009). Did You Know...? Forgotten Aspects of our Local Heritage. Dublin: Dun Laoghaire Rathdown County Council. ISBN 978-0-9557829-2-3.
Environmental Protection Agency; Geological Survey of Ireland (July 2009). "Appendix 5 – Site Reports: Ballycorus". Historic Mine Sites – Inventory and Risk Classification. Dublin: Environmental Protection Agency. ISBN 978-1-84095-318-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
Fourwinds, Tom (2006). Monu-mental About: Prehistoric Dublin. Dublin: Nonsuch Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-84588-560-1.
Joyce, Weston St. John (1994) . The Neighbourhood of Dublin. Dublin: Hughes and Hughes. ISBN 0-7089-9999-9.
Discovery Series No. 50: Dublin, Kildare, Meath, Wicklow (Map) (6th ed.). 1:50,000. Discovery Series. Ordnance Survey Ireland. 2010. ISBN 978-1-907122-17-0.
Pearson, Peter (1998). Between the Mountains and the Sea. Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown County. Dublin: O'Brien Press. ISBN 0-86278-582-0.
Rynne, Colin (2006). Industrial Ireland 1750–1930. An Archaeology. Cork: The Collins Press. ISBN 978-1-905172-04-7.
External links
Carrickgollogan at Dublin Mountains Partnership
Rathmichael Church at Megalithomania
Rathmichael Church at Megalithic Ireland
Mining Company of Ireland
Carrickgollogan wedge tomb at Megalithomania
vteMountains and hills of Leinster
List of mountains in Ireland
List of mountains and hills of County Dublin
Blackstairs Mountains
Black Rock Mountain
Blackstairs Mountain
Croaghaun
Mount Leinster
Cooley Mountains
Clermont Carn
Slieve Foy
Slieveardagh Hills
Clomantagh Hill
Knocknamuck
Slieve Bloom Mountains
Arderin
Barcam
Baunreaghcong
Carroll's Hill
Castleconor
Farbreague
Garraunbaun
Ridge of Capard
Stillbrook Hill
Wolftrap Mountain
Wicklow Mountains
Annagh Hill
Barnaslingan
Bray Head
Benleagh
Camaderry
Camenabologue
Carrick Mountain
Carrickgollogan
Carrigvore
Cloghernagh
Conavalla
Corrigasleggaun
Croaghanmoira
Croghan Mountain
Cupidstown Hill
Djouce
Duff Hill
Gravale
Great Sugar Loaf
Keadeen Mountain
Kilmashogue
Kippure
Larch Hill
Little Sugar Loaf
Lobawn
Lugduff
Luggala
Lugnaquilla
Maulin
Moanbane
Montpelier Hill
Mullacor
Mullaghcleevaun
Prince William's Seat
Scarr
Seefingan
Silsean
Slievegad
Slievemaan
Sugarloaf (West Wicklow)
Table Mountain
Tibradden Mountain
Tonduff
Tonelagee
Turlough Hill
Two Rock and Three Rock Mountain
War Hill
Others
Brandon Hill
Ben of Howth
Coppanagh
Croghan Hill
Dalkey Hill
Dún Ailinne
Faughan Hill
Hill of Allen
Hill of Ben
Hill of Tara
Hill of Uisneach
Hill of Ward
Killiney Hill
Knockeyon
Mount Alto
Mullaghreelan
Mullaghmast
Mullaghmeen
Naul Hills
Shielmartin Hill
Slieveboy
Slieve na Calliagh
Tara Hill | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-logainm-2"},{"link_name":"Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire%E2%80%93Rathdown"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"County Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Dublin Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Rathmichael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathmichael"},{"link_name":"Shankill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankill,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSI-1"},{"link_name":"Wicklow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Wicklow"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coillte-3"}],"text":"Hill in County Dublin, IrelandCarrickgollogan (Irish: Carraig Uallacháin, meaning 'rock of Uallachán')[2] is a hill in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown in Ireland, towards the southern border of the traditional County Dublin. It is 276 metres (906 feet) high, on the eastern edge of the Dublin Mountains, rising above the districts of Rathmichael and Shankill.[1] Its summit is noted for the panoramic views it offers of south Dublin and north Wicklow.[3]","title":"Carrickgollogan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quartzite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartzite"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPA_2-4"},{"link_name":"heathland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_(habitat)"},{"link_name":"forestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPA_2-4"},{"link_name":"Lodgepole pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodgepole_pine"},{"link_name":"Noble fir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_fir"},{"link_name":"Japanese larch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_larch"},{"link_name":"Lawson cypress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawson_cypress"},{"link_name":"Scots pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_pine"},{"link_name":"birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch"},{"link_name":"beech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech"},{"link_name":"badgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badger"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coillte-3"},{"link_name":"lead works at Ballycorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballycorus_Leadmines"},{"link_name":"round tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_round_tower"},{"link_name":"Rathmichael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathmichael"}],"text":"The geological composition of the summit is predominantly quartzite.[4] The high ground is a mixture of heathland and commercial forestry while the lower slopes are mainly farmland.[4] The forest on the mountain is mixed woodland including Lodgepole pine, Noble fir, Japanese larch, Lawson cypress, Scots pine, birch and beech trees and is a habitat for badgers, rabbits and a variety of birds.[3] The area around the summit includes a number of sites of historical interest including the former lead works at Ballycorus and the ruined church and round tower at Rathmichael.Some of the branches which form the Wood Brook or Crinken Stream rise on the south-western slopes, and, merging with others from near Shankill Castle and south of there, flow under the M11, past Allies River Road and on to the sea just north of Bray.","title":"Geography and geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dublin_Bay_viewed_from_the_summit_of_Carrickgollogan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bray,_County_Wicklow"},{"link_name":"Howth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howth"},{"link_name":"Dalkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalkey"},{"link_name":"Killiney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killiney"},{"link_name":"Bray Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bray_Head"},{"link_name":"Loughlinstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughlinstown"},{"link_name":"Barnaslingan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnaslingan"},{"link_name":"the Scalp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scalp"},{"link_name":"Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Rock"},{"link_name":"Three Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Rock"},{"link_name":"Djouce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djouce"},{"link_name":"Duff Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duff_Hill"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Viewing Dublin Bay to the east from the summit of Carrickgollogan hillThe author Weston St. John Joyce, writing in The Neighbourhood of Dublin (1912), described the vista as \"a fine view is obtained of Bray, Howth, Dalkey, and Killiney, the vale of Shanganagh, and Bray Head and town. Between the observer and the sea will be seen Loughlinstown, looking very closely built from this point, like the towns of medieval times, which were built within as small an area as possible, so as to reduce the circuit of the enclosing wall. To the westward will be seen the wooded hill of Barnaslingan, forming the eastern side of the Scalp, beyond that the Two and Three Rock Mountains, and south of these the higher Wicklow hills – War Hill, Djouce, and Duff Hill\".[5]","title":"Views"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue"},{"link_name":"Open-cast mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-pit_mining"},{"link_name":"underground mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_mining_(hard_rock)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPA_2-4"},{"link_name":"veins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vein_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearson_315-6"},{"link_name":"smelting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPA_2-4"},{"link_name":"Donegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Donegal"},{"link_name":"Wicklow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Wicklow"},{"link_name":"Wexford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Wexford"},{"link_name":"reverberatory furnace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverberatory_furnace"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rynne_145-7"},{"link_name":"Glendalough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendalough"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPA_2-4"},{"link_name":"Great Laxey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxey"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rynne_145-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ballycorus_Lead_Mines_Chimney.jpg"},{"link_name":"flue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue"},{"link_name":"Ballycorus Leadmines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballycorus_Leadmines"},{"link_name":"precipitate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rynne_145-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearson_315-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rynne_145-7"},{"link_name":"Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Admiralty"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearson_315-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearson_315-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rynne_145-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"lead poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"granite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearson_316-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPA_3-11"},{"link_name":"shot tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot_tower"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPA_2-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPA_3-11"}],"sub_title":"Ballycorus leadmines","text":"The most distinctive landmark to the north of the summit is the ruins of the flue chimney of the former lead works at Ballycorus. Open-cast mining began at this site, just below the western side of the flue chimney, around 1807 and the site was taken over by the Mining Company of Ireland (MCI) in 1826 who undertook underground mining in the area intermittently up until 1863.[4] Two veins of lead and a vein of silver were worked during this period.[6] However, most of the activity at Ballycorus occurred at the smelting facility constructed by MCI in the valley below the mine workings.[4] Here, lead from Ballycorus, as well as lead from mines in counties Donegal, Wicklow and Wexford, was processed using a reverberatory furnace.[7] After the mine was exhausted in the 1860s, the smelting facilities continued to receive and process ore from MCI's mines at Glendalough, County Wicklow.[4] In the 1880s it was no longer commercially viable to process Irish ores and the smelter was put to work processing ore from the Great Laxey mine in the Isle of Man up until closure in 1913.[7]The ruin of the flue chimney at Ballycorus LeadminesA process had been discovered in the 1770s whereby lead could be extracted from the fumes emitted by reverberatory furnaces if the vapours could be trapped long enough to precipitate the lead.[7] To this end a flue 1+1⁄4 miles (2.01 kilometres) long running from the lead works and terminating at a chimney near the summit of Carrickgollogan was constructed in 1836.[6][7] The distinctive granite flue chimney with its external spiral staircase and viewing platform quickly became a noted landmark and was marked on Admiralty charts as a point of reference for mariners.[6] Photographic records show that the flue chimney was originally much taller with an extra brick section, now dismantled, rising above the viewing platform.[6] It is the only example of such a flue and chimney to have been built in Ireland.[7] Weston St. John Joyce noted that the flue was \"stated to be one of the best constructed in the United Kingdom\".[8] The precipitated lead deposits were scraped out of the flue by hand and many of the workers subsequently died of lead poisoning, giving the surrounding area the nickname \"Death Valley\".[9]As well as the remains of the flue chimney, a number of buildings from the smelting works situated in the valley below also survive to the present day. These industrial buildings, all built from granite, include furnaces, purification tanks, lime kilns, stores, workers' cottages and manager's house.[10] Many of these buildings are now private residences.[11] A shot tower, built in 1857, has also survived.[4] An earlier shot tower – described by Joyce as \"a handsome and substantial structure, having a spiral stairs within, terminating in an artistic iron veranda on the outside\"[12] – built in 1829 no longer survives.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Rathmichael_Church.jpg"},{"link_name":"round tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_round_tower"},{"link_name":"ringforts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringfort"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearson_44-13"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearson_44-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's Church, Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Church,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Glendalough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendalough"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLR_32-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ball_90-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ball_90-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Round_Tower_at_Old_Rathmichael_Church.jpg"},{"link_name":"round tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_round_tower"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corlett_141-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLR_32-15"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corlett_141-18"},{"link_name":"souterrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souterrain"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corlett_141-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tryptich_of_Rathdown_Slabs_at_Old_Rathmichael_Church.jpg"},{"link_name":"chancel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancel"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corlett_141-18"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearson_44-13"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearson_44-13"},{"link_name":"Norsemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsemen"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fassaroe_Cross_at_Rathmichael.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crucifixion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corlett_50-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corlett_143-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corlett_50-23"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corlett_143-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Rathmichael old church and round tower","text":"Rathmichael old churchFurther down the slopes to the north of the summit lies Rathmichael where the ruins of a church and round tower are found enclosed within the remains of what would once have been one of the largest ringforts in Ireland.[13] The church dates from Norman times but the presence of the round tower and ringfort indicates that the site dates back to early Christian times.[13] Its dedication is believed to be to a saint called MacTail (later corrupted as \"Michael\") which would date the foundation of the monastery and church to the mid-seventh century.[14] The site also lies close to the route of the pilgrimage route from St. Mary's Church, Dublin to Glendalough.[15] The entrance to the ringfort was 8 feet (2.4 metres) in width and had an arched gateway.[16] The ring wall and mound is approximately 350 feet (110 metres) in diameter and its size suggests the site was the base for an important chieftain.[17] Within the enclosure would have lain a small quadrangular church and a number of monastic huts.[16]The remains of the round towerOnly the base of the round tower, 2 metres (6.6 feet) high, remains.[18] It has a circumference of 51 feet (16 metres).[19] The tower is known locally as \"The Skull Hole\", a reference to the occasion when skulls and bones from the adjoining burial ground were deposited there rather than being re-interred when the graveyard was cleared to create additional space.[15] There is a story of an underground passage that leads from the round tower to the sea and of a piper who descended into the passage playing his instrument, never to be seen again.[18] The remains of a passage – possibly a souterrain – have been found close to the tower.[18]Three examples of the Rathdown slabs at RathmichaelAll that remains of the church is the east gable of a thirteenth-century chancel and the south wall of a twelfth-century nave.[18] The church has lain in ruins since the end of the seventeenth century.[13] It is noted for its collection of grave slabs or leacs known as the Rathdown stones, nine examples of which can be found at the old church in Rathmichael attached to the south wall.[20] Thirty-two examples of these slabs are known around the Rathdown area and are found nowhere else in Ireland.[21] No two stones are the same but share similar types of decoration in the form of concentric circles, cup marks and herring-bone patterns.[13] It was once thought that these slabs dated to pre-Christian times but subsequent research has shown them to have been influenced by Norsemen art styles and they are now believed to be gravemarkers of Norsemen Christians.[22]The Little Cross, one of the Fassaroe crosses, at Rathmichael LaneAlong Rathmichael Lane, which once would have led to the old Rathmichael Church, is a twelfth-century cross with a Crucifixion scene in high relief set in a granite boulder base.[23] This is one of a series of crosses – known as the Fassaroe Crosses – to be found in the locality, all of which are believed to have been the work of the same stonemason.[24] The base is in its original location but the cross itself was found in the remains of the church in neighbouring Kiltuck and reunited with its base in 1910.[25] The cross is unusual in that there is a Crucifixion scene on both faces.[23] Competing theories for the purpose of the cross are that it marked a route between the churches at Rathmichael and Kiltuck or that it marked the site of another, now long gone, church.[25] There is a story associated with this cross involving General George Cockburn of Shanganagh Castle who was a noted collector of antiquities. Cockburn coveted the cross and dispatched two men to retrieve it for his collection. When they attempted to move the artefact a great wind blew up and heavy rain fell. They succeeded in loading it onto their cart but then their horse bolted and they had to pull the cart themselves. Finally, a serious accident occurred to one of the men while unloading the cross and further misfortune befell his family.[26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puck%27s_Castle,_Dun_Laoghaire,_Feb_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"Puck's Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puck%27s_Castle"},{"link_name":"púca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BAca"},{"link_name":"feral goats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral_goat"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLR_46-27"},{"link_name":"O'Toole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Tuathail"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corlett_159-29"},{"link_name":"James II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Boyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLR_46-27"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corlett_160-30"},{"link_name":"George Petrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Petrie_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corlett_160-30"}],"sub_title":"Puck's Castle","text":"Puck's CastleAlso to the north is the ruins of a fortified dwelling known as \"Puck's Castle\". The origin of the name may be related to the story of a fairy (or púca) piper said to hop from rock to rock playing his pipe or it may refer to the feral goats that inhabit the hills.[27] Francis Erlington Ball in A History of the County Dublin suggests that the building was erected around 1537 by Peter Talbot to defend the lands from incursions by the O'Toole clan.[28] It is a small rectangular building, 6.7 metres (22 feet) by 4.5 metres (15 feet) internally, two stories high with 1.3 metres (4.3 feet) thick walls.[29] James II visited the castle following the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 while his army was camped at nearby Lehaunstown and left a gift of silver for his host, Peter Lawless.[27] Some alterations were made to the building in the eighteenth century including a fireplace and chimney.[30] An engraving by George Petrie around 1819 shows two thatched cottages built onto one side of the castle.[30]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alcock_Memorial_Carrickgollogan.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coillte-3"}],"sub_title":"Alcock memorial","text":"The Alcock memorial on the slopes of CarrickgolloganTo the south of the summit is a plaque embedded in the rockface containing a memorial to a Doctor Nathaniel Alcock erected by his daughters in 1914. The inscription reads, \"To the Memory of One who Worshipped Here. Doctor Nathaniel Alcock Died 4 April 1904 in His 65th Year. \"A Wise Man is Never so busy as in the Solitary Contemplation of God And the Worship of Nature\" Seneca. Erected by his Two Friends\".[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ordnance Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fourwinds_18-31"},{"link_name":"trilithon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilithon"},{"link_name":"wedge tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedge_tomb"},{"link_name":"portal tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_tomb"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fourwinds_96-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fourwinds_18-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fourwinds_18-31"}],"sub_title":"Prehistoric monuments","text":"Fieldwork carried out by the Ordnance Survey in the nineteenth century indicates that there were several prehistoric monuments on or near Carrickgollogan.[31] Little evidence of them remains today. A structure of three stones in a trilithon arrangement lies in a field to the south of the summit and it is uncertain as to whether this is the remains of a wedge tomb or a portal tomb.[32] On the east side of the mountain a wedge tomb with a 2.35 metres (7.7 feet) long gallery was discovered during the laying of a gas pipeline.[31] It has since been reburied.[31]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coillte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coillte"},{"link_name":"waymarked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymarking"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coillte-3"},{"link_name":"orienteering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orienteering"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Dublin Mountains Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Mountains_Way"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSI-1"}],"text":"Carrickgollogan lies within a Coillte-owned forest recreation area which is managed by the Dublin Mountains Partnership. There are approximately 8 kilometres (5.0 miles) of trails in the recreation area, including a waymarked trail called the Lead Mines Way.[3] There is also a permanent orienteering course.[33] Carrickgollogan is also traversed by the Dublin Mountains Way.[1]","title":"Access and recreation"}] | [{"image_text":"Viewing Dublin Bay to the east from the summit of Carrickgollogan hill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dublin_Bay_viewed_from_the_summit_of_Carrickgollogan.jpg/220px-Dublin_Bay_viewed_from_the_summit_of_Carrickgollogan.jpg"},{"image_text":"The ruin of the flue chimney at Ballycorus Leadmines","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ballycorus_Lead_Mines_Chimney.jpg/220px-Ballycorus_Lead_Mines_Chimney.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rathmichael old church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Old_Rathmichael_Church.jpg/220px-Old_Rathmichael_Church.jpg"},{"image_text":"The remains of the round tower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Round_Tower_at_Old_Rathmichael_Church.jpg/220px-Round_Tower_at_Old_Rathmichael_Church.jpg"},{"image_text":"Three examples of the Rathdown slabs at Rathmichael","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Tryptich_of_Rathdown_Slabs_at_Old_Rathmichael_Church.jpg/220px-Tryptich_of_Rathdown_Slabs_at_Old_Rathmichael_Church.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Little Cross, one of the Fassaroe crosses, at Rathmichael Lane","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Fassaroe_Cross_at_Rathmichael.jpg/220px-Fassaroe_Cross_at_Rathmichael.jpg"},{"image_text":"Puck's Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Puck%27s_Castle%2C_Dun_Laoghaire%2C_Feb_2019.jpg/220px-Puck%27s_Castle%2C_Dun_Laoghaire%2C_Feb_2019.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Alcock memorial on the slopes of Carrickgollogan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Alcock_Memorial_Carrickgollogan.jpg/220px-Alcock_Memorial_Carrickgollogan.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Leinster_locator_map.svg/150px-Leinster_locator_map.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Discovery Series No. 50 (Map). Ordnance Survey Ireland.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_Ireland","url_text":"Ordnance Survey Ireland"}]},{"reference":"\"Carrickgollogan\". Placenames Database of Ireland. Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. Retrieved 6 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.logainm.ie/ga/1381035","url_text":"\"Carrickgollogan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Heritage_and_the_Gaeltacht","url_text":"Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht"}]},{"reference":"\"Carrickgollogan\". Coille Outdoors. Retrieved 1 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.coillteoutdoors.ie/?id=53&rec_site=15","url_text":"\"Carrickgollogan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orienteering at Carrickgollogan\". Coillte Outdoors. Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120802193205/http://www.coillteoutdoors.ie/index.php?id=101","url_text":"\"Orienteering at Carrickgollogan\""},{"url":"http://www.coillteoutdoors.ie/index.php?id=101","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ball, Francis Erlington (1905). A History of the County Dublin (PDF). Vol. Part 3. Dublin: Alex Thom & Co. Retrieved 9 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.askaboutireland.ie/aai-files/assets/ebooks/256-261_A-History-of-the-County-Dublin/259%20A%20History%20of%20the%20County%20Dublin%203.pdf","url_text":"A History of the County Dublin"}]},{"reference":"Corlett, Christiaan (1999). Antiquities of Old Rathdown. The archaeology of south County Dublin and north County Wicklow. Bray, County Wicklow: Wordwell. 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Retrieved 3 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency_(Ireland)","url_text":"Environmental Protection Agency"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_Ireland","url_text":"Geological Survey of Ireland"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101122162402/http://epa.ie/downloads/pubs/land/mines/#d.en.27147#d.en.27147","url_text":"\"Appendix 5 – Site Reports: Ballycorus\""},{"url":"http://www.epa.ie/downloads/pubs/land/mines/#d.en.27147","url_text":"Historic Mine Sites – Inventory and Risk Classification"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84095-318-3","url_text":"978-1-84095-318-3"},{"url":"http://maps.epa.ie/MineDocs/Appendix%205%20Site%20Reports/Ballycorus/Ballycorus%20Site%20Report.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fourwinds, Tom (2006). Monu-mental About: Prehistoric Dublin. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Delagrammatikas | Nikolaos Delagrammatikas | ["1 References"] | Nikolaos DelagrammatikasNikolaos Delagrammatikas in uniform.Native nameΝικόλαος ΔελαγραμμάτικαςBornc. 1853Chalkis, Kingdom of GreeceDied1938Athens, Kingdom of GreeceAllegiance Kingdom of GreeceService/branch Hellenic ArmyYears of service1870–1916Rank Lieutenant GeneralCommands held7th Infantry Regiment8th Infantry Division6th Infantry DivisionBattles/wars
Epirus Revolt (1878)
Battle of Gribovo
Greco-Turkish War (1897)
Battle of Velestino
Balkan Wars
First Balkan War
Liberation of Chios
Battle of Bizani
Second Balkan War
Awards Order of the Redeemer
Nikolaos Delagrammatikas (Greek: Νικόλαος Δελαγραμμάτικας, born c. 1853) was a senior Hellenic Army officer who fought in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 and the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913.
He was born in Chalkis in about 1853, and enlisted in the Hellenic Army as an NCO. In 1878, as a sergeant, he fought in the cross-border incursion into Ottoman territory that resulted in the battle of Gribovo, and again in the border skirmishes of 1886, this time as a Second Lieutenant.
During the 1897 war he was a captain, and distinguished himself through his bravery in the Battle of Velestino, earning a field promotion. On the outbreak of the First Balkan War, he commanded the 7th Infantry Regiment within the Army of Thessaly. Following the capture of Thessaloniki, he led a mixed force of regular and irregular forces to the capture of the island of Chios, which he accomplished against strong opposition by the Ottoman garrison. After the capture of Chios, he and his men were transferred to the Epirus sector, where he led one of the attack columns during the capture of Ioannina. He subsequently served as CO of the 8th Infantry Division and then of the 6th Infantry Division, which he led during the Second Balkan War. He retired on 16 December 1916 with the rank of lieutenant general.
He is the father of Vice Admiral Charalambos Delagrammatikas (1876–1947).
References
^ a b c d Μεγάλη Στρατιωτικὴ καὶ Ναυτικὴ Ἐγκυκλοπαιδεία. Tόμος Τρίτος: Δαβατηνός–Ἰωσήφ (in Greek). Athens: Ἔκδοσις Μεγάλης Στρατιωτικῆς καὶ Ναυτικῆς Ἐγκυκλοπαιδείας. 1929. p. 21. OCLC 31255024.
This biographical article related to the military of Greece is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Hellenic Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Army"},{"link_name":"Greco-Turkish War of 1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_of_1897"},{"link_name":"Balkan Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Wars"},{"link_name":"Chalkis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalkis"},{"link_name":"cross-border incursion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus_Revolt_of_1878"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enc-1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Velestino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Velestino"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enc-1"},{"link_name":"First Balkan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Balkan_War"},{"link_name":"7th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Infantry_Regiment_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"Army of Thessaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Thessaly"},{"link_name":"capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(1912)"},{"link_name":"Chios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chios"},{"link_name":"Epirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus"},{"link_name":"capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bizani"},{"link_name":"Ioannina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enc-1"},{"link_name":"8th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Infantry_Division_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"6th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Infantry_Division_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"Second Balkan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Balkan_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enc-1"},{"link_name":"Charalambos Delagrammatikas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charalambos_Delagrammatikas"}],"text":"Nikolaos Delagrammatikas (Greek: Νικόλαος Δελαγραμμάτικας, born c. 1853) was a senior Hellenic Army officer who fought in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 and the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913.He was born in Chalkis in about 1853, and enlisted in the Hellenic Army as an NCO. In 1878, as a sergeant, he fought in the cross-border incursion into Ottoman territory that resulted in the battle of Gribovo, and again in the border skirmishes of 1886, this time as a Second Lieutenant.[1]During the 1897 war he was a captain, and distinguished himself through his bravery in the Battle of Velestino, earning a field promotion.[1] On the outbreak of the First Balkan War, he commanded the 7th Infantry Regiment within the Army of Thessaly. Following the capture of Thessaloniki, he led a mixed force of regular and irregular forces to the capture of the island of Chios, which he accomplished against strong opposition by the Ottoman garrison. After the capture of Chios, he and his men were transferred to the Epirus sector, where he led one of the attack columns during the capture of Ioannina.[1] He subsequently served as CO of the 8th Infantry Division and then of the 6th Infantry Division, which he led during the Second Balkan War. He retired on 16 December 1916 with the rank of lieutenant general.[1]He is the father of Vice Admiral Charalambos Delagrammatikas (1876–1947).","title":"Nikolaos Delagrammatikas"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Μεγάλη Στρατιωτικὴ καὶ Ναυτικὴ Ἐγκυκλοπαιδεία. Tόμος Τρίτος: Δαβατηνός–Ἰωσήφ [Great Military and Naval Encyclopaedia. Volume III: Davatinos–Joseph] (in Greek). Athens: Ἔκδοσις Μεγάλης Στρατιωτικῆς καὶ Ναυτικῆς Ἐγκυκλοπαιδείας. 1929. p. 21. OCLC 31255024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31255024","url_text":"31255024"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31255024","external_links_name":"31255024"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolaos_Delagrammatikas&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Weller | Hermann Weller | ["1 Early life","2 Education","3 Working life","4 The \"Y Elegy\"","5 References","6 Additional sources"] | Hermann Weller (4 February 1878 – 9 December 1956) was a German Indiologist and Neo-Latin poet born in Schwäbisch Gmünd, died in Tübingen. He is considered the Horace of the twentieth century.
Early life
Weller's father was a businessman concerned with industrial products and a commercial traveller, and his mother was a baker's daughter from Gmünd. His parents died by 1890, so the 12-year-old was an orphan along with his eight siblings but his parents’ maid took care of the upbringing of the nine children.
Education
Hermann Weller transferred from the Real Lyceum in Gmünd to the “Latin School” in Bad Mergentheim. In 1897, he passed the school leaving examination. Weller then studied law in Berlin and Tübingen, and then Classical Languages. In 1901 he received his doctorate in Latin and Sanskrit. In subsequent years, he completed his state examination in Latin, Greek, French and Hebrew. He also distinguished himself by a sound knowledge of English, Italian, Indian and Persian.
Working life
After his studies in Tübingen, the classical philologist taught as a school teacher in the Ellwangen Gymnasium between 1913 and 1931. He also held a position at the Ehingen Gymnasium. In 1930 he qualified as a university teacher in Tübingen.
Weller was already so famous by 1931 that in that year the Ellwangen town council decided to name a street after him.
The "Y Elegy"
Weller wrote the elegy in neo-Latin Y Elegy, which describes how in a poet's dream the letters of the alphabet from a volume of Horace's poetry become alive, and how A calls in a demagogic speech for the extermination of the foreign letter Y. Y escapes and tries through words (myths, mysticism, rhythm, and physics) to prove its right to exist, but the other letters do not allow themselves to be convinced, and are in the process of excluding Y. The poet asks for release and awakes from this nightmare.
Weller, a private senior lecturer, at Tübingen University, submitted the Y Elegy at the end of 1937, to the Certamen Hoeufftianum, a competition of neo-Latin poetry of the Royal Dutch Academy of Wetenschappen (KNAW) held annually in Amsterdam, which he won thirteen times in the course of his life. In 1938 Weller was awarded the Gold Medal for this text. The fact that Weller could be promoted to the position of Special Professor in the same year (despite certain doubts on account of his Catholicism) shows that knowledge of Latin among Nazi officials was not wide.
The Latin scholar, Uwe Dubielzig, recognised in 2001 that the text was a playfully disguised accusation against the ever more apparent anti-Semitism of the Nazis, the effects of which Weller could observe in his immediate surroundings of Tübingen University. Additionally, if the text cannot be read as a document of anti-fascist resistance, it is still a spirited but camouflaged document opposing the Nazi racist politics, the full brutality of which, before the pogrom of the so-called Reichskristallnacht, Weller would have underestimated, (as did Charlie Chaplin even in 1940 in his film The Great Dictator). In that sense the Y Elegy can be assessed as a remarkable testimony for 'internal emigration'.
References
Additional sources
lat. Text von Y im Rahmen der Carmina
Uwe Dubielzig Die neue Königin der Elegien Hermann Wellers Gedicht ’Y’
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Vatican
Academics
CiNii
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Hermann Weller"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Weller's father was a businessman concerned with industrial products and a commercial traveller, and his mother was a baker's daughter from Gmünd. His parents died by 1890, so the 12-year-old was an orphan along with his eight siblings but his parents’ maid took care of the upbringing of the nine children.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"}],"text":"Hermann Weller transferred from the Real Lyceum in Gmünd to the “Latin School” in Bad Mergentheim. In 1897, he passed the school leaving examination. Weller then studied law in Berlin and Tübingen, and then Classical Languages. In 1901 he received his doctorate in Latin and Sanskrit. In subsequent years, he completed his state examination in Latin, Greek, French and Hebrew. 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Y escapes and tries through words (myths, mysticism, rhythm, and physics) to prove its right to exist, but the other letters do not allow themselves to be convinced, and are in the process of excluding Y. The poet asks for release and awakes from this nightmare.Weller, a private senior lecturer, at Tübingen University, submitted the Y Elegy at the end of 1937, to the Certamen Hoeufftianum, a competition of neo-Latin poetry of the Royal Dutch Academy of Wetenschappen (KNAW) held annually in Amsterdam, which he won thirteen times in the course of his life. In 1938 Weller was awarded the Gold Medal for this text. The fact that Weller could be promoted to the position of Special Professor in the same year (despite certain doubts on account of his Catholicism) shows that knowledge of Latin among Nazi officials was not wide.The Latin scholar, Uwe Dubielzig, recognised in 2001 that the text was a playfully disguised accusation against the ever more apparent anti-Semitism of the Nazis, the effects of which Weller could observe in his immediate surroundings of Tübingen University. Additionally, if the text cannot be read as a document of anti-fascist resistance, it is still a spirited but camouflaged document opposing the Nazi racist politics, the full brutality of which, before the pogrom of the so-called Reichskristallnacht, Weller would have underestimated, (as did Charlie Chaplin even in 1940 in his film The Great Dictator). In that sense the Y Elegy can be assessed as a remarkable testimony for 'internal emigration'.","title":"The \"Y Elegy\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lat. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_nation | Communist state | ["1 Overview","1.1 Development","1.2 Institutions","2 State","2.1 People's democratic state","2.2 People's republican state","2.3 National-democratic state","2.4 Socialist-oriented state","2.5 Socialist state","3 The state system of unitary power","3.1 Legislatures as the highest organ of state power","3.1.1 Constitution","3.1.1.1 Role of constitutions","3.1.1.2 Constitutional supervision","3.2 Government as the highest administrative agency of state power","3.3 Judicial organs and socialist law","3.4 Military","3.4.1 Control","3.4.2 Representation","3.5 Ruling party","3.5.1 Leading role","3.5.2 Internal organisation","4 Economic system","5 Analysis","5.1 Memory","6 See also","7 References","8 Bibliography","8.1 General","8.2 Articles and journal entries","8.3 Books"] | State that is administered and governed by a single communist party
This article is about sovereign states governed by communist parties. For the hypothetical social stage proposed by Marxist theory, see Communist society. For a list of states designated as communist, see List of communist states.
The flags of the Communist Party of Vietnam that were flown besides the Vietnamese national flags in Hanoi, Vietnam
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A communist state, also known as a Marxist–Leninist state, is a one-party state that is administered and governed by a communist party guided by Marxism–Leninism. Marxism–Leninism was the state ideology of the Soviet Union, the Comintern after Bolshevisation and the communist states within the Comecon, the Eastern Bloc, and the Warsaw Pact. Marxism–Leninism currently still remains the ideology of a few parties around the world. After its peak when many communist states were established, the Revolutions of 1989 brought down most of the communist states; however, it is still the official ideology of the ruling parties of China, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam, and to a lesser extent, North Korea. During the later part of the 20th century, before the Revolutions of 1989, around one-third of the world's population lived in communist states.
Communist states are typically authoritarian and are typically administered through democratic centralism by a single centralised communist party apparatus. These parties are usually Marxist–Leninist or some national variation thereof such as Maoism or Titoism, with the official aim of achieving socialism and progressing toward a communist society. There have been several instances of communist states with functioning political participation (i.e. Soviet democracy) processes involving several other non-party organisations such as direct democratic participation, factory committees, and trade unions, although the communist party remained the centre of power.
As a term, communist state is used by Western historians, political scientists, and media to refer to these countries. However, these states do not describe themselves as communist nor do they claim to have achieved communism — they refer to themselves as socialist states that are in the process of constructing socialism. Terms used by communist states include national-democratic, people's democratic, socialist-oriented, and workers and peasants' states. Academics, political commentators, and other scholars tend to distinguish between communist states and democratic socialist states, with the first representing the Eastern Bloc and the latter representing Western Bloc countries that have been democratically governed by socialist parties such as France, Sweden, and Western social-democracies in general, among others.
Overview
An anachronous map of countries that have been ruled by a one-party Marxist–Leninist state at some point in their history. From 1979 to 1983, during the time of the People's Revolutionary Government in Grenada, all the colored nations above were simultaneously Marxist–Leninist.
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Communism portalvte
During the 20th century, the world's first constitutionally communist state was in Russia at the end of 1917. In 1922, it joined other former territories of the empire to become the Soviet Union. After World War II, the Soviet Army occupied much of Eastern Europe and helped bring the existing communist parties to power in those countries. Originally, the communist states in Eastern Europe were allied with the Soviet Union. Yugoslavia would declare itself non-aligned, and Albania later took a different path. After a war against Japanese occupation and a civil war resulting in a Communist victory, the People's Republic of China was established in 1949. Communist states were also established in Cambodia, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam. In 1989, the communist states in Eastern Europe collapsed after the Iron Curtain broke as a result of the Pan-European Picnic, under public pressure during a wave of mostly non-violent movements as part of the Revolutions of 1989 which led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. China's socio-economic structure has been referred to as "nationalistic state capitalism" and the Eastern Bloc (Eastern Europe and the Third World) as "bureaucratic-authoritarian systems."
Today, the existing communist states in the world are in China, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam, and North Korea (DPRK). These communist states often do not claim to have achieved socialism or communism in their countries but to be building and working toward the establishment of socialism in their countries. The preamble to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam's Constitution states that Vietnam only entered a transition stage between capitalism and socialism after the country was re-unified under the communist party in 1976 and the 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Cuba states that the role of the communist party is to "guide the common effort toward the goals and construction of socialism." The DPRK's constitution outlines a socialist economy and the ruling Workers' Party of Korea remains ideologically committed to communism.
Institutions
Communist states share similar institutions, which are organised on the premise that the communist party is a vanguard of the proletariat and represents the long-term interests of the people. The doctrine of democratic centralism, developed by Vladimir Lenin as a set of principles to be used in the internal affairs of the communist party, is extended to society at large. According to democratic centralism, the people must elect all leaders, and all proposals must be debated openly, but once a decision has been reached, all people have a duty to account to that decision. When used within a political party, democratic centralism is meant to prevent factionalism and splits. When applied to an entire state, democratic centralism creates a one-party system. The constitutions of most communist states describe their political system as a form of democracy. They recognize the sovereignty of the people as embodied in a series of representative parliamentary institutions. Such states do not have a separation of powers and instead have one national legislative body (such as the Supreme Soviet in the Soviet Union), which is bestowed with unitary power and is often defined as the highest organ of state power. Unitary power means that the legislature has the power of the judiciary, legislature and executive but chooses to delegate these powers to other institutions.
In communist states, the unitary legislatures often have a similar structure to the parliaments in liberal republics, with two significant differences. First, the deputies elected to these unitary legislatures are not expected to represent the interests of any particular constituency but rather the long-term interests of the people as a whole; and second, against Karl Marx's advice, the unitary legislatures of communist states are not in permanent session. Instead, they convene once or several times yearly in sessions that usually last only a few days. When the unitary legislature is not in session, its powers are transferred to a smaller council (often called a presidium) which acts as a collective head of state. In some systems, the presidium is composed of crucial communist party members who vote the resolutions of the communist party into law.
A feature of communist states is the existence of numerous state-sponsored social organisations (associations of journalists, teachers, writers and other professionals, consumer cooperatives, sports clubs, trade unions, youth organisations, and women's organisations) which are integrated into the political system. In communist states, the social organisations are expected to promote social unity and cohesion, to serve as a link between the government and society and to provide a forum for the recruitment of new communist party members.
Historically, the political organisation of many socialist states has been dominated by a one-party monopoly. Some communist governments such as those in China, Czechoslovakia, or East Germany have or had more than one political party, but all minor parties are or were required to follow the leadership of the communist party. In communist states, the government may not tolerate criticism of policies that have already been implemented in the past or are being implemented in the present.
State
According to Marxist–Leninist thought, the state is a repressive institution led by a ruling class. This class dominates the state and expresses its will through it. By formulating law, the ruling class uses the state to oppress other classes and form a class dictatorship. However, the goal of the communist state is to abolish that state. The Soviet Russia Constitution of 1918 stated: "The principal object of the Constitution of the R.S.F.S.R., which is adapted to the present transition period, consists in the establishment of a dictatorship of the urban and rural proletariat and the poorest peasantry, in the form of a powerful All-Russian Soviet power; the object of which is to secure complete suppression of the bourgeoisie, the abolition of exploitation of man by man, and the establishment of Socialism, under which there shall be neither class division nor state authority". The communist state is the dictatorship of the proletariat, where the advanced elements of the proletariat are the ruling class. In Marxist–Leninist thinking, the socialist state is the last repressive state since the next stage of development is that of pure communism, a classless and stateless society. Friedrich Engels commented on the state, writing: "State interference in social relations, becomes, in one domain after another, superfluous, and then dies out of itself; the government of persons is replaced by the administration of things, and by the conduct of processes of production. The state is not 'abolished'. It dies out."
In "The Tax in Kind", Vladimir Lenin argued: "No one, I think, in studying the question of the economic system of Russia, has denied its transitional character. Nor, I think, has any Communist denied that the term Soviet Socialist Republic implies the determination of the Soviet power to achieve the transition to socialism, and not that the existing economic system is recognised as a socialist order." The introduction of the first five-year plan in the Soviet Union got many communists to believe that the withering away of the state was imminent. However, Joseph Stalin warned that the withering away of the state would not occur until after the socialist mode of production had achieved dominance over capitalism. Soviet jurist Andrey Vyshinsky echoed this assumption and said that the socialist state was necessary "in order to defend, to secure, and to develop relationships and arrangements advantageous to the workers, and to annihilate completely capitalism and its remnants."
Ideology permeates these states. According to scholar Peter Tang, "he supreme test of whether a Communist Party-state remains revolutionarily dedicated or degenerates into a revisionist or counterrevolutionary system lies in its attitude toward the Communist ideology." Therefore, the sole ideological purpose of communist states is to spread socialism and to reach that goal these states have to be guided by Marxism–Leninism. The communist states have opted for two ways to achieve this goal, namely govern indirectly by Marxism–Leninism through the party (Soviet model), or commit the state officially through the constitution to Marxism–Leninism (Maoist China–Albania model). The Soviet model is the most common and is currently in use in China.
Marxism–Leninism was mentioned in the Soviet constitution. Article 6 of the 1977 Soviet constitution stated: "The Communist Party, armed with Marxism–Leninism, determines the general perspective of the development of society and the course of the domestic and foreign policy of the USSR." This contrasts with the 1976 Albanian constitution which stated in Article 3: "In the People's Socialist Republic of Albania the dominant ideology is Marxism–Leninism. The entire social order is developing on the basis of its principles." The 1975 Chinese constitution had a similar tone, stating in Article 2 that "Marxism–Leninism–Mao Zedong Thought is the theoretical basis guiding the thinking of our nation." The 1977 Soviet constitution did also use phrases such as "building socialism and communism", "on the road to communism", "to build the material and technical basis of communism" and "to perfect socialist social relations and transform them into communist relations" in the preamble.
People's democratic state
The people's democratic state was implemented in Eastern Europe after World War II. It can be defined as a state and society in which feudal vestiges have been liquidated and where the system of private ownership exists, but the state-owned enterprises in the field of industry, transport, and credit eclipse it.
In the words of Eugene Varga, "the state itself and its apparatus of violence serve the interests, not of the monopolistic bourgeoisie, but of the toilers of town and country." Soviet philosopher N. P. Farberov stated: "People's democracy in the people's republics is a democracy of the toiling classes, headed by the working class, a broad and full democracy for the overwhelming majority of the people, that is, a socialist democracy in its character and its trend. In this sense, we call it popular."
People's republican state
The people's republican state is a socialist state with a republican constitution. Although the term initially became associated with populist movements in the 19th century, such as the German Völkisch movement and the Narodniks in Russia, it is now associated with communist states. A number of the short-lived communist states which formed during World War I and its aftermath called themselves people's republics. Many of these sprang up in the territory of the former Russian Empire following the October Revolution.
Additional people's republics emerged following the Allied victory in World War II, mainly within the Soviet Union's Eastern Bloc. In Asia, China became a people's republic following the Chinese Communist Revolution and North Korea also became a people's republic.
During the 1960s, Romania and Yugoslavia ceased to use the term people's republic in their official name, replacing it with the term socialist republic as a mark of their ongoing political development. Czechoslovakia also added the term socialist republic into its name during this period; it had become a people's republic in 1948, but the country had not used that term in its official name. Albania used both terms in its official name from 1976 to 1991.
National-democratic state
The concept of the national-democratic state tried to theorize how a state could develop socialism by bypassing the capitalist mode of production. While Vladimir Lenin first articulated the theory of non-capitalist development, the novelty of this concept was applying it to the progressive elements of the national liberation movements in the Third World. The term national-democratic state was introduced shortly after the death of Stalin, who believed colonies to be mere lackeys of Western imperialism and that the socialist movement had few prospects there.
The countries where the national liberation movements took power and instituted an anti-imperialist foreign policy and sought to construct a form of socialism were considered national-democratic states by Marxist–Leninists. An example of a national-democratic state is Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser which was committed to constructing Arab socialism. Except Cuba, none of these states developed socialism. According to scholar Sylvia Woodby Edington, this might explain why the concept of the national-democratic state "never received full theoretical elaboration as a political system." However, one feature was clearly defined, namely, that these states did not need to be led by a Marxist–Leninist party.
Socialist-oriented state
A socialist-oriented state seeks to reach socialism by non-capitalist development. As a term, it substantially differs from the concept of the national-democratic state. The singular difference is that the socialist-oriented state was divided into two stages: a national-democratic socialist-oriented state and a people's democratic socialist-oriented state. Countries belonging to the national-democratic socialist-oriented state category were also categorised as national-democratic states. Examples of national-democratic socialist-oriented states are Algeria, ruled by the National Liberation Front, Ba'athist Iraq, and Socialist Burma. In contrast, people's democratic socialist-oriented states had to be guided by Marxism–Leninism and accept the universal truths of Marxism–Leninism and reject other notions of socialism such as African socialism.
The socialist-oriented states had seven defining features, namely, they were revolutionary democracies, had a revolutionary-democratic party, class dictatorship, defense of the socialist-oriented states, had organs of socialisation, initiated socialist construction, and the type of socialist-oriented state (either national-democratic or people's democratic). The political goal of revolutionary democracy is to create the conditions for socialism in countries where the social, political, and economic conditions for socialism do not exist. The second feature to be met is the establishment of a revolutionary-democratic party which has to establish itself as the leading force and guide the state by using Marxist–Leninist ideology. While introduced in these states, democratic centralism is rarely upheld.
Unlike capitalism which is ruled by the bourgeoisie class, and socialism, where the proletariat leads, the socialist-oriented state represents a broad and heterogeneous group of classes that seek to consolidate national independence. Since peasants were usually the largest class in socialist-oriented states, their role was emphasised—similar to the working class in other socialist states. However, Marxist–Leninists admitted that these states often fell under the control of certain cliques such as the military in Ethiopia. The establishment of a legal system and coercive institutions are also noted to safeguard the socialist-oriented nature of the state. The fifth feature is that the socialist-oriented state must take over the media and educational system while establishing mass organisations to mobilize the populace. Unlike the Soviet economic model, the economy of the socialist-oriented states are mixed economies that seek to attract foreign capital and which seeks to maintain and develop the private sector. In the words of Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, these states were in the process of taking over the commanding heights of the economy and instituting a state-planned economy. According to Soviet sources, Laos was the one socialist-oriented state that has managed to develop into a socialist state.
Socialist state
A socialist state is more than a form of government and can only exist in countries with a socialist economy. There are examples of several states that have instituted a socialist form of government before achieving socialism. The former socialist states of Eastern Europe were established as people's democracies (a developmental stage between capitalism and socialism). Regarding the Marxist–Leninist-ruled countries of Africa and the Middle East, the Soviet Union deemed none of them socialist states—referring to them as socialist-oriented states. While many countries with constitutional references to socialism and countries ruled by long-standing socialist movements exist, within Marxist–Leninist theory a socialist state is led by a communist party that has instituted a socialist economy in a given country. It deals with states that define themselves either as a socialist state or as a state led by a governing Marxist–Leninist party in their constitutions. For this reason alone, these states are often called communist states.
The state system of unitary power
Main article: Unitary power
Legislatures as the highest organ of state power
The meeting place of the Chinese National People's Congress
All communist political systems practices unitary state power. This means that the legislature, usually defined as the highest organ of state power, has executive, legislative and judicial power and can interfere in these organs as long as the law does not illegalise it. This is because both Marx and Lenin abhorred the parliamentary systems of bourgeois democracy, but neither sought to abolish the legislature as an institution. Lenin wrote that it would be impossible to develop proletarian democracy "without representative institutions." Both of them considered the governing model of the Paris Commune of 1871, in which executive and legislative were combined in one body, to be ideal. More importantly, Marx applauded the election process by "universal suffrage in the various wards and towns." While the institution of such a legislature might not be important in itself, they "have a place in the literature and rhetoric of the ruling parties which cannot be ignored—in the language of the party's intimacy with working masses, of its alleged knowledge about interests of working people, of social justice and socialist democracy, of the mass line and learning from the people." This reasoning gives communist legislatures the right to interfere in every state institution unless the legislature itself has made a law that bars it from it. This also means there are no limits to politicisation, unlike in liberal democracies, where politicians are legally barred from interfering in judicial work. This is a firm rejection of the separation of powers found in liberal democracies since no institution can legally enforce checks and balances on the communist legislature. The legislature passes the constitution, which can only be amended by the legislature. Soviet legal theorists denounced judicial review and extra-parliamentary review as bourgeoisie institutions. They also perceived it as a limitation of the people's supreme power. The legislature, together with its suborgans, oversaw the constitutional order. Since the legislature is the supreme judge of constitutionality, the legislature's acts cannot be unconstitutional. Moreover, this means that judicial independence in communist states does not mean the same as in liberal democracies. In communist states, judicial independence means stopping all interference not granted by law, but interference in itself is not barred.
The Supreme Soviet was the first socialist legislature, and the Soviet legislative system was introduced in all communist states. The Supreme Soviet convened twice a year, usually for two or three days each, making it one of the world's first frequently-convened legislatures during its existence. The same meeting frequency was the norm in the Eastern Bloc countries and modern-day China. China's legislature, the National People's Congress (NPC), is modelled on the Soviet one. As with the Soviet one, the NPC is the highest organ of the state and elects a Standing Committee (the Soviets had a Presidium), the government (named the State Council in China and the Council of Ministers in the Soviet Union), the Supreme Court (such as the Supreme Court of East Germany), the Supreme Procuratorate (such as the Supreme People's Procuracy of Vietnam), the Chairman of the National Defence Council (for example, the Chairman of the Council for National Defense and Security of Vietnam), National Supervisory institutions (such as the Director of China's National Supervisory Commission) and other institutions if they exist. Moreover, in all communist states, the ruling party has either had a clear majority, such as China or held every seat as they did in the Soviet Union, in their Supreme Soviet. A majority in the legislature ensures the centralised and unitary leadership of the central committee of the ruling Marxist–Leninist party over the state.
By having legislatures, the Marxist–Leninist parties try to keep ideological consistency between supporting representative institutions and safeguarding the party's leading role. They seek to use the legislatures as a linkage between the rulers and the ruled. These institutions are representative and usually mirror the population in areas such as ethnicity and language, "yet with occupations distributed in a manner skewed towards government officials." Unlike in liberal democracies, legislatures of communist states are not to act as a forum for conveying demands or interest articulation—they meet too infrequently for this to be the case. This might explain why communist states have not developed terms such as delegates and trustees to give legislature representatives the power to vote according to their best judgement or in the interest of their constituency. Scholar Daniel Nelson has noted: "As with the British parliament before the seventeenth-century turmoil secured its supremacy, legislative bodies in communist states physically portray the 'realm' ruled by (to stretch an analogy) 'kings'. Members of the assemblies 'represent' the population to whom the rulers speak and over whom they govern, convening a broader 'segment of society' than the court itself." Despite this, it does not mean that the communist states use legislatures to strengthen their communication with the populace—the party, rather than the legislature, could take that function.
Ideologically, it has another function, namely, to prove that communist states do not only represent the interests of the working class but all social strata. Communist states are committed to establishing a classless society and use legislatures to show that all social strata, whether bureaucrat, worker, or intellectual, are committed and have interests in building such a society. As is the case in China, national institutions such as the legislature "must exist which brings together representatives of all nationalities and geographic areas." It does not matter if the legislatures only rubber stamp decisions because by having them, it shows that communist states are committed to incorporating minorities and areas of the country by including them in the composition of the legislature. In communist states, there is usually a high proportion of members who are government officials. In this instance, it might mean that it is less important what legislatures do and more important who its representatives are. The members of such legislatures at central and local levels are usually either government or party officials, leading figures in their community, or national figures outside the communist party. This shows that legislatures are tools to garner popular support for the government in which leading figures campaign and spread information about the party's policies and ideological development.
Furthermore, Western researchers have devoted little attention to legislatures in communist states. The reason is that there are no significant bodies of political socialisation compared to legislatures in liberal democracies. While political leaders in communist states are often elected as members of legislatures, these posts are not relevant to political advancement. The role of legislatures is different from country to country. In the Soviet Union, the Supreme Soviet did "little more than listen to statements from Soviet political leaders and to legitimate decisions already made elsewhere" while in the legislatures of Poland, Vietnam, and Yugoslavia it has been more active and had an impact on rule-making.
Constitution
Role of constitutions
Marxist–Leninists view the constitution as a fundamental law and as an instrument of force. The constitution is the source of law and legality. Unlike in liberal democracies, the Marxist–Leninist constitution is not a framework to limit the power of the state. To the contrary, a Marxist–Leninist constitution seeks to empower the state—believing the state to be an organ of class domination and law to be the expression of the interests of the dominant class. Marxist–Leninists believe that all national constitutions do this to ensure that countries can strengthen and enforce their own class system. In this instance, it means that Marxist–Leninists conceive of constitutions as a tool to defend the socialist nature of the state and attack its enemies. This contrasts with the liberal conception of constitutionalism that "law, rather than men, is supreme."
Unlike the relatively constant (and, in some instances, permanently fixed) nature of democratic constitutions, a Marxist–Leninist constitution is ever-changing. Andrey Vyshinsky, a Procurator General of the Soviet Union during the 1930s, notes that the "Soviet constitutions represent the total of the historical path along which the Soviet state has travelled. At the same time, they are the legislative basis of subsequent development of state life." That is, the constitution sums up what has already been achieved. This belief is also shared by the Chinese Communist Party, which argued that "the Chinese Constitution blazes a path for China, recording what has been won in China and what is yet to be conquered." A constitution in a communist state has an end. The preamble of the 1954 Chinese constitution outlines the historical tasks of the Chinese communists, "step by step, to bring about the socialist industrialisation of the country and, step by step, to accomplish the socialist transformation of agriculture, handicraft and capitalist industry and commerce."
In communist states, the constitution was a tool to analyse the development of society. The Marxist–Leninist party in question would have to study the correlation of forces, literally society's class structure, before enacting changes. Several terms were coined for different developmental states by Marxist–Leninist legal theorists, including new democracy, people's democracy, and the primary stage of socialism. This is also why amendments to constitutions are not enough and major societal changes need a novel constitution which corresponds with the reality of the new class structure.
With Nikita Khrushchev's repudiation of Stalin's practices in the "Secret Speech" and the Chinese Communist Party's repudiation of certain Maoist policies, Marxist–Leninist legal theories began to emphasise "the formal, formerly neglected constitutional order." Deng Xiaoping, not long after Chairman Mao Zedong's death, noted that "emocracy has to be institutionalised and written into law, to make sure that institutions and laws do not change whenever the leadership changes or whenever the leaders change their views. The trouble now is that our legal system is incomplete. Very often what leaders say is taken as law and anyone who disagrees is called a lawbreaker." In 1986, Li Buyan wrote that "the policies of the Party usually are regulations and calls which to a certain extent are only principles. The law is different; it is rigorously standardised. It explicitly and concretely stipulates what the people should, can, or cannot do." These legal developments were echoed in later years in Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam. This has led to the development of the communist concept of socialist rule of law, which runs parallel to, and is distinct from, the liberal term of the same name. In the last years, this emphasis on the constitution as both a legal document and a paper which documents society's development has been noted by the Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping, who stated in 2013 that "o organisation or individual has the privilege to overstep the Constitution and law."
Constitutional supervision
After Soviet Union general secretary Joseph Stalin's death, several communist states have experimented with some sort of constitutional supervision. These organs were designed to safeguard the supreme power of the legislature from circumvention by political leaders. Romania was the first to experiment with constitutional supervision when it established a Constitutional Committee in 1965. It was elected by the legislature, and leading jurists sat on the committee, but it was only empowered to advise the legislature. Keith Hand has commented that "t was not an effective institution in practice", being unable to prevent Nicolae Ceausescu's emasculation of Romania's Great National Assembly after the inauguration of the July Theses.
Hungary and Poland experimented with constitutional supervision in the early 1980s. Hungary established the Council of Constitutional Law, which was elected by the legislature and consisted of several leading jurists. It was empowered to review the constitutionality and legality of statutes, administrative regulations, and other normative documents; however, if the agency in question failed to heed its advice, it needed to petition the legislature. In 1989, the Soviets established the Constitutional Supervision Committee, which "was subordinate only to the USSR constitution." It was empowered "to review the constitutionality and legality of a range of state acts of the USSR and its republics. Its jurisdiction included laws , decrees of the Supreme Soviet's Presidium, union republic constitutions and laws, some central administrative decrees, Supreme Court explanations, and other central normative documents." If the committee deemed the legislature to have breached legality, the legislature was obliged to discuss the issue, but it could reject it if more than two-thirds voted against the findings of the Constitutional Supervision Committee. While it was constitutionally powerful, it lacked enforcement powers, it was often ignored, and it failed to defend the constitution during the coup against Mikhail Gorbachev.
The Chinese leadership has argued against establishing any corresponding constitutional supervisory committee due to their association with the failed communist states of Europe. None of the surviving communist states (China, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam) have experimented with constitutional supervision committees or constitutional supervision of any kind outside the existing framework until 2018, when the Constitution and Law Committee of the National People's Congress was bestowed the right of constitutional review.
Government as the highest administrative agency of state power
The government of communist states is usually defined as the "executive organ of the highest state organ of power" or as the "highest administrative agency of state power". It functions as the executive organ of the legislature. This model has been introduced with variations in all communist states. For most of its existence, the Soviet government was known as the Council of Ministers and identical names were used for the governments of Albania, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. It was independent of the other central agencies such as the legislature and its standing committee, but the Supreme Soviet was empowered to decide on all questions it wished. The Soviet government was responsible to the legislature, and in between sessions of the legislature, it reported to the legislature's standing committee. The standing committee could reorganise and hold the Soviet government accountable, but it could not instruct the government.
In communist states, the government was responsible for the overall economic system, public order, foreign relations, and defense. The Soviet model was more or less identically implemented in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania, with few exceptions. One exception was Czechoslovakia, where it had a president and not a collective head of state. Another exception was in Bulgaria, where the State Council was empowered to instruct the Council of Ministers.
Judicial organs and socialist law
Main article: Socialist law
In every communist state, the judicial and procuratorial bodies are organs of the legislature. For instance, China's Supreme People's Court is the "legislative organ of governance that manages the judicial system in the name of the" National People's Congress, and through it, the Chinese Communist Party. These bodies are responsible to and report on their work to the legislature. For instance, the Prosecutor-General of Vietnam's Supreme People's Procuracy delivers an annual Work Report to the legislature, the National Assembly, every year. Moreover, all communist states have been established in countries with a civil law system. The countries of Eastern Europe had formally been governed by the Austro-Hungarian Empire, German Empire, and Russian Empire—all of whom had a civil law legal system. Cuba had a civil law system imposed on them by Spain, while China introduced civil law to overlay with Confucian elements, and Vietnam used French law. Since the establishment of the Soviet Union, there has been a scholarly debate on whether socialist law is a separate legal system or is a part of the civil law tradition. Legal scholar Renè David wrote that the socialist legal system "possesses, in relation to our French law, particular features that give it a complete originality, to the extent that it is no longer possible to connect it, like the former Russian law, to the system of Roman law." Similarly, Christoper Osakwe concludes that socialist law is "an autonomous legal system to be essentially distinguished from the other contemporary families of law." Proponents of socialist law as a separate legal system have identified the following features:
The socialist law is to disappear with the withering away of the state.
The rule of the Marxist–Leninist party.
The socialist law is subordinate and reflects changes to the economic order (the absorption of private law by public law).
The socialist law has a religious character.
The socialist law is prerogative rather than normative.
Legal officials argue differently for their cases compared to Westerners. For instance, "he predominant view among Soviet jurists in the 1920s was that Soviet law of that period was Western-style law appropriate for a Soviet economy that remained capitalist to a significant degree." This changed with the introduction of the command economy, and the term socialist law was conceived to reflect this in the 1930s. Hungarian legal theorist Imre Szabó acknowledged similarities between socialist law and civil law, but he noted that "four basic types of law may be distinguished: the laws of the slave, feudal, capitalist, and socialist societies." Using the Marxist theory of historical materialism, Szabó argues that socialist law cannot belong to the same law family since the material structure is different from the capitalist countries as their superstructure (state) has to reflect these differences. In other words, law is a tool by the ruling class to govern. As Renè David notes, socialist jurists "isolate their law, to put into another category, a reprobate category, the Romanist laws and the common law, is the fact that they reason less as jurists and more as philosophers and Marxists; it is in taking a not strictly legal viewpoint that they affirm the originality of their socialist law." However, some socialist legal theorists, such as Romanian jurist Victor Zlatescu differentiated between type of law and family of law. According to Zlatescu, "he distinction between the law of the socialist countries and the law of the capitalist countries is not of the same nature as the difference between Roman-German law and the common law, for example. Socialist law is not a third family among the others, as in certain writings of Western comparatists." In other words, socialist law is civil law, but it is a different type of law for a different society.
Yugoslav jurist Borislav Blagojević noted that a "great number of legal institutions and legal relations remain the same in socialist law", further stating that it is "necessary and justified" to put them to use if they are "in conformity with the corresponding interests of the ruling class in the state in question." Importantly, socialist law had retained civil law institutions, methodology, and organisation. This can be discerned by the fact that East Germany retained the 1896 German civil code until 1976 while Poland used existing Austrian, French, German, and Russian civil codes until adoption of its own civil code in 1964. Scholar John Quigley wrote that "ocialist law retains the inquisitorial style of trial, law-creation predominantly by legislatures rather than courts, and a significant role for legal scholarship in construing codes."
Military
Control
Communist states have established two types of civil-military systems. The armed forces of most socialist states have historically been state institutions based on the Soviet model, but in China, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam, the armed forces are party-state institutions. However, several differences exist between the statist (Soviet) and the party-state models (China). In the Soviet model, the Soviet armed forces was led by the Council of Defense (an organ formed by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union) while the Council of Ministers was responsible for formulating defence policies. The party leader was ex officio the Chairman of the Council of Defense. Below the Council of Defense, there was the Main Military Council which was responsible for the strategic direction and leadership of the Soviet armed forces. The working organ of the Council of Defense was the General Staff tasked with analysing military and political situations as they developed. The party controlled the armed forces through the Main Political Directorate (MPD) of the Ministry of Defense, a state organ that functioned "with the authority of a department of the CPSU Central Committee." The MPD organised political indoctrination and created political control mechanisms at the centre to the company level in the field. Formally, the MPD was responsible for organising party and Komsomol organs as well as subordinate organs within the armed forces; ensuring that the party and state retain control over the armed forces; evaluates the political performance of officers; supervising the ideological content of the military press; and supervising the political-military training institutes and their ideological content. The head of the MPD was ranked fourth in military protocol, but it was not a member of the Council of Defense. The Administrative Organs Department of the CPSU Central Committee was responsible for implementing the party personnel policies and supervised the KGB, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Defense.
In the Chinese party-state model, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) is a party institution. In the preamble of the Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party, it is stated: "The Communist Party of China (CPC) shall uphold its absolute leadership over the People's Liberation Army and other people's armed forces." The PLA carries out its work in accordance with the instructions of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. Mao Zedong described the PLA's institutional situation as follows: "Every communist must grasp the truth, 'Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun.' Our principle is that the party commands the gun, and the gun must never be allowed to command the Party." The Central Military Commission (CMC) is both an organ of the state and the party—it is an organ of the CCP Central Committee and an organ of the national legislature, the National People's Congress. The CCP General Secretary is ex officio party CMC Chairman and the President of the People's Republic of China is by right state CMC Chairman. The composition of the party CMC and the state CMC are identical. The CMC is responsible for the command of the PLA and determines national defence policies. fifteen departments report directly to the CMC and that are responsible for everything from political work to administration of the PLA. Of significance is that the CMC eclipses by far the prerogatives of the CPSU Administrative Organs Department while the Chinese counterpart to the Main Political Directorate supervises not only the military, but also intelligence, the security services, and counterespionage work.
Representation
Unlike in liberal democracies, active military personnel are members and partake in civilian institutions of governance. This is the case in all communist states. The Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) has elected at least one active military figure to its CPV Politburo since 1986. In the 1986–2006 period, active military figures sitting in the CPV Central Committee stood at an average of 9,2 per cent. Military figures are also represented in the national legislature (the National Assembly) and other representative institutions. In China, the two CMC vice chairmen have had by right office seats in the CCP Politburo since 1987.
Ruling party
Leading role
A Marxist–Leninist party has led every communist state. This party seeks to represent and articulate the interests of the classes exploited by capitalism. It seeks to lead the exploited classes to achieve communism. However, the party cannot be identified with the exploited class in general. Its membership comprises members with advanced consciousness above sectional interests. Therefore, the party represents the advanced section of the exploited classes and, through them, leads the exploited classes by interpreting the universal laws governing human history towards communism.
In Foundations of Leninism (1924), Joseph Stalin wrote that "the proletariat needs the Party first of all as its General Staff, which it must have for the successful seizure of power. But the proletariat needs the Party not only to achieve the dictatorship; it needs it still more to maintain the dictatorship." The current Constitution of Vietnam states in Article 4 that "he Communist Party of Vietnam, the vanguard of the Vietnamese working class, simultaneously the vanguard of the toiling people and of the Vietnamese nation, the faithful representative of the interests of the working class, the toiling people, and the whole nation, acting upon the Marxist–Leninist doctrine and Ho Chi Minh's thought, is the leading force of the state and society." In a similar form, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) describes itself as "the vanguard of the Chinese working class, the Chinese people, and the Chinese nation." As noted by both communist parties, the ruling parties of communist states are vanguard parties. Vladimir Lenin theorised that vanguard parties were "capable of assuming power and leading the whole people to socialism, of directing and organising the new system, of being the teacher, the guide, the leader of all the working and exploited people in organising their social life without the bourgeoisie." This idea eventually evolved into the concept of the party's leading role in leading the state as seen in the CCP's self-description and Vietnam's constitution.
Internal organisation
The Marxist–Leninist governing party organises itself around the principle of democratic centralism and through it, the state too. It means that all directing bodies of the party, from top to bottom, shall be elected; that party bodies shall give periodical accounts of their activities to their respective party organisations; that there shall be strict party discipline and the subordination of the minority to the majority; and that all decisions of higher bodies shall be absolutely binding on lower bodies and on all party members.
The highest organ of a Marxist–Leninist governing party is the party congress. The congress elects the central committee and either an auditing commission and a control commission, or both, although not always. The central committee is the party's highest decision-making organ in-between party congresses and elects a politburo and a secretariat amongst its members and the party's leader. When the central committee is not in session, the politburo is the highest decision-making organ of the party and the secretariat is the highest administrative organ. In certain parties, either the central committee or the politburo elects amongst its members a standing committee of the politburo which acts as the highest decision-making organ in between sessions of the politburo, central committee, and the Congress. This leadership structure is identical all the way down to the primary party organisation of the ruling party.
Economic system
From reading their works, many followers of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels drew the idea that the socialist economy would be based on planning and not market mechanisms. These ideas later developed into believing that planning was superior to the market mechanism. Upon seizing power, the Bolsheviks began advocating a national state planning system. The 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) resolved to institute "the maximum centralisation of production simultaneously striving to establish a unified economic plan." The Gosplan, the State Planning Commission, the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy, and other central planning organs were established during the 1920s in the era of the New Economic Policy. On introducing the planning system, it became a common belief in the international communist movement that the Soviet planning system was a more advanced form of economic organisation than capitalism. This led to the system being introduced voluntarily in countries such as China, Cuba, and Vietnam and, in some cases, imposed by the Soviet Union.
In communist states, the state planning system had five main characteristics. Firstly, except for field consumption and employment, practically all decisions were centralized at the top. Secondly, the system was hierarchical—the centre formulated a plan that was sent down to the level below, which would imitate the process and send the plan further down the pyramid. Thirdly, the plans were binding in nature, i.e. everyone had to follow and meet the goals outlined in them. Fourthly, the predominance of calculating in physical terms to ensure planned allocation of commodities were not incompatible with planned production. Finally, money played a passive role within the state sector since the planners focused on physical allocation.
According to Michael Ellman, in a centrally-planned economy, "the state owns the land and all other natural resources and all characteristics of the traditional model, the enterprises, and their productive assets. Collective ownership (e.g. the property of collective farms) also exists but plays a subsidiary role and is expected to be temporary." The private ownership of the means of production still exists, although it plays a somewhat more minor role. Since the class struggle in capitalism is caused by the division between owners of the means of production and the workers who sell their labour, state ownership (defined as the property of the people in these systems) is considered as a tool to end the class struggle and empower the working class.
Analysis
See also: Criticism of communist party rule and Postsocialism
Countries such as the Soviet Union and China were criticised by Western authors and organisations based on the lack of the representative nature of multi-party liberal democracy, in addition to several other areas where socialist society and Western societies differed. Socialist societies were commonly characterised by state ownership or social ownership of the means of production either through administration through communist party organisations, democratically elected councils and communes, and co-operative structures—in opposition to the liberal democratic capitalist free-market paradigm of management, ownership and control by corporations and private individuals. Communist states have also been criticised for the influence and outreach of their respective ruling parties on society, in addition to lack of recognition for some Western legal rights and liberties such as the right to own property and the restriction of the right to free speech. The early economic development policies of communist states have been criticised for focusing primarily on the development of heavy industry.
Soviet advocates and socialists responded to criticism by highlighting the ideological differences in the concept of freedom. McFarland and Ageyev noted that "Marxist–Leninist norms disparaged laissez-faire individualism (as when housing is determined by one's ability to pay), also wide variations in personal wealth as the West has not. Instead, Soviet ideals emphasized equality—free education and medical care, little disparity in housing or salaries, and so forth." When asked to comment on the claim that former citizens of communist states enjoy increased freedoms, Heinz Kessler, former East German Minister of National Defence, replied: "Millions of people in Eastern Europe are now free from employment, free from safe streets, free from health care, free from social security."
In his analysis of states run under Marxist–Leninist ideology, economist Michael Ellman of the University of Amsterdam notes that such states compared favorably with Western states in some health indicators such as infant mortality and life expectancy. A 1986 study published in the American Journal of Public Health and a 1992 study published in International Journal of Health Services stated, respectively, that "between countries at similar levels of economic development, socialist countries showed more favorable PQL (physical quality of life) outcomes" and that socialism was "for the most part, more successful than capitalism in improving the health conditions of the world's populations."
Philipp Ther posits that there was an increase in the standard of living throughout Eastern Bloc countries as the result of modernisation programs under communist governments. Similarly, Amartya Sen's own analysis of international comparisons of life expectancy found that several Marxist–Leninist states made significant gains and commented "one thought that is bound to occur is that communism is good for poverty removal." The dissolution of the Soviet Union was followed by a rapid increase in poverty, crime, corruption, unemployment, homelessness, rates of disease, infant mortality, domestic violence, and income inequality, along with decreases in calorie intake, life expectancy, adult literacy, and income.
Memory
Monuments to the victims of communist states exist in almost all the capitals of Eastern Europe and there are several museums documenting communist rule such as the Museum of Occupations and Freedom Fights in Lithuania, the Museum of the Occupation of Latvia in Riga, and the House of Terror in Budapest, all three of which also document Nazi rule. In Washington D.C., a bronze statue based upon the 1989 Tiananmen Square Goddess of Democracy sculpture was dedicated as the Victims of Communism Memorial in 2007, having been authorized by the United States Congress in 1993. The Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation plans to build an International Museum on Communism in Washington. As of 2008, Russia contained 627 memorials and memorial plaques dedicated to victims of the communist states, most of which were created by private citizens and did not have a national monument or a national museum. The Wall of Grief in Moscow, inaugurated in October 2017, is Russia's first monument for victims of political persecution by Stalin during the country's Soviet era. In 2017, Canada's National Capital Commission approved the design for a memorial to the victims of communism to be built at the Garden of the Provinces and Territories in Ottawa. On 23 August 2018, Estonia's Victims of Communism 1940–1991 Memorial was inaugurated in Tallinn by President Kersti Kaljulaid. The memorial construction was financed by the state and is managed by the Estonian Institute of Historical Memory. The opening ceremony was chosen to coincide with the official European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism.
According to anthropologist Kristen Ghodsee, efforts to institutionalize the victims of communism narrative, or the moral equivalence between the Nazi Holocaust (race murder) and the victims of communism (class murder), and in particular the recent push at the beginning of the global financial crisis for commemoration of the latter in Europe, can be seen as the response by economic and political elites to fears of a leftist resurgence in the face of devastated economies and extreme inequalities in both the East and West as the result of the excesses of neoliberal capitalism. Ghodsee argues that any discussion of the achievements under communist states, including literacy, education, women's rights, and social security is usually silenced, and any discourse on the subject of communism is focused almost exclusively on Stalin's crimes and the double genocide theory. According to Laure Neumayer, this is used as an anti-communist narrative "based on a series of categories and figures" to "denounce Communist state violence (qualified as 'Communist crimes', 'red genocide' or 'classicide') and to honour persecuted individuals (presented alternatively as 'victims of Communism' and 'heroes of anti totalitarian resistance')."
See also
Communism portalSocialism portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Communist countries.
List of socialist states
List of anarchist communities
Capitalist state
List of anti-capitalist and communist parties with national parliamentary representation
List of communist parties
Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
Stalinism
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19th National Congress (2017). Constitution of the Communist Party of China. Chinese Communist Party.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Gungwu, Wang (2012). China: Development and Governance. World Scientific Publishing Company. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-9814425841.
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Books
Blasko, Dennis (2006). The Chinese Army Today: Tradition and Transformation for the 21st Century. Routledge. ISBN 9781135988777.
Dimitrov, Vessellin (2006). "Bulgaria: A Core Against the Odds". In Dimitrov, Vessellin; Goetz, H. Klaus; Wollmann, Hellmut (eds.). Governing after Communism: Institutions and Policymaking (2nd ed.). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 159–203. ISBN 9780742540095.
Ellman, Michael (2014). Socialist Planning (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107427327.
Evans, Daniel (1993). Soviet Marxism–Leninism: The Decline of an Ideology. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780275947637.
Feldbrugge, F. J. M. (1985). "Council of Ministers". In Feldbrugge, F. J. M.; Van den Berg, G. P.; Simons, William B. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Soviet Law (2nd ed.). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 202–204. ISBN 1349060860.
Furtak, Robert K. (1987). The Political Systems of the Socialist States. New York City: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9780312625276.
Gardner, John; Schöpflin, George; White, Stephen (1987). Communist Political Systems (2nd ed.). Macmillan Education. ISBN 0-333-44108-7.
Harding, Neil (1981). "What Does It Mean to Call a Regime Marxist?". In Szajkowski, Bogdan (ed.). Marxist Governments. Vol. 1. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 22–33. ISBN 978-0-333-25704-3.
Hazard, John (1985). "Constitutional Law". In Feldbrugge, F. J. M.; Van den Berg, G. P.; Simons, William B. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Soviet Law (2nd ed.). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 162–163. ISBN 1349060860.
Li, Lin (2017). Building the Rule of Law in China. Elsevier. ISBN 9780128119303.
Loeber, Dietrich Andre (1984). "On the Status of the CPSU within the Soviet Legal System". In Simons, William; White, Stephen (eds.). The Party Statutes of the Communist World. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 1–22. ISBN 9789024729753.
Nelson, Daniel (1982). "Communist Legislatures and Communist Politics". In Nelson, Daniel; White, Stephen (eds.). Communist Legislatures in Comparative Perspective. Vol. 1. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–13. ISBN 1349060860.
Rosser, Barkley; Rosser, Marianne (2003). Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262182348.
Staar, Richard (1988). Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe (4th ed.). Hoover Press. ISBN 9780817976934.
Steele, David Ramsay (September 1999). From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court. ISBN 978-0875484495.
Triska, Jan, ed. (1968). Constitution of the Communist-Party States. Hoover Institution Publications. ISBN 978-0817917012.
Tung, W. L. (2012). The Political Institutions of Modern China (2nd ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9789401034432.
Wilczynski, J. (2008). The Economics of Socialism after World War Two: 1945–1990. Aldine Transaction. ISBN 9780202362281.
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vteMarxism–LeninismConcepts
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Communism portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Communist society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_society"},{"link_name":"List of communist states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_communist_states"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam_at_the_Dien_Bien_Phu_street_in_2015_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese national flags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Hanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi"},{"link_name":"one-party state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-party_state"},{"link_name":"communist party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_party"},{"link_name":"Marxism–Leninism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism"},{"link_name":"state 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democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_democracy_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)"},{"link_name":"socialist-oriented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist-leaning_countries"},{"link_name":"workers and peasants'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_and_peasants%27_state"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"democratic socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_socialist"},{"link_name":"Western Bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bloc"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"social-democracies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social-democracies"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barrett_1978-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dissident_1991-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kendall_2011-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Li_2015-19"}],"text":"State that is administered and governed by a single communist partyThis article is about sovereign states governed by communist parties. For the hypothetical social stage proposed by Marxist theory, see Communist society. For a list of states designated as communist, see List of communist states.The flags of the Communist Party of Vietnam that were flown besides the Vietnamese national flags in Hanoi, VietnamA communist state, also known as a Marxist–Leninist state, is a one-party state that is administered and governed by a communist party guided by Marxism–Leninism. Marxism–Leninism was the state ideology of the Soviet Union, the Comintern after Bolshevisation and the communist states within the Comecon, the Eastern Bloc, and the Warsaw Pact.[1] Marxism–Leninism currently still remains the ideology of a few parties around the world. After its peak when many communist states were established, the Revolutions of 1989 brought down most of the communist states; however, it is still the official ideology of the ruling parties of China, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam,[2] and to a lesser extent, North Korea.[3][4] During the later part of the 20th century, before the Revolutions of 1989, around one-third of the world's population lived in communist states.[5]Communist states are typically authoritarian and are typically administered through democratic centralism by a single centralised communist party apparatus. These parties are usually Marxist–Leninist or some national variation thereof such as Maoism or Titoism, with the official aim of achieving socialism and progressing toward a communist society. There have been several instances of communist states with functioning political participation (i.e. Soviet democracy) processes involving several other non-party organisations such as direct democratic participation, factory committees, and trade unions, although the communist party remained the centre of power.[6][7][8][9][10]As a term, communist state is used by Western historians, political scientists, and media to refer to these countries. However, these states do not describe themselves as communist nor do they claim to have achieved communism — they refer to themselves as socialist states that are in the process of constructing socialism.[11][12][13][14] Terms used by communist states include national-democratic, people's democratic, socialist-oriented, and workers and peasants' states.[15] Academics, political commentators, and other scholars tend to distinguish between communist states and democratic socialist states, with the first representing the Eastern Bloc and the latter representing Western Bloc countries that have been democratically governed by socialist parties such as France, Sweden, and Western social-democracies in general, among others.[16][17][18][19]","title":"Communist state"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Communist_countries.svg"},{"link_name":"People's Revolutionary Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada"}],"text":"An anachronous map of countries that have been ruled by a one-party Marxist–Leninist state at some point in their history. From 1979 to 1983, during the time of the People's Revolutionary Government in Grenada, all the colored nations above were simultaneously Marxist–Leninist.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"joined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_USSR"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Soviet Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Army"},{"link_name":"allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"non-aligned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"war against Japanese occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Iron Curtain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Curtain"},{"link_name":"Pan-European Picnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-European_Picnic"},{"link_name":"Revolutions of 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Third World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"North Korea (DPRK)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Socialist Republic of Vietnam's Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism"},{"link_name":"socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"communist party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"1992 Constitution of the Republic of Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Cuba"},{"link_name":"communist party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Workers' Party of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"During the 20th century, the world's first constitutionally communist state was in Russia at the end of 1917. In 1922, it joined other former territories of the empire to become the Soviet Union. After World War II, the Soviet Army occupied much of Eastern Europe and helped bring the existing communist parties to power in those countries. Originally, the communist states in Eastern Europe were allied with the Soviet Union. Yugoslavia would declare itself non-aligned, and Albania later took a different path. After a war against Japanese occupation and a civil war resulting in a Communist victory, the People's Republic of China was established in 1949. Communist states were also established in Cambodia, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam. In 1989, the communist states in Eastern Europe collapsed after the Iron Curtain broke as a result of the Pan-European Picnic, under public pressure during a wave of mostly non-violent movements as part of the Revolutions of 1989 which led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. China's socio-economic structure has been referred to as \"nationalistic state capitalism\" and the Eastern Bloc (Eastern Europe and the Third World) as \"bureaucratic-authoritarian systems.\"[20][21]Today, the existing communist states in the world are in China, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam, and North Korea (DPRK). These communist states often do not claim to have achieved socialism or communism in their countries but to be building and working toward the establishment of socialism in their countries. The preamble to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam's Constitution states that Vietnam only entered a transition stage between capitalism and socialism after the country was re-unified under the communist party in 1976[22] and the 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Cuba states that the role of the communist party is to \"guide the common effort toward the goals and construction of socialism.\"[23] The DPRK's constitution outlines a socialist economy and the ruling Workers' Party of Korea remains ideologically committed to communism.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"communist party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_party"},{"link_name":"vanguard of the proletariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguardism"},{"link_name":"democratic centralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_centralism"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurtak19878%E2%80%939-24"},{"link_name":"one-party system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-party_state"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurtak19878%E2%80%939-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurtak198712-25"},{"link_name":"representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_democracy"},{"link_name":"separation of powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers"},{"link_name":"Supreme Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Soviet"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurtak198713-26"},{"link_name":"liberal republics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democracy"},{"link_name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurtak198714-27"},{"link_name":"presidium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidium"},{"link_name":"head of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurtak198714-27"},{"link_name":"consumer cooperatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_cooperatives"},{"link_name":"sports clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_club"},{"link_name":"trade unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"youth organisations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_organisation"},{"link_name":"women's organisations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_organisations"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurtak198716%E2%80%9317-28"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Front_(Czechoslovakia)#1948%E2%80%931990"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Front_(East_Germany)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurtak198718%E2%80%9319-29"}],"sub_title":"Institutions","text":"Communist states share similar institutions, which are organised on the premise that the communist party is a vanguard of the proletariat and represents the long-term interests of the people. The doctrine of democratic centralism, developed by Vladimir Lenin as a set of principles to be used in the internal affairs of the communist party, is extended to society at large.[24] According to democratic centralism, the people must elect all leaders, and all proposals must be debated openly, but once a decision has been reached, all people have a duty to account to that decision. When used within a political party, democratic centralism is meant to prevent factionalism and splits. When applied to an entire state, democratic centralism creates a one-party system.[24] The constitutions of most communist states describe their political system as a form of democracy.[25] They recognize the sovereignty of the people as embodied in a series of representative parliamentary institutions. Such states do not have a separation of powers and instead have one national legislative body (such as the Supreme Soviet in the Soviet Union), which is bestowed with unitary power and is often defined as the highest organ of state power. Unitary power means that the legislature has the power of the judiciary, legislature and executive but chooses to delegate these powers to other institutions.[26]In communist states, the unitary legislatures often have a similar structure to the parliaments in liberal republics, with two significant differences. First, the deputies elected to these unitary legislatures are not expected to represent the interests of any particular constituency but rather the long-term interests of the people as a whole; and second, against Karl Marx's advice, the unitary legislatures of communist states are not in permanent session. Instead, they convene once or several times yearly in sessions that usually last only a few days.[27] When the unitary legislature is not in session, its powers are transferred to a smaller council (often called a presidium) which acts as a collective head of state. In some systems, the presidium is composed of crucial communist party members who vote the resolutions of the communist party into law.[27]A feature of communist states is the existence of numerous state-sponsored social organisations (associations of journalists, teachers, writers and other professionals, consumer cooperatives, sports clubs, trade unions, youth organisations, and women's organisations) which are integrated into the political system. In communist states, the social organisations are expected to promote social unity and cohesion, to serve as a link between the government and society and to provide a forum for the recruitment of new communist party members.[28]Historically, the political organisation of many socialist states has been dominated by a one-party monopoly. Some communist governments such as those in China, Czechoslovakia, or East Germany have or had more than one political party, but all minor parties are or were required to follow the leadership of the communist party. In communist states, the government may not tolerate criticism of policies that have already been implemented in the past or are being implemented in the present.[29]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marxist–Leninist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist"},{"link_name":"ruling class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruling_class"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuins1950187-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuins1950187-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuins1950187-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuins1950187-30"},{"link_name":"Soviet Russia Constitution of 1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Russia_Constitution_of_1918"},{"link_name":"class division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_division"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuins1950187-30"},{"link_name":"dictatorship of the proletariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat"},{"link_name":"proletariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuins1950187%E2%80%93188-31"},{"link_name":"pure communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_communism"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuins1950187%E2%80%93188-31"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Engels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engels"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImam1986383-32"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"first five-year plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_five-year_plan"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuins1950188-34"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"withering away of the state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withering_away_of_the_state"},{"link_name":"socialist mode of production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_(Marxism)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuins1950188-34"},{"link_name":"Andrey Vyshinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Vyshinsky"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuins1950188%E2%80%93189-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETang198043-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETang198041-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETang198041-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETang198042%E2%80%9343-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETang198042-39"},{"link_name":"Soviet constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_constitution"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETang198043-36"},{"link_name":"1977 Soviet constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Soviet_constitution"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETang198043-36"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETang198042-39"},{"link_name":"1975 Chinese constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETang198042-39"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETang198043-36"}],"text":"According to Marxist–Leninist thought, the state is a repressive institution led by a ruling class.[30] This class dominates the state and expresses its will through it.[30] By formulating law, the ruling class uses the state to oppress other classes and form a class dictatorship.[30] However, the goal of the communist state is to abolish that state.[30] The Soviet Russia Constitution of 1918 stated: \"The principal object of the Constitution of the R.S.F.S.R., which is adapted to the present transition period, consists in the establishment of a dictatorship of the urban and rural proletariat and the poorest peasantry, in the form of a powerful All-Russian Soviet power; the object of which is to secure complete suppression of the bourgeoisie, the abolition of exploitation of man by man, and the establishment of Socialism, under which there shall be neither class division nor state authority\".[30] The communist state is the dictatorship of the proletariat, where the advanced elements of the proletariat are the ruling class.[31] In Marxist–Leninist thinking, the socialist state is the last repressive state since the next stage of development is that of pure communism, a classless and stateless society.[31] Friedrich Engels commented on the state, writing: \"State interference in social relations, becomes, in one domain after another, superfluous, and then dies out of itself; the government of persons is replaced by the administration of things, and by the conduct of processes of production. The state is not 'abolished'. It dies out.\"[32]In \"The Tax in Kind\", Vladimir Lenin argued: \"No one, I think, in studying the question of the economic system of Russia, has denied its transitional character. Nor, I think, has any Communist denied that the term Soviet Socialist Republic implies the determination of the Soviet power to achieve the transition to socialism, and not that the existing economic system is recognised as a socialist order.\"[33] The introduction of the first five-year plan in the Soviet Union got many communists to believe that the withering away of the state was imminent.[34] However, Joseph Stalin warned that the withering away of the state would not occur until after the socialist mode of production had achieved dominance over capitalism.[34] Soviet jurist Andrey Vyshinsky echoed this assumption and said that the socialist state was necessary \"in order to defend, to secure, and to develop relationships and arrangements advantageous to the workers, and to annihilate completely capitalism and its remnants.\"[35]Ideology permeates these states.[36] According to scholar Peter Tang, \"[t]he supreme test of whether a Communist Party-state remains revolutionarily dedicated or degenerates into a revisionist or counterrevolutionary system lies in its attitude toward the Communist ideology.\"[37] Therefore, the sole ideological purpose of communist states is to spread socialism and to reach that goal these states have to be guided by Marxism–Leninism.[37] The communist states have opted for two ways to achieve this goal, namely govern indirectly by Marxism–Leninism through the party (Soviet model), or commit the state officially through the constitution to Marxism–Leninism (Maoist China–Albania model).[38] The Soviet model is the most common and is currently in use in China.[39]Marxism–Leninism was mentioned in the Soviet constitution.[36] Article 6 of the 1977 Soviet constitution stated: \"The Communist Party, armed with Marxism–Leninism, determines the general perspective of the development of society and the course of the domestic and foreign policy of the USSR.\"[36] This contrasts with the 1976 Albanian constitution which stated in Article 3: \"In the People's Socialist Republic of Albania the dominant ideology is Marxism–Leninism. The entire social order is developing on the basis of its principles.\"[39] The 1975 Chinese constitution had a similar tone, stating in Article 2 that \"Marxism–Leninism–Mao Zedong Thought is the theoretical basis guiding the thinking of our nation.\"[39] The 1977 Soviet constitution did also use phrases such as \"building socialism and communism\", \"on the road to communism\", \"to build the material and technical basis of communism\" and \"to perfect socialist social relations and transform them into communist relations\" in the preamble.[36]","title":"State"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"people's democratic state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_democracy_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkilling196116-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkilling196121-41"},{"link_name":"Eugene Varga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Varga"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkilling196121-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkilling196121-41"}],"sub_title":"People's democratic state","text":"The people's democratic state was implemented in Eastern Europe after World War II.[40] It can be defined as a state and society in which feudal vestiges have been liquidated and where the system of private ownership exists, but the state-owned enterprises in the field of industry, transport, and credit eclipse it.[41]In the words of Eugene Varga, \"the state itself and its apparatus of violence serve the interests, not of the monopolistic bourgeoisie, but of the toilers of town and country.\"[41] Soviet philosopher N. P. Farberov stated: \"People's democracy in the people's republics is a democracy of the toiling classes, headed by the working class, a broad and full democracy for the overwhelming majority of the people, that is, a socialist democracy in its character and its trend. In this sense, we call it popular.\"[41]","title":"State"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"people's republican state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_republic"},{"link_name":"populist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populist"},{"link_name":"Völkisch movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement"},{"link_name":"Narodniks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodniks"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"its aftermath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Eastern Bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Chinese Communist Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"People's republican state","text":"The people's republican state is a socialist state with a republican constitution. Although the term initially became associated with populist movements in the 19th century, such as the German Völkisch movement and the Narodniks in Russia, it is now associated with communist states. A number of the short-lived communist states which formed during World War I and its aftermath called themselves people's republics. Many of these sprang up in the territory of the former Russian Empire following the October Revolution.[42][43][44][45][46]Additional people's republics emerged following the Allied victory in World War II, mainly within the Soviet Union's Eastern Bloc.[47][48][49][50][51][52][53] In Asia, China became a people's republic following the Chinese Communist Revolution[54] and North Korea also became a people's republic.[55]During the 1960s, Romania and Yugoslavia ceased to use the term people's republic in their official name, replacing it with the term socialist republic as a mark of their ongoing political development. Czechoslovakia also added the term socialist republic into its name during this period; it had become a people's republic in 1948, but the country had not used that term in its official name.[56] Albania used both terms in its official name from 1976 to 1991.[57]","title":"State"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"capitalist mode of production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoelzer198913-58"},{"link_name":"national liberation movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_liberation_movements"},{"link_name":"Third World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoelzer198913-58"},{"link_name":"death of Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoelzer198913-58"},{"link_name":"anti-imperialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-imperialist"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoelzer198913-58"},{"link_name":"Gamal Abdel Nasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser"},{"link_name":"Arab socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_socialism"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoelzer198914-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoelzer198914-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoelzer198914-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoelzer198916-60"}],"sub_title":"National-democratic state","text":"The concept of the national-democratic state tried to theorize how a state could develop socialism by bypassing the capitalist mode of production.[58] While Vladimir Lenin first articulated the theory of non-capitalist development, the novelty of this concept was applying it to the progressive elements of the national liberation movements in the Third World.[58] The term national-democratic state was introduced shortly after the death of Stalin, who believed colonies to be mere lackeys of Western imperialism and that the socialist movement had few prospects there.[58]The countries where the national liberation movements took power and instituted an anti-imperialist foreign policy and sought to construct a form of socialism were considered national-democratic states by Marxist–Leninists.[58] An example of a national-democratic state is Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser which was committed to constructing Arab socialism.[59] Except Cuba, none of these states developed socialism.[59] According to scholar Sylvia Woodby Edington, this might explain why the concept of the national-democratic state \"never received full theoretical elaboration as a political system.\"[59] However, one feature was clearly defined, namely, that these states did not need to be led by a Marxist–Leninist party.[60]","title":"State"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"socialist-oriented state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist-oriented_state"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoelzer198915-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoelzer198915-61"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoelzer198916-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoelzer198916-60"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"National Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)"},{"link_name":"Ba'athist Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Socialist Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Burma"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoelzer198916-60"},{"link_name":"African socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_socialism"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoelzer198916-60"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoelzer198922-62"},{"link_name":"revolutionary democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_democracy"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoelzer198923-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoelzer198924-64"},{"link_name":"democratic centralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_centralism"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoelzer198925-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoelzer198925-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoelzer198926-66"},{"link_name":"military in Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoelzer198926-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoelzer198944-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoelzer198950%E2%80%9352-68"},{"link_name":"mixed economies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_economies"},{"link_name":"foreign capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_capital"},{"link_name":"private sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_sector"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoelzer198954%E2%80%9355-69"},{"link_name":"Leonid Brezhnev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev"},{"link_name":"commanding heights of the economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanding_heights_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoelzer198914-59"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoelzer198961-70"}],"sub_title":"Socialist-oriented state","text":"A socialist-oriented state seeks to reach socialism by non-capitalist development.[61] As a term, it substantially differs from the concept of the national-democratic state.[61] The singular difference is that the socialist-oriented state was divided into two stages: a national-democratic socialist-oriented state and a people's democratic socialist-oriented state.[60] Countries belonging to the national-democratic socialist-oriented state category were also categorised as national-democratic states.[60] Examples of national-democratic socialist-oriented states are Algeria, ruled by the National Liberation Front, Ba'athist Iraq, and Socialist Burma.[60] In contrast, people's democratic socialist-oriented states had to be guided by Marxism–Leninism and accept the universal truths of Marxism–Leninism and reject other notions of socialism such as African socialism.[60]The socialist-oriented states had seven defining features, namely, they were revolutionary democracies, had a revolutionary-democratic party, class dictatorship, defense of the socialist-oriented states, had organs of socialisation, initiated socialist construction, and the type of socialist-oriented state (either national-democratic or people's democratic).[62] The political goal of revolutionary democracy is to create the conditions for socialism in countries where the social, political, and economic conditions for socialism do not exist.[63] The second feature to be met is the establishment of a revolutionary-democratic party which has to establish itself as the leading force and guide the state by using Marxist–Leninist ideology.[64] While introduced in these states, democratic centralism is rarely upheld.[65]Unlike capitalism which is ruled by the bourgeoisie class, and socialism, where the proletariat leads, the socialist-oriented state represents a broad and heterogeneous group of classes that seek to consolidate national independence.[65] Since peasants were usually the largest class in socialist-oriented states, their role was emphasised—similar to the working class in other socialist states.[66] However, Marxist–Leninists admitted that these states often fell under the control of certain cliques such as the military in Ethiopia.[66] The establishment of a legal system and coercive institutions are also noted to safeguard the socialist-oriented nature of the state.[67] The fifth feature is that the socialist-oriented state must take over the media and educational system while establishing mass organisations to mobilize the populace.[68] Unlike the Soviet economic model, the economy of the socialist-oriented states are mixed economies that seek to attract foreign capital and which seeks to maintain and develop the private sector.[69] In the words of Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, these states were in the process of taking over the commanding heights of the economy and instituting a state-planned economy.[59] According to Soviet sources, Laos was the one socialist-oriented state that has managed to develop into a socialist state.[70]","title":"State"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"socialist state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_state"},{"link_name":"socialist economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_economy"},{"link_name":"form of government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_of_government"},{"link_name":"capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism"},{"link_name":"socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"communist party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_party"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding198127-71"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilczynski2008_021-11"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteele199945-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosserRosser2003p._14_%22Ironically,_the_ideological_father_of_communism,_Karl_Marx,_claimed_that_communism_entailed_the_withering_away_of_the_state._The_dictatorship_of_the_proletariat_was_to_be_a_strictly_temporary_phenomenon._Well_aware_of_this,_the_Soviet_Communists_never_claimed_to_have_achieved_communism,_always_labelling_their_own_system_socialist_rather_than_communist_and_viewing_their_system_as_in_transition_to_communism%22-73"}],"sub_title":"Socialist state","text":"A socialist state is more than a form of government and can only exist in countries with a socialist economy. There are examples of several states that have instituted a socialist form of government before achieving socialism. The former socialist states of Eastern Europe were established as people's democracies (a developmental stage between capitalism and socialism). Regarding the Marxist–Leninist-ruled countries of Africa and the Middle East, the Soviet Union deemed none of them socialist states—referring to them as socialist-oriented states. While many countries with constitutional references to socialism and countries ruled by long-standing socialist movements exist, within Marxist–Leninist theory a socialist state is led by a communist party that has instituted a socialist economy in a given country.[71] It deals with states that define themselves either as a socialist state or as a state led by a governing Marxist–Leninist party in their constitutions. For this reason alone, these states are often called communist states.[11][72][73]","title":"State"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"The state system of unitary power"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Hall_Of_The_People_At_Night.JPG"},{"link_name":"National People's Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress"},{"link_name":"unitary state power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state_power"},{"link_name":"bourgeois democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeois_democracy"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson19827-74"},{"link_name":"proletarian democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletarian_democracy"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson19827-74"},{"link_name":"Paris Commune of 1871","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Commune_of_1871"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson19827-74"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson19827-74"},{"link_name":"mass line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_line"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson19826-75"},{"link_name":"separation of powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_power"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHand20162-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazard1985163-77"},{"link_name":"judicial independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_independence"},{"link_name":"Supreme Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Soviet"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardnerSch%C3%B6pflinWhite198786-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardnerSch%C3%B6pflinWhite198791-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardnerSch%C3%B6pflinWhite1987114%E2%80%93115-80"},{"link_name":"National People's Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardnerSch%C3%B6pflinWhite1987114-81"},{"link_name":"Standing Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress"},{"link_name":"Presidium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet"},{"link_name":"State Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Council of Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_East_Germany"},{"link_name":"Supreme People's Procuracy of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuracy_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Council for National Defense and Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_National_Defense_and_Security_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"National Supervisory Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardnerSch%C3%B6pflinWhite1987115-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardnerSch%C3%B6pflinWhite198782-83"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson19827-74"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson19827-74"},{"link_name":"ethnicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnicity"},{"link_name":"language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson19827-74"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson19828-84"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson19828-84"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson19828-84"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson19828-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson19829-85"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson19829-85"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson19829-85"},{"link_name":"rubber stamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_stamp_(politics)"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson19829-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson198210-86"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson198210-86"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson198210-86"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson198210-86"},{"link_name":"Supreme Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson19821-87"}],"sub_title":"Legislatures as the highest organ of state power","text":"The meeting place of the Chinese National People's CongressAll communist political systems practices unitary state power. This means that the legislature, usually defined as the highest organ of state power, has executive, legislative and judicial power and can interfere in these organs as long as the law does not illegalise it. This is because both Marx and Lenin abhorred the parliamentary systems of bourgeois democracy, but neither sought to abolish the legislature as an institution.[74] Lenin wrote that it would be impossible to develop proletarian democracy \"without representative institutions.\"[74] Both of them considered the governing model of the Paris Commune of 1871, in which executive and legislative were combined in one body, to be ideal.[74] More importantly, Marx applauded the election process by \"universal suffrage in the various wards and towns.\"[74] While the institution of such a legislature might not be important in itself, they \"have a place in the literature and rhetoric of the ruling parties which cannot be ignored—in the language of the party's intimacy with working masses, of its alleged knowledge about interests of working people, of social justice and socialist democracy, of the mass line and learning from the people.\"[75] This reasoning gives communist legislatures the right to interfere in every state institution unless the legislature itself has made a law that bars it from it. This also means there are no limits to politicisation, unlike in liberal democracies, where politicians are legally barred from interfering in judicial work. This is a firm rejection of the separation of powers found in liberal democracies since no institution can legally enforce checks and balances on the communist legislature. The legislature passes the constitution, which can only be amended by the legislature. Soviet legal theorists denounced judicial review and extra-parliamentary review as bourgeoisie institutions. They also perceived it as a limitation of the people's supreme power. The legislature, together with its suborgans, oversaw the constitutional order.[76] Since the legislature is the supreme judge of constitutionality, the legislature's acts cannot be unconstitutional.[77] Moreover, this means that judicial independence in communist states does not mean the same as in liberal democracies. In communist states, judicial independence means stopping all interference not granted by law, but interference in itself is not barred.The Supreme Soviet was the first socialist legislature, and the Soviet legislative system was introduced in all communist states.[78] The Supreme Soviet convened twice a year, usually for two or three days each, making it one of the world's first frequently-convened legislatures during its existence.[79] The same meeting frequency was the norm in the Eastern Bloc countries and modern-day China.[80] China's legislature, the National People's Congress (NPC), is modelled on the Soviet one.[81] As with the Soviet one, the NPC is the highest organ of the state and elects a Standing Committee (the Soviets had a Presidium), the government (named the State Council in China and the Council of Ministers in the Soviet Union), the Supreme Court (such as the Supreme Court of East Germany), the Supreme Procuratorate (such as the Supreme People's Procuracy of Vietnam), the Chairman of the National Defence Council (for example, the Chairman of the Council for National Defense and Security of Vietnam), National Supervisory institutions (such as the Director of China's National Supervisory Commission) and other institutions if they exist.[82] Moreover, in all communist states, the ruling party has either had a clear majority, such as China or held every seat as they did in the Soviet Union, in their Supreme Soviet. A majority in the legislature ensures the centralised and unitary leadership of the central committee of the ruling Marxist–Leninist party over the state.[83]By having legislatures, the Marxist–Leninist parties try to keep ideological consistency between supporting representative institutions and safeguarding the party's leading role.[74] They seek to use the legislatures as a linkage between the rulers and the ruled.[74] These institutions are representative and usually mirror the population in areas such as ethnicity and language, \"yet with occupations distributed in a manner skewed towards government officials.\"[74] Unlike in liberal democracies, legislatures of communist states are not to act as a forum for conveying demands or interest articulation—they meet too infrequently for this to be the case.[84] This might explain why communist states have not developed terms such as delegates and trustees to give legislature representatives the power to vote according to their best judgement or in the interest of their constituency.[84] Scholar Daniel Nelson has noted: \"As with the British parliament before the seventeenth-century turmoil secured its supremacy, legislative bodies in communist states physically portray the 'realm' ruled by (to stretch an analogy) 'kings'. Members of the assemblies 'represent' the population to whom the rulers speak and over whom they govern, convening a broader 'segment of society' [...] than the court itself.\"[84] Despite this, it does not mean that the communist states use legislatures to strengthen their communication with the populace—the party, rather than the legislature, could take that function.[84]Ideologically, it has another function, namely, to prove that communist states do not only represent the interests of the working class but all social strata.[85] Communist states are committed to establishing a classless society and use legislatures to show that all social strata, whether bureaucrat, worker, or intellectual, are committed and have interests in building such a society.[85] As is the case in China, national institutions such as the legislature \"must exist which brings together representatives of all nationalities and geographic areas.\"[85] It does not matter if the legislatures only rubber stamp decisions because by having them, it shows that communist states are committed to incorporating minorities and areas of the country by including them in the composition of the legislature.[85] In communist states, there is usually a high proportion of members who are government officials.[86] In this instance, it might mean that it is less important what legislatures do and more important who its representatives are.[86] The members of such legislatures at central and local levels are usually either government or party officials, leading figures in their community, or national figures outside the communist party.[86] This shows that legislatures are tools to garner popular support for the government in which leading figures campaign and spread information about the party's policies and ideological development.[86]Furthermore, Western researchers have devoted little attention to legislatures in communist states. The reason is that there are no significant bodies of political socialisation compared to legislatures in liberal democracies. While political leaders in communist states are often elected as members of legislatures, these posts are not relevant to political advancement. The role of legislatures is different from country to country. In the Soviet Union, the Supreme Soviet did \"little more than listen to statements from Soviet political leaders and to legitimate decisions already made elsewhere\" while in the legislatures of Poland, Vietnam, and Yugoslavia it has been more active and had an impact on rule-making.[87]","title":"The state system of unitary power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marxist–Leninists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninists"},{"link_name":"constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution"},{"link_name":"fundamental law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_law"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1956520-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1956521-89"},{"link_name":"liberal democracies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democracy"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1956521-89"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1956521-89"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1956521-89"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1956521-89"},{"link_name":"constitutionalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionalism"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1956xi-90"},{"link_name":"permanently fixed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternity_clause"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1956522-91"},{"link_name":"Andrey Vyshinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Vyshinsky"},{"link_name":"Procurator General of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procurator_General_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1956522-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1956xii-92"},{"link_name":"Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1956522-91"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1956524-93"},{"link_name":"1954 Chinese constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1956524-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETriska1968xii-94"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETriska1968xii-94"},{"link_name":"new democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democracy"},{"link_name":"people's democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_democracy_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)"},{"link_name":"primary stage of socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1956xii-92"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1956xii-92"},{"link_name":"Nikita Khrushchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev"},{"link_name":"Secret Speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Speech"},{"link_name":"Maoist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoist"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1956xiii-95"},{"link_name":"Deng Xiaoping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping"},{"link_name":"Chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith1991112-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith1991114-97"},{"link_name":"liberal term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_law"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith1991118-98"},{"link_name":"general secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Xi Jinping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"general secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHand20163-100"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHand20163-100"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHand20163-100"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHand20163-100"},{"link_name":"Nicolae Ceausescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceausescu"},{"link_name":"Great National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_National_Assembly_(Socialist_Republic_of_Romania)"},{"link_name":"July Theses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Theses"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHand20163-100"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHand20163-100"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHand20163-100"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHand20163-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHand20164-101"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHand20164-101"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHand20164-101"},{"link_name":"coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Gorbachev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHand20165-102"},{"link_name":"Chinese leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generations_of_Chinese_leadership"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHand201615-103"},{"link_name":"Constitution and Law Committee of the National People's Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_and_Law_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHand201616-104"}],"sub_title":"Legislatures as the highest organ of state power - Constitution","text":"Role of constitutionsMarxist–Leninists view the constitution as a fundamental law and as an instrument of force.[88] The constitution is the source of law and legality.[89] Unlike in liberal democracies, the Marxist–Leninist constitution is not a framework to limit the power of the state.[89] To the contrary, a Marxist–Leninist constitution seeks to empower the state—believing the state to be an organ of class domination and law to be the expression of the interests of the dominant class.[89] Marxist–Leninists believe that all national constitutions do this to ensure that countries can strengthen and enforce their own class system.[89] In this instance, it means that Marxist–Leninists conceive of constitutions as a tool to defend the socialist nature of the state and attack its enemies.[89] This contrasts with the liberal conception of constitutionalism that \"law, rather than men, is supreme.\"[90]Unlike the relatively constant (and, in some instances, permanently fixed) nature of democratic constitutions, a Marxist–Leninist constitution is ever-changing.[91] Andrey Vyshinsky, a Procurator General of the Soviet Union during the 1930s, notes that the \"Soviet constitutions represent the total of the historical path along which the Soviet state has travelled. At the same time, they are the legislative basis of subsequent development of state life.\"[91] That is, the constitution sums up what has already been achieved.[92] This belief is also shared by the Chinese Communist Party, which argued that \"the Chinese Constitution blazes a path for China, recording what has been won in China and what is yet to be conquered.\"[91] A constitution in a communist state has an end.[93] The preamble of the 1954 Chinese constitution outlines the historical tasks of the Chinese communists, \"step by step, to bring about the socialist industrialisation of the country and, step by step, to accomplish the socialist transformation of agriculture, handicraft and capitalist industry and commerce.\"[93]In communist states, the constitution was a tool to analyse the development of society.[94] The Marxist–Leninist party in question would have to study the correlation of forces, literally society's class structure, before enacting changes.[94] Several terms were coined for different developmental states by Marxist–Leninist legal theorists, including new democracy, people's democracy, and the primary stage of socialism.[92] This is also why amendments to constitutions are not enough and major societal changes need a novel constitution which corresponds with the reality of the new class structure.[92]With Nikita Khrushchev's repudiation of Stalin's practices in the \"Secret Speech\" and the Chinese Communist Party's repudiation of certain Maoist policies, Marxist–Leninist legal theories began to emphasise \"the formal, formerly neglected constitutional order.\"[95] Deng Xiaoping, not long after Chairman Mao Zedong's death, noted that \"[d]emocracy has to be institutionalised and written into law, to make sure that institutions and laws do not change whenever the leadership changes or whenever the leaders change their views. [...] The trouble now is that our legal system is incomplete. [...] Very often what leaders say is taken as law and anyone who disagrees is called a lawbreaker.\"[96] In 1986, Li Buyan wrote that \"the policies of the Party usually are regulations and calls which to a certain extent are only principles. The law is different; it is rigorously standardised. It explicitly and concretely stipulates what the people should, can, or cannot do.\"[97] These legal developments were echoed in later years in Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam. This has led to the development of the communist concept of socialist rule of law, which runs parallel to, and is distinct from, the liberal term of the same name.[98] In the last years, this emphasis on the constitution as both a legal document and a paper which documents society's development has been noted by the Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping, who stated in 2013 that \"[n]o organisation or individual has the privilege to overstep the Constitution and law.\"[99]Constitutional supervisionAfter Soviet Union general secretary Joseph Stalin's death, several communist states have experimented with some sort of constitutional supervision.[100] These organs were designed to safeguard the supreme power of the legislature from circumvention by political leaders.[100] Romania was the first to experiment with constitutional supervision when it established a Constitutional Committee in 1965.[100] It was elected by the legislature, and leading jurists sat on the committee, but it was only empowered to advise the legislature.[100] Keith Hand has commented that \"[i]t was not an effective institution in practice\", being unable to prevent Nicolae Ceausescu's emasculation of Romania's Great National Assembly after the inauguration of the July Theses.[100]Hungary and Poland experimented with constitutional supervision in the early 1980s.[100] Hungary established the Council of Constitutional Law, which was elected by the legislature and consisted of several leading jurists.[100] It was empowered to review the constitutionality and legality of statutes, administrative regulations, and other normative documents; however, if the agency in question failed to heed its advice, it needed to petition the legislature.[100] In 1989, the Soviets established the Constitutional Supervision Committee, which \"was subordinate only to the USSR constitution.\"[101] It was empowered \"to review the constitutionality and legality of a range of state acts of the USSR and its republics. Its jurisdiction included laws [passed by the legislature], decrees of the Supreme Soviet's Presidium, union republic constitutions and laws, some central administrative decrees, Supreme Court explanations, and other central normative documents.\"[101] If the committee deemed the legislature to have breached legality, the legislature was obliged to discuss the issue, but it could reject it if more than two-thirds voted against the findings of the Constitutional Supervision Committee.[101] While it was constitutionally powerful, it lacked enforcement powers, it was often ignored, and it failed to defend the constitution during the coup against Mikhail Gorbachev.[102]The Chinese leadership has argued against establishing any corresponding constitutional supervisory committee due to their association with the failed communist states of Europe.[103] None of the surviving communist states (China, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam) have experimented with constitutional supervision committees or constitutional supervision of any kind outside the existing framework until 2018, when the Constitution and Law Committee of the National People's Congress was bestowed the right of constitutional review.[104]","title":"The state system of unitary power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldbrugge1985202-105"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldbrugge1985202-105"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardnerSch%C3%B6pflinWhite198786-78"},{"link_name":"Council of Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldbrugge1985202-105"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaar198836_(Bulgaria),_65_(Czechoslovakia),_133_(Hungary),_161_(Romania),_195_(Poland)-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldbrugge1985202%E2%80%93203-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldbrugge1985203-108"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldbrugge1985203-108"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldbrugge1985203-108"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaar198836_(Bulgaria),_65_(Czechoslovakia),_133_(Hungary),_161_(Romania),_195_(Poland)-106"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaar198864-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimitrov2006170-110"}],"sub_title":"Government as the highest administrative agency of state power","text":"The government of communist states is usually defined as the \"executive organ of the highest state organ of power\" or as the \"highest administrative agency of state power\".[105] It functions as the executive organ of the legislature.[105] This model has been introduced with variations in all communist states.[78] For most of its existence, the Soviet government was known as the Council of Ministers[105] and identical names were used for the governments of Albania, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania.[106] It was independent of the other central agencies such as the legislature and its standing committee, but the Supreme Soviet was empowered to decide on all questions it wished.[107] The Soviet government was responsible to the legislature, and in between sessions of the legislature, it reported to the legislature's standing committee.[108] The standing committee could reorganise and hold the Soviet government accountable, but it could not instruct the government.[108]In communist states, the government was responsible for the overall economic system, public order, foreign relations, and defense.[108] The Soviet model was more or less identically implemented in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania, with few exceptions.[106] One exception was Czechoslovakia, where it had a president and not a collective head of state.[109] Another exception was in Bulgaria, where the State Council was empowered to instruct the Council of Ministers.[110]","title":"The state system of unitary power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme People's Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court_of_China"},{"link_name":"National People's Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress"},{"link_name":"Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone_SweetBuZhuo202318-111"},{"link_name":"Prosecutor-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor_General_of_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Supreme People's Procuracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuracy_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"civil law system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_system"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuigley1989781-112"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuigley1989781-112"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuigley1989781-112"},{"link_name":"socialist law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_law"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuigley1989781-112"},{"link_name":"Roman law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuigley1989782-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuigley1989783-114"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuigley1989783-114"},{"link_name":"withering away of the state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withering_away_of_the_state"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuigley1989783-114"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuigley1989783-114"},{"link_name":"private law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_law"},{"link_name":"public law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_law"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuigley1989783-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuigley1989784-115"},{"link_name":"prerogative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerogative"},{"link_name":"normative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normative"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuigley1989784-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuigley1989796-116"},{"link_name":"Soviet economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"remained capitalist to a significant degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Economic_Policy"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuigley1989796-116"},{"link_name":"introduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)"},{"link_name":"command economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_economy"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuigley1989796-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuigley1989798%E2%80%9399-117"},{"link_name":"historical materialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_materialism"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuigley1989799-118"},{"link_name":"ruling class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruling_class"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuigley1989799-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuigley1989797-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuigley1989800-120"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuigley1989800-120"},{"link_name":"Borislav Blagojević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borislav_Blagojevi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borislav_Blagojevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuigley1989802-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuigley1989803-122"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"1896 German civil code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_German_civil_code"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuigley1989801-123"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuigley1989803-122"}],"sub_title":"Judicial organs and socialist law","text":"In every communist state, the judicial and procuratorial bodies are organs of the legislature. For instance, China's Supreme People's Court is the \"legislative organ of governance that manages the judicial system in the name of the\" National People's Congress, and through it, the Chinese Communist Party.[111] These bodies are responsible to and report on their work to the legislature. For instance, the Prosecutor-General of Vietnam's Supreme People's Procuracy delivers an annual Work Report to the legislature, the National Assembly, every year. Moreover, all communist states have been established in countries with a civil law system.[112] The countries of Eastern Europe had formally been governed by the Austro-Hungarian Empire, German Empire, and Russian Empire—all of whom had a civil law legal system.[112] Cuba had a civil law system imposed on them by Spain, while China introduced civil law to overlay with Confucian elements, and Vietnam used French law.[112] Since the establishment of the Soviet Union, there has been a scholarly debate on whether socialist law is a separate legal system or is a part of the civil law tradition.[112] Legal scholar Renè David wrote that the socialist legal system \"possesses, in relation to our French law, particular features that give it a complete originality, to the extent that it is no longer possible to connect it, like the former Russian law, to the system of Roman law.\"[113] Similarly, Christoper Osakwe concludes that socialist law is \"an autonomous legal system to be essentially distinguished from the other contemporary families of law.\"[114] Proponents of socialist law as a separate legal system have identified the following features:[114]The socialist law is to disappear with the withering away of the state.[114]\nThe rule of the Marxist–Leninist party.[114]\nThe socialist law is subordinate and reflects changes to the economic order (the absorption of private law by public law).[114]\nThe socialist law has a religious character.[115]\nThe socialist law is prerogative rather than normative.[115]Legal officials argue differently for their cases compared to Westerners.[116] For instance, \"[t]he predominant view among Soviet jurists in the 1920s was that Soviet law of that period was Western-style law appropriate for a Soviet economy that remained capitalist to a significant degree.\"[116] This changed with the introduction of the command economy, and the term socialist law was conceived to reflect this in the 1930s.[116] Hungarian legal theorist Imre Szabó acknowledged similarities between socialist law and civil law, but he noted that \"four basic types of law may be distinguished: the laws of the slave, feudal, capitalist, and socialist societies.\"[117] Using the Marxist theory of historical materialism, Szabó argues that socialist law cannot belong to the same law family since the material structure is different from the capitalist countries as their superstructure (state) has to reflect these differences.[118] In other words, law is a tool by the ruling class to govern.[118] As Renè David notes, socialist jurists \"isolate their law, to put into another category, a reprobate category, the Romanist laws and the common law, is the fact that they reason less as jurists and more as philosophers and Marxists; it is in taking a not strictly legal viewpoint that they affirm the originality of their socialist law.\"[119] However, some socialist legal theorists, such as Romanian jurist Victor Zlatescu differentiated between type of law and family of law. According to Zlatescu, \"[t]he distinction between the law of the socialist countries and the law of the capitalist countries is not of the same nature as the difference between Roman-German law and the common law, for example. Socialist law is not a third family among the others, as in certain writings of Western comparatists.\"[120] In other words, socialist law is civil law, but it is a different type of law for a different society.[120]Yugoslav jurist Borislav Blagojević [sr] noted that a \"great number of legal institutions and legal relations remain the same in socialist law\", further stating that it is \"necessary and justified\" to put them to use if they are \"in conformity with the corresponding interests of the ruling class in the state in question.\"[121] Importantly, socialist law had retained civil law institutions, methodology, and organisation.[122] This can be discerned by the fact that East Germany retained the 1896 German civil code until 1976 while Poland used existing Austrian, French, German, and Russian civil codes until adoption of its own civil code in 1964.[123] Scholar John Quigley wrote that \"[s]ocialist law retains the inquisitorial style of trial, law-creation predominantly by legislatures rather than courts, and a significant role for legal scholarship in construing codes.\"[122]","title":"The state system of unitary power"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Military","title":"The state system of unitary power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer198547-124"},{"link_name":"Soviet armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_armed_forces"},{"link_name":"Presidium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet"},{"link_name":"Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder198728-125"},{"link_name":"ex officio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_officio"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder198728-125"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder198728-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder198730-126"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"CPSU Central Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPSU_Central_Committee"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoeber198413-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff_writer19801-128"},{"link_name":"Komsomol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komsomol"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff_writer19801-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff_writer19803-129"},{"link_name":"KGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKokoshin201619-130"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulvenon20183-131"},{"link_name":"Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulvenon20183-131"},{"link_name":"Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETung2012251-132"},{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_power_grows_out_of_the_barrel_of_a_gun"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlasko20066-133"},{"link_name":"Central Military Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlasko200627-134"},{"link_name":"CCP General Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"party CMC Chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)"},{"link_name":"President of the People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlasko200627-134"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlasko200627-134"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlasko200627-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rand-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKokoshin201623-136"}],"sub_title":"Military - Control","text":"Communist states have established two types of civil-military systems. The armed forces of most socialist states have historically been state institutions based on the Soviet model,[124] but in China, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam, the armed forces are party-state institutions. However, several differences exist between the statist (Soviet) and the party-state models (China). In the Soviet model, the Soviet armed forces was led by the Council of Defense (an organ formed by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union) while the Council of Ministers was responsible for formulating defence policies.[125] The party leader was ex officio the Chairman of the Council of Defense.[125] Below the Council of Defense, there was the Main Military Council which was responsible for the strategic direction and leadership of the Soviet armed forces.[125] The working organ of the Council of Defense was the General Staff tasked with analysing military and political situations as they developed.[126] The party controlled the armed forces through the Main Political Directorate (MPD) of the Ministry of Defense, a state organ that functioned \"with the authority of a department of the CPSU Central Committee.\"[127] The MPD organised political indoctrination and created political control mechanisms at the centre to the company level in the field.[128] Formally, the MPD was responsible for organising party and Komsomol organs as well as subordinate organs within the armed forces; ensuring that the party and state retain control over the armed forces; evaluates the political performance of officers; supervising the ideological content of the military press; and supervising the political-military training institutes and their ideological content.[128] The head of the MPD was ranked fourth in military protocol, but it was not a member of the Council of Defense.[129] The Administrative Organs Department of the CPSU Central Committee was responsible for implementing the party personnel policies and supervised the KGB, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Defense.[130]In the Chinese party-state model, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) is a party institution.[131] In the preamble of the Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party, it is stated: \"The Communist Party of China (CPC) shall uphold its absolute leadership over the People's Liberation Army and other people's armed forces.\"[131] The PLA carries out its work in accordance with the instructions of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.[132] Mao Zedong described the PLA's institutional situation as follows: \"Every communist must grasp the truth, 'Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun.' Our principle is that the party commands the gun, and the gun must never be allowed to command the Party.\"[133] The Central Military Commission (CMC) is both an organ of the state and the party—it is an organ of the CCP Central Committee and an organ of the national legislature, the National People's Congress.[134] The CCP General Secretary is ex officio party CMC Chairman and the President of the People's Republic of China is by right state CMC Chairman.[134] The composition of the party CMC and the state CMC are identical.[134] The CMC is responsible for the command of the PLA and determines national defence policies.[134] fifteen departments report directly to the CMC and that are responsible for everything from political work to administration of the PLA.[135] Of significance is that the CMC eclipses by far the prerogatives of the CPSU Administrative Organs Department while the Chinese counterpart to the Main Political Directorate supervises not only the military, but also intelligence, the security services, and counterespionage work.[136]","title":"The state system of unitary power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff_writer19807-137"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff_writer19807-137"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"CPV Politburo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThayer200868-138"},{"link_name":"CPV Central Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThayer200868-138"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThayer200868-138"},{"link_name":"CMC vice chairmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission"},{"link_name":"CCP Politburo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller20184-139"}],"sub_title":"Military - Representation","text":"Unlike in liberal democracies, active military personnel are members and partake in civilian institutions of governance.[137] This is the case in all communist states.[137] The Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) has elected at least one active military figure to its CPV Politburo since 1986.[138] In the 1986–2006 period, active military figures sitting in the CPV Central Committee stood at an average of 9,2 per cent.[138] Military figures are also represented in the national legislature (the National Assembly) and other representative institutions.[138] In China, the two CMC vice chairmen have had by right office seats in the CCP Politburo since 1987.[139]","title":"The state system of unitary power"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ruling party","title":"The state system of unitary power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding198127-71"},{"link_name":"capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding198127-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding198127-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding198127-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding198127-71"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding198127%E2%80%9328-140"},{"link_name":"Foundations of Leninism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_Leninism"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteiner195158-141"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Ho Chi Minh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBui2016223-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2017219-143"},{"link_name":"vanguard parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_parties"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199320-144"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199320-144"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBui2016223-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2017219-143"}],"sub_title":"Ruling party - Leading role","text":"A Marxist–Leninist party has led every communist state.[71] This party seeks to represent and articulate the interests of the classes exploited by capitalism.[71] It seeks to lead the exploited classes to achieve communism.[71] However, the party cannot be identified with the exploited class in general.[71] Its membership comprises members with advanced consciousness above sectional interests.[71] Therefore, the party represents the advanced section of the exploited classes and, through them, leads the exploited classes by interpreting the universal laws governing human history towards communism.[140]In Foundations of Leninism (1924), Joseph Stalin wrote that \"the proletariat [working class] needs the Party first of all as its General Staff, which it must have for the successful seizure of power. [...] But the proletariat needs the Party not only to achieve the [class] dictatorship; it needs it still more to maintain the [class] dictatorship.\"[141] The current Constitution of Vietnam states in Article 4 that \"[t]he Communist Party of Vietnam, the vanguard of the Vietnamese working class, simultaneously the vanguard of the toiling people and of the Vietnamese nation, the faithful representative of the interests of the working class, the toiling people, and the whole nation, acting upon the Marxist–Leninist doctrine and Ho Chi Minh's thought, is the leading force of the state and society.\"[142] In a similar form, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) describes itself as \"the vanguard of the Chinese working class, the Chinese people, and the Chinese nation.\"[143] As noted by both communist parties, the ruling parties of communist states are vanguard parties. Vladimir Lenin theorised that vanguard parties were \"capable of assuming power and leading the whole people to socialism, of directing and organising the new system, of being the teacher, the guide, the leader of all the working and exploited people in organising their social life without the bourgeoisie.\"[144] This idea eventually evolved into the concept of the party's leading role in leading the state[144] as seen in the CCP's self-description and Vietnam's constitution.[142][143]","title":"The state system of unitary power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"democratic centralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_centralism"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardnerSch%C3%B6pflinWhite1987131-145"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardnerSch%C3%B6pflinWhite1987131-145"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CConly-146"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CConly-146"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CConly-146"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CConly-146"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CConly-146"}],"sub_title":"Ruling party - Internal organisation","text":"The Marxist–Leninist governing party organises itself around the principle of democratic centralism and through it, the state too.[145] It means that all directing bodies of the party, from top to bottom, shall be elected; that party bodies shall give periodical accounts of their activities to their respective party organisations; that there shall be strict party discipline and the subordination of the minority to the majority; and that all decisions of higher bodies shall be absolutely binding on lower bodies and on all party members.[145]The highest organ of a Marxist–Leninist governing party is the party congress.[146] The congress elects the central committee and either an auditing commission and a control commission, or both, although not always.[146] The central committee is the party's highest decision-making organ in-between party congresses and elects a politburo and a secretariat amongst its members and the party's leader.[146] When the central committee is not in session, the politburo is the highest decision-making organ of the party and the secretariat is the highest administrative organ.[146] In certain parties, either the central committee or the politburo elects amongst its members a standing committee of the politburo which acts as the highest decision-making organ in between sessions of the politburo, central committee, and the Congress. This leadership structure is identical all the way down to the primary party organisation of the ruling party.[146]","title":"The state system of unitary power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Engels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engels"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman20141%E2%80%932-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman20142-148"},{"link_name":"Bolsheviks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheviks"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman20142-148"},{"link_name":"8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman20142-148"},{"link_name":"Gosplan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosplan"},{"link_name":"Supreme Soviet of the National Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_National_Economy"},{"link_name":"New Economic Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Economic_Policy"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman20149-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman201411-150"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman201411-150"},{"link_name":"state planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman201422-151"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman201422-151"},{"link_name":"hierarchical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman201422-151"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman201422-151"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman201422-151"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman201422-151"},{"link_name":"Michael Ellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ellman"},{"link_name":"centrally-planned economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrally_planned_economy"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman201422-151"},{"link_name":"private ownership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_ownership"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman201423-152"},{"link_name":"state ownership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_ownership"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman201425-153"}],"text":"From reading their works, many followers of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels drew the idea that the socialist economy would be based on planning and not market mechanisms.[147] These ideas later developed into believing that planning was superior to the market mechanism.[148] Upon seizing power, the Bolsheviks began advocating a national state planning system.[148] The 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) resolved to institute \"the maximum centralisation of production [...] simultaneously striving to establish a unified economic plan.\"[148] The Gosplan, the State Planning Commission, the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy, and other central planning organs were established during the 1920s in the era of the New Economic Policy.[149] On introducing the planning system, it became a common belief in the international communist movement that the Soviet planning system was a more advanced form of economic organisation than capitalism.[150] This led to the system being introduced voluntarily in countries such as China, Cuba, and Vietnam and, in some cases, imposed by the Soviet Union.[150]In communist states, the state planning system had five main characteristics.[151] Firstly, except for field consumption and employment, practically all decisions were centralized at the top.[151] Secondly, the system was hierarchical—the centre formulated a plan that was sent down to the level below, which would imitate the process and send the plan further down the pyramid.[151] Thirdly, the plans were binding in nature, i.e. everyone had to follow and meet the goals outlined in them.[151] Fourthly, the predominance of calculating in physical terms to ensure planned allocation of commodities were not incompatible with planned production.[151] Finally, money played a passive role within the state sector since the planners focused on physical allocation.[151]According to Michael Ellman, in a centrally-planned economy, \"the state owns the land and all other natural resources and all characteristics of the traditional model, the enterprises, and their productive assets. Collective ownership (e.g. the property of collective farms) also exists but plays a subsidiary role and is expected to be temporary.\"[151] The private ownership of the means of production still exists, although it plays a somewhat more minor role.[152] Since the class struggle in capitalism is caused by the division between owners of the means of production and the workers who sell their labour, state ownership (defined as the property of the people in these systems) is considered as a tool to end the class struggle and empower the working class.[153]","title":"Economic system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Criticism of communist party rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule"},{"link_name":"Postsocialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postsocialism"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"multi-party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party"},{"link_name":"liberal democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democracy"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"Western societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_society"},{"link_name":"state ownership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_ownership"},{"link_name":"social ownership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_ownership"},{"link_name":"means of production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Means_of_production"},{"link_name":"administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management"},{"link_name":"communist party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_party"},{"link_name":"councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Councils"},{"link_name":"communes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_(administrative_division)"},{"link_name":"co-operative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-operative"},{"link_name":"liberal democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democratic"},{"link_name":"capitalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalist"},{"link_name":"free-market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-market"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-University_of_Chicago_Press-156"},{"link_name":"influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence"},{"link_name":"ruling parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruling_parties"},{"link_name":"society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society"},{"link_name":"legal rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_rights"},{"link_name":"liberties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_liberty"},{"link_name":"right to own property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_own_property"},{"link_name":"right to free speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_free_speech"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"heavy industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_industry"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"Heinz Kessler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Kessler"},{"link_name":"East German Minister of National Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_(East_Germany)"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"Michael Ellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ellman"},{"link_name":"University of Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"American Journal of Public Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Public_Health"},{"link_name":"International Journal of Health Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Health_Services"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"Philipp Ther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Ther"},{"link_name":"Eastern Bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Amartya Sen's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amartya_Sen"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"}],"text":"See also: Criticism of communist party rule and PostsocialismCountries such as the Soviet Union and China were criticised by Western authors and organisations based on the lack of the representative nature of multi-party liberal democracy,[154][155] in addition to several other areas where socialist society and Western societies differed. Socialist societies were commonly characterised by state ownership or social ownership of the means of production either through administration through communist party organisations, democratically elected councils and communes, and co-operative structures—in opposition to the liberal democratic capitalist free-market paradigm of management, ownership and control by corporations and private individuals.[156] Communist states have also been criticised for the influence and outreach of their respective ruling parties on society, in addition to lack of recognition for some Western legal rights and liberties such as the right to own property and the restriction of the right to free speech.[157] The early economic development policies of communist states have been criticised for focusing primarily on the development of heavy industry.[citation needed]Soviet advocates and socialists responded to criticism by highlighting the ideological differences in the concept of freedom. McFarland and Ageyev noted that \"Marxist–Leninist norms disparaged laissez-faire individualism (as when housing is determined by one's ability to pay), also [condemning] wide variations in personal wealth as the West has not. Instead, Soviet ideals emphasized equality—free education and medical care, little disparity in housing or salaries, and so forth.\"[158] When asked to comment on the claim that former citizens of communist states enjoy increased freedoms, Heinz Kessler, former East German Minister of National Defence, replied: \"Millions of people in Eastern Europe are now free from employment, free from safe streets, free from health care, free from social security.\"[159]In his analysis of states run under Marxist–Leninist ideology, economist Michael Ellman of the University of Amsterdam notes that such states compared favorably with Western states in some health indicators such as infant mortality and life expectancy.[160] A 1986 study published in the American Journal of Public Health and a 1992 study published in International Journal of Health Services stated, respectively, that \"between countries at similar levels of economic development, socialist countries showed more favorable PQL (physical quality of life) outcomes\" and that socialism was \"for the most part, more successful than capitalism in improving the health conditions of the world's populations.\"[161][162]Philipp Ther posits that there was an increase in the standard of living throughout Eastern Bloc countries as the result of modernisation programs under communist governments.[163] Similarly, Amartya Sen's own analysis of international comparisons of life expectancy found that several Marxist–Leninist states made significant gains and commented \"one thought that is bound to occur is that communism is good for poverty removal.\"[164] The dissolution of the Soviet Union was followed by a rapid increase in poverty,[165][166][167] crime,[168][169] corruption,[170][171] unemployment,[172] homelessness,[173][174] rates of disease,[175][176][177] infant mortality, domestic violence,[178] and income inequality,[179] along with decreases in calorie intake, life expectancy, adult literacy, and income.[180]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Museum of Occupations and Freedom Fights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Occupations_and_Freedom_Fights"},{"link_name":"Museum of the Occupation of Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_Occupation_of_Latvia"},{"link_name":"House of Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Terror"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"1989 Tiananmen Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests"},{"link_name":"Goddess of Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddess_of_Democracy"},{"link_name":"Victims of Communism Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victims_of_Communism_Memorial"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victims_of_Communism_Memorial_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"Wall of Grief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_of_Grief"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"National Capital Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Capital_Commission"},{"link_name":"Garden of the Provinces and Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_of_the_Provinces_and_Territories"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"Tallinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn"},{"link_name":"Kersti Kaljulaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kersti_Kaljulaid"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"Estonian Institute of Historical Memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Institute_of_Historical_Memory"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Day_of_Remembrance_for_Victims_of_Stalinism_and_Nazism"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"Kristen Ghodsee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Ghodsee"},{"link_name":"Nazi Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"global financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"leftist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leftist"},{"link_name":"inequalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_inequality"},{"link_name":"neoliberal capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliberalism"},{"link_name":"communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"double genocide theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_genocide_theory"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"anti-communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communist"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"}],"sub_title":"Memory","text":"Monuments to the victims of communist states exist in almost all the capitals of Eastern Europe and there are several museums documenting communist rule such as the Museum of Occupations and Freedom Fights in Lithuania, the Museum of the Occupation of Latvia in Riga, and the House of Terror in Budapest, all three of which also document Nazi rule.[181][182] In Washington D.C., a bronze statue based upon the 1989 Tiananmen Square Goddess of Democracy sculpture was dedicated as the Victims of Communism Memorial in 2007, having been authorized by the United States Congress in 1993.[183][184] The Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation plans to build an International Museum on Communism in Washington. As of 2008, Russia contained 627 memorials and memorial plaques dedicated to victims of the communist states, most of which were created by private citizens and did not have a national monument or a national museum.[185] The Wall of Grief in Moscow, inaugurated in October 2017, is Russia's first monument for victims of political persecution by Stalin during the country's Soviet era.[186] In 2017, Canada's National Capital Commission approved the design for a memorial to the victims of communism to be built at the Garden of the Provinces and Territories in Ottawa.[187] On 23 August 2018, Estonia's Victims of Communism 1940–1991 Memorial was inaugurated in Tallinn by President Kersti Kaljulaid.[188] The memorial construction was financed by the state and is managed by the Estonian Institute of Historical Memory.[189] The opening ceremony was chosen to coincide with the official European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism.[190]According to anthropologist Kristen Ghodsee, efforts to institutionalize the victims of communism narrative, or the moral equivalence between the Nazi Holocaust (race murder) and the victims of communism (class murder), and in particular the recent push at the beginning of the global financial crisis for commemoration of the latter in Europe, can be seen as the response by economic and political elites to fears of a leftist resurgence in the face of devastated economies and extreme inequalities in both the East and West as the result of the excesses of neoliberal capitalism. Ghodsee argues that any discussion of the achievements under communist states, including literacy, education, women's rights, and social security is usually silenced, and any discourse on the subject of communism is focused almost exclusively on Stalin's crimes and the double genocide theory.[191] According to Laure Neumayer, this is used as an anti-communist narrative \"based on a series of categories and figures\" to \"denounce Communist state violence (qualified as 'Communist crimes', 'red genocide' or 'classicide') and to honour persecuted individuals (presented alternatively as 'victims of Communism' and 'heroes of anti totalitarian resistance').\"[192]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"19th National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China"},{"link_name":"Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"World Scientific Publishing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Scientific"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9814425841","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9814425841"}],"sub_title":"General","text":"References for when the individuals were elected to the office of CCP leader, the name of the offices and when they established and were abolished are found below.19th National Congress (2017). Constitution of the Communist Party of China. Chinese Communist Party.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)\nGungwu, Wang (2012). China: Development and Governance. World Scientific Publishing Company. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-9814425841.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Constitutionalizing Single Party Leadership in Vietnam: Dilemmas of Reform\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/6403BF859E16F8CC7EAC25A16AC76345/S2194607816000223a.pdf/constitutionalizing_single_party_leadership_in_vietnam_dilemmas_of_reform.pdf"},{"link_name":"Asian Journal of Comparative Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Journal_of_Comparative_Law"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/asjcl.2016.22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2Fasjcl.2016.22"},{"link_name":"The Journal of Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Politics"},{"link_name":"The University of Chicago 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in Soviet Thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Studies_in_Soviet_Thought&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Springer Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Publishing"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/BF00832025","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00832025"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20098938.pdf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/20098938.pdf"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"144486393","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144486393"},{"link_name":"\"Military Politics in Contemporary 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Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/840224","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F840224"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"840224","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/840224"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//spg.snnu.edu.cn/kindeditor-4.1.10/attached/file/20170517/20170517102021182118.pdf"}],"sub_title":"Articles and journal entries","text":"Bui, T. (2016). \"Constitutionalizing Single Party Leadership in Vietnam: Dilemmas of Reform\" (PDF). Asian Journal of Comparative Law. 11 (2). Cambridge University Press: 219–234. doi:10.1017/asjcl.2016.22.\nChang, Yu-nan (August 1956). \"The Chinese Communist State System Under the Constitution of 1954\". The Journal of Politics. 18 (3). The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Southern Political Science Association: 520–546. doi:10.2307/2127261. JSTOR 2127261. S2CID 154446161.\nGuins, George (July 1950). \"Law Does not Wither Away in the Soviet Union\". The Russian Review. 9 (3). Wiley on behalf of The Editors and Board of Trustees of the Russian Review: 187–204. doi:10.2307/125763. JSTOR 125763.\nHand, Keith (2016). \"An Assessment of Socialist Constitutional Supervision Models and Prospects for a Constitutional Supervision Committee in China: The Constitution as Commander?\". Legal Studies Research Paper Series (150). University of California. SSRN 2624663.\nHazard, John (August 1975). \"Soviet Model for Marxian Socialist Constitutions\". Cornell Law Review. 60 (6). Cornell University: 109–118.\nImam, Zafar (July–September 1986). \"The Theory of the Soviet State Today\". The Indian Journal of Political Science. 47 (3). Indian Political Science Association: 382–398. JSTOR 41855253.\nKeith, Richard (March 1991). \"Chinese Politics and the New Theory of 'Rule of Law'\". The China Quarterly. 125 (125). Cambridge University Press on behalf of the School of Oriental and African Studies: 109–118. doi:10.1017/S0305741000030320. JSTOR 654479. S2CID 154980279.\nKokoshin, Andrey (October 2016). \"2015 Military Reform in the People's Republic of China\" (PDF). Belfer Center Paper. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs.\nKramer, Mark N. (January 1985). \"Civil-Military Relations in the Warsaw Pact: The East European Component\". International Affairs. 61 (1). Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Institute of International Affairs: 45–66. doi:10.2307/2619779. JSTOR 2619779.\nMiller, Alice (January 2018). \"The 19th Central Committee Politburo\" (PDF). China Leadership Monitor (55). Hoover Institute.\nMulvenon, James (January 2018). \"The Cult of Xi and the Rise of the CMC Chairman Responsibility System\" (PDF). China Leadership Monitor (55). Hoover Institute.\nPoelzer, Greg (1989). An Analysis of Grenada as a Socialist-Oriented State (Thesis). Carleton University.\nSkilling, H. Gordon (January 1961). \"People's Democracy and the Socialist Revolution: A Case Study in Communist Scholarship. Part I\". Soviet Studies. Vol. 12, no. 3. Taylor & Francis. pp. 241–262.\nSnyder, Stanley (1987). Soviet Troop Control and the Power Distribution (Thesis). Naval Postgraduate School. hdl:10945/22490.\nNational Foreign Assessment Center (1980). Political Control of the Soviet Armed Forces (PDF) (Report). Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2017.\nSteiner, H. Arthur (1951). \"The Role of the Chinese Communist Party\". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 277: 56–66. doi:10.1177/000271625127700107. ISSN 0002-7162. JSTOR 1030252. S2CID 145485494.\nStone Sweet, Alec; Bu, Chong; Zhuo, Ding (25 May 2023). \"Breaching the Taboo? Constitutional Dimensions of the New Chinese Civil Code\". Asian Journal of Comparative Law. 18 (3): 319–344. doi:10.1017/asjcl.2023.18. S2CID 258915998.\nTang, Peter S. H. (February 1980). \"The Soviet, Chinese and Albanian Constitutions: Ideological Divergence and Institutionalized Confrontation?\". Studies in Soviet Thought. 21 (1). Springer Publishing: 39–58. doi:10.1007/BF00832025. JSTOR 20098938.pdf. S2CID 144486393.\nThayer, Carlyle (2008). \"Military Politics in Contemporary Vietnam\" (PDF). In Mietzner, Marcus (ed.). The Political Resurgence of the Military in Southeast Asia: Conflict and Leadership. Routledge. ISBN 9780415460354.\nQuigley, John (Autumn 1989). \"Socialist Law and the Civil Law Tradition\" (PDF). The American Journal of Comparative Law. 37 (4). Oxford University Press: 781–808. doi:10.2307/840224. JSTOR 840224. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2019.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781135988777","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135988777"},{"link_name":"Martinus Nijhoff Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinus_Nijhoff_Publishers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780742540095","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742540095"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University 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portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Communism"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Blasko, Dennis (2006). The Chinese Army Today: Tradition and Transformation for the 21st Century. Routledge. ISBN 9781135988777.\nDimitrov, Vessellin (2006). \"Bulgaria: A Core Against the Odds\". In Dimitrov, Vessellin; Goetz, H. Klaus; Wollmann, Hellmut (eds.). Governing after Communism: Institutions and Policymaking (2nd ed.). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 159–203. ISBN 9780742540095.\nEllman, Michael (2014). Socialist Planning (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107427327.\nEvans, Daniel (1993). Soviet Marxism–Leninism: The Decline of an Ideology. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780275947637.\nFeldbrugge, F. J. M. (1985). \"Council of Ministers\". In Feldbrugge, F. J. M.; Van den Berg, G. P.; Simons, William B. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Soviet Law (2nd ed.). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 202–204. ISBN 1349060860.\nFurtak, Robert K. (1987). The Political Systems of the Socialist States. New York City: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9780312625276.\nGardner, John; Schöpflin, George; White, Stephen (1987). Communist Political Systems (2nd ed.). Macmillan Education. ISBN 0-333-44108-7.\nHarding, Neil (1981). \"What Does It Mean to Call a Regime Marxist?\". In Szajkowski, Bogdan (ed.). Marxist Governments. Vol. 1. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 22–33. ISBN 978-0-333-25704-3.\nHazard, John (1985). \"Constitutional Law\". In Feldbrugge, F. J. M.; Van den Berg, G. P.; Simons, William B. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Soviet Law (2nd ed.). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 162–163. ISBN 1349060860.\nLi, Lin (2017). Building the Rule of Law in China. Elsevier. ISBN 9780128119303.\nLoeber, Dietrich Andre (1984). \"On the Status of the CPSU within the Soviet Legal System\". In Simons, William; White, Stephen (eds.). The Party Statutes of the Communist World. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 1–22. ISBN 9789024729753.\nNelson, Daniel (1982). \"Communist Legislatures and Communist Politics\". In Nelson, Daniel; White, Stephen (eds.). Communist Legislatures in Comparative Perspective. Vol. 1. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–13. ISBN 1349060860.\nRosser, Barkley; Rosser, Marianne (2003). Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262182348.\nStaar, Richard (1988). Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe (4th ed.). Hoover Press. ISBN 9780817976934.\nSteele, David Ramsay (September 1999). From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court. ISBN 978-0875484495.\nTriska, Jan, ed. (1968). Constitution of the Communist-Party States. Hoover Institution Publications. ISBN 978-0817917012.\nTung, W. L. (2012). The Political Institutions of Modern China (2nd ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9789401034432.\nWilczynski, J. (2008). The Economics of Socialism after World War Two: 1945–1990. Aldine Transaction. ISBN 9780202362281.vteAuthoritarian and totalitarian forms of governmentForms\nAbsolute monarchy\nAutocracy\nTsarist\nCommunist state\nCounterintelligence state\nDictatorship\nBenevolent\nConstitutional\nDictablanda\nMilitary\nRight-wing\nDominant-party system\nIlliberal democracy\nTotalitarian\nMafia state\nManagerial state\nOchlocracy\nOne-party state\nOligarchy\nPolice state\nTheocracy\nIslamic state\nTyranny\nMajoritarian\nSoft\nIdeologies\nAuthoritarian conservatism\nAuthoritarian capitalism\nAuthoritarian socialism\nMarxism–Leninism\nStalinism\nMaoism\nCaesaropapism\nDespotism\nEnlightened\nSoft\nEcoauthoritarianism\nFascism\nEco\nNeo\nImperialism\nNazism\nNeo\nSee also\nDemocracy indices\nDeep state\nInverted totalitarianism\nLeft-wing authoritarianism\nRight-wing authoritarianism\nSocial dominance orientation\nStatism\nStrongman\nList of totalitarian statesvteSocialism by countryBy country\nArgentina\nAustralia\nNew Australia\nBangladesh\nBrazil\nLulism\nCanada\nChina\nCommunist\nsince 1978\nKuomintang\nHong Kong\nEstonia\nFinland\nFrance\nGreece\nIndia\nIran\nItaly\nNetherlands\nNew Zealand\nPakistan\nSri Lanka\nTunisia\nUnited Kingdom\nUnited States\nAfrican-American\nVenezuela\nChavismo\nVietnam\nHistory\nUnited Kingdom\nUnited States\nRegional variants\nAfrican\nArab\nBritish\nBurmese\nChinese\nEuropean\nIsraeli\nMelanesian\nNicaraguan\nTanzanian\nVenezuelan\nVietnamese\nCurrent and historicalsocialist statesAfrica\nAngola\nBenin\nBurkina Faso\nCongo-Brazzaville\nEgypt\nEthiopia\n1974–1987\n1987–1991\nGuinea\nLibya\nMadagascar\nMozambique\nSeychelles\nSomalia\nSudan\nAmericas\nCuba\nGrenada\nChile\nNicaragua\nAsia\nAfghanistan\nBurma\nCambodia\n1975–1979\n1979–1992\n1982–1992\nChina\nIraq\nNorth Korea\nLaos\nMongolia\nSouth Yemen\nSyria\nTuva\nVietnam\nNorth Vietnam\nShort-lived\nAzerbaijan People's Government\nEast Turkestan\nFar East\nFujian\nGilan\nInner Mongolia\nJiangxi\nKuwait\nKurdish Republic of Mahabad\nNorth Korea (1946–1947)\nNorth Korea (1947–1948)\nSouth Vietnam\n\nEurope\nAlbania\nBulgaria\nCzechoslovakia\nCzech Republic\nSlovakia\nEast Germany\nHungary (1949–1989)\nPoland\nRomania\nSoviet Union\nYugoslavia\nShort-lived\nAlsace-Lorraine\nBanat\nBaranya–Baja\nBavaria\n1918–1919\n1919\nBessarabia\nByelorussia (1919)\nBremen\nBihać\nCrimea (1919)\nFinland\n1918\n1939–1940\nEstonia (1918–1919)\nGalicia\nHungary (1919)\nIreland\nNaissaar\nSaxony\nSlovakia (1919)\nTarnobrzeg\nUžice\nWürzburg\n\nHistory of socialismvteMarxism–LeninismConcepts\nAdministrative-command system\nAggravation of class struggle under socialism\nAnti-imperialism\nAnti-fascism\nAnti-revisionism\nCentral planning\nSoviet-type economic planning\nCommanding heights of the economy\nDeveloped socialism\nDialectical logic\nDialectical materialism\nFoco\nLabour aristocracy\nMarxist–Leninist atheism\nPartiinost'\nPopular front\nProletarian internationalism\nSelf-criticism\nSocial fascism\nSocialism in one country\nSocialist patriotism\nSoviet\nYugoslav\nTheory of the productive forces\nThird Period\nWars of national liberationClass system\nDictatorship of the proletariat\nPeople's democratic dictatorship\nPeople's democratic state\nNational-democratic state\nSocialist state\nState of socialist orientation\nSocialist state of the whole people\nPolitical system\nCentral committee\nCivilian control of the military\nCollective leadership\nCult of personality\nDemocratic centralism\nGeneral Secretary of the Communist Party\nHighest organ of state power\nLeading role of the party\nPolitburo\nSecretariat\nState\nTransmission belt\nUnified power\nVanguardismVariants\nCuban\nCastroism\nGuevarism\nHo Chi Minh Thought\nHoxhaism\nHusakism\nJuche\nSongun\nKimilsungism–Kimjongilism\nKimjongunism\nKadarism\nKhrushchevism\nMaoism\nMarxism–Leninism–Maoism\nGonzalo Thought\nPrachanda Path\nPantherism\nIntercommunalism\nNew Communism\nKaysone Phomvihane Thought\nNational\nPol Potism\nAfrican\nSankarism\nNkrumaism\nSocialism with Chinese characteristics\nDengism\nThree Represents\nScientific Outlook on Development\nXi Jinping Thought\nStalinism\nAmerican\nBill of Rights socialism\nBrowderism\nLovestoneism\nMAGA communism\nMarcyism\nTitoism\nĐilasism\nRankovićism\nDubčekism\nZachariadism\nBrezhnevismPeople\nJoseph Stalin\nMao Zedong\nErnst Thälmann\nKhorloogiin Choibalsan\nEhmetjan Qasim\nJosé Díaz\nMaurice Thorez\nPalmiro Togliatti\nDolores Ibárruri\nHo Chi Minh\nVõ Nguyên Giáp\nEarl Browder\nNikita Khrushchev\nWalter Ulbricht\nJosip Broz Tito\nMátyás Rákosi\nLazar Kaganovich\nGeorgi Dimitrov\nBolesław Bierut\nValko Chervenkov\nKlement Gottwald\nGheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej\nEnver Hoxha\nKaysone Phomvihane\nKhalid Bakdash\nLeonid Brezhnev\nDeng Xiaoping\nPol Pot\nNikos Zachariadis\nChe Guevara\nFidel Castro\nAgostinho Neto\nMengistu Haile Mariam\nKim Il Sung\nChin Peng\nSanzō Nosaka\nNicolae Ceaușescu\nGustáv Husák\nJános Kádár\nMaurice Bishop\nErich Honecker\nWładysław Gomułka\nSamora Machel\nThomas Sankara\nMathieu Kérékou\nSiad Barre\nNur Muhammad Taraki\nAlfonso Cano\nPushpa Kamal Dahal\nRohana Wijeweera\nAbimael Guzmán\nGus Hall\nGennady Zyuganov\nXi JinpingTheoretical works\nFoundations of Leninism\nDialectical and Historical Materialism\nThe History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)\nBritain's Road to Socialism\nEconomic Problems of Socialism in the USSR\nA Critique of Soviet Economics\nFundamentals of Marxism–Leninism\nGuerrilla WarfareHistory\nSoviet Union (1927–1953\n1953–1964\n1964–1982\n1982–1991)\nGreat Break\nCollectivization in the Soviet Union\nIndustrialization in the Soviet Union\nGreat Purge\nSpanish Civil War\nGreat Patriotic War\nGreek Civil War\nCold War\nEastern Bloc\nChinese Communist Revolution\nChina (1949–1976\n1976–1989\n1989–2002\n2002–present)\nKorean War\nCuban Revolution\nDe-Stalinization\nWarsaw Pact\nNon-Aligned Movement\nVietnam War\nSino-Soviet split\nHungarian Revolution of 1956\nGreat Leap Forward\nPortuguese Colonial War\nBlack Power movement\nNicaraguan Revolution\nCultural Revolution\nPrague Spring\nNaxalite insurgency\nCommunist rebellion in the Philippines\nMaoist insurgency in Turkey\nInternal conflict in Peru\nNepalese Civil War\nRevolutions of 1989By country\nAfghanistan\nAlbania\nAngola\nBenin\nBulgaria\nCambodia (Democratic Kampuchea\nPeople's Republic of Kampuchea)\nChina\nCongo\nCuba\nCzechoslovakia (Czechia\nSlovakia)\nEast Germany\nEthiopia\nGrenada\nHungary\nLaos\nMongolia\nMozambique\nNorth Korea\nPoland\nRomania\nSomalia\nSoviet Union (Armenia\nAzerbaijan\nByelarus\nEstonia\nGeorgia\nKazakhstan\nKyrgyzstan\nLatvia\nLithuania\nMoldova\nRussia\nTajikistan\nTurkmenistan\nUkraine\nUzbekistan)\nVietnam\nYemen\nYugoslavia (Bosnia and Herzegovina\nCroatia\nMacedonia\nMontenegro\nSerbia\nSlovenia)Organizations\nAlbanian Party of Labour\nComecon\nComintern\nChinese Communist Party\nCommunist Party of Brazil\nCommunist Party of Cuba\nCommunist Party of India\nCommunist Party of India (Marxist)\nCommunist Party of Kampuchea\nCommunist Party of the Philippines\nCommunist Party of the Russian Federation\nCommunist Party of the Soviet Union\nCommunist Party of Vietnam\nCommunist Party of Malaya\nIndochinese Communist Party\nKampuchean People's Revolutionary Party\nLao People's Revolutionary Party\nNepal Communist Party\nPopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine\nSandinista National Liberation Front\nShining Path (Militarized Communist Party of Peru)\nWorkers' Party of Korea\nPortuguese Communist PartyRelated topics\nBolshevism\nLeninism\nTrotskyismSee also\nAll-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\nAnti-communism (Mass killings)\nCold War\nCrimes against humanity under Marxist–Leninist regimes (Mass killings)\nCriticism of Marxist–Leninist party rule\nMarxist schools of thought\nNational Bolshevism\nNew class\nPost-Marxism–Leninism\nRed fascism\nRed Scare (Second)\nSecond World\nState capitalism\nState socialism\nState ideology of China\nState ideology of the Soviet Union\nThird-Worldism\nTotalitarianism\n Socialism portal\n Communism portal","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"The flags of the Communist Party of Vietnam that were flown besides the Vietnamese national flags in Hanoi, Vietnam","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam_at_the_Dien_Bien_Phu_street_in_2015_01.jpg/220px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam_at_the_Dien_Bien_Phu_street_in_2015_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"An anachronous map of countries that have been ruled by a one-party Marxist–Leninist state at some point in their history. From 1979 to 1983, during the time of the People's Revolutionary Government in Grenada, all the colored nations above were simultaneously Marxist–Leninist.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Communist_countries.svg/300px-Communist_countries.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The meeting place of the Chinese National People's Congress","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Great_Hall_Of_The_People_At_Night.JPG/220px-Great_Hall_Of_The_People_At_Night.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Communism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Communism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg"},{"title":"Socialism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Socialism"},{"title":"Communist countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Communist_countries"},{"title":"List of socialist states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_socialist_states"},{"title":"List of anarchist communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_anarchist_communities"},{"title":"Capitalist state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalist_state"},{"title":"List of anti-capitalist and communist parties with national parliamentary representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_anti-capitalist_and_communist_parties_with_national_parliamentary_representation"},{"title":"List of communist parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_communist_parties"},{"title":"Marxism–Leninism–Maoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism"},{"title":"Stalinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalinism"}] | [{"reference":"Bottomore, T. B. (1991). A Dictionary of Marxist Thought. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 54.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bottomore","url_text":"Bottomore, T. B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell","url_text":"Wiley-Blackwell"}]},{"reference":"Cooke, Chris, ed. (1998). Dictionary of Historical Terms (2nd ed.). pp. 221–222, 305.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Atsuhito, Isozaki (21 June 2021). \"A Revival of North Korean Communism?: The rhetoric is there. But what does it mean?\". The Diplomat. Retrieved 2 December 2022. In his closing address at the Conference of Cell Secretaries of the Workers' Party of Korea in late April, Kim mentioned the word \"communism\" six times. His recent claim that North Korea aims to become a \"communist utopia\" is a notable change in rhetoric.","urls":[{"url":"https://thediplomat.com/2021/06/a-revival-of-north-korean-communism/","url_text":"\"A Revival of North Korean Communism?: The rhetoric is there. But what does it mean?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Diplomat","url_text":"The Diplomat"}]},{"reference":"Ball, Terence; Dagger, Richard, eds. (2019) [1999]. \"Communism\". Encyclopædia Britannica (revised ed.). Retrieved 10 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/communism","url_text":"\"Communism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Webb, Sidney; Webb, Beatrice (1935). Soviet Communism: A New Civilisation?. London: Longmans.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sloan, Pat (1937). Soviet Democracy. London: Left Book Club; Victor Gollancz Ltd.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Farber, Samuel (1992). \"Before Stalinism: The Rise and Fall of Soviet Democracy\". Studies in Soviet Thought. 44 (3): 229–230.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Getzler, Israel (2002) [1982]. Kronstadt 1917-1921: The Fate of a Soviet Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521894425.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521894425","url_text":"978-0521894425"}]},{"reference":"Busky, Donald F. (20 July 2000). Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. Praeger. p. 9. ISBN 978-0275968861. In a modern sense of the word, communism refers to the ideology of Marxism–Leninism.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Praeger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275968861","url_text":"978-0275968861"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Raymond (1983). \"Socialism\". Keywords: A vocabulary of culture and society, revised edition. Oxford University Press. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-19-520469-8. The decisive distinction between socialist and communist, as in one sense these terms are now ordinarily used, came with the renaming, in 1918, of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) as the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). From that time on, a distinction of socialist from communist, often with supporting definitions such as social democrat or democratic socialist, became widely current, although it is significant that all communist parties, in line with earlier usage, continued to describe themselves as socialist and dedicated to socialism.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/keywordsvocabula00willrich/page/289","url_text":"\"Socialism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/keywordsvocabula00willrich/page/289","url_text":"289"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520469-8","url_text":"978-0-19-520469-8"}]},{"reference":"Nation, R. Craig (1992). Black Earth, Red Star: A History of Soviet Security Policy, 1917-1991. Cornell University Press. pp. 85–6. ISBN 978-0801480072. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2014 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190801050439/https://books.google.ie/books?id=WK18-OoR0pIC&pg=PA85","url_text":"Black Earth, Red Star: A History of Soviet Security Policy, 1917-1991"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Press","url_text":"Cornell University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801480072","url_text":"978-0801480072"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WK18-OoR0pIC&pg=PA85","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Barrett, William (1 April 1978). \"Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy: A Symposium\". Commentary. Retrieved 14 June 2020. If we were to extend the definition of socialism to include Labor Britain or socialist Sweden, there would be no difficulty in refuting the connection between capitalism and democracy.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/capitalism-socialism-and-democracy/","url_text":"\"Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy: A Symposium\""}]},{"reference":"Åslund, Anders (2009). How Ukraine Became a Market Economy and Democracy. Peterson Institute. p. 12. ISBN 9780881325461 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C8C3xuqd6aMC","url_text":"How Ukraine Became a Market Economy and Democracy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881325461","url_text":"9780881325461"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Minahan, James (2013). Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States. Routledge. p. 296. ISBN 9781135940102 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jwNeAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135940102","url_text":"9781135940102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Tunçer-Kılavuz, Idil (2014). Power, Networks and Violent Conflict in Central Asia: A Comparison of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Routledge advances in Central Asian studies. Vol. 5. Routledge. p. 53. ISBN 9781317805113 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vv7pAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Power, Networks and Violent Conflict in Central Asia: A Comparison of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317805113","url_text":"9781317805113"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Khabtagaeva, Bayarma (2009). Mongolic Elements in Tuvan. Turcologica Series. Vol. 81. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 21. ISBN 9783447060950 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zddhapKVdHMC","url_text":"Mongolic Elements in Tuvan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447060950","url_text":"9783447060950"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Macdonald, Fiona; Stacey, Gillian; Steele, Philip (2004). Peoples of Eastern Asia. Vol. 8: Mongolia–Nepal. Marshall Cavendish. p. 413. ISBN 9780761475477 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QXWjAmmZ5kMC","url_text":"Peoples of Eastern Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761475477","url_text":"9780761475477"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Gjevori, Elvin (2018). Democratisation and Institutional Reform in Albania. Springer. p. 21. ISBN 9783319730714 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=l5FODwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Democratisation and Institutional Reform in Albania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319730714","url_text":"9783319730714"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Stankova, Marietta (2014). Bulgaria in British Foreign Policy, 1943–1949. Anthem Series on Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies. Anthem Press. p. 148. ISBN 9781783082353 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iCw2DgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Bulgaria in British Foreign Policy, 1943–1949"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthem_Press&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Anthem Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783082353","url_text":"9781783082353"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Müller-Rommel, Ferdinand; Mansfeldová, Zdenka (2001). \"Chapter 5: Czech Republic\". In Blondel, Jean; Müller-Rommel, Ferdinand (eds.). Cabinets in Eastern Europe. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 62. doi:10.1057/9781403905215_6. ISBN 978-1-349-41148-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan","url_text":"Palgrave Macmillan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781403905215_6","url_text":"10.1057/9781403905215_6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-41148-1","url_text":"978-1-349-41148-1"}]},{"reference":"Hajdú, József (2011). Labour Law in Hungary. Kluwer Law International. p. 27. ISBN 9789041137920.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789041137920","url_text":"9789041137920"}]},{"reference":"Frankowski, Stanisław; Stephan, Paul B. (1995). Legal Reform in Post-Communist Europe: The View from Within. Martinus Nijhoff. p. 23. ISBN 9780792332183 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LAiYFR0MPXgC","url_text":"Legal Reform in Post-Communist Europe: The View from Within"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780792332183","url_text":"9780792332183"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Paquette, Laure (2001). NATO and Eastern Europe After 2000: Strategic Interactions with Poland, the Czech Republic, Romania, and Bulgaria. Nova. p. 55. ISBN 9781560729693 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PE_D8ZewHKQC","url_text":"NATO and Eastern Europe After 2000: Strategic Interactions with Poland, the Czech Republic, Romania, and Bulgaria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781560729693","url_text":"9781560729693"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Lampe, John R. (2000). Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country. Cambridge University Press. p. 233. 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Taylor & Francis. pp. 241–262.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Studies","url_text":"Soviet Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis","url_text":"Taylor & Francis"}]},{"reference":"Snyder, Stanley (1987). Soviet Troop Control and the Power Distribution (Thesis). Naval Postgraduate School. hdl:10945/22490.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School","url_text":"Naval Postgraduate School"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10945%2F22490","url_text":"10945/22490"}]},{"reference":"National Foreign Assessment Center (1980). Political Control of the Soviet Armed Forces (PDF) (Report). Central Intelligence Agency. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamoun_Hassan | Mamoun Hassan | ["1 Life and career","2 Filmography","3 Television Credits","4 References","5 External links"] | Saudi-born British filmmaker (1937–2022)
Mamoun Hassan (12 December 1937 – 29 July 2022) was a Saudi-born British screenwriter, director, editor, producer and teacher of film who held prominent positions in British cinema during the 1970s and 80s, frequently backing experimental work. He was the first head of production of the British Film Institute (BFI) and later managing director of the National Film Finance Corporation (NFFC).
Life and career
Mamoun Hassan was born in Jeddah, in Saudi Arabia on 12 December 1937. He began his career in film working as an editing assistant with Kevin Brownlow. He made his first distributed short film 'The Meeting', in 1965, for which he was awarded a best prize award at the Oberhausen Film Festival. He was the first head of production of the British Film Institute from 1971, in which post he instigated the BFI's policy of backing low-budget feature films that charted in new directions; he assisted the director Bill Douglas by securing crew and funding to make The Bill Douglas Trilogy (1972–78), and financially supported the production of Winstanley (1975). Hassan was the first to support film that was made by Black British filmmakers about their experiences in Britain: Horace Ove's Pressure. After leaving the BFI he taught at the National Film and Television School at Beaconsfield. In 1979 he wrote a policy paper for AIP (of which he was a founder member) on the future of the National Film Finance Corporation, which led to him being appointed to the board by the Minister of Trade and Industry. Subsequent to this, he was appointed Managing Director. In this position he backed the film Babylon (1980), Gregory's Girl, Britannia Hospital, Raymond Briggs' When the Wind Blows and again helped Douglas in the production of Comrades (1986). When he wasn't able to support film directly, he would use his influence to ensure they were made. These include Merchant Ivory's Heat and Dust and Merry Christmas Mr Lawrence. Despite the "brave funding choices" and renewed creativity of the NFFC under Hassan, it was abolished in 1985. Afterwards he worked as a film producer, screenwriter, consultant, lecturer and teacher in the field of cinema.
Hassan died on 29 July 2022, at the age of 84.
Filmography
Year
Film
Credit
2019
Spider
Creative consultant
2012
My Brother the Devil
Editing consultant
2009
Bill Douglas: Reflections on His Trilogy
Interviewee
2008
La Buena Vida
Producer, Screenplay
2006
Affairs of the House
Special thanks
2006
Bill Douglas: Intent on Getting the Image
Cast member
2004
Machuca
Producer, Screenplay
1988
Distant Voices, Still Lives
Special thanks
1986
When the Wind Blows
Executive Producer - uncredited, Special thanks
1985
No Surrender
Producer
1985
Dance with a Stranger
Executive Producer - uncredited
1984
Another Country
Executive Producer - uncredited
1982
Britannia Hospital
Executive Producer - uncredited
1976
Some of the Palestinians
Director, Editor
1975
Winstanley
Executive Producer - uncredited
1974
A Private Enterprise
Executive Producer - uncredited, Special thanks
1971
Here Are Ladies
Editor
1969
Wild and Free Twice Daily (Documentary)
Editor
1966
Turner (Documentary short)
Editor
1964
The Meeting
Director, Producer, Writer
Television Credits
Year
Production
Credit
1990
Movie Masterclass (Series 2) - Program 1: World of Apu
Deviser, Producer, Presenter
1988
Movie Masterclass (Series 1) - Program 1: Seven Samurai
Deviser, Producer, Presenter
1973
Cinema Now (TV Series) - Two Young Film Makers
Self
1968
Contrasts (TV Series) (1 Episode) Living on the Box
Director
References
^ a b "Mamoun Hassan". BFI. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
^ a b c d e f g h i j "Mamoun Hassan obituary: filmmaker, British film industry leader and passionate believer in cinema". BFI. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
^ Allon, Yoram; Del Cullen; Hannah Patterson (2001). Contemporary British and Irish film directors: a wallflower critical guide. Wallflower Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-903364-21-5.
^ Caterer, James (2011). The People's Pictures: National Lottery Funding and British Cinema. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 36. ISBN 9781443833226.
^ a b Hassan, Mamoun (20 June 2008). "Mamoun Hassan recalls working with director Bill Douglas". The Guardian.
^ Tibbetts, John C., "Winstanley"; or, Kevin Brownlow Camps out on St. George's Hill.". Literature/Film Quarterly. Salisbury University. 1 January 2003h
^ Petrie, Duncan; Stoneman, Rod (2014). Educating Film-makers: Past, Present and Future. Intellect Books. p. 93. ISBN 9781783201853.
^ a b Barber, Sian (2013). The British Film Industry in the 1970s: Capital, Culture and Creativity. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 44. ISBN 9781137305923.
^ Street, Sarah (2008). British National Cinema. Taylor & Francis. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-415-38422-3.
^ Adair, Gilbert; Roddick, Nick (1985). A night at the pictures: ten decades of British film. Columbus Books in association with the British Film Year. p. 93. ISBN 9780862871888.
^ "Watch Mamoun Hassan's introduction to L'avventura". European Film College. 4 April 2014.
^ "Mamoun Hassan obituary". The Guardian. 17 August 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
External links
Mamoun Hassan at IMDb
Official website
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_25_cyber_terror | 2013 South Korea cyberattack | ["1 March","2 June","2.1 Timeline","3 Response","4 Appearance in the South Korean National Geographic","5 Measures","6 See also","7 References"] | Alleged cyber-warfare attack on South Korea
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vteDivision of KoreaPost-armistice conflicts
Border incidents
DMZ conflicts
1966–1969 conflict
Blue House raid
Uljin–Samcheok Landings
Major Henderson incident
Axe murder incident
NLL conflicts
1st Yeonpyeong
2nd Yeonpyeong
Daecheong
Cheonan incident
3rd Yeonpyeong
Other maritime incidents
Dangpo incident
June 1974 ROK Coast Guard ship incident
Pueblo incident
EC-121 shootdown
Gangneung
Sokcho
Yeosu
Terror attacks
Rangoon bombing
Gimpo International Airport bombing
KAL Flight 858
1993-1994 tensions
1994 North Korean nuclear crisis
Agreed Framework
2013 Korean crisis
South Korea cyberattack
Panama ship seizure
Post-crisis threats
2017–18 North Korea crisis
Hwasong missile tests
2018–19 Korean peace process
1st Inter-Korean Summit
Panmunjom Declaration
2nd Inter-Korean Summit
2018 Singapore Summit
3rd Inter-Korean Summit
2019 Hanoi Summit
2019 DMZ Summit
In 2013, there were two major sets of cyberattacks on South Korean targets attributed to elements within North Korea.
March
On 20 March 2013, six South Korean organizations suffered from a suspected cyberwarfare attack. The organizations included three media companies (KBS, MBC, &YTN) and three financial institutions (The National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, Shinhan Bank, & Jeju Bank). The South Korean communications watchdog Korea Communications Commission raised their alert level on cyber-attacks to three on a scale of five. North Korea has been blamed for similar attacks in 2009 and 2011 and was suspected of launching this attack as well. This attack also came at a period of elevated tensions between the two Koreas, following Pyongyang’s nuclear test on 12 February. South Korean officials linked the incident to a Chinese IP address, which increased suspicion of North Korea as "ntelligence experts believe that North Korea routinely uses Chinese computer addresses to hide its cyber-attacks." It was later revealed that the IP address did not originate from China but from the internal network of one of the attacked organizations.
The attacks on all six organizations derived from one single entity. The networks were attacked by malicious codes, rather than distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks as suspected at the beginning. It appeared to have used only hard drive overwrites. This cyberattack “damaged 32,000 computers and servers of media and financial companies.” The Financial Services Commission of South Korea said that Shinhan Bank reported that its Internet banking servers had been temporarily blocked and that Jeju Bank and NongHyup reported that operations at some of their branches had been paralyzed after computers were infected with viruses and their files erased. Woori Bank reported a hacking attack, but said it had suffered no damage.
This cyberattack “caused US$750 million in economic damage alone. (Feakin 2013)” Also, “he frequency of cyber attacks by North Korea and rampant cyber espionage activities attributed to China are of great concern to the South Korean government. (Lewis 2013)”
June
The June 25 cyber terror is an information leak that occurred on June 25, 2013 that targeted Cheongwadae and other institutions. The hacker that caused this incident admitted that the information of 2.5 million Saenuri Party members, 300 thousand soldiers, 100 thousand Cheongwadae homepage users and 40 thousand United States Forces Korea members. There were apparent hacking attacks on government websites. The incident happened on the 63rd anniversary of the start of the 1950-53 Korean War, which was a war that divided the Korean peninsula. Since the Blue House’s website was hacked, the personal information of a total of 220,000 people, including 100,000 ordinary citizens and 20,000 military personnel, using the “Cheong Wa Dae” website were hacked. The website of the office for Government Policy Co-ordination and some media servers were affected as well.
While multiple attacks were organized by multiple perpetrators, one of the distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks against the South Korean government websites were directly linked to the “DarkSeoul” gang and Trojan.Castov. Malware related to the attack is called "DarkSeoul" in the computer world and was first identified in 2012. It has contributed to multiple previous high-profile attacks against South Korea.
Timeline
At approximately 2013 June 25 9:10 AM, websites such as the Cheongwadae website, main government institute websites, news, etc. became victims of website change, DDoS, information thievery and other such attacks. When connecting to the Cheongwadae homepage words such as 'The great Kim Jong-un governor' and 'All hail the unified chairman Kim Jong-un! Until our demands are met our attacks will continue. Greet us. We are anonymous' would appear with a photo of president Park Geun-hye.
The government changed the status of cyber danger to 'noteworthy' on June 25 10:45 AM, then changed it to 'warning' on 3:40 PM. Cheongwadae uploaded an apology on June 28.
The Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning revealed on July 16 that both the March and June incidents corresponded with past hacking methods used by North Korea. However, the attacked targets include a Japanese Korean Central News Agency site and major North Korean anti-South websites, and the hackers also have announced that they would release information of approximately 20 high-ranked North Korean army officers with countless pieces of information on North Korean weaponry.
Response
Following the hacking in June there was further speculation that North Korea was responsible for the attacks. Investigators found that “an IP address used in the attack matched one used in previous hacking attempts by Pyongyang.” Park Jae-moon, a former director-general at the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning said, “82 malignant codes and internet addresses used for the attack, as well as the North Korea's previous hacking patterns," proved that "the hacking methods were the same" as those used in the 20 March cyber attacks.
With this incident, the Korean government publicly announced that they would take charge of the “Cyber Terror Response Control Tower” and along with different ministries, the National Intelligence Service (NIS) will be responsible to build a comprehensive response system using the “National Cyber Security Measures.”
The South Korean government asserted a Pyongyang link in the March cyberattacks, which has been denied by Pyongyang. A 50-year-old South Korean man identified as Mr. Kim is suspected to be involved in the attack.
Appearance in the South Korean National Geographic
The South Korean National Geographic published cyber terror as one of the top 10 keywords of 2013 due to these attacks.
Measures
The government formed a joint civil-government-military cyber crisis response headquarters.
Security companies such as AhnLab and Hauri are implementing emergency updates or distributing dedicated vaccines to detect malware that causes problems in their products. The diagnosis given by each company is as follows.
AhnLab - Win-Trojan/Agent.24576.JPF (JPG, JPH), Dropper/Eraser.427520
INCA Internet - ApcRunCmd.exe : Trojan/W32.Agent.24576.EAN / Othdown.exe : Trojan/W32.Agent.24576.EAO
Hauri - ApcRunCmd.exe : Trojan.Win32.U.KillMBR.24576 / Othdown.exe : Trojan.Win32.U.KillMBR.24576.A
Symantec - Trojan.Jokra
Sophos - Mal/EncPk-ACE (aka "DarkSeoul")
See also
2009 DDoS attacks against South Korea
Bureau 121
Lazarus Group
References
^ "South Korea on alert for cyber-attacks after major network goes down". the Guardian. 2013-03-20. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
^ "Cyber attack hits S Korea websites". 2013-06-25. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
^ "China IP address link to South Korea cyber-attack". BBC. 21 March 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
^ "韓国のサイバー攻撃、アクセス元は社内のプライベートIPアドレス". ＠IT (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-05-05.
^ "Are the 2011 and 2013 South Korean Cyberattacks Related?". Symantec Security Response. Archived from the original on April 1, 2013. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
^ Michael Pearson; K.J. Kwon; Jethro Mullen (20 March 2013). "Hacking attack on South Korea traced to China". CNN. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
^ Choe Sang-Hun, "Computer Networks in South Korea Are Paralyzed in Cyberattacks", The New York Times, 20 March 2013.
^ "Roles for Australia, Canada and South Korea". Mutual Security in the Asia-Pacific: Roles for Australia, Canada and South Korea. McGill-Queen's University Press. 2015. JSTOR j.ctt1jktr6v.
^ "Roles for Australia, Canada and South Korea". Mutual Security in the Asia-Pacific: Roles for Australia, Canada and South Korea. McGill-Queen's University Press. 2015. JSTOR j.ctt1jktr6v.
^ "북한의 사이버 공격과 우리의 사이버 안보 상황". Naver Blog | 통일부 공식 블로그 (in Korean). Retrieved 2019-09-25.
^ "Four Years of DarkSeoul Cyberattacks Against South Korea Continue on Anniversary of Korean War". Symantec Security Response. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
^ 홍, 재원; 박, 홍두 (2013-06-25). "'6·25 사이버 테러' 남도 북도 같은 날 당했다". Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). Retrieved 2023-01-31.
^ "10만건 개인정보유출 사실로 드러나....청와대, 사과문 공지". www.ddaily.co.kr (in Korean). Retrieved 2023-01-31.
^ "정부 "6·25 사이버공격 북한 소행"". Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 2013-07-16. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
^ "N Korea 'behind hacking attack'". 2013-07-16. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
^ 권, 혜진 (2013-07-16). ""'6·25 사이버공격'도 북한 소행 추정"(종합)". Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Retrieved 2019-09-25.
^ "보도자료(과학기술정보통신부) | 과학기술정보통신부". www.msit.go.kr. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
^ Lee Minji (April 10, 2013). "(2nd LD) Gov't confirms Pyongyang link in March cyber attacks". Yonhap News. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
^ Jeyup S. Kwaak (July 31, 2013). "Seoul Suspects South Korean Tech Executive of Helping North in Cyberattacks". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 3, 2013.
^ 내셔널지오그래픽채널, '2013년 10대 키워드' 경향신문, 2013년 12월 12일
^ "朴대통령 전산망마비 '조속복구' 지시…범정부팀 가동". 연합뉴스 (in Korean). 20 March 2013.
^ "AhnLab". www.ahnlab.com (in Korean).
^ " 언론사 방송국, 금융사이트 부팅 불가 사고 발생 ". erteam.nprotect.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2013.
vteHacking in the 2010s
← 2000s
Timeline
2020s →
Major incidents2010
Operation Aurora (publication of 2009 events)
Australian cyberattacks
Operation Olympic Games
Operation ShadowNet
Operation Payback
2011
Canadian government
DigiNotar
DNSChanger
HBGary Federal
Operation AntiSec
PlayStation network outage
RSA SecurID compromise
2012
LinkedIn hack
Stratfor email leak
Operation High Roller
2013
South Korea cyberattack
Snapchat hack
Cyberterrorism attack of June 25
2013 Yahoo! data breach
Singapore cyberattacks
2014
Anthem medical data breach
Operation Tovar
2014 celebrity nude photo leak
2014 JPMorgan Chase data breach
2014 Sony Pictures hack
Russian hacker password theft
2014 Yahoo! data breach
2015
Office of Personnel Management data breach
Hacking Team
Ashley Madison data breach
VTech data breach
Ukrainian Power Grid Cyberattack
SWIFT banking hack
2016
Bangladesh Bank robbery
Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center ransomware incident
Commission on Elections data breach
Democratic National Committee cyber attacks
Vietnam Airport Hacks
DCCC cyber attacks
Indian Bank data breaches
Surkov leaks
Dyn cyberattack
Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections
2016 Bitfinex hack
2017
SHAttered
2017 Macron e-mail leaks
WannaCry ransomware attack
Westminster data breach
Petya and NotPetya
2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks
Vault7 data breach
Equifax data breach
Deloitte breach
Disqus breach
2018
Trustico
Atlanta cyberattack
SingHealth data breach
2019
Sri Lanka cyberattack
Baltimore ransomware attack
Bulgarian revenue agency hack
WhatsApp snooping scandal
Jeff Bezos phone hacking incident
Hacktivism
Anonymous
associated events
CyberBerkut
GNAA
Goatse Security
Lizard Squad
LulzRaft
LulzSec
New World Hackers
NullCrew
OurMine
PayPal 14
RedHack
Teamp0ison
TDO
UGNazi
Ukrainian Cyber Alliance
Advancedpersistent threats
Bangladesh Black Hat Hackers
Bureau 121
Charming Kitten
Cozy Bear
Dark Basin
DarkMatter
Elfin Team
Equation Group
Fancy Bear
GOSSIPGIRL (confederation)
Guccifer 2.0
Hacking Team
Helix Kitten
Iranian Cyber Army
Lazarus Group (BlueNorOff) (AndAriel)
NSO Group
Numbered Panda
PLA Unit 61398
PLA Unit 61486
PLATINUM
Pranknet
Red Apollo
Rocket Kitten
Stealth Falcon
Syrian Electronic Army
Tailored Access Operations
The Shadow Brokers
xDedic
Yemen Cyber Army
Individuals
Cyber Anakin
George Hotz
Guccifer
Jeremy Hammond
Junaid Hussain
Kristoffer von Hassel
Mustafa Al-Bassam
MLT
Ryan Ackroyd
Sabu
Topiary
Track2
The Jester
Major vulnerabilitiespublicly disclosed
Evercookie (2010)
iSeeYou (2013)
Heartbleed (2014)
Shellshock (2014)
POODLE (2014)
Rootpipe (2014)
Row hammer (2014)
SS7 vulnerabilities (2014)
WinShock (2014)
JASBUG (2015)
Stagefright (2015)
DROWN (2016)
Badlock (2016)
Dirty COW (2016)
Cloudbleed (2017)
Broadcom Wi-Fi (2017)
EternalBlue (2017)
DoublePulsar (2017)
Silent Bob is Silent (2017)
KRACK (2017)
ROCA vulnerability (2017)
BlueBorne (2017)
Meltdown (2018)
Spectre (2018)
EFAIL (2018)
Exactis (2018)
Speculative Store Bypass (2018)
Lazy FP state restore (2018)
TLBleed (2018)
SigSpoof (2018)
Foreshadow (2018)
Dragonblood (2019)
Microarchitectural Data Sampling (2019)
BlueKeep (2019)
Kr00k (2019)
Malware2010
Bad Rabbit
Black Energy 2
SpyEye
Stuxnet
2011
Coreflood
Alureon
Duqu
Kelihos
Metulji botnet
Stars
2012
Carna
Dexter
FBI
Flame
Mahdi
Red October
Shamoon
2013
CryptoLocker
DarkSeoul
2014
Brambul
Black Energy 3
Carbanak
Careto
DarkHotel
Duqu 2.0
FinFisher
Gameover ZeuS
Regin
2015
Dridex
Hidden Tear
Rombertik
TeslaCrypt
2016
Hitler
Jigsaw
KeRanger
Necurs
MEMZ
Mirai
Pegasus
Petya and NotPetya
X-Agent
2017
BrickerBot
Kirk
LogicLocker
Rensenware
Triton
WannaCry
XafeCopy
2018
VPNFilter
2019
Grum
Joanap
NetTraveler
R2D2
Tinba
Titanium
ZeroAccess botnet | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Korean_Cold_War"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Korean_Cold_War"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Korean_Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Division of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"armistice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Border incidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_border_incidents_involving_North_and_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"DMZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone"},{"link_name":"1966–1969 conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict"},{"link_name":"Blue House raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_House_raid"},{"link_name":"Uljin–Samcheok 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tensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_North_Korean_nuclear_crisis"},{"link_name":"1994 North Korean nuclear crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_North_Korean_nuclear_crisis"},{"link_name":"Agreed Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreed_Framework"},{"link_name":"2013 Korean crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_in_North_Korea"},{"link_name":"South Korea cyberattack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Panama ship seizure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korean_cargo_ship_seizure_in_Panama"},{"link_name":"Post-crisis threats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_post-Korean_crisis_threats"},{"link_name":"2017–18 North Korea crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_North_Korea_crisis"},{"link_name":"Hwasong missile tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_North_Korean_missile_tests"},{"link_name":"2018–19 Korean peace process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Korean_peace_process"},{"link_name":"1st Inter-Korean Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2018_inter-Korean_summit"},{"link_name":"Panmunjom Declaration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panmunjom_Declaration"},{"link_name":"2nd Inter-Korean Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2018_inter-Korean_summit"},{"link_name":"2018 Singapore Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Singapore_Summit"},{"link_name":"3rd Inter-Korean Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2018_inter-Korean_summit"},{"link_name":"2019 Hanoi Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Hanoi_Summit"},{"link_name":"2019 DMZ Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Koreas%E2%80%93United_States_DMZ_Summit"},{"link_name":"South Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"}],"text":"vteDivision of KoreaPost-armistice conflicts\nBorder incidents\nDMZ conflicts\n1966–1969 conflict\nBlue House raid\nUljin–Samcheok Landings\nMajor Henderson incident\nAxe murder incident\nNLL conflicts\n1st Yeonpyeong\n2nd Yeonpyeong\nDaecheong\nCheonan incident\n3rd Yeonpyeong\nOther maritime incidents\nDangpo incident\nJune 1974 ROK Coast Guard ship incident\nPueblo incident\nEC-121 shootdown\nGangneung\nSokcho\nYeosu\nTerror attacks\nRangoon bombing\nGimpo International Airport bombing\nKAL Flight 858\n1993-1994 tensions\n1994 North Korean nuclear crisis\nAgreed Framework\n2013 Korean crisis\nSouth Korea cyberattack\nPanama ship seizure\nPost-crisis threats\n2017–18 North Korea crisis\nHwasong missile tests\n2018–19 Korean peace process\n1st Inter-Korean Summit\nPanmunjom Declaration\n2nd Inter-Korean Summit\n2018 Singapore Summit\n3rd Inter-Korean Summit\n2019 Hanoi Summit\n2019 DMZ SummitIn 2013, there were two major sets of cyberattacks on South Korean targets attributed to elements within North Korea.","title":"2013 South Korea cyberattack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"cyberwarfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberwarfare"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-1"},{"link_name":"KBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"MBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munhwa_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"YTN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YTN"},{"link_name":"The National Agricultural Cooperative Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Agricultural_Cooperative_Federation"},{"link_name":"Shinhan Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinhan_Bank"},{"link_name":"Korea Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"IP address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"denial-of-service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"cyberattack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberattack"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Financial Services Commission of South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Services_Commission_(South_Korea)"},{"link_name":"Shinhan Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinhan_Bank"},{"link_name":"Jeju Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeju_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%80%ED%96%89"},{"link_name":"NongHyup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Agricultural_Cooperative_Federation"},{"link_name":"Woori Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woori_Bank"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"espionage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"On 20 March 2013, six South Korean organizations suffered from a suspected cyberwarfare attack.[1] The organizations included three media companies (KBS, MBC, &YTN) and three financial institutions (The National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, Shinhan Bank, & Jeju Bank). The South Korean communications watchdog Korea Communications Commission raised their alert level on cyber-attacks to three on a scale of five. North Korea has been blamed for similar attacks in 2009 and 2011 and was suspected of launching this attack as well. This attack also came at a period of elevated tensions between the two Koreas, following Pyongyang’s nuclear test on 12 February.[2] South Korean officials linked the incident to a Chinese IP address, which increased suspicion of North Korea as \"[i]ntelligence experts believe that North Korea routinely uses Chinese computer addresses to hide its cyber-attacks.\"[3] It was later revealed that the IP address did not originate from China but from the internal network of one of the attacked organizations.[4]The attacks on all six organizations derived from one single entity. The networks were attacked by malicious codes, rather than distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks as suspected at the beginning. It appeared to have used only hard drive overwrites.[5] This cyberattack “damaged 32,000 computers and servers of media and financial companies.”[6] The Financial Services Commission of South Korea said that Shinhan Bank reported that its Internet banking servers had been temporarily blocked and that Jeju Bank [ko] and NongHyup reported that operations at some of their branches had been paralyzed after computers were infected with viruses and their files erased. Woori Bank reported a hacking attack, but said it had suffered no damage.[7]This cyberattack “caused US$750 million in economic damage alone. (Feakin 2013)”[8] Also, “[t]he frequency of cyber attacks by North Korea and rampant cyber espionage activities attributed to China are of great concern to the South Korean government. (Lewis 2013)”[9]","title":"March"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cheongwadae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheongwadae"},{"link_name":"Saenuri Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Korea_Party"},{"link_name":"United States Forces Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forces_Korea"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Korean peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Blue House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_House"},{"link_name":"Cheong Wa Dae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheong_Wa_Dae"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"unreliable source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"denial-of-service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Malware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware"}],"text":"The June 25 cyber terror is an information leak that occurred on June 25, 2013 that targeted Cheongwadae and other institutions. The hacker that caused this incident admitted that the information of 2.5 million Saenuri Party members, 300 thousand soldiers, 100 thousand Cheongwadae homepage users and 40 thousand United States Forces Korea members. There were apparent hacking attacks on government websites. The incident happened on the 63rd anniversary of the start of the 1950-53 Korean War, which was a war that divided the Korean peninsula. Since the Blue House’s website was hacked, the personal information of a total of 220,000 people, including 100,000 ordinary citizens and 20,000 military personnel, using the “Cheong Wa Dae” website were hacked.[10] [unreliable source] The website of the office for Government Policy Co-ordination and some media servers were affected as well.While multiple attacks were organized by multiple perpetrators, one of the distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks against the South Korean government websites were directly linked to the “DarkSeoul” gang and Trojan.Castov.[11] Malware related to the attack is called \"DarkSeoul\" in the computer world and was first identified in 2012. It has contributed to multiple previous high-profile attacks against South Korea.","title":"June"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DDoS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDoS"},{"link_name":"Kim Jong-un","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-un"},{"link_name":"Park Geun-hye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Geun-hye"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Timeline","text":"At approximately 2013 June 25 9:10 AM, websites such as the Cheongwadae website, main government institute websites, news, etc. became victims of website change, DDoS, information thievery and other such attacks. When connecting to the Cheongwadae homepage words such as 'The great Kim Jong-un governor' and 'All hail the unified chairman Kim Jong-un! Until our demands are met our attacks will continue. Greet us. We are anonymous' would appear with a photo of president Park Geun-hye.The government changed the status of cyber danger to 'noteworthy' on June 25 10:45 AM, then changed it to 'warning' on 3:40 PM.[12] Cheongwadae uploaded an apology on June 28.[13]The Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning revealed on July 16 that both the March and June incidents corresponded with past hacking methods used by North Korea.[14] However, the attacked targets include a Japanese Korean Central News Agency site and major North Korean anti-South websites, and the hackers also have announced that they would release information of approximately 20 high-ranked North Korean army officers with countless pieces of information on North Korean weaponry.","title":"June"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Pyongyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"National Intelligence Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(South_Korea)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"cyberattacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberattacks"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Following the hacking in June there was further speculation that North Korea was responsible for the attacks. Investigators found that “an IP address used in the attack matched one used in previous hacking attempts by Pyongyang.”[15] Park Jae-moon, a former director-general at the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning said, “82 malignant codes [collected from the damaged devices] and internet addresses used for the attack, as well as the North Korea's previous hacking patterns,\" proved that \"the hacking methods were the same\" as those used in the 20 March cyber attacks.[16]With this incident, the Korean government publicly announced that they would take charge of the “Cyber Terror Response Control Tower” and along with different ministries, the National Intelligence Service (NIS) will be responsible to build a comprehensive response system using the “National Cyber Security Measures.”[17]The South Korean government asserted a Pyongyang link in the March cyberattacks, which has been denied by Pyongyang.[18] A 50-year-old South Korean man identified as Mr. Kim is suspected to be involved in the attack.[19]","title":"Response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Geographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The South Korean National Geographic published cyber terror as one of the top 10 keywords of 2013 due to these attacks.[20]","title":"Appearance in the South Korean National Geographic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"The government formed a joint civil-government-military cyber crisis response headquarters.[21]\nSecurity companies such as AhnLab and Hauri are implementing emergency updates or distributing dedicated vaccines to detect malware that causes problems in their products. The diagnosis given by each company is as follows.\nAhnLab - Win-Trojan/Agent.24576.JPF (JPG, JPH), Dropper/Eraser.427520[22]\nINCA Internet - ApcRunCmd.exe : Trojan/W32.Agent.24576.EAN / Othdown.exe : Trojan/W32.Agent.24576.EAO[23]\nHauri - ApcRunCmd.exe : Trojan.Win32.U.KillMBR.24576 / Othdown.exe : Trojan.Win32.U.KillMBR.24576.A\nSymantec - Trojan.Jokra[23]\nSophos - Mal/EncPk-ACE (aka \"DarkSeoul\")","title":"Measures"}] | [] | [{"title":"2009 DDoS attacks against South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_DDoS_attacks_against_South_Korea"},{"title":"Bureau 121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_121"},{"title":"Lazarus Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_Group"}] | [{"reference":"\"South Korea on alert for cyber-attacks after major network goes down\". the Guardian. 2013-03-20. Retrieved 2023-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/20/south-korea-under-cyber-attack","url_text":"\"South Korea on alert for cyber-attacks after major network goes down\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cyber attack hits S Korea websites\". 2013-06-25. Retrieved 2019-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-23042334","url_text":"\"Cyber attack hits S Korea websites\""}]},{"reference":"\"China IP address link to South Korea cyber-attack\". BBC. 21 March 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21873017","url_text":"\"China IP address link to South Korea cyber-attack\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"韓国のサイバー攻撃、アクセス元は社内のプライベートIPアドレス\". ＠IT (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://atmarkit.itmedia.co.jp/ait/articles/1303/22/news098.html","url_text":"\"韓国のサイバー攻撃、アクセス元は社内のプライベートIPアドレス\""}]},{"reference":"\"Are the 2011 and 2013 South Korean Cyberattacks Related?\". Symantec Security Response. Archived from the original on April 1, 2013. Retrieved 2019-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130401045224/http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/are-2011-and-2013-south-korean-cyber-attacks-related","url_text":"\"Are the 2011 and 2013 South Korean Cyberattacks Related?\""},{"url":"http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/are-2011-and-2013-south-korean-cyber-attacks-related","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Michael Pearson; K.J. Kwon; Jethro Mullen (20 March 2013). \"Hacking attack on South Korea traced to China\". CNN. Retrieved 2019-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/20/world/asia/south-korea-computer-outage/index.html","url_text":"\"Hacking attack on South Korea traced to China\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roles for Australia, Canada and South Korea\". Mutual Security in the Asia-Pacific: Roles for Australia, Canada and South Korea. McGill-Queen's University Press. 2015. JSTOR j.ctt1jktr6v.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1jktr6v","url_text":"j.ctt1jktr6v"}]},{"reference":"\"Roles for Australia, Canada and South Korea\". Mutual Security in the Asia-Pacific: Roles for Australia, Canada and South Korea. McGill-Queen's University Press. 2015. JSTOR j.ctt1jktr6v.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1jktr6v","url_text":"j.ctt1jktr6v"}]},{"reference":"\"북한의 사이버 공격과 우리의 사이버 안보 상황\". Naver Blog | 통일부 공식 블로그 (in Korean). Retrieved 2019-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.naver.com/gounikorea/221236005588","url_text":"\"북한의 사이버 공격과 우리의 사이버 안보 상황\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver_Blog","url_text":"Naver Blog"}]},{"reference":"\"Four Years of DarkSeoul Cyberattacks Against South Korea Continue on Anniversary of Korean War\". Symantec Security Response. Retrieved 2019-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://community.broadcom.com/symantecenterprise/communities/community-home/librarydocuments/viewdocument?DocumentKey=edd5c93e-7160-4bf2-a15c-f1c024feb0d7&CommunityKey=1ecf5f55-9545-44d6-b0f4-4e4a7f5f5e68&tab=librarydocuments","url_text":"\"Four Years of DarkSeoul Cyberattacks Against South Korea Continue on Anniversary of Korean War\""}]},{"reference":"홍, 재원; 박, 홍두 (2013-06-25). \"'6·25 사이버 테러' 남도 북도 같은 날 당했다\". Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). Retrieved 2023-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.khan.co.kr/national/incident/article/201306252215315","url_text":"\"'6·25 사이버 테러' 남도 북도 같은 날 당했다\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyunghyang_Shinmun","url_text":"Kyunghyang Shinmun"}]},{"reference":"\"10만건 개인정보유출 사실로 드러나....청와대, 사과문 공지\". www.ddaily.co.kr (in Korean). Retrieved 2023-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ddaily.co.kr/news/article.html?no=106249","url_text":"\"10만건 개인정보유출 사실로 드러나....청와대, 사과문 공지\""}]},{"reference":"\"[속보]정부 \"6·25 사이버공격 북한 소행\"\". Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 2013-07-16. Retrieved 2023-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.khan.co.kr/it/it-general/article/201307161510071","url_text":"\"[속보]정부 \"6·25 사이버공격 북한 소행\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyunghyang_Shinmun","url_text":"Kyunghyang Shinmun"}]},{"reference":"\"N Korea 'behind hacking attack'\". 2013-07-16. 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Retrieved September 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/northkorea/2013/04/10/49/0401000000AEN20130410007352320F.HTML","url_text":"\"(2nd LD) Gov't confirms Pyongyang link in March cyber attacks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonhap_News","url_text":"Yonhap News"}]},{"reference":"Jeyup S. Kwaak (July 31, 2013). \"Seoul Suspects South Korean Tech Executive of Helping North in Cyberattacks\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324136204578639540757695644","url_text":"\"Seoul Suspects South Korean Tech Executive of Helping North in Cyberattacks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"朴대통령 전산망마비 '조속복구' 지시…범정부팀 가동\". 연합뉴스 (in Korean). 20 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/2013/03/20/0200000000AKR20130320167800001.HTML","url_text":"\"朴대통령 전산망마비 '조속복구' 지시…범정부팀 가동\""}]},{"reference":"\"AhnLab\". www.ahnlab.com (in Korean).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ahnlab.com/kr/site/securitycenter/asec/asecCodeView.do?virusActionVo.virus_seq=34733","url_text":"\"AhnLab\""}]},{"reference":"\"[잉카인터넷 대응팀] [긴급대응]언론사 방송국, 금융사이트 부팅 불가 사고 발생 [#Update 2013. 03. 25. 03]\". erteam.nprotect.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130325235735/http://erteam.nprotect.com/408","url_text":"\"[잉카인터넷 대응팀] [긴급대응]언론사 방송국, 금융사이트 부팅 불가 사고 발생 [#Update 2013. 03. 25. 03]\""},{"url":"http://erteam.nprotect.com/408","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/20/south-korea-under-cyber-attack","external_links_name":"\"South Korea on alert for cyber-attacks after major network goes down\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-23042334","external_links_name":"\"Cyber attack hits S Korea websites\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21873017","external_links_name":"\"China IP address link to South Korea cyber-attack\""},{"Link":"https://atmarkit.itmedia.co.jp/ait/articles/1303/22/news098.html","external_links_name":"\"韓国のサイバー攻撃、アクセス元は社内のプライベートIPアドレス\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130401045224/http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/are-2011-and-2013-south-korean-cyber-attacks-related","external_links_name":"\"Are the 2011 and 2013 South Korean Cyberattacks Related?\""},{"Link":"http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/are-2011-and-2013-south-korean-cyber-attacks-related","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/20/world/asia/south-korea-computer-outage/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Hacking attack on South Korea traced to China\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/21/world/asia/south-korea-computer-network-crashes.html","external_links_name":"\"Computer Networks in South Korea Are Paralyzed in Cyberattacks\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1jktr6v","external_links_name":"j.ctt1jktr6v"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1jktr6v","external_links_name":"j.ctt1jktr6v"},{"Link":"https://blog.naver.com/gounikorea/221236005588","external_links_name":"\"북한의 사이버 공격과 우리의 사이버 안보 상황\""},{"Link":"https://community.broadcom.com/symantecenterprise/communities/community-home/librarydocuments/viewdocument?DocumentKey=edd5c93e-7160-4bf2-a15c-f1c024feb0d7&CommunityKey=1ecf5f55-9545-44d6-b0f4-4e4a7f5f5e68&tab=librarydocuments","external_links_name":"\"Four Years of DarkSeoul Cyberattacks Against South Korea Continue on Anniversary of Korean War\""},{"Link":"https://www.khan.co.kr/national/incident/article/201306252215315","external_links_name":"\"'6·25 사이버 테러' 남도 북도 같은 날 당했다\""},{"Link":"http://www.ddaily.co.kr/news/article.html?no=106249","external_links_name":"\"10만건 개인정보유출 사실로 드러나....청와대, 사과문 공지\""},{"Link":"https://www.khan.co.kr/it/it-general/article/201307161510071","external_links_name":"\"[속보]정부 \"6·25 사이버공격 북한 소행\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-23324172","external_links_name":"\"N Korea 'behind hacking attack'\""},{"Link":"https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20130716134851017","external_links_name":"\"\"'6·25 사이버공격'도 북한 소행 추정\"(종합)\""},{"Link":"https://www.msit.go.kr/web/msipContents/contentsView.do?cateId=mssw315&artId=1212488","external_links_name":"\"보도자료(과학기술정보통신부) | 과학기술정보통신부\""},{"Link":"http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/northkorea/2013/04/10/49/0401000000AEN20130410007352320F.HTML","external_links_name":"\"(2nd LD) Gov't confirms Pyongyang link in March cyber attacks\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324136204578639540757695644","external_links_name":"\"Seoul Suspects South Korean Tech Executive of Helping North in Cyberattacks\""},{"Link":"http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=201312131601451&code=960801","external_links_name":"내셔널지오그래픽채널, '2013년 10대 키워드'"},{"Link":"http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/2013/03/20/0200000000AKR20130320167800001.HTML","external_links_name":"\"朴대통령 전산망마비 '조속복구' 지시…범정부팀 가동\""},{"Link":"http://www.ahnlab.com/kr/site/securitycenter/asec/asecCodeView.do?virusActionVo.virus_seq=34733","external_links_name":"\"AhnLab\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130325235735/http://erteam.nprotect.com/408","external_links_name":"\"[잉카인터넷 대응팀] [긴급대응]언론사 방송국, 금융사이트 부팅 불가 사고 발생 [#Update 2013. 03. 25. 03]\""},{"Link":"http://erteam.nprotect.com/408","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Monument | Bay of Pigs Monument | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Coordinates: 25°45′56.3″N 80°12′59.3″W / 25.765639°N 80.216472°W / 25.765639; -80.216472Bay of Pigs MonumentBay of Pigs MonumentCompletion date1971LocationMiami, FloridaCoordinates25°45′56.3″N 80°12′59.3″W / 25.765639°N 80.216472°W / 25.765639; -80.216472
The Bay of Pigs Monument is a monument in honor of the fallen of the Bay of Pigs Invasion in Little Havana, Miami, Florida. Their names are engraved on the monument, and there is an eternal flame at the top. The monument was dedicated on April 17, 1971, by "several hundred Cuban exiles" as well as Miami Mayor David T. Kennedy and then-Senator Lawton Chiles. President Richard Nixon "cabled his best wishes" for the occasion.
See also
Bay of Pigs Museum
References
^ Sutton, Horace (August 12, 1973). "Want to see Havana? Go to South Florida". The Chicago Tribune. p. 98. Retrieved February 19, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Bay of Pigs Monument Dedicated". The Indianapolis Star. April 18, 1971. p. 5. Retrieved February 19, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b "Cubans Dedicate Bay of Pigs Monument". The Palm Beach Post. April 18, 1971. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bay of Pigs Monument.
This Florida-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bay of Pigs Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion"},{"link_name":"Little Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Havana"},{"link_name":"Miami, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami,_Florida"},{"link_name":"eternal flame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_flame"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chicagotribunewanttosee-1"},{"link_name":"David T. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_T._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Lawton Chiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawton_Chiles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indianapolisstarmonumentdedicated-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-palmbeachpostcubansdedicate-3"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-palmbeachpostcubansdedicate-3"}],"text":"The Bay of Pigs Monument is a monument in honor of the fallen of the Bay of Pigs Invasion in Little Havana, Miami, Florida. Their names are engraved on the monument, and there is an eternal flame at the top.[1] The monument was dedicated on April 17, 1971, by \"several hundred Cuban exiles\" as well as Miami Mayor David T. Kennedy and then-Senator Lawton Chiles.[2][3] President Richard Nixon \"cabled his best wishes\" for the occasion.[3]","title":"Bay of Pigs Monument"}] | [] | [{"title":"Bay of Pigs Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Museum"}] | [{"reference":"Sutton, Horace (August 12, 1973). \"Want to see Havana? Go to South Florida\". The Chicago Tribune. p. 98. Retrieved February 19, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/383956235/?terms=%22Bay%2Bof%2BPigs%2BMonument%22","url_text":"\"Want to see Havana? Go to South Florida\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Bay of Pigs Monument Dedicated\". The Indianapolis Star. April 18, 1971. p. 5. Retrieved February 19, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/105795494/?terms=%22Bay%2Bof%2BPigs%2BMonument%22","url_text":"\"Bay of Pigs Monument Dedicated\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Cubans Dedicate Bay of Pigs Monument\". The Palm Beach Post. April 18, 1971. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/133184472/?terms=%22Bay%2Bof%2BPigs%2BMonument%22","url_text":"\"Cubans Dedicate Bay of Pigs Monument\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bay_of_Pigs_Monument¶ms=25_45_56.3_N_80_12_59.3_W_type:landmark_region:US-FL","external_links_name":"25°45′56.3″N 80°12′59.3″W / 25.765639°N 80.216472°W / 25.765639; -80.216472"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bay_of_Pigs_Monument¶ms=25_45_56.3_N_80_12_59.3_W_type:landmark_region:US-FL","external_links_name":"25°45′56.3″N 80°12′59.3″W / 25.765639°N 80.216472°W / 25.765639; -80.216472"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/383956235/?terms=%22Bay%2Bof%2BPigs%2BMonument%22","external_links_name":"\"Want to see Havana? Go to South Florida\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/105795494/?terms=%22Bay%2Bof%2BPigs%2BMonument%22","external_links_name":"\"Bay of Pigs Monument Dedicated\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/133184472/?terms=%22Bay%2Bof%2BPigs%2BMonument%22","external_links_name":"\"Cubans Dedicate Bay of Pigs Monument\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bay_of_Pigs_Monument&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorisone | Dichlorisone | ["1 References"] | Chemical compound
DichlorisoneClinical dataOther names9,11β-Dichloro-17α,21-dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dioneDrug classCorticosteroid; GlucocorticoidIdentifiers
IUPAC name
(8S,9R,10S,11S,13S,14S,17R)-9,11-Dichloro-17-hydroxy-17-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-10,13-dimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopentaphenanthren-3-one
CAS Number7008-26-6PubChem CID20054892ChemSpider16735776UNIIAMW2MRV3OTKEGGD07814CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID10220353 ECHA InfoCard100.027.531 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC21H26Cl2O4Molar mass413.34 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image
SMILES
C12C(3((1CC2(C(=O)CO)O)CCC4=CC(=O)C=C43C)Cl)Cl
InChI
InChI=1S/C21H26Cl2O4/c1-18-7-5-13(25)9-12(18)3-4-15-14-6-8-20(27,17(26)11-24)19(14,2)10-16(22)21(15,18)23/h5,7,9,14-16,24,27H,3-4,6,8,10-11H2,1-2H3/t14-,15-,16-,18-,19-,20-,21-/m0/s1Key:CZJXBZPJABCCRQ-BULBTXNYSA-N
Dichlorisone is a synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid which was never marketed.
References
^ Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. p. 381. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.
^ Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 325–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1.
vteGlucocorticoid receptor modulatorsGRTooltip Glucocorticoid receptorAgonists
Cortisol-like and related (16-unsubstituted): 3α,5α-Tetrahydrocorticosterone
5α-Dihydrocorticosterone
9α-Fluorocortisone (alfluorone)
11-Dehydrocorticosterone (11-oxocorticosterone, 17-deoxycortisone)
11-Dehydrocorticosterone acetate
11-Deoxycorticosterone (desoxycortone, deoxycortone, desoxycorticosterone)
Desoxycortone esters
11-Deoxycortisol (cortodoxone, cortexolone)
Cortifen (cortiphen, kortifen)
Cortodoxone acetate
21-Deoxycortisol
Δ7-Prednisolone
Δ7-Prednisolone 21-acetate
Amebucort
Chloroprednisone
Chloroprednisone acetate
Cloprednol
Cloprednol acetate
Corticosterone
Corticosterone acetate
Corticosterone benzoate
Cortisol (hydrocortisone)
Benzodrocortisone (hydrocortisone benzoate)
Hydrocortamate (hydrocortisone diethylaminoacetate)
Hydrocortisone esters
Cortisone
Cortisone acetate
Deprodone
Deprodone propionate
Dichlorisone
Dichlorisone acetate
Dichlorisone diacetate
Difluprednate
Endrisone (endrysone)
Etiprednol
Etiprednol dicloacetate (etiprednol dichloroacetate)
Fludrocortisone (fludrocortone)
Fludrocortisone acetate
Fluorometholone
Fluorometholone acetate
Fluperolone
Fluperolone acetate
Fluprednisolone
Fluprednisolone esters
Halopredone
Halopredone acetate (halopredone diacetate)
Isoflupredone (9α-fluoroprednisolone)
Isoflupredone acetate
Loteprednol
Mazipredone (depersolone)
Medrysone
Methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone esters
Prebediolone
Prebediolone acetate
Prednisolone
Prednazate
Prednazoline
Prednicarbate (prednisolone ethylcarbonate propionate)
Prednimustine
Prednisolamate (prednisolone diethylaminoacetate)
Prednisolone esters
Prednisone
Prednisone esters
Pregnenolone
Pregnenolone acetate
Pregnenolone succinate (pregnenolone hemisuccinate)
Resocortol
Tipredane
Tixocortol
Butixocort (tixocortol butyrate)
Butixocort propionate
Tixocortol pivalate
Methasones and related (16-substituted): 16α-Methyl-11-oxoprednisolone
Alclometasone
Alclometasone dipropionate
Amelometasone
Beclometasone (beclomethasone)
Beclometasone esters
Betamethasone (betametasone)
Betamethasone esters
Cortobenzolone (betamethasone salicylate)
Ciclometasone (ciclomethasone, cyclomethasone)
Clobetasol
Clobetasol propionate
Clobetasone
Clobetasone butyrate
Clocortolone
Clocortolone esters
Cloticasone
Cloticasone propionate
Cormetasone (cormethasone)
Cormetasone acetate
Descinolone
Desoximetasone (desoxymethasone)
Dexamethasone (dexametasone)
Dexamethasone esters
Diflorasone
Diflorasone diacetate
Diflucortolone
Diflucortolone pivalate
Diflucortolone valerate
Dimesone
Dimesone acetate
Doxibetasol (doxybetasol)
Fluclorolone
Flumetasone (flumethasone)
Flumetasone acetate
Flumetasone pivalate
Fluocinolone
Fluocortin
Fluocortin butyl (fluocortin butylate)
Fluocortolone
Fluocortolone esters
Fluprednidene (fluprednylidene)
Fluprednidene acetate
Fluticasone
Fluticasone furoate
Fluticasone propionate
Halocortolone
Halometasone
Icometasone
Icometasone enbutate (icometasone butyrate acetate)
Isoprednidene
Locicortolone (locicortone)
Locicortolone dicibate (locicortone dicibate)
Meclorisone
Meclorisone dibutyrate
Meprednisone (methylprednisone)
Meprednisone acetate
Meprednisone hydrogen succinate (methylprednisone hemisuccinate)
Mometasone
Mometasone furoate
Paramethasone
Paramethasone acetate
Paramethasone disodium phosphate
Paramethasone phosphate
Prednylidene
Prednylidene diethylaminoacetate
Rimexolone
Ticabesone
Ticabesone propionate
Timobesone
Timobesone acetate
Triamcinolone
Triamcinolone diacetate
Ulobetasol (halobetasol)
Ulobetasol propionate
Vamorolone
Cyclic ketals (16,17-cyclized): Acrocinonide (triamcinolone acroleinide)
Amcinafal (triamcinolone pentanonide)
Amcinafide (triamcinolone acetophenide)
Amcinonide (triamcinolone acetate cyclopentanonide)
Budesonide
Ciclesonide
Cicortonide
Deflazacort (azacort)
Descinolone acetonide
Desonide (hydroxyprednisolone acetonide)
Desonide disodium phosphate
Desonide pivalate
Dexbudesonide
Drocinonide
Drocinonide phosphate
Fluazacort
Fluclorolone acetonide (flucloronide)
Fludroxycortide (flurandrenolone, flurandrenolide)
Flumoxonide
Flunisolide
Flunisolide acetate
Fluocinolone acetonide
Ciprocinonide (fluocinolone acetonide cyclopropylcarboxylate)
Fluocinonide (fluocinolide, fluocinolone acetonide acetate)
Procinonide (fluocinolone acetonide propionate)
Formocortal
Halcinonide
Itrocinonide
Rofleponide
Rofleponide palmitate
Tralonide
Triamcinolone acetonide
Flupamesone (triamcinolone acetonide metembonate)
Triamcinolone acetonide esters
Triamcinolone aminobenzal benzamidoisobutyrate (TBI-PAB)
Triclonide
Others/atypical (other expanded steroid ring systems, homosteroids, and non-pregnane steroids): Cortisuzol
Cortivazol
Domoprednate
Naflocort
Nicocortonide
Nicocortonide acetate
Nivacortol (nivazol)
Oxisopred
RU-26988
RU-28362
Non-corticosteroids with some glucocorticoid activity: 15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate
17α-Hydroxyprogesterone
Bromoketoprogesterone
Chlormadinone acetate
Cyproterone
Cyproterone acetate
Danazol
Delmadinone acetate
Desogestrel
DU-41165
Etonogestrel
Flugestone
Flugestone acetate (flurogestone acetate)
Fluoromedroxyprogesterone acetate
Fluoxymesterone
Gestodene
Medrogestone
Medroxyprogesterone acetate
Megestrol acetate
Metribolone
Norgestomet
Osaterone acetate
Progesterone
Promegestone
RU-2309
Quingestrone
Segesterone acetate (nestorone)
Tetrahydrogestrinone
Nonsteroidal glucocorticoids: AZD-5423
GSK-9027
Mixed(SEGRMsTooltip Selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists)
Dagrocorat
Fosdagrocorat
Mapracorat
Antagonists
7α-Hydroxy-DHEA
17α-Methylprogesterone
Aglepristone
Asoprisnil
Asoprisnil ecamate
C108297
C113176
CORT-108297
Cyproterone acetate
Dazucorilant
Exicorilant (CORT-125281)
Guggulsterone
Ketoconazole
Lilopristone
LLY-2707
Metapristone (RU-42633)
Miconazole
Mifepristone (RU-486)
Miricorilant (CORT-118335)
Onapristone
ORG-34116
ORG-34517 (SCH-900636)
ORG-34850
Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile
Relacorilant (CORT-125134)
RTI 3021–012
RTI 3021–022
Telapristone
Tibolone
Toripristone
Ulipristal acetate
Zavacorilant
Others
Antisense oligonucleotides: IONIS-GCCRRx (ISIS-426115)
See also
Receptor/signaling modulators
Glucocorticoids and antiglucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators
List of corticosteroids
This article about a steroid is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"synthetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_compound"},{"link_name":"glucocorticoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoid"},{"link_name":"corticosteroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosteroid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elks2014-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndexNominum2000-2"}],"text":"Dichlorisone is a synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid which was never marketed.[1][2]","title":"Dichlorisone"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. p. 381. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0vXTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA381","url_text":"The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4757-2085-3","url_text":"978-1-4757-2085-3"}]},{"reference":"Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 325–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&pg=PA325","url_text":"Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88763-075-1","url_text":"978-3-88763-075-1"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7008-26-6","external_links_name":"7008-26-6"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/20054892","external_links_name":"20054892"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.16735776.html","external_links_name":"16735776"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/AMW2MRV3OT","external_links_name":"AMW2MRV3OT"},{"Link":"https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D07814","external_links_name":"D07814"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID10220353","external_links_name":"DTXSID10220353"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.027.531","external_links_name":"100.027.531"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C%5BC%40%5D12C%5BC%40%40H%5D%28%5BC%40%5D3%28%5BC%40H%5D%28%5BC%40%40H%5D1CC%5BC%40%40%5D2%28C%28%3DO%29CO%29O%29CCC4%3DCC%28%3DO%29C%3DC%5BC%40%40%5D43C%29Cl%29Cl","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0vXTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA381","external_links_name":"The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&pg=PA325","external_links_name":"Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dichlorisone&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
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